title: Treaty of Ghent

text: It was as if no war had been fought, or to put it more bluntly, as if the war that was fought was fought for no good reason. For nothing has changed; everything is as it was at the beginning save for the graves of those who, it now appears, have fought for a trifle [...]. Lake Erie and Fort McHenry will go into the American history books, Queenston Heights and Crysler's Farm into the Canadian, but without the gore, the stench, the disease, the terror, the conniving, and the imbecilities that march with every army.


title: Treaty of Ghent

text: In the century of peace between both countries that followed from 1815 to World War I, several more territorial and diplomatic disputes arose, but all were resolved peacefully, sometimes by arbitration.


title: Treaty of Ghent

text: The course of the war resolved and ended the other major original issue. Most Native tribes had allied with the British but had been defeated, allowing the United States to continue its expansion westward. Britain maintained their maritime rights with no mention of impressment in the treaty, a key victory for them.


title: Treaty of Ghent

text: James Carr argues that Britain negotiated the Treaty of Ghent with the goal of ending the war but knew that a major British expedition had been ordered to seize New Orleans. Carr says that Britain had no intention of repudiating the treaty and continuing the war if it had won the battle. However, other historians counter that because Britain and its allies did not recognize any land deals conducted with Napoleon the British would not have evacuated New Orleans and would even reclaim the rest of the Louisiana Territory if they had won the Battle of New Orleans. Spain and Britain did not recognize the Napoleon-pressured Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800) and Treaty of Aranjuez (1801) between France and Spain that led to the Louisiana Purchase (1803) between the United States and France. As an example of what might have happened had the British taken New Orleans, all of West Florida, which was Spanish territory (Spain had allied with Britain) before the War of 1812, became occupied by the U.S. military in 1813 and the Americans did not evacuate West Florida after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.


title: Treaty of Ghent

text: News of the treaty finally reached the United States soon after it had won a major victory in the Battle of New Orleans, and the treaty won immediate wide approval from all sides. The British learned of the treaty when arrived off Fort Bowyer on February 13, carrying news that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed on the previous Christmas Eve.


title: Treaty of Ghent

text: The US Senate unanimously approved the treaty on February 16, 1815, and President Madison exchanged ratification papers with a British diplomat in Washington on February 17. The treaty was proclaimed on February 18.


title: Treaty of Ghent

text: The Peace Arch, dedicated in September 1921, stands 20.5 metres (67 ft) tall at the Douglas/Blaine border crossing between the province of British Columbia and the state of Washington. The monument represents a perpetually open gate across the Canada–U.S. boundary.


title: Treaty of Ghent

text: In 1922, the "Fountain of Time" was dedicated in Washington Park, Chicago, commemorating 110 years of peace between the United States and Britain. The Peace Bridge between Buffalo, New York, and Fort Erie, Ontario, opened in 1927 to commemorate more than a century of peace between the United States and Canada.


title: Treaty of Ghent

text: Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial (1936) commemorates the Battle of Lake Erie that took place near Ohio's South Bass Island, in which Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry led a fleet to victory in one of the most significant naval battles to occur in the War of 1812. Located on an isthmus on the island, the memorial also celebrates the lasting peace between Britain, Canada, and the United States that followed the war.


title: Endosperm

text: The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization. It is triploid (meaning three chromosome sets per nucleus) in most species, which may be auxin-driven. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in animal diet. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread (the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour), while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer production. Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut "meat" and coconut "water", and corn. Some plants, such as orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds.


title: Endosperm

text: Ancestral flowering plants have seeds with small embryos and abundant endosperm. The evolutionary development of flowering plants trends towards plants with mature seeds with little or no endosperm. In more derived flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm is non-developed or consumed before the seed matures.


title: Endosperm

text: Endosperm is formed when the two sperm nuclei inside a pollen grain reach the interior of a female gametophyte (sometimes called the embryo sac). One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg cell, forming a zygote, while the other sperm nucleus usually fuses with the binucleate central cell, forming a primary endosperm cell (its nucleus is often called the "triple fusion nucleus"). That cell created in the process of double fertilization develops into the endosperm. Because it is formed by a separate fertilization, the endosperm constitutes an organism separate from the growing embryo.


title: Endosperm

text: About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid. These are typically triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes), but can vary widely from diploid (2n) to 15n.


title: Endosperm

text: One species of flowering plant, "Nuphar polysepala", has been shown to have endosperm that is diploid, resulting from the fusion of a pollen nucleus with one, rather than two, maternal nuclei. The same is supposed for some other basal angiosperms. It is believed that early in the development of angiosperm lineages, there was a duplication in this mode of reproduction, producing seven-celled/eight-nucleate female gametophytes, and triploid endosperms with a 2:1 maternal to paternal genome ratio.


title: Endosperm

text: Nuclear endosperm formation – where repeated free-nuclear divisions take place; if a cell wall is formed it will form after free-nuclear divisions. Commonly referred to as liquid endosperm. Coconut water is an example of this.


title: Endosperm

text: Cellular endosperm formation – where a cell-wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions. Coconut meat is cellular endosperm. Acoraceae has cellular endosperm development while other monocots are helobial.


title: Endosperm

text: Helobial endosperm formation – Where a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern.


title: Endosperm

text: The evolutionary origins of double fertilization and endosperm are unclear, attracting researcher attention for over a century. There are the two major hypotheses:


title: Endosperm

text: The triploid transition - and the production of antipodal cells - may have occurred due to a shift in gametophyte development which produced a new interaction with an auxin-dependent mechanism originating in the earliest angiosperms.


title: Endosperm

text: In some groups (e.g. grains of the family Poaceae) the endosperm persists to the mature seed stage as a storage tissue, in which case the seeds are called "albuminous" or "endospermous", and in others it is absorbed during embryo development (e.g., most members of the family Fabaceae, including the common bean, "Phaseolus vulgaris"), in which case the seeds are called "exalbuminous" or "cotyledonous" and the function of storage tissue is performed by enlarged cotyledons ("seed leaves"). In certain species (e.g. corn, "Zea mays"); the storage function is distributed between both endosperm and the embryo. Some mature endosperm tissue stores fats (e.g. castor bean, "Ricinus communis") and others (including grains, such as wheat and corn) store mainly starches.


title: Endosperm

text: The dust-like seeds of orchids have no endosperm. Orchid seedlings are mycoheterotrophic in their early development. In some other species, such as coffee, the endosperm also does not develop. Instead, the nucellus produces a nutritive tissue termed "perisperm". The endosperm of some species is responsible for seed dormancy. Endosperm tissue also mediates the transfer of nutrients from the mother plant to the embryo, it acts as a location for gene imprinting, and is responsible for aborting seeds produced from genetically mismatched parents. In angiosperms, the endosperm contain hormones such as cytokinins, which regulate cellular differentiation and embryonic organ formation.


title: Endosperm

text: Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit (grains or caryopses), which are primarily endosperm. In the caryopsis, the thin fruit wall is fused to the seed coat. Therefore, the nutritious part of the grain is the seed and its endosperm. In some cases (e.g. wheat, rice) the endosperm is selectively retained in food processing (commonly called white flour), and the embryo (germ) and seed coat (bran) removed. The processed grain has a lower quality of nutrition. Endosperm thus has an important role within the human diet worldwide.


title: Endosperm

text: The aleurone is the outer layer of endosperm cells, present in all small grains and retained in many dicots with transient endosperm. The cereal aleurone functions for both storage and digestion. During germination, it secretes the amylase enzyme that breaks down endosperm starch into sugars to nourish the growing seedling.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: All for You is the seventh studio album by American singer Janet Jackson. It was released on April 24, 2001, by Virgin Records. The album's development and theme were rooted in Jackson's separation from husband René Elizondo Jr. as she attempted to move on. Contrary to "The Velvet Rope", which saw Jackson tackling darker themes such as domestic violence and depression, "All for You" showcased a mix of upbeat dance-pop and slow R&B sounds, incorporating rock, disco, and funk, as well as soft rock and East Asian music. Its lyrics focus on passion, romance, and intercourse, while also discussing themes of betrayal and deceit. The explicit language and sexual content of several songs sparked controversy, causing the album to be banned in several countries.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "All for You" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who commended its upbeat nature and the sonic innovation of several songs. It was also considered one of her sexiest albums and among the best of her career. The album received three Grammy Award nominations, including Best Pop Vocal Album, winning Best Dance Recording for its title track. It became Jackson's fifth consecutive album to top the "Billboard" 200 albums chart in the United States. "All for You" logged the biggest opening week sales of her career, as well as the second highest first-week sales for a female artist in Nielsen Soundscan history. It reached the top five of most countries internationally and was the biggest selling international pop album of the year in Japan. Certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), it has sold over three million copies in the US according to Nielsen and an estimated five million copies internationally. "All for You" was the twelfth best-selling album of the year worldwide, and was one of the best-selling albums of the decade in the United States.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Its lead single "All for You" was one of Jackson's most successful singles and broke multiple airplay records. In the US, it was the biggest hit of the year, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 for seven weeks and became a top ten hit on the majority of singles charts worldwide. "Someone to Call My Lover" reached number three on the Hot 100 and within the top twenty internationally while "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)" peaked within the top forty in most territories. "Come On Get Up" was also released as a promotional single in Japan.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: In promotion for the album, Jackson was declared MTV's inaugural Icon, receiving a televised tribute titled "MTV Icon: Janet Jackson". The special honored Jackson's contribution within music and popular culture, in recognition of "one of the most influential and beloved tastemakers in contemporary pop." During that period, Jackson was presented numerous career accolades, including the American Music Award's Award of Merit, TMF Award's Lifetime Achievement Award, and Recording Academy's Governor's Award.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: In 2000, Jackson was separated from René Elizondo Jr., exposing their secret nine-year marriage to the public as he filed for divorce, leading to intense media scrutiny.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Amidst the separation, Jackson began recording her seventh album. MTV News reported Jackson had nearly completed work on the "upbeat, fun and carefree" record, in contrast to the darker tone of her prior release. Producer Jimmy Jam stated, "This record now, even though it may not be the best of times in her personal life, she feels that the future is bright... She's excited about music and about life in general. She's excited about what the next year will hold for her, and that's the tone she's set for herself and [the album]." Jam added, "In the history of Janet, the records that are the happy records, that make people smile, have always traditionally been the more successful records.. going back as far to songs like 'When I Think of You' to 'Doesn't Really Matter.' This continues that tradition, with kind of a nod to the dance music of the '80s." Virgin Records' president Roy Cooper stated, "The new album is very bright, it's very upbeat and dynamic. She wanted to make an album that was rhythmically strong as well as melodically strong. She also wanted as explosive and strong a start as possible, and this certainly qualifies." Explaining its concept, Jackson said:


