title: Ancient Hawaii

text: In practice, commoners had some security against capricious re-possession of their houses and farms. They were usually left in place, to pay tribute and supply labor to a new chief, under the supervision of a new "konohiki", or overseer.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: This system of land tenure is similar to the feudal system prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: The ancient Hawaiians had the "ahupuaa" as their source of water management. Each "ahupuaa" had a sub-division of land from the mountain to the sea. The Hawaiians used the water from the rain that ran through the mountains as a form of irrigation. Hawaiians also settled around these parts of the land because of the farming that was done.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: Religion held ancient Hawaiian society together, affecting habits, lifestyles, work methods, social policy and law. The legal system was based on religious "kapu", or taboos. There was a correct way to live, to worship, and even to eat. Examples of "kapu" included the provision that men and women could not eat together (Aikapu religion). Fishing was limited to specified seasons of the year. The shadow of the "alii" must not be touched as it was stealing his "mana".


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: The rigidity of the "kapu" system might have come from a second wave of migrations in 1000–1300 from which different religions and systems were shared between Hawaii and the Society Islands. Hawaii would have been influenced by the Tahitian chiefs, the "kapu" system would have become stricter, and the social structure would have changed. Human sacrifice would have become a part of their new religious observance, and the "alii" would have gained more power over the counsel of experts on the islands.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: "Kapu" was derived from traditions and beliefs from Hawaiian worship of gods, demigods and ancestral "mana". The forces of nature were personified as the main gods of Kū (God of war), Kāne (god of light and life), Kanaloa (god of death), and Lono (god of peace and growth). Well-known lesser gods include Pele (goddess of fire) and her sister Hiiaka (goddess of dance). In a famous creation story, the demigod Māui fished the islands of Hawaii from the sea after a little mistake he made on a fishing trip. From Haleakalā, Māui ensnared the sun in another story, forcing him to slow down so there were equal periods of darkness and light each day.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: The Hawaiian mystical worldview allows for different gods and spirits to imbue any aspect of the natural world. From this mystical perspective, in addition to his presence in lightning and rainbows, the god of light and life, Kāne, can be present in rain and clouds and a peaceful breeze (typically the "home" of Lono).


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: Although all food and drink had religious significance to the ancient Hawaiians, special cultural emphasis was placed on "awa" ("kava") due to its narcotic properties. This root-based beverage, a psychoactive and a relaxant, was used to consecrate meals and commemorate ceremonies. It is often referred to in Hawaiian chant. Different varieties of the root were used by different castes, and the brew served as an "introduction to mysticism".


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: The four biggest islands, the island of Hawaiʻi, Maui, Kauaʻi and Oʻahu were generally ruled by their own "aliʻi nui" (supreme ruler) with lower ranking subordinate chiefs called "aliʻi ʻaimoku", ruling individual districts with land agents called "konohiki".


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: All these dynasties were interrelated and regarded all the Hawaiian people (and possibly all humans) as descendants of legendary parents, Wākea (symbolizing the air) and his wife Papa (symbolizing the earth). Up to the late eighteenth century, the island of Hawaiʻi had been ruled by one line descended from Umi-a-Liloa. At the death of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, a lower ranking chief, Alapainui, overthrew the two sons of the former ruler who were next in line as the island's "aliʻi nui".


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: Assuming five to ten generations per century, the "Alii ʻAimoku" dynasties were around three to six centuries old at 1800 CE. The Tahitian settlement of the Hawaiian islands is believed to have taken place in the thirteenth century. The "alii" and other social castes were presumably established during this period.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: The ancient Hawaiian economy became complex over time. People began to specialize in specific skills. Generations of families became committed to certain careers: roof thatchers, house builders, stone grinders, bird catchers who would make the feather cloaks of the "alii", canoe builders. Soon, entire islands began to specialize in certain skilled trades. Oahu became the chief "kapa" (tapa bark cloth) manufacturer. Maui became the chief canoe manufacturer. The island of Hawaii exchanged bales of dried fish.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: European contact with the Hawaiian islands marked the beginning of the end of the ancient Hawaii period. In 1778, British Captain James Cook landed first on Kauai, then sailed southwards to observe and explore the other islands in the chain.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: When he first arrived at Kealakekua Bay in 1779, some of the natives believed Cook was their god Lono. Cook's mast and sails coincidentally resembled the emblem (a mast and sheet of white "kapa") that symbolized Lono in their religious rituals; the ships arrived during the "Makahiki" season dedicated to Lono.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: Captain Cook was eventually killed during a violent confrontation and left behind on the beach by his retreating sailors. The British demanded that his body be returned, but the Hawaiians had already performed funerary rituals of their tradition.


