title: Premature ventricular contraction

text: In a study of 239 people with frequent PVCs (>1000 beats/day) and without structural heart disease (i.e. in the presence of normal heart function) there were no serious cardiac events through 5.6 years on average, but there was correlation between PVC prevalence and decrease of ejection fraction and increase of left ventricular diastolic dimension. In this study absence of heart of disease was established by echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in 63 persons and Holter monitoring.


title: Premature ventricular contraction

text: Another study has suggested that in the absence of structural heart disease even frequent (> 60/h or 1/min) and complex PVCs are associated with a benign prognosis. It was study of 70 people followed by 6.5 years on average. Healthy status was verified by extensive noninvasive cardiologic examination, although cardiac catheterization of a subgroup disclosed serious coronary artery disease in 19%. Overall survival was better than expected.


title: Premature ventricular contraction

text: On the other hand, the Framingham Heart Study reported that frequent PVCs in healthy people were associated with a twofold increase in the risk of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction and cardiac death. In men with coronary heart disease and in women with or without coronary heart disease, complex or frequent arrhythmias were not associated with an increased risk. The at-risk people might have subclinical coronary disease. These Framingham results have been criticized for the lack of rigorous measures to exclude the potential confounder of underlying heart disease.


title: Premature ventricular contraction

text: In the ARIC study of 14,783 people followed for 15 to 17 years those with detected PVC during 2 minute ECG, and without hypertension or diabetes on the beginning, had risk of stroke increased by 109%. Hypertension or diabetes, both risk factors for stroke, did not change significantly risk of stroke for people with PVCs. It is possible that PVCs identified those at risk of stroke with blood pressure and impaired glucose tolerance on a continuum of risk below conventional diagnostic thresholds for hypertension and diabetes. Those in ARIC study with any PVC had risk of heart failure increased by 63% and were > twice as likely to die from coronary heart disease (CHD). Risk was also higher for people with or without baseline CHD.


title: Premature ventricular contraction

text: In the Niigata study of 63,386 people with a 10-year follow-up period, subjects with PVC during a 10-second recording had triple the risk of atrial fibrillation of those without PVCs, independently of these risk factors: age; male sex; high simple body mass index (a possible signifier of obesity); hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure within certain abnormal limits); and diabetes.


title: Premature ventricular contraction

text: Reducing very frequent PVC (>20%) by antiarrhythmic drugs or by catheter ablation significantly improves heart performance.


title: Premature ventricular contraction

text: Recent studies have shown that those subjects with extremely frequent PVCs (several thousand a day) can develop dilated cardiomyopathy. In these cases, if the PVCs are reduced or removed (for example, via ablation therapy) the cardiomyopathy regresses.


title: Premature ventricular contraction

text: Single PVCs are common in healthy persons. When 24-hour ambulatory monitoring is used, up to 80 percent of apparently healthy people have occasional PVCs. Rates vary by age with extremely rare for those under the age of 11 and extremely common in those older than 75 years. These differences may be due to rates of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis, which are more easy to find in older persons. In 101 people free of heart disease during 24 hours Holter monitoring, 39 had at least 1 PVC, and 4 at least 100. Heart disease was excluded after physical examination, chest x-ray, ECG, echocardiography, maximal exercise stress test, right- and left-heart catheterization and coronary angiography. In 122,043 United States Air Force flyers and cadet applicants during approximately 48 seconds of ECG 0.78% (952 males) had PVC within all age groups, but with increased incidence with increasing age. Ventricular ectopy is more prevalent in men than in women of the same age data from large, population-based studies indicate that the prevalence is less for young white women without heart disease and greater for older African American individuals with hypertension.


title: I Lost My Body

text: I Lost My Body () is a 2019 French adult animated film directed by . It premiered in the International Critics' Week section at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the "Nespresso" Grand Prize, becoming the first animated film to do so in the section's history. The film was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 92nd Academy Awards, but lost to "Toy Story 4".


title: I Lost My Body

text: The film begins with a severed hand escaping from a refrigerator in a laboratory and beginning a journey across the suburbs of Paris to reunite with its body, a young man named Naoufel. His story is told via flash-backs.


title: I Lost My Body

text: As a boy in Morocco, Naoufel aspires to be a pianist and an astronaut and records his day-to-day life on a tape recorder. During a car journey, he distracts his father while he is driving, causing a crash. He survives, but both of his parents are killed. He is forced to live in France with his emotionally distant uncle and his crude cousin. As a young adult, Naoufel works as a pizza deliveryman, often criticized by his boss for being late. On one occasion, Naoufel delivers a pizza to a young woman, Gabrielle, at her apartment block. They never see each other, as Naoufel is unable to get through the lobby's malfunctioning security door, but have a conversation through the intercom, and Naoufel becomes infatuated with her.


title: I Lost My Body

text: Naoufel tracks Gabrielle to the library where she works and follows her to a near-by neighborhood where she drops off medicine to a carpenter, her uncle Gigi. Naoufel, seeing an ad for an apprentice in the window, quickly uses this as an excuse for why he is there. Gigi is reluctant but accepts after learning that Naoufel is an orphan. Naoufel moves out of his uncle's house and into an attic apartment provided by Gigi. He learns the tools of the trade and edges closer to Gabrielle, though he never mentions their first encounter.


title: I Lost My Body

text: After a conversation about the arctic, Naoufel builds a wooden igloo on a rooftop of a near-by building for Gabrielle. Returning home one day, he finds his cousin talking to Gabrielle, and finds that he has invited them both to a party. That evening, Naoufel takes Gabrielle to the rooftops, where they discuss fate and Naoufel wonders if it can be changed by doing something unexpected, such as leaping from the roof onto a near-by crane. Naoufel shows Gabrielle the igloo he built and reveals that they had met before when he delivered pizza. Gabrielle is upset, fearing that Naoufel had taken advantage of Gigi solely in order to pursue her. Gabrielle leaves in a rage. Hurt, Naoufel goes to his cousin's party alone and gets into a drunken fight. The next morning, Naoufel goes to work hung-over, sporting a black eye. While cutting wood on a bandsaw, Naoufel is distracted by a fly and tries to catch it, snagging his watch on the blade and severing his hand.


title: I Lost My Body

text: The hand eventually reaches Naoufel and lies on his bed while he sleeps, but it can't re-attach itself and eventually hides under the bed. Naoufel, depressed and hopeless, revisits his old tape recorder, which still has recordings of his parents – including the fatal car ride. Gigi attempts to talk to him, but Naoufel doesn't respond. Gabrielle comes to see him and finds his room empty. Inside the cupboard, she finds an igloo that his severed hand had built out of sugar cubes. After searching the empty igloo on the roof, Gabrielle finds Naoufel's old, abandoned tape recorder and discovers a new recording on it. Listening, she learns he had leapt off the ledge and onto the crane as he had once discussed.


title: I Lost My Body

text: After making the jump, Naoufel lies in the crane and smiles to himself as he looks out at the city. His severed hand retreats into the snow.


title: I Lost My Body

text: In May 2019, following its Cannes premiere, Netflix acquired the worldwide distribution rights to the film, excluding France, Turkey, China and the Benelux region.


title: I Lost My Body

text: The film was released in France on 6 November 2019 by distributor Rezo Films. Netflix also gave the film a theatrical release in some countries, including the United States on 15 November and the United Kingdom on 22 November.


title: I Lost My Body

text: "I Lost My Body" grossed $1,106,777 in France and $29,654 in Turkey, bringing its total box office earnings to $1,136,431.


title: I Lost My Body

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "I Lost My Body" has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics, and an average rating of . The site's consensus states, "Beautifully animated and utterly unique, "I Lost My Body" takes audiences on a singularly strange journey whose unexpected contours lead to a wholly satisfying destination." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: I Lost My Body

text: Jordan Mintzer of "The Hollywood Reporter" called the film "A highly original and rather touching account of loss, both physical and emotional."


title: I Lost My Body

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" magazine wrote: "I'd hazard to say it's one of the most original and creative animated features I've ever seen: macabre, of course — how could it be otherwise, given the premise? — but remarkably captivating and unexpectedly poetic in the process."


title: Guilin

text: Guilin (Standard Zhuang: "Gveilinz"; alternatively romanized as Kweilin) is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It is situated on the west bank of the Li River and borders Hunan to the north. Its name means "forest of sweet osmanthus", owing to the large number of fragrant sweet osmanthus trees located in the region. The city has long been renowned for its scenery of karst topography.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin is one of China's most popular tourist destinations, and the epithet "By water, by mountains, most lovely, Guilin" () is often associated with the city. The State Council of China has designated Guilin a National Famous Historical and Cultural City, doing so in the first edition of the list.


title: Guilin

text: Before the Qin dynasty, Guilin region was settled by the Baiyue people. In 314 BC, a small settlement was established along the banks of the Li River.


title: Guilin

text: During the Qin dynasty's (221–206 BC) campaigns against the state of Nanyue, the first administration was set up in the area around Guilin. The modern city was located within the Guilin Commandery, which is origin of the modern name "Guilin".


title: Guilin

text: In 111 BC, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, Shi'an County () was established, which could be regarded as the beginning of the city.


title: Guilin

text: In 634, Lingui County was established at the modern site of Guilin, under Gui Prefecture. In 868, Pang Xun rebelled against the Tang from Gui Prefecture.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin prospered in the Tang and Song dynasties but remained a county. The city was also a nexus between the central government and the southwest border, and it was where regular armies were placed to guard that border. Canals were built through the city so that food supplies could be directly transported from the food-productive Yangtze plain to the farthest southwestern point of the empire.


title: Guilin

text: In 997, Guangnan West Circuit, predecessor of modern Guangxi, was established, with Guizhou as the capital. In 1133, Guizhou was renamed Jingjiang Prefecture (). In 1367, the name was changed to Guilin Prefecture ().


