title: Spanish missions in California

text: In 1875 American illustrator Henry Chapman Ford began visiting each of the twenty-one mission sites, where he created a historically important portfolio of watercolors, oils, and etchings. His depictions of the missions were (in part) responsible for the revival of interest in the state's Spanish heritage, and indirectly for the restoration of the missions. The 1880s saw the appearance of a number of articles on the missions in national publications and the first books on the subject; as a result, a large number of artists did one or more mission paintings, though few attempted a series.


title: Spanish missions in California

text: The popularity of the missions also stemmed largely from Helen Hunt Jackson's 1884 novel "Ramona" and the subsequent efforts of Charles Fletcher Lummis, William Randolph Hearst, and other members of the "Landmarks Club of Southern California" to restore three of the southern missions in the early 20th century (San Juan Capistrano, San Diego de Alcalá, and San Fernando; the Pala "Asistencia" was also restored by this effort). Lummis wrote in 1895,


title: Spanish missions in California

text: In acknowledgement of the magnitude of the restoration efforts required and the urgent need to have acted quickly to prevent further or even total degradation, Lummis went on to state, It is no exaggeration to say that human power could not have restored these four missions had there been a five-year delay in the attempt.


title: Spanish missions in California

text: In 1911 author John Steven McGroarty penned "The Mission Play", a three-hour pageant describing the California missions from their founding in 1769 through secularization in 1834, and ending with their "final ruin" in 1847.


title: Spanish missions in California

text: Today, the missions exist in varying degrees of architectural integrity and structural soundness. The most common extant features at the mission grounds include the church building and an ancillary "convento" (convent) wing. In some cases (in San Rafael, Santa Cruz, and Soledad, for example), the current buildings are replicas constructed on or near the original site. Other mission compounds remain relatively intact and true to their original, Mission Era construction.


title: Spanish missions in California

text: A notable example of an intact complex is the now-threatened Mission San Miguel Arcángel: its chapel retains the original interior murals created by Salinan Indians under the direction of Esteban Munras, a Spanish artist and last Spanish diplomat to California. This structure was closed to the public from 2003 to 2009 due to severe damage from the San Simeon earthquake. Many missions have preserved (or in some cases reconstructed) historic features in addition to chapel buildings.


title: Spanish missions in California

text: The missions have earned a prominent place in California's historic consciousness, and a steady stream of tourists from all over the world visit them. In recognition of that fact, on November 30, 2004 President George W. Bush signed HR 1446, the "California Mission Preservation Act", into law. The measure provided $10 million over a five-year period to the California Missions Foundation for projects related to the physical preservation of the missions, including structural rehabilitation, stabilization, and conservation of mission art and artifacts. The California Missions Foundation, a volunteer, tax-exempt organization, was founded in 1998 by Richard Ameil, an eighth generation Californian. A change to the California Constitution has also been proposed that would allow the use of State funds in restoration efforts.


title: Barry Cryer

text: Barry Charles Cryer (23 March 1935 – 25 January 2022) was an English writer, comedian, and actor. As well as performing on stage, radio and television, Cryer wrote for many performers including Dave Allen, Stanley Baxter, Jack Benny, Rory Bremner, George Burns, Jasper Carrott, Tommy Cooper, Ronnie Corbett, Les Dawson, Dick Emery, Kenny Everett, Bruce Forsyth, David Frost, Bob Hope, Frankie Howerd, Richard Pryor, Spike Milligan, Mike Yarwood, "The Two Ronnies" and Morecambe and Wise.


title: Barry Cryer

text: Cryer was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to John Cryer, an accountant, who died when Barry was five, and his wife, Jean. After an education at Leeds Grammar School, he began studying English literature at the University of Leeds. He later described himself as a university dropout: "I was supposed to be studying English Literature at Leeds, but I was in the bar and chasing girls and my first-year results showed it. So I'm 'BA Eng. Lit. failed' of Leeds."


title: Barry Cryer

text: Cryer was a writer for Leeds-based Proscenium Players, the first Jewish amateur stage group, which was founded in 1948. After appearing in the university revue, Cryer was offered a week's work at the Leeds City Varieties theatre, home of "The Good Old Days", which became the longest-running television entertainment show in the world. Cryer left university after learning his first-year results and travelled to London. After impressing impresario Vivian Van Damm, Cryer began as the bottom billing act at the Windmill Theatre in London, a theatre which showed comedy acts in between nude tableau shows. Cryer suffered severely from eczema and was hospitalised 12 times in eight years. He was released from his contract by Van Damm and concluded that a performing career was not a wholly sustainable income choice because of his skin condition, so he chose to focus on writing.


