title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford rejected the Assembly's entire budget on June 13, 2006. Had this veto stood, the state government would have shut down on July 1. He explained his veto as being the only way to get the cuts he desired, and that using the line-item veto would have been inadequate as well as impossible. However, in a special session the following day, both houses dismissed Sanford's call for reform by overriding his veto–effectively restoring their original budget.


title: Mark Sanford

text: In 2003, Sanford sought to reform the state's public college system. Sanford has criticized these schools as focusing too much on separately creating research institutions and not on educating the young adults of South Carolina. Sanford also suggested that they combine some programs as a means of curbing tuition increases. The schools did not respond positively to this suggestion, however, causing Sanford to remark that "if any institution ultimately feels uncomfortable with our push toward coordination, they can exit the system and go private."


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford's first term included other controversies. A "Time" magazine article in November 2005, critical of Sanford, said that some "fear his thrift has brought the state's economy to a standstill."


title: Mark Sanford

text: His campaign for re-election in 2006 began by Sanford winning the June 13 Republican Primary over Oscar Lovelace, a family physician from Prosperity, with 65% of the vote to Lovelace's 35%. His Democratic competitor in the November elections was state senator Tommy Moore, whom Sanford beat by 55%–45%. Ultimately, Sanford left his first House stint with a 55% approval rating.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On Election Day, Sanford was not allowed to vote in his home precinct because he did not have his voter registration card. He was obliged to go to a voter registration office to get a new registration card. "I hope everybody else out there is as determined to vote as I was today", he said. Sanford's driver's license had a Columbia address, but Sanford was trying to vote at his home precinct in Sullivan's Island. According to WAGT in Augusta, Georgia (whose service area includes part of South Carolina) Sanford declared that it would be his last campaign.


title: Mark Sanford

text: In dissent with the Republican Party of South Carolina, Sanford opposed the faith-based license plates his state offers, marketed largely to the state's conservative evangelical citizens. After the law to passed without his signature, he wrote: "It is my personal view that the largest proclamation of one's faith ought to be in how one lives his life." The Base Load Review act which ultimately led to the Nukegate scandal, the largest business failure in South Carolina's, was also passed without Sanford's signature.


title: Mark Sanford

text: After the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (known as the stimulus), which Sanford strongly opposed and publicly criticized before and after its passage by Congress and presidential signing, Sanford initially indicated he might not accept all of the funds allotted by the spending law to South Carolina. He was criticized by many Democrats and some moderate Republicans, both in his state and outside it, who noted South Carolina's 9.5% unemployment rate (one of the highest in the country) and complained that Sanford was not doing enough to improve economic conditions in his state, which could be alleviated by the stimulus money. Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Republican governor of California, suggested that if Sanford or other governors rejected their portion of stimulus funds, he would be happy to take them instead.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On March 11, 2009, Sanford became the first United States governor to formally reject a portion of the federal stimulus money earmarked by Congress for the state of South Carolina. Sanford compromised to accept the federal money on condition that the state legislature provide matching funds to pay down the South Carolina state debt.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford persuaded state legislator Nikki Haley to run as his successor, and campaigned on her behalf.


title: Mark Sanford

text: From June 18 until June 24, 2009, the whereabouts of Sanford were unknown to the public, his wife, and the State Law Enforcement Division (which provides security for all South Carolina governors). The mystery surrounding Sanford's whereabouts garnered nationwide news coverage; his absence was first reported by Jim Davenport of the Associated Press. Lieutenant Governor André Bauer announced that he could not "take lightly" that Sanford's staff had not communicated with him "for more than four days, and that no one, including his own family, knows his whereabouts."


title: Mark Sanford

text: Before his disappearance, Sanford told his staff that he would be hiking on the Appalachian Trail. While he was gone, he did not answer 15 cell phone calls from his chief of staff; he also failed to call his family on Father's Day.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Reporter Gina Smith of "The State" (the daily newspaper of Columbia, South Carolina) intercepted Sanford when he arrived at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport on a flight from Argentina. Several hours later, after learning that evidence of his true whereabouts was being swiftly discovered by the media, Sanford held a news conference during which he admitted to adultery. In emotional interviews with the Associated Press over two days, Sanford said he would die "knowing that I had met my soul mate." Sanford also said that he "crossed the lines" with a handful of other women during 20 years of marriage, but not as far as he did with his mistress. "There were a handful of instances wherein I crossed the lines I shouldn't have crossed as a married man, but never crossed the ultimate line", he said.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On June 25, "La Nación", a Buenos Aires newspaper, identified Sanford's mistress as María Belén Chapur, a 43-year-old divorced mother of two with a university degree in international relations who lived in Buenos Aires. Earlier, "The State" published details of e-mails between Sanford and a woman only identified as "Maria". Sanford met Chapur at a dance in Uruguay in 2001 and admitted that a more intimate relationship with her had begun in 2008.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford's wife had become aware of her husband's infidelities approximately five months before the scandal broke, and the two had sought marriage counseling. Jenny Sanford said that she had requested a trial separation about two weeks before his disappearance.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford told reporters that months before his affair became public, he had sought counsel at a controversial religious organization called The Family, of which he became a member when he was a representative in Washington, D.C. from 1995 to 2001.


title: Mark Sanford

text: According to Survey USA, Sanford's approval ratings in South Carolina after his admission of infidelity (6-24-09) showed that "60% think the governor should resign. 34% feel he should remain in office."


title: Mark Sanford

text: On August 25, state representatives Nathan Ballentine and Gary Simrill met with Sanford and warned him that the state legislature would impeach him if he did not resign. Ballentine, an ally of Sanford's, said afterward, "I told him the writing is on the wall. ...he could put an end to it all, but if he doesn't, members of the House will take things into their hands." Sanford still declined to resign.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On August 28, "The Washington Times" reported that Republican lawmakers in South Carolina were "laying plans" for a special legislative session on whether to impeach Sanford. Two bills of impeachment were being prepared, with bipartisan support in the state legislature.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On October 23, 2009, two impeachment resolutions were introduced, but were blocked by Democrats in the South Carolina legislature. A month later, the resolution was successfully introduced and it was announced that an "ad hoc" committee would begin drafting articles of impeachment starting on November 24. Meanwhile, the Ethics Commission formally charged Sanford with 37 violations.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On December 3, during its third public hearing on the matter, the "ad hoc" committee unanimously voted to remove the vast majority of charges from the investigation, stating that they did not warrant "overturning an election." On December 9, the committee voted 6–1 against impeachment, stating that the legislature had better things to do.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On December 15, 2009, the House Judiciary Committee voted unanimously to censure Sanford. The full South Carolina House of Representatives passed the resolution by a vote of 102–11 in January 2010.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford resigned as Chairman of the Republican Governors Association following the disclosure of his affair. He was swiftly succeeded by Mississippi governor Haley Barbour. In a June 29 email to members of his political action committee, Sanford said he had no intention of resigning as governor.


title: Mark Sanford

text: After his affair was revealed in June 2009, Sanford said: "There's been a lot of speculation and innuendo on whether or not public money were used to advance my admitted unfaithfulness. To be very clear: no public money was ever used in connection with this." After a Freedom of Information Act request was filed, Sanford eventually chose to reimburse taxpayers for expenses he had incurred one year earlier with his mistress in Argentina. He said, "I made a mistake while I was there in meeting with the woman who I was unfaithful to my wife with. That has raised some very legitimate concerns and questions, and as such, I am going to reimburse the state for the full cost of the Argentina leg of this trip." On August 9, 2009, the AP reported that Sanford may have violated state law by other inappropriate use of state planes, including using a state plane to get a haircut.


title: Mark Sanford

text: After telling "Vogue" magazine that her husband was having a "midlife crisis," Sanford’s wife, Jenny Sanford, moved out of the South Carolina Governor’s Mansion with the couple’s four sons, returning to the family home on Sullivan’s Island. On December 11, 2009, she announced that she was filing for divorce, calling it a "sad and painful process." The divorce was finalized in March 2010. A stipulation within the divorce papers required that while on the Sanford family’s Coosaw plantation, "no airplanes will be flown at children." The papers also noted that Sanford liked to "unwind" by digging holes on the property with his hydraulic excavator.


title: Mark Sanford

text: In August 2012, Sanford became engaged to Chapur. The engagement was subsequently broken off in September 2014.


title: Mark Sanford

text: In September 2014, Mark and Jenny Sanford agreed on mediation over an argument arising from their divorce. Jenny Sanford unsuccessfully petitioned the judge to require that Sanford undergo a psychiatric exam and take parenting and anger management classes. Judge Daniel Martin Jr. ordered the parties to take the issues to mediation within 30 days.


title: Mark Sanford

text: During his 2003-2011 gubernatorial term, Sanford vetoed 278 bills, 213 (77%) of which were overridden by the legislature.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Following completion of his service as governor in January 2011, Sanford moved to his family farm in Beaufort County, South Carolina, and later moved to a condominium in Charleston, South Carolina. He has described this as a very quiet and spiritual time, and developed a Buddhist/Christian life approach including a daily quiet time, practicing mindfulness, and emphasizing everyone's 'shared human experience.'


title: Mark Sanford

text: In December 2012, CNN reported that Sanford was considering a bid to retake his congressional seat. The previous holder, fellow Republican Tim Scott, had been appointed to the United States Senate by Governor Nikki Haley after the resignation of Senator Jim DeMint. On December 22, 2012, Sanford sent an email to supporters, confirming rumors that he intended to run for Congress in 2013.


