title: Thomas Nagel

text: In his 2012 book "Mind and Cosmos", Nagel argues against a materialist view of the emergence of life and consciousness, writing that the standard neo-Darwinian view flies in the face of common sense. He writes that mind is a basic aspect of nature, and that any philosophy of nature that cannot account for it is fundamentally misguided. He argues that the principles that account for the emergence of life may be teleological, rather than materialist or mechanistic. Despite Nagel's being an atheist and not a proponent of intelligent design (ID), his book was "praised by creationists", according to the "New York Times". Nagel writes in "Mind and Cosmos" that he disagrees with both ID defenders and their opponents, who argue that the only naturalistic alternative to ID is the current reductionist neo-Darwinian model.


title: Thomas Nagel

text: Nagel has argued that ID should not be rejected as non-scientific, for instance writing in 2008 that "ID is very different from creation science," and that the debate about ID "is clearly a scientific disagreement, not a disagreement between science and something else." In 2009, he recommended "Signature in the Cell" by the philosopher and ID proponent Stephen C. Meyer in "The Times Literary Supplement" as one of his "Best Books of the Year." Nagel does not accept Meyer's conclusions but endorsed Meyer's approach, and argued in "Mind and Cosmos" that Meyer and other ID proponents, David Berlinski and Michael Behe, "do not deserve the scorn with which they are commonly met."


title: Thomas Nagel

text: Nagel has been highly influential in the related fields of moral and political philosophy. Supervised by John Rawls, he has been a longstanding proponent of a Kantian and rationalist approach to moral philosophy. His distinctive ideas were first presented in the short monograph "The Possibility of Altruism," published in 1970. That book seeks by reflection on the nature of practical reasoning to uncover the formal principles that underlie reason in practice and the related general beliefs about the self that are necessary for those principles to be truly applicable to us. Nagel defends motivated desire theory about the motivation of moral action. According to motivated desire theory, when a person is motivated to moral action it is indeed true that such actions are motivated, like all intentional actions, by a belief and a desire. But it is important to get the justificatory relations right: when a person accepts a moral judgment they are necessarily motivated to act. But it is the reason that does the justificatory work of justifying both the action and the desire. Nagel contrasts this view with a rival view which believes that a moral agent can only accept that they have a reason to act if the desire to carry out the action has an independent justification. An account based on presupposing sympathy would be of this kind.


title: Thomas Nagel

text: The most striking claim of the book is that there is a very close parallel between prudential reasoning in one's own interests and moral reasons to act to further the interests of another person. When one reasons prudentially, for example about the future reasons that one will have, one allows the reason in the future to justify one's current action without reference to the strength of one's current desires. If a hurricane were to destroy someone's car next year, at that point they will want their insurance company to pay them to replace it: that future reason gives them a reason to take out insurance now. The strength of the reason ought not to be hostage to the strength of one's current desires. The denial of this view of prudence, Nagel argues, means that one does not really believe that one is one and the same person through time. One is dissolving oneself into distinct person-stages.


title: Thomas Nagel

text: This is the basis of his analogy between prudential actions and moral actions: in cases of altruistic action for another person's good that person's reasons quite literally become reasons for one if they are timeless and intrinsic reasons. Genuine reasons are reasons for anyone. Like the 19th-century moral philosopher Henry Sidgwick, Nagel believes that one must conceive of one's good as an impersonal good and one's reasons as objective reasons. That means, practically, that a timeless and intrinsic value generates reasons for anyone. A person who denies the truth of this claim is committed, as in the case of a similar mistake about prudence, to a false view of themself. In this case the false view is that one's reasons are irreducibly theirs, in a way that does not allow them to be reasons for anyone: Nagel argues this commits such a person to the view that they cannot make the same judgments about their own reasons third-personally that they can make first-personally. Nagel calls this "dissociation" and considers it a practical analogue of solipsism (the philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist). Once again, a false view of what is involved in reasoning properly is refuted by showing that it leads to a false view of people's nature.


title: Thomas Nagel

text: Nagel's later work on ethics ceases to place as much weight on the distinction between a person's personal or "subjective" reasons and their "objective" reasons. Earlier, in "The Possibility of Altruism," he took the stance that if one's reasons really are about intrinsic and timeless values then, "qua" subjective reason, one can only take them to be the guise of the reasons that there really are: the objective ones. In later discussions, Nagel treats his former view as an incomplete attempt to convey the fact that there are distinct classes of reasons and values, and speaks instead of "agent-relative" and "agent-neutral" reasons. In the case of agent-relative reasons (the successor to subjective reasons), specifying the content of the reason makes essential reference back to the agent for whom it is a reason. An example of this might be: "Anyone has a reason to honor his or her parents." By contrast, in the case of agent-neutral reasons (the successor to objective reasons) specifying the content of the reason does not make any essential reference back to the person for whom it is a reason. An example of this might be: "Anyone has a reason to promote the good of parenthood."


title: Thomas Nagel

text: The different classes of reasons and values (i.e., agent-relative and agent-neutral) emphasized in Nagel's later work are situated within a Sidgwickian model in which one's moral commitments are thought of objectively, such that one's personal reasons and values are simply incomplete parts of an impersonal whole. The structure of Nagel's later ethical view is that all reasons must be brought into relation to this objective view of oneself. Reasons and values that withstand detached critical scrutiny are objective, but more subjective reasons and values can nevertheless be objectively tolerated. However, the most striking part of the earlier argument and of Sidgwick's view is preserved: agent-neutral reasons are literally reasons for anyone, so all objectifiable reasons become individually possessed no matter whose they are. Thinking reflectively about ethics from this standpoint, one must take every other agent's standpoint on value as seriously as one's own, since one's own perspective is just a subjective take on an inter-subjective whole; one's personal set of reasons is thus swamped by the objective reasons of all others.


title: Thomas Nagel

text: This is similar to "world agent" consequentialist views in which one takes up the standpoint of a collective subject whose reasons are those of everyone. But Nagel remains an individualist who believes in the separateness of persons, so his task is to explain why this objective viewpoint does not swallow up the individual standpoint of each of us. He provides an extended rationale for the importance to people of their personal point of view. The result is a hybrid ethical theory of the kind defended by Nagel's Princeton PhD student Samuel Scheffler in "The Rejection of Consequentialism". The objective standpoint and its demands have to be balanced with the subjective personal point of view of each person and its demands. One can always be maximally objective, but one does not have to be. One can legitimately "cap" the demands placed on oneself by the objective reasons of others. In addition, in his later work, Nagel finds a rationale for so-called deontic constraints in a way Scheffler could not. Following Warren Quinn and Frances Kamm, Nagel grounds them on the inviolability of persons.


title: Thomas Nagel

text: The extent to which one can lead a good life as an individual while respecting the demands of others leads inevitably to political philosophy. In the Locke lectures published as the book "Equality and Partiality", Nagel exposes John Rawls's theory of justice to detailed scrutiny. Once again, Nagel places such weight on the objective point of view and its requirements that he finds Rawls's view of liberal equality not demanding enough. Rawls's aim to redress, not remove, the inequalities that arise from class and talent seems to Nagel to lead to a view that does not sufficiently respect the needs of others. He recommends a gradual move to much more demanding conceptions of equality, motivated by the special nature of political responsibility. Normally, people draw a distinction between what people do and what people fail to bring about, but this thesis, true of individuals, does not apply to the state, which is a collective agent. A Rawlsian state permits intolerable inequalities and people need to develop a more ambitious view of equality to do justice to the demands of the objective recognition of the reasons of others. For Nagel, honoring the objective point of view demands nothing less.


title: Thomas Nagel

text: In "Mind and Cosmos", Nagel writes that he is an atheist: "I lack the "sensus divinitatis" that enablesindeed compelsso many people to see in the world the expression of divine purpose as naturally as they see in a smiling face the expression of human feeling." In "The Last Word", he wrote, "I want atheism to be true and am made uneasy by the fact that some of the most intelligent and well-informed people I know are religious believers. It isn't just that I don't believe in God and, naturally, hope that I'm right in my belief. It’s that I hope there is no God! I don’t want there to be a God; I don’t want the universe to be like that."


title: Thomas Nagel

text: Nagel has said, "There are elements which, if added to one's experience, make life better; there are other elements which if added to one's experience, make life worse. But what remains when these are set aside is not merely neutral: it is emphatically positive. ... The additional positive weight is supplied by experience itself, rather than by any of its consequences."


title: Thomas Nagel

text: Nagel married Doris Blum in 1954, divorcing in 1973. In 1979, he married Anne Hollander, who died in 2014.


title: Thomas Nagel

text: Nagel received the 1996 PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay for "Other Minds" (1995). He has also been awarded the Balzan Prize in Moral Philosophy (2008), the Rolf Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2008) and the Distinguished Achievement Award of the Mellon Foundation (2006).