title: Barry Cryer

text: Cryer joined the cast of "Expresso Bongo" (1957) with Susan Hampshire, Millicent Martin and Paul Scofield, during which he recorded the song "The Purple People Eater", best known in the version by Sheb Wooley. For contractual reasons, Wooley's version was never released in Scandinavia, Cryer's was, and reached number one in Finland. Cryer's first writing credits were four sketches for "The Jimmy Logan Show", co-written with Douglas Camfield. Cryer became head writer with an occasional stage role for Danny La Rue's London nightclub, where he was spotted by David Frost. This led to a writing role on the variety special "A Degree of Frost", which led to Cryer joining the writing team, which also included John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman, on "The Frost Report" from 1966–67. Frost used Cryer on a number of subsequent shows, which established Cryer as a comedy writer in the 1970s. Cryer is seen serving the wine in the original performance of the Four Yorkshiremen sketch on "At Last the 1948 Show", first broadcast in 1967. His most comfortable partnership was with Chapman, in pre-Monty Python days. They wrote about 50 television shows together, including "Doctor in the House" (ITV, 1969–70), and several for Ronnie Corbett: "No – That's Me Over Here!" (ITV, 1968–70), "Now Look Here" (BBC, 1971-73) and "The Prince of Denmark" (BBC, 1974). With other writers he contributed to "The Ronnie Corbett Show" (BBC, 1987) and "Ronnie Corbett in Bed" (BBC, 1971), and was also part of "The Two Ronnies" (1971–87) team.


title: Barry Cryer

text: Cryer always preferred to write in partnership, so that should he dry up he was never left to deliver material. His regular partner during the 1970s was John Junkin, and with Junkin performing as Eric Morecambe and Cryer most often the role of Ernie Wise, the pair wrote some of "The Morecambe and Wise Show" in its BBC period (the 1972 and 1976 Christmas shows) when regular writer Eddie Braben was unavailable. Cryer still enjoyed performing, appearing with Tim Brooke-Taylor and Junkin in the BBC radio series "Hello, Cheeky!", in which the three performers bounced jokes off each other. He also appeared in the comedy television series "The Steam Video Company" and provided the voice of the judge in the 1975 animated comedy musical "Dick Deadeye, or Duty Done". He hosted the ITV comedy panel game "Jokers Wild" (1969–74) and had a role in "All You Need Is Cash", a 1978 spoof documentary about the Beatles parody band the Rutles, as well as a cameo as a police inspector in Kenny Everett's 1984 horror spoof "Bloodbath at the House of Death".


title: Barry Cryer

text: With new comedians coming forward who wrote their own material, and age progressing and still wanting to perform, Cryer refocused his career to include more performance, touring with Willie Rushton in "Two Old Farts in the Night" and, after Rushton's death, "That Reminds Me". After a brief early stint as chairman, Cryer was one of the panellists on the BBC radio comedy programme "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue", which began in 1972. He also wrote and starred in "You'll Have Had Your Tea" with Graeme Garden.


title: Barry Cryer

text: He wrote an autobiography, "You Won't Believe This But...", as well as a book of miscellaneous anecdotes, "Pigs Can Fly". In 2005 he toured the UK with "Barry Cryer: The First Farewell Tour", and in 2008 he toured with Colin Sell in "Barry Cryer: Still Alive". He remained a popular after-dinner speaker.


title: Barry Cryer

text: He performed comic monologues and songs on "The Green Tie on the Little Yellow Dog", which was recorded in 1982, and broadcast by Channel 4 in 1983.


title: Barry Cryer

text: In 1987 Cryer was the guest for Michael Parkinson on BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs" where his musical choices included "Bad Penny Blues" by Humphrey Lyttelton and His Band, "The Girl Can't Help It" by Little Richard and "I Get Along Without You Very Well" by Carly Simon. He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in June 1995 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel at Thames Television's Teddington Studios.


title: Barry Cryer

text: Since 2018, his clip show "Comedy Legends with Barry Cryer" has been broadcast by Sky Arts, a programme paying tribute to a number of comedians such as Tommy Cooper, Frankie Howerd and Bob Hope with "comedy experts" Tony Hawks, Steve Punt and critic Stephen Armstrong giving their opinions on the stars.


title: Barry Cryer

text: Cryer was married to Theresa Donovan, a singer and dancer known as Terry, in 1962. Interviewed by "Country Life" in 2021 Cryer said that his stand-up performing career had been interrupted in the early 1960s by eczema. He attributed his recovery to meeting his future wife: he fell for her immediately on catching sight of her standing beside a piano at a Piccadilly nightclub in 1960. He said "I was only in hospital once more after meeting her." They had four children, three sons and a daughter. They also had seven grandchildren and, at the time of Cryer's death, one great-grandchild.


