title: Gillick competence

text: A child who is deemed "Gillick competent" is able to prevent their parents viewing their medical records. As such, medical staff will not make a disclosure of medical records of a child who is deemed "Gillick competent" unless consent is manifest.


title: Gillick competence

text: In most jurisdictions the parent of an emancipated minor does not have the ability to consent to therapy, regardless of the Gillick test. Typical positions of emancipation arise when the minor is married ("R v D" [1984] AC 778, 791) or in the military.


title: Gillick competence

text: The nature of the standard remains uncertain. The courts have so far declined invitations to define rigidly "Gillick competence" and the individual doctor is free to make a decision, consulting peers if this may be helpful, as to whether that child is "Gillick competent".


title: Gillick competence

text: As of May 2016, it appeared to Funston and Howard that some recent legislation worked explicitly to restrict the ability of Gillick competent children to consent to medical treatment outside of clinical settings. For example, parental consent is required for the treatment of children with asthma using standby salbutamol inhalers in schools. These restrictions have yet to be tested in court.


title: Gillick competence

text: The decisions "In re R" (1991) and "Re W" (1992) (especially Lord Donaldson) contradict the "Gillick" decision somewhat. From these, and subsequent cases, it is suggested that although the parental right to veto treatment ends, parental powers do not "terminate" as suggested by Lord Scarman in "Gillick". However, these are only obiter statements and were made by a lower court; therefore, they are not legally binding. However, the parens patriae jurisdiction of the court remains available allowing a court order to force treatment against a child's (and parent's) wishes.


title: Gillick competence

text: In a 2006 judicial review, "R (on the application of Axon) v Secretary of State for Health", the High Court affirmed "Gillick" in allowing for medical confidentiality for teenagers seeking an abortion. The court rejected a claim that not granting parents a "right to know" whether their child had sought an abortion, birth control or contraception breached Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The "Axon" case set out a list of criteria that a doctor must meet when deciding whether to provide treatment to an under-16 child without informing their parents: they must be convinced that they can understand all aspects of the advice, that the patient's physical or mental health is likely to suffer without medical advice, that it is in the best interests of the patient to provide medical advice, that (in provision of contraception) they are likely to have sex whether contraception is provided or not, and that they have made an effort to convince the young person to disclose the information to their parents.


title: Gillick competence

text: In late 2020, "Bell v Tavistock" considered whether under-16s with gender dysphoria could be Gillick competent to consent to receiving puberty blockers. Due to the unique specifics of that treatment, the High Court concluded that in such cases the answer will almost always be 'no', "a priori". In late 2021, the Court of Appeal overturned "Bell v Tavistock", as the clinic's policies and practices had not been found to be unlawful.


title: Gillick competence

text: In early September 2021, guidance circulated to NHS trusts stated that most 12- to 15-year-olds should be deemed "Gillick competent to provide [their] own consent" to be vaccinated against COVID-19, despite the JCVI "fail[ing] to recommend Covid-19 vaccines for healthy 12- to 15-year-olds". Campaigner Molly Kingsley, who had co-founded the campaign group UsForThem over the issue , warned that "Were vaccination of children to happen on school premises without fully respecting the need for parental consent it would really prejudice parents' trust in schools." Epidemiologist and SAGE member John Edmunds said that "if we allow infection just to run through the population, that's a lot of children who will be infected and that will be a lot of disruption to schools in the coming months."


title: Gillick competence

text: The Australian High Court gave specific and strong approval for the "Gillick" decision in "Marion's Case", "Secretary of the Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB" (1992) 175 CLR 189. The Gillick competence doctrine is part of Australian case law (see, e.g., "DoCS v Y" [1999] NSWSC 644).


title: Gillick competence

text: There is no express authority in Australia on "In re R" and "Re W", so whether a parent's right terminates is unclear. This lack of authority reflects that the reported cases have all involved minors who have been found to be incompetent, and that Australian courts will make decisions in the "parens patriae" jurisdiction regardless of Gillick competence.


title: Gillick competence

text: In South Australia and New South Wales legislation clarifies the common law, establishing a Gillick-esque standard of competence but preserving concurrent consent between parent and child for the ages 14–16.


title: Gillick competence

text: On 21 May 2009, confusion arose between Gillick competence, which identifies under-16s with the capacity to consent to their own treatment, and the Fraser guidelines, which are concerned only with contraception and focus on the desirability of parental involvement and the risks of unprotected sex in that area.


title: Gillick competence

text: A persistent rumour arose that Victoria Gillick disliked having her name associated with the assessment of children's capacity, but an editorial in the BMJ from 2006 claimed that Gillick said that she "has never suggested to anyone, publicly or privately, that [she] disliked being associated with the term 'Gillick competent.


title: Gillick competence

text: It is lawful for doctors to provide contraceptive advice and treatment without parental consent providing certain criteria are met. These criteria, known as the Fraser guidelines, were laid down by Lord Fraser in the Gillick decision and require the professional to be satisfied that:


title: Gillick competence

text: Although these criteria specifically refer to contraception, the principles are deemed to apply to other treatments, including abortion. Although the judgment in the House of Lords referred specifically to doctors, it is considered by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) to apply to other health professionals, "including general practitioners, gynaecologists, nurses, and practitioners in community contraceptive clinics, sexual health clinics and hospital services". It may also be interpreted as covering youth workers and health promotion workers who may be giving contraceptive advice and condoms to young people under 16, but this has not been tested in court.


title: Gillick competence

text: If a person under the age of 18 refuses to consent to treatment, it is possible in some cases for their parents or the courts to overrule their decision. However, this right can be exercised only on the basis that the welfare of the young person is paramount. In this context, welfare does not simply mean their physical health. The psychological effect of having the decision overruled would have to be taken into account and would normally be an option only when the young person was thought likely to suffer "grave and irreversible mental or physical harm". Usually, when a parent wants to overrule a young person's decision to refuse treatment, health professionals will apply to the courts for a final decision.


title: Gillick competence

text: An interesting aside to the Fraser guidelines is that many regard Lord Scarman's judgment as the leading judgement in the case, but because Lord Fraser's judgement was shorter and set out in more specific terms – and in that sense more accessible to health and welfare professionals – it is his judgement that has been reproduced as containing the core principles, as for example cited in the RCOG circular.


title: Poway, California

text: Poway () is a city in San Diego County, California, United States. The unincorporated community became a city on December 1, 1980. Poway's rural roots influenced its motto "The City in the Country". The city has a population of 49,701 as of 2019.


title: Poway, California

text: The Kumeyaay people lived in the area for centuries before the Spanish colonization of the region. Artifacts such as arrowheads, spear points, metates, grinding stones, and pottery found along the bed of Poway Creek all indicate an early Kumeyaay presence. Various pictographs adorn many of Poway's boulders, and modern dating techniques suggest these paintings date to the 16th century and earlier. The name "Poway" is a Kumeyaay term meaning "arrowhead" or "watering hole".


title: Poway, California

text: In the late 18th century, the Mission San Diego de Alcalá kept cattle in the valley. Documents of Mission San Diego de Alcala record the name of the valley as "Paguay" as early as 1828. Though there is a discrepancy on the exact translation of "Paguay," the generally accepted version indicates "the meeting of little valleys" or "end of the valley." Some controversy also surrounds the proper spelling; historically it has also been written by the Mexican authorities as Paguai. It has also been written as Paui, Pauai, Pauy, and Powaii.


title: Poway, California

text: For approximately a century, Poway served as a stock range for the mission and local ranchos. In September 1839, Corporal Rosario Aguilar was granted Rancho Paguai a ranch in the valley and it was confirmed on May 22, 1840, but he refused it, becoming Juez de paz in 1841 and moving instead to San Juan Capistrano.


title: Poway, California

text: American settlers began to come to the valley for farming purposes in the late antebellum period. Few records of this time have survived, and not until 1894 and the inception of the "Poway Progress" did the town's history become a thing of record. In 1887, about 800 people lived and farmed in Poway. Around the start of the 20th century, Poway farmers had moderate success in the production and vending of fruit, grain, and dairy products. The expansion, however, failed to follow agricultural success.


title: Poway, California

text: Poway has a creek and fertile soil, but the lack of easily available water prevented the settlement from attracting large-scale farmers and the accompanying population growth. In 1954 the Poway Municipal Water District was established to utilize water from the Colorado River Aqueduct. In 1957, following the sewer system's completion, developers built housing tracts.


title: Poway, California

text: In 1980 Poway incorporated and was nicknamed "the City in the Country". Poway no longer relies on agriculture for its primary source of income and has instead transitioned into a residential community for those who work for employers in and around the San Diego area. According to a recent state government estimate, the population of Poway has grown since that last census to 50,542. It has been designated a "Tree City" for the last decade.


title: Poway, California

text: In 2004, the City of Poway adopted the 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st Marine Division, based out of nearby Camp Pendleton. The Fred L. Kent Post 7907 of the Veterans of Foreign Wars has been the official go-between with the battalion, which has been redeployed at least once to Iraq since its adoption.


title: Poway, California

text: The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged Westward migration, and many of Poway's first white settlers came to farm. The fecund soil proved well-suited to a variety of crops, including peaches, Muscat grapes, apricots, pears, hay, and alfalfa. Some farmers captured swarms of wild bees and cultivated honey. Dairying also proved lucrative. Most families kept a cow for milk and butter, chickens for eggs and meat, and perhaps a hog to sustain them while they farmed. Crops sold well around the San Diego area. Between the seasons of 1894 and 1896, the "Poway Progress" reported agricultural information:


title: Poway, California

text: Muscat grapes are beginning to ripen, and the San Diego market is getting a supply of the fine article Poway always produces. ... The season has been a prolific one for bees, thirty of forty stands the present season from a single captured swarm a year or two ago. ... The peach is a good article, and Poway produces it to perfection. Poway pears will compare with any grown in the state.