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "All for You" marked the first time Jackson enlisted additional producers aside from Jam & Lewis since the release of her breakthrough "Control", collaborating with Rockwilder. After recording exclusively with the duo, Jackson felt the desire to recruit new talent, explaining "I think it was "The Velvet Rope" that brought all of that to some sort of completion for me... it was very cathartic for me doing that — I felt it was OK to go out and explore other producers." She pursued Rockwilder upon hearing Method Man and Redman's single "Da Rockwilder", desiring uptempo productions in a similar vein. Jackson also collaborated with The Neptunes, being among the first artists to work with the production team. Several confirmed titles included "Boys," "Ecstasy," "My Big Secret," and "What It Is." However, the songs did not make the final album, with "Boys" later recorded by Britney Spears and "What It Is" recorded by Kelis. Spears released "Boys" as a single in remix form with Pharrell Williams, referencing Jackson's hit "Nasty" during several lines and citing it as her favorite song to perform. Additionally, Spears' single "I'm a Slave 4 U" was originally written and produced for the album. "My Big Secret" was later recorded for Spears' "In the Zone" album, though was not released.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Upon expressing admiration for Basement Jaxx's debut album "Remedy", Jackson contacted the house duo to collaborate. Jackson was offered to record the Jaxx's single "Get Me Off" for the album, though declined. She would later record several unreleased songs with them for her following album, "Damita Jo". An unreleased collaboration with Jay-Z was recorded. Outkast also featured on an unreleased remix of "Someone to Call My Lover". Jackson had planned to record a duet with Aaliyah, intended to appear on "All for You" in addition to Aaliyah's self-titled album released several months later, though was unable to proceed due to scheduling conflicts. A collaboration with Missy Elliott titled "Nasty Girl 2000," an updated cover of Jackson's hit "Nasty," was intended to feature Jackson and additional vocals from Aaliyah, but was not recorded. Jackson also desired to collaborate with British singer Robbie Williams. The album intended to feature a house and hip hop direction during its early stages, with other potential collaborators including Dallas Austin, Swizz Beatz, Diddy, Missy Elliott, Teddy Riley, Kandi Burruss, and Darrell "Delite" Allamby. However, the collaborations did not come to fruition due to scheduling conflicts while filming and periodic illness throughout recording. An unreleased song titled "New Beginning" appeared in initial press releases but was not included on the album.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: During the divorce, Jackson decided to record an uptempo, optimistic album rather than songs about sadness or anger. Producer Jimmy Jam said, "You go through all these emotions and then you come out of it on the other side and say, "I'm going to be okay and I have a lot of things to be thankful for,' and that was the overriding feeling in her life when we were making this album." Its concept focuses largely on the demise of her marriage to René Elizondo, Jr. and subsequent embrace of the single life, experiencing dating for the first time. It also contains themes of sensuality, deceit, and betrayal. Jackson said, "It’s a different thing for me. Growing up, I never dated. I’m doing that now, experiencing that whole life." Its upbeat tempo intended to reflect Jackson's self-esteem, described as "a work in progress." Jam commented, "She doesn't see herself the way other people see her. You know...gorgeous and sexy and all that. That isn't the kind of person she is. Although she is closer to feeling like that person now than she was 15 years ago. Or even three of four years ago." Jackson commented, "I look back at pictures of myself from four years ago and I see the unhappiness in my eyes. But I'm in the greatest space now... I believe we have choices and paths, and it's about choosing the right path, the promising path." While recording, Jackson listened to artists such as St. Germain, Buena Vista Social Club, Thievery Corporation, Basement Jaxx, Outkast and Papa Roach.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: John Mulvey of Yahoo! Music noted, ""All For You" is a concept album of sorts, rooted in Jackson's traumatic separation from husband and collaborator René Elizondo, Jr. It begins tremendously, with a bunch of party tracks illustrating a newly-free woman checking out men on the dancefloor. Soon, the action moves to the bedroom, and some explicit shagging tracks, before a virulent suite detailing what a bastard her ex is. Finally, there's a soppy phase heralding a new life and the prospects of new love." According to Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, the album is divided into three segments: divorce, industry, and sex. However, MTV News perceived "All for You" as "dominated by two themes: the liberation that comes with ending a bad relationship, and sex," blending elements of pop, funk, R&B and rock.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: The album's interludes consist of Jackson's recorded asides, placing clips from her one-sided conversations between the tracks. Its introduction finds Jackson impersonating actress Fran Drescher. The opening track, "You Ain't Right", is a scathing attack on a former associate, thought to be directed at her former choreographer, Tina Landon. It uses piston-like rhythms, drum machines and synthesizers; its production likened to "a thick sci-fi stomp that suggests a Gary Glitter glam-rock anthem crossed with the soundtrack from "Blade Runner"." "All for You" is an uptempo dance song utilizing elements of disco and funk. In a nightclub setting, Jackson encourages a man to approach her and imagines an erotic fantasy, admiring the man's "package" and desiring to fornicate. "Come On Get Up" follows with a "synth-frenzied splendor," fusing tribal house and dance-pop. "When We Oooo" consists of a mid-tempo arrangement, emphasizing Jackson's layered vocal harmonies as she describes a sexual encounter.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "China Love" uses traditional Oriental textures such as chimes and tablas, as Jackson rhapsodizes about past-life romance and new age ambiguities. Jackson had written the song about her own prior identity in another time, in which she was told to be the daughter of an emperor in love with a warrior, unable to sustain relations when forced to marry into royalty. "Love Scene (Ooh Baby)" is an ambient ballad incorporating flourishes of electronica and guitars, performed in a falsetto to "exquisitely carnal effect." "Would You Mind" depicts Janet confessing a graphic list of myriad sexual desires, conducting a heavy-breathing seminar followed by a risqué "performance evaluation" over a "spacey electro thump." It was described to feature "more moaning than a hospital emergency room," with Jackson singing, "I'm gonna kiss you/Suck you/Taste you." Throughout the song, Jackson requests sexual intercourse, oral sex, and internal ejaculation; as she instructs her lover, "Oh, yeah, baby, just like that." Its erotic nature was regarded as the album's most controversial track in numerous reviews. Jackson expresses a lack of sexual satisfaction in following interlude "Lame," unable to climax.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: The "avant-garde" aura of "Trust a Try" fuses elements of mock-operetta and hard rock with classical music, dance, and hip hop. In the song, Jackson delivers an "angry aria" of betrayal. Its "rock 'n' roll sass" is laced with theatrical vocal arrangements, electric guitars, violins and cinematic strings. The following track, "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)" features spoken vocals from folk singer Carly Simon and interpolates Simon's hit "You're So Vain." Its composition excoriates an unfaithful lover for attempting to extort money, described as a "mean-spirited duet that rails against enemies." Jackson unveils anger and deceit, saying "Thought you'd get the money too / Greedy motherfuckers try to have their cake and eat it too." In response to critics regarding it about her divorce, Jackson explained it was directed towards several people, while Jimmy Jam revealed it to be written in regards to music executives and lawyers. On the ballad "Truth," Jackson discusses a failed romance with former paramour, Rene Elizondo Jr. Jackson said, "'Truth' is really me talking out loud to myself about the relationship. I felt the need to address it on the album, but just once."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "Someone to Call My Lover" is a soft rock song, described as an "innocent daydream for the perfect man built over the acoustic guitar." Its speaks of the yearnings for "love and togetherness," desiring to find a new companion. It uses a guitar motif sampled from America's "Ventura Highway." "Feels So Right" is a mid-tempo ballad using a "fluffy" eighties-influenced texture. "Doesn't Really Matter" is an uptempo dance song, incorporating slight flourishes of Oriental music and strings. Jackson speaks of disregarding physical appearance, choosing to love the person inside. Released as the theme for Jackson's second film "", it features an alternate introduction and instrumental breakdown not included in the single edit. The closing track, "Better Days" is a "sweepingly orchestrated" ballad melding soft rock and electronic music, shifting to uptempo during its chorus. It incorporates slight elements of drum and bass during its second verse. It ends the album on a note of uplift, featuring a strong vocal with a guitar solo and "striking" strings. Regarding the song, Jackson said, "I feel light and almost giddy about untying the knots that were choking me, restraining me, preventing my growth... I'm interested in making strides, taking chances, finding my own way in my own time."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: A month prior to the album's release, MTV aired an inaugural special entitled "", declaring Jackson the network's first musical icon while celebrating her career and influence in pop culture. Jackson was honored "in recognition of her place as one of the most influential and beloved tastemakers in contemporary pop... The show will eloquently demonstrate the impact that Janet has had, not only on her worldwide audience, but also on a generation of performers who will pay tribute by covering her songs." Jackson stated, "When I heard that MTV wanted to honor me with the show "Icon," I was speechless. I really was. It is an awesome thing—I feel young. There's still so much more that I want to do, need to do, for myself in this business. And I was just so surprised. But a wonderful surprise." Numerous artists paid tribute to Jackson and commemorated her success, including Britney Spears, Jessica Simpson, Jennifer Lopez, Christina Aguilera, Aaliyah, Tommy Lee, Michael Jackson, and producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. It featured performances by 'N Sync, Pink, Buckcherry, Usher, Outkast, Mýa, and Destiny's Child. Jackson performed "All for You" and "You Ain't Right" at the finale. The event was the highest rated television show of the night, ahead of all broadcast and cable programs among the youth demographic. Promotional ads for the special depicted Jackson's music, videos, and sexuality shocking conservative audiences and families, using the tagline "The world wasn't always ready for Janet. We are."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "All for You" was released on April 24, 2001. Its artwork features Jackson lying in a suggestive pose, the central portion of her anatomy is covered only by a white sheet. For promotion, Jackson performed on various entertainment shows, including "Top of the Pops", "", "Wetten Dass", "Hit Machine", ECHO Awards, and the TMF Awards. She appeared on "Larry King Live" and the "Late Show with David Letterman", attending "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" the following day. She also gave interviews to BBC Radio 1 and NRJ Radio while in Europe. In April, she appeared on MTV's "TRL" and MuchMusic before presenting on "VH1 Divas". Jackson later presented at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards, also paying tribute to late singer Aaliyah. Jackson was awarded numerous career accolades throughout the campaign, including the "Billboard" Music Award's "Artistic Achievement Award", American Music Award's "Award of Merit", and Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award's "Wannabe Award". Jackson was selected to appear on the cover of the premiere issue of "Blender", launched as an alternative to "Rolling Stone". A limited-edition reissue of the album was announced on October 21, 2001, via "Billboard", and released on November 20, 2001, including a bonus DVD, titled "Janet: The Virgin Years", featuring Jackson's complete videography (excluding releases via other labels and collaborations), interviews and behind the scenes footage, spanning from the promotion of "janet." (1993) to the making of "All for You". The reissue features an alternate cover artwork and contains the clean edition of the album without "Would You Mind" in addition to the Flyte Tyme single edit and P. Diddy remix of the album's third single "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)"; it was also intended to include a twenty-four page photo booklet of Jackson's All for You Tour, but it was omitted for unknown reasons. Furthermore, Microsoft Network launched an ISP service titled "Janet on MSN", with Jackson also given her own online radio station.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: The following year, Jackson was selected to perform at the Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show, though allowed U2 to perform in order to tribute the events of September 11 and due to traveling concerns following the tragedy. She would perform at the event two years later, in which her highly controversial performance incident occurred.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: In support of the album, Jackson embarked on her fourth world tour, the All for You Tour. The first dates were announced between July and October, in Canada and the United States. The North American leg wrapped in November in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Several dates were scheduled in Japan the following year, although the tour's European leg was required to be canceled immediately following the events of September 11 attacks, when many dancers were unwilling to travel citing safety concerns. Jackson said, "I have agonized over this decision. Like most people, the events of Sept. 11 have troubled me enormously and I remain concerned about the foreseeable future. If anything happened to anyone on this tour, I could never forgive myself." An appearance at the 2001 MTV Europe Music Awards was also canceled due to the tragedy. It was the sixth highest-grossing tour of the year, also ranked the third most successful by Pollstar. Its broadcast on HBO received over 12 million viewers, among the network's highest ratings, and increased album sales by fifty percent. It was later released on DVD as "". The tour received positive reviews, with Craig Seymour from "Buffalo News" writing "her "All for You" tour marked another milestone for the veteran artist, who proved to be more comfortable with own ability to command an audience than ever before." It was considered an influence to many of her followers, adding "Jackson remains one of this generation's most exciting performers in concert, easily triumphing over the likes of young upstarts Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and Destiny's Child. The "Los Angeles Times" stated, "Not only is Janet emulated by the type of show she puts on by the current teen-fab (that she made popular years ago), she still does it better than the 19-year-olds."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "Doesn't Really Matter" was released a single from "" soundtrack on May 21, 2000. It peaked atop the "Billboard" Hot 100 for three weeks. The song was later included on "All for You" with slightly altered production. The album version was performed at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards. The title track was released as the album's lead single on March 6, 2001. It broke several airplay records upon its debut, being the first song in history to be added to every pop, urban, and rhythmic radio station within its first week of release, and also had the highest first-week audience impressions in history. It was also the highest debut for a single not commercially available in the United States and France. It became Jackson's most successful single in the US since "That's the Way Love Goes", staying at number one for seven weeks. Internationally, the song reached the top ten in most countries worldwide. Its music video received four MTV Video MTV Video Music Awards nominations, including Video of the Year and Best Female Video.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "Someone to Call My Lover" was released as the second single on June 12, 2001. It was also a success, peaking at number three on the Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks. The song became a top ten and twenty hit internationally. It earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. The third single, "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)," was remixed to feature Missy Elliott and additional vocals from Carly Simon. Released on November 6, 2001, it peaked at number twenty-eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and the top fifteen and thirty of many countries internationally, also reaching number thirteen in Europe. Its single version was later included as a bonus track on the album's re-release. "Come On Get Up" was intended to be the album's fourth commercial single, but was canceled following the conclusion of Jackson's world tour. It was released exclusively in Japan in November 2001. "Trust a Try" was also intended to be released as a single, with Jackson saying, "I'll get around to "Trust a Try," because I love that song." A single version was prepared but was not released, as Virgin Records ceased promotion for all artists on the label following large financial losses from Mariah Carey's "Glitter" project and recording contract.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "All for You" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 73. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic favored "All for You" over her last studio album, "The Velvet Rope", calling it "alluring, easily enveloping the listener." Erlewine added, "This is her sexiest-sounding record, thanks to Jam and Lewis' silky groove and her breathy delivery, two things that make the record palatable." Tom Sinclair of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a 'B' rating, saying, "Despite a few missteps, "All for You" is about as good as modern diva-pop gets, with a higher ratio of worthy-to-mediocre songs than might be expected... it adds up to a lot more than most female singers have done for us lately."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Anthony DeCurtis of "Rolling Stone" gave the album three-and-a-half out of five stars, declaring it "just as fresh, familiar and appealing as you've come to expect from Jackson, and that's no small achievement." Gene Stout of "The Seattle Post-Intelligencer" called "All for You" "one of the best of her career," while John Mulvey of Yahoo! Music UK referred to it as "her most unnerving and plausible character thus far." Mulvey added, "This is a much more satisfying album than "The Velvet Rope", even if most of the songs are overlong and a few juggle satin sheet-cliches with self-help ones to numbing effect. Nevertheless, "All for You" stands as a monument to the positive effects of divorce."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Rating it three out of four stars, Steve Jones of "USA Today" commented. "the singer is in a sexy, fun-loving mood […] While she overdoes the between-song interludes here, she never fails to get you to move. When it comes to burning up a dance floor, she is still Ms. Jackson." Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" stated, "Ms. Jackson luxuriates in textures as dizzying as a new infatuation," commended the album as containing "songs so baroquely sumptuous that they're virtually experimental." Pareles added, "Boudoir ballads undulate in torrid slow motion while Ms. Jackson moans like a phone-sex operator, and uptempo tunes hark back to disco, splice mock-operetta to hard rock or, in "Better Days," conjure an easy-listening 1960's-pop apotheosis." Her vocals were also praised, saying "Countless overdubs of Ms. Jackson's voice turn her into an airborne choir; computer rhythms thump and sizzle." He concluded saying the album "isn't as immediately melodic as Ms. Jackson's previous albums, but it compensates for lost catchiness with unabashed strangeness."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" called it "generally upbeat and positive", commending her return to making "fun and cheery pop music." "The Tech" stated, ""All for You" as a whole makes for fun listening. Bouncing from orgiastic sex music to bubble gum pop music to soulful ballads, the album contains a true range of music... At any rate, bubble gum pop, easy as it comes, gets a twist with Janet, elegantly escorted with acoustic guitars and the whole gamut of computerized yet natural-sounding instrumentals. Perhaps what sells the album, more than the songs, is Janet’s voice and her innovative (and frankly, courageous) use of beats and harmonies. Janet’s voice is as pristine as ever, and, never outshined... she overpowers every track."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Upon the release of "All for You", Jackson was awarded "Billboard"'s Artistic Achievement Award. Jackson also received four nominations at the "Billboard" Music Awards ceremony. She had also been the recipient of the American Music Award's "Award of Merit," awarded to artists who provide "major contributions to the musical entertainment of the American public," and the Recording Academy's "Governor's Award." Jackson received three nominations at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards, winning Best Dance Recording for "All for You", and nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Someone to Call My Lover." She received the American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and was nominated for Favorite Soul/R&B Album.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "All for You" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 605,128 copies in its first week. At the time of its release, it had the second highest opening sales from a female artist in SoundScan history, only behind Britney Spears's "Oops!...I Did It Again", and tenth highest overall. As of 2014, the album has the fifteenth highest first week sales by a female solo artist. It placed at number two in its second week, with 310,000 copies sold. In its third week, it sold 215,000 copies, placing at number three. It sold 149,000 copies the following week, achieving an estimated total of 1,279,128 copies sold within its first month of release. It also opened at number one in Canada, with first week sales of 37,200 and in South Africa with 44,722 copies sold in its first week.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "All for You" was a commercial success internationally, debuting within the top three of Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, South Korea, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. It also opened within the top five of Denmark, the Netherlands, Japan, Norway, and Sweden. It debuted within the top ten of Austria, Italy, New Zealand, and Spain, and the top twenty of Ireland and Poland. It peaked at number two on European Top 100 Albums. In February 2014, it debuted at number thirty-nine on South Korea's Gaon Chart.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: The album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on May 18, 2001, denoting two million units shipped. It was certified gold in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. It was certified triple platinum in Canada and Japan, where it became the biggest selling international pop album of the year, and quadruple platinum in South Africa. As of September 2009, "All for You" has sold 3,107,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. It also sold an additional 100,000 copies through BMG Music Club.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Despite explicit language and sexual content, initial album pressings did not contain a Parental Advisory warning. A clean version of the album was released exclusively at Walmart stores, censoring several songs for language, as well as omitting "Would You Mind" completely. The album was re-released in late 2001 with a Parental Advisory label, along with a new bonus track; a remix of "Son of a Gun". A clean version with the added remix was also released (with "Would You Mind" still omitted), and became more widely available than the original clean version. Regarding the content, Jackson stated "I do understand that for the younger audience, "All for You" is a pretty heavy record. For them I've made an altered version. I've been asked to watch my mouth a little, but hell no! This is me, this is what I want to do, so accept it. I don't want to live my life controlled by other people."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Upon its release, "All for You" was banned in Singapore after the Publications Appeal Committee decided the album's lyrics, in particular "Would You Mind", were "not acceptable to our society". The country's law officials had previously banned Jackson's prior album, "The Velvet Rope", due to three songs containing lyrics about homosexuality. Several retail chains, including Wherehouse Music affixed their own "explicit content" labels to the album. RIAA president Hilary Rosen stated, "We don't think retailers should have to do that. That's the label's responsibility, and EMI [Virgin's parent company] has assumed that responsibility." In response to the incident, Jackson said:


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: The album achieved several chart records, attaining the second highest first-week sales for a female artist in SoundScan history at the time. Lead single "All for You" became the first song to be added to every pop, urban, and rhythmic radio format within its first week of release, and was the highest debut for a single not commercially available in both the United States and France. It had the highest debut and largest opening airplay figure on the Radio Songs chart, debuting at number nine with an audience impression of 70 million. It was also the biggest selling international single of the year in Japan. The album received three Grammy Award nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Someone to Call My Lover," winning Best Dance Recording for "All for You." The album won Top Pop Album of the Year at the Japan Gold Disc Awards. "Billboard" ranked "All for You" at number 141 on the "Top 200 Albums of the Decade." "Sputnikmusic" placed it at number 43 on their list of "Best Pop Albums of 2001."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: "All for You" received praise for its sonic innovation and subsequent influence. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated that the album's signature hits "All for You" and "Doesn't Really Matter" uphold "Janet, Jam, and Lewis' reputation as the leading lights of contemporary urban soul." Piers Martin of "NME" said, "Busy yourself with those nappies, Madge – this is what it really feels like to be a girl. "All For You" finds Jackson in predatory mode, keen to reclaim both in the boudoir and on the dancefloor territory which is today dominated by pneumatic mini-Janets like Britney, Christina and J-Lo." "People Magazine" ranked it among the year's best albums, stating, "Take that, Britney! Move over, J.Lo! With a new generation of dance-pop divas following in her fancy footsteps, the baby Jackson shows who is still in control with this all-encompassing album that bounces from hip-hop to rock to classical—even during the same song—without missing a funky beat." Dennis Kelly of "The Morning Call" added, "If imitators such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, et al., are quiet the next few months, it's because the Queen of Pop has sent them back to class with new material to study." Charles Taylor of "Salon" exclaimed Jackson "has turned into a more interesting figure than Madonna, and a maker of better music." The Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan announced Jackson to be the highest paid recording artist in history, signing a contract with Virgin Records in the mid of the 90's worth $90 million, and was declared to have surpassed the influence of Michael Jackson. MTV News also noted the album's first week sales nearly doubled those of Michael's "Invincible", released later that year.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Steve Burgess of "Salon" stated, "Janet Jackson may well be the beneficiary of contemporary pop’s Lilliputian landscape", surpassing "her less-talented peers". Burgess added, "More often, though, a Janet Jackson song on the radio is a deluxe buffet set up on a compost heap. Pass the sauerkraut." Dan Aquilante of "The New York Post" wrote, "Jackson has written a 14-song manual that explains not only how you can please her, but lists the rewards in store for those who manage the task... While Mothers Against Everything will be appalled by Janet’s dirty pillow talk, many adult ears will find it very sexy, wrapped around the listenable Lewis/Jam beats." Jackson also received MTV's inaugural "Icon" tribute. "The Sun Sentinel" stated, "Before Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, there was Janet Jackson, with her choreographed songs and trendsetting fashion," with the special intended as a "star-studded salute to the singer-songwriter-actress." MTV News added, "Pop Lolitas-of-the-week may come and go, but this Jackson, it seems, is forever."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Entertainment journalist Kelley L. Carter regarded it among "the most influential albums to be released since 2000," declaring it "set the tone for much of what we’re hearing on the radio from current female pop stars. Anything Rihanna, Beyoncé and Britney are doing right now, was heard on this album." Its fusion of "old-school pop sounds" with rhythmic influences are thought to be frequently emulated; adding "She sang about female empowerment, even though hers is a voice that is lightweight, and it demanded that you take listen to it."