title: Barry Cryer

text: Cryer was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2001 Birthday Honours for services to comedy drama. In July 2013 Leeds Metropolitan University made him an honorary Doctor of Arts. In July 2017 he received an honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Leeds. He was a member of the entertainment charity the Grand Order of Water Rats.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: Donald Leroy LaFontaine (August 26, 1940 – September 1, 2008) was an American voice actor who recorded more than 5,000 film trailers and hundreds of thousands of television advertisements, network promotions, and video game trailers.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: He became identified with the phrase "In a world...", used in so many movie trailers that it became a cliché. Widely known in the film industry, the man whose nicknames included "Thunder Throat", "The Voice of God" and "The King of Movie Trailers", became known to a wider audience through commercials for GEICO insurance and the Mega Millions lottery game.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: LaFontaine was born on August 26, 1940, in Duluth, Minnesota, to Alfred and Ruby LaFontaine. LaFontaine said his voice cracked at age 13 in mid-sentence, giving him the bass tones that later brought him much fame and success. After graduating from Duluth Central High School in 1958, he enlisted in the United States Army, and worked as a recording engineer for the Army Band and Chorus.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: LaFontaine continued to work as a recording engineer after discharge and began working at the National Recording Studios in New York City, where, in 1962, he had the opportunity to work with producer Floyd Peterson on radio spots for "Dr. Strangelove". Peterson incorporated many of LaFontaine's ideas for the spots and, in 1963, they went into business together producing advertising exclusively for the movie industry. LaFontaine claimed that this company first came up with many of the famous movie trailer catchphrases, including his own future signature phrase, "in a world..."


title: Don LaFontaine

text: While working on the 1964 western "Gunfighters of Casa Grande", LaFontaine had to fill in for an unavailable voice actor to have something to present to MGM. After MGM bought the spots, LaFontaine began a career as a voiceover artist.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: He became the head of Kaleidoscope Films Ltd., a movie trailer production company, before starting his own company, Don LaFontaine Associates, in 1976. Shortly thereafter, he was hired by Paramount to do their trailers and was eventually promoted to vice president. He decided to get back into trailer work and left Paramount, moving to Los Angeles in 1981. LaFontaine was contacted by an agent who wanted to promote him for voiceover work, and from then on worked in voiceovers. At his peak, he voiced about 60 promotions a week, and sometimes as many as 35 in a single day. Once he established himself, most studios were willing to pay a high fee for his service. His income was in the millions.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: LaFontaine often had jobs at several different studios each day. With the advent of ISDN technology, LaFontaine eventually built a recording studio in his Hollywood Hills home and began doing his work from home.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: LaFontaine lent his distinctive voice to thousands of movie trailers during his career, spanning every genre from every major film studio, including The Cannon Group, for which he voiced one of their logos (he also voiced the Viacom closing logo in 1990, simply saying the company's name after it had been formed on the screen). For a time, LaFontaine had a near-monopoly on movie trailer voiceovers. Some notable trailers which LaFontaine highlighted in the intro on his official website include: "", "Shrek", "Friday the 13th", "Law & Order" and "Batman Returns". LaFontaine stated in 2007 that his favorite work in a movie trailer was for the biographical film "The Elephant Man", though according to a response to the question on his website, he had several trailers which stood out in his mind, and he didn't like to choose one.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: Lafontaine also did announcing for a few WWE Pay Per View events, as well as the "Don't Try This at Home" bumper and the opening narration for the television shows "Team Knight Rider", "Renegade" and "".


title: Don LaFontaine

text: In a 2007 interview, LaFontaine explained the strategy behind his signature catchphrase, "in a world where...":


