title: The cake is a lie

text: Video game journalists have praised the presentation of "The cake is a lie" in "Portal" as a well-executed example of environmental storytelling. "Ars Technica" editor Johnathan Neuis said that "the cake is a lie" was one of the strongest inside jokes in gaming since "All your base are belong to us". "Mashable" ranked "The cake is a lie" as the most unforgettable gaming meme of the 2000s. The Regent Bakery noted that since the release of the game, its Black Forest cake has been one of its more popular items.


title: The cake is a lie

text: Conversely, "The Escapist" editor Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw criticized the overuse of Internet memes, specifically mentioning the usage of the phrase as an easter egg reference in "'Splosion Man". He criticized people who use Internet memes to give themselves a personality, and argued that "The cake is a lie" was hardly the funniest thing in "Portal". In a 2010 interview with "Gamasutra" about "Portal 2", Wolpaw indicated that no jokes or references to cake would be made for the then-upcoming game as he was "sick of the memes". Valve indicated that they intended to cease promotion of the catchphrase as humor that same year, though an officially licensed cake mix for the "Portal" brand was created by German licensee Gaya Entertainment and released in 2013.


title: Wet Leg (album)

text: Wet Leg is the debut studio album by British rock band Wet Leg, released on 8 April 2022 by Domino. It was promoted by the viral hit "Chaise Longue", followed by the singles "Wet Dream", "Too Late Now", "Oh No", "Angelica", and "Ur Mum". The album received acclaim from music critics, topped the charts in Australia and the United Kingdom, and entered the top ten charts in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. It was shortlisted for the 2022 Mercury Prize and is nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Wet Leg (album)

text: "Wet Leg" was recorded in April 2021, before the band had even played live, with Speedy Wunderground's Dan Carey acting as main producer.


title: Wet Leg (album)

text: Wet Leg released their debut single "Chaise Longue" on 15 June 2021. The song earned the band acclaim from various magazines after it went viral online. They followed it up with "Wet Dream" on 28 September 2021 with a "surreal" self-directed video. "Wet Dream" will be sent to alternative radio in the United States on 19 April 2022.


title: Wet Leg (album)

text: The duo released the double singles "Too Late Now" and "Oh No" on 29 November 2021, alongside a sci-fi video for the former track and the announcement of the album's release date, tracklist, and tour dates. "Oh No" received a music video 1 February 2022, while "Too Late Now" was sent to adult alternative radio in the United States on 7 February 2022. "Angelica" and "Ur Mum" were released as the fifth and sixth singles on 28 February and 4 April 2022, respectively.


title: Wet Leg (album)

text: Primarily an indie rock, post-punk, alternative rock, Britpop, post-punk revival, indie pop, and punk pop album, "Wet Leg" takes influence from a variety of other genres, particularly '90s and '00s indie and garage pop.


title: Wet Leg (album)

text: "Being in Love" is an indie pop, wonky pop, and bubblegum grunge-pop song with post-punk riffs, a synth-rock groove, and art pop influences. "Chaise Longue" is a post-punk, new wave, and garage punk song wherein Teasdale "intone[s] a series of non sequiturs – from suggestive "Mean Girls" quotes ('would you like us to assign someone to butter your muffin?') to suggestive allusions to academia" in a deadpan voice. "Angelica" is a psychedelic pop and slacker rock song with "ethereal, dreamy harmonies amid distorted guitars" about "a woman miserably going through the motions at a party" "I Don't Wanna Go Out" is a psychedelic and grunge song that lifts the riff from David Bowie's "The Man Who Sold the World" "Wet Dream" is an indie rock and surf rock song with disco handclaps, "a big, shout-along chorus", "a looping bassline and propulsive beat". Teasdale sings about an ex who texts her when she appears in his wet dreams, as well as doing other increasingly ridiculous things like "exposing himself on the side of the road, climbing onto the hood of her car, licking the windshield." The song references the film Buffalo '66 in the line "Baby do you want to come home with me; I've got Buffalo '66 on DVD" "Convincing", the only song Hesther Chambers sings lead on, is an psychedelic folk, folk-pop, glam rock, and ethereal song influenced by lounge music that "finds [Chambers] in a rut of sadness, not ready to start digging herself out". "Loving You" is a country pop ballad sung in falsetto that "details the breakdown of a relationship and the painful aftermath of seeing an ex moving on with someone else". "Ur Mum" is a surf rock-inspired pop song that sees Teasdale "calling out a former lover, asking them to forget her", culminating in Teasdale "announcing that she’s been practicing her 'loudest scream,' counting to three before letting out a screech." "Oh No" is a glam rock and glam punk song with "fuzzed-out guitars" about doomscrolling and smartphone anxiety. The folk-tinged "Piece of Shit" "compares a full-of-themselves partner to excrement in the toilet bowl" and incorporates "computer game blips". "Supermarket" is a slacker rock song influenced by first-wave British punk that tells a story about being stoned while shopping. "Too Late Now" is an atmospheric, experimental post-rock and guitar pop song that features "a gratifyingly relatable self-doubt break, when the music drops out to allow Teasdale to document her existential angst as it spreads into the track she is currently performing"


title: Wet Leg (album)

text: "Wet Leg" was well-received by music critics upon its release. On Metacritic, the album has an average score of 87 out of 100 based on 25 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Heather Phares claimed that "It's rare that a band is so fully formed at the start of their career, but on their self-titled debut album, Wet Leg deliver more of those immediately memorable hooks and relatable, witty retorts." "Clash" writer Robin Murray called it "the most infectious, alluring, irresistible, and downright fun debut record that’s come our way in a long, long time". In a five-star review for "DIY", Lisa Wright praised the band's unique personality, saying "it’s the slightly wonky worldview of the band themselves that really elevates "Wet Leg" into the realms of the truly special. Don’t be fooled by the prairie dresses and sweetly innocent vocal delivery, Rhian has bite and gleefully revels in a rude one liner." In another five-star review for "NME", Rhian Daly called it an "instant classic" and "It rushes with liberating, infectious joy that makes you want to grab your own partner-in-crime and speed off on an adventure to find somewhere that’s, as "Angelica"'s mantra suggests, is 'good times all the time'." Rachel Aroesti of "The Guardian" called "Wet Leg" a "collection of 90s and 00s-era indie that is by turns dreamy, lush, hooky and thunderous, and layered with lyrics saturated with millennial disaffection, anxiety and overwhelm." "The Independent" writer Annabel Nugent said that "In vocals that vacillate between taunting melody and rage, Teasdale and Chambers speak to their twenty-something peers in a language they know: work is dull, dating apps are awful, parties aren’t as fun as they used to be, death is (thankfully?) inevitable". Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" said that "All told, Wet Leg are a couple of artsy rock & rollers who want too much, feel too much, hate too much, while chasing too many good times. No wonder the world was so ready to fall madly in love with them. After two years of quarantine blues, there was just a widespread cultural craving for this kind of action, and Wet Leg were as surprised as anyone when they tapped into it. But the album makes it sound like they're just getting started." "Paste" contributor Eric R. Danton said "Their songwriting is tight, their lyrics are brazen, smart and amusing, and they are at ease shifting through various indie styles. What really makes Wet Leg stand out, though, is that Teasdale and Chambers are so clearly having fun."


title: Wet Leg (album)

text: In a more mixed review Kitty Empire, selecting it as her "Observer" Album of the Week, nevertheless expressed disappointment at the album's mundanity, stating "Wet Leg’s unself-conscious art seemed initially to foreground the ridiculousness of everything (especially weird stains). Their album, by contrast, drills down hard into how rubbish exes are. Relatable, of course, understandable too, but perhaps not what was originally indicated by those lobster claws."


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: "Saturday-morning cartoon" is a colloquial term for the original animated series programming that was typically scheduled on Saturday and Sunday mornings in the United States on the "Big Three" television networks. The genre's popularity had a broad peak from the mid-1960s through the mid-1990s; after that point it declined, in the face of changing cultural norms, increased competition from formats available at all times, and heavier regulations. In the last two decades of the genre's existence, Saturday-morning and Sunday-morning cartoons were primarily created and aired to meet regulations on children's television programming in the United States, or E/I. Minor television networks, in addition to the non-commercial PBS in some markets, continue to air animated programming on Saturday and Sunday while partially meeting those mandates.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: In the United States, the generally accepted times for these and other children's programs to air on Saturday mornings were from 8:00 a.m. to approximately 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time Zone. Until the late 1970s, American networks also had a schedule of children's programming on Sunday mornings, though most programs at this time were repeats of Saturday-morning shows that were already out of production. In some markets, some shows were pre-empted in favor of syndicated or other types of local programming. Saturday-morning and Sunday-morning cartoons were largely discontinued in Canada by 2002. In the United States, The CW continued to air non-E/I cartoons as late as 2014; among the "Big Three" traditional major networks, the final non-E/I cartoon to date ("Kim Possible") was last aired in 2006. Cable television networks have since then revived the practice of debuting their most popular animated programming on Saturday and Sunday mornings on a sporadic basis.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Although the Saturday-morning timeslot had always featured a great deal of children's television series beginning in the early 1950s, the idea of commissioning new animated series for broadcast on Saturday mornings caught on in the mid-1960s, when the networks realized that they could concentrate kids' viewing on that one morning to appeal to advertisers, notably manufacturers of toys and breakfast cereals. Furthermore, limited animation, such as that produced by such studios as Filmation, DePatie–Freleng Enterprises, Total Television, Jay Ward Productions and Hanna-Barbera, was economical enough to produce in sufficient quantity to fill the five-hour block of time, as compared to live-action programming. While production times and costs were undeniably higher with animated programming, the cost of talent was far less (voice actors became known for their ability to perform several characters at once, sometimes even on the same show) and networks could rerun children's animated programming more frequently than most live-action series, due to the belief that children would not remember the original airings enough to lose interest, negating any financial disadvantages. The experiment proved successful, and the timeslots were filled with profitable programming.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Until the late 1960s, a number of Saturday-morning cartoons were reruns of animated series made for prime time during a brief flurry of such series a few years earlier. These included Hanna-Barbera's "The Flintstones",


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: "Top Cat", "The Jetsons" and "Jonny Quest", Ross Bagdasarian's "The Alvin Show", and Bob Clampett's "Beany and Cecil".


