title: Buckling

text: In structural engineering, buckling is the sudden change in shape (deformation) of a structural component under load, such as the bowing of a column under compression or the wrinkling of a plate under shear. If a structure is subjected to a gradually increasing load, when the load reaches a critical level, a member may suddenly change shape and the structure and component is said to have "buckled". Euler's critical load and Johnson's parabolic formula are used to determine the buckling stress in slender columns.


title: Buckling

text: Buckling may occur even though the stresses that develop in the structure are well below those needed to cause failure in the material of which the structure is composed. Further loading may cause significant and somewhat unpredictable deformations, possibly leading to complete loss of the member's load-carrying capacity. However, if the deformations that occur after buckling do not cause the complete collapse of that member, the member will continue to support the load that caused it to buckle. If the buckled member is part of a larger assemblage of components such as a building, any load applied to the buckled part of the structure beyond that which caused the member to buckle will be redistributed within the structure. Some aircraft are designed for thin skin panels to continue carrying load even in the buckled state.


title: Buckling

text: The ratio of the effective length of a column to the least radius of gyration of its cross section is called the slenderness ratio (sometimes expressed with the Greek letter lambda, λ). This ratio affords a means of classifying columns and their failure mode. The slenderness ratio is important for design considerations. All the following are approximate values used for convenience.


title: Buckling

text: If the load on a column is applied through the center of gravity (centroid) of its cross section, it is called an axial load. A load at any other point in the cross section is known as an eccentric load. A short column under the action of an axial load will fail by direct compression before it buckles, but a long column loaded in the same manner will fail by springing suddenly outward laterally (buckling) in a bending mode. The buckling mode of deflection is considered a failure mode, and it generally occurs before the axial compression stresses (direct compression) can cause failure of the material by yielding or fracture of that compression member. However, intermediate-length columns will fail by a combination of direct compressive stress and bending.


title: Buckling

text: The theory of the behavior of columns was investigated in 1757 by mathematician Leonhard Euler. He derived the formula, the Euler formula, that gives the maximum axial load that a long, slender, ideal column can carry without buckling. An ideal column is one that is perfectly straight, made of a homogeneous material, and free from initial stress. When the applied load reaches the Euler load, sometimes called the critical load, the column comes to be in a state of unstable equilibrium. At that load, the introduction of the slightest lateral force will cause the column to fail by suddenly "jumping" to a new configuration, and the column is said to have buckled. This is what happens when a person stands on an empty aluminum can and then taps the sides briefly, causing it to then become instantly crushed (the vertical sides of the can may be understood as an infinite series of extremely thin columns). The formula derived by Euler for long slender columns is given below.


title: Buckling

text: Examination of this formula reveals the following facts with regard to the load-bearing ability of slender columns.


title: Buckling

text: A conclusion from the above is that the buckling load of a column may be increased by changing its material to one with a higher modulus of elasticity (E), or changing the design of the column's cross section so as to increase its moment of inertia. The latter can be done without increasing the weight of the column by distributing the material as far from the principal axis of the column's cross section as possible. For most purposes, the most effective use of the material of a column is that of a tubular section.


title: Buckling

text: Another insight that may be gleaned from this equation is the effect of length on critical load. Doubling the unsupported length of the column quarters the allowable load. The restraint offered by the end connections of a column also affects its critical load. If the connections are perfectly rigid (not allowing rotation of its ends), the critical load will be four times that for a similar column where the ends are pinned (allowing rotation of its ends).


title: Buckling

text: Since the radius of gyration is defined as the square root of the ratio of the column's moment of inertia about an axis to its cross sectional area, the above Euler formula may be reformatted by substituting the radius of gyration formula_12 for formula_4:


title: Buckling

text: where formula_15 is the stress that causes buckling in the column, and formula_16 is the slenderness ratio.


title: Buckling

text: Since structural columns are commonly of intermediate length, the Euler formula has little practical application for ordinary design. Issues that cause deviation from the pure Euler column behaviour include imperfections in geometry of the column in combination with plasticity/non-linear stress strain behaviour of the column's material. Consequently, a number of empirical column formulae have been developed that agree with test data, all of which embody the slenderness ratio. Due to the uncertainty in the behavior of columns, for design, appropriate safety factors are introduced into these formulae. One such formula is the Perry Robertson formula which estimates the critical buckling load based on an assumed small initial curvature, hence an eccentricity of the axial load. The Rankine Gordon formula, named for William John Macquorn Rankine and Perry Hugesworth Gordon (1899 – 1966), is also based on experimental results and suggests that a column will buckle at a load "F" given by:


title: Buckling

text: where formula_18 is the Euler maximum load and formula_19 is the maximum compressive load. This formula typically produces a conservative estimate of formula_20.


title: Buckling

text: A free-standing, vertical column, with density formula_21, Young's modulus formula_3, and cross-sectional area formula_23, will buckle under its own weight if its height exceeds a certain critical value:


title: Buckling

text: where formula_25 is the acceleration due to gravity, formula_4 is the second moment of area of the beam cross section, and formula_27 is the first zero of the Bessel function of the first kind of order −1/3, which is equal to 1.86635086...


title: Buckling

text: A plate is a 3-dimensional structure defined as having a width of comparable size to its length, with a thickness that is very small in comparison to its other two dimensions. Similar to columns, thin plates experience out-of-plane buckling deformations when subjected to critical loads; however, contrasted to column buckling, plates under buckling loads can continue to carry loads, called local buckling. This phenomenon is incredibly useful in numerous systems, as it allows systems to be engineered to provide greater loading capacities.


title: Buckling

text: For a rectangular plate, supported along every edge, loaded with a uniform compressive force per unit length, the derived governing equation can be stated by:


title: Buckling

text: The previous equation can be substituted into the earlier differential equation where formula_36 equals 1. formula_40 can be separated providing the equation for the critical compressive loading of a plate:


title: Buckling

text: The buckling coefficient is influenced by the aspect of the specimen, formula_37 / formula_45, and the number of lengthwise curvatures. For an increasing number of such curvatures, the aspect ratio produces a varying buckling coefficient; but each relation provides a minimum value for each formula_35. This minimum value can then be used as a constant, independent from both the aspect ratio and formula_35.


title: Buckling

text: Given stress is found by the load per unit area, the following expression is found for the critical stress:


title: Buckling

text: From the derived equations, it can be seen the close similarities between the critical stress for a column and for a plate. As the width formula_38 shrinks, the plate acts more like a column as it increases the resistance to buckling along the plate's width. The increase of formula_37 allows for an increase of the number of sine waves produced by buckling along the length, but also increases the resistance from the buckling along the width. This creates the preference of the plate to buckle in such a way to equal the number of curvatures both along the width and length. Due to boundary conditions, when a plate is loaded with a critical stress and buckles, the edges perpendicular to the load cannot deform out-of-plane and will therefore continue to carry the stresses. This creates a non-uniform compressive loading along the ends, where the stresses are imposed on half of the effective width on either side of the specimen, given by the following:


title: Buckling

text: As the loaded stress increases, the effective width continues to shrink; if the stresses on the ends ever reach the yield stress, the plate will fail. This is what allows the buckled structure to continue supporting loadings. When the axial load over the critical load is plotted against the displacement, the fundamental path is shown. It demonstrates the plate's similarity to a column under buckling; however, past the buckling load, the fundamental path bifurcates into a secondary path that curves upward, providing the ability to be subjected to higher loads past the critical load.


title: Buckling

text: Flexural-torsional buckling can be described as a combination of bending and twisting response of a member in compression. Such a deflection mode must be considered for design purposes. This mostly occurs in columns with "open" cross-sections and hence have a low torsional stiffness, such as channels, structural tees, double-angle shapes, and equal-leg single angles. Circular cross sections do not experience such a mode of buckling.


title: Buckling

text: When a simply supported beam is loaded in bending, the top side is in compression, and the bottom side is in tension. If the beam is not supported in the lateral direction (i.e., perpendicular to the plane of bending), and the flexural load increases to a critical limit, the beam will experience a lateral deflection of the compression flange as it buckles locally. The lateral deflection of the compression flange is restrained by the beam web and tension flange, but for an open section the twisting mode is more flexible, hence the beam both twists and deflects laterally in a failure mode known as "lateral-torsional buckling". In wide-flange sections (with high lateral bending stiffness), the deflection mode will be mostly twisting in torsion. In narrow-flange sections, the bending stiffness is lower and the column's deflection will be closer to that of lateral bucking deflection mode.


title: Buckling

text: The use of closed sections such as square hollow section will mitigate the effects of lateral-torsional buckling by virtue of their high torsional stiffness.


title: Buckling

text: "C" is a modification factor used in the equation for nominal flexural strength when determining lateral-torsional buckling. The reason for this factor is to allow for non-uniform moment diagrams when the ends of a beam segment are braced. The conservative value for "C" can be taken as 1, regardless of beam configuration or loading, but in some cases it may be excessively conservative. "C" is always equal to or greater than 1, never less. For cantilevers or overhangs where the free end is unbraced, C is equal to 1. Tables of values of "C" for simply supported beams exist.


title: Buckling

text: The buckling strength of a member is less than the elastic buckling strength of a structure if the material of the member is stressed beyond the elastic material range and into the non-linear (plastic) material behavior range. When the compression load is near the buckling load, the structure will bend significantly and the material of the column will diverge from a linear stress-strain behavior. The stress-strain behavior of materials is not strictly linear even below the yield point, hence the modulus of elasticity decreases as stress increases, and significantly so as the stresses approach the material's yield strength. This reduced material rigidity reduces the buckling strength of the structure and results in a buckling load less than that predicted by the assumption of linear elastic behavior.


title: Buckling

text: A more accurate approximation of the buckling load can be had by the use of the tangent modulus of elasticity, E, which is less than the elastic modulus, in place of the elastic modulus of elasticity. The tangent is equal to the elastic modulus and then decreases beyond the proportional limit. The tangent modulus is a line drawn tangent to the stress-strain curve at a particular value of strain (in the elastic section of the stress-strain curve, the tangent modulus is equal to the elastic modulus). Plots of the tangent modulus of elasticity for a variety of materials are available in standard references.