title: Don LaFontaine

text: We have to very rapidly establish the world we are transporting them to. That's very easily done by saying, "In a world where..." You very rapidly set the scene.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: LaFontaine also did other voice work, including as the announcer for the newscasts on WCBS-TV New York, from 2000 to 2001, narrator of "The Making of Star Wars" documentary from 1977 and the television shows "The Third Eye", "World's Most Amazing Videos", "Boot Camp", "America's Most Wanted", "" and "Fillmore!". LaFontaine was a recurring guest narrator for clues on the game show "Jeopardy!" and appeared on NPR's "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!" on May 14, 2005, where he played "Not My Job" (a game in which famous people must accurately answer questions unrelated to their chosen professions). The prize (for a listener, not the contestant) is "Carl Kasell's voice on your home answering machine". LaFontaine did not win the game and offered to record the listener's answering machine message himself. LaFontaine once claimed that he enjoyed recording messages like these because it allowed him to be creative in writing unique messages and said that he would do so for anyone who contacted him if he had the time. By 2007, he found the requests to be too numerous for him to take on and stopped providing the service.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: In 2006, GEICO began an advertising campaign in which actual customers told their own stories of GEICO experiences, accompanied by a celebrity who helped them make the story interesting. LaFontaine was featured as the celebrity in one of these ads which began airing in August 2006. In the commercial, he was introduced by the voice-over as "that announcer guy from the movies", with his name printed on-screen to identify him. He began his telling of the customer's story with his trademark "In a world...". LaFontaine credited the spot as life-changing for having exposed his name and face to a significant audience, noting, "There goes any anonymity I might have had..."


title: Don LaFontaine

text: On Friday, August 22, 2008, LaFontaine, a longtime smoker, was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, with a pulmonary embolism and was reported to be in critical condition the following Tuesday. His family made a public appeal for prayers on Mediabistro. On September 1, 2008, six days after his 68th birthday and ten days after his hospitalization, LaFontaine died following complications from a pneumothorax. He is buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery. His final television voice over role was for the "Phineas and Ferb" episode "The Chronicles of Meap" in which he said in his final line: "In a world... There, I said it. Happy?" The episode also ended with a short tribute to him, although the iTunes, UK, Spanish, and Disney+ versions of the episode omitted the dedication. His final movie trailer voice-over was for "Call + Response", a documentary about the global slave trade, for which he donated his talent.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: On September 6, 2008, "America's Most Wanted" showed a visual with a picture of him with words below that said, "In Memoriam: Don LaFontaine August 26, 1940 – September 1, 2008." John Walsh had announced, prior to the dedication sign, that LaFontaine—who had been the show's announcer since 1988—had died at the age of 68. On the evening of September 7, 2008, "Adult Swim" had a bumper that said: Don LaFontaine [1940-2008].


title: Don LaFontaine

text: "The Apprentice Scout", an episode of "Chowder", is dedicated to LaFontaine. The episode dedicated his memory and said, "To Don LaFontaine 1940-2008". The show "Phineas and Ferb" from Disney also dedicated the episode "The Chronicles of Meap" which he provided the narration for. Fellow voice-over artist and friend John Leader retired from the voice-over business on September 1, 2008, upon learning of LaFontaine's death.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: LaFontaine was referenced, with opening clips of his work and several subsequent verbal homages, in the film "In a World...", written and directed by Lake Bell.


title: Don LaFontaine

text: After his death, voice-overs in film trailers became rare, with most trailers now relying on music, sound effects, and dialogue taken from the film.


title: Edith González

text: Edith González Fuentes (; 10 December 1964 – 13 June 2019) was a Mexican actress. She is best remembered for working on multiple telenovelas produced by three different multimedia companies, which included Televisa, TV Azteca and Telemundo.


title: Edith González

text: González made her acting debut on the telenovela produced by Televisa "Cosa juzgada" in 1970. She would later start a prominent career on multiple telenovelas produced by the same company, with her most famous works including "Los ricos también lloran" (1979–1980), "Bianca Vidal" (1982–1983), "Corazón salvaje" (1993–1994), "Salomé" (2001–2002), "Mundo de fieras" (2006–2007), "Palabra de mujer" (2007–2008) and "Camaleones" (2009–2010). In 2011, she moved to TV Azteca, the second best-known multimedia company in Mexico, where she starred in the telenovelas "Cielo rojo" (2011–2012), "Vivir a destiempo" (2013) and "Las Bravo" (2014–2015).


title: Edith González

text: She also starred in the telenovelas produced by Telemundo "Doña Bárbara" (2008–2009) and "Eva la Trailera" in 2016, with the latter being her last leading acting role. Her last televised work was in 2019 as judge on the fashion program produced by TV Azteca, "Este es mi estilo".


title: Edith González

text: In film, she made her debut in the television film "Un cuento de Navidad" (1974). Beginning in films, she had little roles as an uncredited or extra actress in movies such as "Alucarda, la hija de las tinieblas" (1977), "Cyclone" (1978) and "" (1979). Continuing her career in films her most famous works included "Trampa Infernal" (1989), "Salón México" (1996), "Señorita Justice" (2004), "Poquita Ropa" (2011) and "Deseo" (2013).


title: Edith González

text: As well as being actress of television and films, she also participated on plays such as "Aventurera" (theatrical adaptation of the film with the same name) produced by Carmen Salinas. For her work as an actress in films and telenovelas, she was nominated and awarded with prizes such as the Diosas de Plata and Heraldo de México.