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: The "funkier and hipper" style of Britney Spears' third album "Britney" was thought to emulate "All for You" with "reasonable success" in multiple songs. Spears' song "Anticipating" was considered to be directly influenced by the album's title track. Two singles from the album, "I'm a Slave 4 U" and "Boys," were originally written and produced for "All for You"; the latter also recorded by Jackson. Spears also recorded another unreleased Jackson song titled "My Big Secret" for her fourth album, "In the Zone", though it did not make the final release.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Rihanna's fifth studio album "Loud" and single "Only Girl (In the World)" drew several comparisons to "All for You", with critics noting its sonic transition to an upbeat dance sound from prior release "Rated R" in a similar vein to Jackson's contrast from the darker tone of "The Velvet Rope". Eric Henderson of "Slant Magazine" stated, "like Janet's album, "Loud" is a step away from its über-personal, melodrama-drenched predecessor." Throughout the campaign, Rihanna also evoked Jackson's "Velvet Rope" era imagery. Ne-Yo's "Say It" was thought to resemble the album's sensual ballads. Record producer Rockwilder revealed Jackson to be his first pop collaboration and an essential part of his career, leading him to work with Christina Aguilera for the singles "Lady Marmalade" and "Dirrty." "Rolling Stone" likened the production of Aaliyah's self-titled third album to the record. Sal Cinquemani of "Slant" observed several songs on Usher's "8701" to recall "bona fide Janet Jackson tracks" similar to the album. Christina Milian's debut album was considered to be heavily influenced by the album. The sensual content and interludes of Missy Elliott's "This Is Not a Test!" also drew comparisons to the album's exploration of similar themes. Following "All for You" being reissued with a Parental Advisory warning and clean edition, Jennifer Lopez's sophomore album "J.Lo" received a similar treatment by Epic Records, thought to be influenced by Jackson's decision after media emphasis was placed on its explicit language and content.


title: All for You (Janet Jackson album)

text: Several album tracks gained notoriety within the entertainment industry, in particular "Would You Mind" due to its racy composition and explicit sexual content. "Erotic Revolutionaries" author Shayne Lee called the song "a bold and proactive sexual maneuver for even a twenty-first century woman," adding, "she tells her man she's going to kiss, touch, lick, taste, bathe, ride, and feel him deep insider her. She ends the song by requesting that he come inside of her and let his juices flow deep in her passion." Its shock value was considered "enough to make Donna Summer's "Love to Love You Baby" sound like Christian rock." Its explicit lyrics caused the album to be banned in several conservative countries such as Singapore. The song was used in films such as stoner comedy "How High". Its "gravity defying and mouth watering" live rendition was regarded among the most controversial performances of her career. In 2012, it was ranked the steamiest song of her discography; an anecdote saying, "This song is so racy people use it as a euphemism when talking about what they did the night before when children are present." "Trust a Try" also received critical focus for its innovation, called a "bold musical move" which "begins with the intricacies of a string quartet before falling into metal attack"; thought to be "within spitting distance of the avant-garde."


