title: Paul Watson

text: Paul Watson continued as a crew member, officer, and skipper (in 1972) aboard several Greenpeace voyages throughout the mid-1970s. He considers himself a founding member of Greenpeace and Greenpeace International, a claim Greenpeace disputes despite being pointed out in the documentary, "How to Change the World" which shows that Watson was indeed one of the original founding members of Greenpeace. Watson has since accused Greenpeace of rewriting their history.


title: Paul Watson

text: In 1977, Watson was expelled from the Greenpeace's board of directors by a vote of 11 to 1 (Watson himself cast the single vote against it). The group felt his strong, "front and center" personality and frequently voiced opposition to Greenpeace's interpretation of "nonviolence" were too divisive. Watson subsequently left the group. The group has since labeled his actions at the time as those of a "mutineer" within their ranks. That same year, he founded his own group, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.


title: Paul Watson

text: During an interview in 1978 with CBC Radio, Watson spoke out against Greenpeace (as well as other organizations) and their role and motives for the anti-sealing campaigns. Watson accused these organizations of campaigning against the Canadian seal hunt because it is an easy way to raise money and it is a profit maker for the organizations.


title: Paul Watson

text: Watson was sentenced to 10 days in prison and fined $8,000 for his actions during a Canadian seal hunt protest in 1980, after being convicted of assaulting a fisheries officer. Watson served his sentence at Her Majesty's Penitentiary, St. John's, NL. He was also found guilty under the Seal Protection Act for painting harp seal pups with red dye to devalue their pelts. Watson was arrested in 1993 in Canada on charges stemming from actions against Cuban and Spanish fishing boats off the coast of Newfoundland. In 1997, Watson was convicted "in absentia" and sentenced to serve 120 days in jail by a court in Lofoten, Norway on charges of attempting to sink the small scale Norwegian fishing and whaling vessel "Nybrænna" on December 26, 1992. Dutch authorities refused to hand him over to Norwegian authorities although he did spend 80 days in detention in the Netherlands pending a ruling on extradition before being released.


title: Paul Watson

text: There have not been any successful attempts at prosecuting Watson for his activities with Sea Shepherd since the trial in Newfoundland. Watson defends his actions as falling within international law, in particular Sea Shepherd's right to enforce maritime regulations against illegal whalers and sealers.


title: Paul Watson

text: Sea Shepherd activists Rod Coronado and David Howitt went to Iceland in 1986 and scuttled two whaling ships in port at Reykjavík and also damaged a whale meat processing factory. Watson took responsibility for the operation, abiding by published Sea Shepherd principles. He went to Iceland saying, "I am responsible for all activities undertaken in the name of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. I give the orders." He was deported without being charged and is considered a persona non grata by Iceland.


title: Paul Watson

text: In April 2010 the Japanese Coast Guard obtained an arrest warrant for Watson "...on suspicion of ordering sabotage activities against Japan's whaling fleet", and Interpol has listed him as wanted at the request of Japan. The red notice has the charges issued by Japan as, "Breaking into the Vessel, Damage to Property, Forcible Obstruction of Business, Injury". In March 2012 Interpol issued a "written statement to all 190 member countries making it clear that it would not publish a Red Notice" for the detention of Watson, but reversed that position in September 2012. In both statements Interpol stated that a "Red Notice is not an international arrest warrant" that it is "a request for any country to identify or locate an individual with a view to their provisional arrest and extradition in accordance with the country's national laws".


title: Paul Watson

text: In May 2012 Watson was detained by German authorities at the Frankfurt Airport because of a request from the government of Costa Rica. The charge stemmed from an altercation at sea in 2002 in which Sea Shepherd said that the other vessel was illegally shark finning in Guatemalan waters. Crew members of the other ship accused Sea Shepherd of trying to kill them. Watson was charged with violating navigational regulations with the Interpol alert stating the charge as, "peligro de naufragio" (danger of shipwreck). The conflict took place during filming for the documentary "Sharkwater" and the charges were dropped by prosecutors after video of the incident made by the documentary film makers was shown. On May 21, Watson was released on bail of €250,000 but required to report to police in Frankfurt on a daily basis. In June, Costa Rica formally requested Watson's extradition from Germany. On July 19, 2012, Japan applied for an extradition order and Watson left Germany, resulting in a German court ordering his immediate re-arrest. It is understood the statute of limitations on his Costa Rican charges was set to expire in June 2013.


title: Paul Watson

text: On August 7, 2012 Interpol renewed the Red Notice for Watson on the charges of "causing a danger of drowning or of an air disaster" laid by Costa Rica. It was reported that Watson would come out of hiding to join Sea Shepherd in the 2012–13 campaign against Japanese whaling. Watson rejoined the crew of the "Steve Irwin" in the South Pacific in late November 2012. In March 2019, Costa Rica dropped all charges against Watson and has removed the Interpol red notice.


title: Paul Watson

text: In 1999, Watson ran unsuccessfully for election to the national Sierra Club Board of Directors, with the backing of the anti-immigration faction Sierrans for US Population Stabilization (SUSPS). After his election to the board in 2003, Watson supported an unsuccessful slate of candidates supporting strict immigration controls as an element of a population stabilization policy. This effort was denounced by another candidate in the election, Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center, as a "hostile takeover" attempt by "radical anti-immigrant activists." Watson responded by saying that the only change he was seeking in the organization's immigration stance was to restore the position it had held before its 1996 "neutrality policy." Watson left the Sierra Club board in 2006.


title: Paul Watson

text: In April 2008, Watson stated that, while the deaths of three Canadian seal hunters (a fourth one is still missing) in a marine accident involving a Canadian Coast Guard vessel and a fishing boat during the 2008 Canadian Commercial Seal Hunt were a tragedy, he felt that the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of seals is an even greater tragedy. Canadian Federal Fisheries Minister Loyola Hearn accused Watson of trivializing the memory of the lost sealers. Watson replied that Hearn was trying to distract attention from his government's incompetence as the boat the men were on capsized while under tow by a Canadian Coast Guard vessel, while his political ambitions continued to support and subsidize an industry that had no place in the 21st century. In 1978, Watson expressed opposition to seal hunt protest organization, suggesting in an interview with CBC's Barbara Frum that saving seals is a cheap and easy fundraiser and that seals do not deserve special status over other species. Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams was quoted as saying, "I think what a lot of people don't realize is that this man is a terrorist."


title: Paul Watson

text: In October 2009, Watson, who carries a US passport, complained to media outlets about having his request for an Australian visa denied. He states that the Australian government was attempting to sabotage the upcoming 2010 Sea Shepherd campaign by denying him entry into the country. Watson and several other shipmates were also unable to join the "Steve Irwin" on its promotional tour of Australia until they were able to provide documentation from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway, exonerating them from previously claimed acts of violence, specifically claims by Sea Shepherd of intentionally sinking a ship in Norway. In January 2013, Paul Watson was presented with an Aboriginal passport by the Krautungalung people of the Gunnai Nation.


title: Paul Watson

text: On March 17, 2008, Watson said that he was shot by the Japanese crew or coast guard personnel during the Operation Migaloo anti-whaling campaign in the Southern Ocean. The incident is documented during the season finale of season 1 of the "Whale Wars" TV reality show, and the first six episodes are covered as a buildup to what is portrayed as the major incident during the campaign. The Japanese respond by throwing stun grenades, one crew member is injured from a grenade detonating close behind him and another injured trying to escape the explosions. Watson is then shown reaching inside his jacket and body armour and remarking "I've been hit." Back inside the bridge of the "Steve Irwin", a metal fragment is found inside the vest.


title: Paul Watson

text: The Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research disputes Sea Shepherd's statements. The Institute and Coast Guard said that they used seven stun grenades designed to temporarily debilitate a target by rendering them blind and deaf for a period of time. The Japanese government also alleged that the whalers launched "noise balls", described as "loud explosive deterrent devices". Neither of the two conflicting accounts have been independently verified. The Australian Foreign Affairs Department had condemned "actions by crew members of any vessel that cause injury". Two media releases were made on the same day from the office. One said that the Australian Embassy in Tokyo had been informed by the Japanese that the whalers had "fired warning shots" while the updated version used the phrase "'warning balls' – also known as 'flashbangs' – had been fired".


title: Paul Watson

text: Watson has been called an eco-terrorist by the Japanese government for his direct action tactics against whalers, and it repeated its position after conflicts during the 2009–10 whaling season.


title: Paul Watson

text: At an animal rights convention in 2002, Paul Watson was also quoted as saying, "There's nothing wrong with being a terrorist, as long as you win. Then you write the history". In 2010, Fox News commentator Glenn Beck also discussed the comment, criticizing Watson's views. Watson responded to Beck's comments on the official Sea Shepherd website by stating that he had said that but that it was taken out of context, quoting Gerald Seymour's "One man's terrorist is another's freedom fighter".


title: Paul Watson

text: Watson was criticized for his poem published immediately following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami which suggested the disaster was Neptune's anger. Watson responded to critics with a commentary on the Sea Shepherd website expressing "deepest concern and sympathy for the people of Japan who are suffering through one of the worst natural disasters in the history of civilization".


title: Paul Watson

text: In 2013, three Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ships docked in New Zealand, and were searched by New Zealand authorities to see if Watson was aboard. He was not, having transferred to another ship in international waters, aware New Zealand was required to notify Interpol if he entered the country. Watson criticised the search, accusing New Zealand of siding with Japan on the issue of whaling in the Southern Ocean.


title: Paul Watson

text: On 3 September 2022 Watson announced that he was leaving Sea Shepherd and setting up a new organisation, the Captain Paul Watson Foundation. Watson said "the reason I called it that is because it's pretty hard for anyone to infiltrate and take over an organisation that included my name". In December 2022 the foundation announced their first ship, 'the John Paul Dejoria II'.


title: Paul Watson

text: Watson has stated that he does not consider himself a 'protester', but an 'interventionist', as he considers protesting as too submissive. He often takes the attitude that he represents (or stands in for) law enforcement which is either unwilling or unable to enforce existing laws.