title: Buckling

text: Sections that are made up of flanged plates such as a channel, can still carry load in the corners after the flanges have locally buckled. Crippling is failure of the complete section.


title: Buckling

text: Because of the thin skins typically used in aerospace applications, skins may buckle at low load levels. However, once buckled, instead of being able to transmit shear forces, they are still able to carry load through "diagonal tension" (DT) stresses in the web. This results in a non-linear behaviour in the load carrying behaviour of these details. The ratio of the actual load to the load at which buckling occurs is known as the "buckling ratio" of a sheet. High buckling ratios may lead to excessive wrinkling of the sheets which may then fail through yielding of the wrinkles. Although they may buckle, thin sheets are designed to not permanently deform and return to an unbuckled state when the applied loading is removed. Repeated buckling may lead to fatigue failures.


title: Buckling

text: Sheets under diagonal tension are supported by stiffeners that as a result of sheet buckling carry a distributed load along their length, and may in turn result in these structural members failing under buckling.


title: Buckling

text: Thicker plates may only partially form a diagonal tension field and may continue to carry some of the load through shear. This is known as "incomplete diagonal tension" (IDT). This behavior was studied by Wagner and these beams are sometimes known as Wagner beams.


title: Buckling

text: Diagonal tension may also result in a pulling force on any fasteners such as rivets that are used to fasten the web to the supporting members. Fasteners and sheets must be designed to resist being pulled off their supports.


title: Buckling

text: If a column is loaded suddenly and then the load released, the column can sustain a much higher load than its static (slowly applied) buckling load. This can happen in a long, unsupported column used as a drop hammer. The duration of compression at the impact end is the time required for a stress wave to travel along the column to the other (free) end and back down as a relief wave. Maximum buckling occurs near the impact end at a wavelength much shorter than the length of the rod, and at a stress many times the buckling stress of a statically-loaded column. The critical condition for buckling amplitude to remain less than about 25 times the effective rod straightness imperfection at the buckle wavelength is


title: Buckling

text: where formula_60 is the impact stress, formula_5 is the length of the rod, formula_62 is the elastic wave speed, and formula_63 is the smaller lateral dimension of a rectangular rod. Because the buckle wavelength depends only on formula_60 and formula_63, this same formula holds for thin cylindrical shells of thickness formula_63.


title: Buckling

text: Often it is very difficult to determine the exact buckling load in complex structures using the Euler formula, due to the difficulty in determining the constant K. Therefore, maximum buckling load is often approximated using energy conservation and referred to as an energy method in structural analysis.


title: Buckling

text: The first step in this method is to assume a displacement mode and a function that represents that displacement. This function must satisfy the most important boundary conditions, such as displacement and rotation. The more accurate the displacement function, the more accurate the result.


title: Buckling

text: The method assumes that the system (the column) is a conservative system in which energy is not dissipated as heat, hence the energy added to the column by the applied external forces is stored in the column in the form of strain energy.


title: Buckling

text: In this method, there are two equations used (for small deformations) to approximate the "strain" energy (the potential energy stored as elastic deformation of the structure) and "applied" energy (the work done on the system by external forces).


title: Buckling

text: where formula_69 is the displacement function and the subscripts formula_70 and formula_71 refer to the first and second derivatives of the displacement.


title: Buckling

text: Using the concept of "total potential energy", formula_72, it is possible to identify four fundamental forms of buckling found in structural models with one degree of freedom. We start by expressing


title: Buckling

text: where formula_74 is the strain energy stored in the structure, formula_75 is the applied "conservative" load and formula_76 is the distance moved by formula_75 in its direction. Using the axioms of elastic instability theory, namely that equilibrium is any point where formula_72 is stationary with respect to the coordinate measuring the degree(s) of freedom and that these points are only stable if formula_72 is a local minimum and unstable if otherwise (e.g. maximum or a point of inflection).


title: Buckling

text: These four forms elastic buckling are the "saddle-node bifurcation" or "limit point"; the "supercritical" or "stable-symmetric" bifurcation; the "subcritical" or "unstable-symmetric" bifurcation; and the "transcritical" or "asymmetric" bifurcation. All but the first of these examples is a form of "pitchfork bifurcation". Simple models for each of these types of buckling behaviour are shown in the figures below, along with the associated bifurcation diagrams.


title: Buckling

text: A conventional bicycle wheel consists of a thin rim kept under high compressive stress by the (roughly normal) inward pull of a large number of spokes. It can be considered as a loaded column that has been bent into a circle. If spoke tension is increased beyond a safe level or if part of the rim is subject to a certain lateral force, the wheel spontaneously fails into a characteristic saddle shape (sometimes called a "taco" or a "pringle") like a three-dimensional Euler column. If this is a purely elastic deformation the rim will resume its proper plane shape if spoke tension is reduced or a lateral force from the opposite direction is applied.


title: Buckling

text: Buckling is a failure mode in pavement materials, primarily with concrete, since asphalt is more flexible. Radiant heat from the sun is absorbed in the road surface, causing it to expand, forcing adjacent pieces to push against each other. If the stress is sufficient, the pavement can lift and crack without warning. Traversing a buckled section can be jarring to automobile drivers, described as running over a speed hump at highway speeds.


title: Buckling

text: Similarly, rail tracks also expand when heated, and can fail by buckling, a phenomenon called sun kink. It is more common for rails to move laterally, often pulling the underlying ties (sleepers) along.


title: Buckling

text: These accidents were deemed to be sun kink-related ("more information available at List of rail accidents (2000–2009)"):


title: Buckling

text: Pipes and pressure vessels subject to external overpressure, caused for example by steam cooling within the pipe and condensing into water with subsequent massive pressure drop, risk buckling due to compressive hoop stresses. Design rules for calculation of the required wall thickness or reinforcement rings are given in various piping and pressure vessel codes.


title: Buckling

text: Aerothermal heating can lead to buckling of surface panels on super- and hypersonic aerospace vehicles such as high-speed aircraft, rockets and reentry vehicles. If buckling is caused by aerothermal loads, the situation can be further complicated by enhanced heat transfer in areas where the structure deforms towards the flow-field.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The second season of the American serial drama television series "Lost" commenced airing in the United States and Canada on September 21, 2005, and concluded on May 24, 2006. The second season continues the stories of a group of over forty people who have been stranded on a remote island in the south Pacific, after their airplane crashed forty-four days prior to the beginning of the season. The producers have stated that as the first season is about introducing the survivors, the second season is about a 1970s scientific Dharma Initiative research station which the survivors discovered on the island and refer to as "The Hatch".


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The second season aired Wednesdays at 9:00 pm in the United States. In addition to the regular twenty-four episodes (with a run time around 42 minutes each), three clip-shows recapped previous events on the show. "Destination Lost" aired before the premiere, "Lost: Revelation" aired before the tenth episode and "Lost: Reckoning" aired before the twentieth episode. The season was released on DVD as a seven disc boxed set under the title of "Lost: The Complete Second Season – The Extended Experience" on September 5, 2006, by Buena Vista Home Entertainment.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The season was produced by Touchstone Television (now ABC Studios), Bad Robot Productions and Grass Skirt Productions and was aired on the ABC Network in the U.S. The executive producers were co-creator J. J. Abrams, co-creator Damon Lindelof, Bryan Burk, Jack Bender and Carlton Cuse. The staff writers were Lindelof, Cuse, co-executive producer Steven Maeda, supervising producer Javier Grillo-Marxuach, supervising producers Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz, supervising producer Leonard Dick, supervising producer Jeph Loeb, supervising producer Craig Wright, producer Elizabeth Sarnoff and Christina M. Kim. The regular directors were Bender, producer Stephen Williams, camera operator Paul Edwards and Eric Laneuville. Lindelof and Cuse served as the show runners.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The second season had fifteen roles getting star billing, with thirteen of them returning from the first season. The cast are listed in alphabetical order.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The second season featured numerous guest stars. Michael Emerson portrayed a man calling himself Henry Gale, who is suspected to be one of the Others, a group of mysterious island inhabitants who terrorize the survivors. L. Scott Caldwell returned to play Rose Henderson, while Sam Anderson joined the cast playing her husband, Bernard Nadler. Kimberley Joseph returns as flight attendant Cindy, having appeared in the pilot episode. Henry Ian Cusick portrayed Desmond Hume, a man who had been living in the hatch for three years. M. C. Gainey played the Other named Tom and Tania Raymonde played the Other named Alex. John Terry appeared in numerous flashbacks as Jack's father, Christian Shephard. François Chau appeared in orientation films for the Dharma Initiative. Clancy Brown acted as Desmond's companion in the hatch, Kelvin Inman. Katey Sagal appeared throughout the season as Helen, Locke's love interest who gets caught between his pugnacious relationship with his father.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 100% with an average score of 9.2 out of 10 based on 12 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "This sophomore season goes smoothly down the hatch, deepening both the mysteries of the island and the depth of its castaways."