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The Albanian Armed Forces () are the military of Albania and were formed after the declaration of independence in 1912. Today, it consists of the General Staff, the Albanian Land Force, Albanian Air Force and the Albanian Naval Force.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The President of Albania is the Commander-in-Chief of the nation's military. In times of peace, the President's powers as Commander-in-Chief are executed through the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: According to the Albanian Constitution, the Albanian Armed Forces are charged to: protect the territorial integrity of the country, be present in areas incurring menace, assist the population in case of natural and industrial disasters and warn the dangers of military and non-military nature, protect the constitutional order as it is determined by law and participate in international operations in composition of multinational forces.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: On 4 December 1912, the Albanian Prime Minister, Ismail Qemali and his government, formed the Albanian National Army. Its first Chief in Command was Lieutenant Colonel Ali Shefqet Shkupi


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: By 1923, the Albanian Armed Forces fielded 10,691 active troops, including military police forces. At that time, Albania did not have a navy.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In 1927, the Albanian Armed Forces numbered approximately 8,000. These troops were organised into three groups, based in Tirana, Shkodër to the north and Berat to the south. Each group was organised into three battalions of 500. A guards battalion of 350 was organized in Tirana. Four frontier battalions of mountaineers were held on reserve, as well as tanks and armoured cars. Additionally, a cadet school, a machine-gun school, and a bombing school were housed in the capital. Italian involvement in the Albanian Armed Forces was significant, with an Italian Colonel attached to each of the three main troop groups and an Italian officer attached to each battalion and battery and to each medical, veterinary, and transportation unit. In 1927 alone, the Albanian military ordered 20,000 rifles, 40 mountain guns, 120 machine guns, and other supplies from Italy.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The Royal Albanian Army () was the army of King Zogu from 1928 until 1939. Its commander-in-chief was himself; its commander General Xhemal Aranitasi; its Chief of Staff was General Gustav von Myrdacz. The army was mainly financed by Italy. On 7 April 1939, Italian troops invaded the country, and captured it in six days after weak resistance by the overwhelmed Albanian army.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: After the Second World War, Albania became a Soviet-aligned country. The ranks and structure of the Albanian Armed Forces were organised based on Soviet concepts, thus increasing the political control of the State-Party over the Armed Forces. One of the defining characteristics of civilian-military relations during this period was the effort of the civilian leadership to ensure the loyalty of the military to the communist system's values and institutions.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: Like all other branches of the state, the military was subjugated to Communist Party control. All high-ranking military officers and most of the lower and middle ranks were members of the Communist Party—and had loyalties to it. The system was re-enforced by the establishment of Party cells within the military and extensive communist political education alongside soldiers' military training, by the political commissars. To further increase its political control, the Albanian Communist Party enlarged the conscription system, thus enlisting in the Armed Forces personnel dedicated to the military career from the Albanian rural areas.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The State and Party went even further, beginning on 1 May 1966, military ranks were abolished following the example of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, heavily influenced by Maoism during the years of the Cultural Revolution, and thus adopting strategic concepts related to forms of guerrilla war (Vietnam War doctrine). The military was still organised during this period into basic structural forms, but the role of the military commander was insignificant with respect to the commanding role of the political commissars. In 1991 the rank system was reestablished under President Ramiz Alia.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: During all these years, Sigurimi which was the Albanian secret service during the period and was formed upon the KGB structure, was responsible for the execution, imprisonment, and deportation of more than 600 officers from the Armed Forces, by completely neutralising the Armed Forces ability to start a coup d'état. Initially the communist purge concentrated on military personnel who had graduated from the Western Military Academies (mainly from Italy 1927–1939), and was extended later to the officers graduated from the Soviet Union (after Albania abandoned the Warsaw Pact in 1968). As the communist regime collapsed in Albania during 1990, there was a real fear that the armed forces might intervene to halt the collapse of communism by force. In the event, the armed forces stood by as the regime of which they had been a part disintegrated.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: During the 1980s, Albania had reduced the number of infantry brigades from eight to four. It had shifted to fully manned units from its prior reliance on the mobilisation of reserve soldiers to flesh out a larger number of units manned at a lower level. Each brigade had three infantry battalions and one lightly equipped artillery battalion. Armoured forces consisted of one tank brigade. Artillery forces were increased from one to three regiments during the 1980s, and six battalions of coastal artillery were maintained at strategic points along the Adriatic Sea littoral.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In 1992, the Library of Congress estimated that the ground forces had about 35,000 men, or about three-quarters of all armed forces personnel. Because the strength of the ground forces was sufficient to man only about two divisions, brigades of approximately 3,000 soldiers became the largest army formation. In 1991 four infantry brigades constituted the bulk of combat units in the ground forces.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: During the civilian riots in 1997, the political attempts by the government to use the Armed Forces to crush the rebellion were soon demonstrated to be a failure, following a total disintegration of the Armed Forces and the looting of the military facilities by the civilian population.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: Albania sheltered many thousands of Kosovar refugees during the 1999 conflict, and allowed NATO to provide logistical assistance for Kosovo Force (KFOR) troops through Communications Zone West headquartered in Durrës. Albania was part of the International Stabilization Force (SFOR) serving in Bosnia (then EU mission "ALTHEA"), and Albanian peacekeepers are part of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, ISAF and the international stabilization force in Iraq. Albania has been a steadfast supporter of U.S. policy in Iraq, and one of only four nations to contribute troops to the combat phase of Operation Enduring Freedom.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: Increasing the military budget was one of the most important conditions for NATO integration. Military spending has generally been lower than 1.5% since 1996 only to peak in 2009 at 2% and fall again to 1.5%.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: There was an incident in 2002 in Albania where it was discovered, in a cluster of mountain bunkers, 16 tons of primitive, undocumented chemical weapon agents that Albania had forgotten about.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In December 2006, the Armed Forces adopted a new structure based on the Joint warfare concept. It had three main Commands: the "Joint Forces Command", the "Joint Support Command" and the "Training and Doctrine Command". The Albanian Joint Forces Command (AJFC) consists of the Rapid Reaction Brigade, the Commando Regiment, the Navy Brigade, the Air Brigade and the Area Support Brigade. The Albanian Joint Support Command provides support and logistical functions to all AAF units. The Albanian Training and Doctrine Command was established as the main educational and training provider for the Albanian Armed Forces. The final number of personnel will be 13,800 (including 2,000 civilians). However this new structure lasted a little more than 3 years and in April 2010 returned to its classic and current form.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In March 2008 the problem of massive amounts of excess ammunition stockpiled in Albania became known to the public through the tragic consequences of the explosion of an ammunition depot (the 2008 Tirana explosions).


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The Albanian Land Force or Albanian Army consists of the Rapid Reaction Brigade, a Commando Regiment, and the Area Support Brigade. Part of the structure of the Albanian Commando Regiment is the Special Operations Battalion (BOS). The Albanian Army is mostly supported by the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey, Switzerland, Denmark and Belgium.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The Albanian Navy performs mainly Coast Guard duties, and recently the Albanian parliament has approved some amendments to the articles of the actual Law on the Coast Guard in Albania, in order to improve the necessary legal framework due to efforts at European Union-NATO integration. Since February 2008, Albania participates officially in NATO's Operation Active Endeavor in the Mediterranean. Albania became a full member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on 1 April 2009. It hosts an international fair on security and defense called the Albanian Military Exhibition (ALMEX) where different security industries can present their products and services for the regional market.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: After several major re-equipment programs, in 2001 the Albanian Armed Forces launched a 10-year reform program to become technologically advanced and fully professional by 2011. The new armed forces consists of about 14,500 troops including 2,000 civilians, trained to NATO standards. The same radical reform is being implemented on surplus equipment, including airplanes, tanks, helicopters, artillery equipment, navy vessels, SALW and ammunition. Albania started an ambitious destruction program. However, Albania is still dealing with a huge amount of surplus and obsolete ammunition, a direct result of the country's long isolation and ethnic tensions in the area. The Albanian Ministry of Defense estimates such quantity up to 85,000 tons, but it is expected to increase up to 104,000 tons due to the ongoing downsizing process of the AAF.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In 2004 U.S. President George W. Bush authorised the use of Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program funds for projects in Albania, marking the first time such funds were reauthorised for use outside the former Soviet Union. With this funding the U.S. assisted the Government of Albania with the destruction of a stockpile of chemical warfare agents left over from the communist regime (Category 1, Total amount 16.7 tons). The final cost of the project was US$48 million and was officially completed on 10 July 2007.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: On 3 April 2006, the final contract for the delivery of 12 "Bölkow-Blom MBB" BO-105 lightweight twin-engine multi-role helicopters to the Republic of Albania was signed in Tirana between the Albanian Ministry of Defence and Eurocopter "Deutschland GmbH". According to the Albanian Government, six of the BO-105 helicopters are designated for the Albanian Air Brigade, four for the Ministry of Interior and the remaining two for the Albanian Ministry of Health.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: Albania has recently acquired 4 Eurocopter AS532 Cougar helicopters and has 2 more EC 145 on order as of 2015. Also, since 2008 four Damen Stan 4207 patrol vessels have been commissioned in the Navy, 3 of them have been constructed in Albania.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: On 16 July 2014, The Albanian Defence Minister declared that within 2014 the Albanian Motorised Infantry Battalion will be fully combat ready and also equipped with modern NATO equipment. This will be the first unit in the Albanian Armed Forces to not have the AK 47 in its inventory. Instead the M4 carbine will act as its standard battle rifle.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In August 2018, the Prime Minister of Albania, Edi Rama, announced via Facebook that NATO would be investing in the base, saying "NATO will invest more than 50 million euros ($58 million) for the first phase of the project alone, to modernise the Kuçovë Air Base."


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The process of modernization of the Albanian Armed Forces is based on the short-term, middle-term and long-term objectives and priorities of their restructuring and development aiming at achieving the increase of the operational capacities. The modernization programme started before the country's North Atlantic Treaty Organization membership (on 1 April 2009) with the purchase of armaments produced by the NATO countries. It also started a programme for the disposal and alienation of surplus ammunition inherited from the communist regime for 50 years.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The modernization of the Land Forces began around 2006, starting with Special Forces such as the BFS (then known as the Batalioni i Operacioneve Speciale, BOS) and the Commandos. Seeing their involvement in NATO peacekeeping operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, the need arose for more modern armaments given that until then these branches used old Soviet or Chinese era armaments. In 2007, the Ministry of Defense (MOD) reached agreement with the German company Heckler & Koch for the purchase of several weapons in limited quantities for special forces, including HK146, two variants of H&K G36, HK417, MP7, and variants of H&K USP. Some of them were only for evaluation purposes. In 2009 the Beretta ARX160 was issued in much larger quantities thus becoming the standard assault rifle for the BFS over the HK416 and HK G-36. In 2015, the Colt M4A1 joined ARX160 as standard use alongside it. For the 3 infantry battalions, the modernization started in 2013, initially introducing the as standard handgun the Beretta Px4, as a light machine gun H&K MG4 and H&K MG5 as a General-purpose machine gun.<br>


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In 2015 other weapons were introduced over all ground units. The 2nd Infantry Battalion (B2K) was equipped with Colt M4A1. The Military Police was equipped with the Beretta ARX160 and added 4 new Iveco LMV vehicles. The Sako TRG-22 and TGR-44 were distributed to all sniper units, while the Benelli M4 Super 90 to the BFS and MP for Close-quarters combat.<br>


