title: Around the World (Daft Punk song)

text: In a retrospective review, Rayna Khaitan from Albumism noted "all its axon-activating joy". She added further, "Indulgently repetitious, echoing the phrase “around the world” precisely 144 times like some soothing vocoded mantra, the song rallies the collective as together we teetered toward the turn of the millennium." Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote that with this "tasty slice of disco/funk, dynamic electronica outfit Daft Punk looks well positioned to build upon the momentum generated by its recent breakthrough hit, 'Da Funk. He noted that the group "does an exemplary job of communicating a hum-along chorus without the aid of a vocalist, opting instead for a stream of caustic key-boards and blippy sound effects". Another American music magazine, "Blender" put "Around the World" at 172nd place on their list of "500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born" in 2007. They wrote, A writer from "Complex" stated that "its simplicity made it one of the most catchy", and also noted the "unforgettable" music video, "with all kinds of creatures frolicking around a colorful stage." Andy Beevers from "Music Week"'s "RM" rated "Around the World" five out of five, picking it as Tune of the Week. He added that it "brings together the punchiest of boogie basslines, trademark crunchy beats, chirpy synths and the vocodored up title line that is repeated ad nauseum [sic] just in case you should forget which tune you're listening to."


title: Around the World (Daft Punk song)

text: Michel Gondry's music video for the song features five groups of characters on a platform representing a vinyl record: four robots walking around in a circle; four tall athletes (as described by Gondry) wearing tracksuits with small prosthetic heads walking up and down stairs; four women dressed like synchronized swimmers (described by Gondry as "disco girls") moving up and down another set of stairs; four skeletons dancing in the center of the platform; and four mummies dancing in time with the song's drum pattern.


title: Around the World (Daft Punk song)

text: This is meant to be a visual representation of the song; each group of characters represents a different instrument. According to Gondry's notes, the robots represent the singing voice; the physicality and small-minded rapidity of the athletes symbolizes the ascending/descending bass guitar; the femininity of the disco girls represents the high-pitched keyboard; the skeletons dance to the guitar line; and the mummies represent the drum machine.


title: Around the World (Daft Punk song)

text: "Around the World" was Gondry's first attempt at bringing organized dancing to his music videos. "I was sick to see choreography being mistreated in videos like filler with fast cutting and fast editing, really shallow. I don't think choreography should be shot in close-ups." The sequence, initially developed by Gondry, was further expanded and streamlined by choreographer Blanca Li. Costumes for the video were designed by Florence Fontaine, the mother of Gondry's son. The flashing lights were operated by the director's brother, Olivier "Twist" Gondry. As Michel Gondry stated, "It all came down to a family affair."


title: Around the World (Daft Punk song)

text: Elements of the music video appear in the video for the LCD Soundsystem song "Daft Punk Is Playing at My House". The overall design has also been replicated for the Freemasons' "Rain Down Love" video.


title: Eleanor Audley

text: Eleanor Audley ( Zellman; November 19, 1905 – November 25, 1991) was an American actress with a distinctive voice and a diverse body of work. She played Oliver Douglas's mother, Eunice Douglas, on the CBS sitcom "Green Acres" (1965–1969), and provided Disney animated features with the voices of the two villain characters, Lady Tremaine, Cinderella’s evil stepmother in "Cinderella" (1950), and Maleficent, the wicked fairy in "Sleeping Beauty" (1959). She had roles in live-action films, but was most active in radio programs such as "My Favorite Husband" and "Father Knows Best". Audley's television appearances include those in "I Love Lucy", "The Dick Van Dyke Show", "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Mister Ed" and "My Three Sons".


title: Eleanor Audley

text: Eleanor Zellman was born in Newark, New Jersey on November 19, 1905. Her family had moved to West 86th Street in Manhattan, New York City, by 1917.


title: Eleanor Audley

text: Audley made her Broadway debut in the 1926 production of "Howdy, King". Her other stage appearances included "On Call" (1928); "Pigeons and People" (1933); "Thunder on the Left" (1933); "Kill That Story" (1934); "Ladies' Money" (1934); "Susan and God" (1937); and "In Bed We Cry" (1944).


title: Eleanor Audley

text: Audley worked extensively in the 1940s and 1950s in radio, notably playing George Cooper's aristocratic mother, Mrs. Cooper, who typically looks down on her daughter-in-law, Liz Cooper on "My Favorite Husband", and the Anderson family's neighbor, Mrs. Smith on "Father Knows Best". In addition, Audley performed on radio as a series regular on "Escape", "Suspense" and "The Story of Dr. Kildare". She played the stepmother in re-imaginings of the Cinderella story that were included in episodes of the series "Hallmark Playhouse", and the weekly western series, "The Six Shooter", that starred James Stewart.


title: Eleanor Audley

text: Audley's onscreen appearance was as a parole board member in the 1949 noir film "The Story of Molly X" starring June Havoc. Other film appearances followed, including: "Pretty Baby" (1950); "Gambling House" (1951); "Cell 2455, Death Row" (1955); "The Unguarded Moment" (1956); "Full of Life" (1956); "Spoilers of the Forest" (1957); "Home Before Dark" (1958); a cameo as the mother and slain victim of suspect Jack Graham in "The FBI Story" (1959); "The Second Time Around" (1961); and "Hook, Line and Sinker" (1969).


title: Eleanor Audley

text: In the animated film industry, Audley provided her distinctive voice to Lady Tremaine, Cinderella's evil stepmother, in the 1950 Disney film "Cinderella"; and Princess Aurora's evil fairy nemesis, Maleficent, in Disney's 1959 version of "Sleeping Beauty". For those films, animators Frank Thomas and Marc Davis designed the characters' facial features and expressions to be closely similar to Audley's. In addition to providing their voices, she served as the performance model for both characters for live-action referencing to help the animators. Audley had initially turned down the role of Maleficent because she was battling tuberculosis at the time.


title: Eleanor Audley

text: Audley provided the voice for Madame Leota—the spirit of a psychic medium—in the Haunted Mansion attractions in Disneyland and Walt Disney World.


title: Eleanor Audley

text: Audley's first television appearance was in the pilot episode of "The Mickey Rooney Show" (also titled "Hey Mulligan") as Bessie, a terrible actress who stars in an awful TV show. From 1954 to 1970, she appeared regularly on television, including episodes of: "The People's Choice"; "I Love Lucy"; "Crossroads"; "The Real McCoys"; "Richard Diamond, Private Detective"; "The Twilight Zone"; "Dennis the Menace"; "Mr. Lucky"; "Perry Mason"; "The Tab Hunter Show"; "Pete and Gladys"; and "Hazel". Audley had recurring roles on "The Dick Van Dyke Show" as the P.T.A head Mrs. Billings, on "The Beverly Hillbillies" as the school headmistress Mrs. Potts, on "Mister Ed" as Wilbur Post's aunt Martha, on "Pistols 'n' Petticoats" as Mrs. Teaseley, on "My Three Sons" as Mrs. Vincent, and on "Green Acres" as Oliver Douglas's disapproving mother, Eunice Douglas, despite being only five months older than actor Eddie Albert who played the role of her son.


title: Eleanor Audley

text: Audley died from respiratory failure on November 25, 1991, six days after her 86th birthday. She is interred at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) is a bird in the kingfisher subfamily Halcyoninae. It is a large robust kingfisher with a whitish head and a brown eye-stripe. The upperparts are mostly dark brown but there is a mottled light-blue patch on the wing coverts. The underparts are cream-white and the tail is barred with rufous and black. The plumage of the male and female birds is similar. The territorial call is a distinctive laugh that is often delivered by several birds at the same time, and is widely used as a stock sound effect in situations that involve a jungle setting.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The laughing kookaburra is native to eastern mainland Australia, but has also been introduced to parts of New Zealand, Tasmania, and Western Australia. It occupies dry eucalypt forest, woodland, city parks and gardens. This species is sedentary and occupies the same territory throughout the year. It is monogamous, retaining the same partner for life. A breeding pair can be accompanied by up to five fully grown non-breeding offspring from previous years that help the parents defend their territory and raise their young. The laughing kookaburra generally breeds in unlined tree holes or in excavated holes in arboreal termite nests. The usual clutch is three white eggs. The parents and the helpers incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. The youngest of the three nestlings or chicks is often killed by the older siblings. When the chicks fledge they continue to be fed by the group for six to ten weeks until they are able to forage independently.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: A predator of a wide variety of small animals, the laughing kookaburra typically waits perched on a branch until it sees an animal on the ground and then flies down and pounces on its prey. Its diet includes lizards, insects, worms, snakes, mice and it is known to take goldfish out of garden ponds.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classed the laughing kookaburra as a species of least concern as it has a large range and population, with no widespread threats.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The laughing kookaburra was first described and illustrated (in black and white) by the French naturalist and explorer Pierre Sonnerat in his "Voyage à la nouvelle Guinée", which was published in 1776. He claimed to have seen the bird in New Guinea. In fact Sonnerat never visited New Guinea and the laughing kookaburra does not occur there. He probably obtained a preserved specimen from one of the naturalists who accompanied Captain James Cook to the east coast of Australia. Edme-Louis Daubenton and François-Nicolas Martinet included a coloured plate of the laughing kookaburra based on Sonnerat's specimen in their "Planches enluminées d'histoire naturelle". The plate has the legend in French ""Martin-pecheur, de la Nouvelle Guinée"" (Kingfisher from New Guinea).


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: In 1783, the French naturalist Johann Hermann provided a formal description of the species based on the coloured plate by Daubenton and Martinet. He gave it the scientific name "Alcedo novæ Guineæ". The current genus "Dacelo" was introduced in 1815 by the English zoologist William Elford Leach, and is an anagram of "Alcedo", the Latin word for a kingfisher. The specific epithet "novaeguineae" combines the Latin "novus" for new with Guinea, based on the erroneous belief that the specimen had originated from New Guinea. For many years it was believed that the earliest description was by the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert and his scientific name "Dacelo gigas" was used in the scientific literature, but in 1926 the Australian ornithologist Gregory Mathews showed that a description by Hermann had been published earlier in the same year, 1783, and thus had precedence. The inaccurate impression of geographic distribution given by the name in current usage had not by 1977 been considered an important enough matter to force a change in favor of "D. gigas".


