title: Bruce Rauner

text: On February 9, 2015, Rauner signed an executive order blocking so called "fair share" union fees from state employee paychecks. The same day, Rauner hired a legal team headed by former U.S. Attorney Dan Webb and his law firm Winston & Strawn to file a declaratory judgment action in Federal Court to affirm his action. In February 2015, Rauner proposed $4.1 billion in budget cuts affecting higher education, Medicaid, state employee pensions, public transit, and local government support. In April, Rauner also suspended funding for programs addressing domestic violence, homeless youth, autism, and immigrant integration. Critics called these moves "morally reprehensible" and harmful to the state economy.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: On June 25, 2015, Rauner vetoed the Illinois state budget passed by the legislature, which would have created a deficit of nearly $4 billion but which covered what Illinois Democratic lawmakers called "vital services". He stated that he would not sign a budget until the Democratic state legislature passed his "Turnaround Agenda" to reduce trade union power and freeze property taxes. With no state budget, social service agencies cut back on services, state universities laid off staff, public transit service ceased in Monroe and Randolph Counties, and Child Care Assistance eligibility was cut by 90%.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: On June 30, 2016, just before the beginning of the next fiscal year, Rauner signed a temporary bipartisan stopgap budget that would allow public schools to continue operating for an additional year and for necessary state services to continue for 6 months. However, the stopgap budget covered only 65% of social services agencies' normally allocated funds and provided $900,000 less for colleges and universities than FY15, while attempting to cover eighteen months' worth of expenses, all while continuing the uncertainty that Illinois nonprofits faced during FY16.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: In July 2017, Rauner vetoed a budget that increased the state income tax from 3.75% to 4.95% and the corporate tax from 5.25% to 7%, an increase of $5 billion in additional tax revenue. However, the Illinois legislature, with the help of several Republicans, overrode his veto. Following this action, considered a political defeat for Rauner, he made major changes to his staff; among others, he fired his chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, and spokesperson, and replaced them with high-ranking officials from the Illinois Policy Institute along with a former spokesperson for Wisconsin governor Scott Walker. These moves were seen by the media as a shift to the right. In August 2017, Rauner fired several of those new officials after they issued a controversial statement related to race.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner governed Illinois as a moderate or liberal Republican, as evidenced by his stances on abortion, same-sex marriage, and immigration, among other issues.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner made a priority to fully funded education for the first time in years, increasing K-12 education funding by nearly $1 billion, and increasing early childhood education funding to historic levels. In 2017, Rauner signed Senate Bill 1947, which moved Illinois to an "evidence-based model" of education funding, taking into account each district's individual needs, as well as its local revenue sources, when appropriating state aid – prioritizing districts that are furthest from being fully funded. The new law created a scholarship plan that earmarked up to $75 million for scholarship tax credits. Lawmakers said those credits would go to low- and middle-income parents, impacting roughly 6,000 private school students whose families make less than $73,000 per year. The new law created the first revision in two decades of the way general state-aid dollars to schools were distributed, establishing a multifaceted procedure for determining need and setting a goal for "adequacy" of funding in each of the state's 852 school districts. The bill received praise from the "Chicago Tribune", "Daily Herald", and "Chicago Sun-Times", along with numerous civic organizations.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner's stance on labor unions received considerable attention and controversy. Rauner said that local governments should be allowed to pass right to work laws. Additionally, Rauner said that the state should ban some political contributions by public unions, saying, "government unions should not be allowed to influence the public officials they are lobbying, and sitting across the bargaining table from, through campaign donations and expenditures".


title: Bruce Rauner

text: In 2014, Rauner's election campaign was helped financially by Kenneth C. Griffin, CEO of Citadel, a successful global investment firm, who made a rare and impassioned plea to the sold-out audience at the Economic Club of Chicago (ECC) in May 2013 to replace the Democrats at all levels of governance. He supported Rauner's campaign promises to "cut spending and overhaul the state's pension system, impose term limits, and weaken public employee unions". Griffin called for a show of financial support to Rauner that met with an increase in campaign donations representing tens of millions of dollars, or half the $65 million spent on Rauner's 2014 election campaign. Of this half, such money originated from Rauner himself along with "nine other individuals, families, or companies they control".


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner received media attention for his political stance on the minimum wage. Rauner favored either raising the national minimum wage so Illinois employers were on the same level as those in neighboring states, or unilaterally raising Illinois' minimum wage, but pairing the change with pro-business reforms to the state's tax code, workers compensation reform, and tort reform.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner's position on the minimum wage changed significantly during his campaign. At a candidate forum on December 11, 2013, Rauner stated that he would favor reducing Illinois's minimum wage from $8.25 to the federal minimum wage of $7.25. The "Chicago Sun-Times" also uncovered video of Rauner at a campaign event in September 2013, where he said that he was "adamantly, adamantly against raising the minimum wage", and audio of an interview with Rauner from January 10, 2014, when he said: "I have said, on a number of occasions, that we could have a lower minimum wage or no minimum wage as part of increasing Illinois' competitiveness."


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner strongly opposed Governor Pat Quinn's proposal to make the 2011 temporary income tax increase permanent, instead calling for the Illinois' income tax rate to gradually be rolled back to 3 percent. On January 1, 2015, the income tax increase automatically decreased, with the personal income tax rate falling from 5% to 3.75% and the corporate tax rate from 7% to 5.25%.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: In July 2014, Rauner called for expanding Illinois' sales tax to dozens of services, such as legal services, accounting services, and computer programming, which were not subject to the sales tax in Illinois. Rauner estimated the expanded sales tax would bring in an additional $600 million a year. Rauner's services tax proposal was harshly criticized by Quinn, who said it would fall hardest on low income people.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner received a 92% approval from Taxpayers United for America, the first time a sitting Illinois governor received a score of more than 70 percent from that organization.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner strongly favored term limits, and pledged to limit himself to no more than eight years as governor. He organized and funded a push to put a constitutional amendment imposing term limits on Illinois legislators on the November 2014 ballot, gathering 591,092 signatures. However, the term limits amendment was struck down in court as unconstitutional.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: During his 2014 campaign, Rauner called for "billions" of dollars per year in public spending on infrastructure, but declined to detail how he would pay for the spending.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Also during his campaign, Rauner declined to take a position on the controversial Illiana Expressway and Peotone Airport projects advanced by Quinn. After taking office in 2015, he suspended the Illiana project, pending a cost-benefit review.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: In February 2015, Rauner proposed raising highway funding and slashing transit funding, which he saw as inefficient spending.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner stated that while he wanted laws and policies to keep guns out of the hands of criminals and the mentally ill, he would not go beyond that due to constitutional concerns.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner has a record of supporting abortion rights. The Rauner family has donated "thousands of dollars" to Planned Parenthood, and prior to his 2014 campaign, the Rauner Family Foundation donated $510,000 to the American Civil Liberties Union's Roger Baldwin Foundation.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: On July 29, 2016, Rauner signed S.B. 1564 into law, which required doctors and pregnancy centers that refuse to perform abortions for religious or moral reasons to refer patients to places where they could have an abortion. The bill was passed on partisan lines, with no Republican legislators voting for the bill. Rauner's decision to sign the bill into law angered conservative groups. The same day, Rauner also signed a bill that extended insurance coverage for nearly all contraceptives. On August 5, Rauner was sued by a crisis pregnancy center, a Rockford, Illinois-based medical center, and a Downers Grove physician, claiming that SB 1564 was unconstitutional. On December 20, 2016, a Winnebago County Circuit Judge issued a preliminary injunction, which temporarily prohibited the State of Illinois from enforcing the law after it went into effect on January 1, 2017.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: As a candidate in 2014, Rauner stated that he opposed the existing Illinois law that restricted abortion coverage under Medicaid and the state employee health plan. In April 2017, however, Rauner pledged to veto an abortion rights bill that would (a) remove those abortion coverage restrictions: and (b) repeal an Illinois law making abortion illegal if "Roe v. Wade" were to be overturned. Despite his veto pledge, Rauner signed the abortion rights bill into law on September 28, 2017, earning him harsh criticism from conservative Republicans.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: In 2018, Rauner called for the death penalty to be imposed on people convicted of killing police officers.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: On August 12, 2016, Rauner vetoed a bill that would have automatically registered as a voter anyone in Illinois who sought a new or updated drivers license as well as other services, unless they chose to opt out. Rauner said that he supported automatic voter registration, but that he vetoed the bill because he was worried that "the bill would inadvertently open the door to voter fraud and run afoul of federal election law". On August 28, 2017, Rauner signed a revised version of the automatic voter registration bill.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: On August 28, 2017, Rauner signed a bill into law that prohibited state and local police from arresting anyone solely due to their immigration status or due to federal detainers. Some Republicans criticized Rauner for his action, saying that the bill made Illinois a sanctuary state. On November 15, 2017, the United States Department of Justice announced that a preliminary conclusion had been reached that Illinois was now a sanctuary jurisdiction in violation of 8 U.S.C. 1373 and issued a warning to state authorities on the issue. Subsequently, , there is still no evidence that Illinois responded stating that it was in compliance with the law. The deadline to do so was December 8, 2017.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner supports same-sex marriage. As a gubernatorial candidate in 2014, he said that he had no comment on same-sex marriage but would not change the law legalizing gay marriages. In 2015, Rauner signed legislation banning the use of conversion therapy on minors. He also signed a bill making it easier for transgender people to change their birth certificates. He also marched in Aurora and Chicago LGBT pride parades. In 2018, Rauner officiated the wedding of a same-sex couple.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner was awarded the 2008 Distinguished Philanthropist award by the Chicago Association of Fundraising Professionals. In 2003, Rauner received the Daley Medal from the Illinois Venture Capital Association for extraordinary support to the Illinois economy and was given the Association for Corporate Growth's Lifetime Achievement Award. Rauner and his wife were nominated for the Golden Apple Foundation's 2011 Community Service Award.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner has been a financial supporter of projects including Chicago's Red Cross regional headquarters, the YMCA in the Little Village neighborhood, six new charter high schools, an AUSL turnaround campus, scholarship programs for disadvantaged Illinois public school students, and achievement-based compensation systems for teachers and principals in Chicago Public Schools. He provided major funding for the construction of the Rauner Special Collections Library at Dartmouth College, endowed full professor chairs at Dartmouth College, Morehouse College, University of Chicago, and Harvard Business School, and was the lead donor for the Stanley C. Golder Center for Private Equity and Entrepreneurial Finance at the University of Illinois.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Before being elected governor, Rauner resided in Winnetka, Illinois, with his wife, Diana Mendley Rauner, and family; they have three children. He also has three children from his first marriage, to Elizabeth Konker Wessel, whom he married in 1980, separated from in 1990, and was legally divorced from in 1993.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: During Rauner's governorship, he and his family resided in the Illinois Governor's Mansion in Springfield. They also own ranches in Montana and Wyoming. Rauner is an Episcopalian.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: Rauner's exact net worth is unclear, but has been estimated at being at least several hundred million dollars. During his campaign for governor he promised that he would accept only $1 in salary and no benefits from his office, including forgoing a pension and any reimbursement for travel expenses.