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The season was nominated for nine Emmy Awards, but did not win any. Nominations included Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for "The 23rd Psalm"; Jack Bender for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for "Live Together, Die Alone"; Henry Ian Cusick for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series; Michael Bonvillain for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series for "Man of Science, Man of Faith"; two nominations for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series; Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series; Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series; and Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The season was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: Matthew Fox for lead actor, Naveen Andrews for supporting actor, while it won the award for best drama.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The DVD set entered the sales chart at the number one position in its first week of release, selling 500,000 copies in the first day. The season premiere hit a ratings high for the series, with 23.47 million American viewers. Overall, the season averaged 18.91 million American viewers.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The "No. in series" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "Featured character(s)" refers to the character(s), whose back story is featured in the episode's flashbacks. "U.S. viewers (million)" refers to the number of viewers in the United States in millions who watched the episode as it was aired.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The second season was released as a widescreen seven-disc Region 1 DVD box set in the on September 5, 2006, and in United Kingdom on October 2, 2006, titled as "Lost: The Complete Second Season – The Extended Experience". Each of these releases also contain extras, including behind the scenes footage, deleted scenes, audio commentaries, and a "Lost Connections" chart, which shows how all of the characters on the island are inter-connected with each other. The season was subsequently released on Blu-ray Disc on June 16, 2009.


title: Lost (season 2)

text: The series was initially released in two sets in United Kingdom: the first twelve episodes were released as a widescreen four-disc DVD box set on July 17, 2006. The remaining episodes of the second season were released as a four-disc DVD box set on October 2, 2006. The set was released in Region 4 on October 4, 2006.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Gary Ennis Collins (April 30, 1938 – October 13, 2012) was an American actor and television host. Throughout his career, he won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1984 and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1985.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins was born in Venice, California. He was raised there by a single mother, who was a waitress and factory worker. Gary attended Venice High School and graduated with the class of 1955. After attending Santa Monica College, he went into the United States Army.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins enlisted in the Army and served in Europe, where he was a radio and television performer for the Armed Forces Network. After his return, he performed at the Barter Theatre, a year-round repertory theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, whose director Robert Porterfield provided chances for many aspiring actors.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins made a career in television, co-starring, with Jack Warden and Mark Slade, in the 1965 series "The Wackiest Ship in the Army". He co-starred, with Dale Robertson and Robert Random, in the 1966–1968 series "Iron Horse". He starred in the 1972 television series "The Sixth Sense", in syndication part of Rod Serling's "Night Gallery", as the parapsychologist and extrasensory perception-gifted Dr. Michael Rhodes. In 1974, he starred in the series "Born Free", based on the life of George Adamson, a wildlife conservationist best known for his work with lions. Collins appeared in two episodes of "Perry Mason": in 1965, he played assistant district attorney and defendant Larry Germaine in the 1965 episode, "The Case of the Fatal Fetish", and in 1966, he played murderer Alex Tanner in "The Case of the Crafty Kidnapper".


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins guest-starred in dozens of television shows beginning in the 1960s, including "The Virginian", "The F.B.I." , "Hawaii Five-O", "The Six Million Dollar Man", "ALF", "Alice", "The Love Boat", "The Bionic Woman", "Charlie's Angels", "Roots", "Gimme A Break!", "Friends", "Vega$", "Yes, Dear", "JAG", and most recently "Dirty Sexy Money". Collins also appeared in an episode of "Barnaby Jones" titled “Deadly Reunion” (02/12/1976). He appeared in the episode "You're Not Alone" from the 1977 anthology series "Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected" (known in the United Kingdom as "Twist in the Tale"). He also starred in three episodes of the British TV series "Thriller"; 'Only A Scream Away' (1973), 'The Double Kill' (1975) and 'Dial a Deadly Number' (1976). He is the only actor to have appeared in more than two episodes of "Thriller" during its three-year run.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins also had many movie roles, including "The Pigeon That Took Rome" (1962), "Angel in My Pocket" (1969) also starring Andy Griffith, the original "Airport" (1970), "Quarantined" (1970), "Houston, We've Got a Problem" (1974), "The Night They Took Miss Beautiful" (1977), the horror thriller "Killer Fish" (1979), starring Lee Majors, "Watchers Reborn" (1998), and "The Jungle Book: Search for the Lost Treasure" (1998). He also played an American astronaut involved in a UFO coverup in the 1980 film "Hangar 18".


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins hosted the television talk show "Hour Magazine" from 1980 to 1988, and co-hosted the television series "The Home Show" from 1989 to 1994. He was the host of the Miss America Pageant from 1982 to 1990. His wife Mary Ann Mobley and he replaced Bob Barker as co-hosts of the Pillsbury Bake-Off from 1984 to 1988.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins was nominated for an Emmy Award six times and won in 1983 for Outstanding Talk Show Host. In 1985, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins was first married to Susan Peterson, with whom he had two children: Guy William and Melissa Collins. They divorced.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: In 1967, Collins married Mary Ann Mobley, Miss America (1959). They had one child, a daughter, Mary Clancy Collins. They separated in 2010, but reconciled soon after. He moved to her home state of Mississippi to be with her in 2012 while she battled breast cancer.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: Collins died around 1:00 am on October 13, 2012, at Biloxi Regional Medical Center in Biloxi, Mississippi of natural causes.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: The final decade of Collins's life was marred by several run-ins with the law. In January 2008, Collins served four days in jail in Glendale, California, for his second DUI conviction. He was arrested a year later, on January 31, 2009, in Santa Barbara County, California, and pleaded no contest to driving a motor home while drunk. Collins was then sentenced to 120 days home detention, according to a Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office spokesperson. His blood alcohol content was measured at 0.29, more than three times the legal limit.


title: Gary Collins (actor)

text: In November 2010, Collins was charged with a misdemeanor for leaving the scene of an accident in Jackson, Mississippi and fined $500. On January 5, 2011, Collins was charged with defrauding an innkeeper, a felony, in Harrison County, Mississippi, for allegedly failing to pay his bill at Jazzeppi's Restaurant, according to a statement released by the Biloxi Police Department. Collins said the restaurant was taking too long to deliver his dinner, so he left and refused to pay the bill. The restaurant owner later said the arrest was due to a misunderstanding, and the charges against Collins were dropped.


title: Ihsahn

text: Vegard Sverre Tveitan (born 10 October 1975), better known by his stage name Ihsahn (), is a Norwegian multi-instrumentalist, vocalist and composer, best known for his work with black metal band Emperor. Tveitan is also a founding member of Thou Shalt Suffer, where he played guitar and keyboard in addition to vocal duties, and Peccatum, a project in collaboration with his wife and fellow musician Heidi Solberg Tveitan, also known as Starofash. Since 2006, Tveitan has primarily devoted himself to solo albums and occasional guest appearances.


title: Ihsahn

text: Beyond the characteristics typically associated with metal music, Tveitan's musical style also includes classical, industrial, and progressive elements. He is a progenitor of the symphonic black metal genre. Emperor's final album, "", composed by Ihsahn, epitomizes the genre.


title: Ihsahn

text: Tveitan was born in Notodden, Norway, where he grew up on a large rural farm. He began playing piano at age six and guitar at age 10.


title: Ihsahn

text: At the age of 13, Tveitan met Tomas Haugen (also known as Samoth), who would become his long time collaborator and the co-founder of Emperor. While at a music seminar, Tveitan gained Haugen's attention with his Iron Maiden patches.


title: Ihsahn

text: In 1990 Tveitan joined Haugen's band Xerasia, a death metal band in which he played guitar and keyboards. They eventually changed their name to Embryonic sometime that year. In November, the band released a self-financed four-track demo titled "The Land of the Lost Souls". In 1991 they changed their name again to Thou Shalt Suffer. The project was partially funded by a government grant and the group made several releases in 1990 and 1991. Shortly after, Haugen left the band to focus on other projects. Tveitan later used the name Thou Shalt Suffer to release an album of electronic music that he composed entitled Somnium.


title: Ihsahn

text: Later in 1991 Haugen and Tveitan formed Emperor. Emperor had a much more refined black metal sound which showcased Tveitan's developing keyboard skills, a distinct feature that would appear in many of his later releases. The band at this time received a lot of support and encouragement from black metal pioneer Euronymous, and after several demos, the "Emperor" EP was released in 1993 to much acclaim.


title: Ihsahn

text: During this time, bandmates Bård Eithun (also known as Faust) and Haugen were imprisoned; Eithun for murder and Haugen for arson. Tveitan retreated to a property owned by his family to compose much of what would later become "Anthems to the Welkin at Dusk," which was recorded after Haugen's parole.


title: Ihsahn

text: In 1995 the cult album "Blood Must be Shed", by Zyklon-B was released featuring members of Emperor and Satyricon. Tveitan played synth on the album. In 1998 Tveitan and his wife Heidi Solberg Tveitan—who at the time used the stage name Ihriel—formed the experimental band Peccatum. Tveitan offered his iconic synth sound as well as clean and black vocals to the project. Peccatum would eventually becoming his main project until its termination on 4 March 2006.


title: Ihsahn

text: In 1999 Emperor released "IX Equilibrium", Tveitan's third studio album with the group. Two years later, in 2001, Peccatum released their second studio album, "Amor Fati". In the same year, Emperor released their fourth and final studio album, "". 'Prometheus' was entirely composed by Tveitan and featured more complex orchestration than previous works; though significantly less synthesizers than before. It was at this time that Emperor mutually decided to dissolve, leaving Tveitan and his bandmates with more time to focus on their various side projects.


title: Ihsahn

text: 2004 saw the release of Peccatum's third and final studio album, "Lost in Reverie", with an EP titled "The Moribund People" following the year after. On 30 September 2005, Emperor made a surprise return at "Scream" magazine's 15-year anniversary party at Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo. The show was kept top secret, only known by a handful of people. The band played three songs. This was to announce the reuniting of the band for a few shows around Europe and America in 2006, namely at Wacken and Inferno Festival.


title: Ihsahn

text: In April 2006, Tveitan released his first solo album, "The Adversary". He recorded and produced the album by himself, with the exception of drums which were contributed by Asgeir Mickelson, and guest vocals on the track "Homecoming" by Kristoffer Rygg of Ulver. The album showcases his progressive influences as well as heavy metal, black metal and classical music. "The Adversary" was recorded at Symphonique Studios in Norway and was released on his label Mnemosyne Productions, which he founded in 2003 with Starofash. A video was made for the opening track, "Invocation".


title: Ihsahn

text: He released his second studio album, titled "angL", the following year, featuring Lars K. Norberg on bass, Asgeir Mickelson on drums, and guest vocals from Mikael Åkerfeldt (of Opeth) on the track "Unhealer".