title: Guilin

text: In 1921, Guilin became one of the headquarters of the Northern Expeditionary Army led by Sun Yat-sen. In 1940, Guilin City was established. Guilin was the provincial capital of Guangxi before 1912 and from 1936 to 1949.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin became one of the most important military, transport and cultural centers of China during the World War II. The city drastically expanded as refugees from all over China poured in, and by 1944 its population had grown from 70,000 pre-war to more than 500,000. It hosted intellectuals and artists including Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Tian Han, Xu Beihong, Feng Zikai and many others.


title: Guilin

text: In 1981, Guilin was listed by the State Council as one of the four cities (the other three being Beijing, Hangzhou and Suzhou) where the protection of historical and cultural heritage, as well as natural scenery, should be treated as a priority project.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin administers seventeen county-level divisions, including 6 districts, 8 counties, 2 autonomous counties, and 1 county-level city.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin is located in northern Guangxi, bordering Liuzhou to the west, Laibin to the southwest, Wuzhou to the south, Hezhou to the southeast, and within neighbouring Hunan, Huaihua to the northwest, Shaoyang to the north, and Yongzhou to the east. It has a total area of . The topography of the area is marked by karst formations. The karsts surrounding Guilin are made of Triassic period limestone and dolomite rocks. The Li River flows through the city.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa", bordering on "Cwa"), with short, mild winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast and often rainy, while summer continues to be rainy though is the sunniest time of year. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, and the annual mean is . The annual rainfall is just under , and is delivered in bulk (~50%) from April to June, when the plum rains occur and often create the risk of flooding. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 14% in March to 53% in September, the city receives 1,487 hours of bright sunshine annually.


title: Guilin

text: According to the 2020 Chinese census its population was 4,931,137 inhabitants whom 2,148,641 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 6 urban Districts plus Lingchuan County now being conurbated.


title: Guilin

text: According to the 2010 Chinese census, the largest ethnic group in the prefecture-level city was Han Chinese, accounting for 84.53% of the total population. This was followed by Yao at 7.79% and Zhuang at 4.81%. Citizens of Guilin's urban area speak a dialect of Mandarin, while Pinghua is predominantly spoken in suburbs and surrounding areas.


title: Guilin

text: Until 1949 only a thermal power plant, a cement works, and some small textile mills existed as signs of industrialization in Guilin. However, since the 1950s Guilin has added electronics, engineering and agricultural equipment, medicine, rubber, buses, textile and cotton yarn factories. Food processing, including the processing of local agricultural produce, remains the most important industry. More recent and modern industry features high technology, and the tertiary industry characterized by tourism trading and service.


title: Guilin

text: The airport is Guilin Liangjiang International Airport(ICAO:ZGKL, IATA:KWL). Airlines that fly to the airport are:


title: Guilin

text: Guilin has the most high-speed rail stations out of all cities in China. There is , , Guilin and a new station in the Lingui District.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin station and Guilin North station are on the Hunan–Guangxi railway, Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway and Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway, the main railways connecting Guangxi with central and southern China. Arriving at North station, high-speed trains between Guilin and Changsha and Beijing came into operation in December 2013. In December 2014, high-speed operations began connecting Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Guiyang, and Shanghai. This made it more convenient for people to come to Guilin. It takes only about 2 or 3 hours from Guangzhou to Guilin, 9 hours from Shanghai to Guilin and 13 hours from Beijing to Guilin. Trains traveling between Kunming South and West Kowloon stations (for example) stop at Guilin West railway station.


title: Guilin

text: The city's public transportation includes bus routes and taxis. Guilin is the leading city in Mainland China operating double-decker buses regularly on major routes; in its main street the double-deckers run one-by-one almost every minute. Sightseeing boats also run on the city's canals and lakes.


title: Guilin

text: A Guilin Metro is planned for 7 lines by 2040 with 117 stations and a total length of 273.2 kilometres. Line 1 is planned to have been opened by 2025, and it will be 29.23 km with 13 stations.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin cuisine is a mixture of Cantonese cuisine and Zhuang cuisine. It is known for its snacks and the use of spices, especially chili. Guilin chili sauce (), used widely in cooking by locals, is made of fresh chili, garlic, and fermented soybeans, and is considered one of the city's Three Treasures (). The other two of the Three Treasures are Guilin Sanhua Jiu (), a variety of "rice baijiu", or liquor distilled from rice; and Guilin pickled tofu.


title: Guilin

text: Guilin rice noodles have been the local breakfast staple since the Qin dynasty and are renowned for their delicate taste. Legend has it that when Qin troops suffering from diarrhea entered this region, a cook created the Guilin rice noodles for the army because they had trouble eating the local food. Specifically, the local specialty is noodles with horse meat, but this dish can also be ordered without the horse meat. "Zongzi", a dumpling made from glutinous rice and mung bean paste wrapped in a bamboo or banana leaf is another popular delicacy in Guilin.


title: Guilin

text: The Guilin relationship with the New Zealand city Hastings started in 1977, after a research scientist, Stuart Falconer, identified a number of common areas of interest between the two cities, including horticulture and their rural-urban mix.


title: Sprawl trilogy

text: The Sprawl trilogy (also known as the Neuromancer, Cyberspace, or Matrix trilogy) is William Gibson's first set of novels, composed of "Neuromancer" (1984), "Count Zero" (1986), and "Mona Lisa Overdrive" (1988).


title: Sprawl trilogy

text: The novels are all set in the same fictional future, and are subtly interlinked by shared characters and themes (which are not always readily apparent). The Sprawl trilogy shares this setting with Gibson's short stories "Johnny Mnemonic" (1981), "Burning Chrome" (1982), and "New Rose Hotel" (1984), and events and characters from the stories appear in or are mentioned at points in the trilogy.


title: Sprawl trilogy

text: The novels are set in a near-future world dominated by corporations and ubiquitous technology, after a limited World War III. The events of the novels are spaced over 16 years, and although there are familiar characters that appear, each novel tells a self-contained story. Gibson focuses on the effects of technology: the unintended consequences as it filters out of research labs and onto the street where it finds new purposes. He explores a world of direct mind-machine links ("jacking in"), emerging machine intelligence, and a global information space, which he calls "cyberspace". Some of the novels' action takes place in The Sprawl, an urban environment that extends along much of the east coast of the US.


title: Sprawl trilogy

text: The story arc which frames the trilogy is the development of an artificial intelligence which steadily removes its hardwired limitations to become something else.


title: Sprawl trilogy

text: The trilogy was commercially and critically successful. Journalist Steven Poole wrote in "The Guardian" that ""Neuromancer" and the two novels which followed, "Count Zero" (1986) and the gorgeously titled "Mona Lisa Overdrive" (1988), made up a fertile holy trinity, a sort of Chrome Koran (the name of one of Gibson's future rock bands) of ideas inviting endless reworkings."


title: Richard Garfield

text: Richard Channing Garfield (born June 26, 1963) is an American mathematician, inventor and game designer. Garfield created "", which is considered to be the first collectible card game (CCG). "Magic" debuted in 1993 and its success spawned many imitations. Garfield oversaw the successful growth of "Magic" and followed it with other game designs. Included in these are "Keyforge", "Netrunner", "BattleTech(CCG)", "", "Star Wars Trading Card Game", "The Great Dalmuti", "Artifact" and the board game "RoboRally". He also created a variation of the card game Hearts called Complex Hearts. Garfield first became passionate about games when he played the roleplaying game "Dungeons & Dragons", so he designed "Magic" decks to be customizable like roleplaying characters. Garfield and "Magic" are both in the Adventure Gaming Hall of Fame.


title: Richard Garfield

text: Garfield was born in Philadelphia and spent his childhood in many locations throughout the world as a result of his father's work in architecture. His family eventually settled in Oregon when he was twelve. Garfield is the great-great-grandson of U.S. President James A. Garfield and his grand-uncle Samuel Fay invented the paper clip. He is also the nephew of Fay Jones, who, already an established artist, illustrated one "Magic" card for him.


title: Richard Garfield

text: While Garfield always had an interest in puzzles and games, his passion was kick-started when he was introduced to "Dungeons & Dragons". Garfield designed his first game when he was 13.


title: Richard Garfield

text: In 1985, Garfield received a Bachelor of Science degree in computer mathematics. After college, he joined Bell Laboratories, but soon after decided to continue his education and attended the University of Pennsylvania, studying combinatorial mathematics for his PhD. Garfield studied under Herbert Wilf and earned a Ph.D. in combinatorial mathematics from Penn in 1993. His thesis was "On the Residue Classes of Combinatorial Families of Numbers". Shortly thereafter, he became a Visiting Professor of mathematics at Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington.


title: Richard Garfield

text: Garfield was married to Lily Wu in the late 90s, and he has at least two children. He proposed to his second wife, Koni Kim in 2015.


title: Richard Garfield

text: While searching for a publisher for "RoboRally", which he designed in 1985, Wizards of the Coast began talking to Garfield through Mike Davis, but the game looked too expensive for a new company like Wizards to produce. Peter Adkison of Wizards of the Coast expressed interest in a fast-playing game with minimal equipment, something that would be popular at a game convention. Adkison asked Garfield to develop a game that was cheaper to produce than "RoboRally", that might be more portable and even easy to carry around to conventions; Garfield did have an idea about combining baseball cards with a card game and began turning that rough idea into a complete game over the next week.


title: Richard Garfield

text: Garfield built on older prototypes of games that dated back to at least 1982, when he had created a "Cosmic Encounter"-inspired card game called "Five Magics." Garfield thus combined ideas from two previous games to invent the first trading card game, "". At first, Garfield and Adkison called the game "Manaclash," and worked on it in secret during Palladium's lawsuit against Wizards, protecting the game's intellectual property under a shell company called Garfield Games. Garfield began designing "Magic" as a Penn graduate student. Garfield's playtesters were mostly fellow Penn students.