title: Mark Sanford

text: During his prior years as a representative on Capitol Hill, he was often identified as an ally of libertarian/conservative Ron Paul while they served in the House together.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford formally launched his bid for Congress in early 2013. He quickly became a front-runner in a crowded field of 16 Republican candidates, because of his name recognition. On April 2, 2013, Sanford won his Republican House primary runoff against Curtis Bostic, a former Charleston County Councilman.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On April 17, 2013, the National Republican Congressional Committee pulled support from the Sanford campaign in the wake of revelations that Jenny Sanford had filed a trespassing complaint against him on February 4. According to the complaint, Jenny Sanford had caught her former husband sneaking out of her home in Sullivan's Island, without her knowledge of his presence, using his cellphone as a flashlight. Under the terms of their divorce agreement, neither Mark nor Jenny Sanford may come to the other's house without permission—a condition Jenny Sanford alleged that Mark Sanford had flouted on numerous occasions despite Jenny Sanford filing a "no trespass" letter with the Sullivan's Island Police Department. In a statement, Mark Sanford admitted that he had gone to the house to watch the second half of Super Bowl XLVII with his son. He claimed to have tried to contact Jenny beforehand but was unable to do so. Jenny Sanford filed the complaint the next morning. Several Republican operatives said that they were upset Sanford had known about this complaint for some time and failed to disclose it.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford was endorsed by FreedomWorks, South Carolina governor Nikki Haley, U.S. representative and House speaker John Boehner, state senator Tom Davis, former South Carolina state treasurer Thomas Ravenel, perennial candidate Ben Frasier, former U.S. representative from Texas Ron Paul, and U.S. senator from Kentucky Rand Paul. On May 1, 2013, U.S. senator and former U.S. representative Tim Scott and U.S. senator Lindsey Graham endorsed Sanford. Pornographer Larry Flynt also endorsed him, saying "His open embrace of his mistress in the name of love, breaking his sacred marriage vows, was an act of bravery that has drawn my support."


title: Mark Sanford

text: On May 7, 2013, Sanford was once again elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 54.04% of the vote, defeating economist and author Elizabeth Colbert Busch.


title: Mark Sanford

text: In 2016, Sanford was renominated by the Republican Party for another Congressional term, defeating his sole primary opponent, state representative Jenny Horne, with 55.61% of the vote, and in the November general election was re-elected by a margin of 58.56% to a total of 36.83% for his major opponent, Dimitri Cherry, who was nominated on the lines of the Democratic, Working Families and Green Parties, as South Carolina is one of the states practicing electoral fusion. (Other candidates received approximately 4.6% of the vote.)


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford was criticized by President Donald Trump via Twitter for being "very unhelpful," and "nothing but trouble" hours before polls closed on the day of the June 12th Republican primary. Trump also endorsed state representative Katie Arrington as the Republican nominee for Sanford's seat. Arrington defeated Sanford in the Republican primary by garnering 50.5% of the vote, to Sanford's 46.5%. Sanford became the second Republican to lose renomination to the House of Representatives in the 2018 election cycle.


title: Mark Sanford

text: After his loss, "The New York Times" wrote, "Mark Sanford of South Carolina found out the hard way, in his surprise primary defeat" that "having a conservative voting record is less important than demonstrating total loyalty to Mr. Trump." On November 6, 2018, Democrat Joe Cunningham was elected as his successor, defeating Arrington in an upset election. Sanford became a teaching fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics after the 2018 election.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On June 5, 2014, Sanford introduced the TSA Office of Inspection Accountability Act of 2014 (H.R. 4803; 113th Congress), a bill that would direct the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to review the data and methods that the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) uses to classify personnel as law enforcement officers and to reclassify, as necessary, any staff of the Office of Inspection that are currently misclassified according to the results of that review. Sanford said that "even though there are federal standards in place that lay out how employees qualify for higher wages, the Transportation Security Administration pays some of their employees more for jobs they're not doing. That wouldn't make sense anywhere outside of government and our bill would help fix that problem by clarifying those employees' responsibilities." According to Sanford, accurately reclassifying employees who do not spent at least 50 percent of the time on law enforcement activities and putting them on an accurate pay scale would save the government $17 million a year.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford posted lengthy remarks on his Facebook page on September 12, 2014, regarding Jenny Sanford’s "legal machinations surrounding the custody of their children." His remarks on Facebook on that date were longer than the total of all his 2014 speeches on the floor of the House of Representatives.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Despite the fact that Sanford supported Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election, he became "one of the president’s most eloquent critics" early in Trump's tenure, according to "The Washington Post". According to NPR, "Sanford hasn't been shy at voicing his disgust with Trump and his distaste for the president's brash style of politics and frequent bending of the truth." In a February 2017 interview, Sanford said that Trump "at some level... represents the antithesis, or the undoing, of everything I thought I knew about politics, preparation and life." According to an analysis by "FiveThirtyEight", only four Republican House members voted less frequently with Trump than Sanford.


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford criticized President Donald Trump's 2017 executive order to temporarily curtail Muslim immigration until better screening methods were devised. He stated that "I'm hearing a voice of concern that things are moving from weird to reckless in their view. And that even if you're going to enact this policy, the way in which it was done just seems bizarre." In early 2017, Sanford signed a letter urging Congress to request Donald Trump's tax returns so that they could be reviewed in a closed session of Congress to determine whether they could be released to the public. In his 2018 re-election campaign ads, Sanford boasted of having voted with the president "89 percent of the time." He also expressed support for Trump's wall on the US-Mexico border.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On May 4, 2017, Sanford voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and pass the American Health Care Act.


title: Mark Sanford

text: In 2006, before the midterm elections, some commentators discussed the possibility of Sanford running for president. He said that he would not run, and claimed that his re-election bid would be his last election, win or lose. After Super Tuesday in 2008, Sanford received some mention as a potential running mate for the presumptive Republican presidential candidate, John McCain. Sanford publicly aligned himself with McCain in a March 15, 2008, piece in "The Wall Street Journal". Likening the presidential race to a football game at halftime, Sanford noted that he "sat out the first half, not endorsing a candidate...But I'm now stepping onto the field and going to work to help John McCain. It's important that conservatives do the same."


title: Mark Sanford

text: On January 11, 2008, shortly before the South Carolina presidential primaries (R Jan 19, D Jan 26), Sanford published a guest column in the Columbia newspaper "The State". In the article, "Obama's Symbolism Here", Sanford wrote, "I won't be voting for Barack Obama for president", but noted the "historical burden" borne by South Carolinians on the topic of race. He advised voters in South Carolina to take note of the symbolism of Obama's early success, with the knowledge that South Carolina was a segregated state less than fifty years earlier, and discouraged voting either for or against Obama on the basis of his race.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On a January 18, 2008 interview with CNN's Wolf Blitzer, Sanford discussed his Obama article. Wolf Blitzer asked, "Give us your mind-set. Why did you think it was so important to write this piece right now at this critical moment?" Sanford responded, "Well, it plays into a larger conversation that we're having as a family of South Carolinians on, in fact, the [constitutional] structure of our government." Blitzer also showed Sanford clips of recent comments made by John McCain and Mike Huckabee about the Confederate battle flag and asked Sanford, "All right, two different positions, obviously. Who's right in this?" Sanford responded, "Well, it depends who you talk to." Sanford elaborated that "if you were to talk to the vast majority of South Carolinians, they would say that we do not need to be debating where the Confederate flag is or is not."


title: Mark Sanford

text: Sanford attracted derision in the liberal blogosphere and among pundits and analysts on the left for a gaffe during an interview with CNN's Blitzer on July 13, 2008, when he had difficulty answering a question about differences between Senator McCain and incumbent President George W. Bush on economic policy. "I'm drawing a blank, and I hate when I do that, especially on television", joked Sanford.


title: Mark Sanford

text: As early as January 2008, there had been anticipation that Sanford would run for President in 2012, and online support groups had sprung up on social networks like Facebook for a Sanford ticket.


title: Mark Sanford

text: At the time, the governor neither ruled out nor expressly hinted at a run. Further boosting Sanford's profile in advance of a potential candidacy, he was elected as Chairman of the Republican Governors Association in November 2008 and was cited by Michael S. Steele, the chairman of the Republican Party as one of four "rising stars" in the GOP (alongside governors Bobby Jindal of Louisiana, Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota and Sarah Palin of Alaska) in February 2009. Sanford also received early support for a presidential run from the Republican Liberty Caucus.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On February 22, 2009, Sanford declined to rule out a possible presidential bid in 2012, though he professed to have no current plans to run for national office.


title: Mark Sanford

text: "Washington Post" blogger Chris Cillizza said that the revelation of the extramarital affair in June 2009 ended Sanford's chances of being a serious candidate in 2012.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On January 4, 2010, Sanford stated, "If there's anything that's abundantly clear, it's that I ain't running for president," and indicated that he would enter the private sector after his last 11 months as governor.


title: Mark Sanford

text: On July 16, 2019, Sanford confirmed that he was interested in challenging Trump for the presidency in 2020, citing "his alarm over the nation's finances" as a reason for doing so. He said he would decide on a potential candidacy by September 2, 2019, but postponed it at the last minute because of Hurricane Dorian. On September 8, 2019, he formally launched his campaign and declared his candidacy for the Republican nomination on "Fox News Sunday".


title: Mark Sanford

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 1994, write-ins received 63 votes. In 1998, write-ins received 71 votes. In 2013, write-ins received 383 votes.


title: Glitch (South Korean TV series)

text: Glitch () is a 2022 South Korean streaming television series directed by Roh Deok and written by Gin Han-sai. Starring Jeon Yeo-been and Nana, it tells the story of a young woman who tries to track down her missing boyfriend with the help of a UFO-watching club. The show was released on 7 October 2022 on Netflix.


title: Glitch (South Korean TV series)

text: Hong Ji-hyo comes from a rich family. She has a steady job, obtained through family connections. One night, her boyfriend of four years suddenly disappears. As she goes in search of him, she tries to uncover the truth behind a mysterious secret with the help of a community of UFO watchers, including Heo Bo-ra.