title: Ihsahn

text: In March 2009, Tveitan performed some of his solo material live for the first time, in a one-off performance opening for Opeth in Norway. He has since made many festival appearances, playing a mix of solo material and Emperor covers. Fellow Norwegians Leprous have served as his backing band. "Grimen", the only album by side project 'Hardingrock' was released the same year.


title: Ihsahn

text: Tveitan released his third solo album, "After", in January 2010. Lars K. Nordberg and Asgeir Mickelson once again contributed bass and drums, respectively, with Jørgen Munkeby (of Shining) playing saxophone on several tracks as well. Later that year, in October, a Mnemosyne web update confirmed that Ihsahn had already begun writing for a fourth solo album, and was also focusing on upgrading his studio at home.


title: Ihsahn

text: 2011 was a busy year for Tveitan. Aside from making his solo debut in the US at the annual ProgPower USA metal festival in Atlanta, Georgia, he also performed as a guest on two records, co-produced the album "Bilateral" with his wife, and continued to work on his fourth solo album. Collaborators once again included Jørgen Munkeby and Devin Townsend, who in a November 2011 interview mentioned that he was "singing a song for Ihsahn's new thing", but added that he could not elaborate any more at that point in time.


title: Ihsahn

text: "Das Seelenbrechen" was released on 21 October 2013. It was recorded in Juke Joint Studio and Tveitan's own Mnemosyne Studio.


title: Ihsahn

text: In April 2016, Tveitan released his sixth studio album, "Arktis," on Candlelight Records. The album was mixed and mastered by Jens Bogren. The album cover features a photograph of Fridtjof Nansen, whose 1896 mission to the North Pole fits with the lyrical atmosphere of the album. They also share their birthday of 10 October.


title: Ihsahn

text: In 2018, Tveitan released "Àmr", his seventh studio album. The title of the album is an old Norse word for "loathsome" or "black" and reflects the introspective nature of the songs. Tveitan added that the word "Àmr", could also mean "rust red" and that the concept of a "room without walls" was a prevalent metaphor when working on the album. In comparison to previous albums, "Àmr" also features a greater use of electronic sounds, including analog synthesizers, that add to the intimate feeling of the music.


title: Ihsahn

text: In 2002, Tveitan was awarded the Notodden kommunes kulturpris (Notodden Municipality's Culture prize). He won the prize because he is considered the best-known inhabitant of Notodden, a great musician, a music teacher, and he arranges a lot of concerts for unknown bands. The fact that his band sold more than 500,000 copies was also a reason for getting the prize.


title: Ihsahn

text: Tveitan has instructional videos on playing guitar that have appeared in online publications such as "Guitar World".


title: Ihsahn

text: Tveitan lent his voice in 2007 to an animated character from the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse, Eric von Wiechlinghammer, in the episode "Dethfashion".


title: Ihsahn

text: In an interview in 2012, Tveitan cited Iron Maiden, King Diamond, Judas Priest, and Pink Floyd as influential artists when he was young. He highlighted the conceptual and narrative aspects that these groups constructed their albums around as being particularly influential. His solo albums also strive to maintain a cohesive thread throughout. Tveitan has described planning the atmosphere and conceptual underpinnings of "Arktis" and "Àmr" before beginning the compositional process, and has rejected the idea that albums are mere collections of songs.


title: Ihsahn

text: Ihsahn is married to Heidi Solberg Tveitan, known professionally as Starofash or Ihriel. He has cited her as an important creative collaborator on his solo albums. Tveitan is the brother-in-law of Einar Solberg, the lead vocalist of the band Leprous, Kenneth Solberg, former guitarist of the band Leprous, and Lord PZ, who was a part of the band Peccatum together with both Ihsahn and his wife.


title: Ihsahn

text: Ihsahn described himself a Satanist in the 1990s. As he explained in 1994, he considered Satanism to be hard to define, as there are different ways of Satanism, and to be more of a category the individual would have to set for themselves. He considered most other adolescents to be "soulless" people, too involved in materialistic things. He said the imprisonment of the other Emperor members had both positive and negative effects; it meant a difficult period for the band, but the imprisonment also gave them publicity and therefore more possibilities to spread their ideas. Ihsahn additionally has said he has seen no reason to be physically destructive and has had no personal connection to the church burning cases that rocked Norway. In a 1994 interview, Ihsahn described a social Darwinist influence on his Satanism, calling himself anti-Christian and saying it is "not for a weak person", while also expressing respect towards European paganism, meditation and stewardship of the environment. He has additionally condemned acts of criminality and other forms of religious intolerance such as the aforementioned arson cases.


title: Rabid Dog

text: "Rabid Dog" is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series "Breaking Bad", and the 58th overall episode of the series. Written and directed by Sam Catlin, it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on September 1, 2013.


title: Rabid Dog

text: After seeing Saul's car crashed in his yard, Walter White cautiously creeps through his house in search of Jesse Pinkman, who broke in and doused it in gasoline. Jesse is nowhere to be found, but Walt finds a compact disc smeared with white powder in Saul's car, indicating Jesse is likely high on meth. After a cleaning crew cannot fully remove the gasoline scent, Walt douses his clothing and the seats of his car with it. He tells a doubtful Skyler White and Walter White Jr. a complicated fabrication about a pump malfunction at the gas station. Walt moves the family into a hotel until the carpet and flooring can be replaced.


title: Rabid Dog

text: Walt secretly meets with Saul Goodman and Patrick Kuby in the hotel's parking lot, asking for an update on Jesse's whereabouts. Saul hints at the possibility of killing Jesse, but Walt rejects the idea and warns him to never bring it up again. Back in their hotel room, Skyler confronts Walt over his lies, having just seen him with Saul. Walt confesses that Jesse is upset and tried to burn down their house, but says he is not concerned because Jesse decided against it. A shocked Skyler presses Walt to kill Jesse, who she views as a threat to their safety, saying "We've come this far ... What's one more?"


title: Rabid Dog

text: A flashback reveals that Jesse did not simply change his mind: Hank Schrader, having trailed Jesse to Walt's residence after Jesse assaulted Saul, managed to talk Jesse out of torching the house and convinced him to work together to bring Walt down. Hank and Jesse left the house seconds before Walt arrived. Marie talks to her therapist about her issues with Walt but stops short of revealing the true extent of his criminality. Hank keeps Jesse at their house because he believes that he will be more protected there; Marie agrees because Hank assures her that things will turn out badly for Walt. Hank and Steve Gomez tape Jesse as he recounts his history with Walt. However, because there is no physical evidence and Walt has left the meth business, Hank has nothing sufficiently incriminating to take to the authorities.


title: Rabid Dog

text: Walt leaves a voicemail for Jesse, asking to meet in a public plaza in Downtown Albuquerque to discuss Brock Cantillo's poisoning and to reconcile. Hank coerces the reluctant Jesse to comply, despite Jesse's fear for his own safety. Hank reassures Jesse by recounting Walt's previous attempts to protect him at his own expense and states that since the meeting is in a public place, he will be safe. However, privately with Gomez, Hank indicates his dislike of Jesse and indifference to risking his death; if Jesse is killed on camera, it can be used as potential evidence against Walt.


title: Rabid Dog

text: Wired for sound, Jesse goes to meet with Walt but backs down after mistaking a nearby pedestrian for a hitman. Angered, Jesse goes to a pay phone to call Walt and threatens him, telling him that he will "get him where he really lives." A furious Hank berates Jesse for blowing the plan, but Jesse calmly informs him that he has a better strategy in mind. Meanwhile, Walt calls Todd, requesting another job for his uncle, Jack.


title: Rabid Dog

text: The episode was viewed by 4.41 million people on its original broadcast, which was a decrease from the 4.85 million of the previous episode.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: SkipTheDishes (styled capitalized, sometimes shortened to just SKIP) is a Canadian online food delivery service headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba and a division of Dutch-based Just Eat Takeaway.com. Users can order and pay for food from participating restaurants online using an application on the iOS or Android platforms, or through a web browser. Users are also able to provide feedback by reviewing restaurants after receiving an order. It was founded in 2012 in Saskatoon, and later purchased by UK-based Just Eat in 2016, with Just Eat retaining the name. SkipTheDishes was subsequently folded into Just Eat Takeaway following Just Eat's acquisition in 2020, and assumed Takeaway.com's orange branding and logo.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: SkipTheDishes was founded in 2012 by brothers Josh and Chris Simair. At the time, Chris was living in Saskatchewan and working at Cameco Corporation as an IT Solutions Architect and Josh was likewise living in Saskatchewan, in the city of Saskatoon. Josh had previously been working with RBC as an investment banker in London, England. Each day, Josh and his colleagues worked long hours and often ordered food to their office from local restaurants. Josh began to recognise that there was an opportunity to build out a more efficient online food ordering delivery network. Eventually, both resigned from their jobs and began working on the concept for what is now SkipTheDishes. They launched the network in their home city of Saskatoon and eventually moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, to set up the tech company's head office.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: During the first few years of operations, the co-founders bootstrapped the company and raised a small round of seed capital from angel investors. Soon after, the co-founders raised additional capital from private investors, as well as four prominent venture capital firms—Golden Venture Partners (Toronto), Founder Collective (New York), Felicis Ventures (Menlo Park, CA), and FJ Labs (Cambridge, MA).


title: SkipTheDishes

text: Between 2012 and 2014, three additional co-founders joined to help grow the startup. Another brother, Daniel Simair, joined, along with two friends from university: Jeff Adamson and Andrew Chau.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: As the company scaled between 2013 and 2016, the co-founders launched SkipTheDishes in many Canadian cities, initially focusing on mid-market cities, including Burnaby, East Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, Prince Albert, Grande Prairie, Regina, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Mississauga, Etobicoke, Kitchener/Waterloo, and Ottawa; as well as US cities, including Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Buffalo, Omaha, and St. Louis.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: In December 2016, SkipTheDishes was acquired by Just Eat for $200 million. SkipTheDishes remained a subsidiary and separate brand from Just Eat, with its headquarters remaining in Winnipeg. As of September 2018, "Just Eat Canada" redirects to SkipTheDishes.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: Over the course of 2017, SkipTheDishes was recognised for its growth on a number of occasions. The company's founder was chosen as one of Canada's Top 40 Under 40. Just Eat's CEO, Peter Plumb, reported significant increases in the company's Q3-2017 revenue, due to "strong growth in order numbers and the inclusion of SkipTheDishes business."