title: Bruce Rauner

text: After losing the 2018 election, Rauner moved to Florida. By August 2020, he was registered to vote in Florida rather than Illinois.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: Sacsayhuamán, which can be spelled many different ways (possibly from Quechua language, "waman" falcon or variable hawk), is a citadel on the northern outskirts of the city of Cusco, Peru, the historic capital of the Inca Empire.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: The complex was built by the Inca in the 15th century, particularly under Pachacuti and successors. They built dry stone walls constructed of huge stones. The workers carefully cut the boulders to fit them together tightly without mortar. The site is at an altitude of .


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: In 1983, Cusco and Sacsayhuamán together were designated as sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List, for international recognition and protection.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: Located on a steep hill that overlooks the city, the fortified complex has a wide view of the valley to the southeast. Archeological studies of surface collections of pottery at Sacsayhuamán indicate that the earliest occupation of the hilltop dates to about 900 CE.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: "remembered that his father Pachacuti had called city of Cuzco the lion city. He said that the tail was where the two rivers unite which flow through it, that the body was the great square and the houses round it, and that the head was wanting."The Inca decided the "best head would be to make a fortress on a high plateau to the north of the city."


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: During the 15th century, the Imperial Inca expanded on this settlement, building dry stone walls constructed of huge stones. Spanish Chronicler Pedro Cieza De Leon wrote in 1553: "The Fortress had been begun in the days of Pachacuti; his son Topa Inca and Huayna Capac and Huascar [d. 1532] added greatly to it." Cieza writes of the construction that Pachacuti "ordered 20,000 men sent in from the proviences" and that "4000 of them quarried and cut the stones; 6000 hauled them with great cables of leather and hemp; the others dug the dig and laid the foundations, while still others cut poles and beams for the timbers."


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: After ambushing Atahualpa during the Spanish Conquest of Peru, Francisco Pizarro sent Martin Bueno and two other Spaniards to help transport gold and silver from the Temple of Coricancha in Cusco to Cajamarca, where the Spaniards were based. They found the Temple of the Sun "covered with plates of gold", which the Spanish supposedly ordered removed as payment for Atahualpa's ransom. Seven hundred plates were removed, and added to two hundred "cargas" of gold transported back to Cajamarca.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: "on top of a hill they [the Inca] had a very strong fort surrounded with masonry walls of stones and having two very high round towers. And in the lower part of this wall there were stones so large and thick that it seemed impossible that human hands could have set them in place...they were so close together, and so well fitted, that the point of a pin could not have been inserted in one of the joints. The whole fortress was built up in terraces and flat spaces." The numerous rooms were "filled with arms, lances, arrows, darts, clubs, bucklers and large oblong shields...there were many morions...there were also...certain stretchers in which the Lords travelled, as in litters." Pedro Pizarro described in detail storage rooms that were within the complex and filled with military equipment.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: The large plaza, capable of holding thousands of people, was designed for communal ceremonial activities. Several of the large structures at the site may also have been used during rituals. A similar relationship to that between Cuzco and Sacsayhuamán was replicated by the Inca in their distant colony where Santiago, Chile developed. The Inca fortress there, known as Chena, predated the Spanish colonial city. It was a ceremonial ritual site known as Huaca de Chena.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: The best-known zone of Sacsayhuamán includes its great plaza and its adjacent three massive terrace walls. The stones used in the construction of these terraces are among the largest used in any building in pre-Hispanic America. They display a precision of cutting and fitting that is unmatched in the Americas. The stones are so closely spaced that a single piece of paper will not fit between many of the stones. This precision, combined with the rounded corners of the blocks, the variety of their interlocking shapes, and the way the walls lean inward, is thought to have helped the ruins survive devastating earthquakes in Cuzco. The longest of the three walls is about 400 meters. They are about 6 meters tall. The estimated volume of stone is over 6,000 cubic meters. Estimates for the weight of the largest andesite block vary from 128 tonnes to almost 200 tonnes.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: Following the siege of Cusco, the Spaniards began to use Sacsayhuamán as a source of stones for building Spanish Cuzco; within a few years, they had taken apart and demolished much of the complex. The site was destroyed block by block to salvage materials with which to build the new Spanish governmental and religious buildings of the colonial city, as well as the houses of the wealthiest Spaniards. In the words of Garcilaso de la Vega (1966:471 [1609: Part 1, Book. Bk. 7, Ch. 29]):


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: "to save themselves the expense, effort and delay with which the Indians worked the stone, they pulled down all the smooth masonry in the walls. There is indeed not a house in the city that has not been made of this stone, or at least the houses built by the Spaniards."Today, only the stones that were too large to be easily moved remain at the site.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: On 13 March 2008, archaeologists discovered additional ruins at the periphery of Sacsayhuamán. It has been theorized that the site was first built upon during the Killke period, which preceded the Inca. While appearing ceremonial in nature, the exact function remains unknown.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: Peruvians continue to celebrate "Inti Raymi", the annual Inca festival of the winter solstice and new year. It is held near Sacsayhuamán on 24 June. Another important festival is "Warachikuy," held there annually on the third Sunday of September.


title: Sacsayhuamán

text: Some people from Cusco use the large field within the walls of the complex for jogging, "t'ai chi", and other athletic activities.


title: Team

text: As defined by Professor Leigh Thompson of the Kellogg School of Management, "[a] team is a group of people who are interdependent with respect to information, resources, knowledge and skills and who seek to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal".


title: Team

text: A group does not necessarily constitute a team. Teams normally have members with complementary skills


title: Team

text: through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize their strengths and minimize their weaknesses. Naresh Jain (2009) claims:


title: Team

text: Team members need to learn how to help one another, help other team members realize their true potential, and create an environment that allows everyone to go beyond their limitations.


title: Team

text: While academic research on teams and teamwork has grown consistently and has shown a sharp increase over the past recent 40 years, the societal diffusion of teams and teamwork actually followed a volatile trend in the 20th century. The concept was introduced into business in the late 20th century, which was followed by a popularization of the concept of constructing teams. Differing opinions exist on the efficacy of this new management fad.


title: Team

text: Others see it as a panacea that realizes the Human Relations Movement's desire to integrate what that movement perceives as best for workers and as best for managers.


title: Team

text: Many people believe in the effectiveness of teams, but also see them as dangerous because of the potential for exploiting workers — in that team effectiveness can rely on peer pressure and peer surveillance.


title: Team

text: However, Hackman sees team effectiveness not only in terms of performance: a truly effective team will contribute to the personal well-being and adaptive growth of its members.


title: Team

text: English-speakers commonly use the word "team" in today's society to characterise many types of groups. Peter Guy Northouse's book "Leadership: theory and practice"


title: Team

text: discusses teams from a leadership perspective. According to the team approach to leadership, a team is a type of organizational group of people that are members. A team is composed of members who are dependent on each other, work towards interchangeable achievements, and share common attainments. A team works as a whole together to achieve certain things. A team is usually located in the same setting as it is normally connected to a kind of organization, company, or community. Teams can meet in-person (directly face-to-face) or virtually when practicing their values and activities or duties. A team's communication is significantly important to their relationship. Ergo, communication is frequent and persistent, and as well are the meetings. The definition of team as an organizational group is not completely set in stone, as organizations have confronted a myriad of new forms of contemporary collaboration. Teams usually have strong organizational structured platforms and respond quickly and efficiently to challenges as they have skills and the capability to do so. An effective organizational team leads to greater productivity, more effective implementation of resources, better decisions and problem-solving, better-quality products/service, and greater innovation and originality.


title: Team

text: Alongside the concept of a team, compare the more structured/skilled concept of a crew, the advantages of formal and informal partnerships, or the well-defined – but time-limited – existence of task forces.


title: Team

text: A team becomes more than just a collection of people when a strong sense of mutual commitment creates synergy, thus generating performance greater than the sum of the performance of its individual members.


title: Team

text: Thus teams of game players can form (and re-form) to practise their craft/sport. Transport logistics executives can select teams of horses, dogs, or oxen for the purpose of conveying passengers or goods.