title: Glitch (South Korean TV series)

text: On 30 December 2020, Netflix confirmed through a press release that it would distribute a Korean original series titled "Glitch", to be produced by Studio 329 and written by "Extracurricular" writer, Gin Han-sai.


title: Glitch (South Korean TV series)

text: Jeon Yeo-been was offered the lead role in early March. In mid-March, director Roh Deok and Jeon Yeo-been confirmed they had joined the series. On 19 March 2021, Nana was confirmed to play the role of a twitch streamer on the show.


title: Glitch (South Korean TV series)

text: On 23 July 2021, filming was temporarily halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic and one of the performers possibly being infected. Filming resumed on 21 May 2021 and continued until 23 December. On 28 May 2021, images from a script-reading location were revealed.


title: Glitch (South Korean TV series)

text: The series had its premiere at the 27th Busan International Film Festival, in the 'On Screen' section, on 6 October 2022. Four episodes out of ten were introduced in the premiere. It became available for streaming on Netflix on 7 October 2022.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a school teacher, Mr. Chipping, written by English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934. It has been adapted into two feature films and two television presentations.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: The story was originally issued in 1933, as a supplement to the "British Weekly", an evangelical newspaper. It came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of "The Atlantic Monthly". The success of the "Atlantic Monthly" publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little, Brown and Company, who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934. Published during the Great Depression, Little, Brown cautiously released a small first print run. Public demand for more was immediate and Little, Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month. Public demand remained strong, and Little, Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months, with at least two reprintings per month.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: The first British edition went to press in October 1934. The publishers were Hodder & Stoughton, who had observed the success of the book in the United States, and they released a much larger first print run. It sold 15,000 copies on the day of publication, and they quickly found themselves going into reprints as the reading public's demand for the book proved insatiable. With the huge success of this book, James Hilton became a best-selling author. In 1938, he published a sequel, "To You, Mr Chips".


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: The novella tells the story of a beloved school teacher, Mr Chipping, and his long tenure at Brookfield School, a fictional minor British boys' public boarding school located in the fictional village of Brookfield in the Fenlands. Mr Chips, as the boys call him, is conventional in his beliefs and exercises firm discipline in the classroom. His views broaden, and his pedagogical manner loosens after he marries Katherine, a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District. Katherine charms the Brookfield teachers and headmaster and quickly wins the favour of Brookfield's pupils. Their marriage is brief. She dies in childbirth and he never remarries or has another romantic interest.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: One of the themes of the book is that Chipping so outlasts all of his peers that his brief marriage fades into myth and few people know him as anything other than a confirmed and lonely bachelor. Despite Chipping's mediocre credentials and his view that classic Greek and Latin (his academic subjects) are dead languages, he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by pupils and the school's governors—he has become a well-worn institution. In his later years, he develops an arch sense of humour that pleases everyone. However, he also becomes somewhat of an anachronism, with an antiquated pronunciation and is pitied for his isolation. On his deathbed, he talks of the fulfilment he felt as a teacher of boys.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: The setting for "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" is probably based on The Leys School, Cambridge, where James Hilton was a pupil (1915–18). Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist, Mr. Chips, came from many sources, including his father, who was the headmaster of Chapel End School. Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W. H. Balgarnie, a master at The Leys (1900–30), who was in charge of the "Leys Fortnightly" (in which Hilton's first short stories and essays were published). Over the years, old boys wrote to Geoffery Houghton, a master at The Leys and a historian of the school, confirming the links between Chipping and Balgarnie, who eventually died at Porthmadog at the age of 82. Balgarnie had been linked with the school for 51 years and spent his last years in modest lodgings nearby. Like Mr. Chips, Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian, but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: Hilton wrote upon Balgarnie's death that "Balgarnie was, I suppose, the chief model for my story. When I read so many other stories about public school life, I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did, and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie." The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname "Chops", a likely inspiration for Mr Chips' name.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: In Hilton's final novel, "Time and Time Again" (1953), protagonist Charles Anderson bears clear biographical similarities to Hilton himself. Early in the novel, Anderson briefly reminisces about attending Brookfield and knowing "Chips".


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: A 50-minute adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:00 on 23 July 1936, with Richard Goolden in the title part and a cast that included Norman Shelley, Ronald Simpson, Lewis Shaw and Hermione Hannen. There was a repeat broadcast the following evening.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: A radio adaptation by the "Lux Radio Theatre" starring Laurence Olivier and Edna Best and presented by Cecil B. DeMille was first broadcast on 20 November 1939.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: A radio adaptation by The NBC University Theatre was broadcast on 9 July 1949. Agnes Eckhardt wrote the adaptation, and Andrew C. Love was the director.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: Barbara Burnham adapted the book for a stage production in three acts, which was first performed at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 23 September 1938, with Leslie Banks as Mr. Chips and Constance Cummings as his wife Katherine. It ran for over 100 performances until 14 January 1939.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: A stage musical based on the original novel, but using most of the Leslie Bricusse vocal score of the 1969 film, was mounted at the Chichester Festival and opened on 11 August 1982. The book was by Roland Starke and the production was directed by Patrick Garland and Christopher Selbie. Among the Chichester Festival cast were John Mills as Mr. Chips, Colette Gleeson as Kathie, Nigel Stock as Max, Michael Sadler and Robert Meadmore in supporting roles, and 20 local school boys, including Kevin Farrar who was selected by Bricusse to sing the final verse of the iconic "School Song", which features on the original cast album which was recorded on the That's Entertainment Records label TER 1025 at Abbey Roads Studios in London on 17/18 August 1982. JAY-jay Records also have a release of it.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: This version stars Robert Donat, Greer Garson, Terry Kilburn, John Mills, and Paul Henreid. Donat won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the lead role, beating Clark Gable, James Stewart, Laurence Olivier, and Mickey Rooney. While some of the incidents depicted in the various screen adaptations do not appear in the book, this film is generally faithful to the original story. The exteriors of the buildings of the fictional Brookfield School were filmed at Repton School, an independent school (at the time of filming, for boys only), located in the village of Repton, in Derbyshire, in the Midlands area of England, whilst the interiors, school courtyards and annexes, including the supposedly exterior shots of the Austrian Tyrol Mountains, were filmed at Denham Film Studios, near the village of Denham in Buckinghamshire. Around 200 boys from Repton School stayed on during the school holidays so that they could appear in the film.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: In 1969 a musical film version appeared, starring Peter O'Toole and Petula Clark, with songs by Leslie Bricusse and an underscore by John Williams. In this version the character of Katherine is greatly expanded, and the time setting of the story is moved forward several decades, with Chips' career beginning in the early 20th century and his later career covering World War II, rather than World War I. O'Toole and Clark's performances were widely praised. At the 42nd Academy Awards, O'Toole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: In 1984 it was adapted as a television serial by the BBC. It starred Roy Marsden and Jill Meager and ran for six half-hour episodes. Many scenes were filmed at Repton School, Derbyshire, in an effort to remain faithful to the original film.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: A television film adaptation was produced by STV Studios (then known as "SMG TV Productions") in 2002. It aired on the ITV Network in Britain and on PBS's "Masterpiece Theatre" in the United States. It starred Martin Clunes and Victoria Hamilton with Henry Cavill, William Moseley, Oliver Rokison and Harry Lloyd.


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" was parodied in the British sketch comedy programmes "Hale and Pace" (as "Piss Off, Mr. Chips") and "Big Train".


title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: Vince Gilligan created the television show "Breaking Bad" with the premise that the show's protagonist Walter White would turn "From Mr. Chips to "Scarface"" through the series' course.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: The MG ZS is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by the Chinese automotive manufacturer SAIC Motor under the British MG marque. Announced at the 2016 Guangzhou Auto Show in China, the MG ZS is the second SUV to be produced under the MG marque after the MG GS. It is positioned below the larger GS or HS, and above the smaller MG 3 hatchback. It is currently the brand's best selling model in international markets.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: The vehicle notably revives the name previously used for the MG ZS small family car which was produced by MG Rover between 2001 and 2005. Previously, MG planned to use the name MG XS for the vehicle in the United Kingdom to avoid confusion with the previous MG ZS, but this change of name was reverted shortly after its launch in the country. It was also introduced as the MG Astor in India in September 2021.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: The ZS was launched in China in March 2017. It was also announced at the London Motor Show in May 2017 for the British market, and it was officially sold at the end of 2017. The ZS was also shown at the Auto Shanghai Motor Show in April 2017.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: The ZS was launched in Australia in November 2017. At launch, it comes in two variants, with the entry level Soul and flagship Essence. An entry level Core trim was released in 2018. Engine options available were the 1.5-litre naturally-aspirated engine that produces and , and the top grade model received a 1.0-litre turbo unit with a that brings and .


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: In October 2020, the ZS was introduced alongside the MG 5 and HS in Mexico, marking the return of the MG marque in the Mexican market after 15 years.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: In 2019, the facelifted ZS was revealed in China, it features a redesigned front fascia with new headlamps that are now disconnected from the grille which has been reshaped. At the rear, it gets a new rear bumper and redesigned taillamps. Its updated dashboard now has a larger 10.1 inch infotainment screen.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: The facelifted ZS was revealed on 24 March 2020 in Thailand, featuring 1.5-litre SAIC "NetBlue Blue Core Power Technology" I4 engine, eight speed CVT stepless, along with a package of driver assistance systems, six airbags and a 360-degree view monitor.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: On 3 July 2020, the facelifted ZS was launched in the United Kingdom. It was shown to have a revised grille, new LED headlights, sportier front bumper and new front fog lights. The 1.5-litre engine with the five speed manual gearbox produces and of torque. takes 10.4 seconds, with a top speed of .