title: Ancient Hawaii

text: Within a few decades Kamehameha I used European warfare tactics and some firearms and cannons to unite the islands into the Kingdom of Hawaii.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Alison Lauren DiLaurentis is a fictional character in the "Pretty Little Liars" book series, its television adaptation, and the spin-off series "". The character was created by American author Sara Shepard.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: In the beginning of both the books and the television series, Alison is a central character who is shown mostly in flashbacks. The narrative is set when Alison mysteriously disappears and leaves the suburb of Rosewood shocked. Due to her position as a queen bee of Rosewood's social scene, Alison's actions and relations were constantly under scrutiny from the town's citizens. Sasha Pieterse, who portrays Alison on screen, has described the character as an indecisive person, showing herself as a ruthless, manipulative girl. Due to the massive reformulation on the story's timing, pacing and overall narrative for the television adaptation, the on-screen Alison DiLaurentis holds various differences from her literary counterpart, such as the fact that the latter has an identical twin sister, while the former does not.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: "Pretty Little Liars" is a series of books which revolves around the lives of four teenagers in Rosewood, Pennsylvania whom each struggle with different physical and psychological issues, as well as living in danger because of a dangerous stalker who emerges after the four's best friend and leader Alison DiLaurentis vanishes and is found dead.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: The twin sisters Alison and Courtney Day-DiLaurentis were born on June 6, 1990, the fruits of a secret sexual relationship between Jessica DiLaurentis and Peter Hastings. They were identical, but completely opposite in personality. Both were popular in her hometown, but Alison was known for her wickedness, unlike Courtney, who was admired for having a kind behavior. Disgusted by that fact, Alison began to make their parents—Jessica and Kenneth, the adoptive father—think that Courtney was psychologically damaged. Alison forced Courtney to impersonate her, which led to a physical fight between the two. When their parents tried to find a solution to the situation, Alison threw all the blame on Courtney, saying she was making up fake stories. Eventually Courtney was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The family then moved to Rosewood to avoid attention and shortened their surname from Day-DiLaurentis to just DiLaurentis.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: However, Alison did not enjoy the full high school experience. During a visitation to the family, Courtney tricked her parents by dressing up like Alison and Alison was taken to the hospital instead. That way, Courtney took the popular life of Alison, whereas Alison was hospitalized; from then on, a sense of hatred grew within Alison. Two years after Courtney took the reins, Alison returned to the DiLaurentis house for a visit. During a night when Courtney (posing as Alison) and her new friends—Spencer Hastings, Hanna Marin, Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields—were asleep, Alison reached them and she and Courtney got into a fight in the woods surrounding the DiLaurentis residence. The fight resulted in Courtney's death. Alison and her helper and boyfriend, Nick Maxwell, buried Courtney's body later on.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: When Alison was about to get her life back, Courtney's friends warned Mrs. DiLaurentis that "Alison" was missing. Jessica then assumed that Courtney (Alison, actually) did something against her sister's life and sent her back to psychological hospital. Meanwhile, masons filled the hole where Courtney's body was buried to build a gazebo. Shortly after, "Alison" was reported missing. Three years later, Courtney's friends began to be pursued by someone named "A" who knew their greatest secrets and threatened them constantly. Months later, Mona Vanderwaal, a classmate of the girls and Alison, was revealed to be "A". Soon, Alison took the stalking method and began to chase the girls, seeking revenge for them being outside that day that Courtney used them to trick her mother into believing that she were her sister.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Alison made small appearances during the period hiding behind the "A" mask. The DiLaurentis revealed the secret about the twins after a man named Billy Ford was arrested for murdering Alison, saying that they kept the sisters hidden for so long to avoid turmoil in town. Alison, posing as Courtney, someone unknown to the four girls, invited them to spend a weekend at the family home in the Poconos. There, they got together and the girls started thinking about introducing "Courtney" to the group. However, they were trapped inside a room and Alison soon revealed the whole truth about the death of the real Courtney, and about her desire for revenge. Alison then set the building on fire, but the girls managed to escape. When trying to escape the fire, Alison herself got several burns on her body and managed to escape with the help of Nick.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Alison then used the following weeks to recover from the fire whilst observing her victims. Nick stayed with her during her healing process, but Alison eventually discarded and incriminated him for everything she had committed, such as the homicides of Ian Thomas and Jenna Cavanaugh. In order to finally get her revenge, Alison wrote an entire diary with untrue stories of the girls torturing her while they were keeping her hostage. The piece was then found by the Rosewood P.D. and the girls were incriminated by the alleged death of Alison DiLaurentis. However, Emily faked her own death, and, while Alison and everyone else thought she was dead, she managed to reach Alison's lair—which was receiving help from Mrs. DiLaurentis—with police officers. The girls were eventually released from all charges, and Alison was arrested for good.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Actress Sasha Pieterse was cast as Alison DiLaurentis in December 2009. Alison was the queen bee of her school and the most popular girl before her disappearance. Although she cared for her friends, she enjoyed to use their strongest secrets against them so that they could, according to her, stay together. Charming, manipulative, and highly intelligent, Ali was skilled at finding ways to get back at everyone, and many people hated her. After the reveal of Alison's fate in the ending of season 4, Pieterse confirmed that DiLaurentis' personality had drastically changed; she has to "figure out who she is. She's been hiding for so long, and she's a victim now." "Alison's a totally different person, so to see the way they treat her is going to be very interesting and to see the way that she gets affected by it is also going to be very interesting," Pieterse said.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Alison DiLaurentis is introduced as a very popular girl from the suburb of Rosewood, Pennsylvania, and the leader of a clique composed by her, Spencer Hastings, Aria Montgomery, Emily Fields and Hanna Marin. The first minutes of the pilot episode show the five friends reunited in the barn-turned-loft of the Hastings family during a night of summer vacation. In the midst of night, Hanna, Emily and Aria wake up to see Spencer arriving back to the barn after leaving to somewhere. Spencer naively announces that she has heard a scream of Alison, seemingly shaken due to something. Shortly after, Alison is pronounced as a missing person, it's been a while since Alison went missing, and a year later her body is found buried in the backyard of the DiLaurentis' house. During the year that Alison is missing the friends grew apart, but after the introduction of "A" and the return of Aria Montgomery from a year in Iceland with her family, the friends reunite. "A" makes an appearance by sending threatening text messages to the girls and leading them into trouble. During the entire first season, Alison appears in flashbacks. In these flashbacks, Alison is shown as a ruthless, despicable, two-sided teenager who uses the others' secret against themselves.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: After Ian Thomas is pushed down by "A" from the top of a bell tower and his body goes missing, the girls are forced to keep their friendship a secret and to maintain therapy sessions with Dr. Anne Sullivan to discuss about Alison's absence in their lives, a fact that their parents believe to be the reason why the girls are behaving strangely. Days after, through Spencer's sister Melissa Hastings, the girls find Thomas' dead body, accompanied by a suicide letter in which he admits that he killed Alison. Following, the girls continue to be threatened by "A". Garrett Reynolds is arrested for Alison's murder after Jenna Marshall hands the Rosewood Police Department a missing page of Alison's autopsy. The second season ends when Mona Vanderwaal—a Rosewood High student and one of Alison's victims of bullying when she was alive—is revealed as "A". and is sent to Radley-a mental institute.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: The third season is set five months after the previous one. One night, Spencer, Hanna, Emily and Aria get together in Spencer's living room to drink and enjoy a life without a stalker. Emily, however, is still mourning over the death of her ex-girlfriend Maya St. Germain, who died in the same night of Mona's reveal. After drinking more than expected, the girls wake up in the midst of night to discover that Emily has disappeared. They later find her in the cemetery, standing over Alison's grave, with Alison's body missing. With Emily drugged and them being involved in a crime, the girls then promise to keep the secret. They dispose of all evidence connecting them to the happening, including all of Emily's clothes. A new person using the "A" identity soon restarts the stalking game. The new stalker threatens them with what happened previously. Mostly of the season's episodes revolve around the question of where Alison's remains are. The girls later on befriend new resident CeCe Drake, a woman physically and psychologically similar to Alison. Drake reveals to them that she and Alison were best friends when Alison was alive, years prior. Throughout the following episodes Drake gets intimate with the girls, who are suspicious of her Alison-like behavior. Later on, Alison is shown in more flashbacks of the night she disappeared, with some revealing that Alison met with CeCe, Aria's father, Jenna Marshall and Garrett Reynolds that night. In sequence, the girls discover, in Alison's biology notebook, a conversation between her and a friend in which Alison talks about a "beach hottie." The girls investigate while a figure using a red coat starts to appear periodically to them, and they begin to believe that it is Alison. In the meantime, Mona and Spencer's boyfriend Toby Cavanaugh are revealed as helpers (and double agents) of the new "A". With the help of the two, the girls plot a trap to catch "A," but the stalker uses their own setting against them, and, during a fire, the girls are saved by Red Coat. Hanna wakes up and sees Red Coat staring at her, and the person is revealed to be Alison. Afterwards, Mona and Spencer claim that they also saw Alison. On the way back to Rosewood, Mona reveals that Red Coat would sometimes wear a mask that looked like Alison's face, meaning that Red Coat could have just looked like Alison.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: After the girls find Alison's diary, they try to understand her. Throughout the season, Alison is shown in several flashbacks concerning her behavior, mostly based on histories written on her diary. The girls later meet Carla Grunwald, who tells them that she helped Alison step out of the grave that she was buried; Grunwald then drove her to a hospital, but Alison ran away. With this confirmation, the girls start a quest to find Alison, following the steps of two persons using the Red Coat costume, one of them being revealed to be CeCe. Fortunately, after a Halloween party, the girls follow a Red Coat, from Ravenswood to Rosewood, who is revealed to be Alison. She tells the girls that she needs their help, but she vanishes shortly after. Alison later appears to Emily and starts requesting things to her. The season ends when Alison sits down with her friends to explain everything that had happened to her two years earlier.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: In the explosive season 4 finale, her friends finally find out what happened the night Alison went missing. When the story time has finished the girls are scared by an anonymous person named "A" who tries to shoot and kill the girls but mostly pointing towards Alison, this is later revealed to be Shana. When Shana Fring is killed by Aria Montgomery after being revealed as "A" and turning on Ali and the girls, Alison returns home to Rosewood after and reports to the cops. Alison makes up a story about her disappearance saying that she was kidnapped. While the girls were in New York, back in Rosewood Jessica DiLaurentis (Alison's mother) was killed and buried in the Hastings backyard. By the mid season Alison and her best friends group partially disband due to the fact that the other girls believe Alison has gone rogue after she tells the police that Cyrus Petrillo is her kidnapper, even though she was never actually kidnapped. This leads to them believe she might be the new "A" and is responsible for her mother's death, by the mid season finale, Alison is accused of killing Mona Vanderwaal, and is departed from her group until Alison's arrest for Mona's murder. While Ali is in jail, the girls head to Mona's house to see if Mona left them any clues before she died, after locating a barrel in which the girls believe is Mona's body, Hanna is arrested as an accessory for helping Ali kill Mona, as the trial begins Alison is found guilty for the murders and the rest of the girls are arrested as well as accessories to this. While being transported, Hanna, Emily, Aria, and Spencer are stopped by "A" and kidnapped and taken to "A"'s dollhouse, where they find an alive Mona.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: In the beginning of season 6, we see Alison out of jail for a mistakened killing of Mona, and the girls with Mona are still in the dollhouse being tortured and tormented. Alison comes up with a plan with Ezra Fitz, Toby Cavanaugh, and Caleb Rivers to find the girls and make sure they come home soon. The girls are rescued along with a shaken-up Sara Harvey, who presumably went missing the same time Alison did from Courtland, and they come home after being diagnosed for having PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) from their time spent kidnapped. The mid season jumps 5 years into the future. Alison is a teacher at Rosewood High School and is engaged to one Archer Dunhill, then known as Elliot Rollins, who was Charlotte DiLaurentis' doctor during her five years at Welby. Alison is admitted to a psychiatric hospital due to being tricked by Mary Drake and Archer in Jessica DiLaurentis and Darren Wilden costumes, thinking that she was seeing their ghosts.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: At the beginning of the season, Archer has Alison drugged and falsely imprisoned at Welby. In a brief lucid moment, she seemingly confesses to killing Charlotte to Emily. After growing suspicious of Archer, Emily, Aria and Spencer try to rescue Alison from Welby to no avail. She shares her location with the Liars using Archer's phone and escapes his car with the Liars hot on his trail. He is run over by Hanna. The latter half of the season involved the group covering up his death. Alison later reveals to Emily that she is pregnant, believing it to be hers and Archer's. She discovered that she was in fact impregnated at Whelby by A.D. with Emily's eggs and a then unknown man (Wren Kingston)'s sperm, during her turn at the "Liars' Lament" board game. Alison soon resumed teaching at Rosewood High and continued to have friction with Paige McCullers, Emily's girlfriend. Alison's reciprocated feelings for Emily resurfaces as they spend more time together. Paige realises this and gives her blessing to the couple before leaving Rosewood for good. Upon Mary Drake confessing to killing Archer, Alison along with the other Liars are no longer implicated in his murder. Her and Emily co-parent their twin daughters Lily and Grace in Alison's childhood home in Rosewood. A year after A.D.'s game ended, Alison proposed to Emily. Alongside their friends, they unmask A.D. once and for all.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Alison now attends Beacon Heights University, where she is reunited with Mona and became a teaching assistant. Alison is then introduced to Claire Hotchkiss, whose family is the founder of BHU, and her son Nolan. After Nolan is murdered, Alison goes on to help his remaining friends Ava, Caitlin, and Dylan who are the primary suspects of the murder. After receiving a divorce paper from her wife, Alison decides to investigate the death of Taylor Hotchkiss who allegedly committed suicide a year ago. After finding and convincing Taylor to return, Alison and the group continue to deal with Dana Booker, the head security of BHU who is investigating Nolan's death. After Dana exposed their secrets, Alison and Dylan are expelled from BHU, Mona is fired, while Caitlin and Ava had to leave. However, after Caitlin's boyfriend Jeremy is accused of the murder and is shot by Taylor, Claire apologized to the group and allowed them to stay. The group is then introduced to The Professor, who reveals that the group is a part of their experiment.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Across the seven season run of "Pretty Little Liars", Pieterse's character of Alison DiLaurentis received much positive reception early on by critics, which became mixed as the show altered the character.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: In earlier seasons and when appearing in flashbacks, Alison was praised as a pivotal character to the plot of the series despite being presumed deceased. Aya Tsintziras of "Screen Rant" praised her character for her large impact on the show, and "[continuing] to make fans wonder what's going on". She was also named by "Screen Rant" as part of "10 Of The Most Iconic Mean Girls From TV" for her secretiveness and manipulation. Alternatively, Pieterse's character is berated for displaying the latter on her close friends and family, and seemingly feeling remorseless for her wrondoings, being referred to as "a mean girl who [makes] Regina George look sweet".


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: The Season 3 finale, which revealed that Alison was still alive, caused subsequent reception of the character to change. The reveal itself was generally praised for being a dramatic twist, with many viewers becoming excited to see the character alive and interacting with the other Liars in real time. Following the events of 'A' Is for Answers", Autumne Montague of "TVOvermind" lauded Pieterse's character for her self-awareness in having admitted not being a good friend, calling the moment "refreshing from a girl who in flashbacks seemed simply self-absorbed." Alison was also praised by for becoming more mature and caring, and more likable as a human being.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: However, Alison also began to acquire more criticism for being portrayed radically different to her persona in earlier seasons. In Seasons 6 and 7 in particular, many fans felt that her dynamic changing from self-serving "mean girl" to codependent and empathetic, albeit partly due to the trauma of her time away from Rosewood, was unrealistic and poorly written. "Den of Geek" reviewer Caroline Preece referred to Alison's character development after her re-appearance as unnatural and incoherent to the original storyline, and that the character herself became "meek, and sensible, and boring". Preece described the change of demeanor in Alison as "[feeling] like she had been silenced all over again, and it felt like the writers were wasting the opportunity of having resurrected her at all".