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: In the 19th century this species was commonly called the "laughing jackass", a name first recorded (as Laughing Jack-Ass) in "An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales" by David Collins which was published in 1798. In 1858 the ornithologist John Gould used "great brown kingfisher", a name that had been coined by John Latham in 1782. Another popular name was "laughing kingfisher". The names in several Australian indigenous languages were listed by European authors including "Go-gan-ne-gine" by Collins in 1798, "Cuck'anda" by René Lesson in 1828 and "Gogera" or "Gogobera" by George Bennett in 1834. In the early years of the 20th century "kookaburra" was included as an alternative name in ornithological publications, but it was not until 1926 in the second edition of the "Official Checklist of Birds of Australia" that the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union officially adopted the name "laughing kookaburra". The name comes from Wiradjuri, an endangered Aboriginal language.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The genus "Dacelo" contains four kookaburra species of which the rufous-bellied kookaburra and the spangled kookaburra are restricted to New Guinea and islands in the Torres Straits. The blue-winged kookaburra and the laughing kookaburra are both widespread in Australia.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The laughing kookaburra is the largest species of kingfisher, outsizing even the giant kingfisher in body mass. It is a stout, stocky bird in length, with a large head, prominent brown eyes, and a long and robust bill. The sexes are very similar, although the female is usually larger and has less blue to the rump than the male. The male weighs , mean and the female , mean . They have a white or cream-coloured body and head with a dark brown stripe across each eye and more faintly over the top of the head. The wings and back are brown with sky blue spots on the shoulders. The tail is rusty reddish-orange with dark brown bars and white tips on the feathers. The heavy bill is black on top and bone-coloured on the bottom. The subspecies "D. n. minor" has a similar plumage to the nominate but is smaller in size.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The laughing kookaburra can be distinguished from the similarly sized blue-winged kookaburra by its dark eye, dark eye-stripe, shorter bill and the smaller and duller blue areas on the wing and rump. Male blue-winged kookaburras also differ in having a barred blue and black tail.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The name "laughing kookaburra" refers to the bird's "laugh", which it uses to establish territory among family groups. It can be heard at any time of day, but most frequently at dawn and dusk.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: This species possesses a tracheo-bronchial syrinx, which creates two sources of vibrations so it can produce two frequencies at the same time with multiple harmonics. The laughing kookaburras call is made through a complex sound production system, by forcing air from the lungs into the bronchial tubes. While the structure for producing calls is present from an early age, the kookaburra’s song is a learned behavior. The breeding pair within a riot of kookaburra teach the fledglings to produce the signature laughing call after the young have left the nest. The adult male will sing a short portion of the call while the offspring mimics this call, usually unsuccessfully. The singing lessons tend to last two weeks before the fledgling can properly sing and take part in crepuscular choral songs. Once mastered, the young can join in crepuscular chorus songs that aid in establishing territory.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: One bird starts with a low, hiccuping chuckle, then throws its head back in raucous laughter: often several others join in. If a rival tribe is within earshot and replies, the whole family soon gathers to fill the bush with ringing laughter. The laughing chorus has 5 variable elements: 1. "Kooa"; 2. "Cackle"; 3. "Rolling", a rapidly repeated "oo-oo-oo"; 4. Loud "Ha-ha"; followed by 5. Male's call of "Go-go" or female's call of "Gurgle". Hearing kookaburras in full voice is one of the more extraordinary experiences of the Australian bush, something even locals cannot ignore; some visitors, unless forewarned, may find their calls startling.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: Those calls are produced to attract/guard mates, establish and maintain the social hierarchy, and declare and defend a territory, as their calls are more often correlated with aggressiveness. Calls are utilized as neighbor/kin recognition to exhibit that groups are still inhabiting a territory. These calls also demonstrate to receivers that highly coordinated groups are of better quality and health. Acoustic communication between laughing kookaburras increases 2–3 months before the breeding season, September to January, because male aggression also increases.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The duetting call requires higher levels of cooperation within the group. The coordination of calls amongst kookaburras has been hypothesized to strengthen the main long-term pair bond and may have evolved as a mechanism to solidify the group’s bonds since it is energetically costly to learn a new song. Neighboring groups exhibit degrees of cooperation as well since chorus songs between neighbors are delivered without any overlap, alternating between groups.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: Squawking is another common form of acoustic communication in "D. novaeguineae" that is used in a slew of different contexts. Laughing kookaburras have been noted to squawk when nesting, exhibiting submissive behavior, and when fledglings are waiting to be fed. Laughing kookaburras have a greater repertoire of calls than other kookaburra species like the Blue-winged kookaburra ("Dacelo leachii") that produces two simple types of calls: “barks” and “hiccups”. This large range of calls is highlighted through cadencing, intonation, and frequency modulations that allow more detailed information to be conveyed.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The laughing kookaburra is native to eastern Australia and has a range that extends from the Cape York Peninsula in the north to Cape Otway in the south. It is present on both the eastern and the western sides of the Great Dividing Range. In the south the range extends westwards from Victoria to the Yorke Peninsula and the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: It has been introduced into many other areas probably because of its reputation for killing snakes. In December 1891, the Western Australian parliament included 'Laughing Jackass' in the schedule of strictly preserved Australian native birds in the Game Bill, moved by Horace Sholl, member for North District. He described it as native of the North West. His nomination is, therefore, certainly a reference to the blue-winged kookaburra ("Dacelo leachii"), not the laughing kookaburra ("Dacelo novaeguineae"). "The Game Act, 1892" (Western Australia), "An Act to provide for the preservation of imported birds and animals, and of native game," provided that proclaimed Australian native birds and animals listed in the First Schedule of the Act could be declared protected from taking. Laughing Jackass was one of 23 Australian native bird species named in the schedule. Laughing kookaburras from Eastern States were released near Mullewa in around 1896 and over the following decade hundreds of birds were imported from Victoria and released around Perth. By 1912 breeding populations had been established in a number of areas. The present range in Western Australia is southwest of a line joining Geraldton on the west coast and Hopetoun on the south coast. In Tasmania the laughing kookaburra was introduced at several locations beginning in 1906. It now mainly occurs northeast of a line joining Huonville, Lake Rowallan, Waratah and Marrawah. It was introduced on Flinders Island in around 1940, where it is now widespread, and on Kangaroo Island in 1926.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: In the 1860s, during his second term as governor of New Zealand, George Grey arranged for the release of laughing kookaburras on Kawau Island. The island lies in the Hauraki Gulf, about north of Auckland on the North Island of New Zealand. It was thought that the introduction had been unsuccessful but in 1916 some birds were discovered on the adjacent mainland. It now breeds in a small region on the western side of the Hauraki Gulf between Leigh and Kumeu.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The usual habitat is open sclerophyll forest and woodland. It is more common where the understory is open and sparse or where the ground is covered with grass. Tree-holes are needed for nesting. It also occurs near wetlands and in partly cleared areas or farmland with trees along roads and fences. In urban areas it is found in parks and gardens. The range of the laughing kookaburra overlaps with that of the blue-winged kookaburra in an area of eastern Queensland that extends from the Cape York Peninsula south to near Brisbane. Around Cooktown the laughing kookaburra tends to favour areas near water while the blue-winged kookaburra keeps to drier habitats.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: Kookaburras occupy woodland territories (including forests) in loose family groups, and their laughter serves the same purpose as a great many other bird calls—to mark territorial borders. Most species of kookaburras tend to live in family units, with offspring helping the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: During mating season, the laughing kookaburra reputedly indulges in behaviour similar to that of a wattlebird. The female adopts a begging posture and vocalises like a young bird. The male then offers her his current catch accompanied with an "oo oo oo" sound. However, some observers maintain that the opposite happens – the female approaches the male with her current catch and offers it to him. Nest-building may start in August with a peak of egg-laying from September to November. If the first clutch fails, they will continue breeding into the summer months.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The female generally lays a clutch of three semi-glossy, white, rounded eggs, measuring , at about two-day intervals. Both parents and auxiliaries incubate the eggs for 24–26 days. Hatchlings are and , fledging by day 32–40. If the food supply is not adequate, the third egg will be smaller and the third chick will also be smaller and at a disadvantage relative to its larger siblings. Chicks have a hook on the upper mandible, which disappears by the time of fledging. If the food supply to the chicks is not adequate, the chicks will quarrel, with the hook being used as a weapon. The smallest chick may even be killed by its larger siblings. If food is plentiful, the parent birds spend more time brooding the chicks, so the chicks are not able to fight.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: Kookaburras hunt much as other kingfishers (or indeed Australasian robins) do, by perching on a convenient branch or wire and waiting patiently for prey to pass by. Common prey include mice and similar-sized small mammals, a large variety of invertebrates (such as insects, earthworms and snails), yabbies, small fish, lizards, frogs, small birds and nestlings, and most famously, snakes. Small prey are preferred, but kookaburras sometimes take large creatures, including venomous snakes, much longer than their bodies. When feeding their young, adult laughing kookaburras will make “Chuck calls”, which are deep, guttural calls that differ significantly from their daily chorus songs.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: To further enhance territorial behavior, kookaburras will partake in two types of aerial displays: trapeze and circular flights. Trapeze flights are aptly named after the swooping motion that neighboring kookaburras will make towards one another in midair when defending territory. During trapeze flights, an individual from each riot will perch on branches bordering the others’ territory and fly back and forth between trees within their established home range and trees bordering neighboring kookaburras territory. These displays have been observed to last up to a half an hour and are usually accompanied by calls from the sender and members of that individual's riot. Circle flights are initiated when an individual circumnavigates a neighboring territory by flying over the area and then quickly invading neighboring territory. Once inside the neighboring territory, the individual will fly in circles around the other kookaburras inhabiting the area, which results in a typical laughing call or squawking depending on whether the neighbors’ dominance status. Flight displays are useful for communicating over long distances, but other forms of visual signals can be effective for short-range communication.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: Close range visual signals can be used to convey aggression or indicate incoming threats to the flock. Aggressive posturing is used as a warning before attacking, a signal that is commonly received by foreign kookaburras encroaching on another groups’ territory. Laughing kookaburras will splay out their wings and propel their head forward while shaking their tail feathers to exhibit dominance and ward off intruders. The aggressive posturing is followed up by chasing off the unwanted individual before attacking. Visual displays are also used to communicate vigilance and the presence of threats via alert postures. "D. novaeguineae" will open its beak, ruffle up the feathers surrounding its cap, and angle their heads towards the direction of the threat. Depending on the urgency of the threat, alarm postures may be followed by loud laugh-like calls to warn other members of the flock.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: Laughing kookaburras are a common sight in suburban gardens and urban settings, even in built-up areas, and are so tame that they will often eat out of a person's hands, and allow them to rub their bellies. It is not uncommon for kookaburras to snatch food out of people's hands without warning, by swooping in from a distance. People often feed them pieces of raw meat. Laughing kookaburras are often kept in zoos.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The kookaburra is also the subject of a popular Australian children's song, the "Kookaburra" which was written by Marion Sinclair in 1934.