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: In September 2020, MG launched the ZS facelift as the MG ZST in Australia. The 'T' letter denotes the newly introduced turbo engine which is a 1.3-litre turbo petrol engine with 6-speed automatic gearbox and "MG Pilot" safety features.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: In September 2021, the facelift version was introduced in India as the MG Astor and will be sold alongside the ZS EV. Several adjustments were made for the Indian market, such as a redesigned grille.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: The ZS has two petrol engines options, an updated SMTC developed version of the naturally aspirated 1.5-litre as found in the MG3, known in this guise as the NSE Plus (formerly just NSE) the updated engine is tuned differently in each market based on locally applicable emission regulations.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: In China, for example, the engine is tuned to deliver and torque. In the United Kingdom, where the emission regulations are more strict, the engine delivers and of torque.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: The second engine is a new turbocharged three cylinder engine, developed by SAIC in conjunction with General Motors. In China, it produces and torque, but in the United Kingdom, it produces and torque.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: An all electric version made its debut as EZS at the 2018 Guangzhou Auto Show, featuring a 44.5 kWh battery, and a front positioned motor producing or and to the front wheels. It is available in the United Kingdom, parts of Europe, Thailand, China, and India. Except for China, the electric SUV is officially named as ZS EV, while the official name in China is EZS.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: It was revealed in Australia in November 2020 as the cheapest electric car in the market of all time. MG Australia predicted a sales target of 3,000 unit for the 2021 model year.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: In fall 2021, a facelift version arrived in Europe; it is scheduled to arrive in the UK in November 2021. Besides styling changes, it is also equipped with a larger, 72.6-kWh battery. At least in some markets, the manufacturer intends to introduce a smaller, 51-kWh battery version later. It was also launched in India on 7 March 2022.


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: A hybrid electric version was released in Thailand in July 2022 as the MG VS HEV. The VS features a redesigned front fascia and an updated dashboard design adapted from the Chinese market Roewe Lomemo. Total system output is rated at .


title: MG ZS (crossover)

text: The MG ZS scored a three star safety rating in the crash tests organised by Euro NCAP in December 2017, while the electric MG EZS received a five star safety rating.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Bacterial growth is proliferation of bacterium into two daughter cells, in a process called binary fission. Providing no event occurs, the resulting daughter cells are genetically identical to the original cell. Hence, bacterial growth occurs. Both daughter cells from the division do not necessarily survive. However, if the surviving number exceeds unity on average, the bacterial population undergoes exponential growth. The measurement of an exponential bacterial growth curve in batch culture was traditionally a part of the training of all microbiologists; the basic means requires bacterial enumeration (cell counting) by direct and individual (microscopic, flow cytometry), direct and bulk (biomass), indirect and individual (colony counting), or indirect and bulk (most probable number, turbidity, nutrient uptake) methods. Models reconcile theory with the measurements.


title: Bacterial growth

text: In autecological studies, the growth of bacteria (or other microorganisms, as protozoa, microalgae or yeasts) in batch culture can be modeled with four different phases: lag phase (A), log phase or exponential phase (B), stationary phase (C), and death phase (D).


title: Bacterial growth

text: This basic batch culture growth model draws out and emphasizes aspects of bacterial growth which may differ from the growth of macrofauna. It emphasizes clonality, asexual binary division, the short development time relative to replication itself, the seemingly low death rate, the need to move from a dormant state to a reproductive state or to condition the media, and finally, the tendency of lab adapted strains to exhaust their nutrients. In reality, even in batch culture, the four phases are not well defined. The cells do not reproduce in synchrony without explicit and continual prompting (as in experiments with stalked bacteria ) and their exponential phase growth is often not ever a constant rate, but instead a slowly decaying rate, a constant stochastic response to pressures both to reproduce and to go dormant in the face of declining nutrient concentrations and increasing waste concentrations.


title: Bacterial growth

text: The decrease in number of bacteria may even become logarithmic. Hence, this phase of growth may also be called as negative logarithmic or negative exponential growth phase.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Near the end of the logarithmic phase of a batch culture, competence for natural genetic transformation may be induced, as in "Bacillus subtilis" and in other bacteria. Natural genetic transformation is a form of DNA transfer that appears to be an adaptation for repairing DNA damages.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Batch culture is the most common laboratory growth method in which bacterial growth is studied, but it is only one of many. It is ideally spatially unstructured and temporally structured. The bacterial culture is incubated in a closed vessel with a single batch of medium. In some experimental regimes, some of the bacterial culture is periodically removed and added to fresh sterile medium. In the extreme case, this leads to the continual renewal of the nutrients. This is a chemostat, also known as continuous culture. It is ideally spatially unstructured and temporally unstructured, in a steady state defined by the rates of nutrient supply and bacterial growth. In comparison to batch culture, bacteria are maintained in exponential growth phase, and the growth rate of the bacteria is known. Related devices include turbidostats and auxostats. When "Escherichia coli" is growing very slowly with a doubling time of 16 hours in a chemostat most cells have a single chromosome.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Bacterial growth can be suppressed with bacteriostats, without necessarily killing the bacteria. Certain toxins can be used to suppress bacterial growth or kill bacteria. Antibiotics (or, more properly, antibacterial drugs) are drugs used to kill bacteria; they can have side effects or even cause adverse reactions in people, however they are not classified as toxins. In a synecological, true-to-nature situation in which more than one bacterial species is present, the growth of microbes is more dynamic and continual.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Liquid is not the only laboratory environment for bacterial growth. Spatially structured environments such as biofilms or agar surfaces present additional complex growth models.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Environmental factors influence rate of bacterial growth such as acidity (pH), temperature, water activity, macro and micro nutrients, oxygen levels, and toxins. Conditions tend to be relatively consistent between bacteria with the exception of extremophiles. Bacterium have optimal growth conditions under which they thrive, but once outside of those conditions the stress can result in either reduced or stalled growth, dormancy (such as formation spores), or death. Maintaining sub-optimal growth conditions is a key principle to food preservation.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Low temperatures tend to reduce growth rates which has led to refrigeration being instrumental in food preservation. Depending on temperature, bacteria can be classified as:


title: Bacterial growth

text: Psychrophiles are extremophilic cold-loving bacteria or archaea with an optimal temperature for growth at about 15 °C or lower (maximal temperature for growth at 20 °C, minimal temperature for growth at 0 °C or lower). Psychrophiles are typically found in Earth's extremely cold ecosystems, such as polar ice-cap regions, permafrost, polar surface, and deep oceans.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Mesophiles are bacteria that thrive at moderate temperatures, growing best between 20° and 45 °C. These temperatures align with the natural body temperatures of humans, which is why many human pathogens are mesophiles.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Optimal acidity for bacteria tends to be around pH 6.5 to 7.0 with the exception of acidophiles. Some bacteria can change the pH such as by excreting acid resulting in sub-optimal conditions.


title: Bacterial growth

text: Bacteria can be aerobes or anaerobes. Depending on the degree of oxygen required bacteria can fall into the following classes:


title: Bacterial growth

text: Toxic compounds such as ethanol can hinder growth or kill bacteria. This is used beneficially for disinfection and in food preservation.


title: Bacterial growth

text: "This article includes material from an article posted on 26 April 2003 on Nupedia; written by Nagina Parmar; reviewed and approved by the Biology group; editor, Gaytha Langlois; lead reviewer, Gaytha Langlois ; lead copyeditors, Ruth Ifcher. and Jan Hogle."


title: The Inner Circle (professional wrestling)

text: The Inner Circle was an American professional wrestling stable formed in American professional wrestling promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW), created and led by Chris Jericho. It also consisted of original members Sammy Guevara, Jake Hager, Santana and Ortiz.


text: The stable was formed during the first episode of "AEW Dynamite" and became one of the central acts of the promotion during the first years, since Jericho became the AEW World Champion. The stable first notable feud was against The Elite, being defeated in a Stadium Stampede. The stable also included MJF and Wardlow for a few months before MJF turned on them and created his own stable, The Pinnacle, facing both stables in a Blood and Guts match and a Stadium Stampede. During the final months of the stable, they feuded with American Top Team and Sammy Guevara won the TNT Championship twice. The stable disbanded after Jericho and Hager turned on Santana and Ortiz.


text: At All Out on August 31, Chris Jericho became the inaugural AEW World Champion after defeating Adam Page. At the same event, Santana and Ortiz made their AEW debut by attacking Nick Jackson and Lucha Brothers.


text: On the premiere episode of "AEW Dynamite" on October 2, at the main event of the night, Kenny Omega and The Young Bucks were defeated by Jericho and Santana and Ortiz. After the match, Jake Hager made his AEW debut by helping Jericho, Sammy Guevara, Santana and Ortiz by attacking The Young Bucks, Dustin Rhodes and Cody. October 9, On the following episode of "Dynamite", Jericho officially unveiled the new stable as "The Inner Circle".


text: The Inner Circle's success continued at the Full Gear pay-per-view on November 9, as Santana and Ortiz defeated the Young Bucks while Jericho successfully retained the AEW World Championship over Cody. On the episode of "Dynamite" after Full Gear, Jericho and Guevara challenged SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) for the AEW World Tag Team Championship, but they failed to win when Sky pinned Jericho with a small package, giving Jericho his first loss in AEW. On the November 27 episode of "Dynamite", Jericho successfully defended his world championship against Sky. In December, Jericho feuded with Jon Moxley, offering him a spot in the group and also bringing in Jeff Cobb as a "hired gun" to attack Moxley. Despite all this, Moxley defeated Jericho to win the AEW World Championship at Revolution on February 29, 2020, ending Jericho's inaugural AEW World Championship reign at 182 days.