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: The following year the Italian Government offered an aid package of 5,000 Beretta AR70/90 units, which at the time were in the process of being withdrawn and replaced in favor of the Beretta ARX160 over Italian Army. This package fitted the needs of the Albanian Armed Forces (AAF) as the process of replacing the old Soviet 7.62×39mm ammunition with 5.56×45mm, a task-requirement by Standardization Agreement (STANAG) of NATO allies since Albania's accession in 2009. The process that was expected to last within 10 years, but the aid package helped completing the process 4 years earlier and without additional costs. After the process of replacing the AK47 variants (many of which were locally produced under the name ASh-78 and ASh-82) with the AR70/90 was ended, the rifle became the standard weapon and most used over most Land Forces branches.<br>


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In 2017 the Combat Support Battalion (Batalioni Mbështetjes së Luftimit, BML) was equipped with Hirtenberger M6 60mm and Hirtenberger M8 81mm mortars by the Austrian company Hirtenberger Defense Systems. Thus removing from use the Chinese made mortars from the communist period. In March of the same year came the first 77 HMMWV M1114 of an aid package totaling 250 armored vehicles. They are obtained from Excess Defense Articles (EDA) through the Defense Security Cooperation Agency, a United States program to support NATO partners and allies. The vehicles were immediately put at the service of B1K. In 2019 came the second part of the package of 250 vehicles and it consisted of 36 International MaxxPro and 1 MaxxPro Wrecker recovery vehicle. These vehicles joined the previous 3 MaxxPro bringing the total number of MRAPs used by Special Forces to 40.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

text: In 2007, was signed a contracts with the Damen Group for the or completing of the Albanian Naval Forces with Patrol vessels to be used to perform a number of tasks and duties, including coastal patrols, search and rescue, control and monitoring of maritime traffic, marine environment protection. The contract envisaged the construction of 4 vessels of the Damen Stan 4207 class, which the first of them would be built in Netherlands and 3 others in the Pasha Liman naval base in Albania. The first patrol vessel, named Iliria P-132, was built and delivered to the Albanian Coast Guard in August 2008. Enabling thus the following construction of 3 other patrol vessels in Pasha Liman Base by Albanian carpenters assisted by the experts of Damen Group. The second patrol vessel Oriku P-133 will be commissioned in September 2011, the third ship, Lisus P-133, will be operational in 2012 and fourth Butrint P-134 in 2013.


title: Zedekiah

text: Zedekiah (), was the 20th and last king of Judah before the destruction of the kingdom by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. His birth name was Mattaniah/Mattanyahu (, "Mattanyāhū", "Gift of God"; ; ).


title: Zedekiah

text: After the siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II deposed King Jeconiah and installed Mattanyahu (his uncle) as king of Judah, changing his name to Zedekiah (). The prophet Jeremiah was his counselor, yet he did not heed the prophet and his epitaph is "he did evil in the sight of the Lord" (; ).


title: Zedekiah

text: William F. Albright dates the start of Zedekiah's reign to 598 BC, while Edwin R. Thiele gives the start in 597 BC. On that reckoning, Zedekiah was born in c. 617 BC or 618 BC, being twenty-one on becoming king. Zedekiah's reign ended with the siege and fall of Jerusalem to Nebuchadnezzar II, which has been dated to 587 or 586 BC.


title: Zedekiah

text: The defeat of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 612 BC at the Battle of Nineveh by the Neo-Babylonian Empire caused upheavals that led to the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah. Egypt, concerned about the new threat posed by the Babylonians, moved northward to support Assyria. It set on the march in 608 BC, moving through Judah. King Josiah attempted to block the Egyptian forces and fell mortally wounded in battle at Megiddo. Josiah's younger son Jehoahaz was chosen to succeed his father on the throne. Three months later the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II, returning from the north, deposed Jehoahaz in favor of his older brother, Jehoiakim. Jehoahaz was taken back to Egypt as a captive.


title: Zedekiah

text: After the Babylonians defeated the Egyptians at the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II besieged Jerusalem. Jehoiakim changed allegiances to avoid the destruction of Jerusalem. He paid tribute from the treasury, some artifacts from the temple, and some of the royal family and nobility were taken as hostages. The subsequent failure of the Babylonian invasion into Egypt undermined Babylonian control of the area, and after three years, Jehoiakim switched allegiance back to the Egyptians and ceased paying the tribute to Babylon. Because of this, Nebuchadnezzar II invaded Judah again in 599 BC, and again laid siege to Jerusalem. In 598 BC, Jehoiakim died during the siege and was succeeded by his son Jeconiah (also known as Jehoiachin). Jerusalem fell within three months. Jeconiah was deposed by Nebuchadnezzar, who installed Zedekiah, Jeconiah's uncle, in his place.


title: Zedekiah

text: According to the Hebrew Bible, Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he was made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 BC. This is in agreement with a Babylonian chronicle, which states,The seventh year: In the month Kislev the king of Akkad mustered his army and marched to Hattu. He encamped against the city of Judah and on the second day of the month Adar he captured the city [and] seized [its] king. A king of his own choice he appointed in the city [and] taking the vast tribute he brought it into Babylon.


title: Zedekiah

text: The kingdom was at that time a tributary to Nebuchadnezzar II. Despite the strong remonstrances of Jeremiah, Baruch ben Neriah and other family and advisors—and ignoring the example of his older brother Jehoiakim—Zedekiah entered into an alliance with Pharaoh Hophra of Egypt and revolted against Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah (). Nebuchadnezzar began a siege of Jerusalem in December 589 BC. During this siege "every worst woe befell the city, which drank the cup of God's fury to the dregs" (; , ).


title: Zedekiah

text: After laying siege to the city for about thirty months, Nebuchadnezzar finally succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 586 BC. Zedekiah and his followers attempted to escape, making their way out of the city, but were captured on the plains of Jericho and taken to Riblah. There, Zedekiah saw his sons put to death. Then his eyes were put out and he was loaded with chains and carried captive to Babylon (; ; ; ; ; ), where he remained a prisoner until he died.


title: Zedekiah

text: After the fall of Jerusalem, Nebuchadnezzar sent Nebuzaradan to destroy the city. It was plundered and razed to the ground, and Solomon's Temple was destroyed. Only a small number of vinedressers and husbandmen were permitted to remain in the land ().


title: Zedekiah

text: Upon the fall of Jerusalem, the former Kingdom of Judah was absorbed into the Neo-Babylonian Empire and reorganized to become Yehud province. Nebuchadnezzar transferred the administrative center from Jerusalem to Mizpah and appointed Gedaliah ben Aḥikam as governor of the province, under the watchful eye of a Babylonian guard (, ).


title: Zedekiah

text: On hearing this news, all the Jews that were in Moab, Ammon, Edom, and Aram-Damascus returned to Judah (). However, the subsequent assassination of Gedaliah led most of the population of Judah to flee to Egypt for safety (, ) In Egypt, they settled in Migdol, Tahpanhes, Noph, and Pathros. ().


title: Zedekiah

text: The Babylonian Chronicles give 2 Adar (16 March), 597 BC, as the date that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem. At that time, Nebuchadnezzar deposed King Jeconiah and installed Zedekiah—Jeconiah's uncle—in his place. Zedekiah's installation as king by Nebuchadnezzar can therefore be firmly dated to the early spring of 597 BC.


title: Zedekiah

text: Historically there has been considerable controversy over the date when Jerusalem was captured the second time and Zedekiah's reign came to an end. There is no dispute about the month: it was the summer month of Tammuz (Jeremiah 52:6). The problem has been to determine the year. It was noted above that Albright preferred 587 BC and Thiele advocated 586 BC, and this division among scholars has persisted until the present time. If Zedekiah's years are by accession counting, whereby the year he came to the throne was considered his "zero" year and his first full year in office, 597/596, was counted as year one, Zedekiah's eleventh year, the year the city fell, would be 587/586. Since Judean regnal years were measured from Tishrei in the fall, this would place the end of his reign and the capture of the city in the summer of 586 BC. Accession counting was the rule for most, but not all, of the kings of Judah, whereas "non-accession" counting was the rule for most, but not all, of the kings of Israel.


title: Zedekiah

text: The publication of the Babylonian Chronicles in 1956 yielded evidence that the years of Zedekiah were measured in a non-accession sense. According to this method, 598/597 BC—the year Zedekiah was installed by Nebuchadnezzar according to Judah's Tishrei-based calendar—is considered to be "year one" of Zedekiah's reign. Therefore, the fall of Jerusalem in his eleventh year would have been in year 588/587 BC, i.e. in the summer of 587 BC.


title: Zedekiah

text: The Babylonian Chronicles allow the fairly precise dating of the capture of Jeconiah and the start of Zedekiah's reign, and they also give the accession year of Nebuchadnezzar's successor Amel-Marduk (Evil Merodach) as 562/561 BC, which was the 37th year of Jeconiah's captivity according to 2 Kings 25:27. These Babylonian records related to Jeconiah's reign are consistent with the fall of the city in 587 but not in 586, thus supporting Albright's date. Nevertheless, scholars who assume that Zedekiah's reign should be calculated by accession reckoning continue to adhere to the 586 date.


title: Zedekiah

text: According to the Book of Mormon, a religious text in the Latter Day Saint movement, Zedekiah had a son named Mulek, who escaped death and traveled across the ocean to the Americas, where he founded the Mulekite nation. The Mulekites later merged with another Israelite splinter group—the Nephites—to form one nation, which retained the Nephite name.


title: Zedekiah

text: Zedekiah (whose name at birth was Mattanyahu) was the third of Josiah's four sons. His three brothers were Eliakim (born c. 634 BCE), Shallum (born c. 633 BCE), and Johanan. Hamutal—the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah—was mother to Mattanyahu and his younger brother Shallum, while Zebidah—the niece of Pedaiah—was mother to Eliakim.


title: Zedekiah

text: Shallum succeeded Josiah as king of Judah, under the name Jehoahaz. Shallum was succeeded by Eliakim, under the name Jehoiakim. Jehoiakim was succeeded by his own son Jeconiah.


title: Zedekiah

text: Nebuchadnezzar II deposed Jeconiah and installed his uncle Mattanyahu on the throne, under the name Zedekiah. Zedekiah was the last king of Judah before the kingdom was conquered by Babylon and the people exiled.