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Some Saturday-morning programs consisted of telecasts of older cartoons made for movie theaters, such as the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" cartoons produced by Warner Bros. Cartoons, the "Tom and Jerry" cartoons produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for that studio prior to establishing their own company; the "Mighty Mouse" and "Heckle and Jeckle" cartoons produced by Paul Terry's Terrytoons, and Walter Lantz's "Woody Woodpecker" cartoons (supplied by Universal Pictures). During the 1960s and 1970s, it was not uncommon to have animated shorts produced with both film and television in mind (DePatie-Freleng, established by two former WB employees, was particularly associated with this business model), so that by selling the shorts to theaters, the studios could afford a higher budget than would otherwise be available from television alone, which at the time was still a free medium for the end-user, except for a minority of households that had cable television, then strictly a medium for delivering signals from distant TV stations. Some of these legacy characters later appeared in "new" versions by other producers ("Tom and Jerry" by Hanna and Barbera for their own company, and later by Filmation; "Mighty Mouse" by Filmation and later by Ralph Bakshi; "Pink Panther and Sons" by Hanna-Barbera with Friz Freleng as a consultant).


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The remainder of the networks' Saturday-morning schedules were filled by reruns of black-and-white live-action series made in the 1950s, usually with a western background ("The Lone Ranger", "The Roy Rogers Show", "Sky King", "Fury", "The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin", "My Friend Flicka", etc.) and occasional first-run live-action series such as "The Magic Land of Allakazam", the later color episodes of "Howdy Doody", "The Shari Lewis Show", "Shenanigans", and "Watch Mr. Wizard".


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Independent stations (TV stations not affiliated with networks) usually did not show cartoons on Saturday mornings, instead running feature films (usually western or low-budget series movies such as "The Bowery Boys" or "Bomba, the Jungle Boy"), chapters of "cliffhanger" serial film, comedy short films made for movie theatres ("Laurel and Hardy", "The Three Stooges", and "Our Gang"), older live-action syndicated series like "The Adventures of Superman", "The Cisco Kid", "Ramar of the Jungle", "The Abbott and Costello Show", "The Adventures of Robin Hood", "Hopalong Cassidy", "Flash Gordon", and "Sheena, Queen of the Jungle", and regional sports shows, often wrestling or bowling programs. This was a counterprogramming strategy aimed either at children who were not interested in the typical network fare or adults wanting to watch something other than cartoons.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Cartoons based on advertising material were restricted by the Federal Trade Commission by the late 1960s. A notable example is Linus the Lionhearted, which ran from 1964 to 1969. The characters in the series were lifted from Post cereals and the commercials for each of the cereals utilized an art style identical to the program, which would have made it more difficult for children to distinguish the commercials from the program.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The mid-1960s brought a boom in superhero cartoon series, some adapted from comic books, ("Superman," "Aquaman," "Spider-Man," "Fantastic Four"), and others original ("Space Ghost," "The Herculoids," "Birdman and the Galaxy Trio," etc.). Also included were parodies of the superhero genre ("Underdog," "The Super 6," and "George of the Jungle," among others). Another development was the popular music-based cartoon, featuring both real-life groups ("The Beatles," "The Jackson 5ive," and "The Osmonds") as well as anonymous studio musicians ("The Archies," "Josie and the Pussycats"); this was particularly popular during the heyday of bubblegum pop music from circa 1968 to 1972. Live-action series continued to some extent with Sid and Marty Krofft's "H.R. Pufnstuf" and "Sigmund and the Sea Monsters," Hanna-Barbera's "The Banana Splits," Stan Burns and Mike Marmer's "Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp," ABC's "Curiosity Shop" (produced by Chuck Jones), Don Kirshner's widely-popular "The Monkees", and the British import slapstick comedy "Here Come the Double Deckers".


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: With the 1970s came a wave of animated versions of popular live-action prime time series, mainly with the voices of the original casts, including "The Brady Bunch" ("The Brady Kids"), "Star Trek" (""), "Emergency!" ("Emergency +4"), "Gilligan's Island" ("The New Adventures of Gilligan" and later "Gilligan's Planet" in the 1980s), "Happy Days" ("The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang"), "Laverne & Shirley" ("Laverne & Shirley in the Army"), "Mork & Mindy" ("Mork & Mindy/Laverne & Shirley/Fonz Hour"), "The Partridge Family" ("Partridge Family 2200 A.D."; the cast were also semi-regulars on "Goober and the Ghost Chasers"), and "The Dukes of Hazzard" ("The Dukes"). More loosely adapted was "The Oddball Couple", which turned Neil Simon's mismatched roommates into a sloppy dog and a fastidious cat. Many of these animated spin-offs featured storylines and settings that would not be credible or feasible in most live-action series (such as trips around the world and/or into space). The ties between the animated spin-offs and their live-action origins varied widely, depending on how much input the original cast and crew were willing to contribute (and how much the animation companies were willing to pay for that talent); in retrospect, animated versions of TV series are generally not treated as canonical by fans.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Other adaptations of familiar characters and properties included "Tarzan" ("Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle"), "Planet of the Apes" ("Return to the Planet of the Apes"), "Lassie" ("Lassie's Rescue Rangers") and "Godzilla". At this same time, the great success of "Scooby-Doo" spawned numerous imitations, combining "The Archie Show"-style teen characters and talking animals with light-weight mystery stories ("Speed Buggy", "Jabberjaw", etc.) Comedian Bill Cosby successfully blended educational elements with both comedy and music in the popular, long-running "Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids".


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Filmation, primarily a cartoon producer, also turned out several live-action Saturday-morning series in the 1970s, including "Shazam!" (with animated sequences) and "The Secret of Isis," "Jason of Star Command", "The Ghost Busters" (not related to the 1984 hit movie, but rather a 1975 vehicle for former "F Troop" stars Larry Storch and Forrest Tucker) and "Uncle Croc's Block".


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The success of "Star Wars" toys convinced manufacturers of the enormous profit potential in developing their own intellectual properties to base toys on. Along with the FCC's looser interpretation of programming regulations under President Ronald Reagan, this led to the era of "half-hour toy commercials" that became almost synonymous with 1980s cartoons. The first were "Masters of the Universe" and "" in 1983, followed by "The Transformers," "M.A.S.K.," "Jem and the Holograms," "Thundercats," "Silverhawks," "," "My Little Pony," and others. Defining cartoons of the 1980s that had associated toy lines, but which were not created specifically for the purpose of selling toys, included "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", which began as an independent comic book series, and "The Real Ghostbusters," based on the live-action movie from 1984; both continued to be produced into the 1990s, and in fact, "Ninja Turtles" lasted so long that most of its episodes were produced and aired in the 1990s, though it is still associated more in the public mind with the 1980s due to major changes in format and tone toward the end of the series run.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: A Hanna-Barbera adaptation of the Belgian comic strip "The Smurfs" became a huge success in the 1980s, bringing with it other series with fairy tale-like settings ("My Little Pony", "Monchichis", "The Biskitts", "Trollkins", "Snorks", etc.). Most of the genres made popular in previous generations (talking animals, superheroes, teen mysteries, science fiction, and live-action adaptations) continued to appear as well, with the exception of the musical band cartoons (only one of note, the syndicated "Jem", emerged in the 1980s), as by this point, music videos from real bands were becoming commonplace on American television in the wake of the rise of MTV. CBS and the producing team of Lee Mendelson and Bill Melendez, acclaimed for their Emmy Award-winning prime time specials adapted from Charles M. Schulz's comic strip "Peanuts", brought Schulz's characters to Saturday mornings in "The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show" for several years; later in the 1980s, the successful "Garfield" comic strip and TV specials were adapted into the long-running "Garfield and Friends", also on CBS.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Other adaptations of familiar characters and properties included "Lone Ranger", "Star Wars" ("" and "Ewoks") and "Zorro" ("The New Adventures of Zorro").


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: During the mid-1980s through the early 1990s, series featuring younger and junior versions of characters from the 1970s and earlier were introduced, such as "Muppet Babies", "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo", and "The Flintstone Kids".