title: SkipTheDishes

text: In 2017, the company expanded its business model into new offerings other than food, starting with alcohol delivery in select markets.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: In March 2019, SkipTheDishes pulled out of the United States market. Their business and drivers were transferred to Grubhub. In early 2020, Just Eat merged with Netherlands-based competitor Takeaway.com, forming Just Eat Takeaway, shortly thereafter announcing a deal to acquire the aforementioned Grubhub (whom also acquired SkipTheDishes' American operations before their acquisition). In July 2020, in line with Just Eat's other markets, SkipTheDishes adopted Takeaway.com's logo and orange colour scheme, though keeping the SkipTheDishes brand name.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: In late 2021, SkipTheDishes began testing a new offering called "Skip Express Lane", a service that delivers household goods and groceries directly to customers. The service is located in Winnipeg and in London, Ontario.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: In October 2018, SkipTheDishes ran a series of ads featuring actor Jon Hamm as an "honourary Canadian." He remains a fixture in their marketing campaign as of January 2021.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: Since 2019, SkipTheDishes ran a series of French-language ads, notably in Quebec, featuring comedian Patrick Groulx. His ads since October 2020 and early 2021 focused on promoting ""les Récompenses SKIP"" or Skip's loyalty points program.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: In February 2020, SkipTheDishes entered into a multiyear marketing relationship with the Toronto Defiant, an esports team in the Overwatch League.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: In summer 2021, ahead of the 2020 Olympic Games, SkipTheDishes was named the "Official Food Delivery App" of the Canadian Olympic Committee.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: As of 2022, SkipTheDishes has adopted the ‘Did Somebody Say…’ advertising campaign used by sister chains Just Eat and Menulog internationally.


title: SkipTheDishes

text: Like many companies involved in the sharing economy, SkipTheDishes has received criticism for its business practices. In March 2017, the company received negative publicity for its responses to a job candidate's question about compensation and benefits. As a follow up to the incident, Emily Norgang of the Canadian Labour Congress stated that "the most innovative aspect isn't the technology itself, but actually the expansion of this exploitative business model." , SkipTheDishes has the lowest rating of F from the Better Business Bureau due to volume of unresolved complaints.


title: Gotti (1996 film)

text: Gotti is a 1996 American crime drama television film directed by Robert Harmon and written by Steve Shagan, based in part on the 1996 non-fiction book "Gotti: Rise and Fall" by Jerry Capeci and Gene Mustain. The film stars Armand Assante in the title role as infamous Gambino crime family boss John Gotti, along with William Forsythe, and Anthony Quinn. It aired on HBO on August 17, 1996. Assante won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special" for his performance. Assante also received a Golden Globe nomination the same year.


title: Gotti (1996 film)

text: The film starts In 1973 in New York, and ends in 1992, with Gotti's imprisonment. Gotti's association with three mobsters is also highlighted in the film: a father-son like relationship with family underboss Aniello "Mr. Neil" Dellacroce, his deep but rocky friendship with Gotti crew member and longtime friend Angelo Ruggiero, and the respect and ultimate frustration that he felt for the man who became his underboss, Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano. The film details Gotti's rise within the Gambino crime family and his ranks from soldier, then captain (or "capo"), and finally, boss. The final title was achieved through the dramatic murder in public of Gambino family boss Paul Castellano in 1985. Following the murder of Castellano, the film concentrates on the legal trials of John Gotti: one for assault and two for racketeering under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statutes. Gotti's famous personality, trial acquittals, and media attention are all dramatized. The film ends with Gotti's conviction and sentencing to life imprisonment at Marion Federal Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, because Gravano turns state's evidence and agrees to testify against Gotti. The film is primarily based on the columns of reporter Jerry Capeci, who also wrote the novel that documented Gotti's rise and fall inside the Gambino crime family, and served as executive producer of the film which was based on his novel.


title: Gotti (1996 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 60% rating based on five reviews, with an average rating of 5.20/10. Jeremy Girard of "Variety" called it "a fairly standard-issue gangster flick" that is problematic for its matter-of-fact presentation. Caryn James of "The New York Times" criticized its "docudrama syndrome", in which biographical dramas adhere closely to the historical record to prevent lawsuits despite the need for more characterization. Howard Rosenberg of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "one of the better mob movies of the decade, and surely the best gangster portrait ever made primarily for television". "TV Guide" rated it 2/5 stars and described it as too detailed for casual viewers and too inaccurate for enthusiasts.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: Julia Hartley-Brewer (born 2 May 1968) is a British radio presenter, political journalist and newspaper columnist. She hosts the weekday breakfast radio show on Talkradio.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: Julia Hartley-Brewer was born on 2 May 1968. Her father, Michael John Hartley-Brewer, stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in Selly Oak in the 1970 general election. Her mother was a general practitioner.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: Hartley-Brewer was educated at Oldfield Girls' Comprehensive School in Bath and Woodhouse Sixth Form College in Finchley, north London. She gained a degree in philosophy, politics and economics (PPE) at Magdalen College, Oxford. She later studied for a diploma in journalism at Cardiff University's School of Journalism.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: Hartley-Brewer began her career in journalism at the "East London Advertiser" in Bethnal Green, east London. Later, she was employed as a news reporter and political correspondent for the London "Evening Standard" and then joined "The Guardian", staying at the latter until September 2000. She then moved to the "Sunday Express" as political correspondent, then political editor from 2001 until 2007 and then Assistant Editor (Politics), writing a weekly opinion column. She left the "Sunday Express" in February 2011.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: In 2006, she presented and narrated two political documentaries for the television channels BBC Two and BBC Four about the history of British Deputy Prime Ministers, called "Every Prime Minister Needs a Willie", and the history of the Leader of the Opposition in "The Worst Job in Politics".


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: She was an LBC presenter from February 2011, until she left in December 2014 to be replaced by Shelagh Fogarty.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: Hartley-Brewer now broadcasts on Talkradio, a talk radio station launched on 21 March 2016. She presented the mid-morning weekday show from March 2016 until 15 January 2018, when she moved to host the weekday breakfast show from 6.30am to 10am. In September 2019, "The Julia Hartley-Brewer Show" was launched on YouTube under the Talkradio brand; each programme is a one-to-one interview with a guest. The show became a daily simulcast as part of the daily schedule of TalkTV that began broadcasting in April, 2022.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: She has written opinion articles and columns for publications such as "The Daily Telegraph", "The Mail on Sunday" and "The Spectator" about politics and current affairs.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: She has appeared as a panellist on the comedy quiz show "Have I Got News for You" ten times, as well as being a regular panellist on BBC One's "Question Time" and Radio 4's "Any Questions". She is a regular pundit and commentator on TV and radio, including for Sky News, the BBC News Channel, BBC One's "The One Show", ITV's "Tonight" show, "Lorraine" on ITV, "This Morning" on ITV, "The Agenda" on ITV, "Sunday Politics" on BBC1, BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 4's "Today" and "PM" programmes. She was a contestant on "Pointless Celebrities" in October 2014, winning the prize for her chosen charity.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: In June 2016, Hartley-Brewer said Owen Jones had "more in common with Isis than he thinks" on Sky News after Jones walked out of an interview on the news channel following host Mark Longhurst's refusal to refer to the Orlando nightclub shooting as an assault on LGBT people. Hartley-Brewer also said, "neither the Sky presenter Mark Longhurst nor I said anything that was offensive, wrong or bigoted in any way" and that she would not apologise and criticised Sky News for apologising to Jones. By lunchtime of the following day of the interview and the comments by Hartley-Brewer, Ofcom had received almost 60 complaints about the programme saying both Hartley-Brewer and Longhurst were dismissive of Jones’s argument that the attack was one on the LGBT community.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: In October 2017, Hartley-Brewer alleged that the then Defence Secretary, Sir Michael Fallon, had repeatedly touched her knee throughout a dinner in 2002; the allegation contributed to his eventual resignation.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: On 12 August 2018, she sent a tweet containing a photo of the aftermath of the 1998 Omagh bombing with text saying that Jeremy Corbyn had paid tribute to the victims of the bombing, "including the Real IRA bombers who may have snagged a nail while planting the explosives". The tweet was criticised as insensitive by Michael Gallagher, whose son Aidan was killed by the bomb. He said that while he wouldn't have "much faith" in Corbyn, her tweet was "poorly timed". Writer Lisa McGee criticised the use of the photo of the aftermath. Hartley-Brewer was also criticised by journalist David Blevins. She defended her tweet as satire.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: In late 2019, Jolyon Maugham accused Hartley-Brewer of revealing his home address at a time when he was receiving death threats. Hartley-Brewer defended herself by saying Maugham's address was already easily available online and that he had previously revealed it himself in published interviews.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: Hartley-Brewer was a long-standing supporter of Brexit during the campaign in 2016. On 29 March 2019, Hartley-Brewer spoke at the Leave Means Leave rally in Parliament Square, London.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: She has declared that she is an atheist. In 2010, she described herself as a "staunch and long-standing republican". She is an honorary associate of the National Secular Society.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: In September 2014 discussing the climate crisis, Hartley-Brewer tweeted: "I am not a flat earther. If there were any evidence that man is affecting climate change, I would accept that fact. There isn't." She has stated that there is no scientific foundation for claims of imminent climate catastrophe, claiming that those who believe that there is one are "part of a doomsday cult," and calling Extinction Rebellion "a sort of quasi-religious death cult." She has also stated that climate models "so far have failed to predict anything correctly" and that the science of climate change is "an as-yet unproven theory" and therefore open to challenge, "which is standard practice in science.” As a guest on the BBC's Question Time in November 2022, Julia dismissed the climate crisis as 'weather'


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: At the Oxford University PPE Society on 20 November 2018, Hartley-Brewer gave a talk on "Political Correctness and Free Speech", in which she argued that political correctness damaged the ability to freely express political views.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: Hartley-Brewer has been referred to as "right-wing" by Nick Duffy writing for PinkNews. Duffy reported that Hartley-Brewer threatened to remove a guest from the radio studio where she works as a presenter (for Talkradio) on 30 November 2018 during a discussion on trans rights because the guest used the term "cis." Hartley-Brewer said on the radio show that it was a "very big risk" for women to be "kept in cells alongside people who are biologically men" and that "if you are physically intact as a man, you are not in a woman’s prison, end of. Nothing to discuss." Guest Steve Allen responded, "if you are in a woman’s prison, you should be safe from being physically attacked, by a cis or a trans woman. Everyone should be safe in prison." Hartley-Brewer responded by saying, "you're not allowed to come on my show and say a cis or a trans woman. A woman or a trans woman. I'm not a cis woman… we are women. We are biologically women. I'm not going to have that BBC claptrap on my show." When Allen offered to use the term "non-trans women" she said, "if you say that, I'm going to ask you to leave my studio. I'm absolutely serious. I'm not having it." A later article in 2021 for "PinkNews" by Lily Wakefield referred to Hartley-Brewer as having "openly voiced her anti-trans views" in reference to the article by Duffy.