title: Edith González

text: González was born on 10 December 1964 in Mexico City, though other sources have said she was born in Monterrey. She participated in school plays since her childhood and studied acting in New York, London and Paris. She was part of the academy of theater director Lee Strasberg, as well as studying at the Neighborhood Playhouse and the Actors Institute. González was also part of the Sorbonne University, where she studied English and art history, and jazz in Great Britain. Aged 5 and during a visit to the "Siempre en Domingo" program, she was chosen by the public to play a role with actor Rafael Baledón. From then on she appeared as a child actress in several films and TV series from the 70s. According to IMDb, her first acting credit role was on the 1970 telenovela produced by Televisa, Cosa juzgada. Her early papers on telenovelas included on "Lucía Sombra" (1971), "La maldición de la blonda" (1971), "El amor tiene cara de mujer" (1971), "El edificio de enfrente" (1972), "Mi primer amor" (1973), "Los miserables" (1973), for which she was awarded in 1974 with an Heraldo award in the category of "revelation artist" and "Lo imperdonable" (1975).


title: Edith González

text: She made her film debut in 1974 on the television film "Canción de Navidad". Following this, some of her early films included "El rey de los gorilas" (1977), "Alucarda, la hija de las tinieblas" (1977), "Cyclone" (1978), "" (1979), "Fabricantes de pánico" (1980) and "Cosa fácil" (1982).


title: Edith González

text: González would continued working in multiple telenovelas produced by Televisa. At the age of 15, she had her first important paper on television participating on the telenovela "Los ricos también lloran" of 1979 sharing credits with Verónica Castro and Rogelio Guerra, and in which she also met and acted along Christian Bach with whom she had a longtime friendship until Bach's death. As a teenager, her works in telenovelas included "Ambición" (1980), "Soledad" (1980), in which she shared credits with Libertad Lamarque and "El hogar que yo robé" (1981), in which she shared credits with Angélica María.


title: Edith González

text: In 1982, González had her first leading role in the telenovela "Bianca Vidal" and the same year she also appeared on the telenovela "Chispita". The next year in 1983, she participated on the telenovela "La fiera". In 1984, she appeared on the film "Adiós Lagunilla, adiós" and had another leading role in the telenovela "Sí, mi amor (TV series)Sí, mi amor". In 1986, she appeared on the anthology series "La hora marcada" as well as appearing on the telenovelas "Monte Calvario", in which she had the leading role and "Lista negra". In 1987 she made an appearance as herself on the program "Papá soltero" and had her first villain role on the telenovela "Rosa salvaje", she participated in this project until episode 48 and at the time several versions for her exit were woven. It was said that she had been fired, but in the words of González herself, she actually resigned because of the alleged mistreatment she received from the production of the series.


title: Edith González

text: In an interview, González defended her version of the events, explaining that at that moment in her career she could not afford an antagonistic role after having starred in other fictions. In her opinion, she was not going to endure any "humiliation" stating the following:


title: Edith González

text: The actress also pointed out that during the filming she experienced "unpleasant experiences" and denounced that she was not treated properly, so she decided to give up the series. González assured that she was not fired for the production by stating:


title: Edith González

text: In an infamous scene of the telenovela, the lead character Rosa García (played by Verónica Castro) throws noodles to her face, which was reported to be for many fans a symbol of the "humiliation" described by González. Her character was replaced by Felicia Mercado. In 1988 she participated on the films "Pero sigo siendo el rey" and "Central camionera" while she also returned to the telenovelas on "Flor y canela". She acted on the horror film "Trampa Infernal" (1989), sharing credits with Pedro Fernández.


title: Edith González

text: In 1990, González was part of the films "El motel de la muerte", "Sentencia de muerte" and "Atrapados". This same year, she had the leading role on the telenovela "En carne propia". Her filmography continued in 1991 with the films "El muerto", "El jugador" and "El descuartizador". In 1993, she starred on the telenovela "Corazón salvaje" along with Eduardo Palomo, who died in 2003 due to a heart attack. This same year, she appeared on the episode "La heredera" (Spanish for, "The heiress") of the program "Videoteatros: Véngan corriendo que les tengo un muerto" as well as appearing on the program "Televiteatros". She appeared on the film "Los cómplices del infierno" (1995), in which she shared credits with Maribel Guardia and Alfredo Adame. In 1995 and 1996 and under various roles, González made appearances for the anthology telenovela "Mujer, Casos de la Vida Real", hosted by Golden Age of Mexican cinema actress, Silvia Pinal. In 1996, she had the lead role on the telenovela "La sombra del otro". She also appeared on the film "Salón México" (1996). In 1997, she had another leading role on the telenovela "La jaula de oro", sharing credits with Saúl Lisazo and René Casados.