title: Team

text: Although the concept of a team is relatively simple, social scientists have identified many different types of teams. In general, teams either act as information processors, or take on a more active role in the task and actually perform activities. Common categories and subtypes of teams include:


title: Team

text: An action team is a group of people with leadership skills. It devises strategies, analyze situations and execute needed actions.


title: Team

text: Advisory teams make suggestions about a final product (Devine, 2002). For instance, a quality-control group on an assembly line would be an example of an advisory team: they may examine the products produced and make suggestions about how to improve the quality of the items being made. A product reaches the final stage and is put for sales after getting approved by the advisory teams. The advisory team consists of experts who possess extraordinary skills.


title: Team

text: The goal of the command team is to combine instructions and to coordinate action among management. In other words, command teams serve as the ""middle man"" in tasks (Devine, 2002). For instance, messengers on a construction site, conveying instructions from the executive team to the builders, would be an example of a command team.


title: Team

text: An executive team is a management team that draws up plans for activities and then directs these activities (Devine, 2002). An example of an executive team would be a construction team designing blueprints for a new building, and then guiding the construction of the building using these blueprints.


title: Team

text: A team used only for a defined period of time and for a separate, concretely definable purpose, often becomes known as a project team. This category of team includes negotiation-, commission- and design-team subtypes. In general, these types of teams are multi-talented and composed of individuals with expertise in many different areas. Members of these teams might belong to different groups, but receive assignment to activities for the same project, thereby allowing outsiders to view them as a single unit. In this way, setting up a team allegedly facilitates the creation, tracking and assignment of a group of people based on the project in hand. The use of the "team" label in this instance often has no relationship to whether the employees work as a team.


title: Team

text: Lundin and Soderholm define project teams as a special case in the more general category of temporary organizations which also includes task forces, program committees, and action groups. All of these are formed to ``make things happen``. This emphasis on action leads to a demarcation between the temporary organization and its environment. The demarcation is driven by four interrelated concepts (the four T's):


title: Team

text: "The concepts also differ from the crucial concepts that define the permanent organization. Permanent organizations are more naturally defined by goals (rather than tasks), survival (rather than time), working organization (rather than team) and production processes and continual development (rather than transition)"


title: Team

text: A sports team is a group of people which play sports (often team sports) together. Members include all players (even those who are waiting their turn to play), as well as support members such as a team manager or coach.


title: Team

text: Developments in information and communications technology have seen the emergence of the virtual work-team. A virtual team is a group of people who work interdependently and with shared purpose across space, time, and organisational boundaries using technology to communicate and collaborate. Virtual team members can be located across a country or across the world, rarely meet face-to-face, and include members from different cultures.


title: Team

text: In their 2009 literature-review paper, Ale Ebrahim, N., Ahmed, S. and Taha, Z. added two key issues to definition of a virtual team: "as small temporary groups of geographically, organizationally and/ or time dispersed knowledge workers who coordinate their work predominantly with electronic information and communication technologies in order to accomplish one or more organization tasks". Many virtual teams are solving customer problems or generating new work processes.


title: Team

text: Work teams are responsible for the actual act of creating tangible products and services (Devine, 2002). The actual workers on an assembly line would be an example of a production team, whereas waiters and waitresses at a diner would be an example of a service team.


title: Team

text: One common distinction is drawn between interdependent and independent teams. The difference is determined by the actions that the team members take while working.


title: Team

text: If all team members each perform the same basic tasks, such as students working problems in a maths class, or outside sales employees making phone calls, then it is likely that this team is an independent team. They may be able to help each other—perhaps by offering advice or practice time, by providing moral support, or by helping in the background during a busy time—but each individual's success is primarily due to each individual's own efforts. Runners do not win their own races merely because the rest of their teammates did, and maths students do not pass tests merely because their neighbours know how to solve equations.


title: Team

text: In the business environment, sales teams and traditional professionals (such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers), work in independent teams. Most teams in a business setting are independent teams.


title: Team

text: Coaching an interdependent team like a football team necessarily requires a different approach from coaching an independent team like a gymnastics team, because the costs and benefits to individual team members—and therefore the intrinsic incentives for positive team behaviors—differ markedly. An interdependent team benefits from members getting to know the other team members socially, from developing trust in each other, and from conquering artificial collective challenges (such as those offered in outdoors ropes courses). Interdependent teams respond well to collective rewards, and independent teams perform better with individual rewards.


title: Team

text: Hybrid teams and hybrid rewards, which try to combine characteristics of both, are sometimes created in the hope of getting the best of both types. However, instead, they tend instead to produce the negative features of each and none of the benefits, and consequently under-perform.


title: Team

text: Pressuring teams to become independent or interdependent, on the grounds that management has decided that one type is intrinsically better than the other, results in failure. The nature of the team is defined by the type of work that is done, and not by management's wishes or by the fashions of the latest management fad.


title: Team

text: Teams in areas of work or study such as in the medical field, may be "multidisciplinary" or "interdisciplinary".


title: Team

text: Multidisciplinary teams involve several professionals who independently treat various issues a patient may have, focusing on the issues in which they specialise. The problems that are being treated may or may not relate to other issues being addressed by individual team members.


title: Team

text: The interdisciplinary team approach involves all members of the team working together towards the same goal. In an interdisciplinary team approach, members of the core team will often rôle-blend, taking on tasks usually filled by people in different roles on the team. A common interdisciplinary team approach popularized by IDEO is the Balanced Team. IDEO interprets the balanced team as a composition of three discrete factors: desirability, feasibility, and viability. These three factors are assumed through human/design-oriented resources, technical-oriented resources, and business-oriented resources.


title: Team

text: These types of teams result in the highest potential for innovative work and motivation among its members. Team members determine the team's objectives and the means to achieve them. The management's only responsibility among self-directing teams is the creating the team's organizational context. Self-directed teams offer the most potential for innovation, enhance goal commitment and motivation, and provide opportunity for organizational learning and change.


title: Team

text: Team size and team composition affect team processes and team outcomes. The optimal size (and composition) of teams is debated and will vary depending on the task at hand. At least one study of problem-solving in groups showed an optimal size of groups at four members. Other works estimate the optimal size between 5–12 members or a number of members that can consume two pizzas. The following extract is taken from Chong (2007):


title: Team

text: David Cooperrider suggests that the larger the group, the better. This is because a larger group is able to address concerns of the whole system. So while a large team may be ineffective at performing a given task, Cooperider says that the relevance of that task should be considered, because determining whether the team is effective first requires identifying what needs to be accomplished.


title: Team

text: Regarding composition, all teams will have an element of homogeneity and heterogeneity. The more homogeneous the group, the more cohesive it will be. The more heterogeneous the group, the greater the differences in perspective and increased potential for creativity, but also the greater potential for conflict.


title: Team

text: Team members normally have different roles, like team leader and agents. Large teams can divide into subteams according to need.


title: Team

text: Many teams go through a life-cycle of stages, identified by Bruce Tuckman as: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning.


title: Team

text: Team cognition has been defined as an "emergent state that refers to the manner in which knowledge important to team functioning is organized, represented, and distributed within team." This emergent state can manifest in two ways. Compositional emergence occurs when individual level cognition is similar in form and function to its manifestation at team-level. Compilational emergence, on the other hand, represents a greater degree of synergy among team members and represents a new-team level construct. As such, higher degrees of compilational emergence are more closely related to team process and performance than is compositional emergence.


title: Team

text: Research into team cognition has focused on how teams develop mental models and transactive memory systems. Mental models refer to the degree in which team members have similar cognitive understanding of the situation and performance goals which include shared representations of the task. Transactive memory systems relate to how knowledge is distributed among team members and retrieved in a coordinated fashion, the way that team member rely on knowledge that is possessed by other members and how knowledge sets are differentiated within a team. The emergence of team cognition is thought to impact team effectiveness because it can positively affect a team's behavioural process, motivational states, and performance.


title: Team

text: Team cognition consists of two broad types of content. Task related models are related to knowledge of the major duties and resources possessed by the team. Team-related models refer to interactions and interdependence among the team members.


title: Team

text: When companies are in trouble, they often restructure into teams. However, putting people into teams does not solve problems; if not done thoughtfully, this may even cause more problems. The formation of teams is most appropriate for tasks that are difficult, complex and important. These types of tasks are often beyond the skills and abilities of any single individual. However, the formation of a team to complete such tasks does not guarantee success. Rather, the proper implementation of teams is positively related to both member satisfaction and increased effectiveness. Organizations who want to receive the benefits afforded by teams need to carefully consider how teams are built and implemented. Often, teams are created without providing members any training to develop the skills necessary to perform well in a team setting. This is critical, because teamwork can be cognitively and interpersonally demanding. Even when a team consists of talented individuals, these individuals must learn to coordinate their actions and develop functional interpersonal interactions. In their review of the relevant scientific literature, Kozlowski and Ilgen demonstrated that such training can greatly benefit team effectiveness. Finally, teams are more likely to be successful when they are fully supported by the organization. Take for example New United Motor Manufacturing Inc (NUMMI). Originally it was a General Motors automotive manufacturing plant that had to close due to numerous issues, causing it to be the worst performing GM plant. NUMMI was the collaborative creation of General Motors and Toyota. These two companies took most of the same work force and created one of the most productive automotive plants, producing high quality cars. They did this by implementing a new team structure, where management and the company was more supportive of the union workforce.


title: Team

text: Some people use the word "team" when they mean "employees". A "sales team" is a common example of this loose or perhaps euphemistic usage, though inter-dependencies exist in organisations, and a sales group can be let down by poor performance in other parts of the organisation upon which sales depend, like delivery, after-sales service, etc. However "sales staff" is a more accurate description of the typical arrangement.


