title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The possession of lasers and lamps mounted on airsoft guns is illegal. The possession of a device that is intended to be mounted on a gun and project light in any form in front of the muzzle is illegal. A violation constitutes an offense.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft is basically an underground sport in Greece because the law is unclear. According to the law, airsoft guns fall into the same general category as air guns, which are not real firearms, and are free to be purchased from specialized shops.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: It is prohibited to have any replica gun in public sight. This is treated similarly to illegal possession of a real firearm.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In Hong Kong, airsoft guns are considered toys as long as they are not able to be fired with a muzzle energy above two joules of kinetic energy, above which they are considered as a firearm and need registration, and possession of an unregistered firearm is illegal. Under the Section 13 of Cap 238 Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance of the Hong Kong Law, unrestricted use of firearms and ammunition requires a license. Those found in possession without a license could be fined HKD$100,000 and be imprisoned for up to 14


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns in Hong Kong are not required to have an orange tip. However, public possession or exposure of airsoft gun is not recommended by the police department in Hong Kong, as it is difficult to identify whether it is a real firearm or not. It is also not required to obtain a licence to sell an airsoft gun in Hong Kong.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In Hungary the law classifies airsoft guns as air guns. They can be owned from the age of 18 without any license.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In Indonesia, there are no strict rules about airsoft and there still has been no consideration by the government as to whether airsoft guns are treated as "toys" or are equal to real guns. However, when airsoft was first brought to Indonesia in 1996, founders of Indonesian airsoft communities put some restrictions on airsoft games. For example, airsoft players are encouraged not to upgrade their gun above 450 fps, or they will be rejected from the community. Moreover, anyone who wants to buy an airsoft gun, must be at least 18 years old and know the regulations and rules about the airsoft gun.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Some events have occurred that are perceived as endangering the continuity of the hobby, such as some robberies in which airsoft replicas were used. Therefore, in order to control its growth, there is a government-authorized club called Perbakin (Indonesian Shooting Club) which is currently appointed by police to accommodate airsoft as a new-born sport. Other authorized clubs that exist in Indonesia to accommodate airsoft and all of its users include the (), the Airsoft Brotherhood Unity (ABU), and the Indonesian Airsoft Federation (FAI).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In recent developments in the start of 2013, the police and people from the airsoft communities have exchanged words and are now in a negotiation to legalize the sport provided the players make their units (AEGs or GBBRs) distinctive from a real firearm through the use of orange tipped muzzle brakes


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft is an unrecognized sporting activity in India. Officially, mention of this sport does not exist in Indian sports guidelines, laws or documents. Therefore, it does not come under any category of sports or recreational activities.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: India does not have an airsoft manufacturing sector like most other nations. Thus every need for this activity has to be met through imports. Since the Indian Customs and the government are not aware about the existence of this sport or the nature of equipment used, imports will get seized citing resemblance to firearms. Inclusion of these items under Toy category rarely happens due to lack of awareness. There is also the risk of wrong classification under prohibited airgun caliber since only .177 cal is allowed for conditional civilian import into India. Detained items may be destroyed or sent for lab tests depending on the situation, with long waiting periods to obtain results.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Another side of non-recognition is the pseudo legal nature of this activity, since it is not mentioned anywhere. This has resulted in a thriving black market which effectively destroyed the true nature of this sport in India. Entry level equipment are being sold at more than premium prices with active support from corrupt authorities. This ended up turning airsoft into a collection activity than a field sport.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: This does not mean airsoft as a sport is not happening in India. It is unorganized and in a much smaller scale than developed nations. Also some imports are successful, but these are mostly exception than norm.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The status of airsoft in Ireland was changed after the 2006 Criminal Justice Act, which amended the previous Firearms Acts. Where once authorisation or a license was required for all devices which fired a projectile from a barrel, the law now defines a firearm as (amongst other things):


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: "an air gun (including an air rifle and air pistol) with a muzzle energy greater than one joule of kinetic energy or any other firearm incorporating a barrel from which any projectile can be discharged with such a muzzle energy"


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The aim of this change was to establish a classification of firearms in order to eliminate the legal oddity where toy suction cup dart guns and the like were legally classified as firearms, thus bringing Ireland into line with the rest of the EU. In this case, one joule was used as the limit, as opposed to seven joules in Germany, twelve foot-pounds force (16.2 J) in the UK and so on. The one-joule limit most likely arose from UK case law where it was found that energies in excess of one joule were required to penetrate an eyeball (thus causing serious injury). As a result, airsoft devices under one joule of power have been declassified and have become legal to possess and use within Ireland.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns are classified as "dangerous toys" in Israel which makes airsoft legal to import, manufacture and sell by licensed retailers only. Due to the fact that this law is not related to criminal acts, thus not being very well enforced, until the year 2010, it was possible to find private retailers who import MPEG and AEG level airsoft guns. Currently, purchase of airsoft guns of all levels is possible only through one or two licensed retailers.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Israeli airsofters have created airsoft associations in an attempt to make airsoft legal − Girit "Girit Airsoft Association in Israel" ("גירית – עמותת איירסופט לישראל") and ASI − Association of Israeli Strikeball (עמותת סטרייקבול ישראלית).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Girit is cooperating with the Israeli Shooting Federation, joining it shortly as a member and cooperating with other governmental authorities in an attempt to make airsoft legal in Israel.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Girit Airsoft Association has established cooperation with USAPSA, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Swedish, and Czech airsofters. An Israeli national airsoft tactical shooting competition took place near Beit Berel March 2007.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: As of Jul 2010, the Israeli airsoft associations had finished negotiations with the Israeli government. Since then, every association (or Tacticball Club Member) can carry airsoft gear (guns, parts, etc.) at home. Also transportation and carrying of airsoft guns may be done only if a tip of the barrel painted in red or orange color.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns and pistols are allowed a muzzle energy equal or minor to one joule. Under the law, airsoft guns are not classified as firearms, but as toys. One can buy and sell them both from stores and from another private citizen, either domestically or from abroad. Internet purchasing and mail shipping is legal and unrestricted. No license or registration is required. There is no mandatory minimum age to purchase airsoft and use it. The Italian Ministry of Interior only "recommends" that their sale be restricted to people over the age of 18 or 14 if accompanied by a parent or legal tutor or if the replica is not particularly realistic or powerful (i.e. low-grade airsoft products).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Red tips must be present on the barrel ends of the airsoft gun when they are imported and sold by a store. Once owning the airsoft gun, one may remove the red tip. However, the similarity between genuine firearms and airsoft replicas is close enough to provoke interaction with law enforcement personnel if an airsoft gun is mistaken for its real counterpart. Airsoft used to commit a crime is treated as if using the real gun, assault weapons carry an extra mandatory sentence in addition to the regular punishment for the crime committed.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Usage and open carriage of airsoft guns in public places is forbidden. One can play on private property away from public sight or in a well-delimited private or state property after having asked the local authorities for a limited-time permit (usually from six to 48 hours) and having alerted the local police command to avoid alarmed citizens calling for emergency.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: As the law limits the muzzle energy that an airsoft replica can develop before being classified by law as an air gun, modifying an airsoft gun to deliver more power or to shoot anything other than 6 mm BB plastic pellets is a felony.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft rental is illegal in Italy. You'll need a license to rent every time, but it's legal to buy one without a license.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In Japan, airsoft guns are legal, but may not shoot with a muzzle energy above 3.5 J/cm. This means a maximum of 0.989J in case of using 6mm BBs and 1.64J using 8mm BBs. And for adolescents, 0.135 joules. (Currently there are no 10+ 8mm airsoft guns)