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: In "Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists", the character was slightly better received than in the later seasons of "Pretty Little Liars". However, Alison's divorce of Emily Fields was seen as anti-climactic, and consequently met with extreme backlash.


title: Alison DiLaurentis

text: Pieterse herself has received universal approval from fans and critics alike for her portrayal of the character, even despite being cast at the age of 12. She was nominated for multiple awards, winning the Breakout Actress and Scene Stealer awards in Choice TV.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Sophie Aldred (born 20 August 1962) is an English actress and television presenter. She has worked extensively in children's television as a presenter and voice artist. She played the Seventh Doctor's companion, Ace, in the television series "Doctor Who" during the late 1980s, becoming the final companion in the series' first run.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Aldred was born in Greenwich, London, but grew up in nearby Blackheath. She sang in the church choir of St James', Kidbrooke, and attended Blackheath High School from 1973 until 1980. She then enrolled as a drama student at the University of Manchester. She graduated in 1983 and decided to embark on a career in children's theatre. She also sang in working men's clubs around Manchester.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: In 1987, Aldred was cast as Ace in "Doctor Who", initially for "Dragonfire", the final story of the twenty-fourth season. Her tenure on the show spanned the last nine stories of the programme's original run, which ended in 1989.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: In January 1992, she guest-starred in "More than a Messiah", one of the videos in the series "The Stranger", starring Colin Baker, also formerly of "Doctor Who".


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Both before and since "Doctor Who", Aldred has had a varied and busy television career, particularly in children's programming, where she has presented educational programmes under the name "Sophie Socket" such as "Corners", "Melvin and Maureen's Music-a-grams" (which ran from 1992 to '96), Tiny and Crew (which she presented, 1995–96), the BBC series "Words and Pictures" (1992, 1996-2001), and also the CITV paranormal show "It's a Mystery" in 1996. She also played the character Minnie The Mini Magician from series 8 onwards in CITV's "ZZZap!" between 1999 and 2001.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Aldred has presented and sung in several BBC Schools Radio series, including "Singing Together", "Music Workshop", "Time and Tune" and "Music Box". She has also performed on radio and in the theatre. She has also reprised her role as Ace in the 1993 thirtieth-anniversary charity special "Dimensions in Time" and, since 2000, the "Doctor Who" audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions. Following the start of rumours in 1994 and 1995, avid "Doctor Who" fans expressed hope that Aldred would reprise her role in the project that would become the 1996 "Doctor Who" television movie, but she did not appear, and her character's fate was not mentioned.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Throughout the 2000s she has worked extensively as a voice-over artist for television advertisements, and has also provided voices for animated series such as "Bob the Builder", "Sergeant Stripes", the UK dubbed version of the CGI animated version of the Australian TV series "Bananas in Pyjamas", "El Nombre", "Peter Rabbit", "Noddy in Toyland", "The Magic Key" and "Dennis & Gnasher".


title: Sophie Aldred

text: She co-wrote with Mike Tucker the hardcover nonfiction book "Ace, The Inside Story of the End of An Era", published by Virgin Publishing in 1996. ().


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Aldred provided voices for the 2009 series "Dennis and Gnasher", including that of title character Dennis the Menace.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Since 2012 Aldred has provided the voice of Tom in "Tree Fu Tom", a CBeebies series. The series' other main voice actor, David Tennant (who voices Twigs), previously played the tenth incarnation of the Doctor in "Doctor Who". In November 2013 she appeared in the one-off fiftieth-anniversary comedy homage "The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot". In 2018, Aldred reprised the role of Ace in an audio drama set during the first season of "Class".


title: Sophie Aldred

text: In 2019, Aldred reprised the role of Ace in a special announcement trailer for the "Doctor Who" Season 26 Blu-ray box set. That same year, she also appeared as Mistress Na in the direct-to-DVD film "Sil and the Devil Seeds of Arodor"; a role for which she won Best Supporting Actress at the Accolade Competition in 2020.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: In 2020, Aldred released the novel "Doctor Who: At Childhood's End", where an older Ace (now a philanthropist) meets the Thirteenth Doctor and her companions while investigating an alien satellite.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Aldred reprised the role of Ace in the October 2022 "Doctor Who" BBC Centenary special "The Power of the Doctor" alongside Janet Fielding as Tegan Jovankawho was also a companion of The Doctor during the series' original run.


title: Sophie Aldred

text: Aldred had an affair with comedian Les Dennis during his first marriage. She married actor Vince Henderson on 12 July 1997. They have two sons: Adam and William. Aldred is a vegan.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Dietmar Johann Wolfgang "Didi" Hamann (; born 27 August 1973) is a German professional football coach, former player and media personality.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Throughout his career, he has played for Bayern Munich, Newcastle United, Liverpool and Manchester City primarily in a defensive midfield position. He also spent time at Milton Keynes Dons as a player/coach before joining Leicester City as a first team coach. He was a member of the German national team from 1997 until 2006 and represented his nation in two FIFA World Cups and two UEFA European Championships, reaching the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final. He is known in Ireland as a football pundit on Raidió Teilifís Éireann's live coverage of major European and International competitions.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Throughout his playing career Hamann gained a reputation for being a highly consistent and reliable player. He is highly respected by supporters of Liverpool due in large part to his involvement in the club's victory in the 2005 Champions League final.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: On 5 July 2011, Hamann was named as the new manager of Stockport County, replacing former manager Ray Mathias. He resigned from the post on 7 November 2011 after only four months with Stockport struggling in 17th place in the Conference Premier citing failure of a proposed takeover by Tony Evans.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann began his career at the little-known FC Wacker München. After impressing as a junior, he joined Bayern Munich as a 16-year-old in 1989 and debuted for the Bayern professional team in 1993. Hamann joined a team led by Lothar Matthäus, Thomas Helmer, Christian Ziege and Oliver Kahn and played five games, mostly as a right winger. At first, Hamann was only a so-called "Vertragsamateur" (i.e. an amateur player who had the licence for playing professional games). Still, he won his first German championship as a bench player. In the next season, Bayern suffered a major injury wave which claimed midfielders Matthäus, Swiss international Alain Sutter, talent Dieter Frey and veteran Markus Schupp, which allowed Hamann to become a regular; he played 30 Bundesliga games and established himself as a valuable role player, playing either right wing or defensive midfield. He earned himself a full professional contract and was an important player in the tumultuous 1995–96 campaign, in which Bayern recruited striker Jürgen Klinsmann, coach Otto Rehhagel and midfielders Andi Herzog, Thomas Strunz and Ciriaco Sforza, but the team was torn apart by heavy internal struggles. Although Hamann was overshadowed by these new midfield recruits, he played in 20 games and provided some stability for the infighting Bayern squad. Bayern ended a disappointing second and saw Rehhagel sacked, but ended the season by winning the UEFA Cup.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: The 1996–97 season was to become Hamann's breakthrough. After being a bench player most of his career until then, new coach Giovanni Trappatoni made him a starting defensive midfielder, and new recruit Mario Basler took the right wing. Hamann played in 23 games, also making his debut in the German national team and won his second German championship with Bayern. In private life, Hamann had to overcome a scary period when he broke down unconscious and was diagnosed with a stroke, but made a full recovery. The next season ended disappointingly for Bayern who lagged behind newly promoted 1. FC Kaiserslautern for the vast majority of the season and finished second. Now an undisputed starter, Hamann played in 28 games and scored two goals. The season ended on a high for Bayern when they secured the DFB-Pokal against MSV Duisburg.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: After playing for his country in the 1998 World Cup, he joined Newcastle United, managed at the time by Kenny Dalglish, for £5.5 million. Overcoming an early foot injury, Hamann played in 31 matches and scored five goals. In July 1999 he opted to join Gerard Houllier's Liverpool, who signed him for £8 million.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann established himself as an influential midfielder for Liverpool throughout his seven years at the club. All in all, Hamann played in 191 league games and scored eight goals. In the 2000–01 season, Hamann won his first big English trophy when Liverpool won a much-celebrated cup treble (League Cup, FA Cup and UEFA Cup) and a place in the Champions League. Hamann also played the full 90 minutes and assisted Liverpool's second goal (scored by Michael Owen) in the team's 2-0 victory over Manchester United in the 2003 Worthington Cup final.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann established himself as a major first team player for Liverpool throughout his first few seasons.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann played a major part in the 2005 Champions League Final win over A.C. Milan. Although he was suffering a broken toe during the final, Hamann's substitution for Steve Finnan at half time was the catalyst for Liverpool's historic fightback. The team rallied after being 3–0 down to bring the game back to 3–3 and finally won in the penalty shootout; Hamann also showed a great amount of composure and bravery, as he took and converted the first LFC penalty with his broken foot. This was not the only key part he played in their Champions league success. Earlier in the tournament, Hamann had been forced to stand in for Liverpool's key player Steven Gerrard in the first leg of the last 16 round against Bayer Leverkusen. He excelled in the match and scored a late free-kick as Liverpool won the match 3–1.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann won the FA Cup with Liverpool in May 2006, coming on as a substitute in the second-half. He more than played his part in another trophy win for the Reds, who were 3–2 down to West Ham United at the time he came on. Steven Gerrard scored an injury-time leveller for Liverpool to take the match to extra-time. Liverpool would go on to win the Cup on penalties after a goalless extra-time. Once again, Hamann scored the first penalty in the shoot-out.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: In June 2006, Hamann was given permission to talk to Bolton Wanderers about a potential transfer to the North West club. Hamann admitted that he would be saddened to leave Liverpool but would make "the best decision for my future". Hamann actually signed a pre-contract in June 2006, to become a Bolton Wanderers player but had a "change of heart". He joined Bolton for less than one day before a move to Manchester City.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: On 12 July, he instead signed for Manchester City, with City agreeing to pay £400,000 compensation to Bolton. On 13 February, he signed a contract until the end of the 2008–09 season and scored his first goal for the club in a UEFA Cup qualifying first round match against EB/Streymur.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: However, on 28 August 2013 during Colin Murray's morning radio show with TalkSport Bolton Wanderers chairman Phil Gartside announced that the club had never officially signed the midfielder and that the necessary papers were "just put in the draw". A Premier League investigation found that this wasn't the case and that Bolton had indeed signed Hamann, and expressed confusion as to why Gartside had lied about it.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: On 1 July 2009, he was released by Manchester City as his contract expired. Hamann announced on 16 July that he intended to stay in England.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: On transfer deadline day in September 2009, BBC Sport quoted Hamann as stating: "Yes, Sven <nowiki>[-Göran Eriksson]</nowiki> phoned me the other day to see if I wanted to sign for Notts County, but I said I wasn't interested at the moment as I feel I can still play at a higher level. There are a couple of things in Germany and I'll make my mind up by the end of the week. I have spoken to a couple of teams in England but that hasn't come to anything yet. Obviously, I can still sign after the deadline so maybe if teams don't get the players they want today then I will hear something".