title: Paul Watson

text: His leadership style has variously been called arrogant, as well as pushing himself too much "front and center", which was cited as one of the reasons for expulsion from Greenpeace. The atmosphere aboard his vessels has been compared to an "anarchy run by God".


title: Paul Watson

text: The former member of Sea Shepherd and captain of the Pete Bethune described Watson as "morally bankrupt" who would order the intentional sinking of his own ships like the "Ady Gil" as a means to "garner sympathy with the public and to create better TV". Watson denied this, saying, "No one ordered him to scuttle it. Pete Bethune was captain of the "Ady Gil"; all decisions on the "Ady Gil" were his."


title: Paul Watson

text: Paul Watson received the Jules Verne Award on October 10, 2012. He was the second person after Captain Jacques Cousteau to be honored with a Jules Verne Award dedicated to environmentalists and adventurers. On June 28, 2010 Paul received the Asociación de Amigos del Museo de Anclas Philippe Cousteau: Defense of Marine Life Award, in recognition of his merits achieved by the work done in defense of marine life. In 2002, Paul was inducted into the US Animal Rights Hall of Fame for his outstanding contributions to animal liberation. Paul received the George H. W. Bush Daily Points of Light Award in 1999 and in 2000, he was named one of Time Magazine's Top 20 Environmental Heroes of the 20th Century. On May 23, 2019, Paul Watson received an official commendation by Connecticut Governor Ned Lamont stating that the "State of Connecticut conveyed both honor and recognition to Captain Paul Watson." In 2007 Watson received the Amazon Peace Prize presented by the Vice President of Ecuador Lenin Moreno.


title: Paul Watson

text: A biographical documentary on Paul Watson's early life and background entitled "Pirate for the Sea" was produced by Ron Colby in 2008.


title: Paul Watson

text: The 2008 documentary "At the Edge of the World" chronicled the efforts of Watson and 45 volunteers to hinder the Japanese whaling fleet in the waters around Antarctica. In 2010, long time friend and filmmaker Peter Brown released the documentary "Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist", a satirical look back at the last 30 years of actions. The documentary "" from 2011 features interviews and footage with early Greenpeace members Rex Weyler and Patrick Moore.


title: Paul Watson

text: Watson, "Whale Wars", and the Japanese whaling industry were satirized in the "South Park" episode "Whale Whores". In its fictional Larry King show, Watson himself was called "An unorganized incompetent media whore who thought lying to everyone was OK as long as it served his cause" and "A smug, narcoleptic liar with no credibility".


title: Paul Watson

text: Watson responded to the "South Park" episode by stating; "My understanding is that the Japanese Prime Minister was not amused and the whalers and dolphin killers are enraged at the way they were portrayed," Watson said. "That's music to my ears. If the humorless whale killers and the bank rollers of the dolphin killers did not like the show, then that's all I need to applaud it."


title: Paul Watson

text: Watson was portrayed (along with whale biologist, Nan Hauser), during a "60 Minutes" episode that aired in 2013, as contributing to the return of the Humpback whale populations in the South Pacific.


title: Paul Watson

text: The 2019 documentary film "Watson," directed by Lesley Chilcott, features interviews with Watson. The film also aired on Animal Planet on December 22, 2019.


title: The Crew 2

text: The Crew 2 is a 2018 open world racing video game developed by Ivory Tower and published by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Stadia. It is the sequel to 2014's "The Crew". It features a persistent open world environment for free-roaming across a scaled-down recreation of the United States. The game allows players to control a variety of vehicles including cars, motorcycles, boats, and airplanes.


title: The Crew 2

text: Similar to its predecessor, "The Crew 2" is a racing game. In the game, players assume control of a racer who is trying to work their way to become successful in multiple vehicular racing disciplines. It features a persistent open world environment for racing and free-roaming across a scaled-down recreation of the contiguous United States. In addition to cars, players can control other kinds of vehicles, including airplanes, motorcycles, and powerboats. Each vehicle has its own control physics, meaning that game play is different when players are controlling different types of vehicles. Players can switch between controlling air, land and sea vehicles instantly. The game features four different hub worlds, with each having their own theme and playstyle. These themes include off-road, street racing, pro racing, and free-style. Similar to the first will place a huge emphasis on multiplayer. It also features a cooperative multiplayer mode, which allows players to join any events besides "boss" events together. This mode can also be played solo with artificial intelligence. As with the previous title, "The Crew 2" requires a constant internet connection to play.


title: The Crew 2

text: The game features a nonlinear story, that follows the unnamed player character as they become a racing icon in the United States by winning in all racing disciplines available in the game. There are four disciplines: Street Racing, Off Road, Freestyle and Pro Racing. In Street Racing, the player is assisted by Latrell Jordan. In Off Road, the player is assisted by Tucker "Tuck" Morgan. In Freestyle, the player is assisted by Sofia Valentina Herrera and Emmett Lee Parker. In Pro Racing, the player is assisted by Alexis Kendrick.


title: The Crew 2

text: "The Crew 2" was developed by Ivory Tower, a subsidiary of publisher Ubisoft. Parts of the development was based on the feedback they received on the previous installment. One major critique was that players did not have enough freedom to explore the world and do missions. To solve the problem, Ubisoft overhauled the game's progression system and decided not to focus much on the game's narrative, which would require players to complete missions in a very specific order, and instead divided the game into several hub worlds, with each representing a unique driving style. Players can stay in these hubs to play the missions that interest them and do not need to force themselves to visit other hubs to play through missions that do not interest them. "The Crew"s downloadable content, "Wild Run", which was positively reviewed by players, also prompted the studio to focus more on developing content regarding offroad racing.


title: The Crew 2

text: As the game features a variety of vehicles, Ivory Tower also needed to improve the game's graphics. According to the game's producer, Stephane Jankowski, these new types of vehicles allow players to explore the open world with new perspectives. For instance, flying a plane means that players can see objects that are very far away. As a result, the engine had to be modified to significantly improve the game's draw distance. The engine was also updated to include other enhancements, such as atmospheric clouds and realistic vegetation. The game's control was designed to be accessible but "hard to master".


title: The Crew 2

text: The game was announced in May 2017 during Ubisoft's earning's call. It was revealed at E3 2017 accompanied with a cinematic trailer and gameplay demonstrations. The game was originally set to be released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on March 16, 2018, however, in early December 2017 Ubisoft announced that the game was postponed towards mid- or late-2018, in order to give developers more time to deliver a quality product. A closed alpha for PC was held from 14 to 19 of March 2018 and a closed beta was held from 31 of May to 4 of June of the same year. The game was released worldwide on June 29, 2018.


title: The Crew 2

text: To entice "The Crew" players to return for "The Crew 2", Ubisoft implemented a reward program, which allowed players to unlock up to 18 cars by achieving certain milestones in "The Crew" before "The Crew 2" was released. Furthermore, all returning players from "The Crew" automatically received the 2014 Ferrari 458 Speciale upon the game's release. Also, the publisher announced the touring car version of the 2017 Mercedes-AMG C 63 and the 2017 Harley-Davidson Iron 883 as pre-order bonuses, whereas players ordering the Deluxe or Gold edition receive further vehicles, with the Gold edition also including the season pass. In addition to the reward system, Ubisoft also held a closed beta for players who signed up, as well as an open beta that occurred on June 21 until June 24. Those who participated in the open beta received a gold helmet in the full version of the game. Ubisoft also plans to have a "King of the Road Trip" competition, where popular YouTubers and streamers will get a chance to compete in a competition, where the players race against other players that are in the same region as them.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine where the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combustion chamber in the engine block.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: "Single overhead camshaft" (SOHC) engines have one camshaft per bank of cylinders. "Dual overhead camshaft" (DOHC, also known as "twin-cam".) engines have two camshafts per bank. The first production car to use a DOHC engine was built in 1910. Use of DOHC engines slowly increased from the 1940s, leading to many automobiles by the early 2000s using DOHC engines.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: In an OHC engine, the camshaft is located at the top of the engine, above the combustion chamber. This contrasts the earlier overhead valve engine (OHV) and flathead engine configurations, where the camshaft is located down in the engine block. The valves in both OHC and OHV engines are located above the combustion chamber; however an OHV engine requires pushrods and rocker arms to transfer the motion from the camshaft up to the valves, whereas an OHC engine has the valves directly actuated by the camshaft.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Compared with OHV engines with the same number of valves, there are fewer reciprocating components and less valvetrain inertia in an OHC engine. This reduced inertia in OHC engines results in less valve float at higher engine speeds (RPM). A downside is that the system used to drive the camshaft (usually a timing chain in modern engines) is more complex in an OHC engine. A disadvantage of OHC engines is that during engine repairs which require the removal of the cylinder head the camshaft engine timing needs to be reset.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: The other main advantage of OHC engines is that there is greater flexibility to optimise the size, location and shape of the intake and exhaust ports, since there are no pushrods that need to be avoided. This improves the gas flow through the engine, increasing power output and fuel efficiency.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: The oldest configuration of overhead camshaft engine is the "single overhead camshaft" (SOHC) design. A SOHC engine has one camshaft per bank of cylinders, therefore a straight engine has a total of one camshaft and a V engine or flat engine has a total of two camshafts (one for each cylinder bank).