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Legal requirements are based on an airsoft model manufacturers to prevent any possibility of replica firearms being converted into actual firearms. Standards include (but are not limited to) use of low-melting point metals and non-ballistic plastics in structural components and incompatibility of mechanical components with actual firearm components and mechanisms. The overall litmus test used by the Japanese National Police Authority is whether the replica firearm can be made to chamber and fire an actual round of ammunition. These standards have proven successful within Japan, as it has been found that criminal elements discovered that it is significantly easier to purchase an actual illegal firearm in comparison to modifying a comparatively fragile replica into a functional firearm. Due to this reality, most crimes involving a threat of physical violence are perpetrated with edged weapons, however, firearms seen in public are still (by default) seen as real by the public at large.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: As of 2020, 1,5 Joules is the maximum allowed muzzle energy limit for use in airsoft games. Airsoft guns are now considered low-energy airguns and as such are only sold to persons over the age of 18.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Registration of any sort is not required for airsoft firearms. If the gun has under 2.5 Joules of energy, it is not considered a weapon and only those over 18 years of age can purchase airsoft.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns were legally introduced in 1985. They have been classified under the category of air guns. In this classification, one finds air rifles (any power limit), airsoft guns, and paintball guns. At that time, to own and purchase any of these guns, one must have a Target Shooter B license and be member of a registered and licensed club.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Now, there is an amendment to the current regulation which came into effect in 2013 for airsoft and paintball guns, which are non-lethal guns.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: It is no longer required to have a Target shooter license B to purchase, use, and own airsoft or paintball devices.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft is not currently regulated in Mexico and replicas are not governed by the Federal Law on Firearms and Explosives nor its regulations. Accordingly, the practice of Airsoft as well as the ownership and possession of Airsoft replicas and accessories is a legal activity in the country under the Constitution.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The import of Gas Blow Back Airsoft replicas or other replicas powered by a compressed gas and its parts are in fact regulated, requiring a permit issued by the Ministry of National Defense. Airsoft replicas powered by a piston and spring mechanism, such as bolt action replicas and AEGs, are not subject to an import permit.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: For purposes of the General Law on Import and Export Tariffs, Airsoft replicas as well as Paintball guns and any other artifacts shooting projectiles of any kind through the use of compressed gasses (air, , propane, green gas, red gas, etc.) that are not the result of the conflagration of gunpowder or similar substances, are classified under Heading 93 (Weapons) of the Tariff, subheading 04 pertaining to (Other Weapons - actioned by spring or compressed gases), and would generally fall within the scope of subheading 9304.00.99 (Others), as provided by notes four, five and six of the Explanatory Notes to the Import Tariff, published by the Ministry of Economy on July 7, 2007, in the Official Gazette of the Federation.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Under the Executive Order that governs the sections of the Import Tariff that are subject to prior permit from the Ministry of National Defense and its modification published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 10 June 2014, the import of merchandise classified in tariff 9304.00.99 is subject to a permit when dealing with Compressed gas contained in pressurized containers, such as or carbonic gas. Weapons based on air compressed by spring or piston are specifically excluded therefrom. Refer to the following regulations: Acuerdo que establece la clasificación y codificación de las mercancías cuya importación o exportación están sujetas a regulación por parte de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, published in the Official Gazette of the Federation (Diario Oficial de la Federación) 30 June 2007, modified by executive orders published in October 2014, and 13 January 2016.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Even though AEGs and Spring Powered replicas are not required to process an import permit from the Ministry of Defense, care should be taken by anyone importing any such replicas as customs will seize the replica and direct the importer of record to get an Import Permit with the Ministry of Defense. The importer must be well prepared with documentation in Spanish showing the technical specifications and characteristics of the replicas in question, before the Customs authorities will authorize the extraction of the replica from customs premises.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: For any doubts as to whether a particular item is subject to an import permit, any individual or entity can submit a consultation with the National Defense Authority addressed to Dirección General del Registro Federal de Armas de Fuego y Control de Explosivos, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra número 596, Campo Militar número 1-J, Predio Reforma, D.F., colonia Irrigación, CDMX, México.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: On 1 January 2013, new Dutch laws regarding airsoft came into effect. Airsoft devices are air, gas, or spring powered weapons with a maximum shooting energy of 3.5 Joule and look almost completely like real firearms. Those who wish to possess an airsoft replica or participate in a skirmish will have to be registered with a certified airsoft organization. As of May 2016, only the NABV, the Dutch Airsoft Sport Association, was registered. Participation in a skirmish for non members is allowed up to six times per Year, but the Dutch Airsoft Sports Association will need to receive certain details about the player, this is usually done when you Rent at an airsoft Site. In order to obtain membership with the NABV a person must pass a police background check and must not have committed any crimes in the last eight years.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Since 1 April 2019 a new regulation has been introduced that ensures that replicas are now measured with joules instead of fps, this is done with bb's of at least 0.3 grams instead of 0.2. Replicas have the following joule values: Bolt action sniper: 2.3 joules (499 fps with 0.2 grams), DMR: 1.7 joules (430 fps with 0.2 grams), AEG: 1.2 joules (360 fps with 0.2 grams).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Replicas with two seconds delay are no longer part of the sniper class and are identified as DMR. Also AEG are only allowed to shoot up to 0.3 grams bb's while DMR and BAS can shoot up to 0.4 grams this change was made for safety.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Any player who is not a Dutch citizen can play without membership in the Netherlands, but they have to file for Exemption at the Dutch Airsoft Sport Association


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Air-powered firearms are legal to possess and use in New Zealand, provided that the person is either over 18 years of age or 16 with a firearms license. A person under 18 may not possess an air gun, but may use one under the direct supervision of someone over 18 or a firearms license holder (Direct supervision requires that the license holder be able to take control of the firearm at all times, so they must remain within arms reach).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: It is illegal to use these firearms in any manner that may endanger or intimidate members of the public except where there is reasonable cause such as an airsoft game.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The arms control legislation (Våpenforskrift) requires that one has to be at least 18 years old to buy airsoft but can use and own airsoft as a minor if they are wearing protection and have approval by parents.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Using an airsoft firearm while committing a crime receives the same punishment as the one received for using a real weapon. One is also required to carry firearms inside a bag, or some other kind of container to conceal the firearm from the public.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In the Letter of Instruction 1264, a Presidential Directive, signed by former President Ferdinand Marcos in 1982, bans the import, sale and public display of gun replicas. to classify what constitutes a gun replica and airsoft guns were deemed different from replicas, therefore the common legal interpretation is that there may be no need to repeal LOI 1264 in order to achieve full legalization of airsoft in the Philippines.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Republic Act No. 10591 declassified airsoft weapons as actual firearms. A ban places airsoft guns on the list of banned firearms. It classifies that no person is permitted to carry firearms in public except for security officers, police officers and military personnel on duty.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns as well as the sport of Airsoft are legal in Poland. The law does not distinguish Airsoft guns from Airguns, thus the only requirement is that they cannot exceed 17J of energy, which would classify them as pneumatic weapons. Open carrying an Airsoft replica in a public area is prohibited. Using an Airsoft replica is not a crime, but a lot of events take place in woods or abandoned buildings, so using grenades during the games may attract attention of police officers (normally they give you a warning and go away). One must be 18 to buy an Airsoft gun but there are no age restrictions to who can use one. Usually power limits are only for playing in buildings from 350fps to 450fps depending on the region with single fire restriction for stronger guns. In some regions no fps limits apply, this may vary from event to event so checking with the event organizer is a must.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: With the new revision of the "Firearms and Ammunition Act", airsoft guns are not considered as firearms. Currently, the formal definition of an Airsoft gun is a recreational firearm reproduction (a"replica" have a different legal application under the same law). However, in order to be characterized as a recreational firearm reproduction, its muzzle energy must not exceed 1.3 J (equivalent to a muzzle velocity of 374 fps with a 0,2g BB).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The minimum age to purchase and use these reproductions is 18 years old but can drop to 16 if a written parental consent is issued.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Under the same act, to purchase and operate an Airsoft gun, one must be a member of an APD - Sport Promotion Association.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Recognition of this APD is made by the IPDJ - Portuguese Youth and Sports Institute as it represents the state. The Firearms and Ammunition Act also states that after being approved by the IDP, the APD must be enlisted as such by the Portuguese law enforcement authority. There are several APDs for Airsoft in Portugal, CAM - Clube de Airsoft da Maia, ALA (FPA) Associação Lusitana de Airsoft, APA - Associação Portuguesa de Airsoft, ANA - Associação Nacional de Airsoft, APMA - Associação Portuguesa de Milsim e Airsoft, ADAPT - Associação Desportiva de Airsoft Português, and AACP - Associação Airsoft Costa de Prata.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In addition, Airsoft guns have to be painted either in fluorescent yellow or fluorescent red and be in compliance with the following criteria:


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns in Republic of Korea are deemed to be toy guns (not for sports) but considered illegal and imitation guns if any of the laws are broken.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: According to the "ENFORCEMENT DECREE OF THE CONTROL OF FIREARMS, SWORDS, EXPLOSIVES, ETC. ACT", (총포·도검·화약류등단속법시행령) in 2017, imitation guns are recognized according to any one of the following criteria:


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: 1. An object manufactured by metal or non-metal material, very similar to shape of the gun that can be high possibility to use for crime.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: 2. An object manufactured by metal or non-metal material, shoots metal or non-metal projectile, or make sound/fire that any one of the following criteria:


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Law nr. 295 (Regimul Armelor şi Muniţiilor) regulates all use of firearms and associated ammunition. The law is quite unclear (concerning airsoft firearms) as to whether this kind of firearm classifies as a "non-lethal weapon" or "toy." The law regulates the use of air-powered firearms (e.g. sport/competition use that use a metal projectile) under the "non-lethal" category and solely requires that one is at least 18 years old to purchase and register the firearm at the police precinct nearest to one's location. Any air/gas-powered weapon that shoots plastic projectiles only and does not exceed the velocity of 220 m/s (e.g.: airsoft guns) can be purchased by anyone who has 18+ years old without any need of registering.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The law specifies that usage of night vision (infrared) or laser aiming devices "designed for military use" is completely restricted to members of the army and associated entities even if the aiming device is used on a lower-restriction category firearm (e.g. such as on an airsoft gun). The law, however, does not restrict in any way the use of aiming devices not designed for military use.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The use or show of airsoft guns replicas is not permitted in public places, they can be used only in dedicated or non populated areas with the permission of the owner / administrator. For transporting, the airsoft replica must be unloaded and secured from public view (transportation bag).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Furthermore, the law specifies that, should one attempt to use a non-lethal or replica gun to perform (or attempt to perform) armed robbery, one shall be prosecuted as if a real firearm had been used.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns with a muzzle energy below three joules (muzzle velocity 173.2 m/s for 0.20 g projectiles) are legal, are not considered weapons, and do not require any permission.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: According to the Law on Weapons and Ammunition, airsoft guns fall into category D in classification of weapons, which means anyone over 9