title: Team

text: In the first stage, group development is characterized by members' dependency on the designated leader (identical to 'Forming' in Tuckman's model). In the second stage, the group seeks to free itself from its dependence on the leader and groups have conflicts about goals and procedures (identical to 'Storming' in Tuckman's model). In the third stage, the group manages to work through the conflicts (identical to 'Norming' in Tuckman's model). And in the last stage, groups focus on team productivity (identical to 'Performing' in Tuckman's model).


title: Team

text: One aspect of teams that can set them apart from other groups is their level of autonomy. Hackman developed a hierarchical model of team autonomy which consists of four levels of team self-management. It is imagined along a continuum, starting with a manager-led team in which team members complete the required tasks but someone outside the team performs the executive functions. As the person's job it is who performs the executive functions is to define the goals and methods for the team, the team itself holds the sole responsibility of the execution of the work that needs to be performed. Next in the hierarchy are self-managing teams, followed by self-designing teams. Finally, at the top of the hierarchy, come self-governing teams. The model describes four different types of control that fully self-governing teams can possess. These include control over the execution of the task, monitoring and managing work processes, control over the design and performance of a team, and setting the overall direction of the team.


title: Team

text: To understand how teams deliver extra performance, we need to distinguish between teams and working groups. A working group's performance is made up of the individual results of all its individual members. A team's performance is made up of both individual results and collective results. Teams produce work products/results though the joint contributions of team members. This is what makes the team's collective performance greater than the sum of all individual members’ best performance. In short, a team is more than the sum of its parts.


title: Team

text: The “team” portion of team leadership is based on individuals and how each share the work between one another. First, individuals must see that they are a team, not simply a group. Each member takes on a portion of the group's leadership and responsibility. Each member helps other members to see their strengths and how they complement each other.


title: Team

text: Second, the team sets result driven goals. To achieve this, the designated leader guides the team based decision making process. The team clarifies or agrees on attainable goals. Additionally, they agree on steps to obtain them. Furthermore, the team determines if they need to take an immediate action, or if they can simply watch a situation for a period of time.


title: Team

text: Third, if the team decides to take an action, it may be something they change internally, such as clarifying their goals, receiving training, collaborating, or building commitment as a team. If not internally, this action can be something they will act on outside of the team, such as networking with others or negotiating for support.


title: Team

text: Lastly, the team's leader will contribute by finding ways to improve team work. This may be done through questionnaires given to the team. These can address any problems, or seek avenues the team would like to see improved. A strength of the team is its continuous stride for improvement and openness to interventional assistance.


title: Team

text: In Leadership – Theory and Practice 7th Edition by Peter G. Northouse, he states that, “A team is a type of organizational group that is composed of members who are interdependent, who share common goals, and who must coordinate their activities to accomplish these goals,” (Northouse, 363). Overall, the team will lead each other to bring forth their own individual ideas and strengths, which create opportunities for great success.


title: Team

text: A common myth is that to function effectively, teams need a strong, powerful, and charismatic leader. In general, leaders who control all the details, manage alle the key relationships in the team, have all the good ideas, and use the team to execute their "vision" are usually overworked and underproductive.


title: Team

text: Teams are in need of transformational leaders not more managers, with the important caveat that the world does not function well without managers. Transformational leaders engage in the following behaviors:


title: Arowana

text: Arowanas are freshwater bony fish of the subfamily Osteoglossinae, also known as bony tongues (the latter name is now often reserved for Arapaiminae). In this family of fish, the head is bony and the elongated body is covered by large, heavy scales, with a mosaic pattern of canals. The dorsal and anal fins have soft rays and are long based, while the pectoral and ventral fins are small. The name "bonytongues" is derived from a toothed bone on the floor of the mouth, the "tongue", equipped with teeth that bite against teeth on the roof of the mouth. The arowana is a facultative air breather and can obtain oxygen from air by sucking it into its swim bladder, which is lined with capillaries like lung tissue.


title: Arowana

text: Within Osteoglossinae, the South America "Osteoglossum" arowanas diverged from the Asian and Australian "Scleropages" arowanas about 170 Mya, during the Middle Jurassic.


title: Arowana

text: The Osteoglossidae are the only exclusively freshwater fish family found on both sides of the Wallace Line. This may be explained by the theory that Asian arowanas ("S. formosus") diverged from the Australian "Scleropages", "S. jardinii" and "S. leichardti", about 140 Mya, making it likely that Asian arowanas were carried to Asia on the Indian subcontinent.


title: Arowana

text: At least five extinct genera, known only from fossils, are classified as osteoglossids; these date back at least as far as the Late Cretaceous. Other fossils from as far back as the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous are widely considered to belong to the arowana superorder Osteoglossomorpha. Osteoglossomorph fossils have been found on all continents except Antarctica. These fossil genera include "Brychaetus", "Joffrichthys", and "Phareodus".


title: Arowana

text: Osteoglossids are carnivorous, often being specialized surface feeders. They are excellent jumpers; "Osteoglossum" species have been seen leaping more than 6 ft (almost 2 m) from the water surface to pick off insects and birds from overhanging branches in South America, hence the nickname "water monkeys". Arowana species typically grow to around 2 to 3 ft in captivity.


title: Arowana

text: Arowanas can be troublesome to keep as pets. They are expensive, require wide living space, are picky eaters and need a lot of care. Arowanas are renowned for their aggressive behavior and personality.


title: Arowana

text: Several species of osteoglossids exhibit parental care. They build nests and protect their young after they hatch. All species are mouthbrooders, the parents holding sometimes hundreds of eggs in their mouths. The young may make several tentative trips outside the parent's mouth to investigate the surroundings before leaving permanently.


title: Arowana

text: Unlike most fishes that start reproducing at around six months of age, the Arowana usually takes three to four years to reach sexual maturity.


title: Arowana

text: Depending on the classification system used, there are 10 types of arowana commonly kept as pets; 4 from Asia, 3 from South America, 2 from Australia and 1 from Africa.


title: Arowana

text: Asian arowana is an endangered species and banned in the United States. It is a status symbol among wealthy Asian men. An albino arowana sold for a record price of $300,000 in 2009. Most pet arowana are farmed behind high-security fences.


title: Arowana

text: Arowanas are solitary fish and only allow company while young; adults may show dominance and aggression. Some compatible species often partnered with this fish are clown knifefish, pacu, oscars, jaguar cichlids, green terrors, gar, tinfoil barb, Siamese tigerfish, and any other somewhat aggressive fish that cannot fit in the arowana's mouth. These fish are best kept with live or frozen feed and they easily outgrow the tank within 8 to 10 months. An aquarium with the minimum diameter of 6' by 3.5' and 300 gallons is suggested as a bare minimum but 400-800 gallons is the best way to go. Australian species are best kept alone in aquaria.