title: Poway, California

text: The success of these crops depended on the annual winter rainfall, and remained subject to variations in precipitation until the establishment of the Poway Municipal Water District in 1954. With water readily available, the town's farming interest shifted to two principal crops: avocados and citrus fruits. With water came new residents, and the former farm town transformed into a locale full of small commercial businesses and shopping centers.


title: Poway, California

text: The Community Church of Poway, the town's first church, has remained in operation since 1887, making it the house of worship with the longest continual operation in San Diego County. Living Way Church, a non-denominational Protestant church, through Berean Bible College, is the only church currently in Poway that offers bible college classes. There are two Catholic churches in Poway, St. Michael's and St. Gabriel's.


title: Poway, California

text: There is a Jewish community, with a Reform synagogue, a Conservative synagogue, and an Orthodox synagogue. On April 27, 2019, the Orthodox synagogue, Chabad of Poway, was the site of an attack in which multiple people were shot—one of whom was killed—during Passover services.


title: Poway, California

text: A Sikh temple, one of several in San Diego County, is found in Poway. Two Kingdom Halls of Jehovah's Witnesses are located in Poway. There are nine congregations of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints located in Poway that meet in three meetinghouses.


title: Poway, California

text: Poway established its school district in 1871, but did not have a schoolhouse until 1885, when a one-room school was built at Midland Road about a 2–3-minute walk south of the Templar's Hall. The site is still in use today as an elementary school (Kindergarten through 5th grade), though it was torn down and rebuilt in 1945, and renovated again in 2004–2006. First through eighth graders were included in one classroom. Children learned to read and write using slates, and eventually progressed to study subjects such as arithmetic, spelling, English, language (German or Latin), grammar, history, and geography. Students did not usually attend high school, and had to travel to Escondido if they wished to do so. In 1909, only three students from Poway graduated from high school. Women who went on to more school from there usually had teaching ambitions. Education, while compulsory and considered a worthwhile pastime, had few far-reaching applications for Poway's farmers' children. Enrollment in the Poway School 1st–8th grades did not reach 100 until 1932.


title: Poway, California

text: Poway's transportation history parallels that of early California. In 1888 the first stagecoach began to service the towns from San Diego to Escondido, including Poway. The stage made one stop in town, at the Poway Post Office, and also delivered mail to the farmers who would wait along the road for its arrival. The men would trot alongside the coach and inquire as to the state of the mail, and thus receive letters without requiring it to stop. Eight to ten passengers could accompany the stagecoach on its three-day journey for a modest $1.00 fee, or purchase a round trip for the bargain price of $1.50. The route itself, though not treacherous when passing through Poway, did pose a significant challenge to the team and driver at various points. Windy mountain trails often caused the stage to turn over, spilling both mail and passengers onto the rocky turf. The city of San Diego discontinued the stage line in 1912, when the advent of the automobile facilitated an easier and less time-consuming method of mail delivery. Poway established a County Road Station in 1920, to oil and maintain the roads so that automobiles could use them with ease. The road station remained in operation until 1961, when Poway achieved an 80% paved road rate. To this day, though, the town still boasts a number of dirt roads, for use by cars, horses, bikers, and pedestrians. Portions of what is currently Pomerado Road, a major north/south artery, were once U.S. Route 395 in California.


title: Poway, California

text: Poway's greatest change started in the 1950s when water came to the valley. On January 29, 1954, an election was held on the formation of the Poway Municipal Water District, which passed with an overwhelming majority of 210 ayes to 32 nays. At the second election on March 25, 1954, the citizens voted to annex to the San Diego County Water Authority. At a third election held April 22, 1954, the citizens voted to incur bonded debt of $600,000 to build a water system. The first water delivery was made in July 1954 to Gordon's Grocery on Garden Road. In 1972 Poway Dam was built to provide a dependable supply of water.


title: Poway, California

text: In 1957, the Pomerado County Water District was organized to provide sewer service to along Pomerado Road. In 1959 the first subdivision homes were built and sold as Poway Valley Homes and Poway's population began to climb. On December 1, 1980, the City of Poway incorporated and the two districts, Poway Municipal Water and Pomerado County Water, became part of the City structure. The district issued a restriction for watering lawns. It allowed people to water their lawns three days a week each week. After a year or two, these restrictions were lifted.


title: Poway, California

text: Poway is north of the city of San Diego and south of the city of Escondido. Nearby communities include Rancho Bernardo, Sabre Springs, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Peñasquitos, and Ramona to the east.


title: Poway, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city covers an area of , 99.78% of it land, and 0.22% of it water. The confluence of the 33rd parallel north and 117th meridian west is located on a hillside in a private property.


title: Poway, California

text: Poway has a borderline semi-arid climate (Köppen: "Bsh") and hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: "Csa") with hot summers and cool wet winters.


title: Poway, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Poway had a population of 47,811. The population density was . The racial makeup of Poway was 36,781 (76.9%) White, 783 (1.6%) African American, 265 (0.6%) Native American, 4,853 (10.2%) Asian, 106 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 2,944 (6.2%) from other races, and 2,079 (4.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race numbered 7,508 (15.7%).


title: Poway, California

text: The Census reported that 47,261 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 284 (0.6%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 266 (0.6%) were institutionalized.


title: Poway, California

text: There were 16,128 households, out of which 6,493 (40.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 10,523 (65.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,675 (10.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 742 (4.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 580 (3.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 111 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships; 2,469 households (15.3%) were made up of individuals, and 1,185 (7.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93. There were 12,940 families (80.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.23.


title: Poway, California

text: The population was spread out, with 11,948 people (25.0%) under the age of 18, 3,912 people (8.2%) aged 18 to 24, 10,496 people (22.0%) aged 25 to 44, 15,555 people (32.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,900 people (12.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males.


title: Poway, California

text: There were 16,715 housing units at an average density of , of which 12,000 (74.4%) were owner-occupied, and 4,128 (25.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.5%. 35,111 people (73.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 12,150 people (25.4%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Poway, California

text: According to the census of 2000, there were 48,044 people, 15,467 households, and 12,868 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,224.8 inhabitants per square mile (473.0/km). There were 15,714 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 82.85% White, 7.46% Asian, 1.67% African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.28% Pacific Islander, 3.27% from other races, and 3.99% from two or more races. Across all races 10.35% are Hispanic or Latino.


title: Poway, California

text: There were 15,467 households, out of which 47.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 10.5% have an unmarried female householder, and 16.8% were non-families. Of all households, 12.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.08 people and the average family size was 3.35 people.


title: Poway, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.7% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.


title: Poway, California

text: The median income for a household in Poway is $92,083, and the median income for a family was $103,972, making it the 25th most expensive zip code in the United States (as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $53,322 versus $52,742 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,788. About 3.1% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Poway, California

text: According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, the median household income of Poway in 2005 was $96,474 (not adjusted for inflation). When adjusted for inflation (1999 dollars; comparable to Census data above), the median household income was $78,340.


title: Poway, California

text: According to the City's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top ten employers in the city are:


title: Poway, California

text: Poway incorporated as a general law city in December 1980. Like most California cities, it uses a council/manager form of government. City policies are set by a five-member city council which includes a directly-elected mayor. The mayor and councilmembers are elected at-large to overlapping four-year terms. Council appoints the deputy mayor, the city attorney, and the city manager.


title: Poway, California

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Poway is in California's 52nd congressional district, which has a Cook PVI (partisan voting index) of D+12 and is represented by .


title: Poway, California

text: Presently, the Poway Unified School District (PUSD) has grown to 25 elementary (Kindergarten to 5th grade), six middle (6th–8th grades), six high (9th–12th grades) schools, a home-schooling program, and a K–8 school. PUSD has a record of high performance, and one of its students, Anurag Kashyap (an eighth-grader at the time), became the 2005 National Spelling Bee champion after winning on the word "appoggiatura". Poway Adult School was established in 1963 by the Poway Unified School District. Poway Adult School is a provider of adult education services in the City of Poway and its surrounding communities. Poway Adult School offers adult education courses for adults in the areas of: high school diploma, GED, HISET, adult basic education, ESL, parenting classes, community education courses, and career technical education courses (CTE). Poway Adult School also offers a robust selection of short-term CTE courses such as: Certified Nurse Assistant, Real Estate, Court Reporting, Financing, and Computers. Poway Adult School offers a wide-range of community education courses for the community such as yoga, music classes and much more. Poway Adult School is a member of the Education to Career Network of North San Diego County. ETCN is one of 71 Consortiums in the State of California and is funded by the California Adult Education Program.


title: Poway, California

text: Poway High School operates as part of the Poway Unified School District. The school's teams, the Titans, participate in wrestling, lacrosse, baseball, softball, water polo, football, cross country, and 11 other sports.


title: Poway, California

text: Berean Bible College is a Charismatic Christian bible college located within Living Way Church. The college claims educational accreditation through the Accrediting Commission International for Schools, Colleges and Theological Seminaries, an unrecognized accrediting organization based previously in Beebe, Arkansas, now based in Sarasota, Florida. The college is also recognized by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVIS) to issue I-20 foreign student visas. The college awards associate's degrees, diplomas, and bachelor's degrees. The current president of the college is Rev. Douglas Balcombe and its current dean is Rev. Bobby San-Miguel.


title: Poway, California

text: San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) operates public transportation in the City of Poway. MTS routes 944 and 945 connect the city to the Sabre Springs and Rancho Bernardo transit centers.