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: Recordings of this bird have been edited into Hollywood movies for decades, usually in jungle settings, beginning with the Tarzan series in the 1930s, and more recently in the film "" (1997).


title: Laughing kookaburra

text: The population density of the laughing kookaburra in Australia varies between 0.04 and 0.8 birds/ha depending on the habitat. Assuming an average of 0.3 birds/ha the total population may be as large as 65 million individuals. However, this may represent a severe over-estimate since the population of the laughing kookaburra seems to be undergoing a marked decline with Birdata showing a 50% drop in sightings from 2000 to 2019, and a drop in the reporting rate from 25% to 15% over the same period. The population in New Zealand is relatively small and is probably less than 500 individuals. Given the extended range and the large stable population, the species is evaluated as of "least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.


title: Justice League Action

text: Justice League Action is an American superhero animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero team Justice League. The series is produced by Jim Krieg, Butch Lukic, and Alan Burnett. The show debuted on Cartoon Network UK on November 26, 2016, and premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on December 16, 2016. The first season concluded on June 3, 2018, marking an end to the series.


title: Justice League Action

text: The series features the adventures of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman and all the members of the Justice League as they fight various megavillains and other threats to protect Earth.


title: Justice League Action

text: A short-form web series, "Justice League Action Shorts", began airing on the DC Kids' YouTube channel on June 29, 2017.


title: Justice League Action

text: "Justice League Action" premiered on Cartoon Network UK on November 26, 2016, and on Cartoon Network in the USA on December 16, 2016. "Justice League Action" also premiered on Cartoon Network Australia on March 18, 2017, and premiered on Cartoon Network Philippines on March 25, 2017.


title: Justice League Action

text: McDonald's Happy Meal toys were distributed to coincide with the show's release on September 20, 2016 in the United States only.


title: Parseval's theorem

text: In mathematics, Parseval's theorem usually refers to the result that the Fourier transform is unitary; loosely, that the sum (or integral) of the square of a function is equal to the sum (or integral) of the square of its transform. It originates from a 1799 theorem about series by Marc-Antoine Parseval, which was later applied to the Fourier series. It is also known as Rayleigh's energy theorem, or Rayleigh's identity, after John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh.


title: Parseval's theorem

text: Although the term "Parseval's theorem" is often used to describe the unitarity of "any" Fourier transform, especially in physics, the most general form of this property is more properly called the Plancherel theorem.


title: Parseval's theorem

text: Suppose that formula_1 and formula_2 are two complex-valued functions on formula_3 of period formula_4 that are square integrable (with respect to the Lebesgue measure) over intervals of period length, with Fourier series


title: Parseval's theorem

text: where formula_7 is the imaginary unit and horizontal bars indicate complex conjugation. Substituting formula_1 and formula_9:


title: Parseval's theorem

text: As is the case with the middle terms in this example, many terms will integrate to formula_11 over a full period of length formula_12 (see harmonics):


title: Parseval's theorem

text: More generally, given an abelian locally compact group "G" with Pontryagin dual "G^", Parseval's theorem says the Pontryagin–Fourier transform is a unitary operator between Hilbert spaces "L"("G") and "L"("G^") (with integration being against the appropriately scaled Haar measures on the two groups.) When "G" is the unit circle T, "G^" is the integers and this is the case discussed above. When "G" is the real line formula_3, "G^" is also formula_3 and the unitary transform is the Fourier transform on the real line. When "G" is the cyclic group Z, again it is self-dual and the Pontryagin–Fourier transform is what is called discrete Fourier transform in applied contexts.


title: Parseval's theorem

text: Suppose formula_16 is a square-integrable function over formula_17 (i.e., formula_16 and formula_19 are integrable on that interval), with the Fourier series


title: Parseval's theorem

text: where formula_23 represents the continuous Fourier transform (in normalized, unitary form) of formula_24, and formula_25 is frequency in radians per second.


title: Parseval's theorem

text: The interpretation of this form of the theorem is that the total energy of a signal can be calculated by summing power-per-sample across time or spectral power across frequency.


title: Parseval's theorem

text: where formula_27 is the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of formula_28 and formula_29 represents the angular frequency (in radians per sample) of formula_28.


title: Parseval's theorem

text: We show the DFT case below. For the other cases, the proof is similar. By using the definition of inverse DFT of formula_32, we can derive


title: Parseval's theorem

text: Parseval's theorem is closely related to other mathematical results involving unitary transformations:


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Michael Jones (born June 13, 1962), better known by his ring name Virgil (a reference to Dusty Rhodes' given name), is an American former professional wrestler and actor. He is best known for his eight-year tenure in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), primarily as Ted DiBiase's personal assistant.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: In his four-year tenure in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), he notably went under the ring names Vincent, Curly Bill and Shane, which like his ring name in the WWF, was also intended as a rib, referencing Vince McMahon, Bill Watts and Shane McMahon. He briefly appeared as the manager of Ernest "The Cat" Miller, and was then used as a jobber, before departing in 2000. From 1996 to 1998, he was a member of the New World Order, as well as with two associated sub-groups (nWo Hollywood and nWo Black & White) from 1998 to 1999. He was also a member of the West Texas Rednecks in late 1999. In 2019 and 2020, he made appearances for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name Soul Train Jones.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Michael Jones was born on June 13, 1962 in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, to Warren Jones Sr. and Elizabeth Jones. He has two older brothers, Warren Jr. and Donald, and a sister, Antoinette, who still lives in Wilkinsburg. He attended Virginia Union University, and played as a defensive back for the college football team. Jones later worked for a loading and moving company that was owned by an uncle of his, and began entering bodybuilding competitions. A chance meeting with Tony Atlas in a Pittsburgh gym saw Atlas recommend Jones to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), resulting in his debut match for the promotion in 1986.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Jones started wrestling professionally as Soul Train Jones in the Championship Wrestling Association based in Memphis, Tennessee in 1985. There, he feuded with Chick Donovan and Big Bubba. On January 4, 1987, he defeated Big Bubba for the AWA International Heavyweight Championship. On April 20, he was defeated by Donovan, ending his reign at 106 days. During this reign, he also participated in a tournament for the vacant AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship, defeating Tommy Rich, The Hunter and Goliath on his way to the final, where he was defeated by Austin Idol. He would also unsuccessfully challenge Nick Bockwinkel for the AWA World Heavyweight Championship. Alongside Rocky Johnson, he later held the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship for 28 days, until they were defeated by Donovan and Jack Hart.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Moving to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he first appeared as a jobber wrestling under the name Lucius Brown, losing a squash match to "Mr. Wonderful" Paul Orndorff in Salisbury, Maryland on September 17, 1986. After this, he would return to Memphis to continue training.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: He then went on to debut in the summer of 1987 as Virgil, the bodyguard for "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase. His stage name, thought up by Bobby Heenan, was meant as a jab against then-World Championship Wrestling (WCW) wrestler and booker Virgil Runnels, better known as Dusty Rhodes. Virgil carried DiBiase's cash that he liked to flaunt and was the one who got beaten up while DiBiase ran away after a devious act against a face. He would also occasionally be used in a wrestling capacity against DiBiase's rivals to try and soften them up; he would lose matches to such names as Randy Savage, Hercules and Jake Roberts.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Virgil was increasingly humiliated by DiBiase and eventually turned on him, hitting him with his own Million Dollar Title belt at the Royal Rumble in January 1991, making him a fan favorite. After befriending and training with Roddy Piper, he defeated DiBiase by count-out at WrestleMania VII and pinned him for the belt on August 26, 1991 at SummerSlam. He lost the belt back to DiBiase in November of that year as a result of outside interference by the Repo Man. At This Tuesday in Texas, Repo Man and DiBiase defeated Virgil and Tito Santana.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: At WrestleMania VIII, Virgil teamed with Big Boss Man, Sgt. Slaughter, and Jim Duggan to defeat The Nasty Boys (Brian Knobbs and Jerry Sags), Repo Man, and The Mountie. Virgil pinned Knobbs following a heel miscommunication. He would then primarily be used to put over numerous rising talents, losing to Nailz at SummerSlam and Yokozuna at Survivor Series. However, he did receive a shot at Bret Hart's WWF World Heavyweight Championship on the November 21, 1992 episode of "WWF Superstars". After a valiant effort, Virgil submitted to Hart's Sharpshooter. After the match, the two shook hands out of respect. Virgil then remained in the undercard, losing to Johnny Polo on a tour of Ontario in November 1993.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Virgil's last appearance on a PPV event was the Royal Rumble where he was a late substitute for Kamala. His last notable feud was with a returning Nikolai Volkoff in the summer of 1994. However he continued to perform on television and on the house show circuit for the WWF until he was released that August.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: He was booked per appearance in May/June 1995 for house show matches against Jean-Pierre LaFitte in Western Canada and the US Midwest.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: On August 25, 1995, Virgil competed in the National Wrestling Conference in the supercard event "Night of Champions". It was a match on the undercard, however, that aroused controversy when Virgil's opponent, The Thug, came out to the ring dressed in a KKK hood. The Thug was accompanied by another man dressed in a full KKK outfit who revealed himself as Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart. Both men proceeded to attack Virgil with Neidhart rolling the KKK robe into a noose and hanging Virgil on the outside ropes. The 2-on-1 assault finally ended when the building's security dragged Neidhart to the back and Virgil was carried away on a stretcher.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Following two years on the independent scene, he appeared in WCW as Vincent in 1996, where he was the "Head of Security" for the nWo. His name was meant to be a mockery of WWF owner Vince McMahon. His role was originally meant for Charles Wright and WCW had verbally agreed to a contract with Wright, but signed Jones instead, reportedly after Jones offered to work for less than Wright.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Jones had minor success when first arriving, winning a few matches on the low profile "WCW Saturday Night". Rarely wrestling, he often valeted nWo members such as Scott Norton, Scott Steiner, Konnan, and Brian Adams. Jones, like his role in the WWF, would again take the brunt of the beatings as other nWo members scurried away. Vincent's first PPV match with WCW was at Starrcade 1997, when he teamed with Norton and Randy Savage to defeat the Steiner Brothers and Ray Traylor. His next match on pay-per-view came in November 1998, when he unsuccessfully competed in the 60-man Battle Royal match at "World War 3". His first (and only) WCW PPV singles match was a "Harlem Street Fight" match (which he lost) at "Uncensored" in March 1999 against fellow nWo Black & White member Stevie Ray.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: He was part of the nWo Hollywood faction when the stable split in the Spring of 1998, and then part of the Black & White (B-Team) after the nWo reunited in January 1999. He was one of the last remaining members of the nWo when it quietly dissolved in late Summer of 1999.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Vincent's only WCW singles match on pay per view came at Uncensored when he was on the losing end of a Harlem Street Fight against his nWo Black & White partner Stevie Ray. During the "Powers That Be" angle in fall of 1999, Jones was renamed Shane, a reference to WWF owner Vince McMahon's son Shane McMahon. During this time Jones teamed with Curt Hennig and the Harris Brothers (known briefly as Creative Control), doing Vince Russo's bidding. In late 1999, he joined the West Texas Rednecks under the name of Curly Bill, but the faction split shortly after. His last role for the company saw him managing Ernest "The Cat" Miller under the name Mr. Jones, but he was soon replaced by a valet named Ms. Jones. He would then work under his real name, Mike Jones, where he was used as a jobber.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: In April 2006, Jones toured Asia at different US Military installations as part of the Morale, Welfare, and Recreation program for soldiers stationed overseas. He wrestled as Vincent of the nWo against one of the Ballard Brothers dressed as Doink the Clown in the second to last match during this tour. On November 28, 2008, Jones returned to the ring as "Virgil" and wrestled for Next Era Wrestling in Lockport, New York, in a tag match with Patrick O'Malley, defeating Ryot and Superbeast. He then appeared at a Total Nonstop Action (TNA) show.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Shortly prior to January 31, 2009 in Manchester, England, Virgil had produced a promo for UK fan convention WrestleSlam 2 calling out Liverpool independent wrestler The Vulture for a proposed "shoot". However, when The Vulture arrived at the event, Virgil instead offered him a T-shirt. On July 2, 2009, Jones returned to the ring, once again, in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, as Virgil, this time for Ultimate Championship Wrestling (UCW). On December 1, 2017, he wrestled a match for Preston City Wrestling (PCW) at Joey Janela's Big Top Adventure, held at the Blackpool Tower Circus.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: On April 5, 2019, Virgil, dressed as the character Starman from NES "Pro Wrestling", appeared at Joey Janela's Spring Break 3, where he defeated Ethan Page in a squash match. In late 2020, Virgil made a cameo in the ball for a ball match at Talk'N ShopAMania 2, hosted by the Good Brothers.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: On the May 17, 2010 episode of "Raw" from Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Jones returned to WWE reprising his Virgil bodyguard character, this time with Ted DiBiase Jr. He carried out all of his old actions, such as holding the ropes open for DiBiase and bringing him a microphone when asked. On the June 14 episode of "Raw", Virgil and DiBiase were in a tag team match against Big Show and Raw guest host Mark Feuerstein. After Virgil got pinned and lost the match, DiBiase stuffed a $100 bill in Virgil's mouth and walked out on him. The following week, DiBiase first apologized to Virgil, but then fired him and replaced him with Maryse.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: From 2019 to 2020, Virgil, under his old ring name of Soul Train Jones, began making recurring appearances for All Elite Wrestling (AEW), as an ally of Chris Jericho and The Inner Circle. On the November 6, 2019 episode of "Dynamite", he appeared in a video package that mocked an earlier promo from Cody Rhodes (whom Jericho was feuding with at the time). The promo saw Jones compare Jericho's talents to Olive Garden breadsticks as "unlimited" and it received critical praise from fans. On the November 27 episode of "Dynamite", Jones started off the show by introducing Jericho for Chris Jericho's Thanksgiving Thank You Celebration for Le Champion, which was ultimately interrupted by SoCal Uncensored. On the April 29, 2020 episode of "Dynamite", Jones made a cameo during the Inner Circle's Bubbly Bunch segment, appearing in the Manitoba Melee.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Post-fame, Jones has been attending conventions and has been seen at subway stations selling autographs; as a result, since 2012, there have been "Lonely Virgil" memes created where fans posted pictures of him at conventions with nobody lining up. Lonely Virgil was originally created by Sam Roberts of the "Opie and Anthony" radio show.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: In 2014, Jones appeared in the Jason Michael Brescia film, "Bridge and Tunnel" as Kony, a neighborhood barfly. Jones was cast in the film after he met actor-producer Joe Murphy while selling autographs at Grand Central Station. In 2017, he reprised the role in Brescia's follow-up film, "(Romance) in the Digital Age".


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: In 2015, a documentary featuring Jones was released entitled "The Legend of Virgil & His Traveling Merchandise Table", which discusses his wrestling career and the recent upsurge of social media discussions surrounding him.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: In an interview with ESPN.com in 2016, DiBiase revealed that he and Jones had a falling out over Jones booking independent wrestling shows for the two without DiBiase's knowledge, which led to DiBiase unknowingly no-showing the events. DiBiase had to apologize to the promotions for the unintentional no-shows and had to stress that Jones does not represent him for bookings.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: In 2016, he appeared on the "Old School" and the "Addicted to the Shindig" episodes of "The Edge and Christian Show" on the WWE Network.


title: Virgil (wrestler)

text: Since 2018, he has resided in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, with his friend and roommate, Shawn Raneri. Raneri, a former union representative and college football coach, came across and quickly befriended Jones, who at that point was almost homeless. On April 16, 2022, Jones revealed that he had previously suffered two strokes and had been diagnosed with dementia. A month later, he was diagnosed with stage one gastrointestinal cancer.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: Commercial off-the-shelf or commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) products are packaged or canned (ready-made) hardware or software, which are adapted aftermarket to the needs of the purchasing organization, rather than the commissioning of custom-made, or bespoke, solutions. A related term, Mil-COTS, refers to COTS products for use by the U.S. military.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: In the context of the U.S. government, the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) has defined "COTS" as a formal term for commercial items, including services, available in the commercial marketplace that can be bought and used under government contract. For example, Microsoft is a COTS software provider. Goods and construction materials may qualify as COTS but bulk cargo does not. Services associated with the commercial items may also qualify as COTS, including installation services, training services, and cloud services.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: COTS purchases are alternatives to custom software or one-off developments – government-funded developments or otherwise.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: Although COTS products can be used out of the box, in practice the COTS product must be configured to achieve the needs of the business and integrated to existing organizational systems. Extending the functionality of COTS products via custom development is also an option, however this decision should be carefully considered due to the long term support and maintenance implications. Such customized functionality is not supported by the COTS vendor, so brings its own sets of issues when upgrading the COTS product.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: The use of COTS has been mandated across many government and business programs, as such products may offer significant savings in procurement, development, and maintenance.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: In the 1990s, many regarded COTS as extremely effective in reducing the time and cost of software development. COTS software came with many not-so-obvious tradeoffs— a reduction in initial cost and development time over an increase in software component-integration work, dependency on the vendor, security issues and incompatibilities from future changes.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software and services are built and delivered usually from a third party vendor. COTS can be purchased, leased or even licensed to the general public.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: COTS can be obtained and operated at a lower cost over in-house development, and provide increased reliability and quality over custom-built software as these are developed by specialists within the industry and are validated by various independent organizations, often over an extended period of time.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: According to the United States Department of Homeland Security, software security is a serious risk of using COTS software. If the COTS software contains severe security vulnerabilities it can introduce significant risk into an organization's software supply chain. The risks are compounded when COTS software is integrated or networked with other software products to create a new composite application or a system of systems. The composite application can inherit risks from its COTS components.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: The US Department of Homeland Security has sponsored efforts to manage supply chain cyber security issues related to the use of COTS. However, software industry observers such as Gartner and the SANS Institute indicate that supply chain disruption poses a major threat. Gartner predicts that "enterprise IT supply chains will be targeted and compromised, forcing changes in the structure of the IT marketplace and how IT will be managed moving forward". Also, the SANS Institute published a survey of 700 IT and security professionals in December 2012 that found that only 14% of companies perform security reviews on every commercial application brought in house, and over half of other companies do not perform security assessments. Instead companies either rely on vendor reputation (25%) and legal liability agreements (14%) or they have no policies for dealing with COTS at all and therefore have limited visibility into the risks introduced into their software supply chain by COTS.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: In the medical device industry, COTS software can sometimes be identified as SOUP (software of unknown pedigree or software of unknown provenance), i.e., software that has not been developed with a known software development process or methodology, which precludes its use in medical devices. In this industry, faults in software components could become system failures in the device itself if the steps are not taken to ensure fair and safe standards are complied with. The standard IEC 62304:2006 "Medical device software – Software life cycle processes" outlines specific practices to ensure that SOUP components support the safety requirements for the device being developed. In the case where the software components are COTS, DHS best practices for COTS software risk review can be applied. Simply being COTS software does not necessarily imply the lack of a fault history or transparent software development process. For well documented COTS software a distinction as "clear" SOUP is made, meaning that it may be used in medical devices.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: A striking example of product obsolescence is the Condor Cluster, a US Air Force supercomputer built out of 1,760 Sony PlayStation 3s running the Linux operating system. Sony disabled the use of Linux on the PS3 in April 2010, leaving no means to procure functioning Linux replacement units. In general, COTS product obsolescence can require customized support or development of a replacement system. Such obsolescence problems have led to government-industry partnerships, where various businesses agree to stabilize some product versions for government use and plan some future features, in those product lines, as a joint effort. Hence, some partnerships have led to complaints of favoritism, to avoiding competitive procurement practices, and to claims of the use of sole-source agreements where not actually needed.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: There is also the danger of pre-purchasing a multi-decade supply of replacement parts (and materials) which would become obsolete within 10 years. All these considerations lead to compare a simple solution (such as "paper & pencil") to avoid overly complex solutions creating a "Rube Goldberg" system of creeping featurism, where a simple solution would have sufficed instead. Such comparisons also consider whether a group is creating a make-work system to justify extra funding, rather than providing a low-cost system which meets the basic needs, regardless of the use of COTS products.


