title: All We Know Is Falling

text: "All We Know Is Falling" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Kelley stated "it's obvious that someone has done Williams wrong" from the lyrics in the album's songs, and noted its similarity to Lavigne's previous studio album "Under My Skin" (2004). Tony Pascarella of The Trades said that "these passionate, rocking tracks are what make this Tennessee group so talented [...] Paramore is a band you may not yet have heard of, but look for them to make a major splash in the very near future." He also praised Williams' voice as "a rich, powerful voice that rarely makes a mistake on this stunning debut." In a tenth-anniversary review from "Alternative Press", Tyler Sharp wrote that the album evolved into "a scene classic" after the band's gradual rise to mainstream popularity in later years.


title: All We Know Is Falling

text: The album is often held in a negative light in comparison to the band's subsequent studio albums, and retrospective reviews have been mixed. In a retrospective review, Yeung showed mixed feelings about the album. He regarded the album as "alright", however, he believed that the songs were too straightforward and lacked "differentiation, excitement, or the brightness that would be found on later albums." Whitson said that the album was "this group of youngsters have written a great debut album for their age [...] ["All We Know Is Falling"] isn't the best album around, but is far from the worst." Renshaw was critical about the fact that "Paramore are for the kids who think Pink is not cool enough but My Chemical Romance are too scary, they want to rebel but they have to be in by 9 o' clock. Paramore are not terrible; they are simply a transitional band." Jordan "Anchors" Rogowski from Punknews.org was more critical of the album; he praised Williams' voice, but criticized the structures of the songs, regarding them "just too flat, too linear [...] the guitar seems a bit uninspired, the drumming a bit lazy, and the bass is barely existent, if existent at all."


title: All We Know Is Falling

text: Initially, "All We Know Is Falling" only charted on the "Billboard" Heatseekers Albums chart, peaking at number 30 in September 2006. After the success of their second studio album "Riot!" (2007), the album sales gradually built. Although it never charted on the "Billboard" 200, it did manage to take number eight on the "Billboard" Catalog Albums chart in 2009. "All We Know Is Falling" only reached number 51 on the UK Albums Chart, but still received gold certification in 2009 by the British Phonographic Industry for shipping over 100,000 copies. It was then certified in Australia in 2012, where it went gold for shipments of over 35,000 units despite never reaching an Australian chart. In 2014, the album was certified gold in the United States for shipments of over 500,000 copies. Initially, none of the singles managed to chart, but after the success of "Riot!", "Pressure" was able to peak at number 62 on the "Billboard" Digital Songs chart. In 2016, the recording was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Nidhi Singh

text: Nidhi Singh is an Indian television and film actress. She is known for her character as Tanya Nagpal in "Permanent Roommates", an Indian web series created by The Viral Fever and Biswapati Sarkar in (2014–16). In 2018 she appeared as Ayesha Kumar in the film "Dil Juunglee" alongside Taapsee Pannu and Saqib Saleem. She made her debut through a multilingual short film "Khuli Khidki" in 2013. Nidhi was nominated for the Indian Television Academy Award for Best Actress in ITA Awards.


title: Nidhi Singh

text: Nidhi Singh was born in 1986 in Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh, India. She studied from St. Mary's Convent Inter College in Allahabad. Her father Birendra Singh is an Indian Railway personnel. Nidhi has an elder brother Rishabh Singh and a younger brother Shashwat Singh, who is a Hindi and Tamil singer.


title: Jost Capito

text: Jost Capito (born 29 September 1958) is a German former motorsport manager. Capito has been employed in various roles during his 30-year career, with his most successful role being Director of Motorsport at Volkswagen.


title: Jost Capito

text: Capito's first job in motorsport began in 1985 with BMW, working in the high-performance engine development sector. That year he also was part of the crew that won the truck class of the Paris–Dakar Rally. In 1989 he took his first post in the Volkswagen Group when he joined Porsche's racing division.


title: Jost Capito

text: In 1996 Capito moved to Sauber as a member of the executive committee. He subsequently moved to Ford, where he stayed for a decade and where he was responsible for pushing through development of the Focus Mk1 RS, which in its WRC form took the World Rally Championship manufacturers' crown in 2006 and 2007.


title: Jost Capito

text: Capito joined Volkswagen in May 2012. During his time there, Volkswagen dominated in the World Rally Championship, winning a hat-trick of both Drivers and Constructors Championships.


title: Jost Capito

text: In January 2016, it was announced that Capito would join McLaren, although it was also confirmed that Capito would not join McLaren until Volkswagen had appointed his successor. In June of that year Capito confirmed with "Autosport" that he would leave Volkswagen after the Rallye Deutschland, adding that he expected to be in place at McLaren for the Belgian Grand Prix in late August. He celebrated victory for Volkswagen driver Sébastien Ogier at this final WRC event of his career.


title: Jost Capito

text: Capito officially began his new role within McLaren on 1 September 2016. His first race weekend with his new team was the Italian Grand Prix. On 19 December 2016, McLaren announced that Capito had left his position at McLaren.


title: Jost Capito

text: On 17 December 2020, Capito was announced as the new CEO of Williams Racing Formula One team. In June 2021, he became team principal. In December 2022 it was announced that Capito would leave Williams.


title: Aemilianus

text: Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus ( – September 253), also known as Aemilian, was Roman emperor for three months in 253.


title: Aemilianus

text: Commander of the Moesian troops, he obtained an important victory against the invading Goths and was, for this reason, acclaimed emperor by his army. He then moved quickly to Roman Italy, where he defeated Emperor Trebonianus Gallus at the Battle of Interamna Nahars in August 253, only to be killed by his own men a month later when another general, Valerian, proclaimed himself emperor and moved against Aemilian with a larger army.


title: Aemilianus

text: Aemilian was born in the Roman province of Africa. According to the 4th century source "Epitome de Caesaribus", he was born at "Girba" (modern Djerba, an island off the coast of Tunisia) and was a Moor; a reference in the same source hints that he was born around 207. The 12th-century historian Joannes Zonaras calls him a Libyan, who are the Berbers and another chronicle of the 13th century hold that he was forty at the time of his death in 253.


title: Aemilianus

text: Regarding his lineage, there are two versions, both exaggerated: while Eutropius and his translator Paeanius probably defame a failed usurper when they say that he was from an insignificant family, John of Antioch may refer to Aemilian's propaganda when he says that the usurper used his ancestry to take power. His "praenomen" and "nomen", reinforced by his "cognomen", suggest a descent from a native African who obtained Roman citizenship during the Second Triumvirate, in which his land was ruled by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.


title: Aemilianus

text: Aemilian married Cornelia Supera, a woman of African origin; the year of their marriage is unknown, but since both were from the same place, it is possible they married before Aemilian left Africa.


title: Aemilianus

text: During the reign of Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus (251–253), Aemilian was sent to the Balkans to command an army. His primary responsibility was to assure peace along the Danube frontier, which had been subject to several attacks by the Goths led by king Cniva.


title: Aemilianus

text: Gallus secured the throne after the death of Emperor Decius at the hands of Cniva in the Battle of Abrittus (251), and later had to manage an outbreak of plague that devastated Rome. He was not popular with the army, mainly due to humiliating treaties signed in 251 with the Goths and King Shapur I of Persia who attacked Syria. According to John of Antioch, upon his appointment to the Moesian command, Aemilian was already envious of Gallus and plotted treachery against him. He was also an opponent of the Roman Senate, and his seditious plans are confirmed by Jerome and Jordanes.


title: Aemilianus

text: In 253, the Goths, led by king Cniva, claimed they had not received the tribute due from the Romans according to the treaty of 251. They crossed the border and attacked Cappadocia, Pessinus, and Ephesus. Modern historians believe that this missing payment was not a change in Roman policy, and the Goths were more likely trying to capitalize on their military prowess. Aemilian had command of the army assigned to defend the area, but the recent defeat at the Battle of Abrittus put his troops on edge. Aemilian exhorted them, reminding them of Roman honor (according to Zosimus) and promising tribute from the Goths (according to Zonaras). The Romans took the Goths by surprise, killing most of them, followed by an invasion of Goth territory resulting in booty and the liberation of prisoners. The Roman soldiers, gathered by Aemilian, acclaimed him emperor. Jordanes claims, however, that Aemilian's troops plundered Roman territory, rather than keep the tribute of the Goths.


title: Aemilianus

text: With his few men, Aemilian left his province unguarded and moved quickly towards Rome to meet the legitimate emperor, Gallus, before the latter could receive reinforcements. While Aemilian descended upon Rome along the Flaminian Way, Gallus and Volusianus had him proclaimed "enemy of the State" by the Roman senate, then exited Rome to meet the usurper. This strategy suggests that Aemilian's army was smaller than theirs, as they probably did not expect reinforcements to come in time but trusted their larger army to win the clash. The two armies met at the Battle of Interamna Nahars near modern Terni, at the southern end of the eastern branch of the Flaminia, and Aemilian won the battle; Gallus and Volusianus fled to the north with a few followers, probably as a delay tactic before the arrival of reinforcements, but, in August 253, at "Forum Flaminii" (modern San Giovanni Profiamma), on the western branch of the Flaminia, they were killed by some of their own guards, who thought that their betrayal could earn them a reward.


title: Aemilianus

text: Aemilian continued towards Rome. The Roman senate, after a short opposition, decided to recognize him as emperor. According to some sources, Aemilian then wrote to the Senate, promising to fight for the Empire in Thrace and against Persia, and to relinquish his power to the Senate, of which he considered himself a general. Aemilian received the titles of "Pius", "Felix" and "Pater Patriae", the "tribunicia potestas", and was elevated to the rank of "pontifex maximus"; he was not, however, elevated to consulate (possibly a hint of his non-senatorial birth). His coinage shows that his propaganda focused on his capability as a military commander—he defeated the Goths when nobody thought this possible, and thus he was the right man for the job of restoring the power of the Roman Empire.