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee is a platform video game developed by Oddworld Inhabitants and published by GT Interactive. It was released in 1997 for the PlayStation game console, and computers running MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe. Emulated versions for the PlayStation 3 via PlayStation Network were released in 2009, 2010, and 2013. It was then later released as a PS5 emulation in 2022 in Asia, and then later parts of the world.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: The game centers on the eponymous Abe, a meek Mudokon slave at the RuptureFarms meat processing factory. When he discovers that he and his fellow Mudokons are to be slaughtered to make a new product, Abe decides to escape and liberate as many enslaved Mudokons as he can. The player assumes the role of Abe as he attempts a perilous quest to emancipate his downtrodden people.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: "Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee" was widely acclaimed for having innovative gameplay, good art direction and engaging cutscenes; however, its difficult learning curve and system of only saving at checkpoints received criticism. By December 2012, the game sold 3.5 million copies worldwide, thus making it one of the best-selling PlayStation video games of all time. It was the first game in the planned five-part "Oddworld" series, which includes the direct sequels "Abe's Exoddus" (1998), "Munch's Oddysee" (2001) and "Stranger's Wrath" (2005). A remake of the game, titled "," was developed by Just Add Water and released in 2014.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: "Abe's Oddysee" is a two-dimensional platform game in which players take control of the character Abe to travel across separate screens solving puzzles, navigating obstacles, and avoiding enemies. Abe can die in a variety of ways, such as being attacked by an enemy, touching a hazardous obstacle, falling from too great a height or into a bottomless pit, or holding a grenade for too long. If Abe dies, he will respawn at the last checkpoint. As well as jumping to navigate areas and crouching to roll under obstacles, Abe can break into a run to jump over large gaps or escape enemies, or tiptoe to avoid disturbing enemies, adding a stealth element to the game. Abe can use throwable objects such as meat, rocks or grenades to bypass enemies or destroy obstacles, though grenades have a timer and will blast Abe into pieces if he holds one for too long.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: Abe has the ability to telepathically control Sligs, a type of enemy non-player character, but can only use this in safe areas; in most areas, flying orbs, known as chant suppressors, will stop Abe from using his telepathy by zapping him. Once Abe successfully possesses a Slig, he can control their movements to attack other enemies, use gamespeak that can only be used by Sligs, activate mechanisms too dangerous for Abe, and destroy the Slig when he no longer needs it. Abe's body is immobile and vulnerable while possessing another character, and if his host is killed, control will return to Abe.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: Along the way, the player encounters other Mudokons that he can rescue. By holding down the GameSpeak button and pressing various commands, Abe can command them to follow him, stay put, and activate mechanisms, as well as praise or scold them. Sometimes Abe will have to go through certain procedures to persuade a certain Mudokon, such as responding to whistles. Mudokons can be rescued by safely leading them past traps and enemies to bird portals, which can be activated by chanting. If the player rescues at least 50 Mudokons (of the possible 99) during the course of the game, the Mudokons rescue Abe in the good ending of the game.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: Throughout the game, Abe is attacked by Sligs, Slogs, Scrabs, and Paramites, and Bats. Sligs will shoot on sight, but cannot see through dark areas; Slogs will bark loudly if they hear the player, and will chase them without regard for anything else. Scrabs will attack anything in their territory, including others of their own kind, while Paramites will attack when in packs or when cornered and are docile otherwise. Bats are enemies that occasionally appear, flying erratically in a small area, usually with other bats, and they can be killed with rocks. Elums are bipedal creatures that Abe can ride and communicate with by GameSpeak, although they will be distracted by dripping honey. Late in the game, Abe gains the ability to transform into a demigod called 'Shrykull', which can eviscerate all on-screen enemies. Abe can gain a limited number of transformation uses after rescuing enough Mudokons at the same time.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: "Abe's Oddysee" focuses on a variety of species that inhabit the game's setting of Oddworld: the Mudokons, a species with a rich history and culture who have been slowly transformed into meek, obedient slaves, leaving many who are born into captivity ignorant of this kind's past; the Glukkons, a species that covet power and money, lacking any morals or restraints on achieving these goals, and who have established large industries that have stripped Oddworld of its natural resources; and the Sligs, who have escaped enslavement by willingly serving as guards and hunters for the Glukkons. The game mostly focuses on Abe, a Mudokon slave employed as a floor waxer, who acts as both the narrator and the game's protagonist. Abe is described as a "klutz", and is portrayed with his mouth sewn shut, possibly to prevent his outcry. During his adventure, Abe is joined by Elum, a stubborn, loyal assistant. Abe and Elum were originally envisioned as beginning "Abe's Oddysee" together, living off the land until thrust into an industrial factory, but the developers determined that the story would be stronger should Abe come from a factory existence and gradually learn to become self-sufficient.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: The primary antagonist of this game is Molluck the Glukkon, this ruthless CEO and gang boss of RuptureFarms, a massive meatpacking company, organized crime gang and one of Oddworld's most profitable businesses. Molluck and his fellow Glukkons are often portrayed as wearing smart clothing or suits, and sometimes smoking these cigars. They rely heavily on the Sligs and a highly advanced security and surveillance system to maintain and manage control of these Mudokon slaves.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: While working late at RuptureFarmsa large-scale meat-processing plant on OddworldMudokon slave Abe inadvertently overhears the plant's owner Molluck the Glukkon in conversation with his fellow Glukkons. Due to the decline in the population of animals that supply meat for the plant's productsone of which has now gone extinctRuptureFarms is losing money. To return to profitability, Molluck proposes making a new product out of Mudokons. Frightened at learning his species will be harvested for meat, Abe decides to escape from the plant, causing him to become a fugitive in the eyes of the Glukkons. Managing to overcome the Glukkons' security force of Sligs, Abe escapes and reaches the region known as the Free-Fire Zone.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: Upon looking to the sky, Abe sees a moon with its face in the shape of a Mudokon handprint, but becomes so focused on it that he falls down a cliff and smashes his head. A shaman of the Mudokons, whom Abe calls Big Face due to the mask he wears, helps him to recover while explaining that only he can save his enslaved brethren from RuptureFarms. In order to do this, Big Face states that Abe must undergo spiritual trials in the lands of the Paramites and the Scrabs, and traverse a set of labyrinthine, abandoned temples. Upon doing so, the shaman marks Abe's hands with a scar, each representing the two species, granting him the power of the Shrykull, an invincible demigod.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: With this ability, Abe returns to RuptureFarms, rescues his Mudokon brethren, and deactivates most of the factory's power. Molluck discovers this and decides to flood the entire factory with poisonous gas. Abe races to the boardroom to try to stop the gas, using his powers to destroy the Glukkon execiutives summoned there under the pretense of an emergency board meeting. After Abe deals with the gas, Molluck manages to capture him, and prepares to send him to a meat grinder. If the player failed to rescue at least 50 Mudokons throughout the game, Abe succumbs to his fate; if the player manages to rescue at least 50 Mudokons, the freed slaves summon magical lightning to zap Molluck, with BigFace rescuing Abe and bringing him home to a hero's welcome.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: "Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee" began production in January 1995 under the working title of "Soul Storm". After GT Interactive acquired publishing rights on September 12, 1996, the title was changed, first to "Oddworld Inhabitants: Epic 1 Starring Abe" and eventually to "Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee". The game had a private showing at E3 '96, and journalists in attendance hailed it as one of the highlights of the show. A more large-scale unveiling took place at E3 '97. Though the original release date of May was pushed back to September, the version of the game shown at E3 '97 in June was remarkably similar to the release version, and "Abe's Oddysee" had a reportedly smooth development cycle with few late changes.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: The first footage creator Lorne Lanning saw of "Abe's Oddysee" involved a pack of meeches chasing Abe. He said he was happy with the animation at the time but when development was nearing completion, the studio discovered that there was not enough disk space to include all of the species featured in the game. The meeches were removed from the final game and identified in the story as extinct. Another sequence under time and budget constraints concerned the moon that Abe witnesses after his escape from the Stockyards. Lanning explained that the CG sequence that occurs between Abe escaping RuptureFarms and entering the Stockyards was originally accompanied by footage of a meteor shower creating the shape of Abe's handprint, in order to imply "greater forces that are really behind it, that are trying to send him symbols". The budget for the game was $4 million, and GT Interactive dedicated $10 million to its marketing budget, the publisher's largest to date.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: According to Lanning, the "GameSpeak" mechanic was partially inspired by the audio puzzles of "Loom".


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: "Abe's Oddysee" was the first major GT title that the UK development team, that had been taken in by GT following the acquisition of Warner Interactive, became involved with. The testing process of the game was unusual for GT Interactive as the British team did gameplay testing whilst normally American games were only tested in Europe for language and other compatibility issues. The game's soundtrack was composed by Josh Gabriel, and its sound design by Ellen Meijers.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: When "Abe's Oddysee" was in production, the developers found that an executive at publisher GT Interactive tried to sabotage production because he did not like the game being made. He took footage of the game to his boss, who loved the direction the game had, and chose to provide more funding at the expense of the executive who wanted to shut it down. Lanning later explained that in 1997 during "Oddysee"s production, the video game industry was seen as making toys, and not taken seriously; they were "happy to make a living, but they weren't necessarily going out and bragging about it". Games began to be more about shooting and violence and blood, but Oddworld Inhabitants was "the antithesis to that" and said "we can make people feel better rather than just feel like they won".