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns have a status similar to the Czech Republic, where they are considered to be firearms. All firearms are governed by law 190/2003. Here, airsoft guns fit into firearm class D (§7b) and no permit is needed. The use of airsoft guns is allowed by players that are least 18 years old. Guns may not have an energy greater than 15 joules. The use of night vision scopes is forbidden. The owner of a gun is required by law to secure the firearm when not using it.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Importation of airsoft guns (from outside of EU), all critical parts/components of airsoft guns and aiming devices (optics, RDS, etc.) are permitted only with a weapon importation license. For airsoft parts, most monitored on customs are barrels, optics, magazines, receivers and accessories like grenades. Springs, gears, hop-ups, pistons, cylinders, switches, triggers are usually let through. External and non-critical parts like rails, holders, bipods, etc. can be legally imported without the license.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: There is no age restriction on playing airsoft in Slovenia, but most stores enforce 18+ rule or to be accompanied with a parent or a guardian to buy a replica. For games, in serious clubs, the age limit is usually 14+ with the parents or guardians written consent although there is no legal requirement for this. For bigger events 18+ rule is usually enforced by the organisers.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In Singapore, airsoft guns were allowed in civilian ownership until October 2001 when the country's Weapons and Firearms Act was amended to prohibit ownership after police reports of people getting hurt by misuse. It is illegal for civilians to own or import Airsoft guns or accessories, unless granted a license. A law was passed in Jan 2021 to better regulate replica guns as they are deemed to be too little risk to warrant tight regulation. However, the legality of importing and ownership of airsoft is still assumed to be unchanged.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Players have to comply with their Town Halls' requirements, which differ from town to town. Some towns however require players to provide a clear Criminal Record Certificate, pass a psychological exam (usual for firearms), have the guns serialized by a certified armorer, and have them inspected to check that the serial numbers match the declared ones. It is legal to buy, possess and sell airsoft replicas and accessories.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Since December 27, 2012, the airsoft guns are now considered 4th category weapons, for which we need to have them duly registered.


Legal issues in airsoft


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: To carry and use weapons of the fourth category, they must be documented individually by a weapon card according to article 105 of the Weapons Regulation.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In Sweden, Airsoft devices are considered limited effect firearms, and thusly fall under the Swedish Gun laws. To buy, and possess a limited effect firearm, one needs to be at least 18 years old (the law also makes room for special permits for people under 18 years old, but to date, no one seems to have been issued such a permit). Minors can be lent a limited effect firearm, if the lender is closely supervising and able to take the device from the minor immediately if needed. Violations of this is considered a guncrime, and both the minor, lender and the minor's guardians can be held accountable, with prison as a possible outcome if severe enough.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In order to possess a CO, air, or spring operated firearm without a license, the impact energy of a projectile fired at a distance of four meters (from the muzzle) must be less than ten joules.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In Switzerland, airsoft guns are considered weapons. Airsoft guns may not be sold to or possessed by persons who are under 18 or who have a criminal conviction. Additionally, airsoft guns may not be sold to individuals from Albania, Algeria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey or Sri Lanka.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The importation of airsoft guns is restricted to companies and individuals who hold weapons import licences. Private individuals can apply for a permit to import up to three airsoft guns which is valid for six months.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: For private sales to take place, there must be a written contract between both parties. Both parties are required to retain the contract for a period of ten years. As long as they contain no propellant, there is no restriction on the purchase or import of airsoft BBs. It is illegal to carry any Airsoft guns in a public place, however it is permissible to transport them directly between a player's home and an event site.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Only Whitelist shops that can sell Airsoft guns and supplies, the law is a bit vague. Paintball guns, BB guns, and Airsoft guns are not considered firearms, but for import/export need to have license that have quota how many you can import/export per year and renew the license every year, so it is legal to possess them without having a permit or registering them. However the owner must comply with the following conditions:


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns are legal to own or possess in the UAE. Airsoft guns are sold by weapon stores. Civilians are not permitted to import Airsoft guns, but weapon stores can import them with special permits.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft is not registered as an organised sport, although there are official Airsoft and paintball arenas.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft players in UAE typically play with Airsoft guns with a round speed under 450 FPS (feet per second). It is legal to buy and use tactical gear in the UAE except that which is used by the military or law enforcement.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: It is illegal to openly carry or use Airsoft guns in public areas. Airsoft guns can be used only inside official airsoft and paintball facilities, and must be kept in a safe location. Criminal charges will apply for violating or misusing Airsoft guns as per UAE government law.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: There are currently certain restrictions on the possession of airsoft replicas, which came in with the introduction of the ASBA (Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003) Amendments, prohibiting the possession of any firearms replica in a public place without good cause (to be concealed in a gun case or container only, not to be left in view of public at any time).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: According to Section 36 of the VCRA (Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006) which came into effect on 1October 2007, RIF's (Realistic Imitation Firearms) may not be sold, imported, or manufactured. Unrealistic imitation firearms (IF's) must have their principal color as transparent, bright red, bright orange, bright yellow, bright blue, bright green, bright pink, or bright purple or have dimensions of no more than a height of 38 millimetres and a length of 70 millimetres (as defined in the Home Office regulations for the VCRA). Exceptions to the act are available for the following:


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The notes for the VCRA state the following: "The regulations provide for two new defenses. The first is for the organisation and holding of airsoft skirmishing. This is defined by reference to "permitted activities" and the defence applies only where third party liability insurance is held in respect of the activities." and "The defence for airsoft skirmishing can apply to individual players because their purchase of realistic imitation firearms for this purpose is considered part of the "holding" of a skirmishing event."


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: The airsoft defence is based on whether or not a person is a skirmisher. One of the measures put in place by retailers was the forming of a centrally recorded and maintained database. This system is managed by the United Kingdom Airsoft Retailers Association or UKARA. UKARA shares the database of registered skirmishers with the member retailers allowing verification that the purchaser is allowed to buy a RIF under the VCRA skirmisher defence. To qualify for the UKARA database, a person must skirmish three or more times over a period of at least 56 days, and typically at one site. The airsoft site they register at must hold Public Liability Insurance.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: It is an offence for anyone under 18 to purchase an airsoft gun (realistic or otherwise) or to sell one to a person under 18. Gifting is not an offence, therefore a person over 18 can buy one for a minor.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Following an amendment to the Policing and Crime Act 2017 which came into effect on 2May 2017, airsoft guns (realistic or otherwise) are defined in UK law by the muzzle kinetic energy with which they are capable of firing a projectile, and are exempted from firearms legislation. An airsoft gun firing a projectile with a muzzle kinetic energy greater than the ones outlined in the PCA 2017 is no longer considered to be an airsoft gun and falls under firearms legislation. The specified muzzle kinetic energies are 1.3 joules for any automatic gun (which is capable of discharging two or


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: more missiles successively without repeated pressure on the trigger) and 2.5 joules for all other guns.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Under federal law, airsoft guns are not classified as firearms and are legal for all ages, so a person of any age may use one (and with the permission of their parents, for anyone under 18). This is also the case for the laws in each state. However, in some major cities, the definition of a firearm within their respected ordinances includes propulsion by spring or compressed air, thus making airsoft subject to applicable laws. For example, airsoft guns within the state of California can be bought only by a person above the age of 18. However, no laws indicate an age requirement to sell airsoft guns. Generally speaking, toy, look-alike, and imitation firearms must have an orange tip during shipping and transportation.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns in the United States are generally sold with a 0.24in. or longer orange tip on the barrel in order to distinguish them from real firearms, as is required by federal law. Manufacturers and importers may cite Part 272 of Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations on foreign commerce and trade (15 CFR 272), which stipulates that "no person shall manufacture, enter into commerce, ship, transport, or receive any toy, look-alike, or imitation firearm" without approved markings; these may include an orange tip, orange barrel plug, brightly colored exterior of the whole toy, or transparent construction. However these restrictions do not apply to "traditional B-B, paint-ball, or pellet-firing air guns that expel a projectile through the force of compressed air, compressed gas, or mechanical spring action, or any combination thereof." This language exempts airsoft guns from these requirements, placing them in the same category as bb-guns, pellet, air, and paintball, none of which are conventionally sold or used with an orange tip, and many of which bear as much resemblance to real firearms as airsoft guns do.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Airsoft guns' trademarks must be removed where the manufacturer does not have an existing license agreement with the manufacturer of the real fire arm. For example: Classic Army has a Sublicensing agreement with ActionSportGames® A/S (ASG) which holds the worldwide rights for ArmaLite and others, so the trademarks can stay on imported replicas of ArmaLite's weapons. In practice, enforcement is a hit or a miss. One might get an "unlicensed" gun through customs with trademarks intact, while a licensed gun might be held in customs by a uniformed customs agent. In early 2007, a United States House of Representatives resolution to allow imports to retain trademarks, even without agreement between the real firearms manufacturer and the replica manufacturer, was unsuccessful.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In addition, the similarity between genuine firearms and airsoft replicas is close enough to provoke interaction with local law enforcement personnel if an airsoft gun is carried openly in public. If someone were to, for example, attempt a robbery with an airsoft gun, they would be charged as if the airsoft gun were a real firearm. In some recent cases, people carrying or brandishing airsoft guns have been fatally shot by law enforcement personnel:


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: California makes it illegal to sell Airsoft/BB guns to anyone under 18 without their parent's permission and all airsoft guns are required to be fitted with an orange blaze barrel for sale and transport. Since 2016, the state will also require all airsoft guns to have fluorescent coloration over the trigger guard and grip (with additional requirements for rifles or long guns).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: During 1987 in New York City, more than 1400 toy imitation weapons involved in criminal acts were seized by New York City police; approximately 80 percent higher from the previous four years. On the basis of legislative intent dealing with the increasing volume of criminal acts in correlation with toy imitation weapons, New York City introduced new guidelines regulating the manufacture, importation, distribution, and sale of such imitation weapons. New York City requires that all realistic toy or imitation firearms be made of clear or brightly colored plastics. Furthermore, New York City makes possession of any pistol or rifle or similar instrument in which the propelling force is a spring or air unlawful without a license. "See" New York City Administrative Code § 10-131(b) and New York City Administrative Code § 10-131(g)(1)(a).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Michigan formerly required airsoft guns to visually indicate that they are "replicas", usually with an orange tip. In 2015, SB 85 modified areas of Michigan law to distinguish air and spring-fired guns from other traditional firearms. The change in law also forbid localities from adding additional restrictions to airsoft guns beyond the state regulations.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Texas allows airsoft guns to be owned, but most cities require that the airsoft guns be discharged only while outside city limits.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In Minnesota, it is illegal for a child under the age of 14 to possess an airsoft gun unless under the supervision of a parent or adult. It is also illegal for any child under 16 to purchase an airsoft gun without parental advisory involvement. In Saint Paul and Minneapolis, airsoft guns cannot be carried in public unless they either have an orange tip or the airsoft guns are clear or brightly colored. It is legal to possess airsoft guns in these cities as long as they are transported in a closed and fastened gun case (in accordance with Minnesota firearm transportation laws) and unloaded. The vast majority of municipalities (Excluding Duluth and Rochester) in Minnesota ban the firing of an airsoft gun within the city limits.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Arkansas has passed a bill which went into effect in January 2010 which mirrors the federal law on airsoft guns in that it bans the sale or transport airsoft guns without orange tips, a transparent/translucent body, or colored other than black/brown/blue/silver/metallic. Guns that are translucent or clear are allowed to be sold or transported. The bill bans "imitation firearms", but has the following to say about the definition of "imitation firearms" in section 2B:


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: (2) Traditional BB, paintball, or pellet-firing air guns that expel a projectile through the force of air pressure.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: (A) For which an orange solid plug or marking is permanently affixed to the muzzle end of the barrel for a depth of not more than six millimeters (6 mm).


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: (B) For which the entire exterior surface is predominantly colored other than black, brown, blue, silver, or metallic.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: (C) That is constructed of transparent or translucent materials that permit unmistakable observation of the complete contents of the device.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Therefore, the bill bans neither: imitation firearms (including airsoft guns) that are predominantly colored something other than black, brown, blue, silver or metallic; nor imitation firearms that are built of predominantly transparent or translucent materials, allowing anyone to determine the contents of the firearm; nor those which have bright orange tips which indicate that they are a "toy" and not a real firearm.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: In New Jersey, airsoft guns currently do not fall under the state's definition of firearms. Instead, like other 'toy' guns, they are regulated as 'imitation firearms', but how they are regulated can vary differently from city to city. It seems their role in state law comes from the fact that airsoft guns do not typically carry enough force combined with the materials of the projectile to cause an assured level of damage akin to that of real steel firearms or their more conventional cousins, the airgun or BB gun. Airsoft guns typically deliver projectiles at a lower velocity than airguns and fire polymer BB's which are not typically capable of piercing clothing, flesh, or bone in the same manner as full metal BB's or pellets or real steel ammunition.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Between 2006 and 2012, bills such as S810, the last descendant of four bills to have been introduced to the senate, were created to revise the legislature and "clarify" that airsoft guns fall under the state's definition of firearms. It did so by adding that "polymer balls and metallic-coated polymer balls" identify as one of the projectiles launched by airguns. All four bills have been unsuccessful in becoming law, thus airsoft guns have retained their status as imitation firearms. Under NJ law, imitation firearms are fake guns that can be reasonably mistaken for real firearms.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: Very few cities in New Jersey regulate airsoft guns, and the ones that do also regulate imitation firearms such as cap guns, etc., in the same manner. Most cities and counties in the Garden State regard airsoft guns as "toys" and as such are subject to federal and state imitation firearm laws which almost completely mirror the laws of their real steel counterparts. As they are not real steel firearms, airsoft guns do not require permits nor a Firearms Purchaser Identification card (also known as an FID) to purchase or own. However, to purchase an airsoft gun, one must be at least 18 years old and the gun must be sold with an orange tip in compliance with federal law. However, the Garden State does not regulate those under age 18 purchasing airsoft from online retailers. Evike, Elite Force, and other imitation firearm manufacturers that are based in states other than New Jersey can ship airsoft to those in the Garden State under the age of 18 while still being in compliance with the Law of New Jersey.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: It is a crime to fire or brandish airsoft guns in public view; airsoft guns should be fired indoors, on private property, or anywhere designated for use of airsoft guns such as an outdoor or indoor airsoft field. When transporting airsoft guns they must be stored in a gun bag away from public view. While transporting by vehicle they must remain inside their bag(s), and in the trunk of said vehicle. Carrying an airsoft gun on one's person, for example in one's waistband, outside or off of personal private property, and not in a bag or fastened case is cause for alarm in New Jersey. Should an observer assume it is a real firearm, it can lead to confiscation of the airsoft gun and in some cases prosecution for possession of an imitation firearm for unlawful purpose.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: If determined by an observer or law enforcement that a person is carrying an airsoft gun to commit a crime or using one during the commission of a crime, that person will be charged with possession of an imitation firearm for unlawful purpose. This charge can accompany crimes as low as disorderly conduct to generating public alarm to assault to armed robbery.


title: Legal issues in airsoft

text: As earlier mentioned, a few cities in New Jersey have their own separate laws regarding imitation firearms. However, the majority follow federal and state guidelines regarding these guns. Atlantic City, in particular, has placed a ban on the sale and possession of "realistic-looking toy guns" within the city unless if they are colored in a manner that can immediately identify them as toys. Clear imitation firearms are also acceptable. An exception applies to this ban if said imitation firearms are non-firing antiques or movie props. As such, information about airsoft and other imitation firearms laws in local areas should be retrieved from the city in question's police department. For current state laws, it is best to contact the Firearms Investigation Unit of the New Jersey State Police, or the office of the Attorney General.


title: John Feldmann

text: John Feldmann (born June 29, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. He serves as the lead singer/guitarist of the band Goldfinger.


title: John Feldmann

text: Feldmann grew up in Saratoga, California. He started writing songs around the age of 13 or 14. Around that time, he met the band Social Distortion, and was inspired to be like them.


title: John Feldmann

text: Feldmann's first band was Saratoga-based Family Crisis. In 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, where he formed the band Electric Love Hogs and met future Goldfinger bassist Kelly LeMieux. The Electric Love Hogs (which also included Dave Kushner of Velvet Revolver and Bobby Hewitt of Orgy) put out one album, their self-titled 1992 debut, which was co-produced by Tommy Lee.


title: John Feldmann

text: Feldmann formed Goldfinger in Los Angeles in 1994 after meeting original Goldfinger bassist Simon Williams in a shoe store where they were both working. Goldfinger played 385 shows in 1996, breaking the Guinness Book of World Records for the most concerts in one year for a touring band. In 1999, Goldfinger's song "Superman" was featured in the "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater" video game. Starting with their self-titled debut album in 1996, Goldfinger has released eight studio albums, including "Never Look Back", which was released on Big Noise on December 4, 2020.


title: John Feldmann

text: In 1998, Feldmann began producing for other bands, starting with Showoff, producing their self-titled debut album, followed by Mest and The Used. He produced Story of the Year's 2003 debut album "Page Avenue", which was certified Gold by the RIAA and peaked at number 51 on the Billboard 200, and included the hits "Anthem of Our Dying Day" and "Until the Day I Die". He produced and co-wrote Blink-182's 2016 album "California", which reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album. He co-wrote and co-produced "Made An America" by The Fever 333, which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance. He has also co-written and produced for All Time Low, 5 Seconds of Summer, Good Charlotte, Panic! at the Disco, Beartooth, Biffy Clyro, Korn, 311, Black Veil Brides, Avril Lavigne, Ashlee Simpson, Ashley Tisdale, Hilary Duff, Mandy Moore, and Papa Roach. The albums Feldmann has worked on have grossed more than 34 million sales worldwide.


title: John Feldmann

text: Starting in 1997, Feldmann has worked as an A&R executive at Warner Bros. Records, scouting talent and overseeing artist development. Feldmann is a former A&R consultant for Red Bull Records. In 2016, he became the Vice President of A&R at BMG. Along with Jon Cohen and Nick Gross, Feldmann started the record label Big Noise in 2017.


title: John Feldmann

text: Feldmann, Travis Barker, and John Reese started Back to the Beach Festival at Huntington State Beach in 2018. The two-day ska and punk festival featured The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 311, and Sublime With Rome its first year, and was headlined by Blink-182 in 2019, but has not returned after that.


title: Spasticity

text: Spasticity () is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia. It is also colloquially referred to as an unusual "tightness", stiffness, or "pull" of muscles.


title: Spasticity

text: Clinically, spasticity results from the loss of inhibition of motor neurons, causing excessive velocity-dependent muscle contraction. This ultimately leads to hyperreflexia, an exaggerated deep tendon reflex. Spasticity is often treated with the drug baclofen, which acts as an agonist at GABA receptors, which are inhibitory.


title: Spasticity

text: Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common form of cerebral palsy, which is a group of permanent movement problems that do not get worse over time. GABA's inhibitory actions contribute to baclofen's efficacy as an anti-spasticity agent.