title: Aemilianus

text: Valerian, governor of the Rhine provinces, was on his way south with an army which, according to Zosimus, had been called in as a reinforcement by Gallus. But modern historians believe this army, possibly mobilized for an incumbent campaign in the East, moved only after Gallus' death to support Valerian's bid for power. Emperor Aemilian's men, fearful of a civil war and Valerian's larger force, mutinied. They killed Aemilian at Spoletium or at the Sanguinarium bridge, between Oriculum and Narnia (halfway between Spoletium and Rome), and recognized Valerian as the new emperor. After Aemilian's death, which happened between late July and mid-September, a "damnatio memoriae" against him was declared.


title: Aemilianus

text: It is possible that the usurper Silbannacus was an officer left by Aemilian in Rome before moving against Valerian, who later tried to become emperor but then was killed.


title: Aemilianus

text: The life and troubled administration of emperor Aemilian was summarized by the Roman historian Eutropius stating that:


title: Circular buffer

text: In computer science, a circular buffer, circular queue, cyclic buffer or ring buffer is a data structure that uses a single, fixed-size buffer as if it were connected end-to-end. This structure lends itself easily to buffering data streams. There were early circular buffer implementations in hardware.


title: Circular buffer

text: A circular buffer first starts out empty and has a set length. In the diagram below is a 7-element buffer:


title: Circular buffer

text: Assume that 1 is written in the center of a circular buffer (the exact starting location is not important in a circular buffer):


title: Circular buffer

text: If two elements are removed, the two oldest values inside of the circular buffer would be removed. Circular buffers use FIFO ("first in, first out") logic. In the example, 1 & 2 were the first to enter the circular buffer, they are the first to be removed, leaving 3 inside of the buffer.


title: Circular buffer

text: A property of the circular buffer is that when it is full and a subsequent write is performed, then it starts overwriting the oldest data. In the current example, two more elements — A & B — are added and they "overwrite" the 3 & 4:


title: Circular buffer

text: Alternatively, the routines that manage the buffer could prevent overwriting the data and return an error or raise an exception. Whether or not data is overwritten is up to the semantics of the buffer routines or the application using the circular buffer.


title: Circular buffer

text: Finally, if two elements are now removed then what would be returned is not 3 & 4 but 5 & 6 because A & B overwrote the 3 & the 4 yielding the buffer with:


title: Circular buffer

text: The useful property of a circular buffer is that it does not need to have its elements shuffled around when one is consumed. (If a non-circular buffer were used then it would be necessary to shift all elements when one is consumed.) In other words, the circular buffer is well-suited as a FIFO ("first in, first out") buffer while a standard, non-circular buffer is well suited as a LIFO ("last in, first out") buffer.


title: Circular buffer

text: Circular buffering makes a good implementation strategy for a queue that has fixed maximum size. Should a maximum size be adopted for a queue, then a circular buffer is a completely ideal implementation; all queue operations are constant time. However, expanding a circular buffer requires shifting memory, which is comparatively costly. For arbitrarily expanding queues, a linked list approach may be preferred instead.


title: Circular buffer

text: In some situations, overwriting circular buffer can be used, e.g. in multimedia. If the buffer is used as the bounded buffer in the producer–consumer problem then it is probably desired for the producer (e.g., an audio generator) to overwrite old data if the consumer (e.g., the sound card) is unable to momentarily keep up. Also, the LZ77 family of lossless data compression algorithms operates on the assumption that strings seen more recently in a data stream are more likely to occur soon in the stream. Implementations store the most recent data in a circular buffer.


title: Circular buffer

text: In the beginning the indexes end and start are set to 0. The circular buffer write operation writes an element to the end index position and the end index is incremented to the next buffer position. The circular buffer read operation reads an element from the start index position and the start index is incremented to the next buffer position.


title: Circular buffer

text: The start and end indexes are not enough to tell buffer full or empty state while also utilizing all buffer slots, but can if the buffer only has a maximum in-use size of Length - 1. In this case, the buffer is empty if the start and end indexes are equal and full when the in-use size is Length - 1.


title: Circular buffer

text: Another solution is to have another integer count that is incremented at a write operation and decremented at a read operation. Then checking for emptiness means testing count equals 0 and checking for fullness means testing count equals Length.


title: Circular buffer

text: The following source code is a C implementation. Function put() puts an item in the buffer, function get() gets an item from the buffer:


title: Circular buffer

text: A circular-buffer implementation may be optimized by mapping the underlying buffer to two contiguous regions of virtual memory. (Naturally, the underlying buffer‘s length must then equal some multiple of the system’s page size.) Reading from and writing to the circular buffer may then be carried out with greater efficiency by means of direct memory access; those accesses which fall beyond the end of the first virtual-memory region will automatically wrap around to the beginning of the underlying buffer. When the read offset is advanced into the second virtual-memory region, both offsets—read and write—are decremented by the length of the underlying buffer.


title: Circular buffer

text: Some implementations of the circular buffer use fixed-length elements that are bigger than 8-bit bytes—16-bit integers for audio buffers, 53-byte ATM cells for telecom buffers, etc. Each item is contiguous and has the correct data alignment, so software reading and writing these values can be faster than software that handles non-contiguous and non-aligned values.


title: Circular buffer

text: Ping-pong buffering can be considered a very specialized circular buffer with exactly two large fixed-length elements.


title: Circular buffer

text: The "bip buffer" (bipartite buffer) is very similar to a circular buffer, except it always returns contiguous blocks which can be variable length. This offers nearly all the efficiency advantages of a circular buffer while maintaining the ability for the buffer to be used in APIs that only accept contiguous blocks.


title: Circular buffer

text: Fixed-sized compressed circular buffers use an alternative indexing strategy based on elementary number theory to maintain a fixed-sized compressed representation of the entire data sequence.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix 2020) was a Formula One motor race that took place over 57 laps on 29 November 2020 on the 'Grand Prix Circuit' configuration at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir, Bahrain. The race was the fifteenth round of the 2020 Formula One World Championship. It was the sixteenth time that the Bahrain Grand Prix has been run as a round of the Formula One World Championship.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: This race was the first of two back to back Formula One races scheduled to be held in Bahrain. The second race, named the Sakhir Grand Prix, took place at the same venue on 6 December, but was held on a different circuit layout.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The race was suspended for eighty minutes following a serious accident involving Romain Grosjean, which resulted in his Haas VF-20 splitting in two and catching fire. Grosjean escaped with second degree burns on his hands. Grosjean did not participate in the final two races of the season due to his injuries and left Formula One for the IndyCar Series at the end of the season, making this race his last in Formula One as of 2022. Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton won the race from pole position ahead of Red Bull Racing teammates Max Verstappen and Alexander Albon. The race was the last of the season to be won by a Mercedes driver; the final two races at Sakhir and Abu Dhabi were won by Sergio Pérez and Max Verstappen respectively.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The race was originally due to take place on 22 March 2020 as the second round of the championship, but the COVID-19 pandemic led to event organisers initially announcing that no spectators would be permitted to attend the race. On 13 March 2020 the race was indefinitely postponed. It was the second time in Formula One history that the Bahrain Grand Prix was postponed after the 2011 Bahrain Grand Prix, which was ultimately cancelled. In its place, an online virtual Grand Prix was held on the original race date featuring racing drivers, celebrities, and e-sport racers. The virtual race was won by Formula Two driver Guanyu Zhou. In August, the Bahrain Grand Prix was rescheduled to 29 November. Due to a surge of COVID-19 cases in the country, organisers announced that the Grand Prix would take place behind closed doors. Local authorities gave special dispensation to allow local health workers to attend with their families.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The drivers and teams were the same as the season entry list with no additional stand-in drivers for the race. Roy Nissany drove for Williams in the first practice session, replacing George Russell, while Robert Kubica drove for Alfa Romeo Racing, in place of Kimi Räikkönen.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: Sole Formula One tyre manufacturer Pirelli brought their C2, C3 and C4 compound tyres (the middle range of hardness) for teams to use in dry weather conditions. Pirelli also tested the 2021 tyre compounds during the first 30 minutes of both of Friday's two practice sessions. Drivers, particularly Lewis Hamilton, were ultimately unimpressed with the prototype tyres in practice.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The first of two practice sessions took place on Friday in unrepresentative daylight conditions and saw Hamilton top the timesheet from Mercedes teammate Valtteri Bottas and Racing Point driver Sergio Pérez.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: Hamilton also topped the second session, with Max Verstappen of Red Bull Racing in second and Bottas third. The second session was red flagged twice, the first time being for a crash of Alex Albon coming out of the final corner, from which the Red Bull driver emerged unharmed. The second red flag was for a stray dog that had wandered onto the track. The dog exited the racetrack unharmed, managing to escape through a gap in the marshal posts. Albon was given a new chassis for the rest of the event following his crash in the session.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The second stage of qualifying was red flagged after Carlos Sainz Jr. experienced a brake failure and stopped on track.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The 57-lap race started at the scheduled time of 17:10 local time (). On the first lap, Haas driver Romain Grosjean clipped the AlphaTauri AT01 of Daniil Kvyat on the straight after turn 3, causing Grosjean's car to ricochet into the trackside crash barrier. Grosjean impacted the barrier travelling at with an estimated force of .