title: Commercial off-the-shelf

text: Applying the lessons of processor obsolescence learned during the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II planned for processor upgrades during development, and switched to the more widely supported C++ programming language. They have also moved from ASICs to FPGAs. This moves more of the avionic design from fixed circuits to software that can be applied to future generations of hardware.


title: Senna (plant)

text: Senna, the sennas, is a large genus of flowering plants in the legume family (Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, tribe Cassieae). This diverse genus is native throughout the tropics, with a small number of species in temperate regions. The number of species is estimated to be from about 260 to 350. The type species for the genus is "Senna alexandrina". About 50 species of "Senna" are known in cultivation.


title: Senna (plant)

text: "Senna" includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. The leaves are pinnate with opposite paired leaflets. The inflorescences are racemes at the ends of branches or emerging from the leaf axils. The flower has five sepals and five usually yellow petals. There are ten straight stamens. The stamens may be different sizes, and some are staminodes. The fruit is a legume pod containing several seeds.


title: Senna (plant)

text: "Chamaecrista", "Cassia", and "Senna" form a monophyletic group which some authors have called "Cassia" "sensu lato". In 1982, the group was named Cassiinae and classified as a subtribe of the tribe Cassieae. The tribe Cassieae contains 21 genera and is now known to be polyphyletic, but the classification is still accepted because a revision of Fabaceae has yet to be published.


title: Senna (plant)

text: The genus "Senna" has had a complex taxonomic history. What is now known as "Senna" was included by Linnaeus in his concept of "Cassia" in "Species Plantarum" in 1753. Philip Miller segregated "Senna" from "Cassia" in 1754 in the fourth edition of "The Gardeners Dictionary". Until 1982, many authors, following Linnaeus, did not recognize "Senna" and "Chamaecrista", but included them in a broadly circumscribed "Cassia" "sensu lato". Phylogenetic analyses of DNA have shown that "Chamaecrista", "Cassia", and "Senna" are all monophyletic, but the relationships between these three genera have not been resolved. They are therefore shown in phylogenetic trees as a tritomy.


title: Senna (plant)

text: The genus name derives from the Arabic "sanā", describing plants whose leaves and pods have cathartic and laxative properties.


title: Senna (plant)

text: The caterpillars of many species feed on "Senna" plants. The black witch ("Ascalapha odorata"), two-barred flasher ("Astraptes fulgerator"), common emigrant ("Catopsilia pomona"), and mottled emigrant ("C. pyranthe") have all been recorded on candle bush ("S. alata"), for example.


title: Senna (plant)

text: "Senna" species are pollinated by a variety of bees, especially large female bees in genera such as "Xylocopa". They rely on "buzz pollination" and some within that on "ricochet pollination", which is a secondary pollen presentation where the pollen is not deposited on the pollinator's body by direct contact with the anthers. The flowers have two sets of stamen: feeding stamens, which are longer, and pollinating stamens, which are smaller in size. Due to buzz pollination, the pollens from the pollinating stamens get thrown from the anthers and ricochets against the petals multiple times before it settles on the dorsal side of the pollinating bee. The roughness on the petal walls causes the pollen to slow down its speed. The ricocheting effect alone cannot ensure effective pollen dissemination. It is aided by static charges wherein the flying bees become positively charged owing to the friction in the air and the pollen becomes negatively charged because of which they naturally get attracted to the bees body. The pollinator bee ends up carrying the pollen and also gets to feed on the pollen which is on the feeding stamens.


title: Senna (plant)

text: Some "Senna" species are used as ornamental plants in landscaping. The species is adapted to many climate types.


title: Senna (plant)

text: Cassia gum, an extract of the seeds of Chinese senna ("S. obtusifolia"), is used as a thickening agent. The leaves and flowers of Siamese cassia ("S. siamea") are used in some Southeast Asian cuisines, such as Thai, Shan/Burmese and Lao cuisines. They are known as "khi-lek" in Thai, and are used in curries.


title: Senna (plant)

text: Throughout history Egyptian senna ("S. alexandrina") has been used for its laxative properties, either in the form of senna pods or as herbal tea made from the leaves. Senna is considered to be a bowel stimulant on the myenteric plexus of the colon to induce peristaltic contractions and decrease water absorption from inside the colon, effects that would provide relief from constipation. The laxative syrup of figs gets most of its effect from the presence of senna.


title: Senna (plant)

text: Senna or its extracted sennosides, alone or in combination with sorbitol or lactulose, have been evaluated in systematic reviews and Cochrane reviews for treatment of constipation in children and the elderly. Some studies showed limited evidence for efficacy, whereas others indicated the study designs were too weak to be certain of senna having utility as a laxative.


title: Senna (plant)

text: A fossil seed pod of "Senna" sp. from the middle Eocene epoch has been described from the Rancho clay pit in Henry County, Tennessee (United States).


title: John Shahidi

text: John Shahidi is an American businessman, manager and President of Full Send / Nelk Boys and Happy Dad Hard Seltzer. On October 28, 2022, Shahidi became an investor and advisor to Twitter and Elon Musk.


title: John Shahidi

text: With his brother Sam Shahidi, the two started Shots Studios, a YouTube podcast network for top internet brands and talent including Full Send, Mike Tyson, The Pivot and Lele Pons.


title: John Shahidi

text: John Shahidi was born to an Iranian Kurdish family in Los Angeles, California and grew up in Orange County, California.


title: John Shahidi

text: He and his younger brother Sam Shahidi grew up in Southern California. They were raised by their mother and grandmother.


title: John Shahidi

text: John and Sam Shahidi started developing iOS apps in 2009 and started out as a video game development company called Rock Software, later renamed RockLive. Their first commercial app was "RunPee". Their childhood friend Jordan Palmer introduced the Shahidi brothers to former Cincinnati Bengals team member Chad "Ochocinco" Johnson. RockLive developed two apps for Ochocinco, "Chad Ochocinco Experience", and its follow-up, "MadChad".


title: John Shahidi

text: This exposure led to more apps being developed between 2009 and 2012, for Usain Bolt, Cristiano Ronaldo and Mike Tyson.


title: John Shahidi

text: RockLive released Shots, a selfie photo sharing app, in November 2013. It was launched with Justin Bieber & Floyd Mayweather as partners.


title: John Shahidi

text: The inspiration for the app came after Facebook was forced to take down a page that attracted cyberbullying. Shahidi, who had been bullied as an overweight child, said "I don't want any kid or adult to have to feel inadequate like I did". Photos had to be taken real-time, without the use of filters or other editing material, and users could not comment on pictures or see how many "likes" other people received.


title: John Shahidi

text: Shots grew to a user base of 7 million users in March 2016, but dropped to 2.5 million in October 2016. At one point, Twitter was in talks to buy Shots for US$150 million.


title: John Shahidi

text: Many notable creators were a part of the app before moving to Instagram including Snoop Dogg, Shaquille O'Neal, and Vine creators King Bach, Jake Paul, Rudy Mancuso and Lele Pons.


title: John Shahidi

text: After raising $12.1 million in funding in 2015 and with the number of the Shots app users dropping, the company pivoted from software to content. RockLive rebranded to Shots Studios, a talent agency and production studio for social media personalities, predominantly on YouTube. Investors included boxer Floyd Mayweather and singer Justin Bieber.


title: John Shahidi

text: In February 2018, Shahidi was a featured panelist at Upfront Summit where they spoke about topics impacting digital creation and social media.


title: John Shahidi

text: Both Shahidi brothers were honored by "Billboard" as Latin Power Players for their success in developing the Latin American music careers of Brazilian singer Anitta and Venezuelan-Italian artist Lele Pons.


title: John Shahidi

text: Shahidi executive produced "Vai Anitta", a Shots Studios-produced Netflix original docu-series centered around the Brazilian superstar.


title: John Shahidi

text: Shahidi joined Kurt Wagner on his "Recode" podcast to speak about the way Shots Studios connects with platforms like Netflix and YouTube, creating content that is catered to a specific audience, all the way down to the type of devices that they use.


title: John Shahidi

text: In 2020, Shahidi teamed up with YouTube Originals and executive produced "The Secret Life of Lele Pons", a Shots Studios-produced YouTube Originals docuseries focused on Pons' private struggles with mental health and fame.