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: Sukjong of Joseon (7 October 1661 – 12 July 1720) was the 19th King of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, ruling from 1674 until 1720. A skilled legislator, he caused multiple changes in political power throughout his reign, by switching among the Namin (Southerners), Seoin (Westerners), Soron and Noron political factions.


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: King Sukjong was born on October 7, 1661, to King Hyeonjong and Queen Myeongseong at Gyeonghui Palace. His given name was Yi Sun. He became the Crown Prince Myeongbo in 1667 at age 6, and in 1674, at age 13, he became the 19th ruler of the Joseon Dynasty.


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: King Sukjong was a brilliant politician, but his reign was marked by some of the most intense factional fights in the Joseon dynasty. Sukjong frequently replaced faction in power with another one to strengthen the royal authority. With each change of government, which was called "hwanguk" (), literally "change/switching of the state", the losing faction was completely driven out of politics with executions and exiles. Nevertheless, the chaotic changes of government did not affect the general populace significantly, and his reign is considered one of more prosperous times.


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: In the early years of Sukjong's reign, the Southern faction and Western faction clashed over the Royal Funeral Dispute, a seemingly minor issue regarding the mourning period for Queen Insun. The Southern faction claimed that the mourning period should last one year while the Western faction argued for a nine-month mourning period. A one-year mourning period meant that Hyojong of Joseon was considered the eldest son while 9-month period would suggest that Hyojong was considered not the eldest son, following the rules that governed the yangban class. In other words, the Western faction viewed the royal family as the first of the yangban class rather than a separate class for which different rules applied. The two factions were also in conflict over the issue of fighting the Qing Dynasty, which was considered barbaric country (as opposed to Ming Dynasty) that threatened Joseon's national security. The Southern faction, led by Heo Jeok and Yun Hyu, supported war against Qing while Western factions wanted to focus first on improving domestic conditions.


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: Sukjong at first sided with the Southern faction, but in 1680, Heo Jeok was accused of treason by Western faction, which led to the execution of Heo Jeok and Yun Hyu and purging of the Southern faction. This incident is called Gyeongsin hwanguk (경신환국). Once in power, the Western faction split into the Noron (Old Learning) faction, led by Song Si-yeol, and the Soron (New Learning) faction, led by Yun Jeung. After nine years in power, the Noron collapsed when Sukjong deposed Queen Min (posthumously called Queen Inhyeon), who was supported by the Western faction, and named Consort Hui of the Jang clan (also called Consort Jang or Jang Hui-bin) as the new queen. She is widely thought to be one of the most beautiful women of Joseon, her beauty mentioned in the Annals. The Western faction angered Sukjong when it opposed the naming of Consort Jang's son as crown prince. The Southern faction, who supported Consort Jang and her son, regained power and drove out Western faction, executing Song Si-yeol in revenge. This is called "Gisa Hwanguk" (기사환국).


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: Five years later in 1694, as the Southern faction planned another purge of the Western faction, accusing them of conspiracy to reinstate the deposed Queen, Sukjong began to regret deposing Queen Min and favored Consort Suk of the Choe clan, an ally of the Queen and the Noron faction. Angry with the Southern faction's attempt to purge Westerners, Sukjong abruptly turned around to purge Southerners and brought the Western faction back to power. The Southern faction would never recover from this blow, also called "Gapsul Hwanguk" (갑술환국). Sukjong demoted Queen Jang to her previous title (Jang Hui-bin) and reinstated Queen Min. Consort Jang was eventually executed by poison for cursing the Queen. The Soron faction supported Crown Prince Yi Yun, Consort Jang's son, while the Noron faction supported Consort Choe's son, Prince Yeoning (Yi Geum), later to become Yeongjo of Joseon. The late Queen Inhyeon and the newly installed Queen Kim (posthumously known as Queen Inwon) were both childless.


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: In 1718, Sukjong allowed the crown prince, soon to be Gyeongjong of Joseon, to rule as regent. Sukjong died in 1720 supposedly after telling Yi Yi-myoung to name Prince Yeoning as Gyeongjong's heir - in absence of a historiographer or recorder. This would lead to yet another purge in which four Noron leaders were executed in 1721, followed by another purge with the executions of eight Noron members in 1722.


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: Sukjong's accomplishments include tax reform (大同法), the creation of a new monetary system and currency (Korean mun), and the liberalization of civil service rules promoting the middle class and children of concubines into higher-ranking regional government positions.


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: In 1712, Sukjong's government worked with the Qing Dynasty in China to define national borders between the two countries at the Yalu and Tumen Rivers. The Japanese government recognized Ulleung Island as Joseon's territory in 1696 (the South Korean government insists that Liancourt Rocks was also recognized, while the Japanese government disagrees).


title: Sukjong of Joseon

text: Sukjong's reign also saw agricultural development in remote provinces and increased cultural activity including publishing. He died after reigning for 46 years in 1720 at age 60. He was buried in Myeongneung (명릉) in Goyang, Gyeonggi Province, inside the Five Western Royal Graves (서오릉, 西五陵; "Seooneung").


title: Mick Lynch (trade unionist)

text: Michael Lynch (born January 1962) is a British trade unionist. He has served as the General Secretary of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) since May 2021.


title: Mick Lynch (trade unionist)

text: Lynch was born into an Irish Catholic family in West London in January 1962, one of five children. His father, Jackie Lynch, was from Cork in County Cork, Ireland, and his mother, Ellen "Nellie" Morris, was from outside Crossmaglen in the south of County Armagh in Northern Ireland. He was raised as a Catholic, but is no longer. Lynch has cited Irish trade union leader James Connolly as his political hero.


title: Mick Lynch (trade unionist)

text: Lynch grew up in the Paddington area of London in what he described as a "rent room" in what would now be called a slum. He left school at the age of 16 and qualified as an electrician, then worked in construction before being illegally blacklisted for joining a union.


title: Mick Lynch (trade unionist)

text: In 1993, unable to find any more work in construction, he began working for Eurostar, and became active in the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT). Twenty years later, he received a settlement for the illegal blacklisting. In 2016 Lynch supported Brexit because, "I don't personally believe that the European Union should be a sovereign country". He reiterated his support for Brexit in 2022.


title: Mick Lynch (trade unionist)

text: Lynch served two terms as Assistant General Secretary of the RMT, and two terms on its executive. In 2020, after General Secretary Mick Cash took time off due to ill health, Lynch was appointed as the acting General Secretary, but stood down after a few months, accusing members of the union's national executive of bullying and harassment. This accusation was similar to Cash's. Lynch won an election for the permanent role of General Secretary and took up the position in May 2021.


title: Mick Lynch (trade unionist)

text: As part of the media coverage of the RMT's 2022 strikes, Lynch gained widespread attention for his appearances in interviews and debates on the BBC, Sky News, TalkTV, and ITV.


title: Mick Lynch (trade unionist)

text: On 23 June 2022, Lynch was a panellist on BBC One's "Question Time". On 23 September 2022, he was a panellist on BBC One's "Have I Got News for You".


title: Mick Lynch (trade unionist)

text: He supports and follows Irish sports, and is a fan of Cork City. He has expressed his admiration for Ray Houghton, amongst other Irish sportspeople.


title: El Rubius

text: Rubén Doblas Gundersen (; born 13 February 1990), better known as elrubiusOMG or simply El Rubius (), is a Spanish-Norwegian YouTuber whose channel primarily consists of gameplays and vlogs. He has the most subscribers in Spain and is among the 50 channels with the most subscribers of the platform in the world.


title: El Rubius

text: In 2014 he published "El Libro Troll" (English: "The Troll Book"). During 2015 and 2017 he published a total of three comics from his Virtual Hero series. He also participated in an anime series based on the comics. A tweet from his official Twitter account was the most retweeted tweet in the world since 2016. The tweet was often retweeted.


title: El Rubius

text: In 2016, "Time" magazine included him in its list of "next generation leaders" and named him an "online conqueror". In 2018, he obtained the world record of viewers live during an online YouTube broadcast for an tournament of the "Fortnite" video game. He is one of the most popular streamers on Twitch, with the third-most-followed Twitch channel in the world.


title: El Rubius

text: Rubén Doblas Gundersen was born on 13 February 1990 in Mijas, Andalusia, Spain. He is the son of a Norwegian mother named Bente and a Spanish father, with a younger sister named Liv on his mother's side and two brothers on his father's side. When he was three years old, his parents divorced; he and his mother moved to Bergen, where she became a partner with another Spanish person named Héctor, to whom Rubius often refers as "The Godfather" in his videos. He moved back to Madrid because of this. He went through primary and secondary school there. His first console was an SNES, to which he admitted that it was essential to develop his love for video games and geek culture and that if it hadn't been for that he would never have reached where he was.


title: El Rubius

text: In his high school stage, his parents separated again when aged 16. He relocated to Norway again and finished his studies and returned to Spain with his godfather. He worked as an intern and in a supermarket there. He later entered to study 3D modelling and animation in Arteneo School in Madrid.


title: El Rubius

text: Rubén Doblas Gundersen created his first YouTube channel on 2006 under the name of "elrubius". He claimed this channel to be a play on words referring to his name and the fact that he had blonde hair when he was little. His first video "The audience" was uploaded on 8 December 2006. His video was a montage of the video game "Grand Theft Auto IV" in English. During 2011, he began regularly uploading videos of montages of the newer video game "Skyrim", to which Rubius commented on unusual and humorous situations. In January 2012, despite the growing popularity of his videos, he announced that he would change his channel because the one he had at that time could not be associated with a contract with Machinima Network, Inc. This was due to uploading three copyright infringement complaints on YouTube.