title: Spasticity

text: Spasticity mostly occurs in disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting the upper motor neurons in the form of a lesion, such as spastic diplegia, or upper motor neuron syndrome, and can also be present in various types of multiple sclerosis, where it occurs as a symptom of the progressively-worsening attacks on myelin sheaths and is thus unrelated to the types of spasticity present in neuromuscular cerebral palsy rooted spasticity disorders.


title: Spasticity

text: The cause of spasticity is thought to be where an imbalance occurs in the excitatory and inhibitory input to α motor neurons caused by damage to the spinal cord and/or central nervous system. The damage causes a change in the balance of signals between the nervous system and the muscles, leading to increased excitability in muscles. This is common in people who have cerebral palsy, brain injuries or a spinal cord injury, but it can happen to anybody e.g. having a stroke.


title: Spasticity

text: One factor that is thought to be related to spasticity is the stretch reflex. This reflex is important in coordinating normal movements in which muscles are contracted and relaxed and in keeping the muscle from stretching too far. Although the result of spasticity is problems with the muscles, spasticity is actually caused by an injury to a part of the central nervous system (the brain or spinal cord) that controls voluntary movements. The damage causes a change in the balance of signals between the nervous system and the muscles. This imbalance leads to increased activity (excitability) in the muscles. Receptors in the muscles receive messages from the nervous system, which sense the amount of stretch in the muscle and sends that signal to the brain. The brain responds by sending a message back to reverse the stretch by contracting or shortening.


title: Spasticity

text: Overall, a defining feature of spasticity is that the increased resistance to passive stretch is velocity-dependent. Lance (1980) describes it this way: "...a motor disorder, characterised by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex as one component of the upper motor neurone (UMN) syndrome".


title: Spasticity

text: Spasticity is found in conditions where the brain and/or spinal cord are damaged or fail to develop normally; these include cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and acquired brain injury including stroke. Damage to the CNS as a result of stroke or spinal cord injury, alter the [net inhibition] of peripheral nerves in the affected region. This change in input to bodily structures tends to favor excitation and therefore increase nerve excitability. CNS damage also causes nerve cell membranes to rest in a more [depolarized] state. The combination of decreased inhibition and an increased depolarized state of cell membranes, decreases action potential threshold for nerve signal conduction, and thus increases activity of structures innervated by the affected nerves (spasticity). Muscles affected in this way have many other potential features of altered performance in addition to spasticity, including muscle "weakness"; decreased movement control; clonus (a series of involuntary rapid muscle contractions often symptomatic of muscle over-exertion and/or muscle fatigue); exaggerated deep tendon reflexes; and decreased endurance.


title: Spasticity

text: Clonus (i.e. involuntary, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations) tends to co-exist with spasticity in many cases of stroke and spinal cord injury likely due to their common physiological origins. Some consider clonus as simply an extended outcome of spasticity. Although closely linked, clonus is not seen in all patients with spasticity. Clonus tends to not be present with spasticity in patients with significantly increased muscle tone, as the muscles are constantly active and therefore not engaging in the characteristic on/off cycle of clonus. Clonus results due to an increased motor neuron excitation (decreased action potential threshold) and is common in muscles with long conduction delays, such as the long reflex tracts found in distal muscle groups. Clonus is commonly seen in the ankle but may exist in other distal structures as well, such as the knee or spine.


title: Spasticity

text: The clinical underpinnings of two of the most common spasticity conditions, spastic cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis, can be described as follows: in spastic diplegia, the upper motor neuron lesion arises often as a result of neonatal asphyxia, while in conditions like multiple sclerosis, spasticity is thought by some to be as a result of the autoimmune destruction of the myelin sheaths around nerve endings—which in turn can "mimic" the gamma amino butyric acid deficiencies present in the damaged nerves of spastic cerebral palsy children, leading to roughly the same "presentation" of spasticity, but which clinically is fundamentally different from the latter.


title: Spasticity

text: Spasticity is assessed by feeling the resistance of the muscle to passive lengthening in its most relaxed state. A spastic muscle will have immediately noticeable, often quite forceful, increased resistance to passive stretch when moved with speed and/or while attempting to be stretched out, as compared to the non-spastic muscles in the same person's body (if any exist). As there are many features of the upper motor neuron syndrome, there are likely to be multiple other changes in affected musculature and surrounding bones, such as progressive malalignments of bone structure around the spastic muscles (leading for example to the scissor gait and tip-toeing gait due to ankle equinus or ankle planter flexion deformity in spastic cerebral palsy children. scissor gait is caused by spasticity of the hip adductor muscles while tip-toeing gait is caused by spasticity of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle complex or calf musculature. Also, following an upper motor neuron lesion, there may be multiple muscles affected, to varying degrees, depending on the location and severity of the upper motor neuron damage. The result for the affected individual, is that they may have any degree of impairment, ranging from a mild to a severe movement disorder. A relatively mild movement disorder may contribute to a loss of dexterity in an arm, or difficulty with high level mobility such as running or walking on stairs. A severe movement disorder may result in marked loss of function with minimal or no volitional muscle activation. There are several scales used to measure spasticity, such as the King's hypertonicity scale, the Tardieu, and the modified Ashworth. Of these three, only the King's hypertonicity scale measures a range of muscle changes from the UMN lesion, including active muscle performance as well as passive response to stretch.


title: Spasticity

text: Assessment of a movement disorder featuring spasticity may involve several health professionals depending on the affected individual's situation, and the severity of their condition. This may include physical therapists, physicians (including neurologists and rehabilitation physicians), orthotists and occupational therapists. Assessment is needed of the affected individual's goals, their function, and any symptoms that may be related to the movement disorder, such as pain. A thorough assessment will include analysis of posture, active movement, muscle strength, movement control and coordination, and endurance, as well as spasticity (response of the muscle to stretch). Spastic muscles typically demonstrate a loss of selective movement, including a loss of eccentric control (decreased ability to actively lengthen). While multiple muscles in a limb are usually affected in the upper motor neuron syndrome, there is usually an imbalance of activity, such that there is a stronger pull in one direction, such as into elbow flexion. Decreasing the degree of this imbalance is a common focus of muscle strengthening programs. Spastic movement disorders also typically feature a loss of stabilisation of an affected limb or the head from the trunk, so a thorough assessment requires this to be analysed as well.


title: Spasticity

text: Secondary effects are likely to impact on assessment of spastic muscles. If a muscle has impaired function following an upper motor neuron lesion, other changes such as increased muscle stiffness are likely to affect the feeling of resistance to passive stretch. Other secondary changes such as loss of muscle fibres following acquired muscle weakness are likely to compound the weakness arising from the upper motor neuron lesion. In severely affected spastic muscles, there may be marked secondary changes, such as muscle contracture, particularly if management has been delayed or absent.


title: Spasticity

text: Treatment should be based on assessment by relevant health professionals. For spastic muscles with mild-to-moderate impairment, exercise should be the mainstay of management, and is likely needed to be prescribed by a Physiatrist (Doctor specialized in Rehabilitation medicine), occupational therapist, physical therapist, accredited exercise physiologist (AEP) or other health professional skilled in neurological rehabilitation.


title: Spasticity

text: Muscles with severe spasticity are likely to be more limited in their ability to exercise, and may require help to do this. In spastic cerebral palsy children the main treatment modality of spasticity is conservative in the form of botulinum toxin A injection and various physical therapy modalities such as serial casting, sustained stretching and medical pharmacologic treatment. Spasticity in cerebral palsy children is usually generalized although with varying degrees of severity across the affected extremities and trunk musculature. Neglected or inappropriately treated spasticity can eventually lead to joint contractures. Both spasticity and contractures can cause joint subluxations or dislocations and severe gait difficulties. In the event of contracture there is no role for conservative treatment. Hip dislocation and ankle equinus deformity are known to arise from muscle spasticity primarily. Orthopedic surgical reconstruction of the hip is commonly practiced to improve sitting balance, nursing care and relief hip pain.


title: Spasticity

text: Treatment should be done with firm and constant manual contact positioned over nonspastic areas to avoid stimulating the spastic muscle(s). Alternatively, rehabilitation robotics can be used to provide high volumes of passive or assisted movement, depending on the individual's requirements; this form of therapy can be useful if therapists are at a premium, and has been found effective at reducing spasticity in patients with strokes. For muscles that lack any volitional control, such as after complete spinal cord injury, exercise may be assisted, and may require equipment, such as using a standing frame to sustain a standing position. A general treatment guideline can be followed that involves:


title: Spasticity

text: Medical interventions may include such medications as baclofen, diazepam, dantrolene, or clonazepam. Phenol injections can be used, or botulinum toxin injections into the muscle belly, to attempt to dampen the signals between nerve and muscle. The effectiveness of medications vary between individuals, and vary based on location of the upper motor neuron lesion (in the brain or the spinal cord). Medications are commonly used for spastic movement disorders, but research has not shown functional benefit for some drugs. Some studies have shown that medications have been effective in decreasing spasticity, but that this has not been accompanied by functional benefits. Surgery could be required for a tendon release in the case of a severe muscle imbalance leading to contracture. In spastic CP, selective dorsal rhizotomy has also been used to decrease muscle overactivity.