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: The Royal College of General Practitioners invited her to speak in an "NHS Question Time" panel debate at its annual conference in 2019 but withdrew the invitation after over 700 GPs signed a petition complaining that her views were not conducive to the work they were doing to promote inclusivity within the profession and amongst patients. One of such views involved a deleted tweet from 2016, in which Hartley-Brewer said "Powell wasn't a racist". On Enoch Powell, she said "I'm not defending Powell, I just don't see anything in the Rivers speech that he got wrong.".


title: Julia Hartley-Brewer

text: In April 2021, received over 200 complaints accusing Hartley-Brewer of trivialising racism following a TV appearance in which Hartley-Brewer commented on a family portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip taken 2018, posing with seven of their great-grandchildren, saying ‘I wonder if Meghan [Markle] has managed to take offence to this photograph that doesn’t include her son. Well she probably thinks it’s a racist photograph, taken before her son was even conceived’ (Archie, the son of Meghan Markle and Prince Harry was born in 2019). She added. ‘I’m sure she’s managed to take offence at it anyway.’


title: Bardiya

text: Bardiya or Smerdis ( ; ; possibly died 522 BC), also named as Tanyoxarces ( ) by Ctesias, was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings. There are sharply divided views on his life. Bardiya either ruled the Achaemenid Empire for a few months in 522 BC, or was impersonated by a magus called Gaumāta (); whose name is given by Ctesias as Sphendadates (; ), until he was toppled by Darius the Great.


title: Bardiya

text: The prince's name is listed variously in the historical sources. In Darius the Great's Behistun inscription, his Persian name is Bardiya or Bardia. Herodotus calls him Smerdis, which is the prevalent Greek form of his name; the Persian name has been assimilated to the Greek (Asiatic) name "Smerdis" or "Smerdies", a name which also occurs in the poems of Alcaeus and Anacreon. Bardiya is called "Tanyoxarces" by Ctesias, who also names Gaumāta as "Sphendadates"; he is called "Tanooxares" by Xenophon, who takes the name from Ctesias, and he is called "Mergis" and "Merdis" by Justin and "Merdis" by Aeschylus.


title: Bardiya

text: In English-language histories he has traditionally been called Smerdis, following Herodotus' example, but recent histories tend to call him Bardiya.


title: Bardiya

text: The traditional view is based on several ancient sources, including the Behistun inscription as well as Herodotus, in Ctesias, and Justin, although there are minor differences among them. The three oldest surviving sources agree that Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates was overthrown by Darius and others in a coup d'état, and that Darius then ascended the throne. Most sources (including Darius himself, Herodotus and Ctesias) have Darius as part of a group of seven conspirators. In Greek and Latin sources, Darius subsequently gained kingship by cheating in a contest.


title: Bardiya

text: Bardiya was the younger son of Cyrus the Great and a full or half-brother of Cambyses II. According to Ctesias, on his deathbed Cyrus appointed Bardiya as satrap (governor) of some of the far-eastern provinces. According to Darius the Great, Cambyses II, after becoming king of Persia but before setting out for Egypt, killed Bardiya and kept this secret. However, according to Herodotus (who gives two detailed stories), Bardiya went to Egypt with Cambyses and was there for some time but later Cambyses sent him back to Susa out of envy, because “Bardiya alone could draw the bow brought from the Ethiopian king.” Herodotus then states that "Cambyses had a dream in which he saw his brother sitting on the royal throne. As a result of this dream Cambyses sent his trusted counselor Prexaspes from Egypt to Susa with the order to kill Smerdis" (i.e., Bardiya).


title: Bardiya

text: Bardiya's death was not known to the people, and so in the spring of 522 BC, a usurper pretended to be him and proclaimed himself king on a mountain near the Persian town of Paishiyauvada. Darius claimed that the real name of the usurper was "Gaumata", a Magian priest from Media; this name has been preserved by Justin but given to his brother (called "Patizeithes" by Herodotus), who is said to have been the real promoter of the intrigue. According to Herodotus, the name of the Magian usurper was "Oropastes", but according to Ctesias it was "Sphendadates".


title: Bardiya

text: The despotic rule of Cambyses, coupled with his long absence in Egypt, contributed to the fact that "the whole people, Persians, Medes and all the other nations," acknowledged the usurper, especially as he granted a tax relief for three years.


title: Bardiya

text: Cambyses began to march against him, but died in the spring of 522 BC in disputed circumstances. Before his death he confessed to the murder of his brother, and publicly explained the whole fraud, but this was not generally believed. Nobody had the courage to oppose the new king, who ruled for seven months over the whole empire. The new king transferred the seat of government to Media. A number of Persian nobles discovered that their new ruler was an impostor, and a group of seven nobles formed a plot to kill him. They surprised him at a castle in Nisa, home of the Nisean horses, and stabbed him to death in September 522 BC. One of the seven, Darius, was proclaimed as ruler shortly after.


title: Bardiya

text: While the primary sources do not agree on the names and many other details, the three oldest surviving sources (Darius himself, Herodotus and Ctesias) all portray Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates as an imposter who usurped the throne by posing as one of the sons of Cyrus the Great, i.e. as one of the brothers of Cambyses II. In Darius' trilingual Behistun inscription, the prince being impersonated is named "Pirtiya" in Elamite, "Bardiya" in Old Persian, and "Barziya" in Akkadian. In Herodotus' "Histories", the prince and his imposter have the same name (Smerdis). For Ctesias, Sphendadates poses as 'Tanyoxarces'. Other Greek sources have various other names for the figure being impersonated, including 'Tanoxares', 'Mergis' and 'Mardos'.


title: Bardiya

text: A longer version of the story appears in Book 3 of Herodotus' "Histories", written c. 450 BC. That story there (3.1–38, 3.61–88) can be roughly summarized as follows: While in Egypt, Cambyses wounds the thigh of the sacred bull worshipped as the god Apis, and when the sacred bull dies from the wound, Cambyses loses his already tenuous grasp on sanity (3.27–3.30). Jealous of his brother Smerdis' skill with a particular bow brought from the king of Ethiopia, Cambyses sends Smerdis back to Persis. Cambyses then has a dream in which Smerdis would supplant him, so he sends a henchman to murder him secretly (3.30). The assassination succeeds and is meant to be kept secret.


title: Bardiya

text: One of the few that know of Smerdis' death is Patizeithes, the steward of Cambyses' palace at Susa. That steward has a brother who greatly resembles Smerdis in appearance, and whose name is also Smerdis (3.61.1). The steward then puts his brother on the throne, and has him pretend that he is the brother of Cambyses. The false Smerdis succeeds in the deception by not allowing anyone who knew the real Smerdis into his presence (3.61).


title: Bardiya

text: Still in Egypt, Cambyses learns of the false Smerdis, and knowing that the real Smerdis is dead, recognises the deception. Cambyses then readies his army to return to Susa, but while mounting his horse accidentally injures his thigh with the point of his sword. Cambyses dies from the wound a few days later (3.63–3.66). On his death bed, Cambyses perceives Smerdis as favouring a return to Median hegemony (3.65). The false Smerdis then continues to rule at Susa for some time, and gains support from everyone except the Persians when he grants a three-year military draft and tax exemption to the various peoples of the empire (3.67).


title: Bardiya

text: Meanwhile, Otanes, a nobleman of Persis, suspects that the king is not the brother of Cambyses, but rather the Smerdis whose ears Cyrus had commanded be cut off "for some grave reason" (3.69.6). To confirm his suspicion, Otanes asks his daughter Phaidyme – who is a member of the harem and thus has access to the king – to check whether the man has ears. Phaidyme does as asked, and one night while the king is asleep, confirms that the king does not in fact have ears. His suspicions confirmed, Otanes then gathers six noblemen and plots to get rid of the false Smerdis. A seventh nobleman, Darius, arrives at the capital shortly thereafter, and is then included in the group. The seven conspirators charge into the chambers of the king, and while five deal with the guards, Darius and Megabyzus kill the false Smerdis and a companion.


title: Bardiya

text: Five days later, after the tumult has died down, the seven meet again to discuss a suitable form of government (3.80–82). After some discussion over the merits of democracy (proposed by Otanes) and oligarchy (proposed by Megabyzus) and monarchy (proposed by Darius), four of the seven vote in favour of a monarchy. They then decide to hold a contest whereby whichever of them got his horse to neigh first after sunrise shall become king. Darius cheats and ascends the throne (3.84–3.87).