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: On 20 May 2010, Hamann signed a one-year contract as a player-coach at Milton Keynes Dons but only made 12 appearances as a player. When he left the club on 3 February 2011 to join Leicester City as a First Team Coach, he effectively retired from a playing career.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: After retiring in February 2011 and managing Stockport County in July 2011, Hamann went back to playing football, and this time for amateur-side TuS Haltern. He signed a contract with the club on 7 March 2015 at the age of 41.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann played for Germany at under-21 level before making his full international debut in a friendly against South Africa in November 1997. He was selected by manager Berti Vogts for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, being, at almost 25, the second youngest player in an over-aged Germany squad. During the group stage, Hamann drifted in and out of the starting XI, finally breaking into the team when Germany gained momentum in the second round game against Mexico. However, after a quarter-final defeat against Croatia, Germany was out of the tournament.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: During the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying, Hamann established himself as a key player for a transitional Germany side. He played in all of Germany's games at the final tournament as they exited in the first round. Hamann was the last player to score at the old Wembley Stadium before its demolition when he scored the winning goal in Germany's 2002 World Cup qualifier against England in October 2000.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Alongside Michael Ballack and Bernd Schneider, Hamann was one of the key players in Germany's surprising run to the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final. He became only the second Liverpool player after Roger Hunt in 1966 to play in a World Cup Final while still at the club, but finished on the losing side as Brazil won 2–0 in Yokohama. In the 67th minute of that match, Hamann lost the ball to opposing forward Ronaldo, who passed to Rivaldo, who shot from outside the area; goalkeeper Oliver Kahn gave a rebound, allowing Ronaldo to score and give Brazil a 1–0 lead. The subsequent Euro 2004 turned out to be Hamann's last tournament. Again, the Euro ended with a disappointing first round exit for Germany. A 1–2 defeat against a Czech Republic side resting its key players proved to be Hamann's penultimate international game.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: After a strong performance in the 2005 Champions League final, Hamann was recalled for the Germany squad by new manager Jürgen Klinsmann. In the 2–2 draw against the Netherlands, Hamann produced a lacklustre performance, apparently convincing Klinsmann that he did not possess the required pace for that kind of level anymore. Hamann was dropped from the squad for the subsequent friendlies. Having not been selected for the German squad in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he decided to officially retire from international football.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: On 20 May 2010, Hamann signed a one-year contract as a player-coach at Milton Keynes Dons. He left the club on 3 February 2011 to join Leicester City as a First Team Coach.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: On 5 July 2011, Hamann was appointed as the new manager of newly relegated Conference Premier club Stockport County, replacing Ray Mathias. His appointment was made after businessman Tony Evans headed a consortium proposing taking over the club. In his first league game in charge of Stockport, Hamann's side drew 1–1 with Forest Green Rovers at The New Lawn. The match was broadcast live on Premier Sports. Hamann resigned as Stockport County boss on 7 November 2011, citing the failure of the proposed takeover by Tony Evans to materialise; his team were languishing in 17th place having taken only three wins from his nineteen league games in charge.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann was enlisted by RTÉ Sport for their squad of pundits ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. He returned to RTÉ's team during UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: More recently, in neighbouring Britain, Hamann has guested as a pundit on the BBC's "Match of the Day 2". He has also appeared on Sky Sports's football coverage as a pundit, usually when the match involves a club he has played for, most commonly Liverpool, and has also appeared regularly on LFC TV during their live pre-game and post game analysis of Liverpool home games from Anfield.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: He was again part of RTÉ Sport's studio coverage for the finals of UEFA Euro 2016, beginning with an appearance for the opening night match between tournament hosts France and Romania. In assessing Ireland's chances for the tournament, Hamann also said he had been in Dublin to see Ireland beat world champions Germany during the qualifying campaign.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: He was additionally retained by RTÉ Sport as a studio pundit for Champions League and Irish International games for the full football season 2016–2017, having been an occasional pundit on Champions League matches during the 2015-16 season.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: He was back on the RTÉ Panel again for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the rescheduled UEFA Euro 2020 in 2021 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann is also the European columnist for twentyfour7 Football Magazine, where he passes regular comment on the progress and state of the game on the continent.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: He released his autobiography, '′The Didi Man: My love affair with Liverpool′' co-written with Malcolm McClean, in February 2012 and it became a Sunday Times Best Seller.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann has two daughters, Chiara and Luna. He is the brother of Matthias Hamann, who also played in the Bundesliga, mainly for Bayern rival TSV 1860 München. Hamann enjoys cricket and once played for Alderley Edge CC 2nd XI vs Neston CC 2nd XI in the Cheshire County Cricket League, taking a catch in the game. He became interested in the sport during the 2005 Ashes series.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: On 23 February 2010, the former German international was found guilty of Driving under the influence and sentenced to a 16-month driving ban while also being fined nearly £2,000. He had been stopped by police at junction six of the M56 near his home in Styal, Cheshire, at 12.15 am on 12 July 2009.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: In cooperation with Standard Chartered Bank, an institution for which he also acted as an ambassador, Hamann hosted a football clinic in Nigeria.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: In 2012, Hamann revealed the gambling problems he suffered towards the end of his career, an addiction that has been "not healthy or sustainable" and lasted for many years.


title: Dietmar Hamann

text: Hamann went to Australia on an extended holiday in 2018. In June 2019 he was charged with assault in the country.


title: Peter Brant

text: Peter Mark Brant Sr. (born March 1, 1947) is an American industrialist, as well as a magazine publisher, film producer, and art collector. He is married to model Stephanie Seymour.


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant was raised in Jamaica Estates, Queens, the son of Lily and Murray Brant. Both parents were Jewish immigrants from Bulgaria. Brant's father co-founded the paper converter (primarily converting paper into newsprint) "Brant-Allen Industries" with his brother-in-law (father of H. Joseph Allen). He has one sister, Irene Brant Zelinsky. Brant was a childhood friend of Donald J. Trump. Brant attended the University of Colorado but did not graduate; rather, he left school to work for his father's company.


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant went to work at Brant-Allen Industries, a paper conversion company co-founded by his father, Murray Brant. In the early 1970s, Brant and a cousin, H. Joseph Allen — the son of Murray Brant's business partner — led the company into the manufacturing side of the business and expanded the company into paper mill (converting pulp into paper) ownership purchasing a mill in Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec and partnering with the Washington Post and Dow Jones to purchase a mill in Ashland, Virginia. In the early 2000s, as paper demand continued to decline, Brant embarked on a buying spree purchasing a second Quebec mill in 2004 for $205 million (from Enron) and a third Quebec mill in 2006 for $135 million. In 2008, he bought out his partner and changed the name of the company to "White Birch Paper Company". Also in 2008, he purchased "SP Newsprint Co" for $305 million, a newsprint manufacturer with operations in Oregon and Georgia. The purchase gave Brant control of 22% of the North American newsprint market, second to AbitibiBowater with 43%. Brant expanded "SP Newsprint" into paper recycling operating 23 recycling facilities through its SP Recycling unit.


title: Peter Brant

text: In a court filing around 2007, Brant said the ailing newsprint market and the recession had slashed his net worth to less than $500 million from $1.4 billion that year.


title: Peter Brant

text: In February 2010, "White Birch Paper" restructured under Chapter 11 proceedings, due to excessive debt and declining demand for newsprint. The company emerged from bankruptcy in January 2012 and closed its main pulp and paper mill in Quebec City, sending home more than 600 workers. White Birch owns two other mills in Quebec, Canada and one in Ashland, Virginia. In 2012, Brant pledged a portion of his art collection as security to purchase "White Birch Paper" out of bankruptcy in partnership with Black Diamond Capital Management LLC for $94.5 million in cash and $78 million in debt. Brant remains as CEO of "White Birch Paper".


title: Peter Brant

text: In November 2011, "SP Newsprint Co" filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy due to excessive debt and declining demand for newsprint. SP Newsprint operates two mills in Dublin, Georgia and Newberg, Oregon and 23 recycling facilities. In September 2012, "SP Newsprint" was purchased out of bankruptcy by SP Fiber Technologies LLC for an undisclosed amount.


title: Peter Brant

text: In May 2016, Brant merged the magazine "Art in America" with its principal competitor "ARTnews". Artnet News reported his company announced that "ARTnews" would go to a quarterly publication schedule, down from monthly. The latter had run an article asking whether the Brant Foundation was a tax scam or an art investment vehicle.


title: Peter Brant

text: In May 2017, "White Birch Paper" announced that it would idle paper making operations at its Bear Island newsprint mill in Ashland, Virginia. The Bear Island mill produced 240,000 metric tons of newsprint annually.


title: Peter Brant

text: In 2018, Penske Media Corporation, the parent company of "Variety" magazine, acquired "ARTnews" and "Art in America" from Brant."