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The impact and angle of the collision caused Grosjean's car to split in half, wedging the front half of the vehicle (including the driver's survival cell) into the crash barrier and tearing off the rear half of the vehicle from the rest of the car, igniting the car immediately upon impact. A subsequent investigation by the FIA concluded that the fuel tank's inspection hatch was "dislodged" and the fuel supply connection was ripped from the tank, allowing significant amounts of fuel to escape the tank. As the force of the collision caused the crash barrier to split, the front half of the car was thus able to penetrate and slip through, which in the process caused the driver's compartment to impact the upper section of the split barrier. The halo device of the driver's compartment was thus credited for saving Grosjean from more serious injuries, and possible death, by sheltering his head and body from this impact with the barrier. Speaking from his hospital bed, Grosjean said that the halo was "the greatest thing that we brought to Formula One, and without it, I wouldn't be able to speak to you today".


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The wedging of the front of the car into the barrier hindered and delayed Grosjean's ability to climb out of the vehicle; the top half of the barrier which the car had slid through and came to rest under blocked Grosjean from being able to directly lift himself out. Grosjean thus endured the flames of the wreckage for approximately 28 seconds, while climbing around the barrier to extract himself from the vehicle unaided. Medical car driver Alan van der Merwe and medical delegate Ian Roberts provided treatment immediately and initially reported that Grosjean seemed to have suffered minor burns on his hands and ankles (where gaps exist between the race suit and the driver's gloves and boots) and a possible broken rib. It was later confirmed that Grosjean suffered second-degree burns on his hands and no broken bones. Roberts reported that Grosjean's helmet appeared to have been effective in preventing him from inhaling any smoke from the fire.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The crash led to the race being suspended for 80 minutes as debris was cleared and the destroyed metal barrier was replaced with a line of concrete blocks. Grosjean was taken to the track's medical centre, then to Bahrain Defence Force Hospital by helicopter for further treatment. Grosjean was discharged from hospital on the Wednesday morning after his crash.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: When TV footage showing Grosjean sitting in the Medical Car was shown, the remaining 19 drivers and all 10 teams gave a round of applause in the pit lane as Grosjean was able to escape the car. The race is colloquially known as "the miracle in the desert" due to Grosjean's escape from the crash.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: Formula One managing director Ross Brawn said that the crash would be investigated, and credited the halo cockpit protection device with protecting Grosjean. The most recent two crashes involving spearing a crash barrier in this way were in the 1973 and 1974 United States Grands Prix, where François Cevert and Helmuth Koinigg, respectively, were killed. The most recent similar crash fire prior to this occurred when Gerhard Berger crashed at the 1989 San Marino Grand Prix. At the 1994 German Grand Prix a comparable fire was started when of petrol leaked during a pit stop for Jos Verstappen.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: Following the barrier repairs, the race restarted at 18:35 local time (UTC+03:00) on the third lap. Drivers restarted in the order they had crossed the second safety car line on lap one. Immediately following the restart, Kvyat and Racing Point driver Lance Stroll collided at turn eight. Stroll's car was flipped upside down but he was not injured in the crash. Kvyat was able to continue but was issued a 10-second time penalty, sending him down the order. Stroll's flipped car brought out a safety car, during which Bottas's car developed a puncture, forcing him to pit for new tyres. The safety car period concluded on the ninth lap, with Hamilton pulling clear of the rest of the field soon after. Hamilton committed to a two-stop strategy on the nineteenth lap, while Verstappen and Pérez behind changed to hard tyres for a one-stop strategy.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: On lap 54, while running in third position, Pérez's Racing Point's engine failed and caught fire after turn 10, triggering a double-yellow caution in that zone of the track. As Lando Norris passed the scene, a track marshal, without permission from race control, crossed the track in front of him, carrying a large fire extinguisher. Norris was able to avoid hitting the marshal. Norris later commented on the radio "He's the bravest guy I've ever seen". Race director Michael Masi, while confirming the marshal acted contrary to instructions, defended the marshal's "acting on instinct" in light of the Grosjean fire earlier in the race. Following this a safety car period began which would last for the remainder of the race.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: Hamilton won the race, with Verstappen in second position. This was Hamilton's eleventh win of the season. Pérez's retirement allowed Albon to inherit the final podium position, becoming the first Asian driver to score more than one podium finish. The two McLaren drivers finished in fourth and fifth, allowing McLaren to move ahead of Racing Point into third in the Constructors' Championship standings. Pérez's retirement also led to him losing fourth place in the Drivers' Championship standings to Daniel Ricciardo, who finished the race in seventh place behind Pierre Gasly.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: Romain Grosjean released a video message after the race while in hospital. He attributed his survival of the crash to the halo device, a safety device which he had criticised in the past. Haas confirmed that Grosjean would remain overnight at the Bahrain Defence Force Hospital for treatment, and later confirmed Pietro Fittipaldi would stand in for Grosjean at the Sakhir Grand Prix. Daniel Ricciardo was highly critical of Formula One Management (FOM) choosing to broadcast repeated replays of the incident; FOM later responded to this criticism defending their decision to show the replays as did Haas team boss Guenther Steiner. Mercedes team boss Toto Wolff also defended the use of replays whilst additionally stating that had Grosjean's injuries proved to be more serious then he would have considered withdrawing his cars and drivers from the race. Sebastian Vettel, also a senior director of the Grand Prix Drivers Association, expressed concerns over the collapse of the guardrail involved in the crash; although the barrier is designed to deform and absorb energy from the impact in a crash. The Marshals, Dr Ian Roberts and Alan van der Merwe were awarded the FIA President's medal for their bravery and exceptional reaction to Grosjean's crash. Grosjean attended the next race, the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix, where he thanked his rescuers for saving his life.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: In March 2021 the FIA released findings from their investigation into Grosjean's accident. The report concluded that the fire had been caused by a separation of fuel supply connection from the safety bladder, but that all driver safety measures functioned as expected. The report recommended reviews of fuel cell, survival cell and steering column construction specifications, as well as power unit mounting, fire suppression systems, and the effectiveness of drivers' gloves and helmet visors. Further research into barrier, driver warning, and firefighting systems was also recommended.


title: 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix

text: The FIA's research project to improve the heat resistance of drivers' gloves resulted in four racewear suppliers trialling new gloves at the 2021 Turkish Grand Prix.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: Queen Bees is a 2021 American romantic comedy film directed by Michael Lembeck. It features an ensemble cast, including Ellen Burstyn, James Caan (in his final film during his lifetime), Ann-Margret, Christopher Lloyd, Jane Curtin, Loretta Devine, and Elizabeth Mitchell. It was released on June 11, 2021, by Gravitas Ventures, and received mixed reviews from critics. Screenwriter Donald Martin was nominated for a 2022 Humanitas Award for his screenplay.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: Fiercely independent senior Helen is under pressure from her daughter Laura to move into Pine Grove retirement community. The widowed Helen opposes this, but has little option after she locks herself out of her homeagainwhile a fire from her cooking destroys her kitchen. Repairs will take at least a month, and she moves temporarily into Pine Grove.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: At Pine Grove, Helen initially has trouble fitting into a social scene dominated by the Queen Bees, led by Janet, and by the few unattached males, such as Arthur. Her mother's loneliness dismays Laura, a real estate agent who has connections to the owners of the real estate Pine Grove would like to expand onto, and she threatens facility manager Ken that if her mother does not fit in, the real estate will be sold to another potential buyer. After the sudden death of a bridge partner, Queen Bee Sally gives Helen a chance as her replacement. With bridge to interest her, and a growing relationship with a new resident, Dan Simpson, Helen begins to feel more at home.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: Helen becomes close to Sally, and when Helen suggests the facility is just like high school, Sally reminds her it is worse: high school eventually ends with graduation and the start of adult life, whereas Pine Grove's residents have only death or medical deterioration in front of them. Still, Helen is reluctant to let the relationship with Dan progress far, as she feels loyal to the memory of her late husband, which also makes her unwilling to sell the family home. Janet remains hostile to Helen, and after witnessing Ken and Dan arguing, and Ken threatening the older man that an agreement they have made will be exposed to Helen, Janet learns that Ken has hired Dan, a retired staff member of one of Pine Grove's rivals, to move in and make Helen more accepting of the life there. Helen earns the friendship of Janet (who has been abandoned by her family) by arranging a surprise birthday party for her, but by then Janet has already told Laura who Dan is, and she tells her mother. Convinced that Dan has only been nice to her because he has been paid to be, Helen breaks off their relationship.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: Learning that Dan has been kicked out of the community and has returned his salary, Helen reconsiders, but when she goes to Dan's forwarding address, finds a woman there. The two reconcile when Helen learns the woman is his sister and Dan professes his love for Helen. The couple marries. Helen sells her house, and the two will reside at Pine Grove.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: The film was announced with the working title "Welcome to Pine Grove!" in July 2018, with Ellen Burstyn and James Caan cast. The supporting cast was set in August, with filming commencing in Atlanta.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: In April 2021, Gravitas Ventures acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film, and set it for a June 11, 2021, release.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: The film made $375,232 from 500 theaters in its opening weekend, finishing in ninth. It made $284,000 in its second weekend.


title: Queen Bees (film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 53% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. According to Metacritic, which assigned a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on seven critics, the film received "mixed or average reviews".


title: Han Ji-hyun

text: Han Ji-hyun (born March 21, 1996) is a South Korean actress and model. She is best known for her role in "The Wind Blows" (2019). She has gained recognition for her supporting role in "" (2020–2021) and received her first leading role with SBS's "Cheer Up" (2022).


title: Han Ji-hyun

text: Han was born on March 21, 1996. Han's has a younger twin brother named Han Seung-soo who was born two minutes later. Han attends the Korea National University of Arts under the Department of Acting. Prior to her admission, she was known to have passed the university entrance exams for Department of Acting for other universities such as Konkuk University, Dongguk University, Seoul Institute of the Arts, Sungkyunkwan University, Sejong University, and Chung-Ang University.