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Most SOHC engines have two valves per cylinder. Motion of the camshaft is usually transferred to the valves either directly (using a tappet) or indirectly via a rocker arm.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: A "double overhead cam", "dual overhead cam", or "twin-cam" engine has two camshafts per bank of the cylinder head, one for the intake valves and another for the exhaust valves. Therefore there are two camshafts for a straight engine and a total of four camshafts for a V engine or a flat engine.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: A V engine or flat engine requires four camshafts to function as a DOHC engine, since have two camshafts in total would result in only a single camshaft per cylinder bank for these engine layouts. Some V engines with four camshafts have been marketed as "quad-cam" engines, however technically "quad-cam" would require four camshafts per cyinder bank (i.e. eight camshafts in total), therefore these engines are merely "double overhead camshaft" engines. To further confuse the terminology, some SOHC flat-twin and V-twin motorcycle engines (for example by Harley-Davidson, Indian, Riley Motors, and Triumph) have been incorrectly marketed with as "twin-cam" engines.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Most DOHC engines have four valves per cylinder. The camshaft usually operates the valves directly via a bucket tappet. A DOHC design permits a wider angle between intake and exhaust valves than in SOHC engines, which improves the air-fuel mixture's flow through the engine. A further benefit is that the spark plug can be placed at the optimum location, which in turn improves combustion efficiency.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: The rotation of a camshaft is driven by a crankshaft. Many 21st century engines use a toothed "timing belt" made from rubber and kevlar to drive the camshaft. Timing belts are inexpensive, produce minimal noise and have no need for lubrication. A disadvantage of timing belts is the need for regular replacement of the belt; recommended belt life typically varies between approximately . If the timing belt is not replaced in time and fails and the engine is an interference engine, major engine damage is possible.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: The first known automotive application of timing belts to drive overhead camshafts was the 1953 Devin-Panhard racing specials built for the SCCA H-modified racing series in the United States. These engines were based on Panhard OHV flat-twin engines, which were converted to SOHC engines using components from Norton motorcycle engines. The first production car to use a timing belt was the 1962 Glas 1004 compact coupe.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Another camshaft drive method commonly used on modern engines is a "timing chain", constructed from one or two rows of metal roller chains. By the early 1960s most production automobile overhead camshaft designs used chains to drive the camshaft(s). Timing chains do not usually require replacement at regular intervals, however the disadvantage is that they are noisier than timing belts.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: A gear train system between the crankshaft and the camshaft is commonly used in diesel overhead camshaft engines used in heavy trucks. Gear trains are not commonly used in engines for light trucks or automobiles.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Several OHC engines up until the 1950s used a shaft with bevel gears to drive the camshaft. Examples include the 1908–1911 Maudslay 25/30, the Bentley 3 Litre, the 1929-1932 MG Midget, the 1925-1948 Velocette K series, the 1931-1957 Norton International and the 1947-1962 Norton Manx. In more recent times, the 1950-1974 Ducati Single, 1973-1980 Ducati L-twin engine, 1999-2007 Kawasaki W650 and 2011-2016 Kawasaki W800 motorcycle engines have used bevel shafts. The Crosley four cylinder was the last automotive engine to use the shaft tower design to drive the camshaft, from 1946 to 1952; the rights to the Crosley engine format were bought by a few different companies, including General Tire in 1952, followed by Fageol in 1955, Crofton in 1959, Homelite in 1961, and Fisher Pierce in 1966, after Crosley closed the automotive factory doors, and they continued to produce the same engine for several more years.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: A camshaft drive using three sets of cranks and rods in parallel was used in the 1920–1923 Leyland Eight luxury car built in the United Kingdom. A similar system was used in the 1926-1930 Bentley Speed Six and the 1930-1932 Bentley 8 Litre. A two-rod system with counterweights at both ends was used by many models of the 1958-1973 NSU Prinz.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Among the first overhead camshaft engines were the 1902 Maudslay SOHC engine built in the United Kingdom and the 1903 Marr Auto Car SOHC engine built in the United States. The first DOHC engine was a Peugeot inline-four racing engine which powered the car that won the 1912 French Grand Prix. Another Peugeot with a DOHC engine won the 1913 French Grand Prix, followed by the "Mercedes-Benz 18/100 GP" with an SOHC engine winning the 1914 French Grand Prix.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: The Isotta Fraschini Tipo KM— built in Italy from 1910–1914— was one of the first production cars to use an SOHC engine.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: During World War I, both the Allied and Central Powers; specifically those of the German Empire's "Luftstreitkräfte" air forces, sought to quickly apply the overhead camshaft technology of motor racing engines to military aircraft engines. The SOHC engine from the "Mercedes 18/100 GP" car (which won the 1914 French Grand Prix) became the starting point for both Mercedes' and Rolls Royce's aircraft engines. Mercedes created a series of six-cylinder engines which culminated in the Mercedes D.III. Rolls Royce reversed-engineered the Mercedes cylinder head design based on a racing car left in England at the beginning of the war, leading to the Rolls-Royce Eagle V12 engine. Other SOHC designs included the Spanish Hispano-Suiza 8 V8 engine (with a fully enclosed-drivetrain), the American Liberty L-12 V12 engine, which closely followed the later Mercedes D.IIIa design's partly-exposed SOHC valvetrain design; and the Max Friz-designed; German BMW IIIa straight-six engine. The DOHC Napier Lion W12 engine was built in Great Britain beginning in 1918.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Most of these engines used a shaft to transfer drive from the crankshaft up to the camshaft at the top of the engine. Large aircraft engines— particularly air-cooled engines— experienced considerable thermal expansion, causing the height of the cylinder block to vary during operating conditions. This expansion caused difficulties for pushrod engines, so an overhead camshaft engine using a shaft drive with sliding spline was the easiest way to allow for this expansion. These bevel shafts were usually in an external tube outside the block, and were known as "tower shafts".


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: An early American overhead camshaft production engine was the SOHC straight-eight engine used in the 1921–1926 Duesenberg Model A luxury car.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: In the United States, Duesenberg added DOHC engines (alongside their existing SOHC engines) with the 1928 release of the Duesenberg Model J, which was powered by a DOHC straight-eight engine. The 1931–1935 Stutz DV32 was another early American luxury car to use a DOHC engine. Also in the United States, the DOHC Offenhauser racing engine was introduced in 1933. This inline-four engine dominated North American open-wheel racing from 1934 until the 1970s.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Other early SOHC automotive engines were the 1920–1923 Wolseley Ten, the 1928-1931 MG 18/80, the 1926–1935 Singer Junior and the 1928–1929 Alfa Romeo 6C Sport. Early overhead camshaft motorcycles included the 1925–1949 Velocette K Series and the 1927–1939 Norton CS1.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: The 1946–1948 Crosley CC Four was arguably the first American mass-produced car to use an SOHC engine. This small mass-production engine powered the winner of the 1950 12 Hours of Sebring.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: Use of a DOHC configuration gradually increased after World War II, beginning with sports cars. Iconic DOHC engines of this period include the 1948–1959 Lagonda straight-six engine, the 1949–1992 Jaguar XK straight-six engine and the 1954–1994 Alfa Romeo Twin Cam inline-four engine. The 1966-2000 Fiat Twin Cam inline-four engine was one of the first DOHC engines to use a toothed timing belt instead of a timing chain.


title: Overhead camshaft engine

text: In the 1980s, the need for increased performance while reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions saw increasing use of DOHC engines in mainstream vehicles, beginning with Japanese manufacturers. By the mid-2000s, most automotive engines used a DOHC layout.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: Ameera bint Aidan bin Nayef Al-Taweel Al-Otaibi (; born 6 November 1983) is a Saudi Arabian philanthropist and former princess. Born into a non-royal cadet branch of the Saud dynasty, Ameera was married to Prince Al Waleed bin Talal Al Saud, and assumed the role of Vice Chairperson of Al-Waleed bin Talal Foundation. Al-Taweel is a member of the board of trustees at Silatech. She has advocated for women's rights in Saudi Arabia.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: Al-Taweel was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Her father is Aidan bin Nayef Al-Taweel Al-Otaibi. She was raised by her divorced mother and her grandparents in Riyadh. At age 18 she met Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal, a man 28 years older than her, while conducting an interview for a school paper. Eventually, they married in 2008 and were later divorced in November 2013. Since her divorce of prince Alwaleed bin Talal al Saud, she is no longer a princess and also does not belong to the royal house of her ex-husband al Saud. Al-Taweel is a "magna cum laude" graduate of the University of New Haven with a degree in Business Administration.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: Al-Taweel married Emirati billionaire Khalifa bin Butti Al Muhairi in September 2018 in Paris. They have a son, Zayed, born in 2019.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal al Saud appointed his wife Ameerah as vice-chairperson and head of the executive committee of the Alwaleed bin Talal Foundation in Saudi Arabia, the Alwaleed bin Talal Foundation - Global, (now known under the name Alwaleed Philanthropies), and chairperson of Time Entertainment, where she was involved in a range of humanitarian projects in both Saudi Arabia and around the world. The Foundation is an international, non-profit organization dedicated to supporting programs and projects aimed at poverty alleviation, disaster relief, interfaith dialogue, and women's empowerment. As the past chairperson of Kingdom Holding Company, she traveled extensively on behalf of the Alwaleed bin Talal Foundations. She has visited more than seventy-one countries.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: Al-Taweel has inaugurated the Alwaleed Bin Talal Village Orphanage in Burkina Faso and traveled to Pakistan to provide aid and relief to the country's flood victims and to support education. Together with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Ameera also formally opened the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Centre of Islamic Studies at the University of Cambridge, where she accepted, from Prince Philip, an 800th Anniversary Medal for Outstanding Philanthropy. Most recently she has spearheaded a relief mission to Somalia, where she and her ex-husband, Prince Alwaleed bin Talal, oversaw the distribution of Foundation-sponsored aid.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: Al-Taweel has spoken out publicly in the United States on NBC's "Today", CNN International and NPR, as well as in "Time" magazine and "Foreign Policy" magazine in support of both women's right to drive in her country of Saudi Arabia and the broader issue of women's overall empowerment to contribute fully to Saudi society. She has been featured in "Newsweek", "The Daily Beast", and "The Huffington Post", and was interviewed by Piers Morgan. She spoke in a special session at 2011 Clinton Global Initiative titled "Voices for Change in the Middle East & North Africa," in which she discussed her views on the current movements for change in the region with U.S. President Bill Clinton.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: Her self-described approach to reform is one of "evolution, not revolution". In her speech, she said:"People take their voices to the streets when they are not heard by their governments. If we want stability in the region, we must build institutions of civil society so people can channel their demands through these institutions. If we want prosperity in the region we must invest in young people through encouraging enterprise."She also says she wants to be among the first women to drive on Saudi roads. Ameera was recently interviewed by Charlie Rose on Bloomberg and spoke about her work for equal rights and women's empowerment in Saudi Arabia through Alwaleed Foundations. Her former husband Prince Al Waleed was warned by his brother Prince Khalid to control Ameera's media appearances or next time they would be punished without prior warning. This tension led to their divorce.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: She is a member of the board of trustees of Silatech, an international youth employment organization with a focus on youth empowerment in the Arab world through the creation of jobs and greater economic opportunities to deal with unemployment in the region. She is an honorary member of the Disabled Children's Association and an honorary board member of the Saudi Volunteering Society. She is also The founder and CEO of Times Entertainment and co-founder of Tasamy a non-profit organization that promotes social entrepreneurship.