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant is the owner and chairman of Brant Publications, Inc. (BPI), located in New York City, founded in 1984. BPI publishes three magazines:


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant's interest in art also led him into film production. He was a producer of "L’Amour" in 1973 and "Andy Warhol's Bad" in 1977. Brant was an executive producer of the award-winning films "Basquiat" (1996) and "Pollock" (2000). Brant was also co-producer of the Peabody- and Emmy-award-winning PBS documentary, "" (2006). Brant was also a producer of "The Homesman" (2014).


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant is one of the world's Top 200 art collectors. He bought his first pieces of art after turning an $8,000 investment into several hundred thousand dollars as a young man. His first purchases according to "The New York Times", included "a couple of Warhols and, later, a major Franz Kline.” In 1976, Brant commissioned Andy Warhol to paint his cocker spaniel, Ginger. Warhol made two paintings of Ginger, as well as drawings. Brant is one of the largest collector's of Warhol's art.


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant is a member of the Advisory Council of the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh. The Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles named Brant to its board of trustees in December 2009.


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant's collection is on display to the public at the two locations of the Brant Foundation Art Study Center, in Greenwich, Connecticut and the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan. His collection includes numerous works by Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Jeff Koons, Dan Flavin, Glenn Ligon, and Cady Noland. Brant is one of Basquiat's major collectors. In 2020, he sold his Basquiat painting "Boy and Dog in a Johnnypump" (1982) to Ken Griffin for more than $100 million.


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant was a member of the partnership who owned Classic winner Swale, who won both the 1984 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes and was American Champion Three-Year-Old Colt that year. In addition, Brant was responsible for bringing legendary stallion Mr. Prospector to Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky. Mr. Prospector, who began his stud career in Florida in 1975, went on to be one of the most influential sires in the American Stud-Book since the first of his progeny began racing in 1978. Brant was the breeder of 1995 Kentucky Derby winner Thunder Gulch. Thunder Gulch is the son of Gulch out of the mare Line of Thunder, who were both owned and bred by Brant. In addition, Brant is an accomplished polo player and at one time was the highest-rated amateur player in the U.S. Brant is the co-founder of the Greenwich Polo Club, the Saratoga Polo Association, and the Bridgehampton Polo Club.


title: Peter Brant

text: His first marriage was to Sandra "Sandy" Simms (born 1955). They met while attending the University of Colorado. They divorced in 1995. She later married writer Ingrid Sischy.


title: Peter Brant

text: On July 14, 1995, Brant married model Stephanie Seymour outside of Paris, with gallery owner Tony Shafrazi serving as best man at the ceremony. In 2009, the couple filed for divorce, but subsequently reconciled in 2010.


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant had eight biological children with his two wives, and one stepchild. Two of his biological children died within a two year period.


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant and first wife Sandra Simms have five children together, four surviving as of late 2021. Four of their children have worked for Brant companies:


title: Peter Brant

text: Brant and second wife Stephanie Seymour have two sons and one daughter together, and Brant is stepfather to Seymour's son:


title: Peter Brant

text: In 1990, Brant was investigated for tax evasion resulting from reportedly having his company pay for $1 million in personal expenditures. Brant pled guilty to charges of failing to keep records and was sentenced to three months in a federal prison and $200,000 in fines.


title: Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)

text: Under the Banner of Heaven is an American true crime drama television miniseries created by Dustin Lance Black based on the nonfiction book of the same name by Jon Krakauer. It premiered on April 28, 2022, on Hulu. Andrew Garfield and Gil Birmingham star as two detectives investigating a brutal murder seemingly connected to Mormonism. The series, while reigniting controversy in the Mormon faith, received highly positive reviews, with praise for Garfield's performance.


title: Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)

text: The faith of police detective Jeb Pyre is shaken when investigating the murder of a Latter-day Saint mother and her baby daughter that seems to involve the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).


title: Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)

text: Initially intended to be adapted as a film beginning in 2011, it was announced in June 2021 that it would now be developed as a miniseries, with Dustin Lance Black retained as screenwriter and David Mackenzie serving as director. Andrew Garfield and Daisy Edgar-Jones were cast to star. The cast was rounded out in August, with Sam Worthington, Wyatt Russell, Denise Gough, Rory Culkin, and Gil Birmingham among the new additions.


title: Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)

text: The series premiered on April 28, 2022, on FX on Hulu. It is also set to premiere on Disney+ (Star) in international markets and Star+ In Latin America soon after.


title: Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)

text: According to the streaming aggregator Reelgood, "Under the Banner of Heaven" was the 7th most streamed program across all platforms, during the week of May 4, 2022, the 8th most streamed program during the week of May 11, 2022, the 5th most streamed television series during the week of May 14, 2022, and the 9th during the week of May 21, 2022.


title: Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported as 86% approval rating with an average rating of 7.4/10, based on 49 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "While "Under the Banner of Heaven" gets bogged down by an overabundance of backstory, its procedural through-line is enriched by thoughtfully grappling with personal faith." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 71 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)

text: Patrick Q. Mason, in a review of the show, pointed out that it is the most recent entry in a long history of American media portrayals of Mormons as inherently violent. McKay Coppins, a Mormon journalist, stated in an article in "The Atlantic" that the series demonizes Mormons and misrepresents the faith. He said that "no one involved in the show felt compelled to check the customary boxes Hollywood creators have been trained to check in this era of inclusiveness and representation. Black did not hire any practicing Mormons to write or consult on the show." Lindsay Hansen Park later replied, "I guess "Deseret News" had printed something where they said they had asked FX if there were faithful members involved and they said no. I don't even know why they printed that, that must be misinformation, because we "did" tell them yes, that there were, cause there "were"! We had bishops, we had Relief Society Presidents, we had a good number of faithful people that we consulted. [...] I've named a few of the people who I think are okay with me naming them on my Facebook, some scholars who helped. But there are — for this reason — people that don't want their name to be involved."


title: Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)

text: Former American Fork Police Chief Randy Johnson said "I find the book to be substantially more accurate than the miniseries. ... I cannot recognize any actual person that I knew or came to know, accurately depicted in the series. The series does not reflect the actual investigation that I oversaw. Nor does it reflect the attitudes, behaviors and conduct of me or any of my officers. It is clearly a work of fiction as indicated by the disclaimer.” Sharon Wright Weeks, Brenda's sister, likewise said that, "I do not recognize her [Brenda] at all in any of the show."


title: William Austin Dickinson

text: William Austin Dickinson (April 16, 1829 – August 16, 1895) was an American lawyer. Known to family and friends as "Austin", he was the older brother of the poet Emily Dickinson.


title: William Austin Dickinson

text: After graduating from both Williston Seminary and Amherst College, Dickinson taught briefly before pursuing a legal education. He attended Harvard Law School, then joined his father, Edward Dickinson, in his law practice. After his father's death, Austin became treasurer of Amherst College from 1873 until his death. In addition to his law practice and treasury work, Dickinson took part in numerous civic projects and responsibilities, such as moderating the town meetings from 1881 until his death, and acting as president of the Village Improvement Association.


title: William Austin Dickinson

text: Dickinson on July 1, 1856 married Susan Huntington Gilbert, a friend of his sister Emily from childhood. They had three children and resided at the Evergreens, which stood, and still stands, adjacent to the Dickinson Homestead in downtown Amherst. Aside from his connection to his world-famous sister, Emily, Austin is also known for his longtime affair with Mabel Loomis Todd, a young Amherst College faculty wife who would eventually edit the first few collections of Emily Dickinson's poetry.


title: Ryan Smith (businessman)

text: S. Ryan Smith is an American billionaire businessman. He is the executive chairman and co-founder of Qualtrics, an experience management company based in Provo, Utah, United States. In 2016, he was included in "Fortune"'s "40 Under 40". Ryan Smith is a partial shareholder of two professional sports teams: the Utah Jazz in the NBA and Real Salt Lake in MLS.


title: Ryan Smith (businessman)

text: In October 2020, Smith agreed to purchase the Utah Jazz from the Miller family for US$1.66 billion, and on December 18, the NBA's Board of Governors unanimously approved the transfer of ownership. In January 2022, David Blitzer and Smith Entertainment Group agreed to purchase Real Salt Lake.


title: Ryan Smith (businessman)

text: Smith was born in Eugene, Oregon. His father, Scott M. Smith, worked as a university professor and is one of the co-founders of Qualtrics. Ryan's mother, Nancy Smith Hill, holds a Ph.D. in information systems and is an entrepreneur. While he was attending Brigham Young University’s Marriott School of Business, he founded Qualtrics with his father, and his brother, Jared Smith. During his junior year he dropped out of school to spend more time working on Qualtrics, though he eventually returned to school and finished his degree in 2016.


title: Ryan Smith (businessman)

text: On October 28, 2020, Gail Miller announced that Smith had agreed to purchase a majority stake in the Utah Jazz NBA franchise. The purchase agreement also included Vivint Arena, the Salt Lake City Stars of the NBA G League, and management of the Salt Lake Bees. Miller had previously put the team into a legacy trust with the objective of keeping the Jazz in Utah. As part of the announcement, Miller stated, "I am fully persuaded that with this sale, the objectives of the trust will be honored, and the new owners have made the same commitment to keep the team in Utah."


title: Ryan Smith (businessman)

text: Smith, along with New Jersey Devils and Philadelphia 76ers owner David S. Blitzer, were announced as the new majority owners of Major League Soccer club Real Salt Lake in January 2022. The club had been sold by former owner Dell Loy Hansen following controversial comments on civil rights protests by athletes made in 2020. Smith had publicly expressed interest in buying the club as early as September 2020, but delayed further negotiations to instead pursue the Jazz.