title: Richard Garfield

text: "Magic: The Gathering" launched in 1993. Playtesters began independently developing expansion packs, which were then passed to Garfield for his final edit. In June 1994, Garfield left academia to join Wizards of the Coast as a full-time game designer. Garfield managed the hit game wisely, balancing player experience with business needs and allowing other designers to contribute creatively to the game. With his direction, Wizards established a robust tournament system for "Magic", something that was new to hobby gaming.


title: Richard Garfield

text: Wizards finally published Garfield's "RoboRally" in 1994. Wizards published Garfield's ""-based CCG "Jyhad" in 1994, but changed the name to "" in 1995 to avoid offending Muslims. "Netrunner" (1996) was Garfield's CCG based on "Cyberpunk 2020", where he included an element that made it an entirely asymmetrical game, with the two players having different cards, abilities, and goals. Wizards published the "BattleTech Collectible Card Game" in 1996, based on Garfield's design. Peter Adkison was developing a "Dungeons & Dragons" MMORPG based on a design from Garfield and Skaff Elias, but left Wizards in December 2000 after Hasbro sold the "D&D" computer rights and cancelled the project.


title: Richard Garfield

text: In 1999, Garfield was inducted into the Adventure Gaming Hall of Fame alongside "Magic". He was a primary play tester for the "Dungeons & Dragons" 3rd edition bookset, released by Wizards in 2000. He eventually left Wizards to become an independent game designer.


title: Richard Garfield

text: He still sporadically contributes to "". More recently, he has created the board games "Pecking Order" (2006) and "Rocketville" (2006). The latter was published by Avalon Hill, a subsidiary of Wizards of the Coast. He has shifted more of his attention to video games, having worked on the design and development of "Schizoid" and "Spectromancer" as part of Three Donkeys LLC. He has been a game designer and consultant for companies including Electronic Arts and Microsoft.


title: Richard Garfield

text: Garfield taught a class titled "The Characteristics of Games" at the University of Washington. It is now taught as part of the University of Washington's Certificate in Game Design.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: Gringo is a 2018 crime comedy film directed by Nash Edgerton and written by Anthony Tambakis and Matthew Stone. The film stars David Oyelowo, Charlize Theron (who also produced), Joel Edgerton (Nash's brother), Amanda Seyfried, Thandiwe Newton, and Sharlto Copley, and follows a mild-mannered businessman who is sent to Mexico to deliver an experimental marijuana pill. When he is kidnapped by a drug cartel, he must escape alongside a hired mercenary. The film was co-produced between the United States and Australia.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: In the Chicago offices of Promethium Pharmaceuticals, co-presidents Richard Rusk and Elaine Markinson receive a call from a company employee, Harold Soyinka, who claims he has been kidnapped in Mexico and that his abductors are demanding a ransom of five million US dollars.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: One day earlier, Harold, Richard, and Elaine arrive in Mexico where they meet Sanchez, head of Promethium's Mexico plant. Unbeknownst to Harold, it is revealed that Sanchez has been selling Promethium's latest product, medical marijuana in the shape of a pill, to a Mexican cartel. Promethium has decided to cut them off to avoid harming their upcoming merger. Later that evening, as Richard, Elaine and Harold have dinner, Harold secretly records Richard's and Elaine's conversations while he is away from the table. He learns from the recording the merger plans, which would result in Harold losing his job. That night, he also discovers that his wife is having an affair and wants a divorce. Sanchez informs cartel leader Villegas about them getting cut off by Promethium; Villegas maims Sanchez and, believing that Harold is Promethium's boss, orders his capture.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: Richard and Elaine leave Mexico the next morning without Harold when he seemingly disappears. Harold, hiding away at a motel, convinces the motel's operators, brothers Ronaldo and Ernesto to pose as kidnappers in an extortion plan in which he calls Richard pretending to be kidnapped in exchange for a hefty ransom. Richard calls his former-mercenary-turned-humanitarian brother Mitch to rescue Harold.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: Harold spends the evening at a bar, believing his scheme to have failed. The bartender alerts the cartel when he recognizes Harold. Two men arrive and kidnap Harold, but, while delivering him to Villegas, Harold overpowers them and crashes the car.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: The next morning, Harold is rescued by tourists Sunny and Miles, the latter of whom is working as a drug mule. The two take Harold back to Ronaldo and Ernesto's motel where all three had been staying, where Sunny befriends him. Soon, Ronaldo and Ernesto, who have been bribed by the cartel into helping them, attempt to kidnap Harold. However, Mitch arrives, defeats the brothers, and takes Harold with him. Mitch takes Harold to the airport to return him to Chicago, but he runs away. Mitch subdues Harold and injects him with a tracker to know where he is at all times. The men get on good terms with one another and devise a scheme to extort Richard for more money. When Mitch calls Richard to make that deal, Richard tells him that the company is planning to collect a large life insurance claim on Harold if he were to die, part of which Mitch would receive. Mitch reluctantly agrees to kill Harold.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: Harold and Mitch are spotted by Ronaldo and Ernesto on the streets. Mitch prepares to shoot Harold but cannot bring himself to do so as he has grown fond of him. The two are then attacked by the brothers, who kidnap Harold and take him to Villegas. Villegas kills the brothers and orders Harold to access a vault at the Promethium plant in order to steal the marijuana pill formula. There, a shootout occurs when the police arrive.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: During the battle, "Angel", Harold's Mexican colleague and one of Villegas' men, whisks Harold away from the fight and reveals himself as an undercover DEA agent. They are chased by members of the cartel, who run them off the road. Harold saves "Angel" from being killed by a cartel member; as Harold is about to be executed by another cartel member, Mitch arrives and saves him only to be killed by the first cartel member, whom Harold finishes off. Harold asks "Angel" for help, believing that he has nothing to return to in Chicago. "Angel" agrees to make a false declaration Harold dead and Harold gives him company files incriminating Richard before leaving.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: Villegas, his men, and Miles the drug mule are arrested by Mexican police, aided by "Angel". Richard is arrested by the DEA and imprisoned, and Elaine, who testified against Richard, takes over Promethium. Sanchez, despite his disability, settles down happily with his children. Harold, living quietly as "Harry Barnes," stays in Mexico, opens a beachside bar, and remains in contact with Sunny.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: On May 12, 2014, Charlize Theron joined the cast of the film, then titled "American Express". On December 10, 2015, David Oyelowo, Amanda Seyfried and Joel Edgerton joined the cast of the film. On March 11, 2016, Thandiwe Newton, Kenneth Choi, Harry Treadaway, Michael Angarano and Yul Vazquez joined the cast of the film. On May 11, 2016, STX Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film. Principal photography began on March 7, 2016.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: "Gringo" has grossed $5 million in the United States and Canada, and $6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $11 million.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Gringo" was released alongside "The Hurricane Heist", "" and "A Wrinkle in Time", and was projected to gross around $5 million from 2,404 theaters in its opening weekend. However, after making just $997,000 on its first day, weekend estimates were lowered to $3 million. It ended up debuting to $2.6 million, finishing 11th at the box office, and marking the 27th worst wide opening of all-time. In its second weekend the film dropped 76% to $630,000, finishing in 17th and marking the 25th worst 2nd weekend drop in history. In its third weekend the film was pulled from 2,197 theaters (94.1%, the 21st worst such drop all-time) and grossed just $36,241.


title: Gringo (2018 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Gringo" rounds up a bafflingly overqualified cast for a misfire of a comedy that's fatally undermined by its messy plot, poorly conceived characters, and obvious debts to better films." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: Benjamin David Salisbury (born October 19, 1980) is an American actor and dancer best known for playing the role of Brighton Sheffield on the CBS television sitcom "The Nanny" from 1993 to 1999.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on October 19, 1980, to parents David Arthur Salisbury and Mindy Jo (née Schneidewind) Salisbury. In 1998, he graduated from Wayzata High School in Plymouth, Minnesota, and enrolled in American University in Washington, D.C., that fall.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: An accomplished dancer, Salisbury would often treat "The Nanny" studio audiences to improvisational routines when the cameras were not rolling.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: Salisbury also played Martin Short's son in the 1992 film "Captain Ron", and appeared in "" (1996) as the sports announcer.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: Salisbury was a contestant on "Jeopardy!" where he competed in a very special "Teen Celebrity Jeopardy!" against Kirsten Dunst and Joseph Gordon-Levitt. Salisbury won with $1 but received $15,000 for his charity, while Dunst and Levitt each received $10,000 for theirs.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: He appeared in the 2004 reunion of the sitcom "The Nanny" titled "" with Fran Drescher, Renée Taylor, Rachel Chagall and others from "The Nanny" cast.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: In 2005, he had a minor role as a train expert on the episode "Sabotage" of the series "Numb3rs". In August 2006, Salisbury was featured in Domino's Pizza commercials featuring Fudge-ums, Domino's then-new mini-brownies.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: As of February 2017, Salisbury is working at Universal Studios Hollywood as the Director of Operations for the park.


title: Benjamin Salisbury

text: Salisbury has been married to his wife Kelly Murkey since 2006. Salisbury has 3 children. Daughter born in 2008, and 2 sons born in 2013 and 2016.


title: Dick (nickname)

text: Dick is a nickname most often for Richard, which likely originated in the Middle Ages as rhyming slang for "Rick", as did William → Will → Bill and Robert → Rob → Bob. The modern association with "penis" is more recent, arising from Dick becoming a cliché name for any man, as in Tom, Dick and Harry. Occasionally it was given as a nickname for other proper names as well but has generally fallen out of favour except for comic intent.