title: Spasticity

text: Incorporating hydrotherapy in the treatment program may help decrease spasm severity, promote functional independence, improve motor recovery and decrease medication required for spasticity, which may help reduce the side effects that are possible with oral drug treatments. A 2004 study compared the effects of hydrotherapy on spasticity, oral baclofen dosage and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores of patients with a spinal cord injury (SCI). It was found that subjects who received hydrotherapy treatment obtained increased FIM scores and a decreased intake of oral baclofen medication. A 2009 study looked at the effect of hydrotherapy to decrease spasticity on post-stroke, hemiparetic patients with limited mobility and concluded that there was a significantly larger increase in FIM scores compared to the control group that did not receive hydrotherapy.


title: Spasticity

text: The prognosis for those with spastic muscles depends on multiple factors, including the severity of the spasticity and the associated movement disorder, access to specialised and intensive management, and ability of the affected individual to maintain the management plan (particularly an exercise program). Most people with a significant UMN lesion will have ongoing impairment, but most of these will be able to make progress. The most important factor to indicate ability to progress is seeing improvement, but improvement in many spastic movement disorders may not be seen until the affected individual receives help from a specialised team or health professional.


title: Spasticity

text: Doublecortin positive cells, similar to stem cells, are extremely adaptable and, when extracted from a brain, cultured and then re-injected in a lesioned area of the same brain, they can help repair and rebuild it. The treatment using them would take some time to be available for general public use, as it has to clear regulations and trials.


title: Spasticity

text: Historical progression of spasticity and the upper motor neuron lesion on which it is based has progressed considerably in recent decades. However, the term "spasticity" is still often used interchangeably with "upper motor neuron syndrome" in the clinical settings, and it is not unusual to see patients labeled as "spastic" who actually demonstrate not just spasticity alone, but also an array of upper motor neuron findings.


title: Spasticity

text: Research has clearly shown that exercise is beneficial for spastic muscles, even though in the very early days of research it was assumed that strength exercise would "increase" spasticity. Also, from at least the 1950s through at least the 1980s, there was a strong focus on other interventions for spastic muscles, particularly stretching and splinting, but the evidence does not support these as effective. While splinting is not considered effective for decreasing spasticity, a range of different orthotics are effectively used for preventing muscle contractures on patients with spasticity. In the case of spastic diplegia there is also a permanent neurosurgical treatment for spasticity, selective dorsal rhizotomy, that directly targets nerves in the spine that cause the spasticity, and destroys them, so that the spasticity cannot be activated at all.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Terrelle Pryor Sr. (born June 20, 1989) is a former American football wide receiver and quarterback. Considered the most recruited high school football-basketball athlete in southwestern Pennsylvania since Tom Clements, Pryor was widely regarded as the nation's top football prospect of 2008 and was named "Junior of the Year" by Rivals.com. Pryor had originally hoped to be a two-sport athlete, as he was also one of the nation's most recruited high school basketball players, but he later chose football.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: He was the starting quarterback for the Ohio State Buckeyes from 2008 to 2010, winning the Big Ten championship twice. His college career was marred by several suspensions and accusations of selling memorabilia and led to his eventual withdrawal from the university. Pryor was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the third round of the 2011 NFL Supplemental Draft. He then played quarterback for the Raiders from 2011 to 2013 and later spent time with the Seattle Seahawks, Kansas City Chiefs, and Cincinnati Bengals. He converted full-time to wide receiver with the Cleveland Browns in 2015 and played that position for the Washington Redskins, New York Jets, Buffalo Bills, and Jacksonville Jaguars.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: As a freshman at Jeannette High School, Pryor was clocked at 4.4 seconds in the 40-yard dash and 22.40 seconds in the 200-meter dash, and because of his athleticism and frame, he drew comparisons to former Texas standout Vince Young, as well as Philadelphia Eagles-era Randall Cunningham. Pryor also lived up to his recruiting ranking as a basketball player by leading the Jeannette Jayhawks to win their first WPIAL Championship in over 20 years, and then on to win the Pennsylvania PIAA state basketball championship game as a senior. During his junior year, he led the Jayhawks to their first Pennsylvania PIAA Class "AA" state football championship game where they lost to the Warriors of Wilson Area High School.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: During the 2007 football season, Pryor and the Jayhawks repeated as champions of the WPIAL. Following the Pennsylvania state semi-finals against the Greyhounds from Wilmington Area High School, Terrelle became the first player in the history of Pennsylvania high school football to run for 4,000 yards and also throw for 4,000 yards. The following week, Pryor led the Jayhawks to their first-ever Pennsylvania state championship by defeating the Dunmore Bucks, 49–21. At the conclusion of the season, Pryor had quarterbacked the Jayhawks to a Pennsylvania state season record of 860 points.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Pryor's high school accomplishments include being the two-time Pennsylvania Player of the Year, the offensive Player of the Year and the MVP of the U.S. Army All-American Bowl. He was named to the Parade All-America football team for the 2007 season and was selected as the "Parade" National Player of the Year.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Pryor was widely considered one of the top football recruits in the Class of 2008. He was ranked number four in the ESPNU 150 and the number one quarterback. Throughout his high school career, Pryor acquired numerous scholarship offers, initially committing to the hometown University of Pittsburgh to play basketball under coach Jamie Dixon. However, by his senior year his top interests were Ohio State, Penn State, Michigan, Oregon and West Virginia. "Sports Illustrated" called Pryor's announcement "the most anticipated signing day announcement in history."