title: Ryan Smith (businessman)

text: Smith is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and spent two years in Mexico as a missionary.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: The Battle of Mu'tah (, or "") took place in September 629 (1 Jumada al-Awwal 8 AH), between the forces of Muhammad and the army of the Byzantine Empire and their Ghassanid vassals. It took place in the village of Mu'tah at the east of the Jordan River and Karak in Karak Governorate.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: In Islamic historical sources, the battle is usually described as the Muslims' attempt to take retribution against a Ghassanid chief for taking the life of an emissary. According to Byzantine sources, the Muslims planned to launch their attack on a feast day. The local Byzantine Vicarius learned of their plans and collected the garrisons of the fortresses. Seeing the great number of the enemy forces, the Muslims withdrew to the south where the fighting started at the village of Mu'tah and they were either routed or retired without exacting a penalty on the Ghassanid chief. According to Muslim sources, after three of their leaders were killed, the command was given to Khalid ibn al-Walid and he succeeded in saving the rest of the force.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: Three years later the Muslims would return to defeat the Byzantine forces in the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: The Byzantines were reoccupying territory following the peace accord between Emperor Heraclius and the Sasanid general Shahrbaraz in July 629. The Byzantine "sakellarios" Theodore, was placed in command of the army, and while in the area of Balqa, Arab tribes were also employed.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: Meanwhile, Muhammad had sent his emissary to the ruler of Bosra. While on his way to Bosra, he was executed in the village of Mu'tah by the orders of a Ghassanid official Shurahbil ibn Amr.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: Muhammad dispatched 3,000 of his troops in the month of Jumada al-Awwal 7 (AH), 629 (CE), for a quick expedition to attack and punish the tribes for the murder of his emissary by the Ghassanids. The army was led by Zayd ibn Harithah; the second-in-command was Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and the third-in-command was Abd Allah ibn Rawahah. When the Muslim troops arrived at the area to the east of Jordan and learned of the size of the Byzantine army, they wanted to wait and send for reinforcements from Medina. 'Abdullah ibn Rawahah reminded them about their desire for martyrdom and questioned the move to wait when what they desire was awaiting them, so they continued marching towards the waiting army.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: The Muslims engaged the Byzantines at their camp by the village of Musharif and then withdrew towards Mu'tah. It was here that the two armies fought. Some Muslim sources report that the battle was fought in a valley between two heights, which negated the Byzantines' numerical superiority. During the battle, all three Muslim leaders fell one after the other as they took command of the force: first, Zayd, then Ja'far, then 'Abdullah. After the death of 'Abdullah, the Muslim soldiers were in danger of being routed. Thabit ibn Aqram, seeing the desperate state of the Muslim forces, took up the banner and rallied his comrades, thus saving the army from complete destruction. After the battle, ibn Aqram took the banner, before asking Khalid ibn al-Walid to take the lead.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: Four of the slain Muslims were Muhajirin (early Muslim converts who emigrated from Mecca to Medina) and eight were from the Ansar (early Muslim converts native to Medina). Those slain Muslims named in the sources were Zayd ibn Haritha, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, Abd Allah ibn Rawaha, Mas'ud ibn al-Aswad, Wahb ibn Sa'd, Abbad ibn Qays, Amr ibn Sa'd, Harith ibn Nu'man, Suraqa ibn Amr, Abu Kulayb ibn Amr, Jabir ibn Amr and Amir ibn Sa'd.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: Daniel C. Peterson, Professor of Islamic Studies at Brigham Young University, finds the ratio of casualties among the leaders suspiciously high compared to the losses suffered by ordinary soldiers. David Powers, Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Cornell, also mentions this curiosity concerning the minuscule casualties recorded by Muslim historians. Montgomery Watt argues that a low causality count is possible if the nature of this encounter was a skirmish or if the Muslims completely routed the enemy. He further notes that the discrepancy between leaders and ordinary soldiers is not inconceivable in view of Arab fighting methods.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: After the Muslim forces arrived at Medina, they were reportedly berated for withdrawing and accused of fleeing. Salamah ibn Hisham, brother of Amr ibn Hishām (Abu Jahl) was reported to have prayed at home rather than going to the mosque to avoid having to explain himself. Muhammad ordered them to stop, saying that they would return to fight the Byzantines again. According to Watt, most of these accounts were intended to vilify Khalid and his decision to return to Medina, as well as to glorify the part played by members of one's family. It would not be until the third century AH that Sunni Muslim historians would state that Muhammad bestowed upon Khalid the title of 'Saifullah' meaning 'Sword of Allah'.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: Today, Muslims who fell at the battle are considered martyrs ("shuhadāʾ"). A mausoleum was later built at Mu'tah over their graves.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: According to al-Waqidi (d. 823) and Ibn Ishaq (d. 767), the Muslims were informed that 100,000 or 200,000 enemy troops were encamped at the Balqa'. Some modern historians state that the figure is exaggerated. According to Walter Emil Kaegi, professor of Byzantine history at the University of Chicago, the size of the entire Byzantine army during the 7th century might have totaled 100,000, possibly even half this number. While the Byzantine forces at Mu'tah are unlikely to have numbered more than 10,000.


title: Battle of Mu'tah

text: Muslim accounts of the battle differ over the result. According to David S. Powers, the earliest Muslim sources like al-Waqidi record the battle as a humiliating defeat ("hazīma"). However, Montgomery Watt notes that al-Waqidi also recorded an account where the Byzantine forces fled. Powers suggests that later Muslim historians reworked the early source material to reflect the Islamic view of God's plan. Subsequent sources present the battle as a Muslim victory given that most of the Muslim soldiers returned safely.


title: Cindy Pickett

text: She is known for her 1970s role as Jackie Marler-Spaulding on the CBS soap "Guiding Light" and Dr. Carol Novino on the television drama "St. Elsewhere" in the 1980s. Pickett, however, is best known to audiences for her lighter turn as Katie Bueller, Ferris Bueller's loving and unsuspecting mother, in the 1986 American comedy movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off".


title: Cindy Pickett

text: Other notable cinematic roles and performances include Valerie St. John in Roger Vadim's 1980 film, "Jeux de Nuit / Night Games", for which she would have the leading role, and as the tough-as-nails and heroic Dr. Diane Norris in the 1989 sci-fi-horror film "DeepStar Six".


title: Cindy Pickett

text: Pickett made a major departure from her soap opera image when she played the central role in the 1980 erotic film "Jeux de Nuit / Night Games", directed by Roger Vadim. It was a sexually charged role involving numerous nude scenes, however the film went unnoticed and did not boost Pickett's career. In the 1981 mystery/crime drama "Margin for Murder", Pickett played the role of Velda, Mike Hammer's (Kevin Dobson) loyal and devoted secretary. She played "Jackie Marler" on the soap opera "The Guiding Light" from 1976 to 1980, "Vanessa Sarnac" on the ABC weekly TV series "Call to Glory" from 1984 to 1985, and she appeared as Dr. Carol Novino on the hospital drama TV series "St. Elsewhere" from 1986 to 1988.


title: Cindy Pickett

text: Pickett had a supporting role in the 1987 mini-series "Amerika", which she then considered to be her "best part and the best showcase" she ever had. In 1991 she played the part of Addy Mathewson in the TV movie/pilot "Plymouth", which at the time was considered to be one of the most expensive such movies ever made. Pickett portrayed the real-life Kay Stayner, the mother of a boy who was kidnapped for several years, in the dramatic TV movie "I Know My First Name Is Steven". TV series she has guest-starred on include "Riptide", "Simon & Simon", "Magnum, P.I.", "L.A. Law", "Murder, She Wrote", "The Pretender", "NYPD Blue", "", "Without a Trace", "Crossing Jordan" and "Burn Notice".


title: Cindy Pickett

text: Pickett was born in Sand Springs, Oklahoma, daughter of Cecil Pickett, a director and drama teacher at the University of Houston. She dated Roger Vadim, who directed her in "Night Games". She met Lyman Ward when they played the parents of the teenaged protagonist in the 1986 film "Ferris Bueller's Day Off". They married in real life, and had two children, divorcing shortly after playing the parents of the teenaged protagonist in the 1992 film "Sleepwalkers". Pickett is a collector of stereopticon cards.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: The 2017–18 La Liga season, also known as LaLiga Santander for sponsorship reasons, was the 87th since its establishment. The season began on 18 August 2017 and concluded on 20 May 2018. The fixtures were released on 21 July 2017.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: Real Madrid were the defending champions. Barcelona, under new manager Ernesto Valverde, won the league title on 29 April 2018 with four matches to spare. It was the second part of a double-winning season for Barcelona, who also won the 2018 Copa del Rey Final.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: Levante, Girona and Getafe were the newly promoted clubs competing in the season, with Girona entering La Liga for the first time in its history. At the end of the season, Málaga, Las Palmas and Deportivo La Coruña were all relegated to the Segunda División.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: Prior to the season, several teams hired new managers, among them the previous season's runners-up Barcelona, who enlisted the services of Ernesto Valverde from Athletic Bilbao after the exit of Luis Enrique. Meanwhile, Valencia, who had struggled in the previous campaign hired Marcelino.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: In the transfer window, Barcelona were involved in the new world record transfer, selling Brazilian forward Neymar to French club Paris Saint-Germain for €222 million. They replaced him with young Frenchman Ousmane Dembélé, who signed for an initial €105 million fee that could rise to €150 million. Defending champions Real Madrid sold striker Álvaro Morata to Chelsea for €80 million and lost veteran defender Pepe to Turkey's Beşiktaş on a free transfer, while its largest fee paid during the window was €24 million for young defender Theo Hernandez from city rivals Atlético Madrid.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: Barcelona first topped the table on 16 September after winning 5–0 in its third match of the season against neighbours Espanyol, eventually making a run of seven wins from the start of the season that ended with a 1–1 draw at Atlético Madrid. Valencia improved on its previous campaign and began its new season well, with Marcelino getting the best out of players such as Italian striker Simone Zaza and on-loan Portuguese winger Gonçalo Guedes. Real Madrid struggled in the first half of the season, with problems including a smaller squad, injuries and the comparatively poorer goalscoring form of Cristiano Ronaldo relative to recent seasons.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: In January 2018, Barcelona added to its attack by spending €160 million on Brazilian Philippe Coutinho from Liverpool, while the end of a transfer ban allowed Atlético to register Diego Costa and Vitolo for action. Real Madrid manager Zinedine Zidane made no signings. Málaga were the first team to be relegated, ending its ten-season stay in La Liga with its descent confirmed after a 0–1 loss against Levante on 19 April. Three days later, Las Palmas' relegation was also confirmed after the Canarian team lost 0–4 at home to Alavés to end its three-year top flight status.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: On 29 April, Barcelona sealed its 25th league title with a 4–2 win at Deportivo de La Coruña, with Lionel Messi scoring a hat-trick. Barcelona still had four matches to play, and it was the second part of its double, having earlier won the 2018 Copa del Rey Final. The result also made Deportivo the final of the three relegated teams, sending them back to Segunda División for the first time in four years.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: A day later, Real Betis, under new manager Quique Setién, booked its entry to the UEFA Europa League following a 2–1 win over Málaga. Betis had a chance of occupying Spain's fourth UEFA Champions League spot after Barcelona, Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid, but that was soon taken by Valencia, which returned to the competition for the first time in three years. In its second-last match of the season, Sevilla drew 2–2 with city rivals Betis to confirm seventh place and qualification for the UEFA Europa League at the expense of Getafe. Barcelona were on track to complete the first unbeaten La Liga season since the Spanish Civil War (and first in a 38-match season), but surprisingly lost its 37th match 4–5 at Levante, having only conceded 24 goals all season to that point.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: A total of 20 teams competed in the league: the 17 sides from the 2016–17 season and the three promoted from the 2016–17 Segunda División. This latter three included the two top teams from the Segunda División and the winners of the play-offs.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: Levante was the first team from Segunda División to achieve promotion, after a one-year absence from La Liga, on 29 April 2017 after winning 1–0 against Oviedo. Girona were promoted as the runners-up after drawing 0–0 against Zaragoza on 4 June 2017, this was its first promotion to the top division. It became the 62nd team to participate in the Spanish top level league. Getafe was the last to be promoted after defeating Huesca and Tenerife in the play-offs, one year after its relegation.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: The three promoted clubs replaced Sporting Gijón, Osasuna and Granada, which were relegated at the end of the previous season.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: Atlético Madrid played for the first season at their new stadium, Wanda Metropolitano, replacing the Vicente Calderón Stadium, where they played since its opening in 1966.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: Deportivo La Coruña signed a sponsorship contract with Abanca for renaming their stadium as Abanca-Riazor.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: Real Betis completed their stadium renovation and it was grown to 60,720 seats, becoming the fourth biggest stadium in Spain. Meanwhile, after their first promotion ever to La Liga, Girona expanded Estadi Montilivi temporarily for hosting 13,450 spectators.