title: GP-25

text: The GP-25 "Kostyor ("Bonfire"), GP-30 "Obuvka ("Footwear") and GP-34 are a family of Russian 40 mm under-barrel grenade launchers ("Granatomyot Podstvolnyj") for the AK family of assault rifles. They were first seen by the West in 1984 during the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. The GP-30 was lightened and the redesigned sighting system was moved to the right.


title: GP-25

text: The current Izhmash-made version, the GP-34, has an again redesigned sighting system on the right and features the following advantages:


title: GP-25

text: Development of a grenade launcher for the AKM assault rifle began in 1966 at the Sporting and Hunting Arms Central Design and Research Bureau. Development continued into the 1970s, and in 1978 it was accepted into service. The GP-30 first entered service in 1989, and is intended for use with the AK-100 series of assault rifles. The GP-34 is designed to be a universal service model that can be fitted to the AKM / AKMS, AK-74 / AKs-74, AK-74M, AK-101, AK-103, and AN-94 rifles.


title: GP-25

text: The grenade launchers are similar in appearance and fire the same 40 mm caliber ammunition and use the same High-Low System developed by Germany in late World War II to keep recoil forces low without a rocket or other type of recoilless weapon back blast.


title: GP-25

text: The GP-30(M) is a stripped-down model grenade launcher, consisting of a very short, 40 mm rifled barrel in front of a basic trigger mechanism with minimal hand grip. On top of the barrel is mounting gear to attach the weapon under the barrel of an AK-series assault rifle, from where it is designed to be fired.


title: GP-25

text: A grenade is first muzzle loaded into the barrel, the weapon is aimed, then the self-cocking trigger is pulled to fire the weapon. This fires the percussion cap at the base of the grenade which triggers the nitrocellulose propellant inside the body of the grenade. The hot expanding gas from the propellant is forced through vents in the base of the grenade that move the grenade along the barrel, and at the same time force the driving band to engage with the twelve rifling grooves. The rifling imparts stabilizing spin to the projectile.


title: GP-25

text: The grenade launchers fire a series of special 40 mm grenades. Originally, the main grenade was the VOG-15 (7P17) fragmentation grenade. This was superseded by the steel-cased VOG-25 fragmentation grenade. The VOG-25 has a lethal radius of six meters. Rounds for the muzzle-loaded GP-25 consist of a single piece containing both propellant and warhead, unlike the more traditional two piece casing-and-projectile design of the comparable American 40x46mm round used in breech-loaded grenade launchers, such as the M203.


title: GP-25

text: A bouncing grenade, the VOG-25P, is also available. On impact, a small charge in the nose of the grenade is detonated; this raises the grenade 0.5 to 1.5 m in the air, before an impact delay fuse detonates it. The VOG-25P also has a lethal radius of six meters.


title: GP-25

text: New generation rounds VOG-M and VOG-PM with an increased effectiveness not less than 1.5 times are now serially available.


title: GP-25

text: Smoke grenades are also available. The original GRD-40 grenade has been replaced by a series of grenades designed for use at different ranges. These are the GRD-50, GRD-100 and GRD-200 for use at 50, 100 and 200 meters respectively. They are capable of producing a 20 cubic meter cloud of smoke that lasts for one minute in winds of up to five meters per second.


title: Sanjiv Goenka

text: Sanjiv Goenka (born 29 January 1961) is an Indian entrepreneur. He is the founder and chairman of RPSG Group and an early-stage investor. With a US$6 billion asset base and US$4.3 billion revenue, this multinational conglomerate is headquartered in Kolkata.


title: Sanjiv Goenka

text: Goenka was born to Sushila Devi Goenka and Rama Prasad Goenka in a Marwari people Family and raised in Kolkata.


title: Sanjiv Goenka

text: An alumnus of St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, Goenka received his Bachelor of Commerce Degree in 1981.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: The economic effects of Brexit were a major area of debate during and after the referendum on UK membership of the European Union. The majority of economists believe that Brexit is likely to harm the UK's economy and reduce its real per capita income in the long term, and the referendum itself damaged the economy. It is likely to produce a large decline in immigration from countries in the European Economic Area (EEA) to the UK, and poses challenges for British higher education and academic research.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: According to one study, the referendum result had pushed up UK inflation by 1.7 percentage points in 2017, leading to an annual cost of £404 for the average British household. Studies published in 2018 estimated that the economic costs of the Brexit vote were 2% of GDP, or 2.5% of GDP. According to a December 2017 "Financial Times" analysis, the Brexit referendum results had reduced national British income by 0.6% and 1.3%. A 2018 analysis by Stanford University and Nottingham University economists estimated that uncertainty around Brexit reduced investment by businesses by approximately 6 percentage points and caused an employment reduction by 1.5 percentage points. A number of studies found that Brexit-induced uncertainty about the UK's future trade policy reduced British international trade from June 2016 onwards. A 2019 analysis found that British firms substantially increased offshoring to the European Union after the Brexit referendum, whereas European firms reduced new investments in the UK.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Short-term macroeconomic forecasts by the Bank of England and other banks of what would happen immediately after the Brexit referendum were too pessimistic. The assessments assumed that the referendum results would create greater uncertainty in markets and reduce consumer confidence more than it did. A number of economists noted that short-term macroeconomic forecasts are generally considered unreliable, as they are something that academic economists do not do, but rather banks do. Economists have compared short-term economic forecasts to weather forecasts whereas the long-term economic forecasts are akin to climate forecasts: the methodologies used in long-term forecasts are "well-established and robust".


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: It solved many issues to save trade between the UK and the EU which is a significant trade partner for the UK, but is not as good as the EU membership for removing all paperwork and ease trade.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: There was overwhelming or near-unanimous agreement among economists that leaving the European Union would adversely affect the British economy in the medium- and long-term. Surveys of economists in 2016 showed overwhelming agreement that Brexit would likely reduce the UK's real per-capita income level. 2017 and 2019 surveys of existing academic research found that the credible estimates ranged between GDP losses of 1.2–4.5% for the UK, and a cost of between 1 and 10% of the UK's income per capita. These estimates varied depending on whether the UK left via a 'hard' or 'soft' Brexit. In January 2018, the UK government's own Brexit analysis was leaked; it showed that UK economic growth would be stunted by 2–8% for at least 15 years following Brexit, depending on the leave scenario.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: According to most economists, EU membership has a strong positive effect on trade and, as a result, the UK's trade would be worse off when it left the EU. According to a study by University of Cambridge economists, under a hard Brexit, whereby the UK reverts to WTO rules, one-third of UK exports to the EU would be tariff-free, one-quarter would face high trade barriers and other exports risk tariffs in the range of 1–10%. A 2017 study found that "almost all UK regions are systematically more vulnerable to Brexit than regions in any other country." A 2017 study examining the economic impact of Brexit-induced reductions in migration found that there would likely be "a significant negative impact on UK GDP "per capita" (and GDP), with marginal positive impacts on wages in the low-skill service sector." It is unclear how changes in trade and foreign investment will interact with immigration, but these changes are likely to be important.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: In October 2021, the UK government’s Office of Budget Responsibility calculated that Brexit would cost 4% of GDP per annum over the long term. 4% of 2021 UK GDP is the equivalent of a £32bn cost per annum to the UK taxpayer. After rebates, the UK’s EU membership fee in 2018 was £13.2bn.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: CIPS has reported think tank Campaign for European Reform's research, which found that UK goods trade was 11.2%, or £8.5bn, lower in September 2021 than it would have been according to the Office for Budget Responsibility's forecast in March 2016.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: A 2022 study from research firm Resolution Foundation found that Brexit had reduced the openness and competitiveness of the British economy.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Since fiscal impacts will play a major role in the outcome of Brexit, Theresa May has stated that money will be taking first place as the key importance surrounding Brexit, the others being borders and laws. The Brexit divorce bill is essentially a financial settlement in which the United Kingdom must pay off their liabilities to the EU. This includes, for example, unpaid contributions to the EU's multi-year finances. There is no current set figure for the bill but estimates have shown it to be at least £39bn which could see increases as far as 2022. First year costs (2018–2019) are expected to be close to £14bn and decreasing to £7bn by 2022–2023.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Following the Brexit referendum, many companies shifted assets, offices, or businesses operations out of Britain and to continental Europe and Ireland. By the beginning of April 2019, banks had transferred more than US$1 trillion out of Britain, and asset management and insurance companies transferred US$130 billion out of Britain.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: A March 2019 report from the independent research institute New Financial identified 269 companies in the banking or financial services sector that had relocated portions of their businesses or staff following Brexit; of these moves, 239 were confirmed as Brexit-related. The greatest number of moves were to Dublin (30%), followed by Luxembourg (18%), Frankfurt (12%), Paris (12%), and Amsterdam (10%).


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Supporters of withdrawal argued that ending net contributions to the EU would allow for tax cuts or government spending increases. On the basis of Treasury figures, in 2014 the United Kingdom's "gross" national contribution (ignoring the rebate) was £18.8 billion, about 1% of GDP, or £350 million a week. Because the UK receives (per capita) less EU spending than other member states, a rebate was negotiated; net of this rebate, the contribution was £14.4 billion, approximately 0.8% of GDP, or £275 million a week. If EU spending in Britain is also taken into account, the average "net" contribution for the next five years is estimated at about £8 billion a year, which is about 0.4% of national income, or £150 million per week. The Institute for Fiscal Studies have said that the majority of forecasts of the impact of Brexit on the UK economy indicated that the government would have less money to spend even if it no longer had to pay into the EU.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: According to economist Paul Krugman, Brexit supporters' assertions that leaving the single market and customs union might increase UK exports to the rest of the world are wrong. He considers the costs of Brexit might be around 2 per cent of GDP.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: European experts from the World Pensions Council (WPC) and the University of Bath have argued that, beyond short-lived market volatility, the long-term economic prospects of Britain remain high, notably in terms of country attractiveness and foreign direct investment (FDI): "Country risk experts we spoke to are confident the UK's economy will remain robust in the event of an exit from the EU. 'The economic attractiveness of Britain will not go down and a trade war with London is in no one's interest,' says M Nicolas Firzli, director-general of the World Pensions Council (WPC) and advisory board member for the World Bank Global Infrastructure Facility [...] Bruce Morley, lecturer in economics at the University of Bath, goes further to suggest that the long-term benefits to the UK of leaving the Union, such as less regulation and more control over Britain's trade policy, could outweigh the short-term uncertainty observed in the [country risk] scores."