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Pryor originally intended to announce his decision on February 6, National Signing Day, but later changed his mind, stating he still had not decided among Michigan, Ohio State, Oregon, and Penn State. Following the Jeannette basketball team's state championship victory on March 15, Pryor stated he would make his college decision within one week. On March 19, 2008 Pryor announced at a press conference that he would attend The Ohio State University.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Pryor saw limited action in the Buckeye's season opener against Youngstown State. He took more snaps against USC on September 13, 2008, completing 7-of-9 passes for 59 yards, as well as rushing for 40 yards on 11 carries.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On September 20, 2008, Pryor threw for a freshman school-record four touchdowns and one interception in his first career start for Ohio State. Ohio State beat Troy 28–10. On October 4, 2008, Pryor ran for the winning touchdown against Wisconsin on an option play with running back Chris "Beanie" Wells. On October 25, 2008, in an Ohio State loss against Penn State Pryor threw for a career-high 226 yards, connecting on 16 of 25 passes. Against Illinois on November 15, 2008, Pryor had his first career 100-yard rushing day running for 110 yards and a touchdown. In the Fiesta Bowl, he lined up at receiver and caught his first touchdown pass in college. Pryor led Ohio State to an 8–1 record as a starter in his freshman year; his only loss as a starter was against Penn State. (Todd Boeckman made the start in the Fiesta Bowl against Texas.) Following the 2008 Big Ten Conference football season, he was an honorable mention All-Big Ten Conference selection by the media and Big Ten Freshman of the Year by the coaches.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Before his sophomore year began, he ran a 4.33 40-yard dash in a race against Ray Small and many others. He was the fastest Buckeye in 2009.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: In his sophomore year, Pryor led the Buckeyes to another Big Ten Championship. After starting the season slow, he eventually developed into a better passer, and went on to earn the 2010 Rose Bowl MVP trophy after leading Ohio State to a 26–17 victory over Oregon. Pryor had the best passing game of his career, and also rushed for 72 yards. Following the 2009 Big Ten Conference football season, he was an honorable mention All-Big Ten Conference selection by the media.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Ohio State began the 2010 season second in most polls and Pryor began the season as a favorite for numerous awards. On September 25, 2010, Pryor had a break-out game in a 73–20 win over Eastern Michigan. He had six total touchdowns, including one rushing and one receiving. Following the 2010 Big Ten Conference football season, he was an honorable mention All-Big Ten Conference selection by both the coaches and the media. He was edged out by Denard Robinson as the 2010 Big Ten Conference MVP as voted by the Big Ten coaches. They had the same number of first place votes.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On December 23, 2010, the NCAA ruled that Pryor and four of his teammates would be suspended for the first five games of the 2011 season, as a sanction for selling memorabilia. This suspension did not involve the controversial decision to allow Pryor and his teammates to participate in the University's season-ending Sugar Bowl game on January 4, 2011.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On May 31, 2011, head coach Jim Tressel resigned. Multiple media outlets also reported that Pryor had been driving on a license that was suspended by the State of Ohio. He drove a Nissan 350Z to a team meeting and workout. ESPN reported that his suspension was to expire on August 18, 2011. In a subsequent report, ESPN also alleged that Pryor made thousands of dollars autographing memorabilia for a local booster, a charge denied by Pryor's attorney.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On June 7, 2011, it was announced that Pryor had chosen to withdraw from the university. On June 26, 2011, Pryor was banned from all contact with the university's athletic program and new incoming recruits. This caused him to become eligible for the NFL's Supplemental Draft.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Pryor held his Pro Day on August 20, 2011, in Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, where representatives from 17 NFL teams were present, including the Oakland Raiders. As was widely anticipated, Pryor demonstrated excellent athleticism and speed for a 6'4½" athlete weighing in at 240 pounds. His 40-yard dash times were clocked from 4.32 to 4.54 seconds, a range of times considered extremely fast for an athlete of his height and weight. Some scouts noted that the turf Pryor ran on was soft, and that he would have been even faster on a harder surface like those found in the NFL. His throwing was regarded as less impressive, as he completed 27 of 39 passes for just under a 70% completion rate, with four of those passes being dropped by receivers.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: The Oakland Raiders selected Pryor in the third round of the 2011 Supplemental Draft on August 22, 2011; he was the last pick longtime owner Al Davis made in his tenure with the Raiders, thus ending the Al Davis "speed era" including players Bo Jackson, Darrius Heyward-Bey, and Cliff Branch among others. Three days later, Pryor and the Raiders agreed to a four-year contract. Pryor served an NFL-mandated five-game suspension at the beginning of the 2011 season (the suspension being from the Ohio State scandal), but was still able to work out with the club. Pryor was reinstated the day following the team's win over the Houston Texans.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: In a game against the Kansas City Chiefs on October 23, Pryor saw his first NFL action. He lined up at the wide receiver spot, motioned behind center and ran a quarterback sneak, although the play was nullified due to a false start penalty on Pryor.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Pryor sat out for most of the 2012 season; however, one of his few appearances was a 22-yard reception thrown by Carson Palmer in Week 16 against the Carolina Panthers. Pryor was named the starting quarterback in the season finale against the San Diego Chargers after season-long starting quarterback Palmer went down with an injury the previous week. In his first start, Pryor threw for two touchdowns and rushed for another, but he also threw an interception and only completed 46% of his passes in a three-point loss.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Following Palmer's trade to the Arizona Cardinals, Pryor was expected to compete with newly acquired quarterbacks Matt Flynn and Tyler Wilson for the Raiders' starting job in 2013. Despite not being given the number 2 jersey at the beginning of his career by the then-coach Hue Jackson because it was formerly worn by JaMarcus Russell, he was able to switch with punter Marquette King and wear the number. On September 2, it was reported that Pryor would start in the season opener. In the first game against the Indianapolis Colts, he broke the Raiders' rushing record for a quarterback with 13 carries for 112 yards. This Raiders record was previously held by Rich Gannon.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: In Week 2, the Raiders played at home versus the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Raiders played ball control in the game, rushing for over 150 yards and defeating the Jaguars 19–9. Pryor completed 15 of 24 passes for 126 yards and no interceptions. He also added 50 yards rushing on nine carries.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: In Week 3, the Raiders played on the road against Denver and the high powered Bronco offense led by quarterback Peyton Manning and wide receiver Wes Welker. Oakland trailed 17–0 before Pryor hit Denarius Moore for a 73-yard touchdown. Pryor was knocked out of the game in the second half after suffering a concussion, but finished 19 for 28 for 281 yards. He also rushed for 36 yards on four carries. Matt Flynn took over after Pryor left the game but the Raiders still lost 37–21.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: In Week 4, Pryor was inactive versus the Washington Redskins. Flynn started the game but without the mobility of Pryor, the offense struggled and the Redskins prevailed over Oakland 24–14. This was the first game that the Raiders played since Pryor was named the starter, giving the team a 0–1 record without their quarterback.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: In Week 5, Pryor found himself once again at the helm and the Raiders responded against the San Diego Chargers. He threw two touchdowns in the first quarter and completed his first ten passes. Following an early interception against Chargers quarterback Philip Rivers, Pryor responded with a 44-yard touchdown strike to wideout Rod Streater. The second touchdown pass came on a two-yard pass to wideout Denarius Moore, which gave Oakland a 14–0 lead. In the second quarter, Pryor helped guide the Raiders to a field goal, which gave his team its first 17–0 lead at home since 2002. In the second half, both Pryor and the Raiders struggled as the Chargers came back to cut the lead to 24–17. Late in the fourth quarter, Pryor turned what looked to be an easy sack on third down into a 20-yard completion to Brice Butler, which led to a 50-yard field goal and sealed a 27–17 Raiders victory. As of this week, Pryor was 2–3 as a starter and 2–2 as a starter in 2013. His 135.7 passer rating versus San Diego marked the highest-rated game by a Raiders quarterback since Rich Gannon's 138.9 rating against the Tennessee Titans on September 29, 2002.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Pryor was sacked 10 times in a loss to Kansas City in week 6; he also threw three interceptions in the game, making it his worst game as a starter. He finished 18 of 34 for 216 yards and a touchdown pass to Denarius Moore.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: In Week 8 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Pryor opened the game with a 93-yard run for touchdown, the longest in NFL history for a quarterback. It was also the longest run of any player in Raiders history. The previous record for Oakland was a 92-yarder set by Bo Jackson on November 5, 1989. Pryor finished with nine carries for 106 yards and 10 of 19 passing for 88 yards, two touchdowns and two interceptions.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: In Week 9 on November 10, Pryor was injured in a 24–20 loss to the New York Giants and was sidelined with a sprained MCL. Having had his passing production dip for four games and then being hampered by a right knee sprain limiting his movement in the pocket, in November 24 game against the Titans, he was activated to play, but was relegated to backup quarterback behind Matt McGloin.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On April 21, 2014, Pryor was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for a seventh round pick in the 2014 NFL Draft. He played in the preseason, but was released during the final roster cuts on August 29. After his release from the Seahawks, Pryor worked out for the Cincinnati Bengals, Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants, and Washington Redskins, but did not sign a contract with any team.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On January 7, 2015, Pryor signed a one-year contract with the Kansas City Chiefs. He was released on May 5, 2015.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On May 10, 2015, Pryor signed with the Cincinnati Bengals. He was released five weeks later on June 18, 2015.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: The day after being cut by the Bengals, Pryor announced through his agent that he was open to switching his position to wide receiver.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: The Cleveland Browns claimed Pryor off waivers on June 22, 2015, and he made the team's final 53-man squad on September 5, but he was waived five days later. Following a season-ending injury to Josh McCown, he was re-signed on December 2. He played in the last game of the season against the Pittsburgh Steelers as a wide receiver, recording one reception for 42 yards.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: The Browns placed a $1.671 million tender on Pryor on March 7, 2016. At the start of the 2016 NFL season, Pryor was named a starter at wide receiver for the Browns. With Browns quarterbacks Robert Griffin III and Josh McCown inactive during a Week 3 contest against the Miami Dolphins, Pryor started as a receiver and took a few snaps at quarterback behind rookie Cody Kessler. He also had one play at safety at the end of the second half. Along with his 144 receiving yards, Pryor finished the loss with three completions for 35 yards, 21 rushing yards and scored his first rushing touchdown as a Brown. He was the first player in the NFL to have at least 120 receiving yards, 30 passing yards, and 20 rushing yards in a game since Frank Gifford did so for the New York Giants in 1959. On October 2, 2016, Pryor caught his first career touchdown on a nine-yard pass from Kessler. He finished the loss to the Redskins with five receptions for 46 receiving yards and one touchdown. During Week 6 against the Tennessee Titans, he would finish the game with a total of nine receptions for 75 yards and two touchdowns. Pryor finished the season with 77 receptions for 1,007 yards and four touchdowns. His 818 air yards ranked seventh among NFL wide receivers in 2016.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On March 10, 2017, Pryor signed a one-year, $8 million contract with the Washington Redskins. During his Redskins debut in the season opening game against the Philadelphia Eagles, Pryor had six receptions for 66 yards. Pryor caught his first touchdown pass as a Redskin against the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 4. He was placed on injured reserve on November 21, 2017 after opting to have surgery on his ankle, an injury he had been dealing with since Week 2.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On March 25, 2018, Pryor signed a one-year deal worth $4.5 million featuring $2 million guaranteed with the New York Jets. He played in six games, recording 14 receptions for 235 yards and two touchdowns before being released on October 20, 2018. Prior to his release, Pryor had been dealing with a groin injury.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On May 30, 2019, Pryor signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was placed on injured reserve on August 31, 2019, and was released three days later.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: Pryor was stabbed in the neck and chest early on November 29, 2019, during an incident with Shalaya Briston at the Heinz Loft Apartments in Pittsburgh. The two "mutual combatants in the incident" were each subsequently charged with assault, according to the Allegheny County District Attorney's Office, after Pryor had presented at UPMC Mercy in critical condition from stab wounds.