text: During the following weeks, The Inner Circle feuded with The Elite and "Broken" Matt Hardy, culminating at Double or Nothing in the first-ever Stadium Stampede match in which Sammy Guevara was pinned by Kenny Omega.


text: On November 7 at Full Gear, MJF and Wardlow became the newest members of The Inner Circle after MJF defeated Jericho. On AEW's New Year's Smash, Wardlow defeated Jake Hager with mutual respect shown afterward. On the February 10, 2021 edition of "AEW Dynamite", following weeks of growing tension between MJF & Guevara, Guevara attacked MJF following a backstage confrontation which gave MJF a kayfabe rib injury. Later on in the episode, Guevara announced his departure from The Inner Circle.


text: On the March 10, 2021 edition of "Dynamite", a "War Council" was called by the Inner Circle after Chris Jericho and MJF failed to capture the AEW World Tag Team Championship over The Young Bucks at Revolution. During the segment, Guevara came out and revealed that MJF had been planning a coup of the Inner Circle against Jericho and thought he'd convinced Hager, Santana and Ortiz to join him, only to discover that Guevara had secretly taped it, and the three were faking it to expose MJF's duplicity, leading Jericho to fire MJF from the group. MJF then revealed that he had created his own stable (which would subsequently be named The Pinnacle) consisting of Wardlow, FTR, Shawn Spears, and Tully Blanchard who appeared and violently attacked The Inner Circle, ending with Wardlow powerbombing Jericho off the stage and through a table. This betrayal and attack resulted in the entirety of the Inner Circle turning face. The entire group would return on the March 31 episode of "Dynamite" after weeks of absence"," hiding in their old dressing room which was previously taken over by the Pinnacle. They then proceeded to violently attack each member of the group, and reclaim their dressing room.


text: The Inner Circle and The Pinnacle fought at AEW Blood and Guts in the May 5 edition of "AEW Dynamite". The match, stylized after the War Games match, saw the Pinnacle emerge victorious after Guevara surrendered on behalf of the group as MJF would throw Jericho from the top of the cage. The Inner Circle would return a week after to interrupt a coronation ceremony hosted by the Pinnacle, where they would hose down the latter with champagne. This would lead to a Stadium Stampede match at Double or Nothing, where the participating wrestlers feuded with each other individually- Jericho with MJF, Hager with Wardlow, Guevara with Spears, and Santana and Ortiz with FTR. This match came with the added stipulation that if The Inner Circle lost, they would permanently disband. The Inner Circle would win the match, with Guevara pinning Spears, in the main event of the show.


text: Jericho then began pursuing another match with MJF, who stated that he would first have to defeat a gauntlet of opponents selected by MJF, in a series dubbed the "Labors of Jericho". Jericho would defeat each of MJF's handpicked opponents (Shawn Spears, Nick Gage, Juventud Guerrera and Wardlow) and faced MJF in the final labor on the August 18 episode of "Dynamite", but he was defeated. Jericho demanded one more match, stipulating that if he lost, he would retire from in-ring competition, which MJF accepted. At All Out on September 5, Jericho defeated MJF to maintain his career and end their feud.


text: On the June 30th edition of AEW "Dynamite", Sammy Guevara would lose to MJF after Spears hit him with a chair to the head. On the August 18th episode of "Dynamite", Guevara would announce his engagement to his girlfriend. Later in the night, Guevara would defeat Shawn Spears.


text: Guevara then began a feud with Miro, who'd attacked and embarrassed Fuego Del Sol. Guevara was subsequently granted a match for the TNT Championship on Dynamite, and on September 29th, Guevara won the AEW TNT Championship at "Dynamite" by defeating Miro.


text: Dan Lambert introduced the stable American Top Team. The team consists of UFC fighters Andrei Arlovski, Junior Dos Santos, Jorge Masvidal, and Paige Vanzant, with the stable also being allied with the Men of the Year, Ethan Page and Scorpio Sky. Lambert's consistent bashing of AEW and its roster instantly drew the ire of Jericho, who would challenge the Men of the Year to a tag match against himself and Hager on "Rampage": Grand Slam, but due to the various interference by American Top Team, Men of the Year ultimately emerged as the victors. A rematch was set with a 6-man tag team match that consisted of the Men of the Year alongside Junior Dos Santos, who was making his pro wrestling debut, against the team of Jericho, Hager, and TNT Champion, Sammy Guevera.


text: Due to interference from Lambert and Paige Vanzant, American Top Team was once again victorious. After a post-match beat down of Guevara, Jericho, and Hager, Santana and Ortiz ran off American Top Team.


text: On the March 9, 2022 episode of "Dynamite" after the fallout of Revolution, Jericho had attempted to shake Eddie Kingston's hand only for 2point0 to attack both men and the fellow Inner Circle members to save Jericho, leading to a heel turn for him and Jake Hager. After beating down Ortiz and Santana, Jericho created a new stable called the "Jericho Appreciation Society," which consisted of himself, Hager, 2point0, and Daniel Garcia. The Inner Circle ultimately collapsed and started a feud with Santana, Ortiz, Kingston and the Blackpool Combat Club, managed by William Regal and consisting of Moxley, Bryan Danielson, and Wheeler Yuta. After a match at Double or Nothing, with the Jericho Appreciation Society victorious, Jericho defeated Ortiz in a hair vs hair match on the June 15, 2022 episode of Dynamite with the help of Guevara.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Rule of Rose is a survival horror video game developed by Punchline for the PlayStation 2. Set in England in 1930, the plot revolves around a nineteen-year-old woman named Jennifer, who becomes trapped in a world ruled by young girls who have established a class hierarchy called the Red Crayon Aristocrats. It was first released in 2006 by Sony Computer Entertainment in Japan. After Sony Computer Entertainment's American and European branch did not express interest in localizing the title, it was published later that year by Atlus USA in North America and by 505 Games in Europe.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Development on "Rule of Rose" began after Punchline was asked by Sony Computer Entertainment to make a horror game. Punchline wanted to develop a "new type of horror game" with an emphasis on psychological horror. This decision led to the concept of childhood, specifically the "mysterious and misunderstood" nature of young girls. The team drew inspiration from the classic Brothers Grimm fairy tales for the narrative, and the "Silent Hill" series for graphics and art style. The entire score was produced by studio musicians in order to bring a human element to the game's atmosphere.


title: Rule of Rose

text: "Rule of Rose" was the subject of a moral panic in Europe prior to its publication there, based on rumors of its alleged content. These rumors ranged from erotic themes to obscene brutality. Various European authorities condemned the game and called for its banning. The game was cancelled in the United Kingdom, despite the Video Standards Council calling the complaints "nonsense". "Rule of Rose" received mixed reviews from many publications; reactions to the story, music, and horror elements were almost universally positive, while the gameplay was panned. The game has been compared to "Silent Hill" and "Haunting Ground", due to the psychological horror used throughout and because the main character is accompanied by a canine companion.


title: Rule of Rose

text: "Rule of Rose" is a survival horror game in which the player guides Jennifer through exploring the game environments and advances the plot by accomplishing tasks while sporadically encountering enemies and bosses.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Described as "essentially an interactive movie" by its director Shuji Ishikawa and associate producer Yuya Takayama, the narrative of "Rule of Rose" centers on the traumatic childhood memories of Jennifer, "an ordinary, vulnerable girl"; these memories sometimes manifest in exaggerated ways.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Combat is almost exclusively melee-based, with a variety of improvised weapons available, such as kitchen knives and pipes. Jennifer is a timid character: her melee attacks are neither powerful nor long-ranged. Evasion of enemies is often a more viable strategy instead of fighting. With the exception of a handful of bosses, all enemies in the game are imps—skinny, dolllike creatures the size of small children. Different animal-headed imps appear throughout the game, alongside regular imps.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Every level of the game takes place over a month. Each chapter begins with the reading of a homemade storybook related to the plot of the chapter.


title: Rule of Rose

text: During each level, Jennifer is tasked with finding a specific object that will be gifted to the Aristocracy.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Early in the game, Jennifer encounters and rescues a dog named Brown. Brown accompanies her throughout the game and responds to the player's commands. Brown can be ordered to track items by scent, be commanded to 'stay' and be called to Jennifer's side. Brown cannot attack enemies, but will growl to distract some imps and bosses, allowing Jennifer to retreat or attack without fear of retaliation. He can be injured to the point of collapse, causing him to stop distracting enemies or track items.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Brown's ability to locate items is an integral part of the game, and is used in every chapter to progress further. The same system allows the player to find health restoratives and other items which, while not essential to complete the game, can help the player survive enemy encounters. Players select an item from the inventory for Brown to locate, which is then connected to the 'find' command until changed or removed. Every item selected this way can be used to find at least one type of item. When tracking items, Brown will lead the player through the game environments, scratching at doors in his way, signaling the player to open the door. Most health restoratives and all tradable items are hidden and must be uncovered by Brown, though the player can choose to avoid searching for these items to progress quickly. Restorative items include snack foods, candy, and chocolate. The different types of restorative items heal varying amounts of health. Bones and other items can be used to restore Brown's health if he becomes injured. Other items such as marbles and ribbons have no immediate use, but may be traded with non-playable characters in order to obtain food, rare items, and weapons.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Most levels are puzzle based. The primary puzzles require the use of Brown's scent-finding ability in order to find objects that are related to one another in order to solve a larger puzzle. Others require finding markings on the wall in order to solve the chapter's puzzle.