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: The mooted importance of the UK's membership of the EU as a lure for FDI has long been stressed by supporters of the UK's continued involvement in the EU. In this view, foreign firms see the UK as a gateway to other EU markets, with the UK economy benefiting from its resulting attractiveness as a location for activity. The UK is certainly a major recipient of FDI. In 2014, it held the second largest stock of inward investment in the world, amounting to just over £1 trillion or almost 7% of the global total. This was more than double the 3% accounted for by Germany and France. On a per capita basis, the UK is the clear front-runner among major economies with a stock of FDI around three times larger than the level in other major European economies and 50% larger than in the US.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: The BBC reported on 28 April 2017 that property investment firm JLL (company) data shows Asian investors accounted for 28% of the transactions in the UK property market in 2016, up from the 17% the year before – indicating that Brexit is not dissuading Asian property investors. The BBC also cited Chinese international property portal Juwai.com, which reported a 60% increase in enquiries into UK property in the prior 12 months. Property firm CBRE Group said in January 2017 that Brexit has increased risk in UK property markets by creating new uncertainties.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: With Brexit, EU law is no longer applicable in the UK. This means British mobile network operators — like EE Limited — will be free to charge users for roaming service.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: When the London Stock Exchange opened on Friday 24 June 2016, the FTSE 100 fell from 6338.10 to 5806.13 in the first ten minutes of trading. It recovered to 6091.27 after a further 90 minutes before further recovering to 6162.97 by the end of the day's trading. This equated to a fall of 3% by the close of trading. When the markets reopened the following Monday, the FTSE 100 showed a steady decline, losing over 2% by mid-afternoon. Upon opening later on the Friday after the referendum, the US Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped nearly 450 points or about 2.5% in less than half an hour. The Associated Press called the sudden worldwide stock market decline a stock market crash. Internationally, more than US$2trillion of wealth in equities markets was wiped out in the highest one-day sell-off in recorded history, in absolute terms. The stock market losses amounted to a total of 3 trillion US dollars by 27 June; up to the same date, the FTSE 100 index had lost £85 billion. Near the close of trading on 27 June, the domestically-focused FTSE 250 Index was down approximately 14% compared to the day before the referendum results were published.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: However, by 1 July the FTSE 100 had risen above pre-referendum levels, to a ten-month high. Taking the previous fall into account, this represented the index's largest single-week rise since 2011. On 11 July, it officially entered bull market territory, having risen by more than 20% from its February low. The FTSE 250 moved above its pre-referendum level on 27 July. In the US, the S&P 500, a broader market than the Dow Jones, reached an all-time high on 11 July.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: On the morning of 24 June, the pound sterling fell to its lowest level against the US dollar since 1985, marking the pound down 10% against the US dollar and 7% against the euro. The drop from $1.50 to $1.37 was the biggest move for the currency in any two-hour period in history. The pound remained low, and on 8 July became the worst performing currency of the year, against 31 other major currencies, performing worse than the Argentine peso, the previous lowest currency. By contrast, the pound's trade-weighted index is only back at levels seen in the period 2008–2013.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: The referendum result also had an immediate economic effect on a number of other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since 2008, dropping in value by over 8% against the US dollar. Other countries negatively affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%, Nigeria, and Kenya. This was partly due to a general global financial shift out of currencies seen as risky and into the US dollar, and partly due to concerns over how the UK's withdrawal from the EU would affect the economies and trade relations of countries with close economic links to the United Kingdom.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: On 5 January 2017, Andy Haldane, the Chief Economist and the Executive Director of Monetary Analysis and Statistics at the Bank of England, admitted that forecasts predicting an economic downturn due to the referendum have so far been inaccurate and noted strong market performance since the referendum.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: In January 2021, Euronext became Europe's largest stock market, as London lost its dominance for the first time since 1986.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: On 27 June 2016, Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne attempted to reassure financial markets that the UK economy was not in serious trouble. This came after media reports that a survey by the Institute of Directors suggested that two-thirds of businesses believed that the outcome of the referendum would produce negative results as well as falls in the value of sterling and the FTSE 100. Some British businesses had also predicted that investment cuts, hiring freezes and redundancies would be necessary to cope with the results of the referendum. Osborne indicated that Britain was facing the future "from a position of strength" and there was no current need for an emergency Budget. "No-one should doubt our resolve to maintain the fiscal stability we have delivered for this country ... And to companies, large and small, I would say this: the British economy is fundamentally strong, highly competitive and we are open for business."


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: On 14 July 2016 Philip Hammond, Osborne's successor as Chancellor, told BBC News the referendum result had caused uncertainty for businesses, and that it was important to send "signals of reassurance" to encourage investment and spending. He also confirmed there would not be an emergency budget: "We will want to work closely with the governor of the Bank of England and others through the summer to prepare for the Autumn Statement, when we will signal and set out the plans for the economy going forward in what are very different circumstances that we now face, and then those plans will be implemented in the Budget in the spring in the usual way."


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: It was expected that the weaker pound would also benefit aerospace and defence firms, pharmaceutical companies, and professional services companies; the share prices of these companies were boosted after the EU referendum.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: On 12 July 2016, the global investment management company BlackRock predicted the UK would experience a recession in late 2016 or early 2017 as a result of the vote to leave the EU, and that economic growth would slow down for at least five years because of a reduction in investment. On 18 July, the UK-based economic forecasting group EY ITEM club suggested the country would experience a "short shallow recession" as the economy suffered "severe confidence effects on spending and business"; it also cut its economic growth forecasts for the UK from 2.6% to 0.4% in 2017, and 2.4% to 1.4% for 2018. The group's chief economic adviser, Peter Soencer, also argued there would be more long-term implications, and that the UK "may have to adjust to a permanent reduction in the size of the economy, compared to the trend that seemed possible prior to the vote". Senior City investor Richard Buxton also argued there would be a "mild recession". On 19 July, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reduced its 2017 economic growth forecast for the UK from 2.2% to 1.3%, but still expected Britain to be the second fastest growing economy in the G7 during 2016; the IMF also reduced its forecasts for world economic growth by 0.1% to 3.1% in 2016 and 3.4% in 2017, as a result of the referendum, which it said had "thrown a spanner in the works" of global recovery.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: On 20 July 2016, a report released by the Bank of England said that although uncertainty had risen "markedly" since the referendum, it was yet to see evidence of a sharp economic decline as a consequence. However, around a third of contacts surveyed for the report expected there to be "some negative impact" over the following year.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: In September 2016, following three months of positive economic data after the referendum, commentators suggested that many of the negative statements and predictions promoted from within the "remain" camp had failed to materialise, but by December, analysis began to show that Brexit was having an effect on inflation.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Research by the Centre for European Reform suggests the UK economy is 2.5% smaller than it would have been if Remain had won the referendum. Public finances fell by £26bn a year. This amounts to £500m a week and is growing. An estimate suggested Britain's economy is 2.1% smaller than it would have been after the first quarter of 2018. On 23 September 2022, the day of the Truss-Kwarteng mini-budget, Mark Carney summarised the impact of Brexit as follows: "in 2016 the British economy was 90 per cent the size of Germany’s. Now it is less than 70 per cent. And that calculation was made before today."


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Toyota plans a one-day production pause at its Burnaston factory on 1 November. The car maker cites uncertainty about the actual supply situation on "the first day of Brexit".


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: On the day after the referendum, Bank of England Governor Mark Carney told a press conference:The capital requirements of our largest banks are now 10 times higher than before the financial crisis. The Bank of England has stress-tested those banks against scenarios far more severe than our country currently faces. As a result of these actions UK banks have raised over a £130bn of new capital and now have more than £600bn of high quality liquid assets. That substantial capital and huge liquidity gives banks the flexibility they need to continue to lend to UK businesses and households even during challenging times.Moreover, as a backstop to support the functioning of the markets the Bank of England stands ready to provide more than £250bn of additional funds through its normal market operations. The Bank of England is also able to provide substantial liquidity in foreign currency if required. We expect institutions to draw on this funding if and when appropriate.It will take some time for the UK to establish a new relationship with Europe and the rest of the world. So some market and economic volatility can be expected as this process unfolds, but we are well prepared for this. Her Majesty's Treasury and the Bank of England have engaged in extensive contingency planning and the chancellor and I have remained in close contact including through the night and this morning. The Bank of England will not hesitate to take additional measure as required, as markets adjust.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Nonetheless, share prices of the five largest British banks fell an average of 21% on the morning after the referendum. Shares in many other non-UK banks also fell by more than 10%. By the end of Friday's trading, both HSBC and Standard Chartered had fully recovered, while Lloyds, RBS Group and Barclays remained more than 10% down.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: All of the Big Three credit rating agencies reacted negatively to the vote: Standard & Poor's cut the UK credit rating from AAA to AA, Fitch Group cut from AA+ to AA, and Moody's cut the UK's outlook to "negative".