title: Cafeteria

text: A cafeteria, sometimes called a canteen outside the U.S., is a type of food service location in which there is little or no waiting staff table service, whether a restaurant or within an institution such as a large office building or school; a school dining location is also referred to as a dining hall or lunchroom (in American English). Cafeterias are different from coffeehouses, although the English term came from the Spanish "cafetería", same meaning.


title: Cafeteria

text: Instead of table service, there are food-serving counters/stalls or booths, either in a line or allowing arbitrary walking paths. Customers take the food that they desire as they walk along, placing it on a tray. In addition, there are often stations where customers order food, particularly items such as hamburgers or tacos which must be served hot and can be immediately prepared with little waiting. Alternatively, the patron is given a number and the item is brought to their table. For some food items and drinks, such as sodas, water, or the like, customers collect an empty container, pay at the check-out, and fill the container after the check-out. Free unlimited second servings are often allowed under this system. For legal purposes (and the consumption patterns of customers), this system is rarely, if at all, used for alcoholic drinks in the United States.


title: Cafeteria

text: Customers are either charged a flat rate for admission (as in a buffet) or pay at the check-out for each item. Some self-service cafeterias charge by the weight of items on a patron's plate. In universities and colleges, some students pay for three meals a day by making a single large payment for the entire semester.


title: Cafeteria

text: As cafeterias require few employees, they are often found within a larger institution, catering to the employees or clientele of that institution. For example, schools, colleges and their residence halls, department stores, hospitals, museums, places of worship, amusement parks, military bases, prisons, factories and office buildings often have cafeterias. Although some of such institutions self-operate their cafeterias, many outsource their cafeterias to a food service management company or lease space to independent businesses to operate food service facilities. The three largest food service management companies servicing institutions are Aramark, Compass Group, and Sodexo.


title: Cafeteria

text: At one time, upscale cafeteria-style restaurants dominated the culture of the Southern United States, and to a lesser extent the Midwest. There were numerous prominent chains of them: Bickford's, Morrison's Cafeteria, Piccadilly Cafeteria, S&W Cafeteria, Apple House, Luby's, K&W, Britling, Wyatt's Cafeteria and Blue Boar among them. Currently, two Midwestern chains still exist, Sloppy Jo's Lunchroom and Manny's, which are both located in Illinois. There were also a number of smaller chains, usually located in and around a single city. These institutions, with the exception of K&W, went into a decline in the 1960s with the rise of fast food and were largely finished off in the 1980s by the rise of all-you-can-eat buffets and other casual dining establishments. A few chains—particularly Luby's and Piccadilly Cafeterias (which took over the Morrison's chain in 1998)—continue to fill some of the gap left by the decline of the older chains. Some of the smaller Midwestern chains, such as MCL Cafeterias centered on Indianapolis, are still in business.


title: Cafeteria

text: Perhaps the first self-service restaurant (not necessarily a cafeteria) in the U.S. was the Exchange Buffet in New York City, opened September 4, 1885, which catered to an exclusively male clientele. Food was purchased at a counter and patrons ate standing up. This represents the predecessor of two formats: the cafeteria, described below and the automat.


title: Cafeteria

text: During the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, entrepreneur John Kruger built an American version of the smörgåsbords he had seen while traveling in Sweden. Emphasising the simplicity and light fare, he called it the 'Cafeteria' - Spanish for 'coffee shop'. The exposition attracted over 27 million visitors (half the U.S. population at the time) in six months, and it was because of Kruger's operation that the United States first heard the term and experienced the self-service dining format.


title: Cafeteria

text: Meanwhile, in mid-scale United States, the chain of Childs Restaurants quickly grew from about 10 locations in New York City in 1890 to hundreds across the U.S. and Canada by 1920. Childs is credited with the innovation of adding trays and a "tray line" to the self-service format, introduced in 1898 at their 130 Broadway location. Childs did not change its format of sit-down dining, however. This was soon the standard design for most Childs Restaurants, and many ultimately the dominant design for cafeterias.


title: Cafeteria

text: It has been conjectured that the 'cafeteria craze' started in May 1905, when Helen Mosher opened a downtown L.A. restaurant where people chose their food at a long counter and carried their trays to their tables. California has a long history in the cafeteria format - notably the Boos Brothers Cafeterias, and the Clifton's and Schaber's. The earliest cafeterias in California were opened at least 12 years after Kruger's Cafeteria, and Childs already had many locations around the country. Horn & Hardart, an automat format chain (different from cafeterias), was well established in the mid-Atlantic region before 1900.


title: Cafeteria

text: Between 1960 and 1981, the popularity of cafeterias was overcome by the fast food restaurant and fast casual restaurant formats.


title: Cafeteria

text: Outside the United States, the development of cafeterias can be observed in France as early as 1881 with the passing of the Ferry Law. This law mandated that public school education be available to all children. Accordingly, the government also encouraged schools to provide meals for students in need, thus resulting in the conception of cafeterias or cantine (in French). According to Abramson, prior to the creation of cafeterias, only some students were able to bring home-cooked meals and able to be properly fed in schools.


title: Cafeteria

text: As cafeterias in France became more popular, their use spread beyond schools and into the workforce. Thus, due to pressure from workers and eventually new labor laws, sizable businesses had to, at minimum, provide established eating areas for its workers. Support for this practice was also reinforced by the effects of World War II when the importance of national health and nutrition came under great attention.


title: Cafeteria

text: A cafeteria in a U.S. military installation is known as a chow hall, a mess hall, a galley, mess decks or, more formally, a dining facility, often abbreviated to DFAC, whereas in common British Armed Forces parlance, it is known as a cookhouse or mess. Students in the United States often refer to cafeterias as lunchrooms, which also often serve school breakfast. Some school cafeterias in the U.S. and Canada have stages and movable seating that allow use as auditoriums. These rooms are known as cafetoriums or All Purpose Rooms. In some older facilities, a school's gymnasium is also often used as a cafeteria, with the kitchen facility being hidden behind a rolling partition outside non-meal hours. Newer rooms which also act as the school's grand entrance hall for crowd control and are used for multiple purposes, are often called the commons.


title: Cafeteria

text: Cafeterias serving university dormitories are sometimes called "dining halls" or "dining commons". A food court is a type of cafeteria found in many shopping malls and airports featuring multiple food vendors or concessions, although a food court could equally be styled as a type of restaurant as well, being more aligned with public, rather than institutionalised, dining. Some institutions, especially schools, have food courts with stations offering different types of food served by the institution itself (self-operation) or a single contract management company, rather than leasing space to numerous businesses.


title: Cafeteria

text: Some monasteries, boarding schools, and older universities refer to their cafeteria as a "refectory". Modern-day British cathedrals and abbeys, notably in the Church of England, often use the phrase refectory to describe a cafeteria open to the public. Historically, the refectory was generally only used by monks and priests. For example, although the original 800-year-old refectory at Gloucester Cathedral (the stage setting for dining scenes in the Harry Potter movies) is now mostly used as a choir practice area, the relatively modern 300-year-old extension, now used as a cafeteria by staff and public alike, is today referred to as the refectory.


title: Cafeteria

text: In American English, a "college cafeteria" is a cafeteria intended for college students. In British English it is often called the "refectory". These cafeterias can be a part of a residence hall or in a separate building. Many of these colleges employ their own students to work in the cafeteria. The number of meals served to students varies from school to school, but is normally around 21 meals per week. Like normal cafeterias, a person will have a tray to select the food that they want, but (at some campuses) instead of paying money, pays beforehand by purchasing a meal plan.


title: Cafeteria

text: The method of payment for college cafeterias is commonly in the form of a meal plan, whereby the patron pays a certain amount at the start of the semester and details of the plan are stored on a computer system. Student ID cards are then used to access the meal plan. Meal plans can vary widely in their details and are often not necessary to eat at a college cafeteria. Typically, the college tracks students' usage of their plan by counting the number of predefined meal servings, points, dollars or number of buffet dinners. The plan may give the student a certain number of any of the above per week or semester and they may or may not roll over to the next week or semester.


title: Cafeteria

text: Many schools offer several different options for using their meal plans. The main cafeteria is usually where most of the meal plan is used but smaller cafeterias, cafés, restaurants, bars or even fast food chains located on campus, on nearby streets, or in the surrounding town or city may accept meal plans. A college cafeteria system often has a virtual monopoly on the students due to an isolated location or a requirement that residence contracts include a full meal plan.


title: Cafeteria

text: The store will put the dishes in the self-service area for the customers to pick up by themselves. After the customers choose, they will go to the cashier to check out; many stores will use the staff to visually check the amount of food when assessing the price, and some stores will use the method of weighing.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Yordan Ruben Álvarez (born June 27, 1997) is a Cuban professional baseball designated hitter and left fielder for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2019 for the Astros. Nicknamed "Air Yordan", Álvarez stands , weighs , bats left-hand and throws right-handed.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Prior to his American career, Álvarez played two seasons in the Cuban National Series for Las Tunas. He defected from Cuba in 2016 to establish residency in Haiti, where he first signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers as an international free agent. Houston acquired him via trade from the Dodgers in 2016 before he made his professional debut. In 2019, he was unanimously named American League (AL) Rookie of the Year after posting the highest slugging percentage (.655) by a qualified rookie in history.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: After missing all but two games of the abbreviated 2020 season due to injury, Álvarez was named the 2021 American League Championship Series MVP, having posted an ALCS-record .522 batting average, and becoming the first player in MLB history to out-hit his entire opposing team over the final two games of a playoff series. In the 2022 Major League Baseball postseason, Alvarez won his first World Series. In thirteen games played for the 2022 World Series champion Astros, he hit three home runs, with each of them being go-ahead home runs in victories, with two home runs in the ALDS and one in the World Series. In Game 6, he hit a towering 450-foot home run to center field to help deliver three runs in a 4-1 victory to clinch the championship.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Yordan Álvarez played two seasons in the Cuban National Series (CNS) for the Leñadores de Las Tunas. In his second season, 2014–15, he batted .351, ranking second on the Leñadores, and hit one double and one home run over 40 games and 125 plate appearances.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez defected from Cuba, then established residency in Haiti in 2016. While in Haiti, he met future Houston Astros teammate Yuli Gurriel and his brother, Lourdes Gurriel Jr., also a future major leaguer, and fellow Cubans. Álvarez then travelled to West Palm Beach, Florida, where the Astros were building their spring training site, The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches. He befriended Astros scout Charlie Gonzalez, who lobbied for club officials to sign Álvarez. The club declined, however, having already incurred signing penalties from Gurriel's five-year, $47.5 million contract. Álvarez signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers as an international free agent in June 2016 for $2 million.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: In August 2016, the Dodgers, in need of relief pitching, traded Álvarez to the Astros for Josh Fields, before he played a single game in the minors. Dodgers President of Baseball Operations Andrew Friedman later acknowledged that trading Álvarez was "a mistake" and admitted "I obviously wish I would have said yes to other names [the Astros] asked for before him." (Friedman first believed that they wanted pitcher Yadier Álvarez).