title: Ameera al-Taweel

text: In 2011, Al-Taweel received the ITP Special "Humanitarian Award" on behalf of the Alwaleed Bin Talal Foundation at the Arabian Business Achievement Awards ceremony. She was the most high-profile newcomer to the CEO Middle East 100 Most Powerful Arab Women 2012 list with a fourth-place ranking. She also received the Woman Personality of the Year Award from the Middle East Excellence Award Institute.


title: Barbapapa

text: Barbapapa is a 1970 children's picture book by the French-American couple Annette Tison and Talus Taylor, who lived in Paris, France. Barbapapa is both the title character and the name of his "species". The book was the first of a series of children's books originally written in French and later translated into over 30 languages.


title: Barbapapa

text: The inspiration for Barbapapa came by chance in the Luxembourg Garden in Paris one day in May 1970. While walking in the park with Annette Tison, Talus Taylor thought he heard a child ask his parents for something called "Baa baa baa baa". Not speaking French, he asked Tison what the words meant. She explained that the child was asking for a treat called "Barbe à papa" (cotton candy, literally 'daddy's beard'). Later at a restaurant, the couple began to draw on the tablecloth, and came up with a character inspired by the candy: a pink and round character. When it came time to give it a name, "Barbapapa" came naturally.


title: Barbapapa

text: Several European publishers expressed interest in Barbapapa but did not wish to spend the publishing cost. Frank Fehmers, a Dutch publisher, subsequently set up a co-production and the first editions were published in 1970. The original editions were published in French by "L'École des Loisirs", in Dutch by Frank Fehmers Productions, in British English by the Ernest Benn Company, and in American English by the Henry Z. Walck Co.


title: Barbapapa

text: The main characters in the books are the Barbapapa family, who are most notable for their ability to shapeshift at will. In their native form, Barbapapas are blob-shaped, with a distinct head and arms, but no legs. Male Barbapapas have rounder bottoms, whereas female Barbapapas have a more slender form. Each Barbapapa can adopt any form they choose, but they remain easily identifiable by always retaining their faces and their distinctive color.


title: Barbapapa

text: Barbapapa himself is a generally papaya-shaped, pink shapeshifting blob-like creature who grows from the ground and tries to fit in the human world. The shapeshifting is usually accompanied by the saying "Clickety Click—Barba Trick", or in the 1970s British dub "All Change!"


title: Barbapapa

text: After various adventures, Barbapapa comes across a female of his species (more shapely, and black-coloured), named Barbamama. They produce seven children: Four sons: Barbabravo, a sports fan (red), Barbabright, a scientist (blue), Barbazoo, a nature enthusiast (yellow) and Barbabeau, a painter (black and furry), as well as three daughters: Barbalala, a musician (green), Barbabelle, a narcissistic beauty queen (purple), and Barbalib, an intellectual (orange).


title: Barbapapa

text: A few years after the book had been produced, and when more titles had been published, Fehmers expanded the project to television films in conjunction with Joop Visch of Polyscope-PolyGram, with the story boards designed by Taylor. After twelve years, Fehmers and Tison/Taylor discontinued their business relationship. The first cartoon film was almost five minutes long and was released on television in 1974. 100 episodes of the cartoon series, spanning two seasons, were produced and aired on television.


title: Barbapapa

text: In 1999, a Japanese animated series called Barbapapa Around the World (Japanese: バーバパパ 世界をまわる, Hepburn: Barbapapa Sekai wo Mawaru) was aired. Animated by Studio Pierrot and produced by Kodansha, the series depicted the family going on vacation through different countries. The series aired over 50 episodes.


title: Barbapapa

text: In 2019, a new animated show, called """", was produced by Normaal Animation. It currently airs on TF1 in France, Yle TV2 in Finland, and Nick Jr. in other countries. The show was written by Alice Taylor and Thomas Taylor. Alice is the daughter of Tison and Taylor. The English dub was produced by Jungle Studios in the United Kingdom and features a cast of up-and-coming child actors.


title: Barbapapa

text: The first Barbapapa theme's lyrics were written by Harrie Geelen, and the music composed by Joop Stokkermans.


title: Barbapapa

text: The Japanese version of the series, as aired on TV Tokyo, features an entirely different theme song from the original series, composed by Chuuji Kinoshita with lyrics by Zenzo Matsuyama. The Italian version's song were sung by singer-songwriter Roberto Vecchioni.


title: Barbapapa

text: An Israeli song named "Barba'aba" (ברבאבא) was written by Yoram Taharlev and performed by Tzipi Shavit in 1978. It talks about Barbapapa being shunned by everyone for looking weird until he met Barbamama. The song became a kids' classic.


title: Barbapapa

text: A comic book version was also created. Both the cartoons and comics sometimes show concerns about the environment and contain environmental messages.


title: Barbapapa

text: The Barbapapa cartoon is popular in many countries worldwide and has been dubbed into a wide variety of languages, including five separate English dubs. In the United States, it was syndicated on various networks throughout the 1970s with a dub by Magno Sound and Video in New York. The original series continues to air to this day on television in Italy and France, and "Barbapapa" merchandise is still being produced annually in Japan.


title: Barbapapa

text: Google created a doodle celebrating the 45th anniversary of the publishing of Barbapapa on May 19, 2015. Also to memorialise Talus Taylor


title: Barbapapa

text: The song "Ce matin là" by the French electronic music duo Air (from their album "Moon Safari") was inspired by the horn sounds on the Barbapapa show, per the band.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is believed to have originated in Southwest Asia, near present day Syria, around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago. Mitochondrial haplogroup H is today predominantly found in Europe, and is believed to have evolved before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It first expanded in the northern Near East and Southern Caucasus soon, and later migrations from Iberia suggest that the clade reached Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum. The haplogroup has also spread to parts of Africa, Siberia and inner Asia. Today, around 40% of all maternal lineages in Europe belong to haplogroup H.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Haplogroup H is a descendant of haplogroup HV. The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), which until recently was the human mitochondrial sequence to which all others were compared, belongs to haplogroup H2a2a1 (human mitochondrial sequences should now be compared with the ancestral Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (RSRS)). Several independent studies conclude that haplogroup H probably evolved in Western Asia c. 25,000 years ago.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: In July 2008 ancient mtDNA from an individual called Paglicci 23, whose remains were dated to 28,000 years ago and excavated from Paglicci Cave (Apulia, Italy), were found to be identical to the Cambridge Reference Sequence in HVR1. This once was believed to indicate haplogroup H, but researchers now recognize that CRS HVR1 also appears in U or HV, because there are no HVR1 mutations that separate CRS from the haplogroup R founder. Haplogroup HV derives from the haplogroup R0 which in turn derives from haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-haplogroup N like its sibling M, is a descendant of haplogroup L3.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: MtDNA H had frequency of 19% among Neolithic Early European Farmers and virtually absent among Mesolithic European hunter gatherers.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: The clade has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Ptolemaic periods.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Additionally, haplogroup H has been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Haplogroup H is the most common mtDNA clade in Europe. It is found in approximately 41% of native Europeans. The lineage is also common in North Africa and the Middle East.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: The majority of the European populations have an overall haplogroup H frequency of 40–50%, with frequencies decreasing in the southeast. The clade reaches 20% in the Near East and Caucasus, 17% in Iran, and <10% in the Arabian Peninsula, Northern India and Central Asia.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Undifferentiated haplogroup H has been found among Palestinians (14%), Syrians (13.6%), Druze (10.6%), Iraqis (9.5%), Somalis (6.7%), Egyptians (5.7% in El-Hayez; 14.7% in Gurna), Saudis (5.3–10%), Soqotri (3.1%), Nubians (1.3%), and Yemenis (0–13.9%).


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Among all these clades, the subhaplogroups H1 and H3 have been subject to a more detailed study and would be associated to the Magdalenian expansion from SW Europe c. 13,000 years ago:


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: H1 encompasses an important fraction of Western European mtDNA lineages, reaching its local peak among contemporary Basques (27.8%). The clade also occurs at high frequencies elsewhere in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as in the Maghreb (Tamazgha). The haplogroup frequency is above 10% in many other parts of Europe (France, Sardinia, parts of the British Isles, Alps, large portions of Eastern Europe), and surpasses 5% in nearly all of the continent. Its H1b subclade is most common in eastern Europe and NW Siberia.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: , the highest frequency of the H1 subclade has been found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Fezzan region in Libya (61%). The basal H1* haplogroup is found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Gossi area in Mali (4.76%).