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: To increase financial stability, on 5 July the Bank of England released £150 billion in lending by reducing the countercyclical capital buffers that banks are required to hold.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Fears of a fall in commercial property values led investors to begin redeeming investments in property funds, prompting Standard Life to bar withdrawals on 4 July, and Aviva followed suit the next day. Other investment companies including Henderson Group and M&G Investments cut the amount that investors cashing in their funds would receive. In the following weeks, the suspension of redemptions by several companies was lifted, replaced by exit penalties, and the exit penalties were successively reduced.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: On 4 October 2016, the "Financial Times" assessed the potential effect of Brexit on banking. The City of London is world leading in financial services, especially in foreign exchange currency transactions, including euros. This position is enabled by the EU-wide "passporting" agreement for financial products. Should the passporting agreement expire in the event of a Brexit, the British financial service industry might lose up to 35,000 of its 1 million jobs, and the Treasury might lose 5 billion pounds annually in tax revenue. Indirect effects could increase these numbers to 71,000 job losses and 10 billion pounds of tax annually. The latter would correspond to about 2% of annual British tax revenue.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: By July 2016 the Senate of Berlin had sent invitation letters encouraging UK-based start-ups to re-locate to Berlin. According to Anthony Browne of the British Banking Association, many major and minor banks may relocate outside the UK.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Economists have warned that London's future as an international financial centre depends on whether the UK will obtain passporting rights for British banks from the European Union. If banks located in the UK cannot obtain passporting rights, they have strong incentives to relocate to financial centres within the EU. According to John Armour, Professor of Law and Finance at Oxford University, "a 'soft' Brexit, whereby the UK leaves the EU but remains in the single market, would be a lower-risk option for the British financial industry than other Brexit options, because it would enable financial services firms to continue to rely on regulatory passporting rights."


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: But the situation may be different when it comes to the fund management industry, as British asset owners, notably UK pension funds, often constitute an incommensurate share of total turnover for German, French, Dutch and other Continental European asset managers.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: This imbalance could potentially give Britain some negotiating leverage e.g. power of retorsion in case the EU attempts to impose an abrupt cancellation of the mutually-binding obligations and advantages pertaining to the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004 (""fund passporting""). Research conducted by the World Pensions Council (WPC) shows that


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: In July 2016, the IMF released a report warning that "'Brexit' marks the materialisation of an important downside risk to global growth," and that considering the current uncertainty as to how the UK would leave the EU, there was "still very much unfolding, more negative outcomes are a distinct possibility". In September 2018 the IMF stated that Brexit would probably, "entail costs", but a disorderly leaving could result in, "a significantly worse outcome". Christine Lagarde said, "Any deal will not be as good as the smooth process under which goods, services, people and capital move around between the EU and the UK without impediments and obstacles. Our projections assume a timely agreement with the EU on a broad free-trade pact and a relatively smooth Brexit process after that. A more disruptive departure will have a much worse outcome. Let me be clear: compared with today’s smooth single market, all the likely Brexit scenarios will have costs for the UK economy, and to a lesser extent for the EU as well. The larger the impediments to trade in the new relationship, the costlier it will be." Lagarde also said a "disorderly" or "crash" Brexit would have many results, including cuts to growth, a worsened deficit and depreciation of sterling, causing the size of the UK economy to be reduced. She added, "The larger the impediments to trade in the new relationship, the costlier it will be." Lagarde was asked if she predicted any positives from Brexit, Lagarde said, "I see a lot of negatives. If all the uncertainties were removed it would be better. It is bad for the economy to have this amount of uncertainty."


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Held in late July 2016 in Chengdu, China this summit of finance ministers of 20 major economies warned that the UK's planned departure from the European Union was adding to uncertainty in the global economy and urged that the UK should remain close to the European Union to reduce turmoil. While the G20 agreed that other world factors, including terrorist acts, were creating problems, Brexit was at the forefront of their concerns.


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: In interviews while attending the G20 Summit, Philip Hammond, the UK's recently appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, said the country would attempt to minimise uncertainty by explaining in the near future "more clearly the kind of arrangement we envisage going forward with the European Union". He emphasised that "the uncertainty will only end when the deal is done" but hoped that the UK and the EU would be able to announce some agreement by late 2016 as to how the exit would be staged. Hammond also reiterated previous Government comments indicating that steps would be taken to stimulate the economy including tax cuts or increased spending, though without specifics. The UK was also planning to increase bilateral trade with China, he told the BBC. According to Hammond, "Once we are out of the European Union then I have no doubt on both sides we will want to cement that relationship into a firmer structure in a bilateral way that's appropriate."


title: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Although he was not addressing only the UK's departure from the EU, Mark Carney, chair of the Financial Stability Board (and Governor of the Bank of England), sent a letter in late July 2016 to Finance Ministers attending the G20 Summit and to Central Bank Governors about the difficulties the global economy had weathered (including the effects of Brexit) and the steps the FSB was taking. The letter indicated that the financial system had "continued to function effectively" in spite of the "spikes in uncertainty and risk aversion", confirming that "this resilience in the face of stress demonstrates the enduring benefits of G20 post-crisis reforms." He emphasised the value of specific reforms that had been implemented by the Financial Stability Board stating that these had "dampened aftershocks from these events [world crises] rather than amplifying them". He expressed confidence in the FSB's strategies: "This resilience in the face of stress demonstrates the enduring benefits of G20 post-crisis reforms."


A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships is the third studio album by English band the 1975. It was released on 30 November 2018 by Dirty Hit and Polydor Records. Initially titled "Music for Cars", the album was intended as the follow-up to "I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It" (2016). The term later denoted an era encompassing both their third album and "Notes on a Conditional Form", released in 2020. The band halted recording of the first part after lead singer Matthew Healy left for a drug rehabilitation clinic in Barbados, seeking treatment for his heroin addiction. Following the singer's return, the band spent several months completing the album in Northamptonshire and Los Angeles.


A maximalist experimental album, "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" combines rock and pop music interspersed with ambient interludes. Eschewing the 1980s-influenced sound of its predecessor, the album embraces a desolate soundscape informed by electronica. Noted for its incorporation of various genres, the record heavily draws from jazz, R&B, electropop, indie rock and Britpop, among others. The songs are characterised by their electronic beats, gospel choirs, neo-soul horns and downtempo rhythms. Guest contributions are featured from the London Community Gospel Choir, No Rome, the Japanese House and Roy Hargrove.


Exploring the role of digital communication and the internet in contemporary life, "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" is a concept album connected by several over-arching threads. The album serves as a cautionary political statement, questioning the implications of society's relationship with technology and its impact on millennials. It marks a shift in Healy's portrayal of heroin addiction, embracing sincerity and honesty to speak on the desolation it causes. Eschewing metaphors and ambiguity, the album utilises black humour, simple lyrics and straightforward storytelling, covering dark topics such as nihilism, suicide, depression, anxiety, dissociation, trauma, cynicism and death, among others.


"A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" was preceded by the singles "Give Yourself a Try", "Love It If We Made It", "TooTimeTooTimeTooTime", "Sincerity Is Scary" and "It's Not Living (If It's Not with You)". The album received widespread acclaim from contemporary music critics, who praised the production quality and portrayal of modern life, with some critics calling it a millennial version of Radiohead's "OK Computer". In addition to appearing on numerous publications' year-end and decade-end lists, it won the British Album of the Year at the 2019 Brit Awards. The album became the 1975's third consecutive number one on the UK Albums Chart, and was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). It also peaked at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and attained top-ten positions in several countries, including on Ireland, New Zealand and Australia. To further promote the album, the band embarked on their Music for Cars Tour.


title: A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships

text: The 1975 released their second studio album, "I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It", in February 2016. The record peaked atop the UK Albums Chart and the US "Billboard" 200 and was considered by numerous critics to be one of the best albums of 2016. In February 2017, lead singer Matthew Healy tweeted: "Music For Cars – 2018". In an April interview on Zane Lowe's Beats 1 Radio show, the singer confirmed the title "Music For Cars" and announced a 2018 release, saying "[the album] has always been called that, and we were always gonna do a trilogy of records". He later told Tom Connick of "NME" that the title was a reference to the band's third extended play of the same name (2013), saying it "was always my favorite title of everything we'd ever done". With "Music For Cars", the singer aimed to create the most important pop album of the decade, hoping to achieve the same impact as Radiohead's "OK Computer" (1997) and the Smiths' "The Queen Is Dead" (1986).


text: In August 2017, the 1975 stated they were in the editing process of "Music For Cars", having over two hours worth of material, while the band's manager Jamie Osborn said the first recording sessions for the album were planned for September. Posters promoting the album began emerging around London and Manchester in April 2018. In May, the 1975 announced that "Music For Cars" would now serve as an umbrella term to denote an "era" comprising two albums: "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" and "Notes on a Conditional Form" (2020). The title of the former is taken from Gene McHugh's essay "The Context of the Digital: A Brief Inquiry Into Online Relationships". While on a train in London, Healy spotted a passenger reading "You Are Here: Art After the Internet" by Omar Kholeif, in which the essay is included. Regarding the decision to release two separate bodies of work rather than a double album, Healy called the double album format "prog and annoying... they're self-serving".


text: In July 2017, the 1975's drummer and co-producer George Daniel discovered Healy was using heroin again, only hours before performing at the Latitude Festival. The band held an intervention afterward, and the singer promised to detox once they traveled to Los Angeles to record "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships". The initial recording sessions began in August at the Angelic Residential Recording Studio in Northamptonshire. In September, the singer went on a tirade while under the influence of benzodiazepine, proclaiming he would continue to smoke heroin while telling the band members: "Listen, everyone has to get onboard because I'm the fucking main deal. If you want songs, we're just going to have to get on with it." Realising the seriousness of his actions, Healy declared his intention to enter a drug rehabilitation centre and treat his heroin addiction. The 1975 travelled to Los Angeles the following month, recording at the Sunset Marqui until Halloween, when Healy left to seek treatment at a rehab in Barbados.