title: Edith González

text: In 1998, González participated on the play "Aventurera" produced by actress Carmen Salinas, this was the play depiction of the 1950 film of the same name. On the play she had the leading role and was the first to portrayed Elena Tejero (the main character), as well as being recognized by Salinas, the producer, as the best "Aventurera" for the play, even though after González, there were other portrayers for the leading role, such as Niurka Marcos, Ninel Conde, Susana González, among other more actresses. In 1999, she had the leading role in the telenovela "Nunca te olvidaré", sharing credits with actor Fernando Colunga and also had a role on the telenovela "Cuento de Navidad".


title: Edith González

text: Returning to films in 2000, she took part on the short film "Rogelio". In 2001, she had the leading role on the telenovela "Salomé", sharing credits with María Rubio, Guy Ecker and Niurka Marcos. In 2002, she appeared on the comedy program "XHDRbZ". In 2003, she made a special appearance on the program "La hora pico". In 2004, she starred in the telenovela "Mujer de madera", by producer Emilio Larrosa, but had to stop working that same year due to becoming pregnant. She was replaced by Ana Patricia Rojo in the production. Her next film role was in the movie "Señorita Justice" (2004), in which she shared credits with Eva Longoria. Returning in 2006, she took an antagonist role in the telenovela "Mundo de fieras", of producer Salvador Mejía, where she shared credits with César Évora and Gaby Espino. This same year, she had another guest appearance on the program "La hora pico". In 2007, she had a guest role on the black comedy program "La familia P. Luche", in which she shared credits with Eugenio Derbez and Consuelo Duval. This same year, she had another leading role in the telenovela "Palabra de mujer" and also traveled to Romania for an acting role in the telenovela "Inimă de țigan". In 2008, she traveled to Colombia to play the role of Bárbara Guaimarán in "Doña Bárbara", based on the Venezuelan novel of the same name written by Rómulo Gallegos, acting alongside Christian Meier and produced by Telemundo. And this same year, she also made an appearance on a Plaza Sesamo short film entitled "Plaza Sésamo: Los monstruos feos más bellos" (Sesame Square: The most beautiful ugly monsters). In 2009, she appeared with a role on the psychological thriller series "Mujeres asesinas" and this same year, she also had a co-leading role on the telenovela "Camaleones", with this marking her last telenovela on the channel.


title: Edith González

text: In 2010, González switched to TV Azteca, the second main Mexican broadcaster. She made her first appearance for the company during a program of the "La Academia Bicentenario". This same year, she appeared during the "Mañanitas a la Virgen" program, a special yearly transmission done by TV Azteca on December 12, in which different artists sing at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe celebration day.


title: Edith González

text: In 2011, she had her first leading role for the company on the telenovela "Cielo rojo" by Eric Vonn, sharing credits with Regina Torné and Mauricio Islas. She also returned to films on the television film "Poquita ropa" (2011), starred by singer Ricardo Arjona. This same year, she also had a special role on the telenovela "A corazón abierto" and led the "Mañanitas a la Virgen" program. In 2013, she had another leading role on the telenovela "Vivir a destiempo", in which she shared credits with Humberto Zurita. This year, she also co-produced and acted in the film "Deseo" along with her longtime friend Christian Bach. In 2014, she had the leading role on the telenovela "Las Bravo", in which she shared credits one more time with actor Mauricio Islas.


title: Edith González

text: In 2016, she returned with the leading role on the telenovela produced by Telemundo, "Eva la trailera". The telenovela and Telemundo were sued by Rolando Fernández, who accused them of plagiarism of his 1983 film Lola the Truck Driver. The lawsuit was ultimately won by Fernández. Despite this, the telenovela was retransmitted by Telemundo in 2019 following González's death as a tribute in her memory.


title: Edith González

text: In 2017, she played a recurring role on the telenovela "3 familias", and appeared on the annual "Mañanitas a la Virgen" program. In 2019, González filmed her last film entitled "Un sentimiento honesto en el calabozo del olvido", and served as a judge on the first season of fashion reality show "Este es mi Estilo", with this being her last work and final television project.


title: Edith González

text: As well as being an actress for multiple films and television productions, González was also an actress of multiple plays such as "Los árboles mueren de pie", "Un día particular", "Magnolias de acero", "Buenas noches mamá", "Entre mujeres", among others. Her most famous theater work was in the play "Aventurera" produced by Carmen Salinas for which she was the first actress to portray the lead character, Elena Tejero.