title: Han Ji-hyun

text: Han started her career as a model when she was studying in middle school before pursuing acting in high school. On February 24, 2017, it was announced that Han has signed with SBD Entertainment.


title: Han Ji-hyun

text: On April 17, 2019, Han was cast in the film "I Bet Everything" in a lead role as Kang Seon-mi. On April 22, Han was cast in JTBC's television series "The Wind Blows" in a supporting role as Lee Sun-kyung, she made her debut as an actress with the premiere of the series on May 27.


title: Han Ji-hyun

text: On September 24, 2020, Han was cast in SBS's television series "" in a supporting role as Joo Seok-kyung.


title: Han Ji-hyun

text: On April 21, 2022, Han was cast in SBS's television series "Cheer Up" in her first leading television role as Do Hae-yi.


title: Nick Wechsler (actor)

text: Samuel Nicholas Wechsler (born September 3, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Kyle Valenti on The WB teen drama series "Roswell", and as Jack Porter on the ABC primetime soap opera "Revenge".


title: Nick Wechsler (actor)

text: Wechsler was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. When he was 14, his older brother, aged 24, died of cancer. He moved to Hollywood after graduating from high school.


title: Nick Wechsler (actor)

text: Soon after relocating to Los Angeles, Wechsler landed a small role as a purse-stealing punk in the television movie "Full Circle". Shortly after, he was cast as Kevin "Trek" Sanders, a child prodigy conceived at a Star Trek convention, in the syndicated series "Team Knight Rider". He also appeared in "Silk Stalkings", "The Lazarus Man", and the direct-to-video film "The Perfect Game".


title: Nick Wechsler (actor)

text: From 1999 to 2002, Wechsler starred as Kyle Valenti on the television series "Roswell". After "Roswell", he guest starred in number of television series, including "Malcolm in the Middle", "North Shore", "Cold Case", "Crossing Jordan", "", "Lie to Me", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" and "Chase". In 2008, he appeared in the independent film "Lie to Me", about a couple navigating the hazards of an open relationship. From 2007 to 2008, he appeared in three episodes of "Without a Trace".


title: Nick Wechsler (actor)

text: In 2011, Wechsler won the main role of Jack Porter on the ABC series "Revenge", playing the love interest of lead character Emily Thorne. After "Revenge" ended in 2015, Wechsler took a role on the NBC action series "The Player". In 2016, he was cast in a recurring role in the fourth season of the NBC cop drama "Chicago P.D." He took on a recurring role as Brandon Cole on NBC's "Shades of Blue" for the show's third season. Wechsler portrayed the recurring role of Matthew Blaisdel on The CW reboot series "Dynasty" from 2017 to 2018. In 2019, he was cast as Ryan Sharp on NBC's "This Is Us".


title: Geoid

text: The geoid () is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were absent. This surface is extended through the continents (such as with very narrow hypothetical canals). According to Gauss, who first described it, it is the "mathematical figure of the Earth", a smooth but irregular surface whose shape results from the uneven distribution of mass within and on the surface of Earth. It can be known only through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations. Despite being an important concept for almost 200 years in the history of geodesy and geophysics, it has been defined to high precision only since advances in satellite geodesy in the late 20th century.


title: Geoid

text: All points on a geoid surface have the same geopotential (the sum of gravitational potential energy and centrifugal potential energy). The force of gravity acts everywhere perpendicular to the geoid, meaning that plumb lines point perpendicular and water levels parallel to the geoid if only gravity and rotational acceleration were at work.


title: Geoid

text: Earth's gravity acceleration is non-uniform over the geoid, which is only an equipotential surface, a sufficient condition for a ball to remain at rest instead of rolling over the geoid.


title: Geoid

text: The geoid undulation or geoidal height is the height of the geoid relative to a given reference ellipsoid.


title: Geoid

text: The geoid surface is irregular, unlike the reference ellipsoid (which is a mathematical idealized representation of the physical Earth as an ellipsoid), but is considerably smoother than Earth's physical surface. Although the "ground" of the Earth has excursions on the order of +8,800 m (Mount Everest) and −11,000 m (Marianas Trench), the geoid's deviation from an ellipsoid ranges from +85 m (Iceland) to −106 m (southern India), less than 200 m total.


title: Geoid

text: If the ocean were isopycnic (of constant density) and undisturbed by tides, currents or weather, its surface would resemble the geoid. The permanent deviation between the geoid and mean sea level is called ocean surface topography. If the continental land masses were crisscrossed by a series of tunnels or canals, the sea level in those canals would also very nearly coincide with the geoid. In reality, the geoid does not have a physical meaning under the continents, but geodesists are able to derive the heights of continental points above this imaginary, yet physically defined, surface by spirit leveling.


title: Geoid

text: Being an equipotential surface, the geoid is, by definition, a surface to which the force of gravity is everywhere perpendicular. That means that when traveling by ship, one does not notice the undulations of the geoid; the local vertical (plumb line) is always perpendicular to the geoid and the local horizon tangential to it. Likewise, spirit levels will always be parallel to the geoid.


title: Geoid

text: The gravitational field of the earth is not uniform. An oblate spheroid is typically used as the idealized earth, but even if the earth were spherical and did not rotate, the strength of gravity would not be the same everywhere because density varies throughout the planet. This is due to magma distributions, the density and weight of different geological compositions in the earth's crust, mountain ranges, deep sea trenches, crust compaction due to glaciers, and so on.


title: Geoid

text: If that sphere were then covered in water, the water would not be the same height everywhere. Instead, the water level would be higher or lower with respect to Earth's center, depending on the integral of the strength of gravity from the center of the earth to that location. The geoid level coincides with where the water would be. Generally the geoid rises where the earth material is locally more dense, which is where the earth exerts greater gravitational pull.


title: Geoid

text: The geoid undulation, geoid height, or geoid anomaly is the height of the geoid relative to a given ellipsoid of reference. The undulation is not standardized, as different countries use different mean sea levels as reference, but most commonly refers to the EGM96 geoid.


title: Geoid

text: In maps and common use the height over the mean sea level (such as orthometric height) is used to indicate the height of elevations while the ellipsoidal height results from the GPS system and similar GNSS.


title: Geoid

text: The deviation formula_1 between the ellipsoidal height formula_2 and the orthometric height formula_3 can be calculated by


title: Geoid

text: So a GPS receiver on a ship may, during the course of a long voyage, indicate height variations, even though the ship will always be at sea level (neglecting the effects of tides). That is because GPS satellites, orbiting about the center of gravity of the Earth, can measure heights only relative to a geocentric reference ellipsoid. To obtain one's orthometric height, a raw GPS reading must be corrected. Conversely, height determined by spirit leveling from a tide gauge, as in traditional land surveying, is closer to orthometric height. Modern GPS receivers have a grid implemented in their software by which they obtain, from the current position, the height of the geoid (e.g. the EGM-96 geoid) over the World Geodetic System (WGS) ellipsoid. They are then able to correct the height above the WGS ellipsoid to the height above the EGM96 geoid. When height is not zero on a ship, the discrepancy is due to other factors such as ocean tides, atmospheric pressure (meteorological effects), local sea surface topography and measurement uncertainties.


title: Geoid

text: The surface of the geoid is higher than the reference ellipsoid wherever there is a positive gravity anomaly (mass excess) and lower than the reference ellipsoid wherever there is a negative gravity anomaly (mass deficit).


title: Geoid

text: This relationship can be understood by recalling that gravity potential is defined so that it has negative values and is inversely proportional to distance from the body.


title: Geoid

text: So, while a mass excess will strengthen the gravity acceleration, it will decrease the gravity potential. As a consequence, the geoid's defining equipotential surface will be found displaced away from the mass excess.


title: Geoid

text: Analogously, a mass deficit will weaken the gravity pull but will increase the geopotential at a given distance, causing the geoid to move towards the mass deficit.


title: Geoid

text: The presence of a localized inclusion in the background medium will rotate the gravity acceleration vectors slightly towards and away a denser or lighter body, respectively, causing a dimple or a bump in the equipotential surface.


title: Geoid

text: Variations in the height of the geoidal surface are related to anomalous density distributions within the Earth. Geoid measures thus help understanding the internal structure of the planet. Synthetic calculations show that the geoidal signature of a thickened crust (for example, in orogenic belts produced by continental collision) is positive, opposite to what should be expected if the thickening affects the entire lithosphere. Mantle convection also changes the shape of the geoid over time.


title: Geoid

text: This is why many handheld GPS receivers have built-in undulation lookup tables to determine the height above sea level.


title: Geoid

text: The precise geoid solution by Vaníček and co-workers improved on the Stokesian approach to geoid computation. Their solution enables millimetre-to-centimetre accuracy in geoid computation, an order-of-magnitude improvement from previous classical solutions.


title: Geoid

text: Geoid undulations display uncertainties which can be estimated by using several methods, e.g. least-squares collocation (LSC), fuzzy logic, artificial neutral networks, radial basis functions (RBF), and geostatistical techniques. Geostatistical approach has been defined as the most improved technique in prediction of geoid undulation.


title: Geoid

text: Recent satellite missions, such as the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) and


title: Geoid

text: GRACE, have enabled the study of time-variable geoid signals. The first products based on GOCE satellite data became available online in June 2010, through the European Space Agency (ESA)'s Earth observation user services tools. ESA launched the satellite in March 2009 on a mission to map Earth's gravity with unprecedented accuracy and spatial resolution. On 31 March 2011, the new geoid model was unveiled at the Fourth International GOCE User Workshop hosted at the Technical University of Munich, Germany. Studies using the time-variable geoid computed from GRACE data have provided information on global hydrologic cycles, mass balances of ice sheets, and postglacial rebound. From postglacial rebound measurements, time-variable GRACE data can be used to deduce the viscosity of Earth's mantle.