title: El Rubius

text: On 19 December 2011, El Rubius created another channel under the name of "elrubiusOMG". In January, he began to reupload his old "" montages, in addition to other montages in which he commented on situations of various video games such as "Battlefield" and "Happy Wheels". At this time, it was a very popular format on the platform. Rubius was one of the pioneers in making this type of videos known in the Spanish-speaking community. Its popularity began to increase dramatically. On 28 January 2012, he created the video "MI CARA". He revealed his identity for the first time on YouTube there. At this time, he created a segment on his channel called "(X video game) in 1 minute". He tried to summarise a video game in an ironic and humorous way there. This section became one of the most viral sections on YouTube in Spain at this time.


title: El Rubius

text: On 14 March 2012, he uploaded a parody of Chayanne's song "Torero", to which he modified its title and lyrics to "Minero", alluding to the "Minecraft" video game. The song was based on the parody. Because the popularity of the video game was emerging at that time, the video became extremely viral. Today, it is the most viewed video in the channel's history, with almost 100 million views. The popularity of the channel and Rubius continued to rise and rise. On 27 April 2012, the channel reached 100,000 subscribers, to which Rubius celebrated by streaming on YouTube, answering questions from his followers.


title: El Rubius

text: On 22 July 2012, his channel reached 200,000 subscribers. On 29 July, he uploaded a vlog where he met for the first time in-person with Mangel (Miguel Ángel Rogel). He is another Spanish YouTuber who Rubius had met on internet forums when both were teenagers. Rubius and Mangel announced that both would move to live together in Madrid when they got a contract with a production company called BGames. There, they had to dedicate themselves to creating videos for the platform. On 16 September 2012, his channel reached 300,000 subscribers. On 7 October, Rubius uploaded a video of him in Chatroulette. Chatroulette is a video conference website. There, Rubius showed situations in his conversations with strangers on which the website had. Three days later, he uploaded a collaboration with Willyrex. He remained the largest YouTuber in Spain until 2012. A week later, his channel reached 400,000 subscribers. In December, his channel reached 500,000 subscribers, to which Rubius announced by uploading a montage of himself.


title: El Rubius

text: Rubius became the most subscribed Spanish channel in November 2012 by surpassing fellow YouTuber Willyrex. In January 2013, he started another segment called "Meet The Rubius" (an allusion to a popular video game series "Team Fortress 2" on YouTube). Rubius recounted anecdotes from his personal life there. In a period of two months, on 18 February 2013, his channel reached one million subscribers to enter the 10 Spanish-speaking channels that had that brand (or more) at that time. Two months later, his channel reached two million subscribers. In June 2013, he was invited by Ubisoft Spain as a content creator for E3. In July, he attended the Gamepolis event in Malaga, alongside Mangel and other famous YouTube content creators.


title: El Rubius

text: In 2014, El Rubius published an interactive book full of challenges titled "El Libro Troll" (English: "The Troll Book"). The book reached number one in sales in Spain for eight weeks and was a bestseller at the Madrid Book Fair 2014. The Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio deemed it unsuitable for children and teenagers. It was described by parents as a sexual book. He also made a cameo appearance, this being in "Torrente 5", a Spanish comedy film by Santiago Segura. On 25 September, he announced via video that Microsoft would contact him to participate in the Spanish dub for the video game "Sunset Overdrive". In February 2015, he became the first Spanish YouTuber whose channel reached 10 million subscribers. In April 2015, he participated in the first edition of the Club Media Fest in Argentina.


title: El Rubius

text: On 2 June, he participated in an interview on Antena 3 in the Spanish programme "Al rincón de pensar". The programme's journalist was Risto Mejide. Rubius agreed to cry after telling Mejide that he was suffering from depression due to the burden of fame and distance from his relatives there. Spanish publishing group Planeta published Rubius' first comic, titled "El Rubius: Virtual Hero", in September 2015. In October 2015, he received the Diamond Play Button at the YouTube 10th Anniversary Party in Madrid, along with fellow Spanish YouTuber Vegetta777. During this month, he participated in the second edition of the Club Media Fest in Argentina and Chile. In December, he made a collaboration in a video with the Spanish singer Edurne dancing in the video game "Just Dance".


title: El Rubius

text: In February 2016, El Rubius denounced through a video that the Spanish newspaper El Mundo had distorted and manipulated an interview that he himself granted, in order to "sell more". He announced that he would not give any more reports or interviews for the press. In April, Rubius participated in the Colombian edition of the Club Media Fest, where he made a presentation mixing live electronic music, received the "Youtuber of the Year" award at the 1st Play Awards ceremony held in Palma de Mallorca, and in April 2016 he upload a music video titled "Pokemon HEYEYEYEAH" with Narehop, a parody from What's Up? (1993) by Rock band 4 Non Blondes. In May he participated in a YouTube event in New York with the most famous YouTubers in the world, in which he met PewDiePie in-person. During the event, he organised an event for people over 18 years of age in Barcelona where he performed a concert mixing music. The second part of Virtual Hero, whose title is "Virtual Hero II: La torre imposible", was published in June 2016.


title: El Rubius

text: After surpassing 20 million subscribers in August 2016, Rubius made a big draw with a tweet reading "Limonada". As of September 2019, it is the fifth most-shared tweet in history. In September, he uploaded a video criticising YouTube's system of new anti-censorship rules. There Rubius joked that he was going to have to change his style as "he didn't want to lose his partner and that he loved his money". However, during the video, he went on to break all the new rules imposed, with the video being demonetised and having an age restriction. A couple of weeks later, he uploaded another video denouncing that a new magazine dedicated to gossip about YouTubers he had leaked photos of himself and his partner on their vacations, declaring "I can't believe how this shit of continuing to invade people's privacy is still legal in the middle of 2016". In 2016, the HeYou Games company launched the "YouTurbo" video game for iOS and Android. There Rubius is a playable character along with other YouTubers, such as Willyrex, DaniRep, iTownGamePlay, TheGrefg, and more.


title: El Rubius

text: In December 2016, he was part of the promotion of the film "Passengers", making a video in collaboration with Jennifer Lawrence and Chris Pratt, protagonists of the film. Later, during an interview with Lawrence on Jimmy Kimmel's late night show, he and the video were mentioned. During 2016 and 2017 he participated in Spanish advertising campaigns of Fanta. In June he participated in the edition of the Club Media Fest in Mexico. In October he participated in the edition of the Club Media Fest in Peru. The third and last part of his comic series Virtual Hero was published in April 2017. It was entitled "Virtual Hero III: La máscara del troll". In October 2017, El Rubius announced the production of Virtual Hero, an animated television series produced by Motion Pictures from Barcelona and Jaruyi studio from South Korea, together with Movistar+ and Zeppelin TV, based on his comic series. The plot follows the adventures of Rubius, who must free the 100 best gamers of Trollmask, a vengeful enemy, in a virtual world.


title: El Rubius

text: At the beginning of March 2018, Rubius released a video called "La verdad sobre Rubius" (English:"The Truth About Rubius"). There he made an analogy of his personality in his videos on YouTube and in real life introducing a "twin" of his named Gundersen. The video was well-received by its followers. It had many likes. In March 2018, El Rubius broke his world record during a live broadcast of Fortnite, having more than a million viewers tuning in and 100 Spanish-speaking streamers. In this way, he destroyed the record that the streamer had until then, Ninja. On May 25, he announced that he would withdraw from YouTube for a time due to the fact that in the previous months he began to feel stress, anxious and nervous when recording videos and doing live shows.


title: El Rubius

text: Rubius later reached 30 million subscribers in July. On 3 October 2018, El Rubius uploaded a documentary about his life on his YouTube channel. It was released on Movistar+ on 11 October 2018. It was titled "De Rubén a Rubius: un viaje de un Virtual Hero". On 12 October 2018, "Virtual Hero", the first anime series released in Spain, premiered on Movistar+. It is directed by Alexis Barroso, illustrated by Lolita Aldea, written by Juan Torres, and based on Rubius' eponymous comic. After his return, Rubius announced that he would start directing on Twitch and prioritise that platform over YouTube, which he would take more as a secondary job. He also resumed the activity of his old original channel elrubius to reupload his content on Twitch there. Because of this, he renamed it to "Rubius Z".


title: El Rubius

text: In May 2019 he announced that Epic Games contacted him to hold a competition in Fortnite. There players had to speedrun a map of his and the winner took 3 million euros. In mid-2019 he made a cameo in the movie "Father There Is Only One". During January 2020, he carried out a promotion for the film "Bad Boys for Life". There he uploaded a video together with the protagonists of the film Will Smith and Martin Lawrence. In February, he made a transmission on YouTube where he counted down to the Season 2 premiere of the Virtual Hero anime. In July, he uploaded a teaser on Twitter where he was going to make an announcement in response to various rumors about the renewal of his contract with Amazon. On July 15, he uploaded a video to YouTube called "The Final Decision". He imitated the video of the announcement of the signing of streamer Ninja to the streaming platform Facebook Gaming there. In reality, he announced that he was staying. "", a video game developed by Ubisoft and released on October 29, 2020, has El Rubius as a playable character.


title: El Rubius

text: In October and November 2020, he was one of the coaches in Atresmedia's Top Gamers Academy video game talent show. On 7 November 2020, Rubius uploaded a video on his YouTube channel where he commented on the massiveness of his community and the negative effects this has on social networks to celebrate reaching 39 million subscribers on his channel. Rubius also participated in another promotion with Sony to announce his new ninth-generation video game console the PlayStation 5, along with other YouTubers and popular people from Spain such as Josep Pedrerol, Michelle Jenner, Santiago Segura, Joaquín Reyes, David Broncano, Koke, Carolina Marín, Amaya Valdemoro, Marc Gasol, etc.


title: El Rubius

text: In December 2020, Rubius uploaded a video to his main YouTube channel, announcing that he was opening a Pokémon card box valued at $20,000 on his Twitch channel. On December 23, he performed the promised opening and the livestream reached 350,000 viewers, achieving the fifth most viewed Spanish-speaking broadcast. On January 2, Rubius announced via Twitter that ,together with Alexby11, they created a Rust series called Egoland that brought together 70 streamers. In their debut they achieved 1.2 million viewers. It was one of the biggest events of 2021 on Twitch and this led to many more series being created with content creators.