title: Bardiya

text: Ctesias' version (c. 400 BC) runs as follows (XI/F9.8 and XII/F13.11-17, via Photius "Bibl". 72): King Cyrus, as he lay dying, appointed his elder son, Cambyses, to the throne and appointed his younger son, Tanyoxarces, governor of the provinces of Bactria, Chorasmia, Parthia, and Carmania. Shortly after Cambyses ascends the throne, a certain Sphendadates who had been whipped by Tanyoxarces for some offence, informs Cambyses that his brother is plotting against him. As proof of this he declares that Tanyoxarces would refuse to come if summoned.


title: Bardiya

text: When Tanyoxarces does not immediately accede to the summons, Cambyses begins to believe Sphendadates, who then begins to slander Tanyoxarces more freely. By the time Tanyoxarces finally arrives, Cambyses is determined to put him to death, but hesitates. Sphendadates suggests that, since he (Sphendadates) looks very much like Tanyoxarces, he could take the prince's place. Cambyses agrees, and Tanyoxarces is killed by being forced to drink bull's blood. Sphendadates then takes the place as governor of the eastern provinces.


title: Bardiya

text: Five years later, while in Babylon, Cambyses accidentally wounds himself in the thigh, and dies eleven days later. Upon hearing of Cambyses death, Sphendadates (alias Tanyoxarces) returns to the capital and succeeds Cambyses. Meanwhile, Izabates, a confidant of Cambyses who knew of the killing of Tanyoxarces, is on his way with the body of Cambyses. Upon arriving at the capital and finding Sphendadates on the throne, Izabates exposes the fraud. Then, seven noblemen (among them Darius) conspire against Sphendadates. The seven are admitted to the palace by a co-conspirator, where Sphendadates is then killed. The seven then decide to hold a contest whereby whichever of them got his horse to neigh first after sunrise shall become king. Darius gets his horse to be the first to neigh (F13.17: "the result of a cunning stratagem") and he ascends the throne.


title: Bardiya

text: Most modern historians do not consider Darius' version of events convincing, and assume that the person who ruled for a few months was the real son of Cyrus, and that the story of his impersonation by a magus was an invention of Darius to justify his seizure of the throne.


title: Bardiya

text: The key argument against a fabrication is that there is no evidence for it, and lacking further discoveries that view "must remain hypothetical". However, the idea that Gaumata was a fabrication is nonetheless appealing because "it was vital for a man like Darius, who had no particular rights to the throne, to invent a character (Gaumāta) condemned for his acts against gods and men." There are some implausibilities in the official story, e.g. the impostor resembled the real Bardiya so closely that most of his wives did not spot the difference, except for queen Phaidyme. Darius often accused rebels and opponents of being impostors (such as Nebuchadnezzar III) and it could be straining credulity to say that they all were.


title: Bardiya

text: In the next year, another person claiming to be Bardiya, named Vahyazdāta () rose against Darius in eastern Persia and met with great success, but he was finally defeated, taken prisoner and executed. Perhaps he is identical with the King Maraphis "the Maraphian," name of a Persian tribe, who occurs as successor in the list of Persian kings given by Aeschylus.


title: Bardiya

text: Some contracts dating from his reign have been found in Babylonia, where his name is spelt "Barziya" or "Bardiya". Darius says that Bardiya destroyed some temples, which Darius later restored. Bardiya also took away the herds and houses of the people, which Darius corrected once he gained the throne.


title: Bardiya

text: The death of the false Bardiya was annually celebrated in Persia by a feast called "the killing of the magian," ("Magiophani") at which no magian was allowed to show himself.


title: Bardiya

text: This episode is dealt with by Gore Vidal in his novel "Creation". He takes the view that the person who ruled for a few months was the real Bardiya.


title: Bardiya

text: "The impostor magician Smerdis" is mentioned in the short story by Jorge Luis Borges, "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius". He is the only historical character that the protagonist is able to recognize when discovering the article on the fictitious nation of Uqbar, and it is stated that his name has been invoked mainly as a metaphor.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: The Great Ocean Road is an Australian National Heritage listed stretch of road along the south-eastern coast of Australia between the Victorian cities of Torquay and Allansford. Built by returned soldiers between 1919 and 1932 and dedicated to soldiers killed during World War I, the road is the world's largest war memorial. Winding through varying terrain along the coast and providing access to several prominent landmarks, including the Twelve Apostles limestone stack formations, the road is an important tourist attraction in the region. In December 2020, legislation went into effect to legally protect the Great Ocean Road – called the “Great Ocean Road Environs Protection Act 2020”.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: The city of Geelong, close to Torquay, experiences great benefit from Australian and international visitors to the road; with Geelong Otway Tourism affirming it as an invaluable asset. The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria (RACV) listed the road as the state's top tourism experience in its "Victoria 101 survey", based on spots recommended by members and the public on what they would recommend to visitors.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: The Great Ocean Road starts at Torquay and travels westward to finish at Allansford near Warrnambool, the largest city along the road. The road is two lanes (one in each direction), and is covered by a speed limit changing between 50 kilometres per hour and 100 kilometres per hour.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: The road is considered a tourist attraction in the area, in which much of the road hugs coastline affectionately known as the Surf Coast, between Torquay and Cape Otway, and the "Shipwreck Coast" further west of Cape Otway, providing visibility of Bass Strait and the Southern Ocean. The road traverses rainforests, as well as beaches and cliffs composed of limestone and sandstone, which is susceptible to erosion. The road travels via Anglesea, Lorne, Apollo Bay, and Port Campbell, the latter being notable for its natural limestone and sandstone rock formations including Loch Ard Gorge, The Grotto, London Arch (formerly London Bridge) and The Twelve Apostles. At the stretch of the Great Ocean Road nearer to Geelong, the road meanders along the coast, with tall, almost-vertical cliffs on the other side of it. Road signs put up along the road warn motorists of possible rockfalls, which have occurred before.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: A 45 kilometre section of the Great Ocean Road, between Lorne and Apollo Bay, is the location of the annual "Great Ocean Road Marathon". First run in 2005, the marathon is part of the Great Ocean Road Running Festival. The course record of 2:27:37 was set in 2019 by English runner Nick Earl. Earl broke the previous record of 2:27:42 set in 2011 by James Kipkelwon of Kenya, who also won the event in 2012.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: In July 2015, former World Road Cycling Champion and Tour de France winner Cadel Evans announced that the Great Ocean Road would play host to the Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race in early 2015, including elite races for men and women and a mass participation People's Ride. As of 2019, the People's Ride includes three distance options—35 km, 65 km, or 115 km.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: Wiggle Amy's Gran Fondo cycling event is held in September and uses the section between Lorne and Skenes Creek. One of the only cycling events in Australia held on a fully closed road, it is named for Amy Gillett, who was killed in a collision between the Australian women's cycling squad and a driver in Germany in 2005.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: The Great Ocean Road was first planned towards the end of World War I, when chairman of the Country Roads Board, William Calder, asked the State War Council for funds to be provided for returned soldiers to work on roads in sparsely populated areas in the Western District. At the time, the rugged south-west coast of Victoria was accessible only by sea or rough bush track. It was envisaged that the road would connect isolated settlements on the coast, and become a vital transport link for the timber industry and tourism.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: Surveying for the road, tentatively titled the "South Coast Road", started in 1918—with the road suggested to travel from Barwon Heads, follow the coast west around Cape Otway, and end near Warrnambool. In 1918, the Great Ocean Road Trust was formed as a private company, under the helm of president Howard Hitchcock. The company managed to secure £81,000 in capital from private subscription and borrowing, with Hitchcock himself contributing £3000. Money would be repaid by charging drivers a toll until the debt was cleared, and the road would then be gifted to the state.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: Construction of the road began on 19 September 1919. Approximately 3,000 returned servicemen worked on the project, which was a war memorial for fellow servicemen killed in World War I. An advance survey team progressed through dense scrub at a rate of approximately three kilometres a month. Construction was mostly by hand, using explosives, pick and shovel, wheelbarrows, and some small machinery, and was at times perilous, with several workers being killed. The final sections along steep coastal cliffs were the most difficult to work on. Anecdotal evidence from ABC archives in 1982 suggested workers would rest detonators on their knees during travel, as it was the softest ride for them.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: The soldiers were paid 10 shillings and sixpence for an eight-hour day, also working a half-day on Saturdays. They used tents for accommodation throughout, and were provided with meals in a communal dining marquee. Food cost up to 10 shillings a week. Despite the isolation of the camps, the workers had access to a piano, gramophone, games, newspapers and magazines.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: In 1924, the coastal steamer "Casino" became stranded near Cape Patton, after having hit a reef at Point Hawdon, near the Grey River. A legend has it that 500 barrels of beer and 120 cases of spirits were jettisoned and that the road workers salvaged them, resulting in an unscheduled two-week-long drinking break. However, Museums Victoria notes only that most of the cargo, largely composed of Christmas goods, was dumped into the sea. "The Age" reported that, "The Great Ocean-road [sic] proved a boon to the passengers, who were enabled without much inconvenience to reach Wood's farm house, Apollo Bay. However, if the road were finished, the vessel's cargo could be safely conveyed to either Apollo Bay, the Wye River, or Lorne."


title: Great Ocean Road

text: On 18 March 1922 the section from Eastern View to Lorne was officially opened with celebrations. However it was then closed from 10 May 1922 for further work; opening again on 21 December along with tolls to recoup construction costs. The charge, payable at Eastern View, was two shillings for motor cars, and 10 shillings for wagons with more than two horses.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: In November 1932, the section from Lorne to Apollo Bay was finished, bringing the road to completion. The road was officially opened with Victoria's Lieutenant-Governor Sir William Irvine holding a ceremony near Lorne's Grand Pacific Hotel, and the road subsequently being acknowledged as the world's largest war memorial. At the time, "The Age" commented, "In the face of almost insurmountable odds, the Great Ocean Road has materialised from a dream or 'wild-cat scheme', as many dubbed it, into concrete reality". Although Hitchcock had died of heart disease on 22 August 1932, before the road was completed, his car was driven behind the governor's in the procession along the road during the opening ceremony. A memorial was constructed in his name on the road at Mount Defiance, near Lorne, and he is still affectionately considered the "Father of the Road".