title: 2017–18 La Liga

text: The Zamora Trophy was awarded by newspaper "Marca" to the goalkeeper with the lowest goals-to-games ratio. A goalkeeper had to have played at least 28 games of 60 or more minutes to be eligible for the trophy.


title: Richard Marles

text: Richard Donald Marles (born 13 July 1967) is an Australian politician serving as the 19th deputy prime minister of Australia and the Minister for Defence. He has been the deputy leader of the Labor Party since 2019 and previously served as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. Marles has served as a Member of the Australian Parliament for Corio in Victoria since the 2007 election.


title: Richard Marles

text: He was a Parliamentary Secretary from 2009 to 2013, and served as Minister for Trade in the second Rudd Government from June to September 2013. He was a member of the Shadow Cabinet from Labor's defeat at the 2013 election to their victory at the 2022 election.


title: Richard Marles

text: Marles was born in Geelong, Victoria. He is the son of Donald Marles OAM, a former headmaster of Trinity Grammar School, and Fay Marles AM (née Pearce), Victoria's first Equal Opportunity Commissioner and later Chancellor of the University of Melbourne.


title: Richard Marles

text: Marles was educated at Geelong Grammar School and the University of Melbourne where he resided at Ormond College. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Laws with Honours. He joined the Melbourne University Labor Club in his first week at university and served as president of the Melbourne University Student Union in 1988. He was also the General Secretary of the National Union of Students in 1989. He started his career as a solicitor with Melbourne industrial law firm Slater and Gordon. In 1994, he became legal officer for the Transport Workers Union (TWU). He was elected TWU National Assistant Secretary four years later. In 2000 he joined Australia's peak national union body, the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), as assistant secretary, remaining in the position until 2007.


title: Richard Marles

text: In March 2006, Marles nominated for Labor preselection against the sitting member for Corio, Gavan O'Connor, as part of a challenge to several sitting members organised by the right-wing Labor Unity faction of the party. In the local ballot Marles polled 57% of the vote, and his endorsement was then confirmed by the party's public office selection committee.


title: Richard Marles

text: Marles was elected member for Corio on 24 November 2007 in the election that returned the Labor Party to office under the leadership of Kevin Rudd. From February 2008 to June 2009 he was chair of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs.


title: Richard Marles

text: In June 2009 Marles was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Innovation and Industry. He retained his seat in the 2010 election and was sworn in as Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs in the First Gillard Ministry on 14 September 2010. In July 2011, Marles became the first Australian member of parliament to visit Wallis and Futuna. Marles arrived in Wallis and Futuna to attend a ceremony with King Kapiliele Faupala in Mata-Utu marking the 50th anniversary of the islands' status as a French Overseas collectivity. Marles had previously visited New Caledonia in October 2010 and French Polynesia in March 2011.


title: Richard Marles

text: In the ministerial reshuffle of 2 March 2012, Marles was given the additional role of Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs. On 21 March 2013 he resigned these roles after expressing support for Kevin Rudd to challenge Julia Gillard for the leadership; a challenge that did not eventuate.


title: Richard Marles

text: In June 2013, he was appointed the Minister for Trade and a member of the Cabinet, succeeding Craig Emerson, who resigned following the June 2013 leadership spill that saw Kevin Rudd defeat Julia Gillard for leadership of the Labor Party.


title: Richard Marles

text: After the ALP's defeat at the 2013 federal election, Marles was appointed Shadow Minister for Immigration and Border Protection under opposition leader Bill Shorten. In February 2016, he began co-hosting the weekly television program "Pyne & Marles" on Sky News Live with Liberal MP Christopher Pyne. Marles had his portfolio changed after the 2016 election, becoming Shadow Minister for Defence. He has been cited as holding pro-U.S. views and as a "somewhat of a hawk".


title: Richard Marles

text: In May 2019, after Labor lost the 2019 federal election, it was reported that Marles would stand for the deputy leadership of the party, and would likely be elected unopposed following Clare O'Neil's decision not to run. He was formally endorsed as deputy to Anthony Albanese on 30 May, and selected the portfolio of Defence in the shadow cabinet.


title: Richard Marles

text: Following a shadow cabinet reshuffle in January 2021, Marles was placed in charge of a new "super portfolio" relating to recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, encompassing a "broad brief across national reconstruction, jobs, skills, small business and science".


title: Richard Marles

text: Two days after the 2022 federal election, Albanese had himself, Marles and three other senior Labor frontbenchers sworn in as an interim five-person government. Although counting was still underway, it was apparent by this time that no other party could realistically form even a minority government. The transfer of power was expedited due to the upcoming Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, with the full ministry due to be sworn in after the Quad. As Albanese flew to Tokyo to take part in the Quad soon after being sworn in, Marles served as Acting Prime Minister until Albanese returned to lead the nation full-time. He continues to return to the role whenever Albanese leaves the country.


title: Richard Marles

text: Marles supports the turning back of asylum seekers who arrive in Australia by boat and a Pacific Solution for the resettlement of refugees.


title: Richard Marles

text: Marles was supportive of an Australian War Memorial commemorating Operation Sovereign Borders navy personnel who undertook activities to stop asylum seekers coming to Australia by boat. That position was slammed by several Labor Left MPs as well as the Greens.


title: Richard Marles

text: In 2020, as shadow defence minister, Marles was critical of the Morrison government's handling of the programme to purchase French submarines, which, he said, had "profoundly compromised" Australia's national security. Marles otherwise supported the bipartisan consensus on national defence matters.


title: Richard Marles

text: On an interview on Sky News on 20 February 2019, Marles stated that it would be "a good thing" if the thermal coal market in Australia collapsed. He later back-tracked on this statement, saying that his "attack on coal was tone-deaf".


title: Richard Marles

text: Following the 2019 Federal Election, Marles maintained that public funds should not be used to subsidise coal, saying "a Labor government is not going to put a cent into subsidising coal-fired power", and the market should be allowed to make its own decisions, while also saying that if a private company decided to push forward with a mine and gained the necessary approvals that Labor would not stand in its way.


title: Richard Marles

text: Shortly after the Labor Party formed government in May 2022, both the new prime minister Anthony Albanese and foreign minister Penny Wong issued statements expressing strong support for the Australian economist professor Sean Turnell who had been detained in Myanmar while working for Aung San Suu Kyi at the time of the coup in Myanmar in February 2021. In early August, in his position as Acting Australian Prime Minister, Richard Marles underlined the Australian Government's position by saying that the Government "would not rest" until Sean Turnell was returned to Australia. Marles said that the Australian Government continued to "mull imposing sanctions" on Myanmar over the case of Turnell. However, when asked when the federal government would make a decision on any sanctions, Marles said, "All of that is a matter that's being worked through right now. Our concern in terms of engagement with Myanmar is to ensure the safe return of Professor Turnell to this country." Marles added that he couldn't provide details of the Australian consular assistance being provided to Professor Turnell.


title: Richard Marles

text: Marles lives in Geelong with his wife Rachel Schutze. He has three children from his current marriage and one from his first marriage to Lisa Neville, who was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 2002 and later became a state minister.


title: Butterfly (Crazy Town song)

text: "Butterfly" is a song by American rap rock band Crazy Town. It is based on a sample of "Pretty Little Ditty" from the Red Hot Chili Peppers' 1989 album "Mother's Milk", so band members Anthony Kiedis, Flea, Chad Smith, and John Frusciante are credited as writers. The song was released in October 2000 as the third single from their debut album, "The Gift of Game". It gained mainstream popularity after being released physically on February 20, 2001.


title: Butterfly (Crazy Town song)

text: "Butterfly" peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for two nonconsecutive weeks. Outside of the United States, the song topped the charts in seven countries, including Austria, Denmark, and Norway, and it peaked within the top ten on the charts of several others, including Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.