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Parents' lobbying groups such as Action for Children's Television began in the late 1960s. They voiced concerns about the presentation of commercialism, violence, anti-social attitudes and stereotypes in Saturday-morning cartoons. By the 1970s, these groups exercised enough influence, especially with the U.S. Congress and the Federal Communications Commission, that the television networks felt compelled to impose more stringent content rules for the animation houses. By 1978, the Federal Trade Commission was openly considering a ban on all advertising during television programming targeting preschoolers, and severe restrictions on other children's program advertising, both of which would have effectively killed off the format; the commission ultimately dropped the proposal.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The networks were encouraged to create educational spots that endeavored to use animation and/or live-action for enriching content, probably as a compromise between the advocacy groups on the one hand and the networks and producers on the other. The "Schoolhouse Rock!" series on ABC became a fondly-remembered television classic; ABC also had several other short-form animated featurettes, including "Time for Timer" and "The Bod Squad", that had long runs. Just as notable were CBS's news segments for children, "In the News," and NBC's "Ask NBC News" and "One to Grow On", which featured skits of everyday problems with advice from the stars of NBC prime time programs.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The decline of the timeslot somewhat began in the early 1990s for a variety of reasons, most of which were tied to the broader multi-channel transition that affected numerous television genera. Among the direct and indirect factors in the decline of the Saturday morning cartoons:


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The decline of Saturday-morning cartoons coincided with a rise in adult animation and a wave of new, creator-driven animation studios, which experienced a revival (much of it on prime time television) in the 1990s as the Saturday-morning cartoons fell out of favor, as did animated feature films (see, for example, the Disney Renaissance). Fueled by the continued requirement for educational programming, networks continued to carry some cartoons well into the 2000s; by this point, these consisted either of re-purposed reruns from cable or outsourced blocks of cartoons imported from outside the U.S. As the popularity of these blocks continued to decline and no hit shows emerged from them, by the early 2010s networks began an outright phaseout of cartoons, with the major networks opting to fill their educational mandates by commissioning live-action, mostly documentary/human interest series that were relatively less labor-intensive and expensive to produce (and, more importantly for the networks, less restrictive in regard to commercials). Some of the space formerly filled by Saturday-morning cartoons would be occupied by infomercials (on local stations) and expanded coverage of college football on television, both of which greatly expanded as the result of separate government rulings in 1984.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: A 1996 Federal Communications Commission mandate, issued in the wake of the regulations on children's television programming in the United States, requires that stations program a minimum of three hours of children's regulations on children's television programming in the United States ("E/I") programming per week.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: To help their affiliates comply with the regulations, broadcast networks began to reorganize their own efforts to adhere to the mandates, so their affiliates would not bear the burden of scheduling the shows themselves on their own time, thus eliminating the risk of having network product preempted by station efforts to follow the mandates. This almost always meant that the educational programming was placed during the Saturday-morning cartoon block.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: NBC abandoned its original Saturday-morning cartoon lineup in 1992, replacing it with a Saturday-morning edition of "Today" and adding an all live-action teen-oriented block, "TNBC", which featured "Saved by the Bell", "California Dreams" and other teen sitcoms. Even though the educational content was minimal to non-existent, NBC labeled all the live-action shows with an E/I rating and provided the legal fiction of a blanket educational summary boilerplate text provided to stations to place in their quarterly educational effort reports to the FCC. Cartoons returned to the network in the fall of 2002, after cable network Discovery Kids (now Discovery Family) won the rights to the block in an auction, beating out other children's television companies (notably Nickelodeon, which recently programmed CBS's Saturday-morning block under the name Nickelodeon on CBS).


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: CBS followed NBC's lead in 1997 by producing "CBS News Saturday Morning" for the first two hours of its lineup and an all-live-action block of children's programming. The experiment lasted only a few months, and CBS brought back its animated series "CBS Storybreak".


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: In the 1990s, Japanese television shows targeted towards children and teenagers were introduced to American television, including live-action tokusatsu superhero shows such as "Power Rangers" ("Super Sentai") and "VR Troopers" ("Metal Hero Series"), and anime shows such as "Pokémon", "Dragon Ball", "Sailor Moon", "Digimon" and "Yu-Gi-Oh!". This led to a transition in the Saturday-morning slot from traditional American Saturday-morning cartoons towards Japanese anime, which have dominated the Saturday-morning genre since the 1990s. "Yu-Gi-Oh!" in particular was the most popular Saturday-morning cartoon during the 2000s.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: In 2004, ABC was the last of the broadcast networks to add a Saturday-morning edition of its morning news program (in its case, "Good Morning America Weekend") in the first hour of its lineup, mainly due to internal affiliate criticism of the lack of network coverage of the February 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, which occurred on a Saturday morning, forcing them to take coverage from other video news agencies (the networks were also feeling pressure from competition with cable news outlets that ran a "24/7" cycle). Prior to that, and particularly in the early 1990s, it was not uncommon for affiliates to preempt part or all of ABC's cartoon lineup with local programming.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Fox carried little or no E/I programming, leaving the responsibility of scheduling the E/I shows to the affiliates themselves (although the network did eventually add daily reruns of "The Magic School Bus" to meet the E/I mandates from 1998 to 2001). Following the closure of its 4Kids TV block in 2008, Fox would not carry any children's programming at all for five years until the launch of Xploration Station. The WB was far more accommodating to its stations; for several years, the network aired the history-themed "Histeria!" five days a week, leaving only a half-hour of E/I programs up to the local affiliates to program.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Several channels, while not offering original animated series, do air reruns of older Saturday-morning cartoons. Boomerang, a spin-off channel of Cartoon Network, specialized primarily in rerun of Saturday-morning cartoons from the 1960s and 1970s (the majority of which come from Hanna-Barbera, which, like Boomerang, is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery). In the 2010s, the channel's focus shifted toward airing reruns of canceled animated series from the 1990s and 2000s (many of which were never intended for the Saturday-morning programming block), and as of 2014, all earlier cartoons are relegated to "graveyard" (i.e., little-viewed) slots. Hub Network owned the broadcast rights to rerun several of Fox Kids' most popular programs (this was a byproduct of former Fox Kids head Margaret Loesch working as head of the Hub Network at the time); the majority of that programming was dropped or relegated to early morning time slots when Loesch left the network and the channel was relaunched as Discovery Family in 2014. A handful of digital subchannels also make use of Saturday-morning cartoon reruns, including Reach High Media Group (now known as Get After It Media)'s PBJ and Ion Media's Qubo.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: In 2011, the major networks began to phase out weekend-morning educational programming aimed towards preteen audiences, in favor of live-action reality and docuseries outsourced to other producers. Litton Entertainment took over programming the Saturday-morning children's blocks from ABC, CBS, The CW, and NBC in 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2016, respectively. These programs are ostensibly aimed at teenagers and families, and networks have legally declared these new programs to be aimed at viewers between the ages of 13 and 16. This distinction is important from a legal perspective, as it removes the requirement for the programs to comply with the advertising limits imposed by the Children's Television Act.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: By the mid-1990s, broadcast networks were now becoming units of larger entertainment companies. ABC was bought by The Walt Disney Company in 1996, which began airing all Disney-produced programming by 1997 and canceled programs produced by companies other than Disney (with the notable exceptions of two shows, "The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show" (Nickelodeon also aired the show until 1999), which continued to air until Warner Bros. discontinued the show in 2000) and "Science Court" (which was produced by Burns & Burns), which also ran until 2000. After being purchased by Disney, ABC's Saturday-morning cartoons became part of a block called ABC Kids before switching to a block of live-action and animated programs, also under the banner ABC Kids in 2002. Many of the block's shows were produced by Disney and also aired on the Disney Channel and/or Toon Disney. At one point, ABC Kids had only two animated shows on its schedule, while the remainder of the lineup consisted of live-action entertainment shows. By late 2008, most shows that were part of the ABC Kids block (except for "Power Rangers" outside of the MMPR re-version) were reruns of older episodes that originally aired a few years earlier; this remained the case for the next three years, with no episodes added into rotation (thus, for instance, the first season of "Hannah Montana" was still running on ABC Kids in constant repeats, even though several further seasons had aired on Disney Channel by the time the block ended).