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Haplogroup H has been found in various fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the Linearbandkeramik culture (H1e, Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, 1/22 or ~5%; H1 or H1au1b, Karsdorf, 1/2 or 50%), Germany Middle Neolithic (H1e1a, Esperstedt, 1/1 or 100%), Iberia Early Neolithic (H1, El Prado de Pancorbo, 1/2 or 50%), Iberia Middle Neolithic (H1, La Mina, 1/4 or 25%), and Iberia Chalcolithic (H1t, El Mirador Cave, 1/12 or ~8%). Haplogroup H has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. At the Tenerife site, these clade-bearing individuals were found to belong to the H1cf subclade (1/7; ~14%); at the Gran Canaria site, the specimens carried the H2a subhaplogroup (1/4; 25%). Additionally, ancient Guanche (Bimbaches) individuals excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands were all found to belong to the H1 maternal subclade. These locally born individuals were dated to the 10th century and carried the H1-16260 haplotype, which is exclusive to the Canary Islands and Algeria.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: H3 is found throughout the whole of Europe and in the Maghreb but does not exist in the Far East , and is believed to have originated among Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in south-western Europe between 9 000 and 11 000 years ago. H3 represents the second largest fraction of the H genome after H1 and has a somewhat similar distribution, with peaks in Portugal, Spain, Scandinavia and Finland. It is common in Portugal (12%), Sardinia (11%), Galicia (10%), the Basque country (10%), Ireland (6%), Norway (6%), Hungary (6%) and southwestern France (5%). Studies have suggested haplogroup H3 is highly protective against AIDS progression.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: H5 may have evolved in West Asia, where it is most frequent and diverse in the Western Caucasus. However, its H5a subclade has a stronger representation in Europe, though at low levels.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: The H2, H6 and H8 haplogroups are somewhat common in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. They may be the most common H subclades among Central Asians and have also been found in West Asia. H2a5 has been found in the Basque Country, and in Norway, Ireland and Slovakia. H6a1a1a is common among Ashkenazi Jews.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: H4 is often found in the Iberian peninsula, Britain and Ireland at levels between 1-5% of the population. It is associated with Neolithic migrations.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: The H7 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. Its subclade H7c1 is present in Druze people and in Saudi Arabia. H7c2 is present in such peoples as Ashkenazi Jews, Sardinians, and Dutch people. H7e is present in Ashkenazi Jews, Germans, Sardinians, and others.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: H9 is present in Yemenis. The subclade H9a exists in Welsh people, Calabrians and Crimean Karaites. H9a samples were recovered from two ancient people in Lebanon.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Haplogroup H10 is subclade which came into existence between 6,300 and 10,900 years ago. Its descendant branches are H10a, H10b, H10c, H10d, H10e, H10f, H10g, and H10h.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Haplogroup H10e has been found at a neolithic site, namely the Bom Santo cave near Lisbon. This is the oldest sample of H10 which has ever been found and it has been dated to 3735 BCE (+- 45 years).


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: Italians are notable carriers of H12 and its two branches. H12a has been detected in such regions as Sicily and Calabria.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: The H13 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. H13 is also found in the Caucasus; H13c was found in a 9,700 year old sample in Mesolithic Georgia and H13a2a and H13a2b are found in Armenians in Armenia.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: H15 includes the base level and the branches H15a and H15b. H15a1b is present in Greeks. H15b is present in Armenians, Druze, Ashkenazi Jews, Danes, and other peoples of Europe and the Near East.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: These haplogroups are both found in the Caucasus region. H20 also appears at low levels in the Iberian Peninsula (less than 1%), Arabian Peninsula (1%) and Near East (2%).


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H subclades is based on Build 16(February 2014) of the Phylotree, an internationally accepted standard. The full tree can be viewed at Phylotree.


title: Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

text: In his popular book "The Seven Daughters of Eve", Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup "Helena". Stephen Oppenheimer uses the very similar name "Helina" in his book "The Origins of the British".


title: 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or

text: The 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fifth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Zürich on 12 January 2015.


title: 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or

text: Real Madrid and Portugal forward Cristiano Ronaldo won the FIFA Ballon d'Or as the World Player of the Year for a second consecutive time, having won it previously last year. This was his third Ballon d'Or win overall, placing him second to only Lionel Messi for the most wins in the history of the award. Nadine Keßler was named as the Women's World Player of the Year, while Joachim Löw received the World Coach of the Year for Men's Football and Ralf Kellermann the World Coach of the Year for Women's Football. The ceremony was hosted by Kate Abdo.


title: 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or

text: In late October 2014, the FIFA revealed shortlists for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, FIFA Women's World Player of the Year, and FIFA World Coaches of the Year. The shortlists for the women's awards were revealed on 24 October, and the men's shortlists were revealed on 28 October.


title: 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or

text: The following 10 players were named to the shortlist for the FIFA Women's World Player of the Year award:


title: 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or

text: The following 10 managers were named to the shortlist for the FIFA World Coach of the Year for Men's Football:


title: 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or

text: The following 10 managers were named to the shortlist for the FIFA World Coach of the Year for Women's Football:


title: Putto

text: A putto (; plural putti ) is a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually naked and sometimes winged. Originally limited to profane passions in symbolism, the putto came to represent the sacred cherub (plural cherubim), and in Baroque art the putto came to represent the omnipresence of God. A putto representing a cupid is also called an amorino (plural amorini) or amoretto (plural amoretti).


title: Putto

text: The more commonly found form "putti" is the plural of the Italian word "putto". The Italian word comes from the Latin word "putus", meaning "boy" or "child". Today, in Italian, "putto" means either toddler winged angel or, rarely, toddler boy. It may have been derived from the same Indo-European root as the Sanskrit word "putra" (meaning "boy child", as opposed to "son"), Avestan "puθra"-, Old Persian "puça"-, Pahlavi (Middle Persian) "pus" and "pusar", all meaning "son", and the New Persian "pesar" "boy, son".


title: Putto

text: Putti, in the ancient classical world of art, were winged infants that were believed to influence human lives. In Renaissance art, the form of the putto was derived in various ways including the Greek Eros or Roman Amor/Cupid, the god of love and companion of Aphrodite or Venus; the Roman, genius, a type of guardian spirit; or sometimes the Greek, daemon, a type of messenger spirit, being halfway between the realms of the human and the divine.


title: Putto

text: Putti are a classical motif found primarily on child sarcophagi of the 2nd century, where they are depicted fighting, dancing, participating in bacchic rites, playing sports, etc.


title: Putto

text: The putto disappeared during the Middle Ages and was revived during the Quattrocento. The revival of the figure of the putto is generally attributed to Donatello, in Florence in the 1420s, although there are some earlier manifestations (for example the tomb of Ilaria del Carretto, sculpted by Jacopo della Quercia in Lucca). Since then, Donatello has been called the originator of the putto because of the contribution to art he made in restoring the classical form of putto. He gave putto a distinct character by infusing the form with Christian meanings and using it in new contexts such as musician angels. Putti also began to feature in works showing figures from classical mythology, which became popular in the same period.


title: Putto

text: Most Renaissance putti are essentially decorative and they ornament both religious and secular works, without usually taking any actual part in the events depicted in narrative paintings. There are two popular forms of the putto as the main subject of a work of art in 16th-century Italian Renaissance art: the sleeping putto and the standing putto with an animal or other object.


title: Putto

text: Putti, cupids, and angels (see below) can be found in both religious and secular art from the 1420s in Italy, the turn of the 16th century in the Netherlands and Germany, the Mannerist period and late Renaissance in France, and throughout Baroque ceiling frescoes. So many artists have depicted them, but among the best-known are the sculptor Donatello and the painter Raphael. The two relaxed and curious putti who appear at the foot of Raphael's Sistine Madonna are often reproduced.


title: Putto

text: They also experienced a major revival in the 19th century, where they gamboled through paintings by French academic painters, from Gustave Doré’s illustrations for "Orlando Furioso" to advertisements.


title: Putto

text: The iconography of putti is deliberately unfixed, so that it is difficult to tell the difference between putti, cupids, and various forms of angels. They have no unique, immediately identifiable attributes, so that putti may have many meanings and roles in the context of art.


title: Putto

text: The historiography of this subject matter is very short. Many art historians have commented on the importance of the putto in art, but few have undertaken a major study. One useful scholarly examination is Charles Dempsey's "Inventing the Renaissance Putto".


title: Unikitty!

text: Unikitty! (stylized as UniKitty!) is an American animated television series developed by Ed Skudder and Lynn Wang for Cartoon Network and produced by The Lego Group and Warner Bros. Animation. The series stars the character of the same name from "The Lego Movie" franchise.


title: Unikitty!

text: The series was announced on May 10, 2017. At the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con, it was confirmed by co-showrunner and co-executive producer Ed Skudder that the series would premiere on Cartoon Network on January 1, 2018. The second season of the series premiered on February 4, 2019, while the third and final season premiered on December 24, 2019.


title: Unikitty!

text: The series ended on August 27, 2020, with the two-part series finale "The Birthday to End All Birthdays". By this point, Warner Bros. had terminated their film deal with Lego, resulting in Lego moving on to work with Universal Pictures. Despite this, Warner Bros. still owns the rights to their run of "The Lego Movie" franchise. However, an episode titled "Sick Day", was left unaired in the United States due to being unintentionally similar to the COVID-19 pandemic, but aired in other territories.


title: Unikitty!

text: As the ruler of the Unikingdom, Princess Unikitty has various misadventures in her land with her brother Prince Puppycorn, scientist Dr. Fox, bodyguard Hawkodile, and advisor Richard. They also deal with the threats of Master Frown from the neighboring Frown Town.


title: Unikitty!

text: The series was released on Cartoon Network on October 1, 2017, after "The Lego Ninjago Movie" was released in theatres on September 22, 2017. It was also released internationally in the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 5, and on Teletoon in Canada on March 17, 2018. It premiered on Cartoon Network channels in Southeast Asia on March 30, in Sub-Saharan Africa on April 9 and in Australia and New Zealand on April 27, 2018. It premiered on France 4 in France on September 3, 2018.


title: Unikitty!

text: The first DVD set of the series was released on August 28, 2018, subtitled "Sparkle Party Season 1, Part 1".


title: Unikitty!