title: Edith González

text: González had a daughter, Constanza (born 17 August 2004). Initially she did not disclose the father's name and decided to raise Constanza alone. In 2008, Mexican politician Santiago Creel recognized that he was Constanza's father. During an interview in August 2012, González shared that she had lost a baby previously without any further explanation by simply stating the following:


title: Edith González

text: In 2010, González married Lorenzo Lazo Margáin. She was longtime friends with Argentine-Mexican actress Christian Bach, who died on February 26, 2019 due to respiratory failure. As an actress in TV Azteca, she is noted for being adverse to doing bed scenes, asking for a body double to replace her in sex scenes.


title: Edith González

text: In 2016, González was diagnosed with stage IV ovarian cancer. She underwent surgery to have her ovaries, uterus and lymph nodes removed, and, in the words of the actress herself, she had overcome the cancer. In April 2019, it was rumored that she had suffered a cancer relapse; which the actress denied, adducing a trip to Guatemala.


title: Edith González

text: On 13 June 2019, González died of the disease. She was declared medically brain dead and was later taken off life support by her family at noon, passing away at the age of 54. Hours before her death, the Mexican television daily morning program "Hoy" erroneously reported that she had already died, which was wrong since González's official hour of death was at 12:00 p.m. when her family decided to disconnect her, with this incident causing annoyance to her family. Also on 13 June, González's funeral was held at the Panteón Francés where she was accompanied by her family and famous colleagues of her acting career. On 14 June, her body was moved to the Jorge Negrete theatre where a tribute was held for her with the attendance of fans, friends and family. After the tribute, she was moved to the Parque Memorial Gayosso in Naucalpan de Juárez, where she was buried alongside her father.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew or Chaozhou (, , , Teochew endonym: , Shantou dialect: ) is a dialect of Chaoshan Min, a Southern Min language, that is spoken by the Teochew people in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong and by their diaspora around the world. It is sometimes referred to as "Chiuchow", its Cantonese rendering, due to the English romanisation by colonial officials and explorers. It is closely related to some dialects of Hokkien, as it shares some cognates and phonology with Hokkien. The two are mutually unintelligible, but it is possible to understand some words.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew preserves many Old Chinese pronunciations and vocabulary that have been lost in some of the other modern varieties of Chinese. As such, Teochew is described as one of the most conservative Chinese languages.


title: Teochew dialect

text: In China, Teochew children are introduced to Standard Chinese as early as in kindergarten; however, the Teochew language remains the primary medium of instruction. In the early years of primary education, Mandarin becomes the sole language of instruction, but students typically continue to speak to one another in Teochew. Mandarin in widely understood by the Teochew youth, but the elderly may have difficulty with Mandarin due to growing up speaking Teochew.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Native Teochew-speakers find the neutral tone in Mandarin the most difficult tone to master. Teochew has lost the alveolar nasal ending and so Teochew-speakers often replace it with the velar nasal when they speak Mandarin. The southern Min dialects all have no front rounded vowel and so a typical Teochew accent supplants the unrounded counterpart for . Teochew, like its ancient ancestor, lacks labio-dentals and so its speakers use or instead of when they speak Mandarin. Teochew has no retroflex consonants in its northern dialects and so , , , and replace , , and in the Teochew accent in Mandarin.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Since Chao'an, Raoping, and Jieyang border the Hakka-speaking region in the north, some people there speak Hakka but they can usually speak Teochew as well. Teochew people have historically had a great deal of contact with the Hakka people, but Hakka has had little, if any, influence on Teochew. Similarly, in Dabu and Fengshun, where the Teochew- and the Hakka-speaking regions meet, Teochew is also spoken, but Hakka remains the primary form of Chinese spoken there.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Because of the strong influence of Hong Kong soap operas, Guangdong provincial television programs and Cantonese pop songs, many young Chaoshan peoples can understand quite a lot of Cantonese even if they cannot speak it with much fluency.


title: Teochew dialect

text: In the mountainous area of Fenghuang (), the She language, an endangered Hmong–Mien language, is spoken by the She people, who are an officially recognised non-Han ethnic minority. They predominantly speak Hakka (Shehua) and Teochew; only about 1,000 She still speak their eponymous language.


title: Teochew dialect

text: The majority of Thai Chinese are Teochew; Teochew is known to have provided a number of loanwords into Thai: .


title: Teochew dialect

text: The majority of Chinese Cambodians are Teochew; Teochew is known to have provided a number of loanwords into Khmer.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Cambodian Teochew also incorporates a number of loanwords from Khmer, including a function word "pi" ().