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The Disney Channel (which, like ABC, is owned by The Walt Disney Company) launched a Saturday-morning block of its popular animated programming, initially named "Disney Channel on ABC", in June 2011. On August 27, 2011, ABC ended the ABC Kids block. ABC was the first network to outsource its E/I liabilities and Saturday-morning program block to Litton; Litton's ABC block is known as the "Litton's Weekend Adventure", which is currently known as "Weekend Adventure" and the block is now operated by Hearst Media Production Group. The Disney Channel quietly ended its Saturday-morning cartoon block in 2014, then brought it back in 2017 under the "Get Animated!" branding.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: In 1999, CBS was purchased by Viacom, bringing it under the same ownership as popular children's network Nickelodeon. CBS, in turn, ran programming from Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. from 2000 to 2006, nearly a year after Viacom split into two separate companies (Nickelodeon went to a newly created company under the Viacom name and CBS became the flagship property of the CBS Corporation). The two parties ended the Nickelodeon/Nick Jr.-branded block, which was replaced by the DIC Entertainment (now WildBrain)-produced Secret Slumber Party in September 2006. The block was rebranded as KEWLopolis, featuring an increased amount of animated series, in September 2007. On September 19, 2009, KEWLopolis was re-branded as Cookie Jar TV, with its target audience shifted toward preschoolers.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Cookie Jar TV ended its run on September 21, 2013, at which point Litton also took over programming CBS' E/I liabilities and Saturday-morning programming. Litton's CBS block is known as the "CBS Dream Team". This is the second time CBS has dropped animated children's programming from its lineup; the network had previously used an all-live-action programming lineup for the 1997–98 season when the E/I rules took effect, but reverted to animated programming the following season. The "Dream Team" block was also unusual among the other Litton blocks, as it included Litton's only scripted program (the block carried the federally subsidized police procedural "The Inspectors" from 2016 to 2019), after the second merger between Viacom and CBS Corporation (later known as Paramount), the company's CEO during that time, Joseph Ianniello was receptive to the possibility of the return of Nickelodeon children's programming to CBS. As CBS is currently under contract with Litton Entertainment to carry the "CBS Dream Team" E/I programming block until the end of the 2022-23 television season, any Nickelodeon programming that CBS would decide to add would have to comply with the FCC's E/I requirements (as the network's affiliates use the block for most of their E/I compliance); as with cable TV, advertising restrictions would still be enforced for any programming targeted at children under 13.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: From 1990 to 2002, Fox ran the Fox Kids block, which featured both animated and live-action series in the after-school hours on weekday afternoons from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. (competing with syndicated afternoon children's programs on independent stations and affiliates of smaller networks). Among its notable series included animated series such as "Taz-Mania", "", "X-Men: The Animated Series", "Eek! The Cat", "Bobby's World", "Spider-Man: The Animated Series", and "Animaniacs", live action shows like "Power Rangers" (the American adaptation of "Super Sentai"), "Goosebumps", and "Big Bad Beetleborgs" (the American adaptations of "Juukou B-Fighter" and "B-Fighter Kabuto"), and Japanese anime series such as "Digimon" and "". Fox sold its children's division as part of its 2001 sale of Freeform to The Walt Disney Company; the network then leased its remaining Saturday-morning block to 4Kids Entertainment in 2002.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The 4Kids-produced block, which by that point had become 4Kids TV, ended its run on December 27, 2008. Fox opted to drop children's programming altogether rather than lease the block to another company, becoming the third broadcast network (after Ion Television, then known as Pax TV, which discontinued its Pax Kids lineup in 2000, before reviving children's programming as I: Independent Television through the 2006 launch of Qubo) and UPN) to completely abandon children's programming, and replaced 4Kids TV with a two-hour infomercial block called "Weekend Marketplace"; as with 4Kids TV and its predecessors, Fox has allowed several stations the option to decline to carry the block and lease it to another station in the market, especially those stations which had never carried Fox Kids following the 1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment resulting from Fox's 1994 affiliation agreement with New World Pictures. Fox's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates hold the responsibility of carrying children's programming (generally through programs purchased off the syndication market) instead of the network.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: On September 13, 2014, Fox's owned-and-operated stations (among some of their other affiliates, such as those owned by Tribune Media) picked up a new block entitled "Xploration Station" from Steve Rotfeld Productions. The three-hour block features E/I programs focused on science and space.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: "Kids' WB" debuted on The WB on September 9, 1995, as a block on weekday mornings, weekday afternoons and Saturday mornings. During the run of the weekday morning blocks, the network aired the animated series "Histeria!" to meet content quotas for the network's affiliates. The "Kids' WB" weekday morning block ended in 2001, while the weekday afternoon block was discontinued on December 30, 2005, with The WB retaining the two afternoon hours to run a lineup of off-network syndicated reruns.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: "Kids' WB", now reduced to just the Saturday-morning block that was expanded to five hours from four with the removal of the weekday afternoon lineup, moved to The CW (which is part-owned by The WB's former parent Warner Bros. Discovery) on September 23, 2006 (CW owned-and-operated station WUPA in Atlanta debuted the block the following day, as it opted to carry the block on Sundays). The "Kids' WB" block ended its run on May 17, 2008, and was replaced on May 24, 2008, by the 4Kids Entertainment-produced "Toonzai" (4Kids already produced Fox's "4Kids TV" block at that time, which would not end for another seven months due to a dispute with the network over distribution on Fox stations and compensation for the time lease). "The CW4Kids" was renamed "Toonzai" on August 14, 2010 (with the former brand being retained as a sub-brand to fulfill branding requirements imposed by 4Kids), "Toonzai" was replaced by "Vortexx", produced under a time lease agreement with Saban Capital Group (which had acquired some of 4Kids' assets, including certain programs, in an auction earlier in the year) on August 25, 2012.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: The "Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal" episode, "Memory Thief: Part 2" was the final first-run animated series episode to air on "Vortexx" on June 7, 2014, and was also the last time any of the first-run animated series episodes added into rotation on Saturday mornings, at which point "Vortexx" programming continued, but with redundant programming until "Vortexx" ended its run on September 27, 2014. The CW at which point turned over its E/I liability and Saturday-morning programming to Litton as well. Litton's CW block is known as "One Magnificent Morning" and since 2017 is at three hours in length.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: NBC entered into a partnership with digital cable and satellite network Discovery Kids to provide original programming from the channel on NBC's Saturday-morning lineup in 2002; Discovery Kids ran on the network from September 14, 2002, to September 2, 2006. NBC replaced that block with Qubo, a three-hour "educational entertainment" block that debuted on September 9, 2006 (with accompanying blocks on co-owned Spanish network Telemundo on weekend mornings and on Ion Television once weekly), as part of a programming partnership between parent company NBCUniversal, Ion Media, Scholastic Corporation, Nelvana and DreamWorks Classics, that resulted in the creation of a companion digital multicast network on Ion Television's stations; the Qubo blocks on NBC and Telemundo ended on June 30, 2012, leaving only the Ion block and standalone Qubo Channel until their full closure on February 28, 2021.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: On July 7, 2012, NBC launched a new Saturday-morning block aimed at preschool-aged children, NBC Kids, under a time-lease agreement with co-owned cable network Sprout (which NBC, through corporate parent Comcast, also owned a minority interest i- before purchasing it outright in 2013). NBC Kids, which was the only and final Saturday-morning programming block to air animated programming, ended its run on September 25, 2016.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: On February 24, 2016, NBC announced a new E/I block produced by Litton Entertainment, The More You Know—a brand extension of NBC's public service announcement brand ""The More You Know"", and it launched on October 8, 2016, resulting in NBC removing all cartoons from its Saturday-morning lineups for the first time since September 1992.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: On November 1, 2008, This TV launched airing a daily children's program block called Cookie Jar Toons, which was programmed by the Canada-based Cookie Jar Group (now WildBrain). The block featured mainly scripted animated and live-action series; Cookie Jar-produced programs that did not comply to regulations on children's television programming in the United States aired under the sub-block This is for Kids. Cookie Jar Toons/This is for Kids was discontinued on October 31, 2013, effectively removing Saturday children's programming from the network; after Tribune Broadcasting assumed part-ownership of This TV from Weigel Broadcasting the following day, Tribune replaced the block with a three-hour Sunday morning lineup of exclusively E/I-compliant programs from various syndication distributors.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: On May 2, 2017, Sinclair Broadcast Group announced that it would introduce a new children's programming block named KidsClick, which airs on mainly CW and MyNetworkTV affiliates, and nationally on This TV, beginning on July 1, 2017. The block was transferred from This TV to TBD nationally starting on July 1, 2018, ahead of the collapse of the attempted acquisition of Tribune Media by Sinclair Broadcast Group. At the time of its closure, it aired no E/I programming.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: In 2003, DIC Entertainment launched a syndicated children's programming block titled the DIC Kids Network (branded as "The Incredible World of DIC" on-screen), which aired select animated series from the DIC Entertainment catalog (and later some third-party programming) on Fox, UPN and The WB (Later The CW and MyNetworkTV)-affiliated stations, alongside independent stations to allow these stations to meet required E/I programming quotas. The block was distributed by Tribune Entertainment and later by Ascent Capital Group.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: With the purchase of DIC Entertainment by the Canada-based Cookie Jar Group (now WildBrain) in 2008, the block was later relaunched as the Cookie Jar Kids Network in 2009 and various additional programs from the Cookie Jar Group catalog were added to the lineup. The block ended on September 18, 2011.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: PBS has run daytime children's programming targeted at children between the ages of 4 and 12 since the network debuted on October 5, 1970, as did PBS's predecessor, National Educational Television, going back to roughly the mid-1960s. Its afternoon and Saturday morning children's programming was folded into a daily block called PTV (which aired weekdays from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. and Saturdays from 9:00 a.m. to Noon local time). On September 6, 1999, the block was rebranded as "PBS Kids" and spun off into a 24-hour cable channel using the same name, which was turned into a joint venture with Comcast, HIT Entertainment, and Sesame Workshop in 2005, called "PBS Kids Sprout", which later became simply Sprout due to Comcast buying full ownership of the network via NBCUniversal, eventually becoming Universal Kids in 2017. The PBS Kids cable channel was provided by DirecTV.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Then, PBS Kids was divided into two sub-blocks and they were PBS Kids Go! and the PBS Kids Preschool Block. An additional three-hour weekend morning block for preschool-aged children that was produced in conjunction with the Canada-based animation studio Nelvana called the PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch premiered on September 30, 2000, and ended in 2004. PBS Kids Go! debuted in 2004 and ended in 2013, alongside the preschool block that same year. The network continues to offer Saturday-morning programming as of 2015, though, as with most PBS programming, local member stations retain the right to refuse it outright for other programming such as instructional/DIY/cooking shows for adults, carrying it on Sundays instead, or placing it on a subchannel. Also, other PBS member stations maintain full-time or half-time subchannels with self-programmed and slotted PBS Kids content which may share channel space with other networks such as Create or a statewide political proceedings-coverage network.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: Retro Television Network's Saturday-morning lineup consisted of classic cartoons from the 1960s through the 1990s, most of which were produced by Filmation, licensed via DreamWorks Classics. Due to corporate consolidation which led to the DreamWorks library being owned by NBCUniversal in 2016, this lineup was eventually pulled for low-cost barter E/I content and other newer cartoons unable to find distribution otherwise. As of 2019, Retro carries "The Houndcats" and "The Barkleys", two DePatie–Freleng Enterprises cartoons from the 1970s, on its Saturday-morning lineup in addition to its E/I liabilities.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: TeleXitos airs both cartoons and three-hour children's programming; however, only two non-regulations on children's television programming in the United States programming airs in the early morning and afternoon hours such as "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe" and "". Like Retro Television Network and MundoMax, it does not air commercials aimed at children. It is the only Spanish-language subchannel to air cartoons on Saturdays.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: On January 2, 2021, MeTV premiered "Saturday Morning Cartoons", a four-hour block featuring "Popeye" (as well as other animated shorts from the Fleischer Studios and Famous Studios libraries), "Pink Panther" (as well as other shorts from the pre-1986 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer library), "Tom and Jerry", and "Looney Tunes"/"Merrie Melodies" shorts, each packaged in dedicated hour-long sub-blocks. blocks. (The block’s launch coincided with the debut of "Toon In With Me", a one-hour weekday morning program that premiered two days later, with a format inspired by locally produced hosted “cartoon showcases” commonly aired through the early 1990s.) MeTV Plus, a companion network that launched on May 15, 2021, began airing an extension block titled "Sunday Night Cartoons", which relies on the same library of animated content featured on the MeTV block.


title: Saturday-morning cartoon

text: At various points between 2012 and 2015, MeTV aired other older, acquired Saturday morning children's programs, including "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe", "", "Gumby", "Mr. Magoo", and Sid and Marty Krofft programs such as "H.R. Pufnstuf" and "Land of the Lost".