title: Arowana

text: It is estimated that the total annual revenue of the Asian arowana sector was over US$200 million globally since 2012.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Nathan Michael Peterman (born May 4, 1994) is an American football quarterback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Pittsburgh following a stint with Tennessee and was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round of the 2017 NFL Draft.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Peterman struggled early in the NFL, throwing five interceptions during the first half of his starting debut and posting a 0.0 passer rating in the 2018 season opener. His 11 interceptions thrown within his first 100 career passing attempts remain the most by any NFL quarterback in such a span. Released by the Bills during the 2018 season, Peterman joined the Raiders franchise, where he served as a backup for four seasons. He signed with the Bears in 2022.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Peterman attended Bartram Trail High School in St. Johns, Florida. While at Bartram Trail, he played for the Bears football team. As a senior, he passed for 2,392 yards and 36 touchdowns. Peterman was rated as a four-star recruit and committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football under head coach Derek Dooley.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: In 2012, Peterman redshirted in first year at Tennessee. After the Vanderbilt game of that season, Dooley was fired as head coach.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: After his redshirt freshman year, Peterman's head coach was Butch Jones. Peterman was one of the three backup quarterbacks as Justin Worley won the starting job in the offseason. Peterman made his collegiate debut in a home game at Neyland Stadium against Austin Peay in relief of Worley in a 45–0 victory. He was 4-of-8 passing for 28 yards against the Governors. After the game against #2 Oregon at Autzen Stadium, where Tennessee was defeated by a score of 59–14, Worley was benched in favor of Peterman. Peterman made his first career start against #19 Florida at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville, Florida. He was injured in the game and was eventually benched for Worley during the game after completing 4-of-11 passes for only five yards and two interceptions. The injury ended up being a broken hand. Overall, Peterman appeared in four games that season, completing 10-of-23 passes for 45 yards and two interceptions.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: As a sophomore in 2014, he remained behind Worley on the depth chart. He played in seven games and made one start, which came against #4 Alabama at Neyland Stadium, after Worley was injured in the 34–3 loss to #3 Ole Miss. Despite getting the start, Joshua Dobbs relieved Peterman in the game. Dobbs started the next game against South Carolina and kept the job for the rest of the season. Peterman made one last appearance as a member of the Volunteers against Kentucky. In relief of Dobbs in the 50–16 victory, Peterman finished the game. He completed 10-of-20 passes for 49 yards on the 2014 season.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Peterman transferred as a graduate transfer to the University of Pittsburgh in 2015. Under new head coach Pat Narduzzi, Peterman entered the season as the backup to Chad Voytik, but replaced him as the starter after two games. In his first start, he completed 20-of-29 passes for 219 yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions in a 27–24 loss to Iowa. He kept the starting job for the rest of the year, completing 193-of-314 passes for 2,287 yards, 20 touchdowns, and eight interceptions as the Panthers finished with an 8–5 record.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Peterman returned as a starter his senior year in Pittsburgh. Peterman had a career day against the eventual National Champion Clemson Tigers on November 12. He threw for 308 yards and five touchdowns in the 43–42 victory. Pittsburgh's victory was Clemson's only loss of the season. He threw for 2,855 yards with 27 touchdowns, and seven interceptions as the Panthers once again finished with an 8–5 record.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: On November 16, 2016, it was announced that Peterman accepted an invitation to play in the 2017 Senior Bowl. During Senior Bowl practices, Peterman impressed scouts and media in attendance after he displayed his decent size, accuracy, mobility, and his powerful arm. He met with representatives from the New Orleans Saints during the week and was praised by NFL analysts Daniel Jeremiah and Charles Davis. On January 28, 2017, Peterman played in the Senior Bowl and completed 16 of 23 pass attempt for 153 yards and a touchdown during the North 16–15 loss to the South. Peterman played for Chicago Bears head coach John Fox's North team during the game. Peterman was one of 15 collegiate quarterbacks who received an invitation to participate at the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. He completed the majority of combine drills, but opted to skip the bench press. Peterman finished fifth among quarterbacks in the three-cone drill, seventh in the 40-yard dash and tied for sixth in the vertical jump and short shuttle.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: The Buffalo Bills selected Peterman in the fifth round (171st overall pick) of the 2017 NFL Draft, as the eighth quarterback selected.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Peterman was brought in to compete for the Bills' backup quarterback position along with T. J. Yates and Cardale Jones. Peterman performed well enough to win the backup quarterback job after Jones was traded to the Los Angeles Chargers. Following the third preseason game against the Baltimore Ravens, Peterman became the only healthy quarterback for the Bills as starter Tyrod Taylor and Yates both sustained concussions in the game. This left open the possibility of Peterman starting for the team in Week 1, but Taylor recovered in time to start the season opener against the New York Jets. Had Peterman started the game, he would have been the second-lowest-drafted rookie quarterback to start a season opener since the AFL–NFL merger. During Week 10 against the New Orleans Saints, Peterman made his NFL debut with less than five minutes left in the game. With the Bills trailing 47–3, he led a scoring drive, completing 7 of 10 passes for 79 yards and one touchdown as the Bills lost by a score of 47–10. His first career touchdown pass was a 7-yard pass to tight end Nick O'Leary.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: On November 15, 2017, Peterman was named the Bills' starting quarterback for the team's Week 11 game against the Los Angeles Chargers due to Taylor's struggles. During the game, Peterman threw five interceptions in the first half and was relieved by Taylor at the start of the second half. His five interceptions tied an NFL record for the most thrown in a player's first career start. Due to Taylor having suffered a knee injury in Week 13, Peterman started the Week 14 game against the Indianapolis Colts. During the game, which was played in a snowstorm, he completed 5 of 10 passes for 57 yards and a touchdown before leaving the game in the third quarter with a concussion. The Bills won in overtime by a score of 13–7.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: On January 7, 2018, Peterman entered the Bills' game against the Jacksonville Jaguars with 1:43 remaining in the 4th quarter after Taylor suffered a concussion. He managed to convert two first downs for the Buffalo offense, including a four-yard scramble to move the chains on fourth down, before throwing a critical interception to Jaguars cornerback Jalen Ramsey, thus sealing the 10–3 win for Jacksonville and ending the Bills' season.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: In the 2018 offseason, the Bills traded Taylor to the Cleveland Browns. Peterman competed with rookie first-round draft pick Josh Allen and free-agent signing A. J. McCarron for the starting quarterback position. On September 3, 2018, the Bills named Peterman their opening day starter over Allen after trading McCarron to the Oakland Raiders.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Starting in Week 1 against the Baltimore Ravens, Peterman completed 5-18 passes, for 24 yards, throwing two interceptions and not leading the team to a first down until the third quarter. He was benched in favor of Josh Allen after posting a 0.0 passer rating as the Bills lost 47–3.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: On September 12, 2018, the Bills named Allen the starter for Week 2 against the Los Angeles Chargers, relegating Peterman to the bench. Four weeks later, the Bills signed Derek Anderson to serve as Allen's backup.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: After Allen was injured against the Houston Texans and with Anderson inactive, Peterman entered the game and threw a touchdown to Zay Jones to put Buffalo in the lead. However, after the Texans tied the game at 13 late in the fourth quarter, Peterman threw two interceptions that cost the Bills the game, including a pick-six to cornerback Johnathan Joseph that proved to be Houston's winning score. On October 17, 2018, Bills head coach Sean McDermott confirmed that Anderson would start Week 7 against the Indianapolis Colts with Allen ruled out. However, after Anderson was hurt on "Monday Night Football" against the New England Patriots, Peterman played against the Chicago Bears on November 4. In what would become Peterman's final start as a Bill, he rushed for a touchdown, snapping the team's streak of 11 straight quarters and 39 straight possessions without a touchdown, and threw for a career-high 188 yards, but also tossed three interceptions, including a pick six, as the Bills lost to the Bears by a score of 41–9.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Peterman was benched in favor of another mid–season signing, Matt Barkley, for the Week 10 matchup against the New York Jets. Barkley led the Bills to a 41–10 win over the Jets. With the Bills entering their bye week and Allen expected to be ready to play by the time of their next game, the Bills released Peterman on the evening of November 12. He finished his Buffalo career with four total touchdowns (three passing, one rushing), 12 interceptions and a passer rating of 32.5.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: After workouts with the Detroit Lions and Denver Broncos, Peterman was signed by the Oakland Raiders as part of their practice squad on December 19, 2018, as head coach Jon Gruden had previously raved about Peterman's play in college. Peterman signed a reserve/future contract with the Raiders on January 1, 2019.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Peterman had a strong preseason, but was placed on injured reserve with an elbow injury on September 2, 2019.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: On April 16, 2020, the Raiders re-signed Peterman, a restricted free agent, to an original-round tender. He was fined by the NFL on October 5, 2020, for attending a maskless charity event hosted by teammate Darren Waller during the COVID-19 pandemic in violation of the NFL's COVID-19 protocols for the 2020 season.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: Peterman made his first appearance for the Raiders in Week 12 against the Atlanta Falcons in relief of starter Derek Carr. Peterman completed 3 of 5 passes for 25 yards and rushed once for nine yards in the 43–6 blowout road loss.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: On February 4, 2021, Peterman signed a one-year contract extension with the Raiders. During a Week 5 20–9 loss to the Chicago Bears, he briefly relieved Derek Carr in the fourth quarter after Carr suffered an injury. On November 2, 2021, Peterman was released and was re-signed to the practice squad. His contract expired when the team's season ended on January 15, 2022.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: On May 11, 2022, Peterman signed with the Chicago Bears. He was released on August 30, 2022, and signed to the practice squad the next day. The Bears flexed Peterman to the active roster on November 26, after an injury to starter Justin Fields.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: During pregame warmups in week 12, primary backup Trevor Siemian, who was slated to start that week, suffered an oblique injury which led many people to believe that the Bears were going to start Peterman against the New York Jets, but Siemian ultimately ended up starting the game.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: On December 3, 2022, Peterman was signed to the active roster after Siemian was placed on injured reserve, becoming Fields' primary backup.