title: El Rubius

text: In October 2021, he announced that he would be part of the movie "Uncharted", posting a photo on social media with actor Tom Holland. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of his first video on YouTube, Amazon Prime Video announced through the Jove Orquestra Simfònica from Barcelona playing the theme "Minero" the premiere of Rubius X, a documentary about the YouTuber for the 'streaming' platform at the beginning of next year in more than 240 countries.


title: El Rubius

text: The content of El Rubius' channels are primarily gameplays, sketches, vlogs, and montages, mostly related to video games, with the particularity that they are made with humour, satire, and sarcasm. One of the most notorious points of its success and virality in his videos is due to the charisma, naturalness, simplicity, and direct language that he has, in addition to connecting with his audience and establishing a strong connection with the people (in average between 14 and 23 years old) who identify with him. Unlike other television personalities or content creators, he does not play a character, but only shows himself naturally, leading to greater acceptance from the masses.


title: El Rubius

text: When he first appeared on YouTube trending in 2012, the public was used to commentators like Willyrex, who sought to highlight the details of a video game, in addition to summarising plays in various online games. Rubius offered a change of fresh air, with a more dynamic and more edited content, in addition to performing it with acid, black, absurd, and surreal humour.


title: El Rubius

text: "GQ" magazine described him as "the throbbing incarnation of a generation gap", in addition to commenting: "His videos encapsulate a high school mentality that we would never, ever think would be legitimized within such a massive platform. That has been his true triumph: turning something as fleeting as adolescent immaturity, or the clumsy search for identity through the outburst or bullshit, into pure spectacle". "The New York Times" wrote that "in the videos it is always clear that he lives between two dimensions, that of the screen with its massive audience and that of his room (in a hotel when he travels), his cat and his friends. This double reality leads in The Troll Book, the comics and the anime series".


title: El Rubius

text: During January 2021, El Rubius announced via a Twitch broadcast that he was going to move to Andorra to live closer to his friends and avoid the public recognition that he had while living in Madrid. This caused controversy in social networks since several YouTubers and streamers had taken this initiative due to the lower tax burden in that country.


title: El Rubius

text: During the same statement, he denounced that a Spanish Treasury official charged him in the media for the decision he had made, taking it as unethical. The former vice president of the government of Spain Pablo Iglesias criticised this decision through his Twitter account, retweeting a tweet where former athlete Juanma López Iturriaga explained that YouTubers moved to avoid paying taxes.


title: Sedum

text: Sedum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, members of which are commonly known as stonecrops. The genus has been described as containing up to 600 species, subsequently reduced to 400–500. They are leaf succulents found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, but extending into the southern hemisphere in Africa and South America. The plants vary from annual and creeping herbs to shrubs. The plants have water-storing leaves. The flowers usually have five petals, seldom four or six. There are typically twice as many stamens as petals. Various species formerly classified as "Sedum" are now in the segregate genera "Hylotelephium" and "Rhodiola".


title: Sedum

text: Well-known European species of "Sedum" are "Sedum acre", "Sedum album", "Sedum dasyphyllum", "Sedum reflexum" (also known as "Sedum rupestre") and "Sedum hispanicum".


title: Sedum

text: "Sedum" is a genus that includes annual, biennial, and perennial herbs. They are characterised by succulent leaves and stems. The extent of morphological diversity and homoplasy make it impossible to characterise "Sedum" phenotypicaly.


title: Sedum

text: "Sedum" was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, with 15 species. Of the genera encompassed by the Crassulaceae family, "Sedum" is the most species rich, the most morphologically diverse and most complex taxonomically. Historically it was placed in the subfamily Sedoideae, of which it was the type genus. Of the three modern subfamilies of the Crassulaceae, based on molecular phylogenetics "Sedum" is placed in the subfamily Sempervivoideae. Although the genus has been greatly reduced, from about 600 to 420–470 species, by forming up to 32 segregate genera, it still constitutes a third of the family and is polyphyletic.


title: Sedum

text: "Sedum" species are found in four of six major crown clades wthin subfamily Sempervivoideae of Crassulaceae and are allocated to tribes, as follows:


title: Sedum

text: In addition at least nine other distinct genera appear to be nested within "Sedum". However the number of species found outside of the first two clades (Tribe Sedeae) are only a small fraction of the whole genus. Therefore the current circumscription, which is somewhat artificial and catch-all must be considered unstable. The relationships between the tribes of Sempervivoideae is shown in the cladogram.


title: Sedum

text: There are now thought to be approximately 55 European species. "Sedum" demonstrates a wide variation in chromosome numbers, and polyploidy is common. Chromosome number is considered an important taxonomic feature.


title: Sedum

text: Earlier authors placed a number of "Sedum" species outside of these clades, such as "S. spurium", "S. stellatum" and "S. kamtschaticum" (Telephium clade), that has been segregated into "Phedimus" (tribe Umbiliceae). Given the substantial taxonomic challenges presented by this highly polyphyletic genus, a number of radical solutions have been proposed for what is described as the "Sedum problem", all of which would require a substantial number of new combinations within Sempervivoideae. Nikulin and colleagues (2016) have recommended that, given the monophyly of Aeonieae and Semperviveae, species of "Sedum" outside of the tribe Sedeae (all in subgenus "Gormania") be removed from the genus and reallocated. However this does not resolve the problem of other genera embedded within "Sedum", in Sedeae. In the largest published phylogenetic study (2020), the authors propose placing all taxa within Sedeae in genus "Sedum", and transferring all other Sedum species in the remaining Sempervivoideae clades to other genera. This expanded "Sedum" "s.l." would comprise about 755 species.


title: Sedum

text: Linnaeus originally described 15 species, characterised by pentamerous flowers, dividing them into two groups; Planifolia and Teretifolia, based on leaf morphology. with 15 species, and hence bears his name as the botanical authority (L.). By 1828, de Candolle recognized 88 species, in six informal groups. Various attempts have been made to subdivide this large genus, in addition to segregating separate genera, including creation of informal groups, sections, series and subgenera. For an extensive history of subfamily Sedoideae, see .


title: Sedum

text: Gray (1821) divided the 13 species known in Britain at that time into five sections; "Rhodiola", "Telephium", "Sedum", (unnamed) and "Aizoon". In 1921 Praeger established ten sections; "Rhodiola", "Pseudorhodiola", "Giraldiina", "Telephium", "Aizoon", "Mexicana", "Seda Genuina", "Sempervivoides", "Epeteium" and "Telmissa". This was later revised in what is the best known system, that of Berger (1930), who defined 22 subdivisions, which he called "Reihe" (sections or series). Berger's sections were:


title: Sedum

text: A number of these, he further subdivided. In contrast, Fröderströmm (1935) adopted a much broader circumscription of the genus, accepting only "Sedum" and "Pseudosedum" within the Sedoideae, dividing the former into 9 sections. Although this was followed by numerous other systems, the most widely accepted infrageneric classification following Berger, was by Ohba (1978). Prior to this most species in Sedoideae were placed in genus "Sedum". Of these systems, it was observed "No really satisfactory basis for the division of the family into genera has yet been proposed".


title: Sedum

text: Some other authors have added other series, and combined some of the series into groups, such as sections. In particular "Sedum" section "Sedum" is divided into series (see Clades) More recently, two subgenera have been recognised, "Gormania" and "Sedum".


title: Sedum

text: Of about 80 Eurasian species, series "Rupestria" forms a distinct monophyletic group of about ten taxa, which some authors have considered a separate genus, "Petrosedum". It was series 20 in Berger's classification. Native to Europe it has escaped cultivation and become naturalized in North America.


title: Sedum

text: Embedded within series "Monanthoidea" are three Macaronesian segregate genera, "Aichryson", "Monanthes" and "Aeonium".


title: Sedum

text: In the Levant, one species of this succulent ("S. microcarpum") covers the stony ground like a carpet where the soil is shallow, growing no higher than 5–10 cm. At first, the fleshy leaves are a light green, but as the season progresses, the fleshy leaves turn red.


title: Sedum

text: Embedded within the Leucosedum clade are the following genera: "Rosularia", "Prometheum", "Sedella" and "Dudleya". "Rosularia" is paraphyletic, and some "Sedum" species, such as "S. sempervivoides" are assigned by some authors to "Rosularia", as "R. sempervivoides" .


title: Sedum

text: Embedded within the Acre clade are the following genera: "Villadia", "Lenophyllum", "Graptopetalum", "Thompsonella", "Echeveria" and "Pachyphytum". The species within Acre, can be broadly grouped into two subclades, American/European and Asian.


title: Sedum

text: Distributed in mainly in temperate to subtropical climates the Northern hemisphere, extending to the Southern hemisphere in Africa and South America, being most diverse in the Mediterranean, Central America, Himalayas, and East Asia. In this respect, the two subgenera differ. Subgenus "Sedum" having a centre of diversity in Mexico, and Gormania in Eurasia with a secondary centre in N America.


title: Sedum

text: "Sedum" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the grey chi moth. In particular, "Sedum spathulifolium" is the host plant of the endangered San Bruno elfin butterfly of San Mateo County, California. "Sedum lanceolatum" is the host plant of the more common "Parnassius smintheus" found in the Rocky Mountains. As well as "Sedum spathulifolium", many other species of "Sedum" serve the environmental role of host plants for butterflies. For example, the butterfly "Callophrys xami" uses several species of "Sedum", such as "Sedum allantoides", for suitable host plants.


title: Sedum

text: Many sedums are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, due to their interesting and attractive appearance and hardiness. The various species differ in their requirements; some are cold-hardy but do not tolerate heat, some require heat but do not tolerate cold.


title: Sedum

text: Numerous hybrid cultivars have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:


title: Sedum

text: The leaves of most stonecrops are edible, excepting "Sedum rubrotinctum," although toxicity has also been reported in some other species. The juice from the stems and leaves may irritate skin if handled excessively.


title: Sedum

text: "Sedum reflexum", known as "prickmadam", "stone orpine", or "crooked yellow stonecrop", is occasionally used as a salad leaf or herb in Europe, including the United Kingdom. It has a slightly astringent sour taste.