text: A favorable review of the series came from Emily Ashby from Common Sense Media where she notes Unikitty's motivations can inspire good, her friends yield in teamwork and are willing to accept reality whenever everything doesn't go as planned. Upon the release of the "Sparkle Party" DVD, Luke Y. Thompson from "Forbes" gave a positive review of "Unikitty!", stating that the series "has humor for everyone", although its "occasional dark bit of subtext" could go against the taste of some parents for their children.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: Pervis Josué Estupiñán Tenorio (born 21 January 1998) is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for club Brighton & Hove Albion and the Ecuador national team.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: Born in Esmeraldas, Estupiñán joined LDU Quito's youth setup in 2011, aged 13. He was promoted to the first team ahead of the 2015 season, and made his professional debut on 1 February of that year by starting in a 1–0 home win against El Nacional.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: An undisputed starter for the club, Estupiñán was sold to Premier League club Watford on 29 July 2016, being immediately loaned to Granada CF and assigned to the latter's B-team in Segunda División B.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: Estupiñán made his La Liga debut on 5 April 2017, starting in a 0–0 away draw against Deportivo de La Coruña. On 17 July, he was loaned to Segunda División side UD Almería for one year.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: On 9 August 2018, Estupiñán agreed to a one-year loan deal with RCD Mallorca in the second division. The following 3 July, after achieving promotion, he signed a two-year loan deal with CA Osasuna, also freshly promoted.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: On 16 September 2020, Estupiñán signed a seven-year contract with Spanish side Villarreal for an initial fee of £15 million.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: On 16 August 2022, Estupiñán signed a five-year contract with Premier League side Brighton & Hove Albion for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut four days later, coming on and replacing Adam Lallana in the 63rd minute in the 2–0 away win over West Ham. Estupiñán made his first start for the "Seagulls" on 27 August, helping Brighton to another win and clean sheet in the 1–0 home victory over Leeds.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: Estupiñán made his debut for the Ecuador national team on 13 October 2019 in a friendly against Argentina that ended in 6–1 loss.


title: Pervis Estupiñán

text: On 14 November, Estupiñán was named in Ecuador's 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup alongside Brighton teammates Jeremy Sarmiento and Moisés Caicedo.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: "Circles" is a song by American rapper and singer Post Malone. It was released through Republic Records on August 30, 2019, as the third single from Malone's third studio album "Hollywood's Bleeding" (2019). It reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for the week of November 30, 2019, topping the chart for three weeks, marking Post Malone's fourth number-one song, as well as his first solo effort to top the chart.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: The song also reached number one in Iceland, Malaysia, and New Zealand, as well as the top ten in 20 additional countries. It was the most played song of 2020 on adult contemporary radio in the US. It is also certified ten times platinum in Australia, nine times platinum in Canada, nine times in the US, and Gold or higher in 11 additional countries. It was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 2021 Grammy Awards.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: Post Malone premiered the song live during his Bud Light Dive Bar Tour show in New York City on August 5, where he claimed it would be released the following week. A snippet of the track was posted to Malone's YouTube channel the same day. He previewed the song in August 2019 on "the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon".


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: "Circles" is a downtempo pop rock song consisting of a "bouncy, melancholy" melody, alongside a "gentle acoustic groove". The chorus has been described as "compulsory singalong". It is written in the key of C major, in common time, at a tempo of 120 beats per minute. It follows a chord structure of Cmaj7–Em/B–Fmaj7–Fm, followed by Cmaj7–Em/B–Fmaj7–G6.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: The song received critical acclaim. "Billboard" described it as being "backed by sunny acoustic guitars, swirling percussion and infectious melodies", and that while it has a "funky feel, the meaning is a bit more somber, detailing a relationship gone cold".


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: R Dub, Z90.3 director of programming, told "Billboard", "For me, the staying power of 'Circles' is due to a combination of an absolutely addicting, fun, emotional, and at the same time, non-fatiguing hook, combined with relatable lyrics. Who can't relate to going in circles in so many aspects of life? Young, old, rich, poor, black, white… We're all going through it".


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: The song's musical backing has been frequently compared to that of Tame Impala – so much so, that Tame Impala's Kevin Parker was originally believed to be one of the song's co-writers prior to the song's release.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: On the chart dated November 30, 2019, "Circles" became Post Malone's fourth number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and his first unaccompanied by another artist. It also marked his second Hot 100 number one of 2019, following "Sunflower" with Swae Lee, which led the chart in January. On the chart dated May 2, 2020, "Circles" broke the record for the most weeks spent in the Hot 100's top 10; 34 weeks surpassing his own song, "Sunflower" (2019), Maroon 5 and Cardi B's "Girls Like You" (2018), and Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" (2017), which all logged 33 weeks each in that region. It simultaneously passed the latter for the most weeks spent in the top 10 from a song's debut. It later extended its record to 39 weeks. "Circles" would keep the record for five more months before The Weeknd's "Blinding Lights" broke the record by reaching 40 weeks (and then 57 in total); it would later be surpassed again in 2021 by Dua Lipa's "Levitating," which spent a total of 41 weeks in the top 10. "Circles" spent 61 weeks on the chart before leaving in November 2020. It was also the most-played radio song of 2020.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: Additionally, it became the first song to spend 30 weeks in the top 10 of "Billboard"s Mainstream Top 40 radio airplay chart, where it also ranked at number one for 10 weeks, becoming the first single by a solo male artist (no features) to achieve double-digit frames at number one on that chart.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: Elsewhere, the song also peaked at number one in Iceland, Malaysia and New Zealand, number two in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Norway, Singapore and Slovakia, number three in Czech Republic, Denmark, Lithuania, Slovenia and the UK, while reaching the top 10 in several other nations.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: Malone filed a lawsuit against songwriter Tyler Armes for "falsely claiming that he is a co-author of the musical composition contained in the 'Circles' track". He stated that although Armes was present when the track was recorded on August 8, 2018, he did not make contributions to the track. According to the complaint from Malone, he continued to work with songwriters Walsh, Gunesberk and Bell in subsequent sessions after August 8, while Armes wasn't present in either of those sessions.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: The music video, directed by Colin Tilley, was released on September 3, 2019. Post plays a knight in armor who wanders across a war-torn rural countryside, watched through a magic mirror by a strange woman with no mouth. As of April 2022, the video has over 504 million views on YouTube.


title: Circles (Post Malone song)

text: Sheryl Crow covered the song in 2022, with it getting airplay on Pat Monahan's Train Tracks program on SiriusXM's The Pulse.


title: Eat to the Beat

text: Eat to the Beat is the fourth studio album by American rock band Blondie, released on September 28, 1979, by Chrysalis Records. The album was certified Platinum in the United States, where it spent a year on the "Billboard" 200. Peaking at , it was one of "Billboard"s top 10 albums of 1980. It also reached on the UK Albums Chart in October 1979 and has been certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).


title: Eat to the Beat

text: The primarily pop album includes a diverse range of styles in the songs: rock, disco, new wave, punk, reggae, and funk, as well as a lullaby. "Atomic" and "The Hardest Part" fused disco with rock. Blondie's first two albums were new wave productions, followed by "Parallel Lines" which dropped the new wave material, exchanging it entirely for rock-inflected pop. "Eat to the Beat" continued in this pop direction.


title: Eat to the Beat

text: Three singles were released in the UK from this album ("Dreaming", "Union City Blue" and "Atomic"). "The Hardest Part" was released as the second single from the album in the US instead of "Union City Blue" (though a remix of "Union..." would be released in the US in 1995). According to the liner notes of the 1994 compilation "The Platinum Collection", the song "Slow Motion" was originally planned to be the fourth single release from the album, and producer Mike Chapman even made a remix of the track, but following the unexpected success of "Call Me", the theme song to the movie "American Gigolo", these plans were shelved and the single mix of "Slow Motion" remains unreleased. An alternate mix of the track entitled "The Stripped Down Motown Mix" did, however, turn up on one of the many remix singles issued by Chrysalis/EMI in the mid-1990s.


title: Eat to the Beat

text: Blondie's first video album was produced in conjunction with this record, featuring a music video for each of the album's twelve songs. It was the first such project in rock music. Most of the videos were filmed in and around New York. One of the exceptions was the "Union City Blue" music video, which was filmed at Union Dry Dock, Weehawken, New Jersey. Each video was directed by David Mallet and produced by Paul Flattery. The video was initially available as a promotional VHS in 1979 and subsequently released on videocassette and videodisc in October 1980.


title: Eat to the Beat

text: Unlike the rest of Blondie's original albums, "Eat to the Beat" was not remastered in 1994. It was later digitally remastered and reissued by EMI-Capitol in 2001, with four bonus tracks and candid sleeve notes by Mike Chapman:


title: Eat to the Beat

text: The 2001 remaster was again reissued in 2007 (June 26 in the US; July 2 in the UK) without the four bonus tracks. Included instead was a DVD of the long-since deleted "Eat to the Beat" video album, marking the first time it had been made available on the DVD format.


title: Eat to the Beat

text: Reviewing "Eat to the Beat" in 1979, "Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau felt that the record was not "a tour de force" like Blondie's previous album "Parallel Lines" and expressed reservations about "the overarching fatalism" of its lyrics, but noted that he liked "the way the lyrics depart from pop bohemia to speak directly to the mass audience they're reaching. And Debbie just keeps getting better." Debra Rae Cohen of "Rolling Stone" found the album "not only ambitious in its range of styles, but also unexpectedly and vibrantly compelling without sacrificing any of the group's urbane, modish humor." A review in "People" observed that the band sounded "less raw but still fresh." David Hepworth, writing in "Smash Hits", praised it as a "brasher, more rocking follow-up... as hard and shiny as glass and I love it." "Eat to the Beat" was voted the 17th best album of 1979 in "The Village Voice"s year-end Pazz & Jop critics' poll.