title: Nathan Peterman

text: The younger son of a pastor, Peterman credits his Christian faith in helping him face adversity. He is married to Morgan Peterman (), his college girlfriend from Tennessee.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: The Basic Law of Hong Kong states that English and Chinese are the two official languages of Hong Kong. During the British colonial era, English was the sole official language until 1978 but has remained a strong second language in Hong Kong. As the majority of the population in Hong Kong are descendants of migrants from China's Canton Province, the vast majority speak standard Cantonese or other Yue Chinese varieties as a first language, with smaller numbers of speakers of Hakka Language or the Teochew dialect of Southern Min. In addition, immigrants and expatriates from the West and other Asian countries have contributed much to Hong Kong's linguistic and demographic diversity. The geographical element of this diversity can be seen in the Hong Kong Language Maps, which shows oral languages from the 2011 Census, and oral and written languages from the 2016 Census. Statistics for the 27 self-reported spoken languages/dialects reported in the 2011 Census, can be found in the report: Language Use, Proficiency and Attitudes in Hong Kong.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: English was the sole official language of Hong Kong from 1883 to 1974. Only after demonstrations and petitions from Hong Kong people demanding equal status for Chinese did the language become official in Hong Kong from 1974 onward. Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration provided that English may be used in addition to Chinese for official purposes in the future Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. In March 1987, the Official Languages Ordinance was amended to require all new legislation to be enacted bilingually in both English and Chinese. In 1990, the Hong Kong Basic Law affirmed English's co-official language status with Chinese after the 1997 handover.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: As a result of immigration into Hong Kong from Canton Province, Cantonese is the dominant Chinese variant spoken in the territory with smaller numbers of speakers of other dialects. There are also numerous Chinese languages spoken by the native peoples of the New Territories, many of which are mutually unintelligible.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: There is also a written language based on the vocabulary and grammar of spoken Cantonese known as written Cantonese. Although the "biliterate and trilingual" policy implies an absence of support for written Cantonese, it has gained popularity in news media where entertainment and local news are related. Written Cantonese is unintelligible to non-Cantonese speakers and is considered nonstandard by some educators despite its widespread usage in Hong Kong. Some have also credited written Cantonese for solving the challenges that standard written Chinese had faced in popular culture.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Traditional Chinese characters are widely used, and are the "de facto" writing standard in Hong Kong. Simplified Chinese is seen in some posters, leaflets, flyers and signs in the tourist areas.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: The principal language of Hong Kong is standard Cantonese (粵語, 廣州話, 廣東話, 廣府話, 白話, 本地話), spoken by 88.9% of the population at home daily. As an official language, it is used in education, broadcasting, government administration, legislation and judiciary, as well as for daily communication. As a result of its predominance throughout the community, Cantonese is virtually the exclusive language of official discourse at all levels of the executive, legislature and courts of Hong Kong.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: A few closely related dialects to standard Cantonese continue to be spoken in Hong Kong. Most notable is the Weitou dialect (圍頭話), which is mostly spoken by the older generation living in walled villages in New Territories. Additionally, the Tanka people (蜑家人/疍家人/水上人) from the fishing villages on outlying islands speak their own variant of Cantonese. However, this dialect is now largely limited to those middle aged and above.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Hakka is indigenous to many villages in the New Territories and within Hakka communities in Hong Kong. Nowadays, outside these rural villages and older populations, younger Hakka Chinese populations communicate primarily in Cantonese.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Teochew, Hokkien, and Taiwanese are the Minnan (Southern Min) Chinese dialects commonly found in Hong Kong. However, their usage is largely limited to recent migrants from Taiwan or Fujian and middle aged descendants of immigrants from native Chinese regions of these variants.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Taishanese originates from migrants from Taishan County in Mainland China. The variant can still be found in some areas in Hong Kong where migrants concentrated, such as Sai Wan.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Shanghainese, or Wu Chinese in general, was commonly spoken by migrants who escaped Shanghai after the communist takeover of China in 1949. Their descendants assimilated into mainstream Cantonese-speaking society. However there is still a sizeable immigrant community after China's economic reform in 1978, and about 1.1% of the population speaks Shanghainese according to a 2016 census.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: When Hong Kong was a colony of the United Kingdom, Mandarin Chinese (普通話/現代標準漢語/國語/北方話) was not widely used in Hong Kong. Since the 1997 handover, the huge increase in inbound tourism from the mainland has led to much more widespread use of Mandarin, particularly in tourism-related commerce, though little impact has been seen in locally based commerce or public services.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: In addition, the large number of "soeng1 fei1" (雙非) children (children born in Hong Kong whose parents are both from the Mainland) has increased the number of Mandarin-speaking people, particularly in districts close to the border, such that Mandarin-speaking children make up large proportions or even the majority of primary-school students in those districts, causing the beginnings of a language shift in those areas.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: English is a major working language in Hong Kong, and is widely used in commercial activities and legal matters. Although the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred to the PRC by the United Kingdom in 1997, English remains one of the official languages of Hong Kong as enshrined in the Basic Law.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Many Hong Kong people use both Cantonese and English, or "code-switch", in the same sentence when speaking. For example, " make sense!" ("Wow, it does not make sense!"). The code-switching can freely mix English words and Chinese grammar, for instance " un understand?" ("Do you understand?") which follows the Chinese grammar syntax 'verb - not - verb' to ask "Do you "(verb)"?".


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Some code-switched words are used so often that they have become loanwords in Cantonese, for example,


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: In Hong Kong, French is the second most studied foreign language after Japanese. Many institutions in Hong Kong, like Alliance française, provide French courses. Local universities, such as the University of Hong Kong, the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Baptist University, offer programmes which aim at developing proficiency in French language and culture. The language was included as a subject in the HKCEE, but not in HKALE, the two former public exams that Hong Kong high school students take, with accordance to British International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) standards. The IGCSE French syllabus used by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) is adopted in the examination. The only French book store, Librairie Parentheses, in Hong Kong is located on Wellington Street, Central.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Real estate developers in Hong Kong sometimes name their buildings in French, such as "Bel-Air", "Les Saisons" and "Belle Mer". This kind of foreign branding is also used in boutiques and restaurants. An example is Yucca de Lac in Ma Liu Shui. Sometimes only French elements such as articles and prepositions are added to the name, as in the case of the restaurant chain Café de Coral. Similar mixing of English and French can be seen on the menu of Délifrance, a French-style restaurant chain in Hong Kong.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: The number of German speakers in Hong Kong is about 5000, significant enough for the establishment of the German Swiss International School ("Deutsch-Schweizerische Internationale Schule"), which claims to number more than 1,000 students, at The Peak of Hong Kong Island. Many institutions in Hong Kong provide German courses. The most well-known one is the Goethe-Institut, which is located in Wan Chai. After spending a certain period in learning German, students can take the German Test as a Foreign Language ("Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache"; "TestDaF" for short) and Start German A1-C2. There are currently two test centres for TestDaF in Hong Kong: the Goethe-Institut and the Hong Kong Baptist University(HKBU). The latter one also offers a European Studies degree course of German Stream, Bachelor of Social Science in European Studies (German Stream), in parallel with the French stream. A minor programme of German is offered at the Language Centre of HKBU. The Hong Kong University offers a Major in German. The Chinese University of Hong Kong offers a Minor in German and popular summer courses. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology offers German for science and technology.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: There are over 25,000 Japanese people in Hong Kong, so it is not uncommon to hear Japanese conversations. More than 10,000 people in Hong Kong had taken the JLPT in 2005. Hong Kong-based R by R Production produces a television travel show set in Japan, which, as of April 2016, is broadcast on ViuTV. However, the language is often misused.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Japanese culture, especially the popular culture, has been popular in Hong Kong for decades. Hong Kong people occasionally replace Chinese characters with Japanese kanji. In addition, the Companies Registry also permits the hiragana ‘"no’" in Chinese business names that are registered in Hong Kong. The hiragana の is usually used in place of the Chinese character (zi1) and is read as such in Hong Kong. In fact, Aji Ichiban has adopted の in their company name (). There are also borrowings from Japanese shinjitai kanji ‘eki’ to substitute (Jyutping: "zaam6";)(both 站 and 駅 mean "station" in their respective languages), as in Nu Front (), a shopping mall for Hong Kong youngsters in Causeway Bay. There are also some private estates named with the kanji . These loanwords are pronounced by Hong Kong people as if they were their Chinese counterparts (i.e. as , and as ). The Japanese is the shinjitai of the hanzi (Jyutping: "jik6";). However, 驛 has fallen out of usage to in modern Cantonese and become obsolete. Therefore, it is not uncommon to mispronounce as its phonetic compound (Jyutping: cek3;)).


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Koreans in Hong Kong only make up a small minority while Korean culture has gained popularity since the early 2000s. Korean pop music was the first Korean media to enter Hong Kong's market. Since then, several Korean TV series such as Dae Jang Geum have been broadcast to numerous audiences. There are roughly 1,000 students that took Korean courses at the Chinese University of Hong Kong each year, including undergraduates as well as professionals who enrolled in continuing education programs. Roughly 3,000 people have taken the Test of Proficiency in Korean since its introduction to Hong Kong in 2003. Surveys and statistics from course enrolments have shown that nine-tenths of the students studying Korean in Hong Kong are female.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Filipino and other Philippine languages are used by Filipinos in Hong Kong, most of whom are employed as foreign domestic workers.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Newspapers and magazines in Filipino can also be easily found in Central, Hong Kong. There are also a small number of churches in Hong Kong that have masses or services in Filipino, for example the afternoon masses provided by the St. John's Cathedral in Central.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Indonesian is the common language for the significant number of Indonesians working in Hong Kong, though Javanese is also widely spoken. Most are domestic workers; On their days off, they often gather at Victoria Park in Causeway Bay where Indonesian languages can be heard.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Thai prevails among the Thai population in Hong Kong, who mostly work as domestic workers. The Thai language is found in many shops and restaurants owned by Thais in Kowloon City. A number of Thai movies have been imported since the early 2000s, such as "The Wheel" in the medley "Three", "Jan Dara", the "Iron Ladies", "My Little Girl", and "" and "Tom-Yum-Goong" starring Tony Jaa.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Vietnamese is used in Hong Kong among the ethnic Chinese from Vietnam who had initially settled in Vietnam and returned to Hong Kong. The language is also used by Vietnamese refugees who left their home during the Vietnam War.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: In 2006, there were at least 44,744 persons of South Asian descent living in Hong Kong. Signboards written in Hindi or Urdu can be seen, and conversation in South Asian languages including Nepali, Sindhi and Punjabi, as well as Urdu, Hindi and Tamil can be heard.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Hong Kong has two Nepalese newspapers, "The Everest" and the "Sunrise Weekly Hong Kong". In 2004, the Home Affairs Bureau and Metro Plus AM 1044 jointly launched radio shows "Hong Kong-Pak Tonight" in Urdu and "Hamro Sagarmatha" in Nepalese.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: The history of Indians in Hong Kong can be traced back to the early days of British Hong Kong. When the Union flag of the United Kingdom was hoisted on 26 January 1841, there were around 2,700 Indian troops that participated, and they played an important role in the development of Hong Kong in the early days. The most prominent contributions were the founding of the University of Hong Kong (HKU), the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) and the Star Ferry.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Although nearly all of the Indian people who live in Hong Kong speak and write Indian English, some have maintained the usage of Hindi as a second language.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Arabic is used frequently among members of Muslim communities in Hong Kong. Some Islamic organisations do teach the language as well, but the current status can best be described as developing.


title: Languages of Hong Kong

text: Hong Kong Sign Language is used by the Deaf community of Hong Kong; it is derived from the southern dialect of Chinese Sign Language, but is now an independent, mutually unintelligible language.


title: Gangaajal

text: Gangaajal: The Holy Weapon () is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language action crime drama film written, directed, co-produced and edited by Prakash Jha. Featuring an ensemble cast of 87 actors, it revolves around the Superintendent of Police Amit Kumar (Ajay Devgn) who takes charge of the fictitious district of Tejpur, Bihar, known for its high crime rate and organised crime carried out by dons Sadhu (Mohan Joshi) and Sunder Yadav (Yashpal Sharma). Due to the local police's slow response to crimes, residents of the district resort to pouring acid in the eyes of the criminals as an instrument for extrajudicial justice.