title: Sedum

text: "Sedum divergens", known as "spreading stonecrop", was eaten by First Nations people in northwest British Columbia. The plant is used as a salad herb by the Haida and the Nisga'a people. It is common in the Nass Valley of British Columbia.


title: Sedum

text: Biting stonecrop ("Sedum acre") contains high quantities of piperidine alkaloids (namely (+)-sedridine, (−)-sedamine, sedinone and isopelletierine), which give it a sharp, peppery, acrid taste and make it somewhat toxic.


title: Sedum

text: "Sedum" can be used to provide a roof covering in green roofs, where they are preferred to grasses. Examples include Ford's Dearborn, Michigan Truck Plant, which has a living roof with of sedum. The Rolls-Royce Motor Cars plant in Goodwood, England, has a roof complex covered in "Sedum", the largest in the United Kingdom. Nintendo of America's roof is covered in some of "Sedum". The Javits Center in New York City is covered with of "Sedum".


title: Sedum

text: Berlin’s Prenzlauer Allee, Le Mans, and Warsaw, for example, plant sedum in between rails of some tramways as a low maintenance alternative to grass. This provides beautification, a permeable surface for water management, and noise reduction.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth is a 1930s British biplane designed by Geoffrey de Havilland and built by the de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and other operators as a primary trainer aircraft. In addition to the type's principal use for "ab initio" training, the Second World War had RAF Tiger Moths operating in other capacities, including maritime surveillance and defensive anti-invasion preparations; some aircraft were even outfitted to function as armed light bombers.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The Tiger Moth remained in service with the RAF until it was replaced by the de Havilland Chipmunk during the early 1950s. Many of the military surplus aircraft subsequently entered into civilian operation. Many nations have used the Tiger Moth in both military and civilian applications, and it remains in widespread use as a recreational aircraft. It is still occasionally used as a primary training aircraft, particularly for those pilots wanting to gain experience before moving on to other tailwheel aircraft. Many Tiger Moths are now employed by companies offering trial lesson experiences. The de Havilland Moth club, founded in 1975, is now an owners' association offering a mutual club and technical support.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: Geoffrey de Havilland, the company's owner and founder, had sought to produce a light aircraft superior to two of his previous designs, the de Havilland Humming Bird and de Havilland DH.51. From earlier experience, de Havilland knew the difficulty and importance of correctly sizing such an aircraft to appeal to the civilian market, such as touring, trainer, flying club, and private aviation customers; the firm had great success with a scaled-down version of the DH.51, the de Havilland DH.60 Moth.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The starting point for the DH.82 Tiger Moth was the de Havilland DH.71 Tiger Moth. de Havilland had developed successively more capable Gipsy engines, and the company had produced a new low-winged monoplane aircraft to test them. This aircraft became the first aircraft to be referred to as the "Tiger Moth". Improvements made on the Tiger Moth monoplane were incorporated into a military trainer variant of the DH.60 Moth, the DH.60T Moth – the "T" coming to stand for 'Tiger' in addition to 'Trainer'.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The DH.60T Moth had several shortcomings, thus was subject to several alterations, such as the adoption of shortened interplane struts to raise the wingtips after insufficient ground clearance was discovered while it was undergoing trials at RAF Martlesham Heath. As a result of the Martlesham trials, a favourable report for the type was produced, which in turn led to the type soon being formally adopted as the new basic trainer of the Royal Air Force (RAF). A single prototype, designated the DH.82 Tiger Moth, was ordered by the British Air Ministry under Specification 15/31, which sought a suitable "ab initio" training aircraft.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: One of the main changes from the preceding Moth series was improved access to the front cockpit, since the training requirement specified that the front-seat occupant had to be able to escape easily, especially when wearing a parachute. Access to the front cockpit of the Moth's predecessors was restricted by the proximity of the aircraft's fuel tank, directly above the front cockpit, and the rear cabane struts for the upper wing. The solution adopted was to shift the upper wing forward but sweep the wings back to maintain the same centre of lift. Other changes included a strengthened structure, fold-down doors on both sides of the cockpit, and a revised exhaust system.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: On 26 October 1931 the first 'true' Tiger Moth, the prototype "E6", made its maiden flight at Stag Lane Aerodrome, Edgware, London, flown by de Havilland Chief Test Pilot Hubert Broad . Shortly thereafter construction of the first 35 production aircraft for the RAF, designated "K2567-K2601", began following the issuing of Specification T.23/31; in addition two float-equipped seaplanes, "S1675" and "S1676", were built according to Specification T.6/33.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth is a single-engined, biplane, light aircraft. It was developed principally to be used by private touring customers as well as for pilot instruction for both military and civilian operators. It is typically powered by a de Havilland Gipsy III 120 hp engine; later models are often fitted with more powerful models of this engine, while some have been re-engined by third-party companies.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: One characteristic of the Tiger Moth design is its differential aileron control setup. The ailerons (on the lower wing only) on a Tiger Moth are operated by an externally mounted circular bell crank, which lies flush with the lower wing's fabric undersurface covering. This circular bell crank is rotated by metal cables and chains from the cockpit's control columns, and has the externally mounted aileron pushrod attached at a point 45° outboard and forward of the bell crank's centre when the ailerons are both at their neutral position. This results in an aileron control system operating with barely any travel down at all on the wing on the outside of the turn, while the aileron on the inside travels a large amount upwards to counteract adverse yaw.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: From the outset, the Tiger Moth proved to be an ideal trainer, simple and cheap to own and maintain, although control movements required a positive and sure hand as a slowness to control inputs existed. Some instructors preferred these flight characteristics because of the effect of "weeding out" the inept student pilot.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The Tiger Moth quickly became a commercial success, and examples were sold to more than 25 air forces. In addition to the military demand, aircraft were also produced for the civilian market. At one point, the flow of orders for the Tiger Moth effectively occupied almost the entirety of de Havilland's capacity to manufacture aircraft, and little capacity could be spared to accommodate domestic customers. In 1932, de Havilland also developed an affordable air taxi from the Tiger Moth, using many of the main components of the former with a new plywood fuselage seating four people in an enclosed cabin; it was marketed as the de Havilland Fox Moth. Following the end of all manufacturing, third parties occasionally rebuilt Tiger Moths to a similar configuration to the Fox Moth, such as the Thruxton Jackaroo.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In late 1934, 50 Tiger Moths of a more refined design, sometimes referred to as the Tiger Moth II, were delivered to the RAF; these aircraft adopted the de Havilland Gipsy Major engine, capable of generating 130 HP, and the use of plywood decking on the rear fuselage in place of fabric . Throughout the period 1934–1936, production activity was centred upon meeting the demand for military trainers, including several contracts having been placed by the RAF to Specification T.7/35, along with export orders by seven overseas operators. Civil examples were also being produced at this time, both for British private customers and to export customers in countries such as Ceylon, Greece, Lithuania, Rhodesia, Peru, and Switzerland.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: After 1936, the gradual rate of acceleration of Tiger Moth manufacturing had reached the point where production capacity finally became able to exceed the demands from military customers alone. By the outbreak of the Second World War a total of 1,424 Tiger Moths had been completed by both domestic and overseas manufacturing efforts. In 1941 de Havilland transferred principal manufacturing activity for the Tiger Moth from its Hatfield factory to Morris Motors Limited at their facility in Cowley, Oxford.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In 1945, British Tiger Moth production was ended; by this point, Morris Motors had completed a total of 3,433 Tiger Moths.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: Overseas manufacturing of the type commenced in 1937; the first such overseas builder was de Havilland Canada at its facility in Downsview, Ontario. In addition to an initial batch of 25 Tiger Moths that were built for the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), the Canadian firm began building fuselages, which were exported to the UK for completion. Canadian-built Tiger Moths featured modifications to better suit the local climate, along with a reinforced tail wheel, hand-operated brakes (built by Bendix Corporation), shorter undercarriage radius rods, and the legs of the main landing gear legs being raked forwards as a safeguard against tipping forwards during braking. In addition, the cockpit had a large sliding canopy fitted along with exhaust-based heating; various alternative undercarriage arrangements were also offered. By the end of Canadian production, de Havilland Canada had manufactured a total of 1,548 of all versions, including the DH.82C and American Menasco Pirate-engined variants (with opposing "right-hand"/"counter-clockwise" rotation to the left-hand/clockwise-running Gipsy Major) known as the Menasco Moth; this also included 200 Tiger Moths that were built under wartime United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Lend-Lease orders, which were designated for paperwork purposes as the PT-24, before being delivered onwards to the RCAF.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: Additional overseas manufacturing activity also occurred, most of which took place during wartime. de Havilland Australia assembled an initial batch of 20 aircraft from parts sent from the United Kingdom prior to embarking on their own major production campaign of the DH.82A, which resulted in a total of 1,070 Tiger Moths being constructed in Australia. In late 1940, the first Australian-assembled Tiger Moth conducted its first flight at Bankstown, Sydney. Most Australian aircraft were delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), but several batches were exported, including 18 for the USAAF and 41 for the Royal Indian Air Force.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In New Zealand, 132 Tiger Moths were completed by de Havilland Aircraft of New Zealand; 23 were built in Sweden as the Sk.11' by AB Svenska Järnvägsverkstädernas Aeroplanavdelning, 91 were built in Portugal by OGMA, and another 38 in Norway by Kjeller Flyfabrikk (some sources say 37 so the first may have been assembled from a kit) in addition to a large number of aircraft that were assembled from kits shipped from the UK.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The RAF ordered 35 dual-control Tiger Moth Is, which had the company designation DH.82. A subsequent order was placed for 50 aircraft powered by the de Havilland Gipsy Major I engine (130 hp) which was the DH.82A or to the RAF Tiger Moth II. The Tiger Moth entered service at the RAF Central Flying School in February 1932. During the prewar years, increasing numbers of Tiger Moths were procured for the RAF and by overseas customers; by 1939, nearly 40 flying schools operating the type had been established, nine of which operated civilian-register models, as well.