title: Rule of Rose

text: During a bus ride along a rural road, 19-year-old orphan Jennifer is awakened by a mysterious young boy who presents her with an unfinished, homemade storybook and asks her to read it. The boy runs out of the bus before Jennifer can return the book to him, and she follows him to the dilapidated Rose Garden Orphanage. In the courtyard of the orphanage, Jennifer witnesses several masked children beating a bloody sack before dragging it inside.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Jennifer infiltrates the orphanage, and the boy from the bus leads Jennifer to a room in the attic where he addresses her from atop an altar and requests that Jennifer finish reading the storybook he gave her. After Jennifer finishes reading, a voice over the loudspeaker announces that a funeral is about to begin. The boy informs Jennifer that the funeral is for her "dear friend". At the funeral site, Jennifer senses something important to her buried there. As she digs up the coffin, Jennifer discovers the bloody sack inside, but before she can open it the orphans of Rose Garden surround Jennifer. The voice on the loudspeaker announces that an airship will be taking off soon, and the orphans force Jennifer into the coffin, lock her inside, and carry her away.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Jennifer wakes up tied to a pole in the bowels of an impossibly large and luxurious airship. The boy who led Jennifer to the orphanage introduces himself to her as the Prince of The Red Rose. The Prince forces Jennifer to join the Red Rose Aristocracy as the lowest ranked member of the Aristocracy's class hierarchy. All members are under the command of the Prince and Princess, and each member is required to provide something as a monthly gift to the Prince and Princess. Failure to provide a gift results in death by the hands of a monster called Stray Dog.


title: Rule of Rose

text: While living with the Aristocrats, Jennifer continuously finds herself in conflict with them, especially with another low-ranking member, Amanda, who becomes obsessed with her after they are each forced to punish the other by the higher-ranking members. Jennifer is also blamed for several incidents caused by high-ranking Aristocrats. Despite being brutally punished for the incidents, she is spared from Stray Dog because she narrowly manages to provide her monthly gifts. While aboard, Jennifer rescues and adopts a golden retriever named Brown, who accompanies and assists her while finding gifts. She also befriends a sickly orphan named Wendy, who is excluded from the Aristocrat's club activities due to her illness.


title: Rule of Rose

text: After several months on the airship, Jennifer is kidnapped by a man named Gregory Wilson, and left in a rose garden near the orphanage. She follows Gregory to his house and goes inside, where she discovers him contemplating suicide. Jennifer is caught and locked in Gregory's basement bedroom. While in the basement, Jennifer finds and takes a stuffed bear with her. Jennifer also discovers a series of letters between Wendy and a boy named Joshua, in which Wendy offers to help free Joshua from the basement. Suddenly, Wendy arrives at the basement window and releases Jennifer, and they escape back to the rose garden after stealing Gregory's gun to prevent him from committing suicide. Before leaving, Wendy trades a rose-shaped brooch for Jennifer's bear, and names the bear Joshua after the unknown boy.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Jennifer returns to the airship with Wendy, and the club is urgently tasked with finding the stuffed bear, Joshua, after it goes missing. The reward for finding the bear is a Red Crayon, an official invitation to the higher ranks of the Aristocracy. Although Wendy is originally suspected of stealing the bear by the other Aristocrats, Jennifer eventually discovers that Amanda was the thief and takes the bear back from her. After returning the bear to the Aristocrats, Jennifer nearly receives her Red Crayon but is instead attacked by the orphans and prevented from joining the Aristocracy officially.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Jennifer awakens back in the orphanage in a locked room. After escaping, she is ignored and silently harassed by the children and even the headmaster of the orphanage. Wendy informs Jennifer of an important meeting between the Aristocrats, and shortly afterward both Wendy and Brown go missing. As Jennifer searches for her friend and dog, she discovers that she and Brown have become the gift of the month. Jennifer follows a bloody trail to the orphanage's attic, and finds a bloody sack surrounded by all of the orphans. Amanda informs Jennifer that her friend is in the bag, and she opens it to find Brown's corpse. Wendy then steps down from the club altar and reveals that she is the Princess of the Red Rose and had ordered Brown's death. In retaliation for Brown's murder, Jennifer slaps Wendy and throws away her rose-shaped brooch. Jennifer denounces the Aristocrats and Wendy leaves the Orphanage humiliated.


title: Rule of Rose

text: It is revealed that the boy the stuffed bear was named after is actually Gregory Wilson's missing son, Joshua. Gregory replaced his son with Jennifer after kidnapping her from the remains of the real airship wreck which killed her family. Wendy eventually discovered Jennifer locked in Gregory's basement, living under the name Joshua. Despite initially believing that Jennifer was actually a boy, their friendship becomes pseudo-romantic and the girls profess their love for each other. Wendy eventually helped Jennifer escape, and they returned to the Rose Garden Orphanage together after stealing Gregory's gun to prevent him from committing suicide out of grief. They formed the Red Crayon Aristocrat Club, with Jennifer as The Prince and Wendy as The Princess. The two girls exchanged Jennifer's stuffed bear for Wendy's rose-shaped brooch as promises of loyalty to each other, and Wendy named the bear Joshua after Jennifer's former identity.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Wendy is deposed as the Princess after it was revealed that Stray Dog was a lie in order to control the Aristocrats, based on Gregory Wilson and newspapers about a serial killer. Wendy disappears entirely, and without a leader, the orphans began violently fighting with each other, which causes the orphan's adult caretakers to mysteriously disappear. The Aristocrats approach Jennifer in the hope that she would replace Wendy as their leader and bring order back to the club, but before Jennifer can decline the offer, the girls notice Wendy approaching the orphanage and leave to go turn her away.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Shortly afterward Jennifer hears screaming from outside, and discovers the Prince leading a monster appearing to be Stray Dog. The Prince approaches Jennifer and reveals that he is actually Wendy in disguise. Unknown to the orphans, Wendy had gone to live with Gregory by disguising herself as his son Joshua, and used the disguise to torture Gregory into becoming Stray Dog. She then ordered him to kill all of the Aristocrats out of revenge. After the massacre of the orphans, Wendy regretfully confesses that she had Brown killed out of jealousy. After adopting Brown, Jennifer had begun to neglect her club duties and, believing that she had forgotten the oath she made, Wendy demoted Jennifer from the position of Prince, replacing her with the stuffed bear Joshua as a figurehead. Wendy ordered the other Aristocrats to bully and ignore Jennifer in the hopes that she would remember her promise of loyalty to Wendy, and beg to return to her side. When this didn't work and Jennifer remained at the bottom of the caste with Brown, Wendy had Brown killed to try and force her into submission. After confessing, Wendy gives Gregory's gun to Jennifer, and Wendy is shortly after killed by Gregory. In a moment of lucidity Gregory then asks 'Joshua' to give him back his gun, and Gregory shoots himself with it.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Jennifer reawakens as a child and explores her memories of the empty orphanage while reflecting on the Aristocrats. Jennifer vows to remember the other children, especially because media coverage of the children's deaths had diminished after it came to light that Jennifer had been the only survivor of the two horrific events. Finally, Jennifer leaves the orphanage and visits Brown in a shed nearby. She puts a collar with his name around his neck, promising to protect him and her memories for eternity. Jennifer then closes the shed's door on Brown, symbolically locking his memory deep inside herself.


title: Rule of Rose

text: The company Punchline, which had previously developed the video game "Chulip", developed "Rule of Rose" for the PlayStation 2. A group of twenty-five developers, Punchline began the project after being asked by Sony Computer Entertainment to develop a horror video game; not wanting to create a game similar to the survival-horror series "Resident Evil", Punchline decided on the goal of developing a "new type of horror game, one which wasn’t the usual zombie, ghost and slasher type," with an emphasis on psychological horror rather than "surprise- and shock-based horror." A proposed early draft by Yoshiro Kimura was a dark fantasy "boy's story" that centered on a boy abducted by "a big man" and his attempts to escape, while encountering the ghosts of previous victims. Keywords included "Kidnapping, imprisonment, children, bullying, dwarfs, airship, escape." This concept was turned down by the publisher on the basis of being "too dangerous a topic," and Kimura turned to the idea of examining the "fear between girls."


title: Rule of Rose

text: This decision led to the concept of "a game surrounding childhood and children," but from both viewpoints to show how children and adults can find the other one terrifying, with a primary focus on the adult's perspective. Though the game has garnered comparisons with William Golding's 1954 allegorical novel "Lord of the Flies", the developers did not draw inspiration from it, instead focusing on the "mysterious and misunderstood" nature of girls. The story formed through trial and error as the developers figured out how to create a sense of fear, ultimately adding the children's secret society, the Red Crayon Aristocrats. They also included Brown as a way to balance Jennifer's "helpless and unhappy" personality and make the game more enjoyable. Because of budget and time problems, the combat system was left a little rough.


title: Rule of Rose

text: "Rule of Rose"s graphics are heavily stylized, incorporating a series of visual filters similar to those used in the "Silent Hill" series. The developers researched the behavior of children, monitoring a group of European and American children, and photographed references for "the game’s textures and models"; for the motion capture, the team had Japanese children act. At the request of the developers, the group of children also expressed through drawings or written words what caused them to be happy or afraid. The company Shirogumi worked on the computer-generated imagery present in "Rule of Rose"s cutscenes. The musical score was composed by Yutaka Minobe, who also co-composed the music of "Skies of Arcadia" and some tracks from the "Panzer Dragoon Orta" soundtrack. The entire score was produced by studio musicians, including the Hiroshi Murayama Trio, and vocals by Kaori Kondo. According to the game's developers, the music was intended to bring a human element to the atmosphere in the game. A 6-track promotional soundtrack CD was produced by Atlus, which was issued to customers from certain retailers when "Rule of Rose" was pre-ordered.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Punchline included several themes in "Rule of Rose", with the primary one being "intimate relationships between all people". A major theme in the game is the difference between a child's and an adult's way of thinking, and how children might treat adults if they were given power over them. Players are helpless to prevent their adult player character from being bullied by the children. Another theme is how attachment "to one thing can bring out the worst in people."