title: Ahmad Shah (Taliban)

text: Ahmad Shah (nom de guerre Mohammad Ismail; – ) was an Afghan from the Kunar Province of Afghanistan who commanded a group of fighters operating in eastern Afghanistan and was linked to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.


title: Ahmad Shah (Taliban)

text: Ahmad Shah was from the Kuz Kunar District of Nangarhar Province. His full name was "Ahmad Shah Dara-I-Nur" meaning "Ahmad Shah of the Valley of the Enlightened Ones". Shah reportedly fought against the Taliban and al Qaeda in 2001. He eventually switched sides and later became a facilitator for foreign fighters traversing and operating in the challenging terrain of the northeast. He was most closely associated with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.


title: Ahmad Shah (Taliban)

text: In late 2005, he led a small armed group of Anti-Coalition Militia (ACM) fighters who ambushed a team of four Navy SEALs and then shot down an CH-47 helicopter dispatched as part of a quick reaction force for the SEALs, killing a total of 19 U.S. special operations personnel during Operation Red Wings. In the fire fight with the four SEALs, his group had an estimated 35 casualties as a result of a last stand by the four SEALs. The Marine battalion that conceived and planned Operation Red Wings, the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marines, developed the operation to disrupt ACM activity in the Pech District of the Kunar Province with a focus on Shah. Through human intelligence and signals intelligence, they determined Ahmad Shah had a force of 10 to 20 fighters. Shah and the fighters under his command inflicted heavy casualties on the Navy SEALs and Marines.


title: Ahmad Shah (Taliban)

text: Subsequent to the SEAL ambush and CH-47 shootdown, Shah and his men escaped to Pakistan, where they produced a video from footage they shot of the ambush that included weapons and implements captured from the SEALs. In late July 2005, Shah and his men returned to the Kunar Province and began attacking United States, Coalition, and government of Afghanistan entities. Ahmad Shah's cell was destroyed during Operation Whalers. Operation Whalers, like Operation Red Wings, was planned to disrupt ACM activity in the region to further support ongoing stabilization efforts to ensure a safe voting environment for the 2005 Afghan National Parliamentary Elections. After Operation Whalers, Shah was unable to stage attacks in Afghanistan again.


title: Ahmad Shah (Taliban)

text: Shah was killed during a shootout with Pakistan Armed Forces in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in April 2008 after failing to stop at a security checkpoint whilst transporting a kidnapped trader. An official from Kunar Province stated that Shah had been the "most wanted terrorist in Kunar province."


title: Kadokawa Shoten

text: , formerly , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo, Japan. It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1, 2013. Kadokawa publishes manga, light novels, manga anthology magazines such as "Monthly Asuka" and "Monthly Shōnen Ace", and entertainment magazines such as "Newtype". Since its founding, Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector, namely in video games (as Kadokawa Games) and in live-action and animated films (as Kadokawa Pictures).


title: Kadokawa Shoten

text: Kadokawa Shoten was established on November 10, 1945, by Genyoshi Kadokawa. The company's first publication imprint, Kadokawa Bunko, was published in 1949. The company went public on April 2, 1954. In 1975, Haruki Kadokawa became the president of Kadokawa Shoten, following Genyoshi Kadokawa's death. On April 1, 2003, Kadokawa Shoten was renamed to Kadokawa Holdings, transferring the existing publishing businesses to Kadokawa Shoten. On July 1, 2006, the parent company was renamed to Kadokawa Group Holdings and in January 2007, Kadokawa Group Holdings inherited the management and integration businesses within Kadokawa Shoten. The magazine businesses was transferred to the Kadokawa Magazine Group. The video game divisions of Kadokawa Shoten, ASCII Media Works and Enterbrain were merged into Kadokawa Games. Kadokawa Shoten ceased being a "kabushiki gaisha" on October 1, 2013, when it was merged with eight other companies to become a brand company of Kadokawa Corporation.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility. In 2011, gross domestic product was US$12 billion, but by 2018 it had increased to a nominal GDP of US$27 billion. With a population of 350,000, this is $55,000 per capita, based on purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates. The financial crisis of 2007–2010 produced a decline in GDP and employment that has since been reversed entirely by a recovery aided by a tourism boom starting in 2010. Tourism accounted for more than 10% of Iceland's GDP in 2017. After a period of robust growth, Iceland's economy is slowing down according to an economic outlook for the years 2018–2020 published by Arion Research in April 2018.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention. However, government consumption is less than other Nordic countries. Hydro-power is the primary source of home and industrial electrical supply in Iceland.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: In the 1990s Iceland undertook extensive free market reforms, which initially produced strong economic growth. As a result, Iceland was rated as having one of the world's highest levels of economic freedom as well as civil freedoms. In 2007, Iceland topped the list of nations ranked by Human Development Index and was one of the most egalitarian, according to the calculation provided by the Gini coefficient.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: From 2006 onwards, the economy faced problems of growing inflation and current account deficits. Partly in response, and partly as a result of earlier reforms, the financial system expanded rapidly before collapsing entirely in a sweeping financial crisis. Iceland had to obtain emergency funding from the International Monetary Fund and a range of European countries in November 2008. The economy has since rebounded, beginning in 2010.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland occupies a land area of 103,000 square kilometers. It has a 4,790 kilometer coastline and a 200 nautical mile (370.4 km) exclusive economic zone extending over 758,000 square kilometers of water. Approximately only 0.7% of Iceland's surface area is arable, since the island's terrain is mostly mountainous and volcanic.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland has few proven mineral resources. In the past, deposits of sulphur have been mined, and diatomite (skeletal algae) was extracted from Lake Mývatn until recently. However, today most sulphur is obtained in the refining of oil. That plant has now been closed for environmental reasons. The only natural resource conversion in Iceland is the manufacture of cement. Concrete is widely used as building material, including for all types of residential housing.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: By harnessing the abundant hydroelectric and geothermal power sources, Iceland's renewable energy industry provides close to 85% of all the nation's primary energy – proportionally more than any other country – with 99.9% of Iceland's electricity being generated from renewables.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: By far the largest of the many Icelandic hydroelectric power stations is Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant (690 MW) in the area north of Vatnajökull. Other stations include Búrfell (270 MW), Hrauneyjarfoss (210 MW), Sigalda (150 MW), Blanda (150 MW), and more. Iceland has explored the feasibility of exporting hydroelectric energy via submarine cable to mainland Europe and also actively seeks to expand its power-intensive industries, including aluminium and ferro-silicon smelting plants.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Recent geological research has improved the likelihood of Iceland having sizable off-shore oil reserves within its 200 mile economic zone in the seabed of the Jan Mayen area.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Tourism is Iceland's largest export sector by far. Tourism accounted for more than 33% of the country's GDP in 2019. Iceland is one of the most tourism dependent countries on earth. In October 2017 the tourism sector directly employed around 26,800 people, with the total number of employees in the country being 186,900.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: At the start of the growth period around 2010 tourism benefited from a weak ISK but a strong ISK is now cooling down the sector. Since 2010 tourist arrivals in Iceland have increased by 378%.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland is the world's largest electricity producer per capita. The presence of abundant electrical power due to Iceland's geothermal and hydroelectric energy sources has led to the growth of the manufacturing sector. Power-intensive industries, which are the largest components of the manufacturing sector, produce mainly for export. Manufactured products constituted 36% of all merchandise exports, an increase from the 1997 figure of 22%. Power-intensive products' share of merchandise exports is 21%, compared to 12% in 1997.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Aluminium smelting is the most important power-intensive industry in Iceland. There are currently three plants in operation with a total capacity of over 850,000 metric tons per year (mtpy) in 2019, putting Iceland at 11th place among aluminium-producing nations worldwide.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Rio Tinto Alcan operates Iceland's first aluminium smelter (plant name: ISAL), in Straumsvík, near the town of Hafnarfjörður. The plant has been in operation since 1969. Its initial capacity was 33,000 mtpy but it has since been expanded several times and now has a capacity of about 189,000 mtpy.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The second plant started production in 1998 and is operated by Norðurál, a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S.-based Century Aluminum Company. It is located in Grundartangi in Western Iceland near the town of Akranes. Its former capacity was 220,000 mtpy but an expansion to 260,000 mtpy has already finished. In 2012 the plant produced 280,000 metric tons which was valued at 610 million dollars or 76 billion krónur. 4,300 gigawatts hours were used in the production that year, amounting to nearly one-fourth of all electrical energy produced in the country. In October 2013, Norðurál announced the start of a five-year project aimed at increasing its production by a further 50,000 mtpy.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: United States-based aluminium manufacturer Alcoa runs a plant near the town of Reyðarfjörður. The plant, known as "Fjardaál" (or "aluminium of the fjords"), has a capacity of 346,000 mtpy and was put into operation in April 2008. To power the plant, Landsvirkjun built Kárahnjúkar, a 690-MW hydropower station. The project was enormous in the context of the Icelandic economy, increasing total installed electric power capacity from under 1,600 MW to around 2,300 MW.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: According to Alcoa, construction of Fjardaál entailed no human displacement, no impact on endangered species, and no danger to commercial fisheries; there will also be no significant effect on reindeer, bird and seal populations. However, the project drew considerable opposition from environmentalist groups such as the World Wide Fund for Nature, which called on Alcoa to abandon the plan to build Fjardaál. In addition, Icelandic singer Björk was a notable early opponent to the plan; protesting the proposed construction, the singer's mother, Hildur Rúna Hauksdóttir, went on a hunger strike in 2002.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Several other aluminium smelter projects have been planned. Between 2005 and 2011, Alcoa conducted a feasibility study for a second plant in Iceland near Húsavík. That plant was to have a 250,000 mtpy capacity, to be powered entirely by geothermal power, although later estimates showed a potential need for other sources of power. In October 2011, Alcoa announced its decision to cancel the Bakki project. In 2006, Nordurál signed a memorandum of understanding with two Icelandic geothermal power producers, Hitaveita Suðurnesja and Orkuveita Reykjavíkur, to purchase electricity for its own aluminium reduction project in Helguvík. The power supplied will initially support aluminium production of 150,000 mtpy, which will eventually grow to support 250,000 mtpy.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Fisheries and related sectors—in recent years labelled "the ocean cluster"—was the single most important part of the Icelandic economy (has now been replaced by tourism) representing an overall contribution to GDP of 27.1% in 2011. The fisheries sector directly employs around 9,000 people (4,900 in fishing and 4,100 in fish processing; approximately 5 per cent of Iceland's workforce), although it is estimated that a total of between 25,000 and 35,000 people (up to 20 per cent of the workforce) depend on the ocean cluster for their livelihood. Many of these jobs are provided by technological companies that manufacture equipment for fisheries firms and by companies engaged in the advanced processing of marine products or in biotechnical production. By contrast, aquaculture remains a very small industry in Iceland, employing only around 250 people for a production of 5,000 tonnes.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland is the second biggest fisheries nation in the North East Atlantic behind Norway, having overtaken the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. Since 2006, Icelandic fishing waters have yielded a total catch of between 1.1m and 1.4m tonnes of fish annually, although this is down from a peak of over 2m tonnes in 2003. Iceland has been affected by a general decline in fishing yields in the Northeast Atlantic, with a one-way decrease of 18% from 2003 to 2009, although this trend appears to have been halted or reversed lately.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Cod remains the most important species harvested by Icelandic fisheries, with a total catch of 178,516 tonnes in 2010. The catch of cod has stagnated in recent years due to quotas, and was supplemented by the catch of blue whiting, which is used mainly for processing. The Icelandic catch of this previously insignificant fish increased from a negligible 369 tonnes in 1995 to a peak of 501,505 tonnes in 2003. Subsequently, the stock showed signs of instability and quotas were reduced, leading to a decline in the catch to 87,121 tonnes in 2010. There have been increased numbers of Atlantic mackerel, the "Miracle of the Mackerel." in the 21st century as the Atlantic Ocean has slightly warmed.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The Icelandic banking system has been completely overhauled in the wake of its collapse in 2008. There are now three major commercial banks, Landsbankinn, Arion Bank (formerly Kaupthing Bank) and Islandsbanki (formerly Glitnir). There are smaller banks, including Kvika banki (formerly MP Straumur), and some savings banks. There has been extensive consolidation of smaller banks, with Sparisjodur Keflavikur being taken over by Landsbanki and Byr being taken over by Islandsbanki. Arion Bank is presently the only bank listed on Iceland Stock Exchange. Arion Bank is mostly owned by foreign creditors while Landsbanki and Islandsbanki are now wholly owned by the State. The ownership stake of the Icelandic State in the banks is managed by Bankasysla rikisins (State Financial Investments), which aims to privatise its shares in the banks in coming years.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Because of historically persistent inflation, historical reliance on fish production and the long-standing public ownership of the commercial banks, equity markets were slow to develop. The Iceland Stock Exchange was created in 1985. Trading in Icelandic T-Bonds began in 1986 and trading in equities commenced in 1990. All domestic trading in Icelandic stocks, bonds and mutual funds takes place on the ICEX.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The ICEX has used electronic trading systems since its creation. Since 2000, SAXESS, the joint trading system of the NOREX alliance, has been used. There are currently two equities markets on the ICEX. The Main Market is the larger and better known of the two. The Alternative Market is a less regulated over-the-counter market. Because of the small size of the market, trading is illiquid in comparison with larger markets. A variety of firms across all sectors of the Icelandic economy are listed on the ICEX.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The most important stock market index was the ICEX 15; however, this index was discontinued in the wake of the financial crisis following a decade in which it had been the worst-performing stock market index in the entire world.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Historically, investors tended to be reluctant to hold Icelandic bonds because of the persistence of high inflation and the volatility of the Króna. What did exist was largely limited to bonds offered by the central government. The bond market on the ICEX has boomed in recent years, however, largely because of the resale of mortgages as housing bonds.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: A mutual fund market exists on the ICEX in theory, but no funds are currently listed. A small derivatives market formerly existed, but was closed in 1999 because of illiquidity.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: By the end of 2018, Bitcoin mining is expected to consume more electricity in Iceland than all the country's residents combined.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2027. Estimates from 2020 and Inflation under 2% is in green.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland's economy is highly export-driven. Marine products account for the majority of goods exports. Other important exports include aluminium, ferro-silicon alloys, machinery and electronic equipment for the fishing industry, software, woollen goods. Most of Iceland's exports go to the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries, the United States, and Japan. The 2020 value of Iceland's exports was $7.43 billion FOB.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The main imports are machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs and textiles. Cement is Iceland's most imported product. The total 2020 value of imports was $7.55 billion. In 2019, Iceland's primary import partner was Norway (11%), followed by the Netherlands (10%), Germany (8%), Denmark (8%), United States (7%), United Kingdom (6%), PRC China (6%), and Sweden (5%). Most agricultural products are subject to high tariffs; the import of some products, such as uncooked meat, is greatly restricted for phyto-sanitary reasons.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland's relatively liberal trading policy has been strengthened by accession to the European Economic Area in 1993 and by the Uruguay Round, which also brought significantly improved market access for Iceland's exports, particularly seafood products. However, the agricultural sector remains heavily subsidized and protected; some tariffs range as high as 700%.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The fishing industry is one of the most important industries. It provides 40% of export income and employs 7.0% of the workforce; therefore, the state of the economy remains sensitive to world prices for fish products.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The following table should be considered in light of the dramatic depreciation of the currency in 2008 of approximately 50%,