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez made his professional debut in 2016 with the Dominican Summer League Astros, where he spent the rest of year, batting .341 with a .974 OPS in 16 games.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez started 2017 with the Quad Cities River Bandits and was promoted to the Buies Creek Astros during the season. In 90 total games between the River Bandits and Astros, he batted .304/.379/.481 with 12 home runs and 69 RBIs in 335 at bats. He played in the 2017 All-Star Futures Game.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez was ranked among the top prospects in the minor leagues prior to the 2018 season. He started the 2018 season playing with the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Class AA Texas League. Despite being a right-handed thrower, Alvarez was incorrectly listed as a left-handed thrower by many websites prior to 2018 spring training. He split the 2018 season between Corpus Christi and the Fresno Grizzlies of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League, hitting a combined .293/.369/.534/.904 with 63 runs, 20 home runs and 74 RBIs in 335 at bats.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez opened the 2019 season with the Round Rock Express of the Pacific Coast League. Prior to his first major league call-up, Álvarez batted .343/.443/.742 with 50 runs, 38 walks, 23 home runs, 71 RBIs, and an on-base plus slugging percentage (OPS) of 1.185 in 213 at bats with Round Rock. He was leading the minor leagues in home runs, RBI and total bases (158), and was the Astros' #3 prospect and MLB.com's #23 overall prospect.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: On June 9, 2019, the Astros selected Álvarez' contract and promoted him to make his major league debut that afternoon versus the Baltimore Orioles. He went 1-for-3 with a two-run home run in his debut. The following game, Álvarez again homered, this time versus Matt Albers of the Milwaukee Brewers. He became the first Astro to homer in both of his first two games. Álvarez became the fourth player in Major League Baseball (MLB) history to hit four home runs in his first five career games when he homered off of Clayton Richard of the Toronto Blue Jays, joining Trevor Story, Yasiel Puig and Mike Jacobs. On June 23, Álvarez hit a 2-run home run for his 7th home run of the season in only 12 games, establishing an Astros franchise record. He also became the first player in MLB history to drive in 16 runs in his first 12 games. He won the American League (AL) Rookie of the Month Award for both June and July – the first Astro to do so – after garnering 48 hits, batting .336, 13 doubles, 13 homers and 39 RBI, .699 slugging, and 1.120 OPS. He also led MLB with a 1.120 OPS since his debut, and was second in the AL with a .421 OBP, fourth in SLG, sixth in RBI, and seventh in average. Thus, he emerged as a leading contender for AL Rookie of the Year honors despite his late start to the season.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: On August 10, Álvarez hit a grand slam and homered twice more at Camden Yards for his first three-home run game in a 23–2 romp over the Orioles. With a career-high seven runs driven in, his total stood at 51 to establish the major league record for the first 45 games. The 23 runs accounted for a franchise record for runs scored in one game. In a homestand at Minute Maid Park, Álvarez drove in six runs on three doubles in 21–1 outburst over the Seattle Mariners on September 8. The following day, he hit home run numbers 23 and 24 in 15–0 win versus the Oakland Athletics to break Carlos Correa's franchise record for rookies, set in 2015.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: In 2019, Álvarez batted .313/.412/.655 with 27 home runs and 75 RBIs in 313 at bats, and was the ninth-youngest ballplayer in the AL. The unanimous winner of the AL Rookie of the Year Award, Álvarez' .655 slugging percentage (SLG) and 1.067 on-base plus slugging percentage (OPS) were both the highest in history for a qualified rookie, exceeding Shoeless Joe Jackson's 1.058 OPS during his 1911 rookie campaign (minimum 350 plate appearances). Álvarez also led AL rookies in on-base percentage (OBP, .412) and extra base hits (53), and was second in HR and RBI. Likewise, the Houston chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted Álvarez as the Astros' Rookie of the Year.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Going into World Series play versus the Washington Nationals, Álvarez had endured a 1–22 performance versus the New York Yankees in his first American League Championship Series (ALCS). In Game 5 of the World Series, he hit a two-run home run off Joe Ross a 7–1 Houston victory. It was Álvarez' first career home run in both World Series and postseason play, and first home run since September 21.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez sat out the beginning of the 2020 season after having tested positive for COVID-19. He returned in August and played just two games before undergoing arthroscopic surgery on both of his knees, shutting him down for the rest of the season.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: On May 7, 2021, Álvarez drove in his 100th run, doing so in his 114th career game as part of a 10–4 win over the Toronto Blue Jays. He was the seventh-fastest player to reach 100 RBIs in league history and the fastest to do so since the expansion era started in 1961. The next game, he homered and drove in three more in an 8–4 loss to the Blue Jays for 103 RBIs in 115 games.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez hit his 30th home run of the season on September 13; at the age of 24, he was the second Astro to hit 30 home runs in a season at that age after Alex Bregman, who hit 31 in 2018. On September 22, Álvarez drove in two runs on a home run in the first inning against the Los Angeles Angels to score his 100th RBI of the season. He was the second-youngest Astro to reach 100 RBIs in one season, trailing César Cedeño, who did so at the age of 23 in 1974.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: On the 2021 season, he batted .277/.346/.531 and led the Astros in home runs (33), RBIs (104), and strikeouts (145) and tied for the team lead in double plays grounded into (GIDP, 16) in 537 at bats. He was named All-MLB Team Second Team at DH, his second career selection.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: In Game 5 of the ALCS, the Astros faced Boston Red Sox pitcher Chris Sale at Fenway Park in a 9–1 win. Álvarez logged three hits and three RBIs versus the left-handed ace, all to the opposite field, including one home run that cleared the Green Monster. This marked the first occasion in Álvarez' career in which he had collected that many opposite-field hits, and first time facing Sale; meanwhile Sale had allowed four total hits to left-handed batters over his innings in 2021. The last left-handed batter to realize three hits in one game versus Sale was David Ortiz on July 30, 2015. In Game 6, Álvarez collected four hits–including two doubles and one triple–as Houston prevailed, 5–0, the decisive game of the ALCS. He hit .522, with a 1.408 OPS, three doubles, one triple, one home run, six RBIs, and seven runs scored. His .522 average set a record for ALCS play, eclipsing Kevin Youkilis' .500 average hit in 2007. Álvarez was named ALCS Most Valuable Player (MVP), becoming the fourth Cuban-born player and the first designated hitter since Ortiz to win the award. Álvarez did not carry his success into the World Series, in which he went 2-for-20 as the Astros lost to the Atlanta Braves in six games.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: In a 6–1 win versus Washington at Nationals Park on May 13, 2022, Álvarez hit his 11th home run, helping to extend an Astros' winning streak to 11 games. As it was his 27th appearance of the season, the home run established a new career best for fewest games to reach the total, surpassing 11 home runs in 30 games during his 2019 rookie season. On June 2, 2022, Álvarez signed a six-year contract extension with the Astros worth $115 million; the deal bought out three remaining free-agent years that would keep him on the team until the 2028 season. In the week ending June 5, he batted .565/.630/1.217 with two walks, four home runs, eight RBI, and one strikeout in six games. He was named AL Player of the Week for the first time on June 6. On June 29, Álvarez left the game versus the New York Mets. He was carted off the field following an outfield collision with shortstop Jeremy Peña, both of whom were running for a Dominic Smith fly ball.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez won the AL Player of the Month Award for June, his first. Over 23 games, he batted .418/.510/.835/1.346, garnering four doubles, one triple, nine home runs, and 28 RBI. He led the league in batting, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, OPS and RBI, and ranked fourth the in the AL in home runs. He posted an equal number of bases on balls and strikeouts (13). Álvarez returned to play as DH versus Los Angeles after missing two games due to the collision with Peña, going 0-for-4 with a walk. He hit his first career walk-off home run versus the Kansas City Royals on July 4, securing a 7–6 win. On July 5, he hit his 25th home run and turned his first career double play, first catching a Nicky Lopez fly ball. Álvarez then rifled the ball to Martín Maldonado at home plate on a carom, who tagged out Hunter Dozier.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: MLB announced Álvarez' selection on July 10 to the MLB All-Star Game at Dodger Stadium as a reserve DH, his first career selection. He was leading the major leagues in OPS (1.058) and third in home runs (26) at the time. The same day, however, the Astros placed him on the 10-day injured list due to right hand inflammation, ruling him out for the All-Star Game. On July 21, the Astros activated Álvarez. Álvarez hit his 30th home run on July 29 versus the Seattle Mariners to establish a team record for reaching the mark in the fewest appearances, doing so in his 84th game of the season. On July 31, he delivered a walk-off RBI single in the tenth inning versus the Mariners to score José Altuve (3−2).