title: Geoid

text: Spherical harmonics are often used to approximate the shape of the geoid. The current best such set of spherical harmonic coefficients is EGM2020 (Earth Gravity Model 2020), determined in an international collaborative project led by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, or NGA). The mathematical description of the non-rotating part of the potential function in this model is:


title: Geoid

text: where formula_6 and formula_7 are "geocentric" (spherical) latitude and longitude respectively, formula_8 are the fully normalized associated Legendre polynomials of degree formula_9 and order formula_10, and formula_11 and formula_12 are the numerical coefficients of the model based on measured data. Note that the above equation describes the Earth's gravitational potential formula_13, not the geoid itself, at location formula_14 the co-ordinate formula_15 being the "geocentric radius", i.e., distance from the Earth's centre. The geoid is a particular equipotential surface, and is somewhat involved to compute. The gradient of this potential also provides a model of the gravitational acceleration. The most commonly used EGM96 contains a full set of coefficients to degree and order 360 (i.e. formula_16), describing details in the global geoid as small as 55 km (or 110 km, depending on your definition of resolution). The number of coefficients, formula_11 and formula_12, can be determined by first observing in the equation for V that for a specific value of n there are two coefficients for every value of m except for m = 0. There is only one coefficient when m=0 since formula_19. There are thus (2n+1) coefficients for every value of n. Using these facts and the formula, formula_20, it follows that the total number of coefficients is given by


title: Geoid

text: For many applications the complete series is unnecessarily complex and is truncated after a few (perhaps several dozen) terms.


title: Geoid

text: Still, even high resolution models have been developed. Many of the authors of EGM96 have published EGM2008. It


title: Geoid

text: incorporates much of the new satellite gravity data (e.g., the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), and supports up to degree and order 2160 (1/6 of a degree, requiring over 4 million coefficients), with additional coefficients extending to degree 2190 and order 2159. EGM2020 is the planned follow-up of 2020 (now overdue), containing the same number of harmonics generated with better data.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Donald Ewen Cameron ( – ) was a Scottish-born psychiatrist. He is largely known today for his central role in unethical medical experiments, and development of psychological and medical torture techniques for the . He served as president of the American Psychiatric Association (1952–1953), Canadian Psychiatric Association (1958–1959), American Psychopathological Association (1963), Society of Biological Psychiatry (1965) and the World Psychiatric Association (1961–1966).


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron was involved in administering electroconvulsive therapy and experimental drugs, including poisons such as curare and hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, to patients and prisoners without their knowledge or informed consent. Some of this work took place in the context of the Project MKUltra program for the developing of mind control and torture techniques, psychoactive poisons, and behavior modification systems. Decades after his own death, the psychic driving technique he developed continued to see extensive use in the torture of prisoners around the world.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, the oldest son of a Presbyterian minister. He received an M.B., Ch.B. in psychological medicine from the University of Glasgow in 1924, a D.P.M. from the University of London in 1925, and an M.D. with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron began his training in psychiatry at the Glasgow Royal Mental Hospital in 1925. In 1926, he served as assistant medical officer there and was introduced to psychiatrist Sir David Henderson, a student of Swiss-born US psychiatrist Adolf Meyer. He continued his training in the United States under Meyer at the Phipps Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland from 1926 to 1928 with a Henderson Research Scholarship.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In 1928, Cameron left Baltimore for the Burghölzli, the psychiatric hospital of the University of Zurich, in Switzerland, where he studied under Hans W. Maier, the successor of Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler, who had significantly influenced psychiatric thinking. There he met A. T. Mathers, Manitoba's principal psychiatrist, who convinced Cameron in 1929 to move to Brandon, the second largest city of Manitoba, Canada. Cameron stayed there for seven years and was made physician-in-charge of the Reception Unit of the Provincial Mental Hospital. He also organized the structure of mental health services in the western half of the province, establishing 10 functioning clinics; this model was used as the blueprint for similar efforts in Montreal and a forerunner of 1960s community health models.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In 1933, he married Jean C. Rankine, whom he had met while they were students at the University of Glasgow. She was a former captain of the Scottish field hockey team, a competitive tennis player, and lecturer in mathematics at the University of Glasgow. They had four children; a daughter and three sons.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In 1936, he moved to Massachusetts to become director of the research division at Worcester State Hospital only 1 year later. In 1936, he also published his first book, "Objective and Experimental Psychiatry" which introduced his belief that psychiatry should approach the study of human behavior in a rigorous, scientific fashion rooted in biology. His theories of behavior stressed the unity of the organism with the environment; the book also outlined experimental method and research design. Cameron believed firmly in clinical psychiatry and a strict scientific method.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In 1938 he moved to Albany, New York, where he received his diplomate in psychiatry and thus was certified in psychiatry. From 1939 to 1943 he was professor of neurology and psychiatry at Albany Medical College, and at the Russell Sage School of Nursing, also in the Albany area. During those years, Cameron began to expand on his thoughts about the interrelationships of mind and body, developing a reputation as a psychiatrist who could bridge the gap between the organic, structural neurologists, and the psychiatrists whose knowledge of anatomy was limited to maps of the mind as opposed to maps of the brain. Through his instruction of nurses and psychiatrists he became an authority in his areas of concentration.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron focused primarily on biological descriptive psychiatry and applied the British and European schools and models of the practice. Cameron followed these schools in demanding that mental disturbances are diseases and somatic in nature; all psychological illness would therefore be hardwired, a product of the body and the direct result of a patient's biological structure rather than caused by social environments. Characteristics were thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the brain. It is at this juncture that he became interested with how he could effectively manipulate the brain to control and understand the processes of memory. He furthermore wanted to understand the problems of memory caused by aging, believing that the aged brain experienced psychosis.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In 1943, Cameron was invited to McGill University in Montreal by neurosurgeon Dr Wilder Penfield. With a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, money from John Wilson McConnell of the "Montreal Star", and a gift of Sir Hugh Allan's mansion on Mount Royal, the Allan Memorial Institute for psychiatry was founded. Cameron became the first director of the Allan Memorial Institute as well as the first chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at McGill. He recruited psychoanalysts, social psychiatrists and biologists globally to develop the psychiatry program at McGill From its beginning in 1943, the Allan Memorial Institute was run on an "open door" basis, allowing patients to leave if they wished, as opposed to the "closed door" policy of other hospitals in Canada in the early 1940s. In 1946, Cameron introduced the practice of the day hospital, the first of its kind in North America, permitting patients to remain at home while receiving treatment at the institute during the day, thus avoiding unnecessary hospitalization and allowing the patients to maintain ties with their community and family.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In 1945, Cameron, Nolan D. C. Lewis and Dr Paul L. Schroeder, colonel and psychiatrist, University College of Illinois, were invited to the Nuremberg trials for a psychiatric evaluation of Rudolf Hess. Their diagnosis was amnesia and hysteria per a short commentary in the "Journal of the American Medical Association". Hess later confessed that he had faked the amnesia.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Before his arrival in Nuremberg, Cameron had written "The Social Reorganization of Germany", in which he argued that German culture and its individual citizens would have to be transformed and reorganized. In his analysis, German culture was made up of people who had the need for status, worshipped strict order and regimentation, desired authoritarian leadership and had a deeply ingrained fear of other countries. The paper stated that German culture and its people would have offspring bound to become a threat to world peace in 30 years. To prevent this, the West would have to take measures to reorganize German society. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron next published "Nuremberg and Its Significance". In this, he hoped to establish a suitable method to reinstate a form of justice in Germany that could prevent its society from recreating the attitudes that led it from the Great War to World War II. Cameron viewed German society throughout history as continually giving rise to fearsome aggression. He came up with the idea that if he presented the world and confronted the Germans with the atrocities committed during the war, the world and the Germans would refrain from repeated acts of extreme aggression.; if the greater population of Germany saw the atrocities of World War II, they would surely submit to a re-organized system of justice. Cameron decided that Germans would be most likely to commit atrocities due to their historical, biological, racial and cultural past and their particular psychological nature. All Germans on trial would be assessed according to the likeliness for committing the crime.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron began to develop broader theories of society, new concepts of human relations to replace concepts he deemed dangerous and outdated. These became the basis of a new social and behavioural science that he would later institute through his presidencies of the Canadian, American and World Psychiatric Associations, the American Psychopathological Association and the Society of Biological Psychiatry. With the results of the Manhattan project, Cameron feared that without proper re-organization of society, atomic weapons could fall into the hands of new, fearsome aggressors. Cameron argued that it was necessary for behavioral scientists to act as the social planners of society, and that the United Nations could provide a conduit for implementing his ideas for applying psychiatric elements to global governance and politics.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron started to distinguish populations between "the weak" and "the strong". Those with anxieties or insecurities and who had trouble with the state of the world were labelled as "the weak"; in Cameron's analysis, they could not cope with life and had to be isolated from society by "the strong". The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. Cameron further argued that "the weak" must not influence children. He promoted a philosophy where chaos could be prevented by removing the weak from society.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Cameron continued his work on memory and its relationship to aging. He published a book called "Remembering" and extended psychiatric links to human biology. In papers published during this time he linked RNA to memory. He furthered his diagnostic definitions of clinical states such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: He began to develop the discipline of social psychiatry which concentrated on the roles of interpersonal interaction, family, community and culture in the emergence and amelioration of emotional disturbance. Cameron placed the psychiatric treatment unit inside of the hospital and inspected its success. Here in the hospital Cameron could observe how the psychiatric patient resembled patients with other diseases that were not psychiatric in nature. In this manner, somatic causes could be compared. The behaviour of a mental patient could resemble the behaviour of a patient with, for example, syphilis, and then a somatic cause could be deduced for a psychological illness. Cameron titled this procedure "intrapsychic" (a term derived from the psycho-somatic relationship of hospital patients).