title: Economy of Iceland

text: corrected to EUD or USD. Corrected in this manner imports since the 2007 peak have been negative, not positive. See Wikipedia


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland became a full European Free Trade Association member in 1970 and entered into a free trade agreement with the European Community in 1973. Under the agreement on a European Economic Area, effective January 1, 1994, there is basically free cross-border movement of capital, labor, goods, and services between Iceland, Norway, and the EU countries. However, many of Iceland's political parties remain opposed to EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders' concern about losing control over their fishing resources. Iceland also has bilateral free trade agreements with several countries outside the EEA. The most extensive of these is the Hoyvík Agreement between Iceland and the Faroe Islands, this agreement goes even further than the EEA agreement by establishing free trade in agricultural products between the nations. Iceland has a free trade agreement with Mexico on November 27, 2000.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: The currency of Iceland is the "króna" (plural: "krónur"), issued exclusively by the Central Bank of Iceland since the bank's founding in 1961. Iceland is the smallest country to have its own currency and monetary policy.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: During the 1970s the oil shocks (1973 and 1979 energy crisis) hit Iceland hard. Inflation rose to 43% in 1974 and 59% in 1980, falling to 15% in 1987 but rising to 30% in 1988. Iceland experienced moderately strong GDP growth (3% on average) from 1995 to 2004. Growth slowed between 2000 and 2002, but the economy expanded by 4.3% in 2003 and grew by 6.2% in 2004. Growth in 2005 exceeded 6%. Inflation averaged merely 1.5% from 1993 to 1994, and only 1.7% from 1994 to 1995. Inflation over 2006 topped at 8.6%, with a rate of 6.9% as of January 2007. Standard & Poor's reduced their rating for Iceland to AA- from A+ (long term) in December 2006, following a loosening of fiscal policy by the Icelandic government ahead of the 2007 elections. Foreign debt rose to more than five times the value of Iceland's GDP, and Iceland's Central Bank raised short-term interest rates to nearly 15% in 2007. Due to the plunging currency against the euro and dollar, in 2008 inflation was speculated to be at 20-25%.