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Over 77 August at bats, Álvarez produced a slugging percentage of .312. Inflammation of the left hand kept Álvarez sidelined for five consecutive games until returning to the lineup on September 4. He reached base four times versus the Angels on September 11, including his first home run in 88 plate appearances. On September 16, Álvarez led the Astros to a 5–0 victory over the Oakland A's with a 4-hit performance, including three home runs in consecutive at bats off starter Adrián Martínez. One each was hit in the first, third and fifth innings versus Martínez, making Álvarez the first Astro to hit three off one pitcher in the same game. The 15th such game in franchise history, he became the third Astro to have hit two or more 3-HR games and first since Jeff Bagwell (two in 1999—3 total) and Glenn Davis (2). The win also clinched a playoff berth for the Astros for a sixth consecutive season. Álvarez earned the AL Player of the Week Award for the week ended September 18. He totaled a .520 average (13-for-25), .556 OBP, 1.280 slugging percentage, 10 runs scored, 10 RBI, four doubles and five home runs.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: In 2022, he batted .306/.406/.613, setting career-highs in home runs (37), runs scored (95) and bases on balls (78), and his slash line established career-bests. In left field, Álvarez played a career-high 56 games, ranking second in the AL at his position in assists (7). He produced a 187 adjusted OPS+, the second-highest in club history in a qualified season, trailing Bagwell's 213 OPS+ in the strike-shortened 1994 season. Following the regular season, the Houston chapter of the BBWAA recognized Álvarez as the Astros' team Most Valuable Player (MVP). He was one of seven nominees for the AL Hank Aaron Award.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: On three occasions during the Astros' 2022 postseason run, Álvarez hit a home run in the sixth inning or later while his team was trailing that gave them the lead. No other player had previously hit such a home run during postseason play more than once. In Game 1 of the Division Series, Álvarez hit a three-run walk-off home run for an 8–7 triumph over the Mariners, the final of his three hits and five RBIs that day. It was the first walk-off home run in an MLB postseason contest with the home team down to their final out in the ninth inning and trailing by more than one run, With the Astros trailing 4–0 in the third inning, Álvarez doubled home two runs, and, in the fourth inning, rifled a throw home to home plate that put out Ty France and prevented a run from scoring. Offensively, Álvarez' 1.054 win probability added (WPA, 105.4f%) surpassed David Freese's 2011 World Series walk-off home run game for highest ever in an MLB postseason contest. Two days later, he hit a home run in the sixth inning to turn a 2–1 deficit into a 3–2 lead, which helped the Astros in a 4–2 victory as Alvarez became the second player with go-ahead home runs in the 6th inning or later of consecutive postseason games. Alvarez did not hit another home run for the rest of the series or the ALCS. In the ALCS, the Astros won in four games, with Alvarez batting .214 with one RBI. In the World Series, he was kept off the basepaths for the most part, batting .130. However, he had an RBI in each of the four Astro victories. He had an RBI double to make it 2-0 in Game 2, was hit by a pitch with the bases loaded in Game 4, and hit a groundball to first to drive a runner home from third in Game 5. In the sixth inning of Game 6, with two runners on, he hit a 450-foot home run (his first in 23 days) to center field to make it a 3-1 game. The Astros won the game 4-1 to win their second World Series title in franchise history.


title: Yordan Álvarez

text: Álvarez's parents are Agustín Eduardo Álvarez Salazar and Mailyn Cadogan Reyes. He also has a brother, Yonder Álvarez Cadogan. It was during a contest at Minute Maid Park versus the Minnesota Twins on August 23, 2022, that his family first saw him play professionally since leaving Cuba.


title: Santorini caldera

text: Santorini caldera is a large, mostly submerged caldera, located in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete in Greece. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group, consisting of Santorini (classic Greek Thera), the main island, Therasia and Aspronisi at the periphery, and the Kameni islands at the center. It has been designated a Decade Volcano.


title: Santorini caldera

text: There are two small volcanic islands at the center of the caldera, Nea ("New") Kameni and Palea ("Old") Kameni.


title: Santorini caldera

text: The main island, Santorini has an area of , Therasia , and the uninhabited islands of Nea Kameni , Palea Kameni and Aspronisi .


title: Santorini caldera

text: Santorini's high walls, draped by whitewashed villages, combined with a sunny climate and good observation conditions, have made it a magnet for volcanologists, as well as a highlight of tourism in the Aegean.


title: Santorini caldera

text: The volcanic complex of Santorini is the most active part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, which includes the active volcanoes of Methana on the mainland of Greece, Milos, Santorini and Nisyros. It is formed by the subduction of the African tectonic plate underneath the Aegean subplate of the Eurasian tectonic plate, which occurs at a rate of up to 5 cm per year in a northeasterly direction. This subduction causes earthquakes at depths of 150–170 km.


title: Santorini caldera

text: Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at Mikro Profititis Ilias, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.


title: Santorini caldera

text: The caldera of Santorini lies in the center of the Christiana-Santorini-Kolumbo volcanic field, which comprises the extinct Christiana Volcano, the Santorini Caldera, the polygenetic submarine Kolumbo Volcano, as well as the Kolumbo Volcanic Chain. This volcanic lineament evolved during four main phases of volcanic activity, which initiated in the Pliocene from several local centers that only recently matured to form the vast Santorini edifice. The present-day caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years before the present era (BP). The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years BP, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years BP. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years BP during the Minoan eruption.


title: Santorini caldera

text: Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine, smaller eruptions at the center of the caldera.


title: Santorini caldera

text: Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive, eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.


title: Santorini caldera

text: Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only fumarolic activity, primarily inside the recently active craters, takes place. GPS instruments registered renewed deformation around the caldera in 2011 and 2012.


title: Santorini caldera

text: The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanic Explosivity Index.


title: Santorini caldera

text: Following is a list of the major eruptive events of Santorini beginning with the catastrophic Minoan eruption, as noted by the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History's Global Volcanism Program:


title: Santorini caldera

text: In respect of it being 'one of the largest calderas in the Mediterranean Sea formed by Plinian eruptions in a volcanic arc tectonic framework', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included 'The Quaternary Santorini Caldera' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Work" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her eighth studio album, "Anti" (2016), featuring Canadian rapper Drake. The song was released as the lead single on January 27, 2016, through Westbury Road and Roc Nation. The song was written by the artists, PartyNextDoor, Monte Moir, Rupert "Sevn" Thomas, Allen Ritter, and producer Matthew "Boi-1da" Samuels, with additional production from Kuk Harrell and Noah "40" Shebib. The dancehall, reggae-pop, and R&B song, contains an interpolation of "If You Were Here Tonight" (1985) performed by Alexander O'Neal. Lyrically, the song incorporates themes of working for money, as well as discussing fragile relationships. The song is written in Jamaican Patois and Bajan Creole. Three of its writer-producers: Rupert "Sevn" Thomas, Matthew "Boi-1da" Samuels, and Jahron "PartyNextDoor" Brathwaite, are Jamaican-Canadians.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Critical response to "Work" was mixed upon release; critics praised its composition and Rihanna's decision to return to her earlier themes of dancehall music, while others were more skeptical of the song's potential as a comeback for the singer. Critical opinion improved over time; the song was included on several year-end lists and nominated for two awards at the 59th Grammy Awards: Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance. The song reached number one on the United States' "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming Rihanna's fourteenth number-one single and making her the act with the fourth-most number-one songs on the chart (after The Beatles, Mariah Carey and Elvis Presley). The song remained at the top for nine weeks. The song also peaked at number one in nine additional countries and is certified Platinum or higher in thirteen countries, including 8× Platinum in the US, 3× Platinum in the UK and Diamond in France. It has also since sold 32.5 million units worldwide, making it one of the best-selling digital singles of all-time.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: The song was accompanied by two music videos, which both premiered on February 22, 2016. The first of the two versions was directed by Rihanna's previous collaborator Director X, while the second was directed by Tim Erem. The song was further promoted with live performance's at the 2016 BRIT Awards which featured guest appearances from Drake and SZA, the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, as well as being performed on the Anti World Tour. "Work" became the first dancehall song to top the "Billboard" Hot 100 since Rihanna's own "Rude Boy" (2010) and was succeeded three weeks later by another dancehall song, Drake's "One Dance".


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Following the release of Rihanna's seventh studio album, "Unapologetic", and its accompanying tour, Rihanna took a step back from music.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Rihanna aimed to take a hiatus from recording music stating; "I wanted to have a year to just do whatever I want artistically, creatively," Rihanna went on to state that this hiatus lasted a week and she had returned to the recording studio. Following the release of three singles in 2015—"FourFiveSeconds" (with Kanye West and Paul McCartney), "Bitch Better Have My Money" and "American Oxygen"—"Billboard" announced that Rihanna was set to premiere a new single on January 27, 2016, at 8 am EST. That same day, "Work" premiered on several radio stations worldwide including the BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom. Subsequently, it was made available for digital download in most countries worldwide via the iTunes Store and was added for streaming on Apple Music, Spotify, and Tidal.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Work" was written by PartyNextDoor, Drake, Rihanna, Monte Moir, Rupert "Sevn" Thomas, Allen Ritter and Matthew Samuels, and was produced by Boi-1da, Sevn Thomas, Ritter, Kuk Harrell and Noah "40" Shebib. In the summer of 2015, Thomas, Ritter, Boi-1da, and Martin Mason, among others, stayed at Drake's house in Los Angeles for a mid-week period. Thomas described the time spent at the home as a "beat factory, everyone was sitting there working and collaborating with each other."