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: In the initial PlayStation version of the game, upon "perfect" completion of the game — completion with all 99 Mudokon slaves rescued — an extra full motion video (FMV) "Guardian Angel" can be viewed, which depicts a captured Abe harassed by "The Shrink": A mechanical creature with a sophisticated artificial intelligence. The FMV, which is absent from the PC version and later PlayStation releases of the game, introduced a new character to the Oddworld mythos. The character was reputedly part of an early advertising campaign, which included television commercials, but was eventually abandoned.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: The game saw its first release on the PlayStation, MS-DOS, and Windows first appearing on store shelves on September 18, 1997, before fully releasing the next day (September 19) on a day dubbed as "Odd Friday" by the developer and publisher; over 500,000 units were originally released worldwide. The Japanese version followed in October.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: For the release in Japan, the title of "Abe's Oddysee" was changed to "Abe a GoGo" by the publisher SoftBank. Other changes included the art for the "Mudokon Pops!" packaging, which originally consisted of a severed Mudokon head speared on a stick. Due to undisclosed current events in Japan, the design was changed to a more ambiguous, "happier" image of a Mudokon popsicle. The design for the protagonist Abe and other Mudokons was significantly altered. Certain Japanese pressure groups were offended by the Mudokons having four fingers and most of them working in a meat-packing factory, due to a historic Japanese subclass of meat packers who were looked down upon in society. Four fingers, or showing four fingers to another person, came to insinuate the other was a member of the subclass, because it suggested the meat packers who lost fingers at work. Oddworld Inhabitants had to alter the design of Mudokons to three fingers, or else face legal battles and large fines. Also in the Japanese version, the game does not let the player choose to play Scrabania or Paramonia. Instead, the player is forced to play through Paramonia first.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: Oddworld Inhabitants made the altered designs a permanent feature; subsequent versions of "Abe's Oddysee" released outside Japan included both the changed packaging and changed Mudokon hand. Future games and media (including "New 'n' Tasty!") also recognize these changes as canon, although "Abe's Exoddus" features four-fingered Mudokon sprites, and scenes from "Abe's Oddysee" shown in the game were not altered.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: The Game Boy port was released as "Oddworld Adventures"; it was developed by Saffire and published by GT Interactive in 1998. The game is a significantly cut-down version of "Abe's Oddysee", with only a few similar levels and a condensed plot (Abe starts out as a native Mudokon, so the opening levels in RuptureFarms are absent from this version).


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: An emulated version of the PlayStation version was released for the PlayStation 3 via PlayStation Network on October 22, 2009, in North America, on April 15, 2010, in Europe, and on November 13, 2013, in Japan. An Onlive version was also released in 2011.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: Upon its release in 1997, "Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee" received mostly positive reviews. "Edge" described the game as "a tight 2D platformer that's packed with great innovative touches and some great character design". "GameSpot" called it "the ideal platformer, balancing its action and puzzle elements perfectly to make the game intelligent, engaging, and, best yet, fun". "Animation World Magazine" applauded multiple aspects of the game, saying it "features some of the best graphics and animation we've ever seen" and commenting on the "sophisticated gameplay". "GamePro" gave it a perfect 5.0 out of 5 for graphics and sound and a 4.5 out of 5 for control and funfactor, asserting that it "bursts onto the scene with the kind of unique gameplay and killer graphics that will rocket it straight into the PlayStation hall of fame." "PC Gamer" said that "[the] charming and innovative "Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee" reminds us that any genre can be revived if you put enough care and creativity into it."


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: The graphics struck many reviewers as being excellent. "PC Zone" remarked that "the developers have created an outstanding visual environment for Abe to leap around in." However, the imaginative AI and visual designs of the assorted creatures drew more extensive praise. "GameSpot" found the AI "goes a long way towards making you feel as if you're interacting with an actual world and its inhabitants."


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: The game's difficulty, agreed upon to be extremely high, was its most controversial aspect. Some reviewers lauded the intelligent nature of the challenge and said the frequent checkpoints and unlimited lives keep the game from becoming too frustrating. "Next Generation", for example, commented that "Action gamers are likely to be disappointed by the occasionally slow pace, but speed is traded for a considerably more cerebral set of challenges that require a great amount of persistence, observation, and thought." However, others found that flaws such as sensitive controls, slowdown, and trial-and-error level designs make the difficulty frequently annoying. Though "GameSpot" reported that the PlayStation and PC versions of the game are "virtually identical", most reviews for the PC version directed criticism at the lack of an ability to save at any point, since this was a standard feature in PC games. "Edge" said that "Oddworld demands a certain level of commitment to progress", while "Science Fiction Weekly" claimed the game's "innovative game play makes for a steep learning curve. This initial difficulty in figuring out how to play is aggravated by a save feature that often forces players to redo difficult sections." "PC Zone" stated that "progress does seem to rely on trial and error, which involves much replaying of levels and gnashing of teeth. All this can be frustrating at times, especially when Abe is plonked right back at the start of a level when he dies".


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: "Abe's Oddysee" proved to be a commercial hit: Lorne Lanning reported global sell-through in excess of one million units by late January 1998. He noted that Europe was a top market for the game, unexpectedly surpassing the United States. , it has sold units.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: The game won many awards, including the "E3 Showstopper 1997" from "GamePro" in August 1997 and the "Best Director" award at the World Animation Festival in 1997. In the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' first annual Interactive Achievement Awards it was nominated in the categories "Console Adventure Game of the Year" and "Outstanding Achievement in Sound and Music". "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s 1998 Video Game Buyer's Guide awarded it Best Voice Acting of 1997, and their 1997 Editors' Choice Awards gave it "Best Sound" and a runner-up slot for "Best Graphics" (behind "Final Fantasy VII").


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: "Abe's Oddysee" received two direct sequels. "" was released for PlayStation in November 1998, taking place directly after "Oddysee". The game continues the style of gameplay from the previous game with several improvements, such as the ability to use GameSpeak with different species and possess explosive clouds of wind. "" was released for Xbox in 2001, bringing the gameplay into 3D environments as well as allowing players to play as another character, Munch.


title: Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

text: A remake of "Abe's Oddysee" was developed by UK studio Just Add Water. The game was built using the Unity game engine and was released on July 22, 2014, on the PlayStation 4 on the PlayStation Network in North America, received a European release on July 23, 2014, and was subsequently released for the PC, Mac, Linux, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita and Wii U.


title: Bad Apple!!

text: "Bad Apple!!" is the sixth track in the soundtrack of the 1998 bullet hell video game "Lotus Land Story", the fourth entry in the "Touhou Project" series created by Team Shanghai Alice. The instrumental theme was originally designed to be played during the third stage of the game, as chiptune on the Japanese NEC PC-9800 computer platform, at 161 beats per minute using a frequency modulation synthesis chip. The Lotus Land Story version that has 1.3 million views on YouTube is a remake of the song from an official "Touhou" album named "Akyu's Untouched Score Volume 1" and was released on the 21st of May, 2006.


title: Bad Apple!!

text: It is notable for leading to a much later remix by and singer Nomico and, following the remix, a subsequent accompanying black-and-white shadow puppet-video – commonly called Shadow-art. The video became a minor Japanese internet meme in the late 2000s, correlating with the peak of "Touhou"'s popularity, and experienced a resurgence in the mid-2010s when the black-and-white video was ported to esoteric media such as obsolete hardware, displays created within sandbox video games (e.g. "Minecraft"), and other unusual media as a graphical test.


title: Bad Apple!!

text: Since then, the song's remix has been licensed to various other video game companies who picked up a Touhou licence, as it has been guest featured in many Rhythm games such as "Groove Coaster", "Muse Dash" and even officially licensed spin-offs such as "Touhou Spell Bubble" as the game's tutorial track and free play song.


title: Bad Apple!!

text: On 20 May 2007, the day of the 4th Reitaisai convention, a longer cover version featuring the Japanese singer nomico was released on the album "Lovelight" by the artist group Alstroemeria Records, led by . It shared little similarity with the original soundtrack, borrowing only a little of melody samples, but nonetheless it was notable as being the only vocal song in the album, and for its lyrics dealing with depression and apathy.


title: Bad Apple!!

text: June 8th 2008, a user in Nico Nico Douga uploaded a video of a crude storyboard based on the remixed music, asking for anyone to animate it. Several animation videos started appearing, with relatively few successes.


title: Bad Apple!!

text: Between October 2008 and October 2009, a collaborative group led by Anira (あにら) created a shadow-art (black and white) animation video based on the storyboard, which was released on Nico Nico on 26 October 2009. It quickly grew in popularity as a minor internet meme – as of November 2021, the original Nico Nico upload had been viewed more than 29 million times and a YouTube reupload more than 64 million. The video itself shows many of the Windows-era "Touhou Project" characters up to "Scarlet Weather Rhapsody" as they transition between one another.


title: Bad Apple!!

text: In 2017, the Alstroemeria Records group released a "10th Anniversary Bad Apple!!" album consisting entirely of "Bad Apple" remixes.


title: Bad Apple!!