title: Terrelle Pryor

text: On October 6, 2021, Pryor was arrested after allegedly slapping his ex-girlfriend and throwing pumpkins at her car.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: The concept of Hellenistic religion as the late form of Ancient Greek religion covers any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of the people who lived under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire ( 300 BCE to 300 CE). There was much continuity in Hellenistic religion: people continued to worship the Greek gods and to practice the same rites as in Classical Greece.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Change came from the addition of new religions from other countries, including the Egyptian deities Isis and Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, which provided a new outlet for people seeking fulfillment in both the present life and the afterlife. The worship of deified Hellenistic rulers also became a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adapted earlier Egyptian practices and Greek hero-cults and established themselves as Pharaohs within the new syncretic Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great. Elsewhere, rulers might receive divine status without achieving the full status of a god.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Many people practised magic, and this too represented a continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles, and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. The complex system of Hellenistic astrology developed in this era, seeking to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. The systems of Hellenistic philosophy, such as Stoicism and Epicureanism, offered a secular alternative to traditional religion, even if their impact was largely limited to educated elites.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Central to Greek religion in classical times were the twelve Olympian deities headed by Zeus. Each god was honoured with stone temples and statues, and sanctuaries (sacred enclosures), which, although dedicated to a specific deity, often contained statues commemorating other gods. The city-states would conduct various festivals and rituals throughout the year, with particular emphasis directed towards the patron god of the city, such as Athena at Athens, or Apollo at Corinth.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Religious practice would also involve the worship of heroes, people who were regarded as semi-divine. Such heroes ranged from the mythical figures in the epics of Homer to historical people such as the founder of a city. At the local level, the landscape was filled with sacred spots and monuments; for example, many statues of Nymphs were found near and around springs, and the stylized figures of Hermes could often be found on street corners.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Magic was a central part of Greek religion and oracles would allow people to determine divine will in the rustle of leaves; the shape of flame and smoke on an altar; the flight of birds; the noises made by a spring; or in the entrails of an animal. Also long established were the Eleusinian Mysteries, associated with Demeter and Persephone. People were indoctrinated into mystery religions through initiation ceremonies, which were traditionally kept secret. These religions often had a goal of personal improvement, which would also extend to the afterlife.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: In the aftermath of the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek culture spread widely and came into much closer contact with the civilizations of the Near East and Egypt. The most significant changes to impact on Greek religion were the importation of foreign deities and the development of new philosophical systems. Older surveys of Hellenistic religion tended to depict the era as one of religious decline, discerning a rise in scepticism, agnosticism and atheism, as well as an increase in superstition, mysticism, and astrology.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: There is, however, no reason to suppose that there was a decline in the traditional religion. There is plenty of documentary evidence that the Greeks continued to worship the same gods with the same sacrifices, dedications, and festivals as in the classical period. New religions did appear in this period, but not to the exclusion of the local deities, and only a minority of Greeks were attracted to them.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: The Egyptian religion which follows Isis was the most famous of the new religions. The religion was brought to Greece by Egyptian priests, initially for the small Egyptian communities in the port cities of the Greek world. Although the Egyptian religion found only a small audience among the Greeks themselves, her popularity spread under the Roman empire, and Diodorus Siculus wrote that the religion was known throughout almost the whole inhabited world.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Almost as famous was the cult of Serapis, an Egyptian deity despite the Greek name, which was created in Egypt under the Ptolemaic dynasty. Serapis was patronized by the Greeks who had settled in Egypt. This religion involved initiation rites like the Eleusinian Mysteries. Strabo wrote of the Serapeion at Canopus near Alexandria as being patronized by the most reputable men.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: The religion of Atargatis (related to the Babylonian and Assyrian Ishtar and Phoenician Ba`alat Gebal), a fertility- and sea goddess from Syria, was also popular. By the 3rd century BCE her worship had spread from Syria to Egypt and Greece, and eventually reached Italy and the west. The religion following Cybele (or the "Great Mother") came from Phrygia to Greece and then to Egypt and Italy, where in 204 BCE the Roman Senate permitted her worship. She was a healing and protecting goddess, and a guardian of fertility and wild nature.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Another mystery religion was focused around Dionysus. Although rare in mainland Greece, it was common on the islands and in Anatolia. The members were known as Bacchants, and the rites had an orgiastic character. Linked to this was the last of the Greco-Roman Gods, Antinous, who was syncretized with Osiris, Dionysus, and other deities.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: These newly introduced religions and gods only had a limited impact within Greece itself; the main exception was at Delos, which was a major port and trading center. The island was sacred as the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis, and by the 2nd century BCE was also home to the native Greek religions that follow Zeus, Athena, Dionysus, Hermes, Pan, and Asclepius. But there were also cult centers for the Egyptian Sarapis and Isis, and of the Syrian Atargatis and Hadad. By the 1st century BCE there were additional religions that followed Ba'al and Astarte, a Jewish Synagogue and Romans who followed the original Roman religions of gods like Apollo and Neptune.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Another innovation in the Hellenistic period was the institution of cults dedicated to the rulers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. The first of these was established under Alexander, whose conquests, power, and status had elevated him to a degree that required special recognition. His successors continued his worship to the point where in Egypt under Ptolemy I Soter, we find Alexander being honored as a god. Ptolemy's son Ptolemy II Philadelphus proclaimed his late father a god, and made himself a living god.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: By doing so, the Ptolemies were adapting earlier Egyptian ideas in pharaonic worship. Elsewhere, practice varied; a ruler might receive divine status without the full status of a god, as occurred in Athens in 307 BCE, when Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Demetrius I Poliorcetes were honored as saviors ("soteres") for liberating the city, and, as a result, an altar was erected; an annual festival was founded; and an office of the "priest of the Saviours" was introduced. Temples dedicated to rulers were rare, but their statues were often erected in other temples, and the kings would be worshiped as "temple-sharing gods."


title: Hellenistic religion

text: There is ample evidence for the use of superstition and magic in this period. Oracular shrines and sanctuaries were still popular. There is also much evidence for the use of charms and curses. Symbols would be placed on the doors of houses to bring good luck or deter misfortune for the occupants within.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Charms, often cut in precious or semi-precious stone, had protective power. Figurines, manufactured from bronze, lead, or terracotta, were pierced with pins or nails, and used to cast spells. Curse tablets made from marble or metal (especially lead) were used for curses.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Astrology — the belief that stars and planets influence a person's future — arose in Babylonia, where it was originally only applied to the king or nation. The Greeks, in the Hellenistic era, elaborated it into the fantastically complex system of Hellenistic astrology familiar to later times. Interest in astrology grew rapidly from the 1st century BCE onwards.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: An alternative to traditional religion was offered by Hellenistic philosophy. One of these philosophies was Stoicism, which taught that life should be lived according to the rational order which the Stoics believed governed the universe; human beings had to accept their fate as according to divine will, and virtuous acts should be performed for their own intrinsic value. Another philosophy was Epicureanism, which taught that the universe was subject to the random movements of atoms, and life should be lived to achieve psychological contentment and the absence of pain. Other philosophies included Pyrrhonism which taught how to attain inner peace via suspension of judgment; Cynicism (philosophy), which expressed contempt for convention and material possessions; the Platonists who followed the teachings of Plato, and the Peripatetics who followed Aristotle. All of these philosophies, to a greater or lesser extent, sought to accommodate traditional Greek religion, but the philosophers, and those who studied under them, remained a small select group, limited largely to the educated elite.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: Hellenistic Judaism was a form of Judaism in the ancient world that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Greek culture. Until the fall of the Roman Empire and the Muslim conquests of the Eastern Mediterranean, the main centers of Hellenistic Judaism were Alexandria (Egypt) and Antioch (now Southern Turkey), the two main Greek urban settlements of the Middle East and North Africa area, both founded at the end of the 4th century BC in the wake of the conquests of Alexander the Great. Hellenistic Judaism also existed in Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period, where there was conflict between Hellenizers and traditionalists (sometimes called Judaizers).


title: Hellenistic religion

text: The major literary product of the contact of Second Temple Judaism and Hellenistic culture is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek, specifically, Jewish Koiné Greek. Mentionable are also the philosophic and ethical treatises of Philo and the historiographical works of the other Hellenistic Jewish authors.


title: Hellenistic religion

text: The decline of Hellenistic Judaism started in the 2nd century AD, and its causes are still not fully understood. It may be that it was eventually marginalized by, partially absorbed into or became progressively the Koiné-speaking core of Early Christianity centered on Antioch and its traditions, such as the Melkite Catholic Church, and the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch.


title: SAS Australia: Who Dares Wins

text: SAS Australia: Who Dares Wins, also known as "SAS Australia", is a reality quasi-military training television programme based on the original British "" that is broadcast on Seven Network since 19 October 2020. Upon release of the first season, the show's name was changed to simply "SAS Australia". The series features Ant Middleton as the chief instructor.


title: SAS Australia: Who Dares Wins

text: Production began in March 2020 on location in Queenstown, New Zealand, however production was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They recommenced filming on a property on the outskirts of Berridale in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales in Australia at GPS Coordinates . Production crew stayed locally in Jindabyne while filming.


title: SAS Australia: Who Dares Wins

text: Olympian Jana Pittman was reported to be a contestant in the March 2020 production, but with her pregnancy in the intervening months, was replaced by former "The Biggest Loser Australia" trainer Shannan Ponton. Pittman subsequently appeared as a contestant in Season 2, six months after giving birth.


title: SAS Australia: Who Dares Wins

text: In October 2020, the series was renewed for a second season. The second season began airing on 13 September 2021.


title: SAS Australia: Who Dares Wins

text: The season was filmed in the Capertree Valley in NSW with the camp being constructed in the Glen Davies Ruins. The Ruins are the remains of the Oil Shale Ruins which began operation in 1938 and ceased operation in 1952. The Glen Davis Ruins are on private property, but is available to visitors on a Saturday at 2pm


title: SAS Australia: Who Dares Wins

text: In March 2021, Seven commissioned a mini-series featuring civilian contestants in addition to the second main season. Titled "SAS: Hell Week" the mini-season was filmed back to back with the second celebrity season in the Blue Mountains.


title: Social Liberal Party (Brazil)

text: The Social Liberal Party (, PSL) was a far-right political party in Brazil, that merged with the Democrats and founded the Brazil Union. Founded in 1994 as a social-liberal political party, the PSL was registered on the Superior Electoral Court in 1998.


title: Social Liberal Party (Brazil)

text: In January 2018, former Social Christian Party politician Jair Bolsonaro joined the party and later converted it into an economically liberal, Brazilian nationalist, radically anti-communist and social conservative party. The original name remained after the ideological shift, and after Livres (the party's original main wing) left the party and formed their own political movement to continue the party's original goals. Bolsonaro became the party's nominee for the 2018 Brazilian general election and won in both rounds. Bolsonaro left the party in 2019 after disagreements with its president, Luciano Bivar, and then founded Alliance for Brazil.