title: Economy of Iceland

text: Iceland's economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the 1990s, and new developments in software production, biotechnology, and financial services were taking place. The tourism sector was also expanding, with the recent trends in ecotourism and whale watching. However, in 2008, the Icelandic economy entered a deep recession in correspondence to the global financial crisis. Although Iceland's economy grew 3.3% during the last quarter of 2009, the overall contraction in GDP over 2009 was 6.5%, less than the 10% originally forecasted by the IMF.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: Ingrid Croce (née Jacobson, born April 27, 1947) is an American author, singer-songwriter and restaurateur. She is the widow of the singer-songwriter Jim Croce and the mother of the singer-songwriter A.J. Croce. Between 1964 and 1971, Ingrid and Jim Croce performed as a duo. In 1969, Capitol Records released their album, "Jim & Ingrid Croce". Their song "Age" won a country music award in the late 1970s.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: Croce was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a Jewish family. When she was eight, she worked at her grandmother's dress store in South Philadelphia. Her mother, Shirley, played piano on her own local television show. She learned to cook with her and started singing in local clubs and on television by the time she was 10. Her father, Sidney Jacobson, was a general practitioner with his medical office in their home in West Philadelphia. By the age of 15, she was employed as the junior art therapist assisting her father at the University of Pennsylvania where he did his residency for his psychiatric practice.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: Before Ingrid's sixteenth birthday, her mother died at the age of 36 from breast cancer and a weak heart. She left high school and gymnastics and moved to her father's home in the suburbs. She and her twin sister, Phyllis, attended several high schools after the death of their mother. They graduated from Nether Providence High School in 1965. Croce attended Rhode Island School of Design and Moore College of Art and travelled to Mexico in her senior year when she won a fellowship to study painting and pottery in San Miguel de Allende.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: When Jim Croce and Ingrid discovered they were going to have a child, Jim became more determined to make music his profession. He sent a cassette of his new songs to a friend and producer in New York City in the hope that he could get a record deal. When their son Adrian James Croce (A.J. Croce) was born in September 1971, Ingrid became a stay-at-home mother, while Jim went on the road to promote his music.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: Two years later, as Jim Croce's songs were topping the music charts, his plane crashed in Natchitoches, Louisiana, on September 20, 1973, a week before A.J.'s second birthday. After Jim died, Ingrid and A.J. spent time in Quepos, Costa Rica. After they moved to San Diego, she developed a Head Start program for Costa Rica, opened a children's school in Point Loma, and wrote a children's book, "Mirandome". When A.J. was almost four years old, he was temporarily blinded by serious physical abuse at the hands of Ingrid Croce's boyfriend.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: From 1977 to 1981, Croce was the vice-consul of Costa Rica in San Diego. She wrote and sang songs, completed two solo albums, and started the publishing company Time in a Bottle. She sat on the board of the Woman's Bank and traveled to Israel, where A.J. took his rites of passage. In 1983, she became a dedicated runner and finished the Stockholm Marathon, taking third place in her category. In 1984, while on the road promoting her albums, she lost her voice because of tumors on her vocal cords. Two operations failed to restore her voice.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: At the suggestion of a friend, Croce opened a restaurant, Blinchiki, in 1985. It was built in downtown San Diego, at a place where Jim Croce had joked in 1973 about opening Croce's Restaurant & Jazz Bar. She used the location and the name Croce's as a tribute to her husband. From 1985–1988, Croce's expanded five times adding Croce's Jazz Bar, a second restaurant, a rhythm and blues bar, Croce's Top Hat Bar and Grill, Upstairs at Croce's, and Croce's Catering and Event Planners.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: In the late 1980s, she became a board member of the California Restaurant Association, San Diego County Chapter, and the San Diego Convention & Visitors Bureau. In 2004, her determination to build San Diego into a top dining destination led her to launch San Diego Restaurant Week. In 2010, the event drew 200,000 guests to close to 200 restaurants twice a year.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: In 2014, Croce closed the downtown business and re-opened in Bankers Hill as Croce's Park West. The restaurant had dining, bar and terrace areas, plus a large room at the back for live music. That business model turned out to be unviable and the restaurant closed two years later.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: In 1996, Croce wrote "Thyme in a Bottle", an autobiographical cookbook with memories and recipes from Croce's Restaurant. When the book sold out, guests to her restaurant and website were encouraging and she re-issued the book through her own publishing company, Avalanche Records and Books, in 1998.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: In 2003, thirty years after Jim Croce's death, Ingrid Croce and A.J. Croce released the DVD "Have You Heard Jim Croce Live", with an album of the same name, the album "Jim Croce, Home Recordings, Americana" and the album "Facets" (Jim Croce's first album from 1966). PBS broadcast the documentary "The Legacy of Jim Croce", with commentary by Ingrid and A.J. and with segments from their DVD.


title: Ingrid Croce

text: In 2004, Croce published "Time in a Bottle", a photographic memoir of Jim's songs with lyrics and her favorite photos, compiled in collaboration with her husband, Jim Rock, and Deborah Ogburn.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: Twin Peaks is an American chain of sports bars and restaurants based in Lewisville, Texas, which has been described as an "ultimate sports lodge" and breastaurant along with similar chains. The chain is known for having its waitresses, primarily young women and typically referred to as "Twin Peaks Girls", dress in revealing uniforms that consist of cleavage- and midriff-revealing red plaid tops, as well as khaki or denim short shorts. At other times, waitresses wear revealing seasonal or themed outfits. Restaurants are decorated in the theme of a wilderness lodge and serve a mix of American, Southwest and Southern cuisines as well as alcohol. The chain's slogan is "Eats. Drinks. Scenic Views."


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: Twin Peaks was founded in 2005 by Randy Dewitt and Scott Gordon in Lewisville, Texas. Dewitt, who had previously helped Brinker International develop Rockfish Seafood, noted a thriving sports-bar market and decided to create a chain with a mountain-lodge motif and attractive servers. According to analysts, 'breastaurant' chains have been growing at a rate of 30-40% per year, while the general restaurant industry as a whole has only grown about 3-5% annually.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: By August 2013, Twin Peaks had expanded to 38 locations across 17 states in the United States. Most locations are in Texas, with others the American Southwest, Midwest and South. Twin Peaks has a mix of franchised and corporate-owned restaurants.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: By August 2018, Twin Peaks had 84 locations, 54 franchised, 30 company operated, and sales of $322 million with the 85th Twin Peaks opening in Toledo, Ohio.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: Twin Peaks plans to open 10-12 restaurants in 2021, after reporting strong profit during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: On September 1, 2020, Twin Peaks announced that it would be acquired by FAT Brands, owner of Fatburger and Johnny Rockets, for $300 million. The acquisition was completed on October 1.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: In November 2010, the parent company of Twin Peaks (Twin Restaurant IP LLC) accused Kevin Laughlin, the owner of Grand Tetons LLC DBA Northern Exposure, of trademark infringement. The lawsuit sought to prevent the opening of Northern Exposure's Fayetteville, Arkansas location after one of Twin Peaks' franchisee noticed a billboard similar to Twin Peaks but advertising Northern Exposure. The lawsuit was settled in the spring of 2011, with Laughlin paying Twin Peaks' legal fees related to the lawsuit.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: In July 2011, former Hooters executives including CEO and president Coby Brooks, CLO Clay Mingus, Joseph Hummel, Jim Tessmer, Roger Gondek, and the business administrator for the late Robert H. Brooks (founder of Hooters) Patti Frederick left Hooters and formed La Cima Restaurants LLC, a Twin Peaks franchisee.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: Hooters of America then filed suit against La Cima Restaurants and Joseph Hummel alleging Hummel had electronically sent "more than 500 pages" of Hooters' trade secrets to his private email weeks before he resigned. On May 1, 2012 the "Atlanta Business Chronicle" reported that Hooters had settled the lawsuit against La Cima and Hummel, with the terms that La Cima and Hummel return or destroy all stolen documents and not use any information on those documents in a competitive manner.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: On July 8, 2015, the widow of Jesus Delgado Rodriguez (one of the nine bikers killed in the 2015 Waco shootout) filed a lawsuit against Twin Peaks' parent company for negligence.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: In April 2018 a group of waitresses and former waitresses sued the chain over its dress regulations, and informal extra requirements imposed on them. Their suit claimed the chain required them to maintain figures that were flattered by the very revealing uniforms they were required to wear. In addition restaurants expected waitresses to wear lingerie, or bikinis, during promotions where patrons celebrated special occasions, like Valentine's Day, or Easter. Waitresses were told that they would be fired if they phoned in sick on shifts where lingerie was required.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: On August 7, 2020, the "Chicago Tribune" reported that 34 former employees filed a law suit for "sex discrimination and harassment". The lawsuit was settled.


title: Twin Peaks (restaurant chain)

text: On May 17, 2015, a gunfight among rival biker gangs broke out at a Waco, Texas Twin Peaks restaurant. Nine people were killed and eighteen others were taken to the hospital. A police spokesman expressed anger at the management of the local Twin Peaks, which he said had been less than helpful in dealing with gangs in the past. The next day, the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission announced a seven-day suspension of the location's liquor license. Hours later, corporate headquarters announced that it was revoking the location's franchise agreement, saying the location's owner had disregarded warnings from both police and corporate officials in the run-up to the shootout. Later that day, corporate headquarters announced the Waco location would not reopen. The same franchisee also owned a Twin Peaks in Harker Heights, near Fort Hood, but it closed at the end of September 2015.


title: Ivan Illich

text: Ivan Dominic Illich ( , ; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic. His 1971 book "Deschooling Society" criticises modern society's institutional approach to education, an approach that constrains learning to narrow situations in a fairly short period of the human lifespan. His 1975 book "Medical Nemesis", importing to the sociology of medicine the concept of medical harm, argues that industrialised society widely impairs quality of life by overmedicalising life, pathologizing normal conditions, creating false dependency, and limiting other more healthful solutions. Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim."


title: Ivan Illich

text: Ivan Dominic Illich was born on 4 September 1926 in Vienna, Austria, to Gian Pietro Ilic (Ivan Peter Illich) and Ellen Rose "Maexie" née Regenstreif-Ortlieb. His father was a civil engineer and a diplomat from a landed Catholic family of Dalmatia, with property in the city of Split and wine and olive oil estates on the island of Brač. His mother came from a Jewish family that had converted to Christianity from Germany and Austria-Hungary (Czernowitz, Bukowina). Ellen Illich was baptized Lutheran but converted to Catholicism upon marriage. Her father, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, was an industrialist who made his money in the lumber trade in Bosnia, later settling in Vienna, where he built an .


title: Ivan Illich

text: Ellen Illich traveled to Vienna to be attended by the best doctors during birth. Ivan's father was not living in Central Europe at the time. When Ivan was three months old, he was taken along with his nurse to Split, Dalmatia (by then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), to be shown to his paternal grandfather. There he was baptized on 1 December 1926. In 1929 twin boys, Alexander and Michael, were born in the family.


title: Ivan Illich

text: In 1942 Ellen Illich and her three children—Ivan, Alexander, and Michael—left Vienna, Austria for Florence, Italy, escaping the Nazi persecution of Jews. Illich finished high school in Florence, and then went on to study histology and crystallography at the local University of Florence. Hoping to return to Austria following World War II, he enrolled in a doctorate in medieval history at the University of Salzburg with the hope of gaining legal residency as he was undocumented. He wrote a dissertation focusing on the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, a subject to which he would return in his later years. While working on his doctorate, he returned to Italy where he studied theology and philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, as he wanted to become a Catholic priest. He was ordained as a Catholic priest in Rome in 1951 and served his first Mass in the catacombs where the early Roman Christians hid from their persecutors.


title: Ivan Illich

text: A polyglot, Illich spoke Italian, Spanish, French, and German fluently. He later learned Croatian, the language of his grandfathers, then Ancient Greek and Latin, in addition to Portuguese, Hindi, English, and other languages.