title: Butterfly (Crazy Town song)

text: Crazy Town did not choose to release "Butterfly" as the first single from "The Gift of Game". Guitarist Kraig "Squirrel" Tyler explained: "We knew all along we didn't want to release 'Butterfly' first because we didn't want to be known as the band that does 'Butterfly'. We are looking at this like we want to have a career. That isn't who we are". In describing the song, frontman Shifty Shellshock said: "Well a song like butterfly is a no brainer everyone seems to love that no matter how hard they are, it's very radio friendly, the female audience loves it and at the same time I think we kept our integrity with it, it's not a sell out song it's very real and cool and I like it".


title: Butterfly (Crazy Town song)

text: "Butterfly" was described by George Lang of "the Oklahoman" as a "a deft blend of hip-hop and rock". Alan di Perna of "Guitar World" magazine noted Crazy Town were predominantly a rap-metal group, with their music containing the "streetwise guitar rage" of the genre combined with "a dash of Eighties alternative melodicism" and declared the song as a "hip-hop flavored ballad" This was echoed by Tim Kenneally of "Spin" who noted that the band avoided "descending into rap-metal's typical bitch-done-me-wrong jeremiads"; he declared it a sappy hip-hop love song. Michael Steele, a music director of the pop radio station KIIS-FM, noted the song's crossover appeal in an interview in the "Los Angeles Times", declaring that among rap-rock songs, "Butterfly" was "the one that completely crossed over from the rap-rock genre." "Spin" labelled "Butterfly" as a "nu metal power ballad" and possibly the biggest love song of the entire genre.


title: Butterfly (Crazy Town song)

text: It was named the 34th "Most Awesomely Bad Song Ever" by VH1. It was also rated number 3 on "Billboard"'s chart for one-hit wonders of the 2000s, compiled in 2009. "Spin" named "Butterfly" as the 13th best nu metal song. "Butterfly" was featured in "Metal Hammer's" "The Top 40 Best Nu Metal Songs Ever Made" list and ranked at #18.


title: Butterfly (Crazy Town song)

text: The song's music video, directed by Honey, shows the band in a fantastical forest full of butterflies. Shifty Shellshock and Epic Mazur sing praises to two women with butterfly wings. At one point in the video, Shifty's star-shaped tattoos fly off into the air.


title: Nightcall (song)

text: "Nightcall" is a song by French electro house artist Kavinsky, released as a single in 2010. It was produced with Daft Punk's Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and mixed by electronic artist Sebastian. It features Lovefoxxx, lead singer of Brazilian band CSS, on vocals and includes remixes by Xavier de Rosnay, Jackson and his Computer Band and Breakbot. The track was used in the title sequence for the film "Drive", directed by Nicolas Winding Refn and starring Ryan Gosling and Carey Mulligan. "Nightcall" was included on Kavinsky's debut studio album, "OutRun" (2013).


title: Nightcall (song)

text: The song was also used in the soundtrack for the film "The Lincoln Lawyer", directed by Brad Furman and starring Matthew McConaughey. It was sampled by Lupe Fiasco for his single "American Terrorist III", as well as by Vinny Cha$e & Kid Art for their 2012 song "Drive" as a bonus track on "Golden Army". It was also sampled by Childish Gambino for his song "R.I.P" featuring Bun B on his mixtape "Royalty" and by Will Young for his 2012 song called "Losing Myself".


title: Nightcall (song)

text: "Nightcall" was covered by English band London Grammar for their debut album, "If You Wait" (2013). It was also covered by former Bluetones frontman Mark Morriss on his second solo album, "A Flash of Darkness", and by English shoegaze band My Vitriol.


title: Nightcall (song)

text: In 2013, English trio London Grammar covered "Nightcall" for their debut studio album, "If You Wait" (2013). The track was released as the album's fourth single on 8 December 2013.


title: Nightcall (song)

text: The cover received positive reviews from critics, with one writer from Fortitude Magazine saying that "London Grammar’s take on the already-brilliant track is laced with sheer elegance.".


title: Nightcall (song)

text: "Nightcall" plays in the background of a flashback scene in the film "The Lincoln Lawyer". It also plays during the opening credits of the 2011 film "Drive", and in scene 25 of "Our RoboCop Remake" as directed by Nicolas Winding Refn. The song is used in a commercial for the Sony Xperia phone promoting its low-light camera features. The song is also featured in the CW show Riverdale in episode 99.


title: Free verse

text: Free verse is an open form of poetry, which in its modern form arose through the French "vers libre" form. It does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any musical pattern. It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.


title: Free verse

text: Free verse does not "proceed by a strict set of rules … is not a literary type, and does not conform to a formal structure." It is not considered to be completely free. In 1948, Charles Allen wrote, "The only freedom cadenced verse obtains is a limited freedom from the tight demands of the metered line." Free verse contains some elements of form, including the poetic line, which may vary freely; rhythm; strophes or strophic rhythms; stanzaic patterns and rhythmic units or cadences. It is said that verse is free "when it is not primarily obtained by the metered line." Donald Hall goes as far as to say that "the "form" of free verse is as binding and as liberating as the "form" of a rondeau," and T. S. Eliot wrote, "No verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job."


title: Free verse

text: Kenneth Allott, the poet and critic, said the adoption by some poets of "vers libre" arose from "mere desire for novelty, the imitation of Whitman, the study of Jacobean dramatic blank verse, and the awareness of what French poets had already done to the alexandrine in France." The American critic John Livingston Lowes in 1916 observed "Free verse may be written as very beautiful prose; prose may be written as very beautiful free verse. Which is which?"


title: Free verse

text: Some poets have considered free verse restrictive in its own way. In 1922, Robert Bridges voiced his reservations in the essay "Humdrum and Harum-Scarum". Robert Frost, in a comment regarding Carl Sandburg, later remarked that writing free verse was like "playing tennis without a net." Sandburg responded saying, in part, “There have been poets who could and did play more than one game of tennis with unseen rackets, volleying airy and fantastic balls over an insubstantial net, on a frail moonlight fabric of a court.” William Carlos Williams said, "Being an art form, a verse cannot be free in the sense of having no limitations or guiding principles." Yvor Winters, the poet and critic, said, "…the greatest fluidity of statement is possible where the greatest clarity of form prevails. … The free verse that is really verse—the best that is, of W.C. Williams, H. D., Marianne Moore, Wallace Stevens, and Ezra Pound—is, in its peculiar fashion, the antithesis of free."


title: Free verse

text: In Welsh poetry, however, the term has a completely different meaning. According to Jan Morris, "When Welsh poets speak of Free Verse, they mean forms like the sonnet or the ode, which obey the same rules as English poesy. Strict Metres verse still honours the immensely complex rules laid down for correct poetic composition 600 years ago."


title: Free verse

text: Vers libre is a free-verse poetic form of flexibility, complexity, and naturalness created in the late 19th century in France, in 1886. It was largely through the activities of "La Vogue", a weekly journal founded by Gustave Kahn, as well as the appearance of a band of poets unequaled at any one time in the history of French poetry. Their style of poetry was dubbed 'Counter-Romanticism' and it was led by Verlaine, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Laforgue and Corbière. It was concerned with synaethesis (the harmony or equilibrium of sensation) and later described as "the moment when French poetry began to take consciousness of itself as poetry." Gustave Kahn was commonly supposed to have invented the term vers libre and according to F. S. Flint, he "was undoubtedly the first theorist of the technique(s)." Later in 1912, Robert de Souza published his conclusion on the genre, voicing that "A vers libre was possible which would keep all the essential characteristics of "vers Classique", but would free it from the encumbrances which usage had made appear indispensable." Thus the practice of vers libre was not the abandoning of pattern, but the creation of an original and complicated metrical form for each poem.


title: Free verse

text: The formal stimuli for vers libre were "vers libéré" (French verse of the late 19th century that liberated itself from classical rules of versification whilst observing the principle of isosyllabism and regular patterned rhyme) and "vers libre Classique" (a minor French genre of the 17th and 18th century which conformed to classic concepts, but in which lines of different length were irregularly and unpredictably combined) and "vers Populaire" (versification derived from oral aspects of popular song). Remy de Gourmont's "Livre des Masques" gave definition to the whole vers libre movement; he notes that there should arise, at regular intervals, a full and complete line, which reassures the ear and guides the rhythm.


title: Free verse

text: The unit of vers libre is not the foot, the number of the syllables, the quantity, or the line. The unit is the strophe, which may be the whole poem or only a part. Each strophe is a complete circle. Vers libre is "verse-formal based upon cadence that allows the lines to flow as they will when read aloud by an intelligent reader."


title: Free verse

text: Unrhymed cadence in vers libre is built upon "organic rhythm" or the rhythm of the speaking voice with its necessity for breathing, rather than upon a strict metrical system. For vers libre addresses the ear, not the eye. Vers libre is liberated from traditional rules concerning meter, caesura, and line end stopping. Every syllable pronounced is of nearly equal value but is less strongly accented than in English; being less intense requires less discipline to mold the accents into the poem's rhythm. This new technique, as defined by Kahn, consists of the denial of a regular number of syllables as the basis for verification; the length of the line is long and short, oscillating with images used by the poet following the contours of his or her thoughts and is free rather than regular.


title: Free verse

text: Although free verse requires no meter, rhyme, or other traditional poetic techniques, a poet can still use them to create some sense of structure. A clear example of this can be found in Walt Whitman's poems, where he repeats certain phrases and uses commas to create both a rhythm and structure.


title: Free verse

text: Pattern and discipline are to be found in good free verse: the internal pattern of sounds, the choice of exact words, and the effect of associations give free verse its beauty. With the Imagists free verse became a discipline and acquired status as a legitimate poetic form. Herbert Read, however, noted that "the Imagist Ezra Pound gave free verse its musical structure to an extent that paradoxically it was no longer free."


title: Free verse

text: Unrestrained by traditional boundaries, the poet possesses more license to express and has more control over the development of the poem. This can allow for a more spontaneous and individualized poetic art product.


title: Free verse

text: Vers libre, until 1912, had hardly been heard of outside France until T. E. Hulme and F. S. Flint shared their knowledge in 1909 with the Poets Club in London. This later became the heart of the Imagist movement through Flint's advocacy of the genre. Thus, vers libre influenced Imagism in the discovery of new forms and rhythms.