title: John Shahidi

text: In late 2020, Shots Studios partnered with YouTube creators, The Nelk Boys to help their YouTube channels and Shahidi became President of their brand, Full Send.


title: John Shahidi

text: Since running the Nelk operations, the company has begun launching and optimizing its own products and brought over $70M USD in revenue in 2020.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process. The Eagle Scout rank has been earned by over 2.5 million youth.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges. The Eagle Scout must demonstrate Scout Spirit, an ideal attitude based upon the Scout Oath and Law, service, and leadership. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Those who have earned the rank of Eagle Scout also become eligible, although are not required, to join the National Eagle Scout Association.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The Scouts BSA's highest award was originally conceived as the "Wolf Scout", described in the June 1911 "Official Handbook for Boys". The August 1911 version of the handbook changed this to "Eagle Scout". The medal illustrated in the handbook was a profile of an eagle in flight, but was changed to the current design before any were issued. In their original conceptions, Life Scout, Star Scout (Life preceded Star until 1924) and Eagle Scout were not ranks, but part of the merit badge system that recognized Scouts who had earned a specified number of merit badges. Eagle Scout was awarded to any First Class Scout who had earned 21 merit badges.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The first Eagle Scout medal was awarded in 1912 to Arthur Rose Eldred, a 17-year-old member of Troop 1 of Rockville Centre, Long Island, New York. Records show that not only the national officers sat on Eldred's Board of Review, but also included Lord Baden-Powell who just arrived in the United States earlier in the day of January 31, 1912. Eldred was notified that he was to be awarded the rank of Eagle Scout in a letter from Chief Scout Executive James West, dated August 21, 1912. The design of the Eagle Scout medal had not been finalized by the National Council, so the medal was not awarded until Labor Day, September 2, 1912. Eldred was the first of three generations of Eagle Scouts; his son and grandson hold the rank as well. In the 1960s, the Kansas City area awarded more Eagle Scout badges than any other council in the country, resulting in the creation of the Eagle Scout Memorial there in 1968. In 1982, 13-year-old Alexander Holsinger of Normal, Illinois, was recognized as the one-millionth Eagle Scout, and Anthony Thomas of Lakeville, Minnesota, was the two-millionth in 2009.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Hamilton Bradley of Rome, New York is the earliest known Black Eagle Scout in BSA history. His Eagle Scout court of honor was held at 7:30 p.m. on Dec. 19, 1919, at the Rome Free Academy, according to "Rome Daily Sentinel" records from the time.


title: Eagle Scout

text: On October 11, 2017, Boy Scouts of America announced they would begin a program to include girls in the Boy Scout program beginning in 2019. With the introduction of Scouts BSA and the acceptance of girls, the age limit for Eagle Scout was extended. In February 2019, the first girls joined the renamed Scouts BSA program. New youth members, girls or boys, 16 years of age or older, but not yet 18 who joined between February 1, 2019, and December 31, 2019, could request an extension to complete the Eagle Scout Award requirements after they turn 18 years of age. In 2020, the first female Eagle Scouts were added to the Boy Scouts of America. On February 8th of 2021, nearly 1,000 female scouts became members of the Inaugural Class of Female Eagle Scouts. To date, over 31,000 female scouts have joined the program. Members of the Inaugural Class were commemorated in a special edition of Scout Life magazine; the publication formerly known as Boys' Life.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The rank of Eagle Scout may be earned by a Scout who has been a Life Scout for at least six months, has earned a minimum of 21 merit badges, has demonstrated Scout Spirit, and has demonstrated leadership within their troop, crew or ship. Additionally they must plan, develop, and lead a service project—the "Eagle Project"—that demonstrates both leadership and a commitment to duty. After all requirements are met, they must complete an Eagle Scout board of review. The board of review can be completed up to 3 months after their 18th birthday as long as all other requirements are completed before their 18th birthday. Venturers and Sea Scouts who attained First Class as a Scout may continue working toward the Star, Life and Eagle Scout ranks, as well as Eagle Palms, while registered as a Venturer or Sea Scout up to their 18th birthday. Scouts with a permanent mental or physical disability may use alternate requirements based on abilities, if approved by the council.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Eagle Scout may be awarded posthumously, if and only if all requirements except the board of review are completed before death. A board of review may be held and the award presented to the Scout's family. The Spirit of the Eagle Award is an honorary posthumous special recognition for any registered youth member who has died in an accident or through illness. The Line of Duty Fallen Eagle Recognition is a recognition for Eagle Scouts who have died in the line of duty in professions such as the military, law enforcement or emergency services.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The Eagle Scout Service Project, or simply "Eagle Project," is the opportunity for a Scout to demonstrate leadership of others while performing a project for the benefit of any religious institution, any school, or his community. The project is not allowed to benefit the Boy Scouts of America or its councils, districts, units, camps and so forth. It also cannot be of a commercial nature or be solely a fund-raising project. There is no official requirement for duration of projects.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Eagle Scout requirements have evolved since the award was conceived. A requirement to earn 11 specific merit badges was added in 1914, which underwent minor changes in 1915. The Life–Star order was reversed in 1924, apparently because the five-pointed star of the Star Scout insignia could be associated with the five merit badges required to earn the rank immediately following First Class Scout. In 1927, Eagle Scout began the transition from being a super merit badge to a rank. As a result, the first requirements for tenure were created and Scouts were required to be an active First Class Scout for one year. The initial requirements for what became the service project appeared with a requirement to show satisfactory service and the number of required merit badges increased to 12. In 1936, the ranks of Star and Life became mandatory, and the number of required merit badges rose to 13. It was at this time that Eagle Scout became a full-fledged rank. In 1952, age limits were set so that adults over 18 years of age could no longer earn Eagle Scout and the service project requirement was slightly expanded to "do your best to help in your home, school, church or synagogue, and community." In 1958, the number of required merit badges increased again to 16 of the 21 total merit badges needed to obtain Eagle, along with the first requirements for service and leadership.


title: Eagle Scout

text: In 1965, the requirements for the service project and specific troop leadership were defined, and the number of required merit badges returned to 11. The Eagle Scout candidate was required to plan, develop, and carry out a leadership service project. Minor changes were made to the required merit badge list in 1970. In 1972, the Improved Scouting Program increased to 24 the number of merit badges needed to obtain Eagle, while reducing the list of required merit badges to ten, eliminating badges that required swimming and outdoor skills—both of which were later reinstated, and adding the requirement to show leadership during the service project. In 1978, the number of merit badges needed for Eagle was lowered to the original 21, and the number of required merit badges was set at 11 (this was changed to 12 in 1993). In 2014 the number of Eagle-required merit badges was increased to 13; in 2022, it was increased to 14.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Palms represent additional advancement for a youth who has stayed active in the unit after achieving the rank of Eagle Scout. A Palm is awarded when the Scout has demonstrated Scout Spirit, leadership and ability; has earned five additional merit badges beyond those required for Eagle or for the last Palm; and has taken part in a conference with his unit leader.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The insignia is a small metallic palm frond pin or device that is worn on the ribbon of the Eagle Scout medal, on the Eagle Scout square knot or on the Eagle Scout badge.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The Palms are awarded in three colors: bronze, representing five merit badges; gold, representing ten merit badges; and silver, representing fifteen merit badges. For each Palm awarded for five additional merit badges beyond the first bronze, gold, and silver recognitions, Palms are worn in the combination that requires the smallest number of devices to reflect the total number of Palms earned. One gold Palm is equal to two bronze Palms, one silver Palm is equal to three bronze Palms, and one bronze Palm continues to be equal to five merit badges. For instance, a Scout who has earned eight Palms (forty additional merit badges) would wear two silver Palms and a gold Palm. The order of bronze, gold and silver follows heraldic traditions of the U.S. military.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Completed Palms can be awarded at the same time the Eagle Scout badge is presented. Previously, an Eagle Scout needed to wait three months between each Palm, even if the extra merit badges were earned before becoming an Eagle. This meant that, under the old rules, a youth who became an Eagle Scout at 17 years and 10 months, was unable to earn a single Eagle Palm.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The Eagle Scout badge is worn on the left shirt pocket by youth. Adult leaders who earned the rank of Eagle Scout as a youth may wear the square knot on their uniform above the left shirt pocket. The Eagle Scout medal is worn on the left shirt pocket flap of the uniform. It is usually only worn on ceremonial occasions, and can be worn by both youth and adults while wearing the badge or square knot.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The Eagle Scout Award Kit currently includes the Eagle Scout medal, the Eagle Scout badge, a mother's pin, a father's pin and an Eagle Mentor pin. A variety of caps, belt buckles, pins, tie tacs, neckerchiefs and slides, bolo ties, rings, jackets, T-shirts and other items are also available for purchase. Official Eagle Scout insignia is controlled by BSA Supply and requires verification by presentation of an Eagle Scout card or other means before it can be purchased.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Since its introduction in 1912, the Eagle Scout medal has undergone several design changes. Changes to the scroll and to the eagle pendant were not always introduced at the same time, therefore types may be somewhat mixed. Scouting historians classify these medals by the five different manufacturers and then by 17 sub-types, with several minor variations. Many variations were caused by quality control issues, mainly due to wear of the dies.


title: Eagle Scout

text: T. H. Foley made the first medals from 1912 until they went out of business in 1915. The eagle pendant and scroll were of die struck bronze washed with silver. Early versions were made with a short double knot and later ones with a long double knot. Only 338 of these medals were issued, making them the rarest version. Some Foleys were issued with a drop ribbon: the ribbon was extended, folded through the bar mount on the scroll, then dropped behind the eagle pendant and cut in a swallowtail. The first drop ribbon style medal was issued to the fourth Eagle Scout, Sidney Clapp, a 31-year-old Scoutmaster from West Shokan, New York.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Dieges & Clust took over production from 1916 to 1920, basing the design on the Foley. These medals also have the distinguishing extra-long double knot hanging from the scroll. There were 1,640 of this variety awarded, all made of sterling silver.