text: The song saw a rise in popularity in the mid-2010s, when the shadow-art video was ported to several second-generation video game consoles and graphing calculators – presumed to be incapable of playing back full-motion video – for retrocomputing and demoscene competitions. In this way, the video became a graphical equivalent to "Hello, World!" programs.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: Cumming is a city in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States, and the sole incorporated area in the county. It is a suburban city, and part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. In the 2020 census, the population is 7,318, up from 5,430 in 2010. Surrounding unincorporated areas with a Cumming mailing address have a population of approximately 100,000. Cumming is the county seat of Forsyth County.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: The area now called Cumming is located west of the historic location of Vann's Ferry between Forsyth County and Hall County.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: The area, now called Cumming, was inhabited earlier by Cherokee tribes, who are thought to have arrived in the mid-18th century. The Cherokee and Creek people developed disputes over hunting land. After two years of fighting, the Cherokee won the land in the Battle of Taliwa. The Creek people were forced to move south of the Chattahoochee River.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: The Cherokee coexisted with white settlers until the discovery of gold in Georgia in 1828. Settlers that moved to the area to mine for gold pushed for the removal of the Cherokee. In 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed. The treaty stated that the Cherokee Nation must move to the Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. This resulted in the Trail of Tears. The Cherokee territory was then formed into Cherokee County in 1831. In 1832, the county had been split into several counties including Forsyth County.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: In 1833, the town of Cumming was formed from two land lots that had been issued as part of a Georgia State Land Lottery in 1832. The two lots designated as Land Lot 1269 and Land Lot 1270 were purchased by a couple of Forsyth County Inferior Court justices who realized that it was necessary to have a seat of government to conduct county business. The boundaries of the two lots ended at what is now Tolbert Street on the west side, Eastern Circle on the east side, Resthaven Street on the south side, and School Street on the north side. In 1834 the post office was established and began delivering mail. The justices of the Inferior Court divided the town land into smaller lots and began selling them to people over the next several years, reserving one lot for the county courthouse. During that same year, the Georgia State Legislature incorporated the town of Cumming into the City of Cumming and made it the official government seat of Forsyth County.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: A second charter was issued in 1845, decreeing that Cumming's government would follow the mayor–council model of government.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: The community is commonly thought to be named after Colonel William Cumming. An alternate theory proposed by a local historian posits the name honors Rev. Frederick Cumming, a professor of Jacob Scudder, a resident of the area since 1815 who owned land in present-day downtown. Yet another theory is that the town is named after Alexander Cuming, the son of a Scottish baronet.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: During the 1830s and 1840s, Cumming benefited from the gold mining industry as many businesses were created to meet the needs of the miners. However, the California Gold Rush in 1849 put the city into an economic depression. Newly built railroads bypassed the city and took traffic from the Federal Road that ran near Cumming. The city was spared during the Civil War because William T. Sherman did not pass through the city during his March to the Sea. In 1900, the county courthouse was destroyed in a fire after being struck by lightning; it was rebuilt in 1905.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: In 1912, Governor Joseph M. Brown sent four companies of state militia to Cumming to prevent riots after several rapes of young white women allegedly by African-American men.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: The governor then declared martial law, but the effort did little to stop a month-long barrage of attacks by night riders on the African-American citizens. This led to the banishment of Blacks, and the city had virtually no black population (see sundown town).


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: Racial tensions were strained again in 1987 when a group of black people were assaulted while camping at a park on Lake Lanier. This was widely reported by local newspapers and in Atlanta. As a result of this a local businessman decided to hold a "Peace March" the following week. Civil rights leader Reverend Hosea Williams joined the local businessman in a march along Bethelview and Castleberry Road in south Forsyth County into the City of Cumming where they were assaulted by whites. The marchers retreated and vowed to return. During the following "Brotherhood March" on January 24, 1987, another racially mixed group returned to Forsyth County to complete the march the previous group had been unable to finish. March organizers estimated the number at 20,000, while police estimates ran from 12 to 14,000. Hosea Williams and former senator Gary Hart were in the demonstration. A group of the National Guard kept the opposition of about 1,000 in check. Oprah Winfrey featured Cumming and Forsyth County on her "The Oprah Winfrey Show". She formed a town hall meeting where one audience member said:


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: However, most of the audience members agreed that Forsyth County should integrate. Rev. Hosea Williams was excluded from Oprah's show and arrested for trespassing.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: Today, the city is experiencing new growth and bears little resemblance to the small rural town it was mere decades ago. The completion of Georgia 400 has helped turn Cumming into a commuter town for metropolitan Atlanta. The city holds the Cumming Country Fair & Festival every October. The Sawnee Mountain Preserve provides views of the city from the top of Sawnee Mountain. In 1956, Buford Dam, along the Chattahoochee River, started operating. The reservoir that it created is called Lake Lanier. The lake, a popular spot for boaters, has generated income from tourists for Cumming as well as provides a source of drinking water. However, because of rapid growth of the Atlanta area, drought, and mishandling of a stream gauge, Lake Lanier has seen record-low water levels. Moreover, the lake is involved in a longstanding lawsuit between Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Because of a recent ruling, the city of Cumming may not be able to draw water from the lake. However, the city is looking into different sources of water such as wells and various creeks.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: Cumming is located in the center of Forsyth County at (34.208464, -84.137575). It is northeast of downtown Atlanta and northeast of Alpharetta.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, Cumming has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.58%, is water.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: Cumming is a municipal corporation; since 1845 it has been governed by a mayor and a five-member city council. The mayor and council members serve staggered four-year terms.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: On December 22, 1834, Cumming was officially incorporated and five councilmen were appointed: John Jolly, William Martin, Daniel McCoy, John H. Russell, and Daniel Smith. The town of Cumming's charter was revised on December 22, 1845, resulting in new councilmen William F. Foster, Arthur Irwin, Major J. Lewis, Henry L. Sims, and Noah Strong.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: Former mayor H. Ford Gravitt was first elected to the city council in 1966, and went on to be elected mayor in 1970. Gravitt was mayor of Cumming for 48 years before losing to rival candidate and current mayor Troy Brumbalow, who has held the office since January 2018.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: Many historical records have been destroyed in fires, leaving some information unavailable or unverifiable.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 7,318 people, 2,480 households, and 1,368 families residing in the city.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 5,430 people, 1,893 households (of which 57.1% were families), and 1,081 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,037 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 76.6% White, 31.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 16.9% from other races, 2.9% Black, 1.7% from two or more races, 1.4% Asian and 0.5% Native American.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: The median income for a household in the city was $37,118, and the median income for a family was $48,947. Full-time, year-round male workers had a median income of $35,402 versus $31,892 for similarly situated females. The per capita income for the city was $18,326. About 27.9% of families and 22.0% of the adult population were below the poverty line.


title: Cumming, Georgia

text: Cumming is served by Forsyth County Schools. The following schools are located in the county school district:


title: The Night Porter

text: The Night Porter () is a 1974 English-language Italian erotic psychological war drama film. Directed and co-written by Liliana Cavani, the film stars Dirk Bogarde and Charlotte Rampling, with Philippe Leroy, Gabriele Ferzetti, and Isa Miranda in supporting roles. Set in Vienna in 1957, the film centers on the sadomasochistic relationship between a former Nazi concentration camp officer (Bogarde) and one of his inmates (Rampling).


title: The Night Porter

text: The film's themes of sexual and sadomasochistic obsession, and its use of Holocaust imagery, have made the film controversial since its initial release, dividing critics over its artistic value, but developing it a strong cult following. In July 2018, it was selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.


title: The Night Porter

text: During World War II, Maximilian Theo Aldorfer, a Nazi SS officer who had posed as a doctor to take sensational photographs in concentration camps, and Lucia, a teenage girl interned in a concentration camp due to her father's Socialist political ties, had an ambiguous sadomasochistic relationship. Max tormented Lucia, but also acted as her protector.


title: The Night Porter

text: In 1957, Lucia, now married to an American orchestra conductor, meets Max again by chance. He is now a night porter at a hotel in Vienna, and a reluctant member of a group of former SS comrades who have been carefully covering up their pasts by destroying documents and eliminating witnesses to their wartime activities. Max has an upcoming mock trial at the hands of the group for his war crimes. The group's leader, Hans Fogler, accuses Max of wanting to live 'hidden away like a church mouse'. Max wishes to remain hidden, but he voices support for the group's activities. Memories of the past punctuate Max and Lucia's present with urgent frequency, suggesting that Lucia survived through her relationship with Max – in one such scene, Lucia sings a Marlene Dietrich song, "Wenn ich mir was wünschen dürfte" ("If I could make a wish"), to the camp guards while wearing pieces of an SS uniform, and Max "rewards" her with the severed head of a male inmate who had been bullying her, a reference to Salome.


title: The Night Porter

text: Because she could testify against him, Lucia's existence is a threat to Max. He goes to see a former Nazi collaborator, Mario, who knows Lucia is still alive; Max murders him to protect his secret. After Lucia's husband leaves town on business, Max and Lucia renew their past lovemaking in Max's apartment. Max confesses to Countess Stein, another guest at his hotel, that he has found his "little girl" again. The Countess tells him that he is insane; Max replies that they are both 'in the same boat'. Meanwhile, Fogler has Max spied on by a youth who works at the hotel.


title: The Night Porter

text: Max is interviewed by the police about Mario's murder. He spends days with Lucia in his apartment, chaining her to the wall so that "they can't take her away", and sleeps little. Fogler, who wants Lucia to testify against Max in the mock trial—though he harbors more ambiguous long-term intentions toward her—visits and informs her that Max is ill. He suggests that Lucia must also be ill to allow herself to be in this position, but she sends him away, claiming to be with Max of her own free will.


title: The Night Porter

text: The SS officers are infuriated at Max for hiding a key witness. Max refuses to go through with the trial, calling it 'a farce', and admits that he works as a night porter due to his sense of shame in daytime. He returns to Lucia, telling her that the police questioned him and others at the hotel about her disappearance, and that no suspicion fell on him. Eventually, Max quits his job, devoting all of his time to Lucia. The SS officers cut off the couple's supply of food from a nearby grocery store. Max barricades the door to the apartment, and he and Lucia begin rationing.


title: The Night Porter

text: Max seeks help by phoning one of his old hotel friends, who refuses, and imploring his neighbor, but she is prevented from providing aid by Adolph, the youth who had spied on Max earlier. Max retreats again to the apartment, where Lucia is almost unconscious from malnutrition. After one of the SS cuts off the electricity in Max's apartment, Max and Lucia, respectively dressed in his Nazi uniform and a negligee resembling the one she had worn in the concentration camp, leave the building and drive away; they are soon followed by a car driven by Max's former colleagues. Max parks his car on a bridge, where he and Lucia walk along the sidewalk as dawn breaks. Two gunshots ring out, and the lovers fall dead.