title: Eat to the Beat

text: In a retrospective review, William Ruhlmann of AllMusic viewed "Eat to the Beat" as a "secondhand" version of "Parallel Lines", finding that its similar attempts at "rock/disco fusion" were less effective, while "elsewhere, the band just tried to cover too many stylistic bases." In contrast, BBC Music writer Chris Jones opined that Blondie had successfully expanded on the sound of "Parallel Lines" on "Eat to the Beat", which he said "still sounds box fresh today", praising Mike Chapman's production expertise and the album's musical diversity.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Woodstock is a fictional character in Charles M. Schulz's comic strip "Peanuts". He is a small yellow bird and Snoopy's best friend. The character first appeared in the April 4, 1967, strip, though he was not officially named until June 22, 1970. He is named after the Woodstock festival of 1969.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: In the early 1960s, Snoopy began befriending birds when they started using his doghouse for various occasions: a rest stop during migrations, a nesting site, a community hall, or a place to play cards. None of these birds was ever given a name, although they did, on occasion (e.g., July 10, 1962), use speech balloons, lettered in what would become the classic 'chicken scratch marks' of Woodstock's utterances. What set Woodstock apart from all these earlier birds was the fact that he attached himself to Snoopy and assumed the role of Snoopy's sidekick and assistant. There had been no recurring relationships between Snoopy and the earlier birds who visited the yard of the Browns, and Snoopy was as often as not more hostile than friendly toward those birds.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: In the "Peanuts" daily comic strip on March 3, 1966, a mother bird flew in while Snoopy was lying on top of his doghouse, nested on top of his stomach and flew away. Soon afterward two chicks hatched in the nest, one of which hung around Snoopy throughout the spring, and returned the following spring on April 4, 1967. Schulz began to establish character traits for Snoopy's new friend by revealing that he could talk (or at least emote), that he didn't like flying south every winter, and that he struggled with flying. By the end of this four-strip sequence, Snoopy, in character as the World War I Flying Ace, learns that the bird is his new mechanic, Woodstock's first supporting role.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: After this introduction, the unnamed Woodstock is seen with Snoopy on occasion, and other birds continue to appear as they had for years. But Woodstock is singled out as the bird who befriended Snoopy, in part by continuing references to him as the Flying Ace's mechanic (July 12, 1967; June 12–14, 1968). On June 14, 1968, 14 months after his first landing on Snoopy and after a second appearance as a supporting character for Snoopy (his wrist wrestling partner on April 25, 1968), the most important aspect of Woodstock's relationship with Snoopy is made clear: Snoopy first refers to this bird as his buddy. This identification was more than enough for readers to know if they hadn't already figured it out, that this little bird, name or no name, had assumed the role of a regular character in the "Peanuts" cast.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Schulz did not give him a name until June 22, 1970. Schulz acknowledged in several print and TV interviews in the mid-1970s that he took Woodstock's name from the rock festival. (The festival's logo shows a bird perched on a guitar.)


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Woodstock is a bird who is Snoopy's best friend. The only non-bird character who can understand Woodstock's speech is Snoopy. When depicted in the comic strip, his speech is rendered almost entirely in "chicken scratch" marks, with Snoopy's either directly translating or allowing the reader to deduce Woodstock's meaning in the context of Snoopy's replies. Woodstock does make nonverbal noises such as yawns, laughter, sighs and "Z"s or snores to indicate sleep. He also uses punctuation marks like "!" or "??" to indicate emotions. In the movies and television specials, the chicken scratches are rendered audibly as a staccato series of high-pitched honks and squawks by Snoopy's voice actor Bill Melendez. Woodstock often works as Snoopy's secretary (most notably when the latter was appointed "Head Beagle"), and caddies for him when he plays golf (usually with some difficulty). Woodstock also plays American football with Snoopy, usually attempting to catch the ball but, due to his size, he is simply hit by it; sometimes getting embedded into the ground a short distance.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Woodstock is a small and good-hearted yellow bird. He resourcefully wins the river rafting race in "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown" after all other contestants have been eliminated. He routinely takes Snoopy's gentle verbal digs and practical jokes in stride, though he does not hesitate to stand up to Snoopy if his friend goes too far. Once, he and Snoopy stopped speaking to each other because of Snoopy's practice of reading "War and Peace" one word per day. When told that Woodstock was being attacked by the cat next door, Snoopy immediately rushed to his aid, getting clobbered in the process (what the cat was attacking ended up being a yellow glove). He also hates being mistaken for the wrong species of bird (though we are never told what species he actually is), and he is reluctant to eat thrown bread crumbs because he doesn't want anyone to think he's on welfare, and when asked about his net income by Snoopy in his 'census-taker' persona, he replied "four worms a day". He's a whiz at playing trivia too, and almost always manages to stump Snoopy.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Woodstock is also a skilled whistler. In the TV special, "She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown", when Peppermint Patty's music for a skating competition fails to play due to a malfunction that cannot be repaired expediently, Woodstock steps up to the microphone and whistles a flawless "O Mio Babbino Caro", to which Peppermint Patty performs her routine. He also whistles his part in the song "The Best of Buddies" (via an instrumental version entitled "Woodstock's Samba") in the feature film "Snoopy Come Home".


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: For all of Woodstock's acumen and talent, he is physically a very poor flyer, which has been a character trait since he first appeared. He flutters around erratically, often upside down, and frequently crashes into things. He usually manages to get where he wants to go as long as he doesn't have to fly too high. He is prone to beak-bleeds if he goes over 10 feet in the air. Despite his difficulty in flying like a bird, he is skilled in piloting Snoopy as a canine helicopter. When asked where he learned to pilot, Woodstock replied (speaking in his usual chicken scratches, but translated), "Nam." This gag appeared in the strip several times as well as in "It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown".


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: During the winter, he relaxes by either skating or playing ice hockey on top of the birdbath, complete with his own Zamboni machine to keep the surface clean (except one year where Woodstock asks Snoopy to migrate with him, and the duo takes the trip on foot). His one-goal throughout the comic is to track down his mother so he can send her a Mother's Day card.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: In the TV special, "It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown", Snoopy buys Woodstock a birdhouse to replace his nest after a cold early spring rain. At first, Woodstock refused to use it, so Snoopy forced the issue. Checking up later on Woodstock, Snoopy peers into the birdhouse to find Woodstock has converted it into a 1970s-style leisure room (complete with a quadraphonic stereo system) that appears much larger on the inside than from outside (much like Snoopy's doghouse). Unfortunately, Snoopy gets his nose stuck in the door and demolishes the house, so he buys Woodstock a second birdhouse, which Woodstock accepts.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Woodstock and his fellow yellow birds (named Bill, Harriet, Olivier, Raymond, Fred, Roy, Wilson and Conrad) often join Snoopy for group activities, with Snoopy as the "de facto" leader. Most frequently they embark on Beagle Scout expeditions with Snoopy as scoutmaster - or as a patrol of the French Foreign Legion on their march for Fort Zinderneuf, led by Snoopy as their sergeant. They also have formed football and ice hockey teams (on one occasion a football team composed of Snoopy and the birds defeated a human football team led by Peppermint Patty). The birds and Snoopy occasionally are shown playing bridge. Although all but Raymond (who is purple) and Harriet (with a red ribbon) look alike, Snoopy seems to be able to tell them apart.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: An important and recurring characteristic of Woodstock is his absurdly and hilariously high physical strength and endurance, considering he couldn't weigh more than about 50 grams. When playing hockey against Snoopy on his "home ice" (a frozen birdbath), he administers the beagle a severe body check that sends Snoopy to fly away clear out of the birdbath. In another instance, Woodstock discovers a "strange creature" in his nest. Linus wants to investigate the nest and asks Snoopy to "give him a boost" so he can reach the tree's lowest branch, which Snoopy does. The branch being still out of Linus's reach, Woodstock gives Snoopy and Linus both a boost, holding them in the air at wings' length, finally allowing Linus to climb the tree. Another strip has Snoopy once again try to determine what species Woodstock belongs to. Snoopy theorizes Woodstock might be an eagle. Since Snoopy has heard somewhere that eagles are capable of lifting a small child, he suggests Woodstock try that with Linus. The bird successfully lifts Linus with his wings three inches in the air and holds him up. The last instance is when Snoopy, posing as a football coach, is angry at his player Woodstock for losing "the book with all our secret plays", and orders the bird to run twenty thousand laps around the field as punishment. Woodstock fearfully complies.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Woodstock wears a watch on his right [hand? wrist? wing?] in "The Peanuts Movie" (at time point 15:02), and 2021's "The Snoopy Show" (episode 2 "Nest Friends", episode 5 "Happy Bird-Day").


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: The TV special "It's a Mystery, Charlie Brown" was mainly centered around Woodstock. The entire cold open and first act of the special involves Woodstock building his nest and taking a bird bath, and getting caught in a rainstorm, which, to Woodstock, is like a typhoon. The special centers around the theft of his nest and Snoopy, dressed as the World Famous Detective, trying to find out who did it.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: In the Norwegian translation of "Peanuts", the bird is named "Fredrikke"—a female name—and is always referred to as female. Finnish translation uses the name "Kaustinen", without a specified gender and Spanish translations use the name "Emilio"—a male name.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: At one point Snoopy attempts to identify what type of bird Woodstock is with the aid of a field guide, asking Woodstock to attempt to imitate various birds: hawked crow, Bittering bittern, Warring wren, rufous-sided roufax, looney cuckoo bird, Ducky goose, warble warble and morning warbler. Snoopy finally gives up trying to figure it out, and says, "For all I know, you're a duck!" Woodstock then cries and Snoopy hugs him and apologizes.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Despite being a bird, Woodstock is a very poor flyer. It may be because of his small wings, or may be because, due to his mother abandoning him, Snoopy had to teach him to fly. He flitters around in erratic fashion, often upside down, and frequently crashes into things.