title: Eagle Scout

text: In 1920, the Robbins Company took over production. They produced six distinct variants, all in sterling silver. The first 1920 version was similar to the Dieges & Clust design, but with smaller scroll lettering and the standard single knot. The second 1920 version has more distinctive feathering on the back side of the pendant. The engraving on the 1930 version is especially fine. In 1933, "BSA" was removed from all of the Eagle Scout insignia, including the medal. In 1955 the obverse of the eagle pendant was made flat so it could be engraved. "BSA" was added back to the front and the reverse was returned to a full feathered design in 1969.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Medal manufacturer Stange was authorized to begin producing Eagle Scout medals in 1968, at the same time as Robbins – they created six distinct models. The 1968 version is very similar to the Robbins version, but the bend in the scroll is much flatter, more like a sideways "V" as compared to the "S" on the Robbins scroll. The "BSA" was added back to the front, and the obverse was returned to a full feathered design in 1970. A major re-design of the eagle pendant was made in 1974 to match the new NESA logo. In 1978, Robbins ceased manufacturing Eagle Scout medals and Stange switched to the last design used by Robbins. Minor differences are in the white edged ribbon and the sterling silver markings. In 1980 the price of silver rose dramatically and the medal was changed to silver-plated, die-struck copper. Very early versions were silver-plated and oxidized, thus the scroll and pendant are black. Later versions were oxidized, buffed and lacquered to maintain the silver shine. Sterling silver medals were produced from the same dies and from this time were only available on special order. The year 1993 saw a number of changes. The clasp on the scroll was changed from the pin on type to a double clutch back. The pendant was changed to pewter and enlarged due to the lighter rigidity of the material.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Custom Fine Jewelry (CFJ) took over the contract in 1999 and has currently created three types. The initial versions were based on the last Stange version but with the ribbon attached through the clutch pins instead of a bar (this led to damage of the ribbon). A small number of sterling silver versions were made, marked with "925". In later 1999, the dies were laser engraved, giving a much sharper look and the ribbon mount was improved to eliminate wear. The knot went from wire to a molded version in 2001.


title: Eagle Scout

text: In the fall of 2006, the national supply division of the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) began to issue replica Eagle Scout medals for specific wear on U.S. military dress uniforms. These medals were designed to be proportionate to other military medals: they contained the same pendant, but no scroll, and a ribbon that had been made thinner and more rectangular in shape. However, in December 2007, NESA stopped selling the mini-medal after service uniforming committees all contacted the BSA and asked them to stop promoting the medal for wear on military dress uniforms. The Eagle Scout medal is not authorized for wear on any U.S. military uniform.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Since its introduction, the Eagle Scout badge has undergone several design changes. Scouting historians have classified these badges into nine different designs, with several minor variations within each type.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The cloth badge was introduced for Eagle Scouts attending the 2nd World Scout Jamboree in Denmark in 1924 with a design based on the hat pin. The Eagle Scout merit badge was sewn onto the top of the merit badge sash that was also created for the jamboree. The design is quite similar to the current badge. As with other patches of the time, the rank badges were embroidered onto rolls of fabric and then cut. The edges were folded under before sewing the badge onto the sash. Initially produced on tan cloth, it was later switched to olive for the Scouts BSA uniform and white and blue to match the various Sea Scout uniforms. In 1933, "BSA" was removed from all of the Eagle Scout insignia, including the badge. The text "Eagle Scout" and "Boy Scouts of America" was added to the border, and "Be Prepared" was added to the scroll. These badges were embroidered with silk thread, switching to cotton in 1940.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The production of badges and emblems changed in 1956 to the rolled edge now in current use, thus eliminating the various colored backgrounds. The outside oval was then changed to red. With the introduction of the Improved Scouting Program in 1972 came an overhaul of many badges and emblems. The new stylized Eagle Scout badge with no text was a major change that proved to be unpopular. It appears that some Scouters commissioned reproductions of the 1956 badge for issue in place of the 1972 version. In 1975 the badge design partially reverted to the 1956 version. 1985 saw a reversion to the 1956 issue with some minor differences. The border and the eagle were done in silver metalized thread and the "Be Prepared" text was in blue. In 1986 the metalized eagle changed back to standard thread due to problems with wearing and the scroll and text were enlarged. The metalized border was changed to standard thread in 1989. Later variants increased the thread count of the white stripe to eliminate the visible background.


title: Eagle Scout

text: For the 2010 centennial, all of the rank badges had "2010" added to the text. To recognize the Eagle Scout centennial in 2012, a new version was released with "Eagle Scout" and "Centennial" in silver and with "1912" and "2012" in gold.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Eagle Scout hat pins were produced from 1921 through 1958 with several variations. Eagle Scouts who earned additional merit badges were recognized using Eagle Palms, introduced in 1927. Adults who had earned Eagle Scout began to be recognized in 1934 with a red, white and blue ribbon bar. In 1940, a small eagle pin was added to the bar. Ribbon bars were replaced by embroidered square knot patches in 1947. Over the years, the knot was produced with various background colors to match the different uniforms. Although the Venturing and Sea Scout programs use different uniform shirts, the current knot is available only with a tan background that matches the Scouts BSA uniform. When the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) was created in 1969, a gold-colored eagle device was introduced for wear on the Eagle Scout square knot. The Eagle Scout Mentor pin was introduced in early 2004 in a gold-colored version. In early 2006 it was changed to a silver-colored antique finish to match the mother and father pins but in 2007 was changed back to gold-colored. In 2008, the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) introduced a knot recognizing those Eagle Scouts who are life members of NESA; it uses the standard knot emblem with a silver border.


title: Eagle Scout

text: From 1912 to 1943 the BSA issued an index-sized card with information about the Eagle Scout. Wallet-size cards were introduced in 1944 and switched to a plastic credit card style in 1991. Certificates suitable for framing were first issued in 1944. As the honorary president of the BSA, the signature of the President of the United States appears on all certificates. Replacement of a card or certificate can be made by application through the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA).


title: Eagle Scout

text: Eagle Scouts are expected to set an example for other Scouts and to become the leaders in life that they have demonstrated themselves to be in Scouting. They are disproportionately represented in the military, service academy graduates, in higher education and academia, major professions, the clergy, business and politics. Eagles are more likely to exercise for 30 minutes or more every day, volunteer for religious and nonreligious organizations, have closer relationships with family and friends, be in a leadership position at their place of employment or local community, donate money to charitable groups, and to work with others to improve their neighborhoods.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Academic scholarships can be awarded to Eagle Scouts based upon academic, financial need and Scouting participation. The application requirement for the Scout is to have a minimum score of 1290 on the SAT Reasoning Test or 28 on the ACT. Scholarships vary in the amount awarded.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The list of Eagle Scouts is extensive. In addition, the accomplishment is considered to be notable as Adult Scouters who earned Eagle Scout as a youth are entitled to wear a square knot emblem with a red, white, and blue striped square knot above the left shirt pocket. Eagle Scouts may join the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA), which serves as a fraternal and communications board for all Eagle Scouts. The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award recognizes Eagle Scouts who have demonstrated outstanding achievement at the local, state, or regional level. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award is given only to Eagle Scouts for distinguished service in their profession and the community for a period of at least 25 years after earning Eagle Scout.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Eagle Scouts who enlist in the U.S. Armed Forces may receive advanced enlisted rank in recognition of their achievements. For commissioned officer programs, attainment of Eagle Scout is considered a positive factor in determining service academy appointments and award of college ROTC scholarships.


title: Eagle Scout

text: NESA directly administers several Eagle Scout scholarships. The American Legion, the National Jewish Committee on Scouting, and the Sons of the American Revolution offer scholarships directed toward Eagle Scouts. Many colleges and universities, local businesses, churches and other organizations offer similar scholarships.


title: Eagle Scout

text: After the "BSA v." "Dale" decision in 2000 affirmed the BSA's right to exclude homosexuals, a small number of Eagle Scouts returned their badges to the National Council in protest of the BSA's policies. The advocacy group Scouting for All claimed to have received as many as one thousand letters from Eagle Scouts who had done so; the BSA later stated that fewer than one hundred Eagle Scout badges had been received.


title: Eagle Scout

text: In 2012, the BSA reaffirmed its policies on the exclusion of homosexuals; again a number of Eagle Scouts returned their badges in protest. In May 2013, the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America voted to lift the ban on openly gay youth beginning on January 1, 2014, with the ban on openly gay adult leaders remaining in effect. On June 27, 2015, the ban on gay leaders was also lifted. In response, two Eagle Scouts returned their badges in protest of the change to the BSA's policy accepting gay Scouts.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Four Nobel Prize laureates are known to be Eagle Scouts: Dudley R. Herschbach, Peter Agre, Robert Coleman Richardson, and Frederick Reines. Twelve Eagle Scouts have been awarded the Medal of Honor: Eugene B. Fluckey, Aquilla J. Dyess, Robert Edward Femoyer, Walter Joseph Marm, Jr., Mitchell Paige, Thomas R. Norris, Arlo L. Olson, Ben L. Salomon, Leo K. Thorsness, Jay Zeamer Jr., and Britt K. Slabinski.


title: Eagle Scout

text: At least forty astronauts earned the rank as a youth, including Neil Armstrong and Charles Duke, both of whom walked on the Moon. Businessmen who have earned the award include Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton, Marriott International CEO J. W. Marriott, Jr., and Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City and founder of Bloomberg L.P.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Eagle Scouts who have held public office include 38th President of the United States Gerald R. Ford, 22nd U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, 13th and 21st U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, 69th U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Stephen Breyer and 84th U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions.


title: Eagle Scout

text: In academia, Eagle Scouts are represented by Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction-winner E.O. Wilson, E. Gordon Gee, former President of Ohio State University, and Kim B. Clark, former Dean of the Harvard Business School, and former president of Brigham Young University–Idaho. Entertainers who earned the BSA's highest rank include documentary filmmaker and Academy Award-winner Michael Moore, Academy Award-winning director Steven Spielberg, and Mike Rowe, host of "Dirty Jobs".