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: From 1937 onwards, the Tiger Moth was made available to general flying clubs, production having been previously occupied by military customers. The type was used to replace older aircraft in the civilian trainer capacity, such as the older de Havilland Cirrus Moth and Gipsy Moth. By the start of the Second World War, the RAF had around 500 Tiger Moths in service. In addition, nearly all civilian-operated Tiger Moths throughout the Commonwealth were quickly impressed into their respective air forces to meet the wartime demand for trainer aircraft.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The Tiger Moth became the primary trainer throughout the Commonwealth and elsewhere. It was the principal type used in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, where thousands of military pilots got their first taste of flight in a Tiger Moth. The RAF found the Tiger Moth's handling ideal for training fighter pilots. Generally docile and forgiving in the normal flight phases encountered during initial training, when used for aerobatic and formation training, the Tiger Moth required skill and concentration to perform well; a botched manoeuvre could cause the aircraft to stall or spin. From 1941 onwards, all military and many civilian Tiger Moths were outfitted with antispin strakes positioned on the junction between the fuselage and the leading edge of the tailplane, known as Mod 11'; later on, the aileron mass balances were removed for improved spin recovery performance.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In 1935, the DH.82 Queen Bee, a pilotless, radio-controlled variant of the Tiger Moth, appeared for use in training antiaircraft gunners. Use of the word drone, as a generic term for pilotless aircraft, apparently originated from the name and role of the Queen Bee (i.e. the word drone is a reference to the male bee, which makes one flight in search of the female queen bee and then subsequently dies). The DH.82 had a wooden fuselage, based on that of the DH.60 Gipsy Moth (with appropriate structural changes related to cabane strut placement) and the wings of the Tiger Moth II. Queen Bees retained a normal front cockpit for test-flying or ferry flights, but had a radio-control system in the rear cockpit to operate the controls using pneumatically driven servos.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In total, 400 were built by de Havilland at Hatfield and a further 70 by Scottish Aviation. There were nearly 300 in service at the start of the Second World War.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In December 1939, owing to a shortage of maritime patrol aircraft, six flights of Tiger Moths were operated by RAF Coastal Command for surveillance flights over coastal waters, known as "scarecrow patrols". The aircraft operated in pairs and were armed only with a Very pistol. The intention was to force any encroaching U-boat to dive; one aircraft would then remain in the vicinity while the other would search for a naval patrol vessel that could be led back to the spot. Because they were not radio equipped, each aircraft also carried a pair of homing pigeons in a wicker basket to call for help in case of a forced landing at sea. A 25-lb (11.5 kg) bomb was sometimes carried, but no record shows one being dropped in action.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In the aftermath of Britain's disastrous campaign in France, in August 1940 three proposals for beach defence systems were put forward; 350 Tiger Moths were fitted with bomb racks to serve as light bombers as a part of Operation Banquet. A more radical conversion involved the "paraslasher", a scythe-like blade fitted to a Tiger Moth and intended to cut parachutists' canopies as they descended. Flight tests proved the idea, but it was not officially adopted. The Tiger Moth was also tested as a dispenser of Paris green rat poison for use against ground troops, with powder dispensers located under the wings.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In the postwar climate, impressed Tiger Moths were restored to their former civilian operations and owners. Accordingly, large numbers of Tiger Moths were made available for sale to flying clubs and individuals. Relatively few new light aircraft being manufactured at the time to take its place. Due to the type being inexpensive to operate and the aforementioned factors, the Tiger Moth was met with an enthusiastic reception across the civilian market. Additionally, it was put to use for new roles,including aerial advertising, aerial ambulance, aerobatic performer, crop dusting, and glider tug work.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: In the air-racing market, Tiger Moths were converted to a single-seat configuration, often temporarily. Several aircraft were extensively modified for greater speed; these changes included alterations such as the removal of the centre-section fuel tank, alternative fuel tank configurations, all-new elevators, custom-designed fuel injectors, and the recovering of the fuselage with lighter-weight fabric. Three particular aircraft, "G-APDZ", "G-ANZZ" and "G-ANMZ", were accordingly rebuilt and were used in international competitions; the design changes led to substantially improved performance during inverted flight.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: Ex-RAF examples were imported to the Netherlands during the postwar era and used to equip the Dutch National Flying School at Ypenburg. These aircraft were required by the Dutch civil aviation authorities to be fitted with a larger dorsal fin, incorporating an extended forward fillet to the fin, to provide for additional area; this requirement was also extended to privately owned Tiger Moths in the Netherlands.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The Tiger Moth might be confused at first glance with the Belgian-designed Stampe SV.4 aerobatic aircraft, which had a very similar design layout; both aircraft made use of a similar main landing gear configuration, a slightly sweepback wing, and an alike engine/cowling design. Several Tiger Moths were converted during the 1950s to a "Coupe" standard, which involved the installation of a sliding canopy over both crew positions, not unlike the Canadian-built Fleet Finch biplane trainers that had worked beside the Tiger Moth in RCAF service as trainers in Canada during the type's wartime years.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: After the development of aerial topdressing in New Zealand, large numbers of ex-Royal New Zealand Air Force Tiger Moths built in that country and in the United Kingdom were converted into agricultural aircraft; at the time, this was a pioneering use for aircraft. In this role, the front seat was commonly replaced with a hopper to hold superphosphate for aerial topdressing. A large number were also used to deploy insecticide in the crop-sprayer role, for which several alternative arrangements, including perforated piping being installed underneath the mainplanes or the placement of rotary atomisers on the lower mainplane, were used.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: Royal Navy Tiger Moths used as target tugs and "air experience" machines became the last military examples when that service purchased a batch of refurbished ex-civilian examples in 1956. One became the last biplane to land on an aircraft carrier () in the English Channel during the summer of 1967. On takeoff, the wind over the deck allowed the aircraft to fly, but it was slower than the carrier, which turned hard to starboard to avoid a possible collision. These planes remained in service until the early 1970s.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The Tiger Moth (and to a lesser extent, the similar Belgian Stampe-Vertongen SV.4) had been often used as a stand-in for rarer aircraft in films, sometimes having been extensively modified to outwardly resemble the aircraft it was depicting. Three aircraft were converted by Croydon-based Film Aviation Services Ltd for use in the filming of the 1962 movie "Lawrence of Arabia"; one Tiger Moth became a replica of a Fokker D.VII, while two aircraft resembled the Rumpler C.V to depict these types for the film. Several Tiger Moths were used in the crash scenes in "The Great Waldo Pepper", standing in for the Curtiss JN-1. Due to the popularity of the design and the rising cost of flyable examples, a number of replicas (scale and full-sized) have been designed for the homebuilder; these include the Fisher R-80 Tiger Moth and the RagWing RW22 Tiger Moth.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The Tiger Moth responds well to control inputs and is fairly easy to fly for a tail-dragger. Its big "parachute" wings are very forgiving, and it stalls at a speed as slow as 25 knots with power. Its stall and spin characteristics are benign. It has some adverse yaw and therefore requires rudder input during turns. The Tiger Moth exhibits the fundamental requirements of a training aircraft, in being "easy to fly, but difficult to fly well"; the aircraft's benign handling when within its limits make it easy for the novice to learn the basic skills of flight. At the same time techniques such as coordinated flight must be learnt and used effectively, and the aircraft will show up mishandling to an observant instructor or attentive pupil. As training progresses towards more advanced areas, especially aerobatics, the skill required on the part of a Tiger Moth pilot increases. The aircraft will not, like some training aircraft, "fly its way out of trouble" but will instead stall or spin if mishandled. However the stall and spin remain benign, again showing up deficient piloting without endangering the aircraft or the crew. These characteristics were invaluable to military operators, who must identify between pilots with the potential to go on to fly fighter aircraft, those more suited to lower-performance machines and those who must be relegated to non-pilot aircrew positions.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: Because the Tiger Moth has no electrical system, it must be started by hand. This needs to be done with care to prevent being struck by the propeller, which would result in serious injury. Being a tail-dragging biplane, taxiing also requires care. The pilot cannot see directly ahead, so the lower wing can hit obstructions, and it is susceptible to gusts of wind on its inclined, large, upper wing.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The takeoff is uneventful, and it has a reasonable rate of climb. However full power should not be maintained for more than a minute to avoid damaging the engine.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The Tiger Moth's biplane design makes it strong, and it is fully aerobatic. However it has ailerons only on its bottom wing, which makes its rate of roll relatively slow for a biplane; and, as stated previously, the ailerons on a Tiger Moth normally operate with a heavy degree of designed-in differential operation (mostly deflecting up, hardly at all downwards) to avoid adverse yaw problems in normal flight. Most manoeuvres are started at about 90 to 110 knots, and it has a Velocity Never Exceeded (VNE) of 140 knots. It is important to lock the automatic slats (leading edge flaps) during aerobatic manoeuvres.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: There are two methods of landing. "Wheeler" landing involves pushing the plane on to the runway at a moderate speed with just the main wheels on the ground, with the tail held up until speed reduces. It does not tend to bounce. Unlike most taildraggers, slow speed three-point landings are quite difficult because there is not enough elevator authority to bring the tail down to the correct three-point attitude. This means that the tail needs to be brought down sharply at just the right speed in order for the angular momentum to carry it down sufficiently.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: The open cockpit allows pilots to move their heads over the side to see the runway during approach and landing. As the aircraft is a tail dragger, it is essential to land it straight with no sideways movement, to avoid ground loops.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: One often undocumented feature is that the carburettor de-icing mechanism is activated automatically when the throttle is reduced. This means that when an engine is running poorly due to ice the pilot must reduce power even further and then wait for the ice to melt.


title: De Havilland Tiger Moth

text: Numerous examples of the Tiger Moth are still flying today (an estimated 250). The number of airworthy Tiger Moths has increased as previously neglected aircraft (or those previously only used for static display in museums) have been restored.


title: William Abadie

text: William Abadie is a French actor best known for his roles in television series such as "Gossip Girl" (2007–2009), "Sex and The City" (1998-2004), "Homeland" (2013), "The O.C." (2003-2007), "Ugly Betty" (2006-2010) and "Emily in Paris" (2020-present).