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Woodstock's bird friends are the same species, so they are all bad flyers. Once, Woodstock and his bird friends wanted to go hiking to the summit of "Point Lobos". Lucy laughs at them and says that they are stupid because they are birds and "why don't they just fly".


title: Woodstock (Peanuts)

text: Schulz was a keen bridge player, and "Peanuts" occasionally included bridge references. In 1997 the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL), awarded both Snoopy and Woodstock the honorary rank of Life Master, and Schulz was delighted.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: The Super Bowl LV halftime show, officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LV Halftime Show, was the halftime entertainment of Super Bowl LV, and took place on February 7, 2021 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. It featured a performance by Canadian singer the Weeknd. The show was televised in the U.S. by CBS.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: On November 12, 2020, the selection of the Weeknd to headline the show was announced; marking the first time a Canadian solo artist headlined the Super Bowl halftime show. The performance was rumored to last for 24 minutes according to an interview the Weeknd had with "Billboard" on January 28, 2021. However, representatives for the singer-songwriter denied the rumor, stating that it would actually be "roughly 12–13 minutes long". When asked about preparations for the show, the Weeknd stated, "We've been really focusing on dialing in on the fans at home and making performances a cinematic experience, and we want to do that with the Super Bowl." He contributed $7 million to the halftime performance.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: The halftime show was executive produced by Dave Myers, Jesse Collins, Jay-Z and Roc Nation, who also served as the creative directors. The performance was directed by Hamish Hamilton, who has directed every Super Bowl halftime show since 2010. The Weeknd's band was directed by experimental electronic musician Oneohtrix Point Never.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: In contrast to past years, the decision was made to build the stage within the stadium for the safety of workers and players, however the field was still used. The show also featured no guest performers, unlike many previous halftime shows. The stage was designed by Bruce Rodgers of Tribe, who has designed the stages for every Super Bowl halftime show since 2007. It was located beneath one of the stadium's video boards. 1,050 individuals worked on the show, a far lesser number than the 2,000 to 3,000 individuals that worked on previous halftime shows. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, preparations included regular COVID-19 testing, as well as social distancing in production trailers.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: The performance featured a choir whose members were dressed in white and wore masks over their faces with glowing red eyes, and were standing within a backdrop of a neon cityscape. For the performance, the Weeknd wore a red blazer and black necktie. The outfit was designed by Givenchy and was embroidered with crystals.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: The performance opened with a white figure dressed the same as the choir being lowered into the backdrop where the choir was standing while singing "Call Out My Name". At this time, the Weeknd sat in a convertible against a skyline backdrop designed to resemble the Las Vegas Strip. For the next part of the performance, the backdrop then split open to reveal the Weeknd, who then performed "Starboy", followed by "The Hills". Next, performing the song "Can't Feel My Face", the Weeknd traveled through a labyrinth constructed behind the stage, joined by dancers dressed in red blazers and black neckties similar to his, but with their faces covered with bandages, in keeping with the aesthetic of his fourth studio album "After Hours" (2020). The dancers would wear these bandages throughout the performance. In the labyrinth section of the performance, camerawork was visually unsteady. The next songs performed were "I Feel It Coming", "Save Your Tears", and "Earned It". For the "Earned It" performance, the Weeknd was accompanied by violinists.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: For the finale of the show, the Weeknd took to the field of the stadium with his dancers to perform "Blinding Lights". He and the dancers entered the field by performing "House of Balloons / Glass Table Girls". The performance ended with an array of fireworks.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: The halftime show received mixed reviews. Criticisms labeled the show as less spectacular, with no guest performers, and suffering from poor audio. Given the performance's mid-pandemic circumstances, several reviews pointed out this context would not allow for a more elaborate performance, but many complimented its production level.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" wrote that the show was, "sturdy, sometimes impressive". Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" called the performance "charismatic". He called it a "departure" from the previous year's "joyous performance". He opined that it did not live up to some past halftime shows, such as the 2007 show performed by Prince and the 2013 show headlined by Beyoncé. However, he opined that it was a "vast improvement" over the 2011 show headlined by the Black Eyed Peas and the 2019 show headlined by Maroon 5. Writing that the show both "dazzled" and "overwhelmed", Larry Fitzmaurice of "GQ" wrote that the Weeknd "didn't even come close to commanding the stage the way previous performers had" at the Super Bowl. Jillian Mapes of "Pitchfork" called the performance "a fever dream for the whole family", writing that it was, "goofy, celebratory, and even a little bit unsettling."


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: Nate Scott of "For The Win" gave the performance a lukewarm review, opining that while the performance was "good" and "fine", it "wasn't great". Scott criticized the camerawork featuring in the segment of the performance filmed inside of the labyrinth as, "disorienting (and kind of nauseating)." He also criticized the audio quality. Jim Harrington of "The Mercury News" wrote that the Weeknd's performance was "solid, not super". Craig Jenkins of "Vulture" wrote that "the show delivered a vivid array of elaborate, expensive set pieces that hit the necessary notes for a halftime gig." While writing that he "made a case for himself as a pop phenomenon with staying power", Jenkins also opined that The Weeknd, "highlighted some of the least-interesting moments in his catalog." Chuck Arnold of the "New York Post" wrote that the performance made it clear that the Weeknd is not yet the same caliber of a live performer as either Prince or Michael Jackson, both past halftime show performers. Arnold found that the highlight of the performance was the rendition of "Blinding Lights".


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: Spencer Kornhaber of "The Atlantic" wrote, "It's tempting to give The Weeknd points for edginess, but his commentary on emptiness is pretty empty". Comparing his performance to past Super Bowl Halftime performers, Kornhaber wrote, "When the time came to ascend the biggest stage in the world, Prince was raunchier, Madonna was ruder, Janet Jackson actually upset people, and Beyoncé forced a political confrontation. Moreover, those greats blended provocation with a risky sense of hope. The Weeknd's blank charm and eerie lighting feinted at meeting this bizarre moment in history but ultimately offered a shrug."


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: In a highly positive review, Dominic Patten of "Deadline" hailed the performance as a "touchdown", calling it a "technical spectacle". Rachel Brodsky of "The Independent" rated the performance four out of five stars, calling it "slick" and "hyper-stylised", praising it as a, "brilliantly escapist 10 minutes that not only solidified his pop domination, but helped a deeply divided country – however briefly – dance away the pain of this past year." Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo! Entertainment called it, "one of the most dazzling halftime shows in recent memory", and wrote that it was on-par with the previous year's halftime show headlined by Shakira and Jennifer Lopez. Joe Riviera of "Sporting News" wrote, "for the most part, the show was unique and high-energy". Ed Masley of "The Arizona Republic" called the performance a, "crowd-pleasing spectacle", and opined that the absence of special guests did not hurt the performance, as such guests would have been unneeded. Mikael Wood of the "Los Angeles Times" called the performance, "spooky yet darkly funny" and an, "appealingly bizarre spectacle reflected the COVID era in both mood and logistics". AJ Romano of Vox called the performance "mellow but satisfying", writing that the Weeknd displayed, "confidence and charm". Giving the show four out of five stars, Adrian Horton of "The Guardian" wrote that the show was, "a pleasingly middle ground performance – not outright explicit" and praised the Weeknd for displaying "impressive vocals and stamina". Mark Savage of BBC opined that the Weeknd made the most of restrictions put in place due to the pandemic, delivering a, " gimmick-free show that put the emphasis on his songs." Calling the halftime show "disorienting", but declaring that it, "felt right", Stephanie Hayes of the "Tampa Bay Times" wrote that the Weeknd "vacillated between buoyant hits and unsettling imagery, striking a chord for these times." In a mostly positive review, Andrew Unterberger of "Billboard" called the Weeknd's performance a "14-minute set that presented a pretty convincing argument for him having one of the strongest catalogs of any modern pop hitmaker". Unterberger, however, did note that the performance had a, "lack of truly stunning moments".


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: In a negative review, Britt Julious of the "Chicago Tribune" called the performance "an expensive nothing". Julious derided the Weeknd as lacking in "vocals, stage presence and charisma", and opined that the Weeknd's "body movements and awkward, pseudo-sensual hand gestures to the camera" were "uncomfortable". Mesfin Fekadu of the Associated Press called the show boring, writing that he found the performance, "limited and inadequate". Fekadu criticized the decision to forgo musical guests. Fekadu wrote that the highlight of the performance was the rendition of "Blinding Lights". Bobby Olivier of NJ.com criticized the Weeknd for lacking in charisma, writing, "he’s just not a particularly dynamic live entertainer." Olivier also criticized the decision to forgo musical guests. Alex Suskind of "Entertainment Weekly" griped about the quality of the sound mixing and "lack of tech-savvy pageantry".


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: Soon after the show took place, "Vulture" ranked the performance in the mid-tier of Super Bowl Halftime Shows since 1993. Similarly, Aaron Tallent of "Athlon Sports" soon after ranked it in the mid-tier of all Super Bowl Halftime Shows.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: In the United States, the Super Bowl LV halftime show attracted 96.7 million viewers, slightly higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an average of 96.4 million television viewers.


title: Super Bowl LV halftime show

text: The show had an immediate impact on the Weeknd's streaming figures, with MRC Data showing 48.9 million streams of his music catalogue over the period of February 7–8 (the day of and day after the performance), a 42% increase in compared to the 34.5 million streams his catalogue saw February 5–6. Combined, the eight songs performed at halftime, in addition to "House of Balloons/Glass Table Girls" (which saw a brief excerpt incorporated into the show), saw 23.8 million streams, a 51% increase over the combined 15.77 million these songs received February 5–6. His most-streamed song was "Blinding Lights", which saw 6.54 million streams (a 42% increase). His second-most streamed song was "Save Your Tears", which saw 6.19 million streams (a 23% increase). These two songs, combined, accounted for 26% of the Weeknd's streams in February 7–8. Of the other seven songs, "The Hills" saw 2.52 million streams (a 79% increase), "Starboy" saw 2.16 million streams (a 70% increase), "I Can't Feel My Face" saw 1.69 million streams (a 83% increase), "I Feel It Coming" saw a 1.55 million increase (a 87% increase), "Earned It" saw 1.44 million streams (a 88% increase), "Call Out My Name" saw 1.25 million streams (a 46% increase), and "House of Balloons/Glass Table Girls" saw 465,000 streams (a 350% increase).