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron began to abandon the Freudian unconscious in favour of a social constructivist's view of mental illness. In his analysis, culture and society played a crucial role in the ability for one to function according to the demands necessary for human survival. Therefore, society should function to select out the weak and unwanted, those apt towards fearsome aggression that threatened society. Psychiatry would play a disciplinary role.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron began to explore how industrial conditions could satisfy the population through work and what kind of person or worker is best suited to industrial conditions. A stronger personality would be able to maintain itself in heavy industrial situations, he theorised, while the weaker would not be able to cope with industrial conditions. Cameron would analyze what conditions produced the stronger worker, what would be the necessary conditions to replicate this personality and to reward the stronger while disciplining the weaker. In his 1946 paper entitled "Frontiers of Social Psychiatry", he used the case of World War II Germany as an example where society poisoned the minds of citizens by creating a general anxiety or neurosis.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Although Cameron rejected the Freudian notion of the unconscious, he shared the Freudian idea in that personal psychology is linked to the nervous nature. He theorized that attitudes and beliefs should reinforce the overall attitudes of the desired society. Like Freud, Cameron maintained that the family was the nucleus of social behavior and anxieties later in life were spawned during childhood. Cameron wanted to build an inventive psychiatric institution to determine rapid ways for societal control while demanding a psychological economy that did not center itself around guilt and guilt complexes. His focus on children included the rights to protection against outmoded, doctrinaire tactics, and the necessity for the implantation of taboos and inhibitions from their parents. Cameron wrote that mental illness was transmitted generationally; thus, the re-occurrence of mental illness could be stopped by remodeling and expanding existing concepts of marriage suitability, as well as the quarantine of mentally ill individuals from the general population. The only cure for mental illness, he theorized, was to eliminate its "carriers" from society altogether.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron believed that mental illness was literally contagious – that if one came into contact with someone with mental illness, one would begin to produce the symptoms of a mental disease. For example, something like rock music could be created by mentally ill people and would produce mentally ill people through infection, which in turn would be transmitted to the genes. Thus, this group would have to be studied and controlled as a contagious social disease. Police, hospitals, government, and schools would need to use the correct psychiatric authority to stop mental contagions from spreading. Cameron also hoped to generate families capable of using authority and techniques to take measures against mental illness, which would later be apparent in Cameron's MKULTRA and MKDELTA experiments.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In Cameron's book "Life is For Living", published in 1948, he expressed a concern for the German race in general. Just as Sigrid Schultz stated in "Germany will try it again", Cameron fostered a fear for Germans and their genetic determination. Those Germans affected by the events that led to World War II were of utmost concern. Cameron's concerns extended to his policies determining who should have children and advance to positions of authority. According to Cameron's psychiatric analysis of the German people, they were not suitable to have children or hold positions of authority because of a genetic tendency to organize society in a way that fostered fearsome aggression and would lead to war rather than peace; he would repeatedly use the German as the archetypal character structure on which to ground the most psychologically deviant humans.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Although society had established sanctions against the spread of infectious diseases, Cameron wanted to extend the concept of contagion to chronic anxiety. He argued that people with mental illnesses could spread and transmit their diseases. He warned that government institutions should take measures against such potential liabilities. Cameron began to base some of his notions on race, as is seen in his theories regarding the German people.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In the late 1940s, Cameron presented his ideas in a lecture entitled "Dangerous Men and Women". It describes various personalities that he believed were of marked danger to all members of society. The personality types are as follows:


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron believed that a society in which psychiatry built and developed the institutions of government, schools, prisons and hospitals would be one in which science triumphed over the "sick" members of society. He demanded that political systems be watched, and that German people needed to be monitored due to their "personality type", which he claimed results in the conditions that give rise to the dictatorial power of an authoritarian overlord.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron stated, "Get it understood how dangerous these damaged, sick personalities are to ourselves – and above all, to our children, whose traits are taking form and we shall find ways to put an end to them." He spoke about Germans, but also to the larger portion of the society that resembled or associated with such traits. For Cameron, the traits were contagions and anyone affected by the societal, cultural or personality forms would themselves be infected. Cameron used his ideas to implement policies on who should govern and parent in society. The described types would have to be eliminated from society if there was to be peace and progress. The sick were, for Cameron, the viral infection to its stability and health. The described types were the enemies of society and life. Experts must develop methods of forcefully changing attitudes and beliefs to prevent the authoritarian overlord.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: During the 1950s and 1960s, Cameron became involved in what has later become known as the MKUltra mind control program, which was covertly sponsored by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and which eventually led to the publication of the KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation manual. Cameron's work was funded under MKUltra's subproject 68. He is unrelated to another CIA psychiatrist, Alan S. Cameron, who helped pioneer psychological profiling of world leaders during the 1970s and was not associated with the behavioral modification research program.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by "erasing" existing memories and "reprogramming" the psyche. He commuted from Lake Placid, New York to Montreal every week to work at McGill's Allan Memorial Institute and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKUltra experiments there, known as the Montreal experiments. In addition to LSD, he experimented with various paralytic drugs such as curare and electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "psychic driving" experiments consisted of putting a subject into a drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple statements. These experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the Institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postnatal depression; many were permanently debilitated after these treatments. Such consequences included incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their parents. His work was inspired and paralleled by the psychiatrist William Sargant, who was also involved with the intelligence services and experimented extensively on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Sid Taylor stated that Cameron used curare to immobilise his patients during his research. After one test he noted: "Although the patient was prepared by both prolonged sensory isolation (35 days) and by repeated depatterning, and although she received 101 days of positive driving, no favourable results were obtained." Patients were tested in the Radio Telemetry Laboratory, which was built under Cameron's direction. Here, patients were exposed to a range of RF and electromagnetic signals and monitored for changes in behaviour. It was reported that none of the patients sent to the Radio Telemetry Lab showed any signs of improvement.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: In 1980, the Canadian investigative news program "The Fifth Estate" interviewed two former patients of Cameron's who were among several of his ex patients who were at that time suing the CIA for the long term effects of Cameron's treatment. In her book, "In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada", author Anne Collins explored the history of Cameron and Montreal's Allan Memorial Institute. This was made into a TV mini-series directed by Anne Wheeler in 1998, called "The Sleep Room", which also dramatizes the lawsuit of Cameron's ex-patients against the CIA. The son of one of Cameron's patients noted in a memoir that other than Ed Broadbent and Svend Robinson, no Canadian MP brought up the issue in the House of Parliament.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Naomi Klein states in her book "The Shock Doctrine" that Cameron's research and his contribution to MKUltra were not about mind control and brainwashing, but "to design a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources.' In other words, torture." She then cites Alfred W. McCoy: "Stripped of its bizarre excesses, Cameron's experiments, building upon Donald O. Hebb's earlier breakthrough, laid the scientific foundation for the CIA's two-stage psychological torture method."


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron is the subject of Stephen Bennett's film "Eminent Monsters" (2020), which was funded by BBC Scotland and Creative Scotland.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Whether or not Cameron was aware that funding for his experiments was coming from the CIA is unclear; it has been argued that he would have carried out the exact same experiments if funding had come from a source without ulterior motives.


title: Donald Ewen Cameron

text: Cameron died of a heart attack while hiking with his son in the Adirondack Mountains on September 8, 1967.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Zachary Michael Thomas (born September 1, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a middle linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons. He played college football for Texas Tech University, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the 1996 NFL Draft, and played for the Dolphins his first 12 seasons in the NFL, before playing his 13th and final season with the Dallas Cowboys.


title: Zach Thomas

text: A seven-time Pro Bowl selection, and seven-time first or second team All-Pro, Thomas recorded more than 1,700 combined tackles in his career, was named the AFC Defensive Rookie of the Year in 1996, a two-time NFL Alumni Linebacker of the Year, and was selected to the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team. In 2015, Thomas was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Thomas was born in Pampa, Texas. He attended White Deer Schools in White Deer, Texas until he was a sophomore then transferred to Pampa High School in his junior year. He was a standout high school football player and was named a first-team all-state selection as a senior. Thomas and his older brother, Bart, were high school teammates at White Deer High School in White Deer, Texas; in 1988, Thomas' freshman year, the White Deer team went 16–0 and won the Class 1A state championship.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Thomas attended Texas Tech University, where he was a three-year starter at linebacker for the Texas Tech Red Raider football team. As a junior in 1994, he was a first-team All-American. As a senior in 1995, he was a unanimous first-team All-American, the Big 12 Conference Defensive Player of the Year, and a finalist for the Butkus Award. Thomas is one of 5 Red Raiders to be named a Unanimous All-American along with Mark Bounds, Byron Hanspard, Michael Crabtree, and Jace Amaro. He recorded 390 tackles, including a career-high 131 tackles and a school-record 20 tackles against Georgia in his senior season. Thomas and his brother Bart were the only pair of brothers to be named first-team All-Southwest Conference selections in the same year.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Thomas attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, but had a performance that was described as lousy and included a 28.5" vertical jump. Miami Dolphins' special teams coordinator, Mike Westhoff, was sent to Texas by the Dolphins to meet with Thomas and scout him for their special teams unit. Thomas was considered to be too small and not fast or athletic enough to play at the professional level according to scouts and draft experts.