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Thomas created a beat which was dancehall-influenced; he later played it for Boi-1da to which he positively responded, "We're both Jamaican-Canadian. It was just something in our DNA, so it woke him up, and we started remembering all these old dancehall songs from the '90s." Boi-1da came with up idea for sampling an "old school dancehall rhythm" and after that the chords were made with Ritter and past it, "everything went organically". The most recognizable sampling found in the "Work" riddim is from the 1998 riddim "Sail Away" which was produced by Richie Stephens and Mikey 2000, interpolating Alexander O'Neal's "If You Were Here Tonight".


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: When the song's music was finished, Boi-1da sent it to PartyNextDoor who wrote the lyrics, "he's an incredible writer, and he's Jamaican as well. I think so that's how he's able to come up with those vibes and feels," noted Thomas. PartyNextDoor originally wrote the record as a breakup song, after Drake heard the song he loved it and decided to write and record a verse on it. The original reference track contained Braithwaite's vocals and a tweaked verse from Drake. It leaked as a snippet in February 2016, the full version was released online in April 2016. At first the intent was to keep the song as a collaboration between the two or give to Alicia Keys. Shortly after Braithwaite stayed at Rihanna's home in Malibu, where he played her the song, afterwards "it was all that she could sing around the house" and it was her "family's favourite song".


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Rihanna's vocals were recorded by Marcos Tovar and Kuk Harrell at the Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles; the latter also served as a vocal producer. Drake's vocals were recorded by Noel Cadastre and Noah "40" Shebib at the Sandra Gale Studios in California and the SOTA Studios in Toronto. The vocal recording was assisted by Thomas Warren, while additional vocals were provided by PartyNextDoor. Manny Marroquin mixed "Work" at the Larrabee Studios, while Noel "Gadget" Campbell and Shebib did the mixing at the Studio 360 and SOTA Studios in Toronto. The mastering was done by Chris Gehringer at the Sterling Sound in New York City. "Work" marked the third collaboration between Rihanna and Drake, following "What's My Name?" in 2010 and "Take Care" in 2012.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Work" is a dancehall, reggae-pop and R&B song, with a length of three minutes and thirty-nine seconds. Hugh McIntyre of "Forbes" described the song as "quite" urban and mixes hip hop influences with "island vibes". Zach Frydenlund of "Complex" wrote that the song "is slower and very rhythmic with Rihanna showing off her vocal skills over the crafty production." The song is written in the key of C# Dorian (same key signature as G minor) in common time with a tempo of 92 beats per minute. The vocals in the song span from F to E. Alexa Camp of "Slant Magazine" called it "an understated midtempo jam in the vein of Janet Jackson's recent 'No Sleeep', with a percolating beat, sinuous synth lines, and vocal samples stretched and pulled in a way that recalls Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis's masterful production work on Janet's 1997 album "The Velvet Rope"." "The Guardian" Harriet Gibsone wrote: "The glossy, modernist 'Work' skewers elements of dub and dancehall: her voice is at times Auto-Tuned, and a distant sample of what sounds a little like Grace Jones's "My Jamaican Guy" haunts its empty spaces."


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Rolling Stone" Daniel Kreps wrote the song contains "a tropical house vibe". In contrary, Taj Ran from "Billboard" wrote the song "isn't part of a new genre that many in the mainstream media are calling 'tropical house.' "Anti" lead single is undeniably drenched in dancehall, a genre with deep roots in Jamaica's club scene that spun off from reggae in the 1970s." According to "The Atlantic"s Spencer Kornhaber, the single has "strangely unfinished quality" that features its verses, choruses and bridge fade into themselves, "forgoing soft-to-loud explosions or exciting rhythmic changes". He also noted that, Boi-1da also tries to create "escalation" in the song by adding additional drums for the second chorus, flutes, autotuned harmonies and back-off piano. "The New York Times" Jon Caramanica noted Rihanna at times "barely even relies on words, truncating her syllables past patois to something far less exact." Lyrically, "Work" is "about working for a paycheck no matter what else is going on in your life." Additionally, it focuses on "a fragile relationship" that can be seen in the lines, "If I get another chance to, I would never, oh never, neglect you," which Rihanna sings.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Work" has received mixed reviews from critics. Editor Joe Lynch wrote that the track finds Rihanna "reteaming with frequent collaborator/ex Drake, but that's the only predictable thing about this song—while it's hardly a 180-degree turn for Rih, its minimal production subverts expectations of what you'd expect a major pop star to release when they're gearing up to drop their long-delayed new album." Alexa Camp of "Slant Magazine" wrote: "the new track has the potential to at least partly justify the gold crown on the album's cover." BET's Kathy Iandoli called the song "comfortable, but still good." "Spin"'s Brennan Carley thought Rihanna made the "lackadaisical song gel." Other critics were more skeptical. Hugh McIntyre of "Forbes" wrote "It's a well-produced song, but is it the pop hit that she needed?" Idolator's Robbie Daw's review was mixed, writing "Musically, the track is a charming, if also somewhat sparse, affair that feels like it blew in on a tropical, warm June wind and nestled up beside our ears."


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Robin Reiff of "The A.V. Club" wrote: "the sheer repetition of the hook creates a built-in expiration date for when this song transitions from catchy to mildly annoying."


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Taj Rani of "Billboard" stated "Work" has brought the genre of dancehall to the forefront of American music (again), as it became the first dancehall song to top the "Billboard" Hot 100 since Sean Paul's "Temperature" in 2006. She opined that the song is a prime example of "an unapologetic black woman proudly showing her heritage at a time when our politics are dominated by #BlackLivesMatter and Donald Trump's racist, xenophobic and misogynistic tirades." Rani continued to state that although mainstream critics are uncomfortable with Rihanna's use of patois (describing it as "gibberish"), she is able to display West Indian culture front and center without appropriation from mainstream culture.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Rolling Stone" named "Work" one of the 30 best songs of the first half of 2016: "What would even you call a minimalist banger? One of America's most reliable singles artists created an arch, moody album instead of a handful of chart-ready pop confections, but we still couldn't resist this barely-there tune with a beat like a dancehall wisp and lyrics like a freestyle."


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: The Guardian named it "Best track of 2016", writing: "Work was off-kilter, lacked a big chorus and weaved in a dubious 80s ballad. It also clicked perfectly, a song that captured two era-defining artists and one all the more infectious for its rule-defying restraint."


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: The British magazine "NME" named "Work" the best song of 2016 in their year-end critics' poll. "NPR" and "Consequence of Sound" both place the song at number fifteen on their year end lists. For "Pitchfork" it was the seventh best song of the year. "Billboard" ranked "Work" at number 25 on their "100 Best Pop Songs of 2016" list: "Its hypnotic chorus burrowing its way into the year's subconscious." In the annual "Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop mass critics poll of the year's best in music in 2016, "Work" was tied at number 9, with David Bowie's "Blackstar".


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Work" has been nominated for the Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and the Record of the Year at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards."Work" won the awards for "R&B Song of the Year" and "Best Collaboration" at the 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: In France, "Work" peaked at number one on the chart for two weeks, becoming Rihanna's sixth number-one in the country, the second-highest amount of all time. The single also broke the record for the most streams in a single week, with 2.056 million streams.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: For the issue dated February 13, 2016, "Work" debuted at number nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It became the 27th top-ten hit for Rihanna and 15th for Drake. With this feat, Rihanna tied Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson and Elton John as the artists with the fifth-most top-ten songs on the chart. The singer scored 27 top-ten singles on the Hot 100 in a span of 10 years and eight months between her first single, "Pon de Replay" and "Work", and became the fastest solo artist to reach the plateau. It also became Rihanna's 50th song that charted on the Hot 100.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Work" debuted at number one on the US Digital Songs chart with over 126,000 copies sold in only just over a day. It debuted at number nine on the Hot 100. "Work" launched at number 27 on the US Radio Songs chart with 44 million audience impressions and it is her highest debut. The song was most successful on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart where it debuted atop of it, becoming Rihanna's fifth chart-topper and Drake's fourteenth. The following week, "Work" sold an additional 156,000 copies and moved to number 7 on the Hot 100 chart. In its third week, "Work" reached number four on the Hot 100 chart and became Rihanna's 20th top-five hit, tying her with Michael Jackson and Stevie Wonder as the artists with the fifth-most top-five songs on the chart


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: In its fourth week, "Work" peaked at number one on the Hot 100 chart and became Rihanna's fourteenth number-one song in the United States. Subsequently, she became the artist with the fourth-most number-one songs on the chart following The Beatles with 20, Mariah Carey with 19 and Elvis Presley with 18 chart toppers. She broke a tie with Michael Jackson, who had reached 13 chart-toppers on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in his lifetime. Additionally, "Work" became Drake's second number-one single on the chart, the previous being the pair's 2010 collaboration, "What's My Name?". For the same issue, it rose to number 10 on the Radio Songs chart and became her 24th top-ten single, surpassing Mariah Carey's lead of 23 top-tens on that chart. The song remained at number-one on the Hot 100 for nine consecutive weeks and was unseated by Desiigner's "Panda". As of January 2021, "Work" has accumulated over 1.4 billion streams and 1,906,000 downloads in the United States.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Two music videos were released for the single; the first was directed by Director X who had previously worked with Rihanna on her debut video "Pon de Replay" while the second was directed by Tim Erem. Harv Glazer and Melissa Larsen served as a producer of the visual, while Daniel Bouquet and Alexi Zabes were the director of photography. Laura McMillan and Nick Rondeau were the editors of the video, while Nick Cortes served as the production coordinator. Missy Galanida, Isaac Rice and Taj Critchlow, served as the videos executive producers while Dave Hussey of Company 3 was the colorist.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Rihanna later announced its premiere date to be February 22, 2016 via her Twitter account, while also releasing a videoclip via YouTube.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Filming of the first accompanying music video took place at the Real Jerk restaurant in Toronto on February 5.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Director X stated that when filming the video they wanted to make it look like they were in a West Indian neighborhood, in a West Indian restaurant.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: The second video for the single directed by Tim Erem was discussed between the director, Rihanna and Drake in the studio at 4 a.m., where they were attempting to come up with ideas to add a tropical vibe to their already existing footage. After thirty minutes they came up with the idea of shooting a video in a whole pink room.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: The first video opens with a shot of "The Real Jerk" carpark, in which Rihanna and Drake enter separately. The shot switches to Rihanna dancing in the nightclub, in front of a mirror. Drake enters the scene in which he raps. The video ends with credits written in a red, green and yellow typeface. The second video is shot in one piece, as it shows Rihanna and Drake in a room full of neon pink lights and styled with sofas and house plants aesthetics.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Hazel Cills of MTV noted Rihanna's and Drake's chemistry as "playful and confrontational", which was "ultimately made for the viewer's pleasure". Cills continued to state that the second video "luxuriates in our voyeurism." Christopher Hooton from The Independent also picked upon the videos sense of voyeurism and compared the second video to Drake's previous single "Hotline Bling" and Nicki Minaj's "Anaconda".