title: Great Ocean Road

text: In its original state, the road was considered a formidable drive, fitting only a single vehicle comfortably at a time. Areas with sheer cliffs would be most hazardous, with only few places for drivers to pull over to allow others to proceed in the opposite direction; for £5, any "public-spirited citizen" could request that a crossover be cut into the road. On 2 October 1936, the road was handed to the State Government; with the deed for the road presented to the Victorian Premier at a ceremony at the Cathedral Rock toll gate. It was at this time that the tolls were also removed.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: In 1939 with the death of the chairman of the Country Roads Board WTB McCormick, who was also honorary engineer for the Great Ocean Road Trust, it was decided to build a memorial arch across the road at Eastern View. The arch was built of timber logs on a stone base, with a tablet memorial to Mr McCormick on one side, and another to the returned servicemen on the other, was opened 4 November 1939. The arch was rebuilt in 1973, and again in 1983 when it was destroyed by the Ash Wednesday bushfires.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: In 1962, the road was deemed by the Tourist Development Authority to be "one of the world's great scenic roads". It also had sections widened between the Lorne Hotel and the Pacific Hotel to improve traffic, while aiming to preserve its character. Despite improvements, the road was still considered a challenging drive; the Victorian Police motor school even used it for training around 1966.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: Over its life, the Great Ocean Road has been susceptible to natural elements; in 1960 the section at Princetown was partially washed away by water during storms. It experienced landslides on 11 August 1964, and in 1971; both closing sections of the road near Lorne. Because of the terrain surrounding the road, it was also closed due to bushfires in 1962 and 1964; particularly in areas with nearby campsites. In January 2011 a section of the overhanging cliffs collapsed due to heavy rain.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: Great Ocean Road was signed as State Route 100 between Torquay and Allansford in 1986; with Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, this was updated to route B100 in 1996.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: The passing of the "Road Management Act 2004" granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared the road as Great Ocean Road (Arterial #4890), beginning at Surf Coast Highway at Torquay and ending at Princes Highway in Allansford.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: In 2004, the Great Ocean Walk opened, connecting 104 km of walking trails that follow the coastline near the Great Ocean Road, stretching from Apollo Bay to the 12 Apostles.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: The road received an Engineering Heritage National Marker from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.


title: Great Ocean Road

text: In December 2020, legislation went into effect to legally protect the Great Ocean Road – called the “Great Ocean Road and Environs Protection Act 2020”.


title: Mike Markkula

text: Armas Clifford "Mike" Markkula Jr. (; born February 11, 1942) is an American electrical engineer, businessman and investor. He was the original angel investor, first chairman, and second CEO for Apple Computer, Inc., providing critical early funding and managerial support. At the company's founding, Markkula owned 26% of Apple, equivalent to each of the shares owned by cofounders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.


title: Mike Markkula

text: Markkula's great-grandfather, Isak Ferdinand Markkula, was born in Sievi, Finland. He and his wife moved to the United States in either 1865 or 1883, depending on the source. Mike Markkula's first name "Armas" and last name "Markkula" are traditional Finnish names. His first name "Armas" means "dear" or "beloved" in the Finnish language.


title: Mike Markkula

text: Markkula earned Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California.


title: Mike Markkula

text: Markkula made millions from stock options he earned as a marketing manager for Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel, reaching financial independence and early retirement at 33. After that, he became a startup consultant and mentored dozens of entrepreneurs, working only every Monday.


title: Mike Markkula

text: Markkula was introduced by Regis McKenna and venture capitalist Don Valentine to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak while they were looking for funding to manufacture the Apple II personal computer they had developed after having sold some units of their first computer, the Apple I. Jobs and Wozniak had previously gone to McKenna and then Valentine, but neither was originally interested in the Apple pair; after meeting with the young and unkempt Jobs, Valentine asked McKenna, ""Why did you send me this renegade from the human race?"" However, Valentine forwarded their information to Markkula, who proved interested and unretired to personally work on the opportunity.


title: Mike Markkula

text: With his guidance and funding, Apple ceased to be a partnership between Jobs and Wozniak, and was incorporated as a company on January 3, 1977. Markkula provided Apple with funding of $91,000 personally in addition to securing a $250,000 line of credit from Bank of America. He brought in his friend and former coworker Michael Scott as the first president and CEO, then replaced Scott with himself from 1981 to 1983 despite having originally promised his wife that he would only stay at Apple for four years, and then later planning to retire again by 1984; during the board meeting to confirm him as the CEO, Markkula received a phone call that his father-in-law and best friend had died.


title: Mike Markkula

text: Markkula served as chairman again from 1995 to 1997, when a new board was formed after Jobs returned to the company. As chairman he approved Jef Raskin's 1979 plan to start designing what would become the Macintosh, then prevented Jobs from killing the project in favor of his own Lisa. In 1985, Markkula took John Sculley's side in a dispute with Jobs, causing the latter to leave the company; he would later help to force Sculley out in 1993.


title: Mike Markkula

text: In addition to providing what "The New York Times" later described as "adult supervision" to the younger Jobs and Wozniak, as a trained engineer Markkula also possessed technical skills. Michael Tomczyk recalled being surprised by the technical sophistication of a software question Markkula asked Wozniak. He wrote several early Apple II programs, served as a beta tester for Apple hardware and software, and wrote one of the first three programs available for the unsuccessful Apple III. Wozniak was motivated to design the Disk II floppy disk drive system after Markkula found that a checkbook-balancing program he had written loaded too slowly from a data cassette. Markkula retired from Apple after Jobs returned as interim CEO in 1996. He supported Jobs' 1997 return and agreed to step down from Apple's board.


title: Mike Markkula

text: Steve Wozniak, who designed the first two Apple computers, credits Markkula for the success of Apple more than himself. Jeffrey Nordling portrayed him in the 1999 TNT film "Pirates of Silicon Valley". Dermot Mulroney later portrayed him in the 2013 film "Jobs".


title: Mike Markkula

text: After he retired from Apple, he went on to work at Echelon Corporation, ACM Aviation, San Jose Jet Center and Rana Creek Habitat Restoration and to endow the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, where he chaired the board. Markkula was also on the board of trustees of Santa Clara University from 2003 to 2009.


title: Mike Markkula

text: Markkula was an investor in Crowd Technologies, a startup developing a web application called Piqqem that applies the wisdom of crowds to stock market predictions. He is an investor in Scotland-based LiveCode Ltd.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: Marquese De'Shawn Chriss (born July 2, 1997) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Washington Huskies and was selected in the first round of the 2016 NBA draft with the eighth overall pick by the Sacramento Kings. He eventually was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team as a member of the Phoenix Suns.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: As a youth growing up in Sacramento, California, Chriss played baseball and American football. Between fifth grade and eighth grade, he showed promise as a tight end, defensive end and safety. However, during a game in his eighth-grade season, Chriss landed awkwardly on his shoulder while attempting to catch a long pass and broke his collarbone. His mother subsequently disallowed Chriss to play football from then on, and he was forced to choose basketball instead.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: Chriss attended Pleasant Grove High School in Elk Grove, California. As a freshman at Pleasant Grove, Chriss was one of 25 students who showed up for tryouts. The school only had junior varsity and varsity teams, which meant that roster spots were limited, especially for a player like Chriss who previously had zero competitive experience in the sport. Chriss almost didn't make it, but his energy and effort stood out. He began the season as a reserve before eventually working his way into the starting lineup. A year later, he started for the varsity team and led the school to a 28–6 record and a state championship. Colleges began offering Chriss scholarships that season, with the first coming from Northern Arizona University. In January 2014, he committed to the University of Washington.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: As a senior in 2014–15, Chriss averaged 21.9 points, 11.6 rebounds and 3.1 blocks per game. Scout ranked him as the No. 55 recruit in the nation for the class of 2015 and Rivals ranked him as the No. 56 recruit, while ESPN and 247Sports.com both ranked him at No. 60.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: Chriss had a phenomenal start at Washington, recording a double-double with a season-high 29 points and 10 rebounds in the second game of the season against Mount St. Mary's. In the following weeks, however, his production dipped because he developed a habit of collecting unnecessary fouls. He fouled out of three straight non-conference games during the Battle 4 Atlantis in November 2015. His mother stepped in once again with a decision that likely saved his season in terms of productivity. She suggested Chriss consult a sports psychologist, and the Huskies accommodated her request. Chriss was forced to learn to play defense without fouling. He went on to have one of the top freshman campaigns in their program's history, finishing with the fourth-most points by a freshman (467), fifth-most rebounds (183), and the most blocks (55). His three-point shooting improved greatly as the season went on – he shot 6-for-26 (23.1 percent) from beyond the arc during the first 19 games of the season, and went 15-for-34 (44.1 percent) during the last 15 contests. He started all 34 games in 2015–16 and averaged 13.7 points, 5.4 rebounds and 1.6 blocks per game. He subsequently earned honorable mention Pac-12 All-Freshmen selection.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On March 23, 2016, Chriss declared for the 2016 NBA draft, forgoing his final three years of college eligibility.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: Throughout the draft process, Chriss went from being a considerable late-lottery or mid-first round talent to rising up in the draft as a potential top 3 draft candidate. In the days leading up to the draft, Chriss agreed to terms on a multi-year footwear and apparel endorsement deal with Nike. He ended up being selected with the eighth overall pick in the draft by the Sacramento Kings. Chriss was later traded to the Phoenix Suns on draft night for the draft rights to Bogdan Bogdanović and the rights of the 13th and 28th picks of the draft, Georgios Papagiannis and Skal Labissière. He became the first recruit outside of the top 50 rankings to be drafted in the top 10 as a one-and-done player since the rule was instituted in 2005. On July 7, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Suns and joined the team for the 2016 NBA Summer League. Chriss played in three games for the Suns during the Summer League before developing an illness that ruled him out for the rest of the tournament.