title: Zach Thomas

text: The Miami Dolphins selected Thomas in the fifth round (154th overall) of the 1996 NFL Draft. Thomas was the 18th linebacker drafted in a linebacker class that included Ray Lewis, Tedy Bruschi, Donnie Edwards, and Kevin Hardy. Thomas was the second linebacker the Dolphins drafted in 1996, joining their fourth round pick Baylor linebacker LaCurtis Jones (126th overall). Thomas was initially drafted to join special teams after the Miami Dolphins' special teams coordinator Mike Westhoff recommended him to head coach Jimmy Johnson.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On July 3, 1996, the Miami Dolphins signed Thomas to a three-year, $577,000 contract at the league minimum. He impressed the Dolphins' coaching staff during training camp and quickly rose up the depth chart to compete for the job as the starting middle linebacker against Jack Del Rio. Head coach Jimmy Johnson officially named Thomas the starting middle linebacker to begin the regular season. On August 3, 1996, the Miami Dolphins subsequently released Del Rio due to the sudden emergence of Thomas.


title: Zach Thomas

text: He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Miami Dolphins' season-opener at the New England Patriots and made nine combined tackles and his first career sack in their 24–10 victory. Thomas made his first career tackle on Patriots' running back Curtis Martin and made his first career sack on Patriots' quarterback Drew Bledsoe for a six-yard loss in the first quarter. The following week, he collected a season-high 15 combined tackles as the Dolphins defeated the Arizona Cardinals 38–10. In Week 6, he collected 12 combined tackles in the Dolphins' 22–15 loss against the Seattle Seahawks. On October 13, 1996, Thomas recorded 11 combined tackles, a sack, and made his first career interception during a 21–7 win at the Buffalo Bills in Week 7. Thomas made his first career interception off a pass by Bills' quarterback Jim Kelly, that was originally intended for tight end Lonnie Johnson, and returned it for an 11-yard gain in the first quarter. On November 17, 1996, Thomas made eight combined tackles and returned an interception for his first career touchdown in the Dolphins' 23–20 win against the Houston Oilers in Week 12. Thomas intercepted a pass by Oilers' quarterback Chris Chandler, that was intended for tight end Frank Wycheck, and returned it for a 26-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. Thomas finished his rookie season in 1996 with 153 combined tackles, three interceptions, and two sacks, while starting all 16 games. Thomas was a 1997 Pro Bowl alternate and an All-Rookie selection in 1996.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On August 4, 1997, Thomas sustained a fractured fibula during the Dolphins' 38–19 win against the Denver Broncos in their preseason-opener. His injury sidelined him for the remainder of the preseason and he was also inactive for the Miami Dolphins' 16–10 season-opening victory against the Indianapolis Colts. Head coach Jimmy Johnson named Thomas the starting middle linebacker upon his return from injury. He started alongside outside linebackers Anthony Harris and Derrick Rodgers. In Week 4, he collected a season-high 12 combined tackles and made an interception during a 31–21 loss at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On October 27, 1997, Thomas tied his season-high of 12 combined tackles in the Dolphins' 36–33 loss at the Chicago Bears in Week 9. He finished the 1997 season with a total of 127 combined tackles, an interception, and was credited with half a sack in 15 games and 15 starts.


title: Zach Thomas

text: The Miami Dolphins finished second in the AFC East with a 9–7 record and earned a wildcard berth. On December 28, 1997, Thomas started in his first career playoff game and recorded ten combined tackles during the Dolphins 17–3 loss as the New England Patriots won the AFC Wildcard Game.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Thomas was retained as the starting middle linebacker for the third consecutive season and started alongside outside linebackers Robert Jones and Derrick Rodgers.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On September 20, 1998, Thomas recorded eight combined tackles and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 21–0 win against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 3. Thomas intercepted a pass by Steelers' quarterback Kordell Stewart and returned it for a 17-yard touchdown in the third quarter. On November 1, 1998, he collected a season-high 14 combined tackles during a 30–24 loss at the Buffalo Bills in Week 9. In Week 14, Thomas recorded six combined tackles and made a season-high two interceptions in the Dolphins' 27–17 win at the Oakland Raiders. Thomas intercepted two pass attempts by quarterback Donald Hollas. He started in all 16 games in 1998 and recorded 133 combined tackles, three interceptions, and two sacks. Thomas was first-team All-Pro for the first time in his career as the Dolphins defense allowed the fewest points in the NFL.


title: Zach Thomas

text: The Miami Dolphins finished second in the AFC East with a 10–6 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 2, 1999, Thomas recorded eight combined tackles during a 24–17 win against the Buffalo Bills in the AFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made ten combined tackles as the Dolphins' lost to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Divisional Round 38–3.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On February 13, 1999, the Miami Dolphins signed Thomas to a five-year, $22.50 million contract that included a signing bonus of $4.50 million. Thomas's $6.5 million in salary and bonus made him the Dolphins highest paid player, surpassing Dan Marino. Head coach Jimmy Johnson retained Thomas, Robert Jones, and Derrick Rodgers as the starting linebackers in 1999. In Week 15, Thomas collected a season-high 13 combined tackles during the Dolphins' 12–9 win against the San Diego Chargers. He started in all 16 games in 1999 and recorded 132 combined tackles, a sack, and an interception. Thomas was selected to the 2000 Pro Bowl, marking the first Pro Bowl selection of his career.


title: Zach Thomas

text: The Miami Dolphins finished third in the AFC East with a 9–7 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 9, 2000, Thomas recorded nine combined tackles and a sack during a 20–17 victory at the Seattle Seahawks in the AFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made ten combined tackles as the Dolphins lost 62–7 at the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Divisional Round.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On January 17, 2000, head coach Jimmy Johnson announced his decision to step down as head coach of the Miami Dolphins. Assistant head coach Dave Wannstedt was promoted to head coach. Wannstedt opted to retain Thomas as the starting middle linebacker, alongside Robert Jones and Derrick Rodgers. On September 17, 2000, Thomas collected a season-high 13 combined tackles during a 19–6 win against the Baltimore Ravens in Week 3. Thomas was sidelined during the Dolphins' Week 5 victory at the Cincinnati Bengals due to a sprained ankle. Thomas was inactive for four games (Weeks 9–12) after aggravating his sprained ankle during a Week 8 loss at the New York Jets the previous week. He finished the 2000 season with 99 combined tackles, 1.5 sacks, and an interception in 11 games and 11 starts.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Defensive coordinator Jim Bates retained Thomas as the starting middle linebacker. He started alongside Twan Russell and Derrick Rodgers to begin the 2001 regular season.


title: Zach Thomas

text: He started in the Miami Dolphins' season-opener at the Tennessee Titans and recorded nine combined tackles, deflected two passes, and returned an interception for a touchdown in their 31–23 victory. Thomas intercepted a pass by Titans backup quarterback Neil O'Donnell, that was intended for tight end Erron Kinney, and returned it for a 34-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. The following week, he collected a career-high 18 combined tackles (nine solo) during an 18–15 victory against the Oakland Raiders in Week 2. In Week 5, he recorded nine combined tackles and made a season-high 1.5 sacks as the Dolphins lost 21–17 at the New York Jets. Thomas finished the 2001 season with 154 combined tackles (94 solo), three sacks, two pass deflections, two interceptions, and a touchdown in 15 games and 15 starts. Head coach Dave Wannstedt chose to rest Thomas during the Dolphins' Week 17 win against the Buffalo Bills as they had already clinched a playoff berth. Thomas was also selected to play in the 2002 Pro Bowl.


title: Zach Thomas

text: The Miami Dolphins finished second in the AFC East in 2001 with an 11–5 record. On January 13, 2002, Thomas recorded 22 combined tackles (14 solo) during the Dolphins' 20–3 loss against the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wildcard Game.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Thomas returned as the starting middle linebacker under head coach Dave Wannstedt and started alongside outside linebackers Derrick Rodgers and Morlon Greenwood. On December 29, 2002, Thomas collected a season-high 16 combined tackles (11 solo) in the Dolphins' 27-24 loss at the New England Patriots in Week 17. He started in all 16 games in 2002 and recorded 156 combined tackles (101 solo), two pass deflections, an interception, and was credited with half a sack.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On March 27, 2003, the Miami Dolphins signed Thomas to a five-year, $33.75 million contract extension that included a signing bonus of $10.50 million. The agreement kept him under contract with Miami through 2008.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On November 2, 2003, Thomas collected a season-high 19 combined tackles (12 solo) in the Dolphins' 23–17 loss to the Indianapolis Colts in Week 9. He was inactive for the Dolphins' Week 10 loss at the Tennessee Titans due to a groin injury. On November 27, 2003, Thomas made six combined tackles, a pass deflection, a sack, and an interception during a 40–21 victory at the Dallas Cowboys in Week 13. Thomas intercepted a pass by Cowboys' quarterback Quincy Carter, that was intended for wide receiver Terry Glenn, in the fourth quarter. He finished the 2002 season with 152 combined tackles


title: Zach Thomas

text: (84 solo), six pass deflections, three interceptions, and a sack in 15 games and 15 starts. Thomas was selected to play in the 2004 Pro Bowl and earned his fifth All-Pro selection in six years.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Thomas started alongside Morlon Greenwood and Junior Seau in 2004 after the Dolphins signed Seau during free agency. On November 9, 2004, head coach Dave Wannstedt unexpectedly announced his resignation as the Miami Dolphins' head coach after they declined and fell to a 1-8 record. Defensive coordinator Jim Bates was promoted to interim head coach for the last seven games of the regular season. Thomas injured his hamstring and was sidelined for three games (Weeks 13–15). On December 26, 2004, Thomas collected a season-high 18 combined tackles (nine solo) during the Dolphins' 10–7 victory against the Cleveland Browns in Week 16. He finished the 2004 NFL season with 145 combined tackles (85 solo), four pass deflections, and two sacks in 13 games and 13 starts. The Miami Dolphins finished with a disappointing record of 4–12 and the remaining coaching staff was fired after the season.