title: Gangaajal

text: Following the release of his directorial debut "Damul" (1984), Jha conceived an idea for his next venture that would be titled "Gangaajal", which would be about corruption and political violence. Jha was unfamiliar with the subject matter and had no desire to start production, and took twenty years to write the story. The film, announced in January 2001, was photographed by Arvind K; filming took 60 days and took place in Wai and Satara, both in Maharashtra, and sets were designed by Sukhwant Panigrahi. The film's soundtrack was composed by Sandesh Shandilya with lyrics by Akhilesh Sharma and a background score by the American composer Wayne Sharpe.


title: Gangaajal

text: "Gangaajal" was released on 29 August 2003. Its production costs were or ; the film was a moderate success at the box office, became one of the highest-grossing Indian films of the year, and grossed worldwide. It received widespread acclaim from critics, some of whom praised the cast's performances—generally that of Devgn—but questioned the plot's originality. "Gangaajal" received several accolades, including the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues. A sequel titled "Jai Gangaajal" was released in 2016 which under-performed, both commercially and critically.


title: Gangaajal

text: The Superintendent of Police (SP) Amit Kumar (Ajay Devgn) takes charge of Tejpur, which has a high crime rate. In the district, the police are controlled by the don Sadhu Yadav (Mohan Joshi) and his son Sunder Yadav (Yashpal Sharma). While travelling to the headquarters, Amit's car breaks down and he inspects the area. He observes professional laxity among police officials, crumbling infrastructure, outdated weaponry, lack of stationery and transport, and the dependence of officials on corrupt local contractors.


title: Gangaajal

text: Inspector Bachcha Yadav (Mukesh Tiwari), a stooge of Sadhu, visits Sadhu's hideout and sees the infamous local goon Nunwa. Nunwa has killed an officer in Bachcha's department after a heated argument. Yadav kills Nunwa, fearing arresting him would expose the connection between Nunwa and the Tejpur police, and tells the public he was killed in an encounter. Amit later realises Nunwa was killed because of his relationship with Sadhu and suspends Bachcha from duty as a punishment. Anxious he would be transferred from Tejpur, Bachcha visits Sadhu's home to seek his help but learns Sadhu has abandoned him.


title: Gangaajal

text: Amit takes notice of the incident and finds Sunder has kidnapped a missing young woman. Amit persuades the woman's mother, who is hesitant to do so, to file a complaint with the police. Sensing an opportunity, Bachcha urges Amit to give him a chance. Bachcha lures Sunder into a factory where Amit and his men are waiting. After a brief scuffle, Sunder is arrested and produced in a local court. The woman's mother refuses to testify against Sunder after the DIG Verma (Mohan Agashe), who is loyal to Sadhu, threatens her into withdrawing her complaint. The judge acquits Sunder because of a lack of evidence.


title: Gangaajal

text: Sadhu's men try to vandalise the shop of a pan vendor who testified against Sunder before Amit destroys it. At the jail, when Amit goes home, Sunder fights with Bachcha and his colleagues. Bachcha throws acid into the men's eyes, an act that is locally referred to as "gangaajal". The incident leads to controversy and the police are accused of vigilante justice. Taking macabre inspiration from the incident, local police officials also throw acid in the eyes of criminals in their jails, creating an acute fear throughout Tejpur and falling crime rates. The violent nature of the act finds support with the public.


title: Gangaajal

text: "Gangaajal" becomes an instrument of instant, extrajudicial justice. While all officers deny their involvement in the incident, Bachcha writes his confession in a letter and submits it to Amit. When Bachcha reaches his home, he finds Sunder has taken his son and wife hostage. After a brief struggle, Sunder kills Bachcha by shooting him in the eyes. Enraged, Amit issues a search warrant for Sunder and warns Sadhu to tell Sunder to surrender himself. Sadhu applies for bail for Sunder but before Sunder is produced in the court, he is arrested and taken to jail. This time, the court rejects Sunder's bail application and orders the police to keep Sunder in custody.


title: Gangaajal

text: Sadhu, however, influences the local minister to release his son but Amit refuses and is sent on emergency leave. Sunder is released and disrupts the marriage of the woman he kidnapped and kills her mother. Unable to bear the loss, the woman kills herself. Amit detains Sadhu and Sunder, and takes them to the police station but an enraged mob stops Amit and demand their deaths by "gangaajal". Amit prevents the mob from killing them, saying anarchy only brings social decadence. He wants Sadhu and Sunder to be tried by the law but they escape. They hold a family hostage to ward Amit off and a fight takes place between them. Sunder and Sadhu are killed after falling onto a plough, piercing their eyes.


title: Gangaajal

text: During the production of his directorial debut "Damul", a 1984 political drama, Prakash Jha conceived the idea for his next film, which would be named "Gangaajal: The Holy Weapon", which he wanted to be about corruption and political violence. In an interview with "Screen", Jha said he decided to make films set in rural cities because he believed they have an "earthy quality" that would attract audiences. For this film, he chose his home state Bihar as the main setting because he is familiar with the local culture, people, and tradition. He did not want to have another topic for his film at the time so hr improved the story for the next twenty years, after which the principal photography started. According to Jha, the film's title reflects a metaphor that indicates ritual purification with "astonishing, stark and powerful" elements. Many of his friends suggested other suitable titles, including "Police", because they felt the original title was too metaphorical. Jha, however, kept the original title and added an extra 'a' to it. In preparation, Jha interviewed several police officers and read clippings on police he had saved.


title: Gangaajal

text: Jha announced the film in January 2001 during an interview with Komal Nahta of Rediff.com, and said it would be produced by Jha's banner Prakash Jha Productions in association with Manmohan Shetty of Entertainment One. He called "Gangaajal" his perception of affairs in the present-day Bihar, saying it is a "dramatic journey" from someone "into the collective consciousness of the society. It eventually becomes an intense meditation on the mechanics of crime and punishment." Although several publications reporting the film was based on the 1980 Bhagalpur blindings, Jha said it is not but that the film has several blinding scenes that are minor parts of the plot. The dialogue was written by Jha.


title: Gangaajal

text: Ajay Devgn played the role of the Superintendent of Police Amit Kumar that was previously offered to Akshay Kumar, marking Devgn's second collaboration with Jha after "Dil Kya Kare" (1999). Devgn said he had a positive rapport with Jha and that he was allowed to speak in Hindi without a Bihari accent. Jha said Devgn's acting style led him to approach Devgn again, describing him as a "natural choice". Jha said; "I needed someone who would look sincere and honest in the film, and he suited that. His character goes through many dilemmas, and he's capable of carrying that role well." Gracy Singh also immediately chose to star in the film as Amit's wife Anuradha. Jha, who wanted to cast Singh because he felt the Indian film industry did not see her potential as an actor. Singh stated that it was difficult to play the role as it was new for her. The film features an ensemble cast of 87 actors; according to Jha this is intended to "collectively make up the atmosphere".


title: Gangaajal

text: "Gangaajal" was produced on a budget of or . Principal photography was handled by Arvind K. in 60 days, and Sukhwant Panigrahi served as the production designer. Initially, Jha wanted the film to be made in Bihar but changed his mind for logistic reasons. Filming took place in two areas of Satara and Wai in Maharashtra, and Jha asked local people to briefly appear in several scenes. He said most of them were cooperative and that he felt helped. Filming ended in March 2003 and Jha edited the film. The New York-based composer Wayne Sharpe, who had composed feature-film soundtracks for 15 years, composed the film's background score, marking his debut in Indian film. Sharpe used both Western and Indian instruments for "Gangaajal".


title: Gangaajal

text: Sandesh Shandilya composed the soundtrack of "Gangaajal" and Akhilesh Sharma wrote the lyrics. Richa Sharma, Ustad Sultan Khan and Lalit Pandit performed the vocals, and Venus Records & Tapes released the soundtrack album.


title: Gangaajal

text: Jha had high expectations during the pre-release of "Gangaajal", wanting it to be a commercial success and set a new trend in Hindi cinema. The release was scheduled for July 2003 but the film opened in theatres on 29 August that year. In September, during its theatrical run in Bihar, a protest was held by supporters of the political party Rashtriya Janata Dal because the film's antagonist Sadhu Yadav has the same name as Rabri Devi's brother-in-law. They also vandalised the film's posters and filed a petition to the Patna High Court to ban it. The protesters told the film's distributors not to screen the film in the state; they decided to temporarily stop screening it. The controversy ended after Yadav told Jha he did not feel offended about the villainous character who shared his name: "There are thousands of persons with the name of Sadhu. The controversy ... has been created due to a misunderstanding."


title: Gangaajal

text: "Gangaajal" performed moderately well at the box office. It was released on 290 screens across India and grossed on its first day. The film collected by the end of its opening weekend and after its first week. It earned in India. Abroad, the film grossed following the first week of screening and collected after finishing its overseas theatrical run. The film-trade website Box Office India estimated "Gangaajal" had revenues of from India and overseas markets combined, making it one of the highest-grossing Indian films of 2003.


title: Gangaajal

text: On 25 July 2010, Shemaroo Entertainment released the film on Video CD as a double-disc pack in the PAL widescreen format. Since 11 April 2019, the film has been available for streaming on Amazon Prime Video and Netflix.