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Popsugar called the songs accompanying videos "relatively simple," but stated they were an "instant classics", while RollingStone noted the videos as being "steamy".


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: "Work" was nominated for the "Video of the Year" award as the 2016 BET Awards, as well as being nominated for the "Best Female Video" award as the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. "Time Magazine" listed the video at number eight on their Top 10 Pop Music Videos of 2016, while "Pitchfork Media" placed it at number twenty-five on their list of The Best Music Videos of 2016. As of June 2018, the video has received over 1.0 billion views on YouTube.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: Rihanna performed "Consideration" with SZA and "Work" with Drake live for the first time at the 2016 Brit Awards on February 24, 2016. It was Rihanna's first appearance to promote the album with a live performance. "Work" was also included on her Anti World Tour (2016), as well as being performed along with "Too Good" at OVO Fest with Drake in Toronto on July 31, 2016. Rihanna also performed the song at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: On February 17, 2016, Nigerian artist Burna Boy released his remix of "Work" along with a lyric video.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: On March 6, 2016, American rapper Lil Mama, released a remix of the song. Lil Mama's version featured the same production and chorus but was accompanied by new rap verses. Lil Mama's version was also released with a video, in which she recreated the original video along with choreographed dance moves.


title: Work (Rihanna song)

text: On March 19, 2016, Work (Remixes) EP was officially released via Tidal Including R3HAB REMiX (Extended Remix and Extended Instrumental), Burns' Late Night Rollin' Remix, Bad Royale Remix (Bad Royale Remix), and Lost Kings Remix (and Extended Remix). American producers Ookay & Yultron released a remix of the song as well, giving it a hybrid trap-inspired beat. The remix was released via SoundCloud on Yultron's page.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: Ronald "Mac" McDonald is a fictional character on the FX series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". Mac is Charlie Kelly's childhood friend and Dennis Reynolds's high school friend and later roommate.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: Mac is a co-owner of Paddy's, the self-proclaimed bodyguard or "Sheriff" of Paddy's, and is generally the pub's most active manager. Mac is played by Rob McElhenney.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: Mac frequently uses his signature line, "What's up, bitches?" throughout the series. In many episodes, Mac will enter the bar announcing "I've got news" or a variation of the phrase, to set the episode's plot in motion. The others rarely share his enthusiasm, but he usually convinces one of them to follow him, though often reluctantly. Throughout the series, Mac uses a "puppy-dog look" when he is ashamed or when he proposes something reprehensibly shameful.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: For the first six seasons, Mac's full name was not revealed, though in the season four episode "Mac & Charlie Die," Mac's father's name is listed as "Luther Mac" on his parole papers and his mother is referred to as Mrs. Mac. In the episode "Who Got Dee Pregnant?," one of the McPoyle brothers refers to Mac as "Macwell." In the episode "The Gang Cracks the Liberty Bell" Mac, or at least Mac's 18th Century counterpart, is called "McDonald," suggesting that this is his surname. Mac's full real name, Ronald McDonald, is revealed in the season seven episode "The High School Reunion". Mac hates the name due to its connection with the mascot of McDonald's as well as his old nickname, "Ronnie the Rat," which he obtained from ratting on his peers in high school. He prefers to be simply called "Mac".


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: Mac comes from a broken home; his father has been incarcerated for dealing meth and his mother is extremely apathetic and unemotional. He is very deep in denial of the fact that his parents do not love him and he constantly denies the fact that he may have had a rough childhood, despite the contrary being obviously true (for example at Christmas his family would break into other peoples' houses and steal their presents, which he insists to be a Philadelphia tradition). He sees himself as a karate expert and total "badass". Mac constantly seeks the acceptance of others, especially his parents, but his over-earnest efforts do not endear him to others. Earlier, under the impression that his father would possibly murder him after being paroled, Mac later receives a warm letter from his father, specifically requesting that Mac stay away from him. This letter is written as Mac's father fears that Mac's destructive tendencies could harm him. Dennis notes that the only reason Mac hung out with the popular kids in high school was because he sold them all weed and even then was considered an "asshole."


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: Mac is considered by every member of The Gang to be a "jerk" and is nearly always the first to start betraying the others. He has repeatedly shown his misogynistic views, believing himself to be superior to women and even stating that he outright "hates" women. Like Dennis, Mac sees himself as superior to the rest of The Gang and often attempts to prove his supremacy. For instance, in an attempt to impress Charlie and Dennis, he makes a series of "Project Badass" videotapes that consist of various idiotic stunts set to music.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: Mac sincerely believes that he is an adept martial artist with "cat-like reflexes" and usually wears sleeveless shirts to draw attention to his physique and exhibit his tribal tattoos. Despite his enthusiasm towards karate, he is shown to have no real skills in the sport.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: A Catholic, Mac is the only member of The Gang to profess a religious faith. In "The Gang Exploits a Miracle," Mac fears that the Lord will show his wrath if they continue to exploit a water stain in the bar that appears to depict the Virgin Mary. Though Mac seems to care more about issues such as abortion, community activism, and parenting than the rest of The Gang, his views on such subjects are invariably twisted, ignorant, or prejudiced. For instance, after pretending to be adamantly pro-life in order to attract a female activist, Mac later demands that she get an abortion when he thinks she has become pregnant by him. In another instance, Mac discovers that Carmen has married and had the operation to remove her penis. He then belittles Carmen and her husband by quoting the Bible to them and calling them gay; however, he only reacts so because he expected Carmen to call him after the operation so they could date again. Mac constantly drinks alcohol, like the rest of The Gang, and misuses other substances, such as poppers and glue. In recent seasons, Mac has sometimes expressed Anti-Semitism, from his rant about Mark Zuckerberg and "his Jews" using Facebook and other social media to take over the world in "The Anti-Social Network" and, in "The Gang Group Dates," telling a disgusted Frank and Charlie that he wants to make sure any women he might date are not Jewish.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: While Mac has sexual exploits with various women, including two models in immediate succession, a long-running theme on the show is the ambiguity surrounding Mac's sexuality which culminates in him coming out as gay in season 12. In earlier seasons, this is manifested by his obsession with men's physiques and his reactionary religious views on homosexuality. In "Mac's Banging the Waitress," Charlie suggests to Dennis that Mac is attempting to seduce them after he tries to demonstrate how "badass" he is by falling from the roof onto a pile of mattresses. In "Mac Is a Serial Killer" he secretly hooks up with Carmen, a pre-op transgender woman. In "Mac Fights Gay Marriage", after learning that Carmen is married to a guy, he claims that it is gay marriage due to Carmen being born male, although everyone else thinks he is jealous that Carmen did not marry him and that he might be gay because he slept with her before her gender-reassignment. Mac is then called out for possibly being a closeted homosexual which he immediately refutes and an argument ensues when he claims for it to not be true. In "Mac Day," Charlie says, "I know we've never said this as a group, but Mac's gay," to which the rest of The Gang readily agrees. In Season 10, when Dennis is listing all of the delusions The Gang has about themselves, he tells Mac that "you convince yourself that you're tough, and that you're straight." After a pause, Mac retorts "I AM tough!" In "The Gang Misses the Boat," Mac convinces The Gang that he is sleeping with an attractive woman; however, they later discover that he merely paid her with angel dust to pretend they were together. She tells them that he "couldn't even get it up" for her.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: In "The Gang Goes to Hell", Mac, while on a Christian cruise, discovers that two other male passengers are gay and sets out to "convert" them. The two, however, "convert" Mac within minutes. This supposed realization of his repressed homosexuality results in the end of his belief in God. After The Gang is informed by Mac of his new identity, they tell him they have known since the first day they met him and proceed to move on with their self-involved lives. Later in the episode, Mac and the rest of The Gang are trapped inside the cruise ship's flooding brig and Mac tries one last time to pray to God to save all of them from imminent death. They are released in the nick of time. Mac later explains to The Gang and an insurance claim agent that God does exist and he, Mac, is indeed straight, because his prayer was answered and no loving God "would make" him gay. In "Hero or Hate Crime", the Gang uses Mac's altered workout bike as evidence of his homosexuality during a legal arbitration. Mac is forced to admit his sexuality to win the dispute, but the Gang expects him to return to the closet after the process is over. However, when given an opportunity to retract his admission, Mac finally decides to embrace his identity. In "Mac Finds His Pride", Mac finally comes out to his father as gay. Despite his father disapproving of his sexuality, Mac is not ashamed by his own father's distaste for finding out he is gay. (It was earlier implied in the series that Mac's father Luther is at least bisexual, from a description by Charlie's mother of a threesome during which Luther had sex with the other man.)