title: Eagle Scout

text: Athletes who have earned Eagle Scout include Basketball Hall of Famer (later U.S. Senator) Bill Bradley, NBA All-Star Mark Eaton, MLB All-Star Shane Victorino, NASCAR Cup Series Winner William Byron, pitcher Jon Moscot, running back David Montgomery, and Notre Dame and San Diego Chargers linebacker Manti Te'o. Religious leaders who have earned Eagle Scout include Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore William H. Keeler, and Howard W. Hunter, 14th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


title: Eagle Scout

text: Other notable recipients include Sam Berns, an American teen who had progeria and helped raise awareness about the disease, the novelist and adventurer Clive Cussler, and Ross Ulbricht, the creator of the darknet Silk Road.


title: Eagle Scout

text: The National Eagle Scout Association researched the total volunteer hours of the Eagle service projects ever done and it came a total of more than 100 million hours of service. Each year, new Eagle Scouts add more than three million more hours. Eagle Scouts completed about 9.5 million hours in 2011.


title: Eagle Scout

text: January 31 is officially recognized by NESA as National Eagle Scout Day in recognition of Eldred's Board of Review he sat in 1912. The important date of an Eagle Scout's Board of Review is the officially recognized date a Scout achieves the rank of Eagle Scout regardless of the date of their Eagle Court of Honor.


title: Henry Wade

text: Henry Menasco Wade (November 11, 1914 – March 1, 2001) was an American lawyer who served as district attorney of Dallas County from 1951 to 1987. He participated in two notable U.S. court cases of the 20th century: the prosecution of Jack Ruby for killing Lee Harvey Oswald, and the U.S. Supreme Court's decision legalizing abortion, "Roe v. Wade". In addition, Wade was district attorney when Randall Dale Adams, the subject of the 1988 documentary film "The Thin Blue Line", was wrongfully convicted in the murder of Robert Wood, a Dallas police officer.


title: Henry Wade

text: Wade, one of 11 children, was born in Rockwall County, Texas, outside Dallas. Wade, along with five of his seven brothers, entered the legal profession. Shortly after graduating from the University of Texas at Austin, in 1939, Wade joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation, headed by J. Edgar Hoover. Wade's assignment as special agent was to investigate espionage cases along the US East Coast and in South America. During World War II, Wade served in the US Navy, taking part in the invasions of the Philippines and Okinawa.


title: Henry Wade

text: He was first elected Rockwall County Attorney. In 1947, Wade joined the Dallas County District Attorney's Office. He won election to the top job four years later, a position he held for 36 years, until his retirement in 1987.


title: Henry Wade

text: On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in downtown Dallas, just blocks from Wade's office in the Dallas County Courthouse.


title: Henry Wade

text: Wade lost the opportunity to try Lee Harvey Oswald for Kennedy's murder when a Dallas nightclub operator, Jack Ruby, shot the suspect just two days later, but he became known nationally for prosecuting Ruby for Oswald's murder. Wade closely supervised the Ruby trial, but he appointed his assistant, William Alexander, to conduct the courtroom proceedings.


title: Henry Wade

text: Wade and Alexander confronted Ruby's lawyers, famed trial lawyer Melvin Belli and Texas counsellor Joe Tonahill, in a lengthy trial that concluded on March 14, 1964, with a verdict for Ruby of "guilty of murder with malice." The jury had deliberated for less than three hours before arriving at its decision, and it recommended a death penalty.


title: Henry Wade

text: Wade, as Dallas County district attorney, was the named defendant when attorneys Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee mounted a 1970 constitutional challenge to the Texas criminal statutes prohibiting doctors from performing abortions. Norma McCorvey ("Jane Roe"), a single woman, was signed up as the representative plaintiff. The challenge sought both a declaratory judgment that the Texas criminal abortion statutes were unconstitutional on their face, and an injunction restraining the defendant from enforcing the statutes. The lower court refused to grant Roe's desired injunction, but declared the criminal abortion statutes were void.


title: Henry Wade

text: Both sides cross-appealed. The case worked its way through the appellate process, culminating in the Supreme Court's landmark 1973 "Roe v. Wade" decision that made abortion legal in the United States.


title: Henry Wade

text: Despite the loss of "Roe v. Wade" and its unpopularity with conservative voters, Wade himself was not blamed, and his political career did not suffer. He continued to serve in office for an additional 14 years, and he remained a fixture around the new Crowley Courts Building, where members of the Dallas Bar called him "the Chief". In 1995, the Henry Wade Juvenile Justice Center was named in his honor, and in 2000, shortly before his death from Parkinson's disease, "Texas Lawyer" magazine named him as one of the 102 most influential lawyers of the 20th century.


title: Henry Wade

text: Wade once again gained national attention in 1988 with the release of Errol Morris's documentary film "The Thin Blue Line". The documentary tells the story of Randall Dale Adams' 1977 conviction for the murder of Robert Wood, a Dallas police officer. Adams was sentenced to death for the crime. The execution was scheduled for May 8, 1979, but US Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., ordered a stay only three days before the scheduled date. Instead of conducting a new trial, Governor Bill Clements commuted Adams's sentence to life in prison. Adams was exonerated in 1988, after serving 12 years in prison. Similar cases of exonerated men have recently arisen, putting the legality of Wade's practices in question.


title: Henry Wade

text: As of July 2008, 15 persons convicted during Wade's term as Dallas County district attorney have been exonerated of the crimes of which they were convicted in light of new DNA evidence. Because of the culture of the department to "convict at all costs," more innocent people are suspected to have been falsely imprisoned. Project Innocence Texas has more than 250 cases under examination.


title: GMC Sierra

text: GMC Sierra (Classic) may refer to GMC counterparts, either as model names or as trim lines, to the following Chevrolet vehicles:


title: Iron Front

text: The Iron Front () was a German paramilitary organization in the Weimar Republic which consisted of social democrats, trade unionists, and liberals. Its main goal was to defend liberal democracy against totalitarian ideologies on the far-right and far-left. The Iron Front chiefly opposed the Sturmabteilung (SA) wing of the Nazi Party and the Antifaschistische Aktion wing of the Communist Party of Germany. Formally independent, it was intimately associated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Three Arrows, originally designed for the Iron Front, became a well-known social democratic symbol representing resistance against monarchism, Nazism, and communism during the parliamentary elections in November 1932. The Three Arrows were later adopted by the SPD itself.


title: Iron Front

text: The Iron Front was formed on 16 December 1931 in the Weimar Republic by the Social Democratic Party (SPD), along with the Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB), the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, and workers' sport clubs. The Iron Front chiefly opposed the paramilitary organisations of the fascist National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Its initial purpose was to counter the right-wing Harzburg Front. The organization sought to engage the old Reichsbanner, the SPD youth organization, and labour, and liberal groups as a united front. The SPD rallied to the Iron Front, held mass demonstrations, armed themselves, and fought the Nazi SA and Communist Antifa in the streets. This was more than the SPD leaders wanted, but SPD workers grew increasingly militant in their resistance against the authoritarian and totalitarian movements threatening the Weimar Republic.


title: Iron Front

text: The Iron Front was regarded as an anti-communist and "social fascist terror organisation" by the KPD, who regarded the SPD as their main adversary. In response to the formation of the Iron Front, the KPD founded its own activist wing, Antifaschistische Aktion (Antifa), which opposed the social democrat SPD and the fascist NSDAP.


title: Iron Front

text: On January 30, 1933, the day Hitler was appointed Chancellor, the KPD asked the Iron Front, the SPD, the general trade union association ADGB and their organisations, and the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold to declare a general strike against Hitler. The Iron Front declined, issued a call on February 2 to "all comrades of the Reichsbanner and the Iron Front", warning against participating in "wild actions organised by irresponsible people", and exhorted members to "turn all Iron Front events into powerful rallies for freedom".


title: Iron Front

text: On March 3, the Iron Front planned a march in Kassel, but was hindered by regular police. On May 2, all trade unions, with which the Iron Front was closely allied, were finally abolished, together with all trade union structures. Until the mid 1930s and in some cases until the war years, some local branches of the Iron Front and the former trade union organisations continued with resistance, mostly by spreading leaflets, organizing secret meetings, and carrying out acts of sabotage.


title: Iron Front

text: Its logo, the Three Arrows (pointing southwest) was designed by Sergei Chakhotin, former assistant to the physiologist Ivan Pavlov in 1931. Designed so as to be able to easily cover Nazi swastikas, the meaning of the three arrows has been variously interpreted. The present-day Reichsbanner association says the arrows of the logo stood for the SPD, the trade unions, and the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, as well as for the political, economic, and physical strength of the working class. The symbol was used on a November 1932 Reichstag election poster of the SPD to represent opposition to the Nazi Party, the Communist Party, and the monarchist wing of the Centre Party.


title: Iron Front

text: About its formation, Karl Höltermann, chairman of the Reichsbanner, commented: "The year 1932 will be our year, the year of victory of the republic over its opponents. Not one day nor one hour more do we want to remain on the defensive. We attack! Attack on the whole line! We must be part of the general offensive. Today we call - tomorrow we strike!"


title: Iron Front

text: The Three Arrows became a symbol of the social democratic resistance against the totalitarian ideologies of Nazism and Soviet State Socialism. More recently, the symbol has been appropriated by American anti-fascist movements, along with flags historically derived from the German Communist Party's Antifaschistische Aktion. Antifa opposed the Iron Front, whom they regarded as bourgeois and fascist, as the Three Arrows logo was used to represent resistance against Antifa's affiliated party, the KPD as well.


title: Iron Front

text: The Iron Front flag has been adopted by supporters of MLS team Portland Timbers and frequently seen at their games. Major League Soccer banned the flag in 2019 as part of a crackdown on "political symbols," although the league walked back the ban weeks later.