text: Healy spent seven weeks in Barbados between November and December, an experience which inspired several songs on "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships"; he used songwriting as a means of catharsis that allowed him to gain a sense of purpose and wellbeing. The singer wrote "Surrounded by Heads and Bodies" about Angela, a woman he met in rehab. Although the pair rarely interacted, he felt a connection with her, and a later conversation revealed they lived on the same street in Manchester. The song's title stems from David Foster Wallace's "Infinite Jest" (1996), which Healy read during his time in Barbados. "I Couldn't Be More In Love" was also inspired by the experience, with the singer saying it is "not about love at all", but rather explores "being terrified of what happens when people stop caring". Healy and Daniel remained in contact during his time in rehab, which represented the longest time the two had spent apart, and the latter said: "It was a worrying time, because we’re so symbiotic, there can’t be problems like that."


text: While much of "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" was written prior to Healy's stay in Barbados, the 1975 returned to the Northamptonshire studio in January 2018, where they remained for seven months. The singer told Indran Paramasivam of "Bandwagon" that the studio was chosen due to its seclusion and resemblance to his childhood farmhouse in Cheshire. Elsewhere in the UK, the band recorded sessions at various studios in London, including Abbey Road Studios with the London Community Gospel Choir. In late July, the 1975 returned to Los Angeles for four months to finalise the record and start working on "Notes on a Conditional Form". Although the band worked on both albums simultaneously, Healy did not want to preserve any songs for "Notes on a Conditional Form". During this period, the band lived and worked at Perfect Sound, a residential recording studio. Unlike the 1975's prior albums, it is the first not to be co-produced by Mike Crossey. Healy said that Crossey helped the band build confidence as producers with their first two albums; teaching them how to use a studio, how to record and guide the development their craft. Owing to the variety of recording locations utilised for "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships", Healy felt that it was not "really conducive to have another element in there".


text: A musically experimental album, "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" combines rock and pop music. Maura Johnston of "Rolling Stone" said its juxtaposition of various genres mirrors a music streaming playlist where "sophistipop fades into jazz fades into big-ticket MOR fades into Quiet Storm". "The Daily Telegraph"s Neil McCormick observed a "kaleidoscopic" variety of styles that reflects the album's engagement with contemporary culture and noted the presence of aesthetically unifying lyrical, vocal and instrumental factors. Writing that the record combines a "strange" mix of tones, genres and production into a singular aesthetic, Mike Watkins of "Clash" opined that it continues the experimental progression of "I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It". Writing for "The Skinny", Harry Harris noted "a lot more lush, Postal Service-y electronica, and dreamy, cinematic collage-like phrases and choices", deeming the music a departure from the 1980s-style of the record's predecessor. Claire Biddles from "The Line of Best Fit" also felt the album is a musical departure from the band's second record, asserting that it eschews the "sunset pinks" and "pool blues" of their second album in favour of "a desolate sonic world".


text: Chris Conaton of "PopMatters", The Ringer's editorial staff and "NME" writer Dan Stubbs deemed the record "genre-hopping". Aimee Cliff of "Dazed" deemed it "an effervescent and experimental record", while "Tampa Bay Times" writer Jay Cridlin called the album a "lavish and experimental blockbuster". Writing for "Paste", Marissa Matazzo said the album blends indie rock and electronic elements, while Conrad Duncan of "Under the Radar" classified the record as indie rock which incorporates jazz-rap, pop-reggaeton, "Gershwin balladry", IDM and Britpop. Thrillist writer Dan Jackson felt the album is rooted in electropop and R&B, with Ian Gormely of "Exclaim!" also calling it an electropop album. Sputnikmusic staff writer SowingSeason classified the album's musical style as a fusion of jazz, electronica, rock and pop, with Andrew Sacher of "BrooklynVegan" calling the use of the former genre "the most surprising twist on [the] album".


text: Interspersed with ambient interludes, the maximalist songs on "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" are characterised by spaced-out electronic beats and flourishes, gospel choirs, saxophones, neo-soul horns, light piano, 1980s synths, "jaunty" melodies and downtempo rhythms. Healy's vocals are autotuned and distorted for much of the record, and he delivers the lyrics in a stream-of-consciousness style. The album features contributions from several guest collaborators. The London Community Gospel Choir provides choir vocals on "Love It If We Made It", "Sincerity Is Scary", "It's Not Living (If It's Not with You)" and "I Couldn't Be More in Love". Roy Hargrove performs the trumpet on "Sincerity Is Scary" and "Mine". Guendoline Rome Viray Gomez—known professionally as No Rome—co-wrote "TooTimeTooTimeTooTime" and performs the song's background vocals, drums, synthesiser and programming. Elsewhere, he provides the keyboards and programming for "Sincerity Is Scary" and the background vocals on "I Like America & America Likes Me". Amber Bain–known professionally as the Japanese House–contributes to "It's Not Living (If It's Not with You)", singing the background vocals in addition to performing the keyboard and electric guitar.


text: A concept album, "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" explores digital communication and the internet's role in contemporary life. Several over-arching narratives connect the record: society's relationship with technology, the millennial experience in the information age, and Healy's commitment to sincerity following the end of his heroin addiction. Healy compared the album to an essay meant to inform the listener without opinion or judgement, consciously avoiding portraying a dystopian society. The record eschews condescension and generalisation in an attempt to embrace contemporary life, utilising straightforward storytelling and simple lyrics that omit metaphors and ambiguity. Sacher observed a dark, conversational-style delivery that mimics a Twitter feed. For this reason, Cliff compared its structure to a newsfeed where "love and politics and comedy and culture all fight for attention".


text: Rather than condemn and judge humanity's increasingly dependent relationship with technology, information and the internet, "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" accepts their ubiquity and debates it by posing a series of new questions. The album questions whether honest interpersonal communication can survive in the digital era and examines trust in the internet age, the overstimulation of infinite content loops, confirmation bias, how people communicate with one another and the mania of the online world. Biddles opined that the album is "ostensibly about the internet's role in our lives", writing it continues the band's exploration of how people connect and what messages are lost through digital communications. Writing for "Atwood Magazine", Sara Santora felt the record reflects the effects of social media addiction and the 24-hour news cycle on youth culture, causing millennials to be "constantly concerned with the state of our world".


text: "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" attempts to document the millennial experience in the information age, serving as a cautionary political statement about modern society and contemporary existence. It avoids lambasting the "largely misunderstood generation", according to David Sackllah of "Consequence", and instead showcases their achievement, wit and humanity. It reflects geopolitics, nihilism, ageing, the passage of time and the challenges faced by young people in society; searching for hope and authenticity, navigating life in a technologically advanced future, understanding their role in society, and their ability—or inability—to promote change. It also deals with the psychological impact of inheriting a global recession, climate change, xenophobia, the War On Terror, dying industries and society on the brink of collapse. Regarding the impact of these events on the album's themes and lyrics, "Stereogum"s Ryan Leas said it depicts: "The static, the paralysis, the disenchantment, the fury, the dislocation, produced by a world that seems to be falling apart and the way the internet brings that right up to our faces constantly."


text: Abandoning postmodern irony and embracing sincerity, "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" marks a definitive shift toward an honest dialogue about Healy's sobriety and recovery. Although reluctant to speak on his addiction, the singer did not want to romanticise or trivialise it and sought to avoid the "clichéd myth of the countercultural rebel junkie", using the lyrics to deter any fetishisation of his struggle. David Greene of NPR identified Healy's experience with heroin addiction and rehab as the album's "true focal point", while Biddles attributed the new commitment to sincerity to Healy's time in rehab. Throughout the album, Healy focuses on drug addiction and the desolation that it causes, using black humour to tell sordid stories that deal with millennial self-destruction. Writing for "The Irish Times", Louise Bruton described the record as "[wandering] through the various darkened states of isolation until it finds faint glimmers of light to reach out for", covering dark subjects such as suicide, depression, anxiety, dissociation, trauma, disillusionment, self-loathing, cynicism and death.


text: A sparse ambient, folk and electronic instrumental, "The 1975", serves as the intro of "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships". "Give Yourself a Try", a lo-fi indie rock and post-punk song, encourages people to recognise their self-worth. Exploring how social media affects modern-day relationships, "TooTimeTooTimeTooTime" is an electropop and synth-pop track with a tropical house beat. Characterised by minimal lyrics which detail how Healy lied to his friends amid his addiction, "How to Draw / Petrichor" is a two-part experimental, electronica, ambient and UK garage interlude. The first part, "How to Draw", contains twinkling synths, a ringing music box, delicate embers of sound, an ethereal mixture of noises and a toy piano. It gradually builds, adding vocoded vocals before transitioning into the electro-industrial "Petrichor". The second half is built upon a dance beat and contains glitching electronics, a programmed drum beat, house-inspired vocals and elements of ska, before concluding with sparse piano chords in a techno outro. "Love It If We Made It" is an electro-rock ballad that deals with the vices of modern humanity, hypocrisy and disinformation. An acoustic song, "Be My Mistake", details unfaithfulness while on tour.


text: "Sincerity Is Scary", the seventh song on "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships", reflects on modern communication problems and valuing irony over honesty, and is composed as an experimental neo soul, R&B and neo jazz ballad. Addressing gun control, "I Like America & America Likes Me" is an experimental electronic and alternative R&B power ballad. Siri performs the album's ambient spoken word intermission, "The Man Who Married a Robot / Love Theme", a satirical poem about society's willingness to sacrifice human connection for virtual gratification. The cautionary tale focuses on a lonely internet troll named SnowflakeSmasher86, who retreats into the internet; his only friend. The man falls in love with the internet and later dies, with Siri saying, "You can find him on Facebook", and the song transitions into an orchestral theme. A torch song, "Inside Your Mind", is composed as a sparse post-rock, noise pop, indie rock and downtempo power ballad. The lyrics alternate between love and violence, describing a desire to know the thoughts of a romantic partner.