title: Zach Thomas

text: the 2005 season alongside outside linebackers Channing Crowder and Junior Seau. He also played under defensive coordinator Richard Smith and linebackers coach George Edwards.


title: Zach Thomas

text: In Week 3, he collected a season-high 16 combined tackles (nine solo), broke up a pass, and made a sack during a 27–24 win against the Carolina Panthers. On October 21, 2005, Thomas made 14 combined tackles (eight solo) as the Dolphins lost 30–20 to the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 7. His 14 combined tackles against the Chiefs continued his streak of six consecutive games with double-digit tackles. In Week 11, Thomas injured his shoulder and was inactive for the next two games (Weeks 12–13). On December 11, 2005, Thomas recorded 11 combined tackles (nine solo), broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Chargers' quarterback Drew Brees as the Dolphins defeated the San Diego Chargers 23–21 in Week 15. On December 19, 2005, it was announced that Thomas was selected to play in the 2006 Pro Bowl, marking his seventh Pro Bowl selection of his career. He tied for the third most Pro Bowl appearances in club history; this is also the record for most Pro Bowl selections among all defensive players in the Dolphins'


title: Zach Thomas

text: franchise history. Thomas finished his tenth season in 2005 with 158 combined tackles (104 solo), three pass deflections, two sacks, and two interceptions in 14 games and 14 starts.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On January 23, 2006, the Miami Dolphins hired former Houston Texans' head coach Dom Capers as their new defensive coordinator. Capers opted to retain Thomas as the starting middle linebacker and named Channing Crowder and Donnie Spragan the starting outside linebackers.


title: Zach Thomas

text: In Week 11, he collected 17 combined tackles (four solo) in a 24–20 victory against the Minnesota Vikings. The following week, he recorded six solo tackles, broke up a pass, and made two sacks on Lions'quarterback Jon Kitna during a 27–10 victory at the Detroit Lions in Week 12. On December 17, 2006, Thomas recorded a career-high 21 combined tackles during a 21–0 loss at the Buffalo Bills in Week 15. On December 20, 2006, Thomas was selected to play in the 2007 Pro Bowl as part of the AFC Roster. Thomas started all 16 games in 2006 and recorded a career-high 165 combined tackles (103 solo), nine passes defensed, three sacks, and an interception.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On January 3, 2007, Miami Dolphins' head coach Nick Saban resigned from his position to accept the head coaching job with the University of Alabama. Saban resigned after repeatedly denying he would accept the position. The Dolphins hired the San Diego Chargers' offensive coordinator Cam Cameron. Cameron retained Dom Capers as the defensive coordinator and George Edwards as the linebackers coach. Thomas remained the starting middle linebacker, alongside outside linebackers Channing Crowder and Joey Porter.


title: Zach Thomas

text: He started in the Miami Dolphins' season-opener at the Washington Redskins and collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (nine solo) and made one sack in their 16–13 loss.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On September 16, 2007, Thomas recorded ten combined tackles and broke up two passes before exiting the game due to a concussion he suffered while tackling Cowboys' fullback Oliver Hoyte in the third quarter of their 37–10 loss to the Dallas Cowboys.


title: Zach Thomas

text: His concussion rendered him inactive for the next two games (Weeks 3–4). On October 21, 2007, Thomas was involved in a car collision and sustained another concussion during the accident. His repeated concussions caused Thomas to have migraine headaches that lingered until being placed on the injured reserve list. On December 4, 2007, the Miami Dolphins officially placed Thomas on injured reserve after he missed five games (Weeks 8–13) due to his


title: Zach Thomas

text: repeated migraine headaches. On December 20, 2007, the Miami Dolphins hired Bill Parcells as their head of football operations. Thomas finished the 2007 season with 52 combined tackles (42 solo), two pass deflections, and a sack in five games and five starts.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On January 1, 2008, the Miami Dolphins fired head coach Cam Cameron after a 1-15 record. On February 14, 2008, the Miami Dolphins released Thomas after announcing that he no longer fit into their long term plans and his contract was terminated. Thomas received offers from the Dallas Cowboys, New Orleans Saints and New England Patriots.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On February 23, 2008, the Dallas Cowboys signed Thomas to a one-year, $3 million contract that included a signing bonus of $1 million. The signing of Thomas surprised media and observers, considering that he didn't have the previous experience or the size to play in the Cowboys 3-4 defense. After he joined the roster, the Cowboys traded linebacker Akin Ayodele to the Miami Dolphins to clear space for Thomas to become a starter at inside linebacker. Thomas started alongside Bradie James and outside linebackers DeMarcus Ware and Greg Ellis. In Week 4, he collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (six solo) during the Cowboys' 26–24 loss to the Washington Redskins. He finished the season with 94 combined tackles (65 solo), three pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and 14 starts.


title: Zach Thomas

text: An unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason, Thomas agreed to terms with the Kansas City Chiefs on April 11. The one-year contract was worth $2 million.


title: Zach Thomas

text: He suffered a concussion early in training camp and was eventually released on September 5, after not playing in any exhibition games. In October, he filed a grievance against the Chiefs for releasing him without an injury settlement while recovering.


title: Zach Thomas

text: On May 18, 2010, the Miami Dolphins signed Thomas to a one-day ceremonial contract, officially worth $1, in order to retire as a member of the Miami Dolphins. He also owns the Zach's Club 54 in Amarillo and Lubbock.


title: Zach Thomas

text: In addition to being a seven-time All-Pro selection by the "Associated Press" and a seven-time Pro Bowl selection, Thomas earned the following awards and honors in his NFL career:


title: Zach Thomas

text: Thomas was raised in Pampa, Texas by his parents, Steve and Bobby Thomas. He has an older brother, Bart Thomas, and younger sister, Katina Thomas. Katina was married to Thomas' Dolphins' teammate, Jason Taylor, from 2000 to 2015 and has three children with him. Katina filed for divorce on January 25, 2015, and it was officially finalized on February 10, 2015.


title: Zach Thomas

text: Thomas' father, Steve Thomas, is the builder and proprietor of the second largest cross in the Western Hemisphere, located in Groom, Texas. Thomas is married to Maritza Thomas.


title: Zach Thomas

text: For the first three-years of his career Thomas earned the league minimum and lived with teammate Larry Izzo.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: The Constitution of Nigeria is the written supreme law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Nigeria has had many constitutions. Its current form was enacted on 29 May 1999 and inaugurated the Fourth Nigerian Republic.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: Nigeria's structure and composition are a legacy of British colonial rule. It has over 374 multilingual groups with different cultures and traditions. This diversity contributes to Nigeria being "one of the world's most deeply divided countries" with rampant political corruption. As a result, Nigeria has undergone many attempts to form an effective constitution. These efforts include civilian and military rule, centrifugal and centralized federalism, presidential and parliamentary systems, and other political institutions.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: An Order in Council enacted Nigeria's first constitutions during the colonial era when the country was administered as a Crown Colony. These constitutions include the Clifford Constitution of 1922, the Richards Constitution of 1946, the Macpherson Constitution of 1951, and the Lyttleton Constitution of 1954.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: Westminster approved a new constitution for n Nigeria in 1946. It was called the Richards Constitution after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation. Although it left effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, it also established an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the country. It also created three regional Houses of Assembly to consider local questions and advise the lieutenant governors.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: The Richards Constitution recognized the country's diversity by introducing the federal principle with its regional authority. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution intensified regionalism instead of encouraging political unification. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: An inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950 drafted a new constitution. It was dubbed the Macpherson Constitution after the incumbent Governor-General John Stuart Macpherson. It went into effect the following year, in 1951.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: The Macpherson Constitution provided for regional autonomy and federal union, creating a central government with a Council of Ministers. This encouraged political participation and party activity at the national level. However, the regional governments had broad legislative powers that could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives. As a result, the Macpherson Constitution significantly boosted regionalism.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: The next revision of the constitution was called the Lyttleton Constitution after Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos. It was enacted in 1954 and firmly established the federal principle. This paved the way for Nigeria's independence from Great Britain.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: A British Order-in-Council enacted Nigeria's first constitution as a sovereign state. It came into force upon the country's independence on 1 October 1960. Under this constitution, Nigeria retained Queen Elizabeth II as titular head of state, Queen of Nigeria. Nnamdi Azikiwe represented the queen as Governor-General.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: Independent Nigeria's second constitution established the First Nigerian Republic. It came into force on 1 October 1963, the third anniversary of Nigeria's independence. Nnamdi Azikiwe became the first President of Nigeria. The 1963 constitution was based on the Westminster system. It was used until a military coup in 1966 that overthrew Nigeria's democratic institutions.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: The 1979 constitution established the Second Nigerian Republic. It abandoned the Westminster system in favour of a United States-style presidential system with direct elections. To avoid the pitfalls of the First Nigerian Republic, the 1979 constitution mandated political parties which were required to register in at least two-thirds of the states. In addition, it established a Cabinet of Nigeria, with each state having at least one member. This gave a "federal character" to the nation.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: The 1993 constitution established the Third Nigerian Republic. This constitution was supposed to return democratic rule to Nigeria but was never fully implemented. The military controlled the country until 1999.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: The 1999 constitution created the Fourth Nigerian Republic, a federation with democratic rule. It remains in force today.


title: Constitution of Nigeria

text: The 1999 constitution identifies the national capital, 36 states and their capitals, and 774 local government areas within Nigeria. It establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government and details their duties and the separation of powers between the branches and federal and state governments. Nigeria's legislative powers are vested in a National Assembly with two chambers: a Senate and a House of Representatives. The constitution gives the National Assembly the power to make laws for "peace, order and good government of the Federation".