title: Gangaajal

text: Critics gave "Gangaajal" generally positive reception; most of them appreciated Devgn's performance in the film as a police but questioned about the plot's originality. Writing for the entertainment portal Bollywood Hungama, Taran Adarsh gave the film a rating of two stars, saying Devgn performs his role "exceedingly well, carrying the film on his firm shoulders" while noting Singh "suffers due to poor characterisation and ... fails to impress". Adarsh criticised Jha for addressing topics he believed are not suitable for the modern audience, and added the film has an "oft-repeated theme". Deepa Gumaste of Rediff.com stated; "Ajay Devgan pulls up an ace with a part tailormade to reinforce his seething-under-the-surface angry hero image. To his credit ... he brings style and grace to a largely stereotypical, righteous protagonist. To a great extent, his presence covers up the film's patchiness in the second half."


title: Gangaajal

text: The Indo-Asian News Service said Devgn's "languorous body language and pinched, anguished expression confer a newness to a largely hackneyed role". In a review in "Filmfare", Dominic Ferrao praised the "flawless" screenplay and Jha for "[extracting] the best from the cast". According to Ferrao, Devgn "vindicates his talent ... and comes out with flying fists and even higher flying colours as far as emotive abilities are concerned". "Screen" said Jha had given the film "a unique flavour" with "the upright stance of the hero, who never turns renegade and remains true to the law to the very end", and appreciated him showing the "eye-for-an-eye kind of revenge too is harmful for the society in the long run and the only solution lies in sprucing up the system". Nahta said Jha had successfully entertained the audience although the film's subject may be similar that of an art film, which he believed would not be popular with contemporaneous audiences.


title: Gangaajal

text: Anupama Chopra of "India Today" said Devgn's "first-rate" performance is supported by those of Tiwari and the other supporting cast, and that "Gangaajal" "loses steam" after its second-half, attributing the issue to the exaggerated use of violence scenes and the water setting of the ending. In his three-star review, Jitesh Pillai concluded the supporting cast had delivered solid performances, and described Devgn as the film's "terrific" and "note-perfect" performer. Sify's Lata Khubchandani said Jha tells the story in a convincing manner and that "promises to be very watchable". In another article for the website, Kunal Shah wrote "Gangaajal" is "rich" in the content and "good" in the technical aspect. He said Devgn's "brilliant" performance would "glue" the audience to their seats but criticised several of the film's sequences for being "predictable", though said it is still "watchable". Mayank Shekhar from "Mid-Day" noted Jha almost did not use black humour, unlike his previous films of the same genre. Shekhar singled out Devgn, whom he thought "expectedly shines through a by-now-trademarked understated show".


title: Gangaajal

text: Writing for "Outlook" magazine, Namrata Joshi, who rated the film three stars, said the detailing of the characters is the best part of the film, writing; "The vignettes of police life, the intricacies of established corruption are well portrayed. It only helps that Jha has talented actors for support." In B4U, Parag Chandrabala Maniar noted Jha's effort to do "a sincere job" in the film, although he made the climax "a little implausible". Dinesh Raheja wrote; "Jha adroitly recreates the appropriate ambience for the policeman who tries to work with integrity in a corrupt system. A pall of gloom and tension looms large over the frames, best illustrated in the scene where a reformed officer ensnares a fugitive. The pre-interval scene of the police brutality—the blinding of the convicts—is gut wrenching but effective." Khalid Mohamed called Devgn's performance "flawless, as incendiary as fire and as cool as ice" but commented Singh was only used as "decoration" in the film. NDTV's Rajen Gurabudu lauded Devgn for perfecting his role.


title: Gangaajal

text: In 2012, the "Hindustan Times" reported Devgn would star in a sequel to the film that was titled "Gangaajal 2". Two years later, more reports were published stating Devgn would be replaced by an actress; he believed he would not be suitable for the sequel. Priyanka Chopra was cast for the lead and the film was retitled "Jai Gangaajal". The sequel opened in theatres on 4 March 2016; it received mixed reviews from critics and performed poorly at the box office.


title: Pancha Bhoota Stalam

text: Pancha Bhoota Sthalam refers to five temples dedicated to Shiva, each representing a manifestation of the five prime elements of nature: earth, water, fire, air, and ether. "Pancha" indicates "five," "Bhoota" means "elements," and "Sthala" means "place." The temples are located in South India, four in Tamil Nadu and one in Andhra Pradesh. The five elements are believed to be enshrined in the five "lingams" of the temples, with each lingam named on the element represented. All five temples are located around the 78°E and 79°E longitudes and between 10°N and 14°N latitudes.


title: Pancha Bhoota Stalam

text: The presiding deities are revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the "Tevaram", written by Tamil saint poets known as the nayanars and classified as "Paadal Petra Sthalam". The four temples in Tamil Nadu are maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.


title: Pancha Bhoota Stalam

text: According to the Vedas, the material world is a combination of the five fundamental elements of nature namely earth, water, fire, air, and ether. "Bhoota" (Sanskrit:भूत) in Sanskrit means element and "maha bhoota" indicates a fundamental element. According to Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medical system, the equilibrium of the body with the "pancha bhoota" is governed by the principles of "tridoshas" - "kaph" (phlegm), "pitta" (bile), "vayu" (gas), "dhātu" and "malas" (waste products). Rabindranath Tagore, in his book "Pancha bhoota", has explained the emotional faculty of the human mind is keenly sensitive to all objects of light, colour, sound, effect of speed, sun, moon and stars.


title: Pancha Bhoota Stalam

text: In Tiruvannamalai temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself in the form of a massive column of fire. A celebration of this manifestation is seen even today in the age old traditions observed during the festivals of "Sivarathri" and "Karthigai Deepam". The Agni Lingam explains the mythics of life - duty, virtue, self-sacrifice and finally liberation by and through ascetic life at the end of "Agni kalpa". The presiding deities are revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the "Tevaram", written by Tamil saint poets known as the nayanars and classified as "Paadal Petra Sthalam". The four temples in Tamil Nadu are maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.


title: Tommy Farrell (footballer, born 1937)

text: Thomas Farrell (; ; 1937 – 20 July 2012) was an Irish footballer who played as a centre half. He began his career at Home Farm and signed for Shamrock Rovers in 1957. The actor Colin Farrell is his nephew.


title: Tommy Farrell (footballer, born 1937)

text: He earned two League of Ireland XI caps while at Glenmalure Park and made seven appearances in the European Champion Clubs' Cup, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup against SK Rapid Wien and Valencia CF amongst others.


title: Tommy Farrell (footballer, born 1937)

text: Farrell also made one appearance for the Republic of Ireland B in 1960 having already played for his country at schoolboy and youth level. He broke his nose while touring the US in the summer of 1961.


title: Tommy Farrell (footballer, born 1937)

text: Farrell won his first FAI Cup medal in 1962 alongside his brother Eamonn. He shared a benefit game with Tony Byrne in May 1965.


title: Tommy Farrell (footballer, born 1937)

text: In December 1965 Farrell was suspended by Rovers for a breach of discipline. He signed for Waterford United in December 1966.


title: Event-driven architecture

text: Event-driven architecture (EDA) is a software architecture paradigm promoting the production, detection, consumption of, and reaction to events.


title: Event-driven architecture

text: An "event" can be defined as "a significant change in state". For example, when a consumer purchases a car, the car's state changes from "for sale" to "sold". A car dealer's system architecture may treat this state change as an event whose occurrence can be made known to other applications within the architecture. From a formal perspective, what is produced, published, propagated, detected or consumed is a (typically asynchronous) message called the event notification, and not the event itself, which is the state change that triggered the message emission. Events do not travel, they just occur. However, the term "event" is often used metonymically to denote the notification message itself, which may lead to some confusion. This is due to Event-driven architectures often being designed atop message-driven architectures, where such communication pattern requires one of the inputs to be text-only, the message, to differentiate how each communication should be handled.


title: Event-driven architecture

text: This architectural pattern may be applied by the design and implementation of applications and systems that transmit events among loosely coupled software components and services. An event-driven system typically consists of event emitters (or agents), event consumers (or sinks), and event channels. Emitters have the responsibility to detect, gather, and transfer events. An Event Emitter does not know the consumers of the event, it does not even know if a consumer exists, and in case it exists, it does not know how the event is used or further processed. Sinks have the responsibility of applying a reaction as soon as an event is presented. The reaction might or might not be completely provided by the sink itself. For instance, the sink might just have the responsibility to filter, transform and forward the event to another component or it might provide a self-contained reaction to such event. Event channels are conduits in which events are transmitted from event emitters to event consumers. The knowledge of the correct distribution of events is exclusively present within the event channel. The physical implementation of event channels can be based on traditional components such as message-oriented middleware or point-to-point communication which might require a more appropriate .


title: Event-driven architecture

text: Building systems around an event-driven architecture simplifies horizontal scalability in distributed computing models and makes them more resilient to failure. This is because application state can be copied across multiple parallel snapshots for high-availability. New events can be initiated anywhere, but more importantly propagate across the network of data stores updating each as they arrive. Adding extra nodes becomes trivial as well: you can simply take a copy of the application state, feed it a stream of events and run with it.


title: Event-driven architecture

text: Event-driven architecture can complement service-oriented architecture (SOA) because services can be activated by triggers fired on incoming events.


title: Event-driven architecture

text: SOA 2.0 evolves the implications SOA and EDA architectures provide to a richer, more robust level by leveraging previously unknown causal relationships to form a new event pattern. This new business intelligence pattern triggers further autonomous human or automated processing that adds exponential value to the enterprise by injecting value-added information into the recognized pattern which could not have been achieved previously.


title: Event-driven architecture

text: An event can be made of two parts, the event header and the event body. The event header might include information such as event name, time stamp for the event, and type of event.