title: Rule of Rose

text: Prior to its publication, "Rule of Rose" was the subject of a moral panic in Europe. At E3 2006 Atlus announced that it would be releasing "Rule of Rose" in the United States, following Sony's decision to pass on an American release, as the game "wasn’t really in sync with their corporate image" and the company had wanted the game to "be a bit tamer, if it were to have the Sony name in the U.S." The developers disagreed with this, saying that "the theme is supposed to be one of intimate familiarity" and that they had intended to portray how children behave "without the filter of guilt or sin." Rumors of violence towards children in the game tied into a larger discussion of morality and violence in video games appeared in the Italian magazine "Panorama" in November 2006, and were quickly picked up by the British media, which alleged that the game had scenes of "children buried alive underground, in-game sadomasochism, and underage eroticism." These allegations were untrue. At the time, "Rule of Rose" had already been rated by various video game advisory boards as suitable for an older teenage audience: in Japan, it was rated 15+; in the majority of Europe, 16+; and in North America, 17+.


title: Rule of Rose

text: European Union justice minister Franco Frattini attacked the game as containing "obscene cruelty and brutality." He also called for changes to the PEGI rating system in place across Europe and for government officials to engage in discussions with industry representatives. Frattini received a letter from Viviane Reding, commissioner for the information society and media, who criticized his actions: "It is...very unfortunate that my services were not pre-consulted before your letter to the Ministers of Interior was sent out," reminding him of the commission-backed self-regulating ratings system called PEGI that has operated across the European Union since 2003. The PEGI system of classification, according to Reding's letter, offers "informed adult choice" without censoring content: "This is in line with the Commission's view that measures taken to protect minors and human dignity must be carefully balanced with the fundamental right to freedom of expression as laid down in the Charter on Fundamental Rights of the European Union." On March 7, 2007, a group of Member of the European Parliaments presented a Motion for a European Parliament resolution on a ban on the sale and distribution in Europe of the game and the creation of a 'European Observatory on childhood and minors'. The game was further suggested to be banned for sale in France, and to be kept from the public in Poland. At this time, the game had not yet been released in Europe; the public officials suggesting that "Rule of Rose" be banned had not played the game, only having read about its alleged content or seen the trailer.


title: Rule of Rose

text: 505 Games' Australian distributor, Red-Ant, cancelled the game's Australian and New Zealand release, and 505 Games later cancelled the United Kingdom release as a result of complaints by Frattini and other EU officials, and "largely misleading" commentary from the British press, although review copies had already shipped to video game journalists. It was released in the rest of Europe. The British body which had granted the title its 16+ PEGI rating (the Video Standards Council) responded to the press and Frattini's comments: "I have no idea where the suggestion of in-game sadomasochism has come from, nor children being buried underground. These are things that have been completely made up. [...] We’re not worried about our integrity being called into question, because Mr Frattini’s quotes are nonsense." The Council further noted that "there isn’t any underage eroticism. And the most violent scene does indeed see one of the young girls scare Jennifer with a rat on a stick. But the rat’s actually quite placid towards her and even licks her face.”


title: Rule of Rose

text: The game received mixed reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The reviewer for video game magazine "Play" wrote: "I think everyone should experience this game, especially horror fans, but in order to do so, you're going to have to suffer through times of sheer agony—just like poor, unlucky Jennifer." According to "Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine", the game "[b]lends the stuff of nightmares with stylish sound and graphics. Sadly, the developer should have spent longer on the gameplay." "Edge" found neither plot nor gameplay appealing: "It’s just a murky brew of meaningless, exploitative dysfunction filling an empty game, and it leaves a bitter taste."


title: Rule of Rose

text: It is generally agreed that the title has an interesting plot, with "The A.V. Club" observing that "aside from a few deep curtsies and an unlockable Gothic Lolita costume, the characters are more sinister than sexualised". However, the gameplay is widely lambasted as clumsy, archaic, and unrewarding. The press was generally divided upon how much the gameplay detracts from one's ability to enjoy the story itself. GamesRadar described Jennifer as "a cringing, passive non-entity" and stated: "There's no denying that "Rule of Rose" is extremely pretty, atmospheric and disturbing... but as an adventure game, "Rule of Rose" just sort of wilts." Acegamez, on the other hand, not only admired the game's plot but also found the gameplay appealing if slow, "a wonderful psychological thriller that will draw you in with its bizarrely compelling narrative, atmospheric presentation and thoughtful story-based gameplay".


title: Rule of Rose

text: In a retrospective article on survival horror games, GamePro's Michael Cherdchupan listed "Rule of Rose" as one of the classics of the genre, writing that the game was a work of art that lingered long after playing through; he praised it for its delicate handling of its subject matter and Jennifer's journey as she processes her trauma. IGN listed "Rule of Rose" as one of the worst horror games created after 2000. While enjoying the "refreshingly adult take on sexual awakening and repressed memories that's consistently unsettling without ever resorting to cheap shock tactics," it criticized the game's "totally broken" combat and "thoroughly excruciating" backtracking, controls, and camera angles.


title: Rule of Rose

text: Because of the limited number of copies published, "Rule of Rose" has garnered a reputation as one of the more expensive video games to buy second-hand.


title: Rule of Rose

text: In 2021, Tokyo indie game developer Onion Games expressed interest in remastering "Rule of Rose". Although they "can't guarantee that any of these initiatives will have more than a 1% chance of happening", they would like to give it a try after remastering a previous title for the Nintendo Switch called "".


title: Storage area network

text: A storage area network (SAN) or storage network is a computer network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage. SANs are primarily used to access data storage devices, such as disk arrays and tape libraries from servers so that the devices appear to the operating system as direct-attached storage. A SAN typically is a dedicated network of storage devices not accessible through the local area network (LAN).


title: Storage area network

text: Although a SAN provides only block-level access, file systems built on top of SANs do provide file-level access and are known as shared-disk file systems.


title: Storage area network

text: Newer SAN configurations enable hybrid SAN and allow traditional block storage that appears as local storage but also object storage for web services through APIs.


title: Storage area network

text: Storage area networks (SANs) are sometimes referred to as "network behind the servers" and historically developed out of a centralized data storage model, but with its own data network. A SAN is, at its simplest, a dedicated network for data storage. In addition to storing data, SANs allow for the automatic backup of data, and the monitoring of the storage as well as the backup process. A SAN is a combination of hardware and software. It grew out of data-centric mainframe architectures, where clients in a network can connect to several servers that store different types of data. To scale storage capacities as the volumes of data grew, direct-attached storage (DAS) was developed, where disk arrays or just a bunch of disks (JBODs) were attached to servers. In this architecture, storage devices can be added to increase storage capacity. However, the server through which the storage devices are accessed is a single point of failure, and a large part of the LAN network bandwidth is used for accessing, storing and backing up data. To solve the single point of failure issue, a "direct-attached shared storage" architecture was implemented, where several servers could access the same storage device.


title: Storage area network

text: DAS was the first network storage system and is still widely used where data storage requirements are not very high. Out of it developed the network-attached storage (NAS) architecture, where one or more dedicated file server or storage devices are made available in a LAN. Therefore, the transfer of data, particularly for backup, still takes place over the existing LAN. If more than a terabyte of data was stored at any one time, LAN bandwidth became a bottleneck. Therefore, SANs were developed, where a dedicated storage network was attached to the LAN, and terabytes of data are transferred over a dedicated high speed and bandwidth network. Within the SAN, storage devices are interconnected. Transfer of data between storage devices, such as for backup, happens behind the servers and is meant to be transparent. In a NAS architecture data is transferred using the TCP and IP protocols over Ethernet. Distinct protocols were developed for SANs, such as Fibre Channel, iSCSI, Infiniband. Therefore, SANs often have their own network and storage devices, which have to be bought, installed, and configured. This makes SANs inherently more expensive than NAS architectures.


title: Storage area network

text: SANs have their own networking devices, such as SAN switches. To access the SAN, so-called SAN servers are used, which in turn connect to SAN host adapters. Within the SAN, a range of data storage devices may be interconnected, such as SAN-capable disk arrays, JBODS and tape libraries.


title: Storage area network

text: Servers that allow access to the SAN and its storage devices are said to form the "host layer" of the SAN. Such servers have host adapters, which are cards that attach to slots on the server motherboard (usually PCI slots) and run with a corresponding firmware and device driver. Through the host adapters the operating system of the server can communicate with the storage devices in the SAN.


title: Storage area network

text: In Fibre channel deployments, a cable connects to the host adapter through the gigabit interface converter (GBIC). GBICs are also used on switches and storage devices within the SAN, and they convert digital bits into light impulses that can then be transmitted over the Fibre Channel cables. Conversely, the GBIC converts incoming light impulses back into digital bits. The predecessor of the GBIC was called gigabit link module (GLM).


title: Storage area network

text: The fabric layer consists of SAN networking devices that include SAN switches, routers, protocol bridges, gateway devices, and cables. SAN network devices move data within the SAN, or between an "initiator", such as an HBA port of a server, and a "target", such as the port of a storage device.


title: Storage area network

text: When SANs were first built, hubs were the only devices that were Fibre Channel capable, but Fibre Channel switches were developed and hubs are now rarely found in SANs. Switches have the advantage over hubs that they allow all attached devices to communicate simultaneously, as a switch provides a dedicated link to connect all its ports with one another. When SANs were first built, Fibre Channel had to be implemented over copper cables, these days multimode optical fibre cables are used in SANs.


title: Storage area network

text: SANs are usually built with redundancy, so SAN switches are connected with redundant links. SAN switches connect the servers with the storage devices and are typically non-blocking allowing transmission of data across all attached wires at the same time. SAN switches are for redundancy purposes set up in a meshed topology. A single SAN switch can have as few as 8 ports and up to 32 ports with modular extensions. So-called director-class switches can have as many as 128 ports.