title: The Night Porter

text: Filming took place in Vienna, Austria and at Cinecittà Studios in Rome. Locations included the Vienna Volksoper, the Linke Wienzeile Buildings, the Mozarthaus, the Vienna Central Cemetery, Karl-Marx-Hof, and Schönbrunn Palace. The concentration camp scenes were shot in the Tuscolano district of Rome. The film's costumes were designed by five-time Oscar-nominee Piero Tosi.


title: The Night Porter

text: The budget, which had been paid for by the Italian distributor, ran out near the end of the shooting of the film's interiors at Cinecittà. To ensure the film's completion, producer Robert Gordon Edwards instructed editor Franco Arcalli to create a rough cut of the best scenes that had been shot, which he presented to an American colleague who worked at Les Artistes Associés (the French arm of United Artists). On the basis of the rough cut, the company agreed to pay for the filming of the exterior scenes in Vienna in exchange for French distribution rights.


title: The Night Porter

text: Romy Schneider turned down the role of Lucia. Mia Farrow was considered, as well as Dominique Sanda, before Charlotte Rampling was cast. Rampling shot the film only four months after giving birth to her son Barnaby. She and Dirk Bogarde re-wrote and ad-libbed much of their dialogue. Bogarde also enlisted Anthony Forwood to help rewrite the script, uncredited. Bogarde seriously considered retiring from acting after the end of principal photography, which he considered a very draining experience.


title: The Night Porter

text: Several of the actors' voices were dubbed, including Phillippe Leroy (by Edmund Purdom), Gabriele Ferzetti (by David de Keyser), and Geoffrey Copleston (by Charles Howerton). Ironically, Copleston himself was an accomplished voice actor and dub artist.


title: The Night Porter

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating 68% based on 31 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, ""The Night Porter"'s salaciousness gives its exploration of historical trauma a bitter aftertaste, but audiences seeking provocation are unlikely to forget the sting of this erotic drama." In response to "The Night Porter", Cavani was both celebrated for her courage in dealing with the theme of sexual transgression and, simultaneously, castigated for the controversial manner in which she presented that transgression within the context of a Nazi Holocaust narrative.


title: The Night Porter

text: Critic Roger Ebert of "The Chicago Sun-Times" thought the main roles were well-performed, but nonetheless gave the film 1 star out of a possible 4, and called "The Night Porter" "as nasty as it is lubricious, a despicable attempt to titillate us by exploiting memories of persecution and suffering", while adding he did not "object per se to the movie's subject matter." Leonard Maltin's 2015 "Movie Guide" called it a "Sleazy, bizarre drama", awarding it two out of four stars. In "The New York Times", Nora Sayre praised the performances of Bogarde and Rampling, and the "dark, rich tones" of the cinematography, but began her review by writing "If you don't love pain, you won't find "The Night Porter" erotic—and by now, even painbuffs may be satiated with Nazi decadence." Vincent Canby, another prominent critic for "The New York Times", called it "romantic pornography" and "a piece of junk".


title: The Night Porter

text: In her essay for the Criterion Collection release, Annette Insdorf called "The Night Porter" "a provocative and problematic film. ... [I]t can be seen as an exercise in perversion and exploitation of the Holocaust for the sake of sensationalism. On the other hand, a closer reading of this English-language psychological thriller suggests a dark vision of compelling characters doomed by their World War II past."


title: The Night Porter

text: The film was nominated in two categories at the 1975 Nastro d'Argento Awards, Best Director (Liliana Cavani) and Best Screenplay (Cavani and Italo Moscati), but did not win in either category.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: The Socialist Party USA, officially the Socialist Party of the United States of America, is a socialist political party in the United States. The party was founded in 1973 as a successor to the Socialist Party of America, which had split a year prior, resulting in another group called Social Democrats, USA.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: The party is officially committed to multi-tendency socialism. Along with its predecessor, Socialist Party USA has received varying degrees of support when its candidates have competed against those from the Republican and Democratic parties. It advocates for complete independence from the Democratic Party. Self-described as opposing all forms of oppression, specifically "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems," the party advocates the creation of "a radical democracy that places people's lives under their own control—a classless, feminist, socialist society free of racism, sexism, homophobia or transphobia," in which "the people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups"; "full employment is realized for everyone who wants to work"; "workers have the right to form unions freely, and to strike and engage in other forms of job actions"; and "production of society is used for the benefit of all humanity, not for the private profit of a few."


title: Socialist Party USA

text: Headquartered at the A. J. Muste Institute, the party's national office is located at 168 Canal Street in the Chinatown neighborhood of New York City. The party has chartered state organizations in Michigan and New Jersey, as well as several locals throughout the country.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: In October 2019, the Socialist Party nominated Howie Hawkins for President of the United States in the 2020 election. Hawkins also received the Green Party 2020 presidential nomination, and ran for that of various state-level parties, such as the Liberty Union Party in Vermont, in a bid to unite the "non-sectarian independent Left" behind a single campaign.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: In 1958, the Independent Socialist League led by Max Shachtman dissolved to join the Socialist Party of America, which was founded by Eugene V. Debs. Shachtman had written that Soviet communism was a new form of class society, bureaucratic collectivism, in which the ruling class exploited and oppressed the population and therefore he opposed the spread of communism. Shachtman also argued that democratic socialists should work with activists from labor unions and civil rights organizations to help build a social democratic "realignment" of the Democratic Party. Though he died on November 4, 1972, and had little involvement with the Socialist Party in the year proceeding his death, his followers, identified as "Shachmanites", exercised a tremendous amount of influence on the party.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: In its 1972 convention, the Socialist Party changed its name to Social Democrats, USA by a vote of 73 to 34. The change of name was supported by the two Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU); and by the First National Vice Chairman James S. Glaser—these three were re-elected by acclamation.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: Renaming the party as SDUSA was meant to be "realistic". "The New York Times" observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored Darlington Hoopes as its candidate for President in the 1956 election, who received only 2,121 votes, which were cast in only six states. Because the party no longer sponsored candidates in presidential elections, the name "party" had been "misleading"—"party" had hindered the recruiting of activists who participated in the Democratic Party, according to the majority report. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the word "socialism" with Soviet communism. The party also wished to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: The convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for Harrington's coalition caucus, 2 for the Debs caucus, and one for the "independent" Samuel  H. Friedman, who also had opposed the name change. The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote, with the majority caucus winning every vote. On foreign policy, the program called for "firmness toward Communist aggression". However, during the Vietnam War, the program opposed "any efforts to bomb Hanoi into submission" and to work for a peace agreement that would protect Communist political cadres in South Vietnam from further military or police reprisals. Harrington's proposal for an immediate cease fire and an immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces was defeated. Harrington complained that after its previous convention, the Socialist Party had endorsed George McGovern with a statement of "constructive criticism" and had not mobilized enough support for McGovern.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: After their defeat at the convention, members of two minority caucuses helped to found new socialist organizations. At most 200 members of the Coalition Caucus joined Michael Harrington in forming the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC), which later became the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). At its start, DSOC had 840 members, of which 2 percent served on its national board in 1973 when SDUSA stated its membership at 1,800, according to a 1973 profile of Harrington. Second, many members of the Debs Caucus joined David McReynolds in reconstituting the Socialist Party USA also in 1973.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: The Debs Caucus formed the Union for Democratic Socialism and on May 30, 1973, incorporated the Socialist Party of the United States of America, usually simplified as the Socialist Party USA. Many activists from the local and state branches of the old Socialist Party, including the party's Wisconsin, California, Illinois, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. organizations, participated in the reconstitution of the Socialist Party USA.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: After its founding, the party promoted itself as the legitimate heir of the Socialist Party of America. Former Mayor of Milwaukee, Frank Zeidler, was elected the first national chairperson of the party. Zeidler also helped re-organizing the party structure during its early years. He was later nominated as the party's candidacy for the presidential office, with Zeidler believing the party would be able to collaborate with other socialist parties nationwide to spread the message of socialism.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: Since 1976, a member of the party was elected to the city council of Iowa City and several members have won tens of thousands of votes in elections for statewide offices. In 1982, William Shakalis, running for State Senate from Cambridge, Mass. on the Socialist Party line, received 12.3% of the vote against an incumbent Democratic State Senator. In 1992, Socialist Iowa City Councilwoman Karen Kubby won her re-election with the highest vote in a contested election in the history of the Iowa City Council and was re-elected until retiring from the Council in 2000. In 2000, Socialist Wendell Harris received 19% of the vote for Mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the primary. In 2008, Socialist Jon Osborne pulled in 22% of the vote for Rhode Island's 34th District State Senate seat while listed on the ballot under the Socialist Party USA label. During the 2010 United States Senate elections, Dan La Botz of the Socialist Party of Ohio received 25,368 (0.68%) votes in Ohio.


title: Socialist Party USA

text: In 2011, Socialist Matt Erard was elected to a three-year term on the city of Detroit's Downtown District Citizens' District Council. In 2012, Socialist Pat Noble unseated his incumbent opponent in winning election to the Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education, Socialist John Strinka received 9.8% of the vote while running with the party's ballot label for Indiana's 39th district State House seat and Socialist Troy Thompson received 27% of the vote for Mayor of Floodwood, Minnesota. Also in 2012, candidate Mary Alice Herbert received 13.1% of the vote for Vermont Secretary of State while running with the dual nomination of both the Socialist and Vermont Liberty Union parties.