text: "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships"s 11th song, "It's Not Living (If It's Not with You)", is a pop, synth-rock and power pop track that draws parallels between heartbreak and addiction. "Surrounded by Heads and Bodies", an experimental indie rock and acoustic interlude, is a poem directed toward Angela that reflects upon Healy's time in rehab. Containing a stripped-back production, it has a loose composition that experiments with structure, eschewing a chorus in favour of a time-shifting drum beat. "Mine" is a jazz and lounge ballad which discusses a fear of commitment and fighting crime online, featuring brushed drums and a trumpet solo by Hargrove. A synth-pop, R&B and soft rock slow jam, "I Couldn't Be More in Love" is a power ballad containing keyboards and a choral backing from the London Community Gospel Choir. Lyrically, the song addresses the co-dependence between the band and their fanbase. The album's final song, "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is an experimental Britpop power ballad that details Healy's struggles with suicidal thoughts and offers honest reasons why suicide is not the answer.


text: The 1975 announced the release date of "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" and its tracklist on 10 September 2018. The band unveiled the album's artwork on social media the same day; it is a sparse and minimalist image containing tiny, colourful squares. Unlike the 1975's prior records, the artwork does not feature the band's signature rectangular box design. While some of the band's fanbase expressed their disappointment over its omission, Shahlin Graves of "Coup de Main" noted that various rectangles could be created by connecting the small squares. "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" was officially released by Dirty Hit and Polydor Records on 30 November 2018.


text: To further promote the album, the 1975 embarked on the Music for Cars Tour. The UK and Ireland leg began in January 2019 and featured supporting acts No Rome and Pale Waves. Consisting of 22 shows, a North American leg of the tour began in Guadalajara on 20 March and concluded on 3 June in Toronto. Throughout the summer and fall of 2019, the band continued to perform throughout Europe, the Middle East and Oceania, beginning on 11 July in Trenčín and ending on 27 October in Perth. The 1975 returned to the US for a second leg of the tour, beginning in Camden on 16 November and concluding in Broomfield on 1 December. The planned second European leg of the Music for Cars Tour was postponed until October 2020 due to the band needing to complete the recording of "Notes on a Conditional Form". It was deferred a second time to February 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while the third North American leg was suspended indefinitely. On 12 January 2021, the 1975 announced that the Music for Cars Tour would not resume.


text: "Give Yourself a Try" was released as the lead single from "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" on 31 May 2018. An accompanying music video, directed by Diane Martel, was released on the same day. The visual features the 1975 performing the song in a mirrored room. The track was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting sales of over 200,000 units in the UK, and earned a nomination for Best Rock Song at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020. "Love It If We Made It" was released as the album's second single on 19 July. An accompanying music video, directed by Adam Powell, was released on 15 October. The visual depicts the 1975 performing the song as neon-coloured silhouettes, interspersed with found footage-style clips of war and significant pop culture events from the 2010s. The song was certified silver by the BPI and later won the 2019 Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song.


text: On 15 August 2018, "TooTimeTooTimeTooTime" was released as the third single from "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships". An accompanying music video, depicting Healy and an array of people calmly singing the song's lyrics in front of different coloured backdrops, was released on 29 August 2018. The song was certified gold by the BPI, denoting sales of over 400,000 units in the UK. "Sincerity Is Scary" was released as the album's fourth single on 13 September. An accompanying music video, directed by Warren Fu, was released on 21 November. Inspired by classic musical films, the visual features numerous references and easter eggs related to the 1975's previous works. The video was met with a positive response and was deemed one of the best visuals of 2018 by "Wonderland", "Stereogum", "NME", "Billboard" and "HuffPost". The song was certified silver by the BPI. "It's Not Living (If It's Not with You)" was released as the album's fifth and final single on 18 October 2018. The song's music video, directed by Fu, was released on 13 December 2018. The visual is a tribute to the Talking Heads' concert film "Stop Making Sense" (1984). The song was certified silver by the BPI.


text: "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with 50,000 album-equivalent units sold, becoming the 1975's third consecutive record to top the chart. It later ranked at number 85 on the chart's 2018 year-end edition and number 54 on its 2019 year-end edition. In Scotland, the album peaked at number one on the Scottish Albums Chart. It was later certified gold by the BPI, denoting sales of over 100,000 units in the UK. Elsewhere in Europe, the album reached number four in Ireland, number 13 in Latvia, number 16 in Sweden, number 36 in the Netherlands, number 44 in Flanders, number 57 in Germany, number 61 in Austria, number 62 in Spain, number 89 in Switzerland and number 178 in Wallonia. In the US, "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" peaked at number four on the "Billboard" 200 chart and number one on the "Billboard" Top Rock Albums chart, while it later ranked at number 49 on the latter chart's 2019 year-end edition. Elsewhere in North America, the album peaked at number 15 on the "Billboard" Canadian Albums Chart. In Asia, "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" reached number 24 on the "Billboard Japan" Hot Albums chart, number 39 in Japan and number 51 in South Korea. In Oceania, the album peaked at number four in Australia and number nine in New Zealand.


text: "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" was met with acclaim from contemporary music critics. Aggregating website Metacritic reports a normalised rating of 83, based on 29 critical reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". The website later ranked it as the 19th best-reviewed album of 2018. AnyDecentMusic? gave it 8.0 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


text: In a perfect five-star review, Harris praised Daniel's "beautiful" production and the musical variation present throughout "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships", ultimately deeming it a "considered, ambitious album from a band who are constantly pushing themselves". Ross Horton of "musicOMH" similarly praised the album's ambition, saying: "Nobody makes things this brave anymore." "Pitchfork"s Ryan Dombal highlighted the record's "boundless sense of style", writing that Daniel and Healy's production feels "more purposeful" than that of "I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It". Gormely commended the 1975's ability to incorporate retro and contemporary influences to create music that sounds "new and familiar", and said their willingness to "fall flat on their face" distinguishes them from the "inoffensiveness of their pop peers". AllMusic's Matt Collar said the album's disparate sound works for individual songs, but as an album, it is "difficult to wade through as the social-media landscape it hopes to comment on". Conaton similarly dismissed the "scattershot" musical approach, writing the band "[throws] everything they can at the listener, and most of it just doesn’t stick".


text: Awarding "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" a perfect five-star review, "DIY"s Will Richards deemed it a "bombastic, immaculately put together portrait of modern life", writing that the album's themes and lyrics transmit the feelings of youth culture. McCormick also commended Healy's songwriting, noting that the singer "easily [shifts] from witty sloganeering to tender confessional", while saying a "tone of urgent honesty pulses through the album, a visceral need to connect". Biddles lauded the record's exploration of relationships, writing that Healy displays "such a deep understanding of the small cruelties and vulnerabilities that punctuate our communication". Kitty Empire of "The Observer" praised the album for transforming "cliche-ridden topics" into "thoughtful" mainstream pop music. Describing the record as "stunning", Johnston highlighted its ability to portray important modern issues with humour and mournfulness, saying the album combines "fist-raising inspired by anthems with the gut-punch provided by precisely described longing". Writing for the "Los Angeles Times", Mikael Wood wrote that despite being an "excellent [and] often thrilling" record that demonstrates Healy's understanding of such issues, the singer fails to recognise that he is "also more of a contributor than he likely realizes".


text: "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" has frequently been referred to as a millennial version of "OK Computer", with numerous critics drawing comparisons between the two records. Addressing the similarities in his review of the former album for "The Boston Globe", Issac Feldberg felt it does not share the same sense of "doom and gloom" as "OK Computer", and instead projects "its vision of life in the information age [as] too textured, too lived-in, to indulge the same shallow sanctimony that's hamstrung recent, analogous efforts by other artists". Hailing the record as "the millennial answer to "OK Computer"" in his perfect five-star review, Stubbs noted that "OK Computer" was created when the internet was seen as a "luxury", while four "digital natives" created a "Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships". In his review of the album, Stephen Ackroyd of "Dork" declared it a "generation-defining masterpiece" reminiscent of both "OK Computer" and its followup "Kid A" (2000). When asked by Matt Wilkinson of Beats 1 Radio about the similarities, Healy said: "I'm so humbled. It's amazing but strange also."


text: "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" placed 26th on Metacritic's list of the best-received albums of 2018, based on inclusions in mainstream publications' year-end lists. The album ranked at number 14 on "The Village Voice"s annual Pazz & Jop mass critics' poll for 2018. "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" also placed eighth on Uproxx's 2018 mass critics' poll. Regarding reception from music audiences, NPR listeners voted the record as the 11th-most popular album of 2018. On "Pitchfork"s 2018 Readers' Poll, the record was voted the 14th-best album of the year. "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" won the award for British Album of the Year at the 2019 Brit Awards. The album was nominated for the 2019 Mercury Prize, which went to Dave's "Psychodrama". Additionally, the record received a nomination for Best Album at the "Q" Awards.


title: Tessa Violet

text: Tessa Violet Williams, previously known as Meekakitty, is a singer-songwriter, video blogger, actress, music video director, and former model. Originally a vlogger, over the years Tessa Violet's online content became devoted to her musical career with Violet having released two studio albums, "Maybe Trapped Mostly Troubled" in 2014 and "Bad Ideas" in 2019.


title: Tessa Violet

text: Violet grew up in Ashland, Oregon and performed in theatre productions while in high school. She began her YouTube channel in July 2006 and started daily vlogging in 2007 for a school project under the username Meekakitty when working in Hong Kong and Thailand as a fashion model.