title: Storage area network

text: In switched SANs, the Fibre Channel switched fabric protocol FC-SW-6 is used under which every device in the SAN has a hardcoded World Wide Name (WWN) address in the host bus adapter (HBA). If a device is connected to the SAN its WWN is registered in the SAN switch name server. In place of a WWN, or worldwide port name (WWPN), SAN Fibre Channel storage device vendors may also hardcode a worldwide node name (WWNN). The ports of storage devices often have a WWN starting with 5, while the bus adapters of servers start with 10 or 21.


title: Storage area network

text: The serialized Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) protocol is often used on top of the Fibre Channel switched fabric protocol in servers and SAN storage devices. The Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI) over Ethernet and the Infiniband protocols may also be found implemented in SANs, but are often bridged into the Fibre Channel SAN. However, Infiniband and iSCSI storage devices, in particular, disk arrays, are available.


title: Storage area network

text: The various storage devices in a SAN are said to form the "storage layer". It can include a variety of hard disk and magnetic tape devices that store data. In SANs, disk arrays are joined through a RAID which makes a lot of hard disks look and perform like one big storage device. Every storage device, or even partition on that storage device, has a logical unit number (LUN) assigned to it. This is a unique number within the SAN. Every node in the SAN, be it a server or another storage device, can access the storage by referencing the LUN. The LUNs allow for the storage capacity of a SAN to be segmented and for the implementation of access controls. A particular server, or a group of servers, may, for example, be only given access to a particular part of the SAN storage layer, in the form of LUNs. When a storage device receives a request to read or write data, it will check its access list to establish whether the node, identified by its LUN, is allowed to access the storage area, also identified by a LUN. LUN masking is a technique whereby the host bus adapter and the SAN software of a server restrict the LUNs for which commands are accepted. In doing so LUNs that should never be accessed by the server are masked. Another method to restrict server access to particular SAN storage devices is fabric-based access control, or zoning, which is enforced by the SAN networking devices and servers. Under zoning, server access is restricted to storage devices that are in a particular SAN zone.


title: Storage area network

text: Storage networks may also be built using Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) and Serial ATA (SATA) technologies. SAS evolved from SCSI direct-attached storage. SATA evolved from Parallel ATA direct-attached storage. SAS and SATA devices can be networked using SAS Expanders.


title: Storage area network

text: The Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA) defines a SAN as "a network whose primary purpose is the transfer of data between computer systems and storage elements". But a SAN does not just consist of a communication infrastructure, it also has a software "management layer". This software organizes the servers, storage devices, and the network so that data can be transferred and stored. Because a SAN does not use direct attached storage (DAS), the storage devices in the SAN are not owned and managed by a server. A SAN allows a server to access a large data storage capacity and this storage capacity may also be accessible by other servers. Moreover, SAN software must ensure that data is directly moved between storage devices within the SAN, with minimal server intervention.


title: Storage area network

text: SAN management software is installed on one or more servers and management clients on the storage devices. Two approaches have developed in SAN management software: in-band and out-of band management. In-band means that management data between server and storage devices is transmitted on the same network as the storage data. While out-of-band means that management data is transmitted over dedicated links. SAN management software will collect management data from all storage devices in the storage layer. This includes info on read and write failures, storage capacity bottlenecks and failure of storage devices. SAN management software may integrate with the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).


title: Storage area network

text: In 1999 Common Information Model (CIM), an open standard, was introduced for managing storage devices and to provide interoperability, The web-based version of CIM is called Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) and defines SAN storage device objects and process transactions. Use of these protocols involves a CIM object manager (CIMOM), to manage objects and interactions, and allows for the central management of SAN storage devices. Basic device management for SANs can also be achieved through the Storage Management Interface Specification (SMI-S), were CIM objects and processes are registered in a directory. Software applications and subsystems can then draw on this directory. Management software applications are also available to configure SAN storage devices, allowing, for example, the configuration of zones and LUNs.


title: Storage area network

text: Ultimately SAN networking and storage devices are available from many vendors and every SAN vendor has its own management and configuration software. Common management in SANs that include devices from different vendors is only possible if vendors make the application programming interface (API) for their devices available to other vendors. In such cases, upper-level SAN management software can manage the SAN devices from other vendors.


title: Storage area network

text: In a SAN, data is transferred, stored and accessed on a block level. As such, a SAN does not provide data file abstraction, only block-level storage and operations. Server operating systems maintain their own file systems on their own dedicated, non-shared LUNs on the SAN, as though they were local to themselves. If multiple systems were simply to attempt to share a LUN, these would interfere with each other and quickly corrupt the data. Any planned sharing of data on different computers within a LUN requires software. File systems have been developed to work with SAN software to provide file-level access. These are known as shared-disk file system.


title: Storage area network

text: Video editing systems require very high data transfer rates and very low latency. SANs in media and entertainment are often referred to as serverless due to the nature of the configuration which places the video workflow (ingest, editing, playout) desktop clients directly on the SAN rather than attaching to servers. Control of data flow is managed by a distributed file system. Per-node bandwidth usage control, sometimes referred to as quality of service (QoS), is especially important in video editing as it ensures fair and prioritized bandwidth usage across the network.


title: Storage area network

text: SAN Storage QoS enables the desired storage performance to be calculated and maintained for network customers accessing the device. Some factors that affect SAN QoS are:


title: Storage area network

text: Alternatively, over-provisioning can be used to provide additional capacity to compensate for peak network traffic loads. However, where network loads are not predictable, over-provisioning can eventually cause all bandwidth to be fully consumed and latency to increase significantly resulting in SAN performance degradation.


title: Storage area network

text: Storage virtualization is the process of abstracting logical storage from physical storage. The physical storage resources are aggregated into storage pools, from which the logical storage is created. It presents to the user a logical space for data storage and transparently handles the process of mapping it to the physical location, a concept called location transparency. This is implemented in modern disk arrays, often using vendor-proprietary technology. However, the goal of storage virtualization is to group multiple disk arrays from different vendors, scattered over a network, into a single storage device. The single storage device can then be managed uniformly.


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: Hayashibara was born on March 30, 1967, in Kita Tokyo, Japan. She studied at a Catholic school and at one point was bullied in fifth grade. She was an active club member and participated in the Badminton, Biology, Broadcasting, Drama and English clubs. She played the role of Alice in an English language production of Alice in Wonderland. Despite qualifying as a nurse, she has never been employed in a nursing position.


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: On March 30, 1998, Hayashibara married her unnamed company employee 3 years her junior after a five years' acquaintance. On January 10, 2004, Hayashibara announced on her radio show that she was pregnant with her first child. On June 28 of the same year, she gave birth to her daughter by via caesarian section.


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: On the same day as submitting the application for nursing school, Hayashibara went to a book store and found an advert offering free anime voice acting auditions at Arts Vision. Several months after submitting a demo tape, she received a confirmation of passing the first stage of the audition, and eventually decided to continue training as a nurse while doing voice acting. In 1986, after a year of voice actor training, Hayashibara was chosen to voice small roles on Maison Ikkoku. Initially, she had difficulty with her lines and had to redo many lines after the main recording sessions. Hayashibara later auditioned for "Ranma ½" expecting to be cast as Akane Tendo, but was cast as the female half of Ranma Saotome instead. In 1993 and 1995, Hayashibara was a guest at Anime America. At the 1995 event, she decided to give a speech in English after believing the translation at the 1993 event did not reflect what she had said. In 1995, Hayashibara provided the voice of Rei Ayanami in "Neon Genesis Evangelion", a role referred to as "innovative casting".


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: In addition to voicing Musashi/Jessie of Team Rocket in "Pokémon", Hayashibara has also voiced Ash's Pidgeotto and Pidgeot, May's Skitty, Whitney's Miltank, Clair's Dratini and Dragonair, Latios, Latias, and Anabel's Espeon in both the Japanese and English-language versions of the anime. She also provides the voice for Ai Haibara in the ongoing anime series, Detective Conan.


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: While Hayashibara rarely voices male characters, she voiced as Shuichi Saihara in "" due to her deep and vast experience connected to detective characters. She has actually helped the team on making Shuichi more detective-like.


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: In 2001 Hayashibara was cast as Anna Kyoyama In the anime adaptation of the Shonen series Shaman King while also performing the opening themes Over Soul and Northern Lights. Twenty years later she reprised her role as Anna in the 2021 remake and performed the first opening theme Soul Salvation and the first ending theme #Boku no Yubisaki. Over Soul was used as the credits song for episode 5. Hayashibara's 2010 song Osorezan Revoir would also be used as the ending theme of episode 33: which concluded the Osorezan Revoir arc of the story.


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: While at nursing school, Hayashibara started a temporary job as a DJ at a local ice skating rink. After becoming better known as a voice actress, she was given her own radio show, "Heartful Station". After 17 shows, the broadcasting station cancelled the show and other anime related programming to concentrate on traditional music. However, six months later, Hayashibara started a new radio show at another broadcaster.


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: Hayashibara wrote a series of manga for "Anime V" magazine, with artwork by Sakura Asagi. The comics, known as "Megumi-Toons", talked about her personal life and career. The individual chapters were collected into the book , which has been reprinted several times. Hayashibara has also contributed two columns to "Newtype" magazine; "Aitakute Aitakute", and "Speaking in Character". "Aitakute Aitakute" is a series of interviews conducted by Hayashibara with people from all walks of life. Three compilations of the column have been published. "Speaking in Character" has been translated into English for "Newtype USA".


title: Megumi Hayashibara

text: In February 2021, Yen Press announced the release of Hayashibara's memoir "The Characters Taught Me Everything: Living Life One Episode at a Time", in which she examines her career and the ways the characters she portrayed in various anime series affected it. The book is currently available for digital release, with the physical release slated for August 2021.