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: It is implied throughout the show that Mac has feelings for Dennis, whom he tries to kiss on multiple occasions and has gone as far as to buy a sex doll modeled after Dennis in "The Gang Makes Paddy's Great Again".


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: At the start of season 7, Mac has gained at least of fat, which he saw as a step to developing muscle ("cultivating mass" in his words) to go from "a tiny twink to [a] muscle-bound freak." In the episode "How Mac Got Fat," he goes into greater detail about his intentions, explaining that earlier, the Gang had decided to replace themselves with avatars to run Paddy's Pub so they could slack off. Mac's avatar was a bodybuilder. When Dee points out that the avatar does not look like him because he has more muscle, Mac starts gaining weight in an attempt to become the same size as the bodybuilder. Eventually the Gang drops the avatar plan and everything goes back to normal, but Mac is stuck with his dangerous weight gain. The rest of The Gang agrees he looks unhealthy—Dennis is personally outraged by the sight of his gut—but Mac is indifferent to their opinions despite developing diabetes as a result of his new eating habits.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: The weight gain was real. Rob McElhenney has stated in interviews that he wanted to make Mac fat as his own way of fighting the trend of actors on TV shows getting more attractive as a show gains success (he specifically talked about "The Big Bang Theory" and how the nerdy lead characters were better-dressed and had trendier hairstyles as the show became a huge hit for CBS), and that it also made sense that Mac would be aging badly thanks to the reckless, selfish, and stupid lifestyle of which he and the rest of the characters are so proud.


title: Mac (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: To gain the weight for Season 7 in the healthiest way possible, McElhenney worked with a nutritionist recommended by professional baseball player Chase Utley (who had played himself in the Season 6 episode "The Gang Gets Stranded in the Woods"). He ate an average of 5,000 calories a day during the weight gain and lost the weight by returning to his normal eating and workout routines. In the Season 8 episode "The Gang Gets Analyzed" it is revealed in the show that Mac lost his weight from taking 'Size Pills' (Mexican Ephedra) given to him by Dennis who found him to be 'disgusting' when he was overweight. We also find out that Mac preferred being overweight as it made him 'scary' to other people.


title: Heracleion

text: Heracleion (Ancient Greek: ), also known by its Egyptian name Thonis (Ancient Egyptian: ; , ; Ancient Greek: ) and sometimes called Thonis-Heracleion, was an ancient Egyptian port city located near the Canopic Mouth of the Nile, about northeast of Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea. It became inundated and its remains are located in Abu Qir Bay, currently off the coast, under ca. of water, and near Abukir. The sanctuary of Neith of Sais was located in Thonis. A stele found on the site indicates that late in its history the city was known by both its Egyptian and Greek names.


title: Heracleion

text: The legendary beginnings of Thonis go back to as early as the 12th century BC, and it is mentioned by ancient Greek historians. Its importance grew particularly during the waning days of the pharaohs.


title: Heracleion

text: Thonis is mentioned by many chroniclers in antiquity, including Herodotus, Strabo, and Diodorus. The city was said by Herodotus to have been visited by Paris and Helen of Troy before the Trojan war began. They sought refuge there on their flight from the jealous Menelaus, but were rebuffed by Thonis, the watchman at the entrance to the Nile. Alternatively it was believed that Menelaus and Helen had stayed there, accommodated by the noble Egyptian Thon and his wife Polydamna. The second century BC Greek poet Nicander wrote that Menelaus’s helmsman, Canopus, was bitten by a viper on the sands of Thonis. According to Herodotus, a great temple was built at the spot where Heracles first arrived in Egypt. The story of visit by Heracles resulted in the Greeks calling the city by the Greek name Heracleion rather than its original Egyptian name Thonis.


title: Heracleion

text: Thonis was originally built on some adjoining islands in the Nile Delta. It was intersected by canals with a number of harbors and anchorages. Its wharves, temples, and tower-houses were linked by ferries, bridges, and pontoons. The city was an "emporion" (trading port) and by the Late Period it was the country's main port for international trade and collection of taxes. It had a sister city, Naucratis, which was another trading port lying 72 km (45 mi) farther up the Nile. Goods were transferred inland via Naucratis, or they were transported via the Western Lake and through a water channel to the nearby town of Canopus for onward distribution.


title: Heracleion

text: Thonis had a large temple of Khonsou, son of Amun, who was known to the Greeks as Herakles. Later, the worship of Amun became more prominent. During the time when the city especially flourished between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, a large temple of Amun-Gereb, the supreme god of the Egyptians at the time, was located in the middle of the city. King Nectanebo I made many additions to the temple in the fourth century B.C. Sanctuaries in Heracleion dedicated to Osiris and other deities were famous for miraculous healing and attracted pilgrims from a wide area. Archaeologists have found evidence of the celebration of the "Mysteries of Osiris" at Thonis-Heracleion, which occurred each year during the month of Khoiak. The god in his ceremonial boat was brought in procession from the temple of Amun in that city to his shrine in Canopus.


title: Heracleion

text: During the second century BC Alexandria superseded Thonis-Heracleion as Egypt's primary port. The importance of Thonis-Heracleion began diminishing with the rise of Alexandria, which was about fifteen miles southwest, in the 2nd century BCE. Also in the 2nd century BCE, a major weather event, either a tsunami, earthquake, or a combination, pushed the city towards destruction. However, the city was not entirely abandoned until its complete submersion into the ocean by the eighth century AD.


title: Heracleion

text: Over time, the city was weakened by a combination of earthquakes, tsunamis, and rising sea levels). At the end of the second century BC, probably after a severe flood, the ground on which the central island of Heracleion was built succumbed to soil liquefaction). Earthquakes can also cause liquification, and earth tremors and tidal waves were reported by ancient historians during the time of Thonis-Heracleion’s submersion. The soil around the south-eastern basin of the Mediterranean is prone to liquification. The hard clay turned rapidly into a liquid and the buildings collapsed into the water. A few residents stayed on during the Roman era and the beginning of Arab rule, but by the end of the eighth century AD, what was left of Thonis had sunk beneath the sea. Thonis-Heracleion was left relatively undisturbed beneath the sea floor for thousands of years. The sand and other debris covered the remains of the city and made accidental discovery unlikely. This kept Thonis-Heracleion preserved. Looters and unsuspecting humans and animals did not have the chance to tarnish the city’s remains.


title: Heracleion

text: The city was mentioned by the ancient historians Diodorus (1.19.4) and Strabo (17.1.16). Herodotus was told that Thonis was the warden of the Canopic mouth of the Nile: Thonis arrested Alexander (Paris), the son of Priam, because Alexander had abducted Helen of Troy and taken much wealth.


title: Heracleion

text: Heracleion is also mentioned in the twin steles of the Decree of Nectanebo I (the first of which is known as the 'Stele of Naukratis'), which specify that one tenth of the taxes on imports passing through the town of Thonis (Heracleion) were to be given to the ancient sanctuary of Neith of Sais. The city is also mentioned in the Decree of Canopus honoring Pharaoh Ptolemy III, which describes donations, sacrifices and a procession on water.


title: Heracleion

text: Before its discovery, most historians believed that Thonis and Heracleion were two separate cities, both located on what is now the Egyptian mainland.


title: Heracleion

text: The ruins submerged in the sea were located and are excavated by the French underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio and his team of the IEASM in collaboration with the Ministry for Antiquities of Egypt, since 1999, after a five-year search. Goddio and his team first researched the historical texts concerning the area and used that information to narrow down the possible location of the site. Then, the team used a combination of several pieces of technology, including non-intrusive cutting-edge technology, like a nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer, multi-beam bathymetry, sidescan sonar, sub-bottom profiler and satellite positioning systems in order to map the site. These are relatively new technologies that were useful in the complex process of research and excavation. After the site was mapped, the team slowly began excavations. Several devices were used for the underwater excavations. The team used a grid reference system to document the exact positioning of the artifacts. They also created an excavation plan. The team labeled or tagged every artifact and documented its exact position. They used a water dredge to further uncover the artifacts. The team consisted of archaeologists, as well as artists and photographers to document the finds. The team conducted dives at the site in a tightly coordinated schedule for about a month period in order to maximize their time there. They systematically uncovered various portions of the site during their allotted time frame. Goddio’s team's policy is to leave the artifacts in place, unless they get permission from the proper authorities that the artifacts may be risen for conservation efforts or to safeguard their preservation. When there was a cause to raise an artifact from the water, the team tagged it, and placed it within a plastic bag and then raised the artifact to the surface in a basket. However, if the artifact was too large, such as the various statues, the team used a crane from on board their ship, the Princess Duda, to carefully raise the artifact. Once on the ship, the artifacts were cleaned and then went through a desalination process in order to protect them from the dry air after a long submersion underwater.


title: Heracleion

text: Numerous finds from the site have indicated that the city's period of major activity ran from the sixth to the fourth century BC, with finds of pottery and coins appearing to stop at the end of the second century BC. Goddio's finds have also included incomplete statues of the god Serapis and the queen Arsinoe II who became king.


title: Heracleion

text: Maritime archaeologists have begun using 3D technologies more consistently due to the “improvement of a suite of sonar, laser, optical and other sensor-based technologies capable of capturing terrestrial, intertidal, seabed and sub-seabed sediments in 3D and in high resolution”. These technologies allow the archaeologists to scan the sites and create accurate, precise maps and images of the site. This is especially useful because the site is submerged underwater.


title: Heracleion

text: From 2009 to 2011 a baris, a type of ancient Nile river boat, was excavated from the waters of Thonis-Heracleion. Its design was found to be consistent with a description written by Herodotus in 450 BC.