title: Ivan Illich

text: Following his ordination in 1951, he "signed up to become a parish priest in one of New York's poorest neighborhoods—Washington Heights, on the northern tip of Manhattan, at that time a barrio of newly-arrived Puerto Rican immigrants." In 1956, at the age of 30, he was appointed vice rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, "a position he managed to keep for several years before getting thrown out—Illich was just a little too loud in his criticism of the Vatican's pronouncements on birth control and comparatively demure silence about the nuclear bomb." It was in Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer and the two began to analyze their own functions as "educational" leaders. In 1959, he traveled throughout South America on foot and by bus.


title: Ivan Illich

text: The end of Illich's tenure at the university came in 1960 as the result of a controversy involving bishops James Edward McManus and James Peter Davis, who had denounced Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and his Popular Democratic Party for their positions in favor of birth control and divorce. The bishops also started their own rival Catholic party. Illich later summarized his opposition:


title: Ivan Illich

text: As a historian, I saw that it violated the American tradition of Church and State separation. As a politician, I predicted that there wasn't enough strength in Catholic ranks to create a meaningful platform and that failure of McManus's party would be disastrous on the already frail prestige of the Puerto Rican Church. As a theologian, I believe that the Church must always condemn injustice in the light of the Gospel, but never has the right to speak in favor of a specific political party.


title: Ivan Illich

text: After Illich disobeyed a direct order from McManus forbidding all priests from dining with Governor Muñoz, McManus ordered Illich to leave his post at the university, describing his presence as "dangerous to the Diocese of Ponce and its institutions."


title: Ivan Illich

text: Despite this display of insubordination and an order from Paul Francis Tanner, then general secretary of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, forbidding Illich from any official role in the organization's Latin American bureau, Illich maintained the support of the influential priest John J. Considine, who continued to push for Illich to have a role in training the Church's missionaries, personally funding trips to Mexico in order for Illich to scout locations.


title: Ivan Illich

text: Following his departure from Puerto Rico, Illich moved to Cuernavaca, Mexico, where he founded the Center of Intercultural Formation (CIF) in 1961, originally as missionary training center. As the center became more influential it became the Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center), ostensibly a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program initiated by John F. Kennedy. His real intent was to document the participation of the Vatican in the "modern development" of the so-called Third World. Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development. He viewed such emissaries as a form of industrial hegemony and, as such, an act of "war on subsistence". He sought to teach missionaries dispatched by the Church not to impose their own cultural values. "Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, CIDOC was part language school and part free university for intellectuals from all over the Americas." At the CIDOC, "Illich was able to develop his potent and highly influential critique of Third World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, the Peace Corps, and countless other missionary efforts bankrolled and organized by wealthy nations, foundations, and religious groups."


title: Ivan Illich

text: After ten years, critical analysis from the CIDOC of the institutional actions by the Church brought the organization into conflict with the Vatican. Unpopular with the local chapter of Opus Dei, Illich was called to Rome for questioning, due in part to a CIA report. While he was not convicted or punished by the Vatican, it was then that he decided to renounce active priesthood. In 1976, Illich, apparently concerned by the influx of formal academics and the potential side effects of its own "institutionalization", shut the center down with consent from the other members of the CIDOC. Several of the members subsequently continued language schools in Cuernavaca, some of which still exist. Illich, who had been made a Monsignor at 33 himself resigned from the active priesthood in the late 1960s, but continued to identify as a priest and occasionally performed private masses.


title: Ivan Illich

text: In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been discussed in particular by André Gorz. However, his influence declined after the 1981 election of François Mitterrand as Illich was considered too pessimistic at a time when the French Left took control of the government.


title: Ivan Illich

text: In the 1980s and beyond, Illich traveled extensively, mainly splitting his time between the United States, Mexico, and Germany. He held an appointment as a Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Science, Technology and Society at Penn State. He also taught at the University of Bremen and University of Hagen. During his last days of his life he admitted that he was greatly influenced by one of the Indian economists and adviser to M. K. Gandhi, J. C. Kumarappa, most notably, his book, "Economy of Permanence".


title: Ivan Illich

text: While Illich never referred to himself as an anarchist in print, he was closely associated with major figures in left-anarchist circles, notably Paul Goodman and unschooling advocate John Holt. Goodman is credited in "Deschooling Society" with having "radically obliged" Illich to revise his thinking, and described with great affection in Illich's 1990s interviews with David Cayley:


title: Ivan Illich

text: Ivan Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim", "a wandering Jew and a Christian pilgrim", while clearly acknowledging his Dalmatian roots. He remarked that since leaving the old house of his grandparents on the island Brač in Dalmatia, he had never had a home.


title: Ivan Illich

text: Illich died 2 December 2002 in Bremen, Germany. Not realised was his last wish: to die surrounded by close collaborators in Bologna amid the creation of his planned, new learning centre.


title: Ivan Illich

text: Illich followed the tradition of apophatic theology. His lifework's leading thesis is that Western modernity, perverting Christianity, corrupts Western Christianity. A perverse attempt to encode the New Testament's principles as rules of behavior, duty, or laws, and to institutionalize them, without limits, is a corruption that Illich detailed in his analyses of modern Western institutions, including education, charity, and medicine, among others. Illich often used the Latin phrase "Corruptio optimi quae est pessima", in English "The corruption of the best is the worst".


title: Ivan Illich

text: Illich believed that the Biblical God taking human form, the Incarnation, marked world history's turning point, opening new possibilities for love and knowledge. As in the First Epistle of John, it invites any believer to seek God's face in everyone encountered. Describing this new possibility for love, Illich refers to the Parable of the Good Samaritan.


title: Ivan Illich

text: His first book, "Deschooling Society", published in 1971, was a groundbreaking critique of compulsory mass education. He argued the oppressive structure of the school system could not be reformed. It must be dismantled in order to free humanity from the crippling effects of the institutionalization of all of life. He went on to critique modern mass medicine. Illich was highly influential among intellectuals and academics. He became known worldwide for his progressive polemics about how human culture could be preserved and expand, activity expressive of truly human values, in the face of multiple thundering forces of de-humanization.


title: Ivan Illich

text: In his several influential books, he argued that the overuse of the benefits of many modern technologies and social arrangements undermine human values and human self-sufficiency, freedom, and dignity. His in-depth critiques of mass education and modern mass medicine were especially, pointed, relevant; and perhaps, more timely now than during his life.


title: Ivan Illich

text: Health, argues Illich, is the capacity to cope with the human reality of death, pain, and sickness. Technology can benefit many; yet, modern mass medicine has gone too far, launching into a godlike battle to eradicate death, pain, and sickness. In doing so, it turns people into risk-averse consuming objects, turning healing into mere science, turning medical healers into mere drug-surgical technicians.


title: Ivan Illich

text: The Dark Mountain Project, a creative cultural movement founded by Dougald Hine and Paul Kingsnorth that abandons the myths of modern societies and looks for other new stories that help us make sense of modernity, drew their inspiration from the ideas of Ivan Illich.


title: Ivan Illich

text: Illich gained public attention with his 1971 book "Deschooling Society", a radical critique of educational practice in "modern" economies. Claiming examples of institutionalised education's ineffectiveness, Illich endorses self-directed education, supported by intentional social relations, in fluid informal arrangements:


title: Ivan Illich

text: The final sentence, above, clarifies Illich's view that education's institutionalisation fosters society's institutionalisation, and so de-institutionalising education may help de-institutionalize society. Further, Illich suggests reinventing learning and expanding it throughout society and across persons' lifespans. Particularly striking in 1971 was his call for advanced technology to support "learning webs":


title: Ivan Illich

text: According to a contemporary review in the "Libertarian Forum", "Illich's advocacy of the free market in education is the bone in the throat that is choking the public educators." Yet, unlike libertarians, Illich opposes not merely publicly funded schooling, but schools as such. Thus, Illich's envisioned disestablishment of schools aimed not to establish a free market in educational services, but to attain a fundamental shift: a deschooled society. In his 1973 book "After Deschooling, What?", he asserted, "We can disestablish schools, or we can deschool culture." In fact, he called advocates of free-market education "the most dangerous category of educational reformers."


title: Ivan Illich

text: "Tools for Conviviality" was published in 1973, two years after "Deschooling Society". In this newer work, Illich generalizes the themes that he had previously applied to the educational field: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen. He wrote that "[e]lite professional groups ... have come to exert a 'radical monopoly' on such basic human activities as health, agriculture, home-building, and learning, leading to a 'war on subsistence' that robs peasant societies of their vital skills and know-how. The result of much economic development is very often not human flourishing but 'modernized poverty', dependency, and an out-of-control system in which the humans become worn-down mechanical parts." Illich proposed that we should "invert the present deep structure of tools" in order to "give people tools that guarantee their right to work with independent efficiency."


title: Ivan Illich

text: "Tools for Conviviality" attracted worldwide attention. A résumé of it was published by French social philosopher André Gorz in "Les Temps Modernes", under the title "Freeing the Future". The book's vision of tools that would be developed and maintained by a community of users had a significant influence on the first developers of the personal computer, notably Lee Felsenstein.


title: Ivan Illich

text: In his "Medical Nemesis", first published in 1975, also known as "Limits to Medicine", Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed attack. He argued that the medicalization in recent decades of so many of life's vicissitudes—birth and death, for example—frequently caused more harm than good and rendered many people in effect lifelong patients. He marshalled a body of statistics to show what he considered the shocking extent of post-operative side-effects and drug-induced illness in advanced industrial society. He introduced to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease, which had been scientifically established a century earlier by British nurse Florence Nightingale (1820–1910). Others have since voiced similar views.


title: Ivan Illich

text: In his 1968 speech at the Conference on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP), Illich strongly opposes the presence of American Roman Catholic missionaries, the Peace Corps and organizations like the CIASP themselves who invited him to speak- in Mexico. Illich says that the presence of American "do-gooders" is causing more harm than good. Rather, he suggests that the Americans should travel to Latin America as tourists or students, or else stay in their homeland, where they can at least know what they are doing.