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew, like other Southern Min varieties, is one of the few modern Sinitic languages which have voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates); however, unlike Wu and Xiang Chinese, the Teochew voiced stops and fricatives did not evolve from Middle Chinese voiced obstruents, but from nasals. The voiced stops and and also are voicelessly prenasalised , , , respectively. The voiced affricate , initial in such words as 字 (dzi˩), 二 (dzi˧˥), 然 (dziaŋ˥), 若 (dziak˦) loses its affricate property with some younger speakers abroad, and is relaxed to [z].


title: Teochew dialect

text: Syllables in Teochew contain an onset consonant, a medial glide, a nucleus, usually in the form of a vowel, but can also be occupied by a syllabic consonant like [ŋ], and a final consonant. All the elements of the syllable except for the nucleus are optional, which means a vowel or a syllabic consonant alone can stand as a fully-fledged syllable.


title: Teochew dialect

text: All the consonants except for the glottal stop ʔ shown in the consonants chart above can act as the onset of a syllable; however, the onset position is not obligatorily occupied.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew finals consist maximally of a medial, nucleus and coda. The medial can be i or u, the nucleus can be a monophthong or diphthong, and the coda can be a nasal or a stop. A syllable must consist minimally of a vowel nucleus or syllabic nasal.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew, like other Chinese varieties, is a tonal language. It has a set of eight distinct sounds, but only six of them are considered unique tones. This discrepancy occurs because two of the eight sounds are reduced to stopped syllables, despite already sharing the same pitch as the six main tones. Additionally, depending on the position of a word in a phrase, the tones can change and adopt extensive tone sandhi.


title: Teochew dialect

text: As with sandhi in other Min Nan dialects, the checked tones interchange. The "yang" tones all become low. Sandhi is not accounted for in the description below.


title: Teochew dialect

text: The grammar of Teochew is similar to other Min languages, as well as some southern varieties of Chinese, especially with Hakka, Yue and Wu. The sequence 'subject–verb–object' is typical, like Standard Mandarin, although the 'subject–object–verb' form is also possible using particles.


title: Teochew dialect

text: The personal pronouns in Teochew, like in other Chinese languages, do not show case marking, therefore means both "I" and "me" and means "they" and "them". The southern Min dialects, like some northern dialects, have a distinction between an inclusive and exclusive we, meaning that when the addressee is being included, the inclusive pronoun would be used, otherwise is employed. Outside Southern Min varieties like Teochew, no other southern Chinese variety has this distinction.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew does not distinguish the possessive pronouns from the possessive adjectives. As a general rule, the possessive pronouns or adjectives are formed by adding the genitive or possessive marker [kai5] to their respective personal pronouns, as summarised below:


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew has the typical two-way distinction between the demonstratives, namely the proximals and the distals, as summarised in the following chart:


title: Teochew dialect

text: In Teochew passive construction, the agent phrase "by somebody" always has to be present, and is introduced by either (some speakers use or instead) or , even though it is in fact a zero or indefinite agent as in:


title: Teochew dialect

text: While in Mandarin one can have the agent introducer or alone without the agent itself, it is not grammatical to say


title: Teochew dialect

text: The agent phrase always comes immediately after the subject, not at the end of the sentence or between the auxiliary and the past participle like in some European languages (e.g. German, Dutch)


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew uses the construction "X ADJ Y", which is believed to have evolved from the Old Chinese "X ADJ (yú) Y" structure to express the idea of comparison:


title: Teochew dialect

text: However, due to modern influences from Mandarin, the Mandarin structure "X Y ADJ" has also gained popularity over the years. Therefore, the same sentence can be re-structured and becomes:


title: Teochew dialect

text: The - or -construction must involve two or more nouns to be compared; an ill-formed sentence will be yielded when only one is being mentioned:


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew is different from English, where the second noun being compared can be left out ("Tatyana is more beautiful "(than Lisa)"". In cases like this, the -construction must be used instead:


title: Teochew dialect

text: The same holds true for Mandarin and Cantonese in that another structure needs to be used when only one of the nouns being compared is mentioned. Teochew and Mandarin both use a pre-modifier (before the adjective) while Cantonese uses a post-modifier (after the adjective).


title: Teochew dialect

text: There are two words which are intrinsically comparative in meaning, i.e. [ĩã5] "better" and [su1] "worse". They can be used alone or in conjunction with the -structure:


title: Teochew dialect

text: To express the superlative, Teochew uses the adverb [siaŋ5] or [siaŋ5 teŋ2]. is usually used with a complimentary connotation.


title: Teochew dialect

text: The vocabulary of Teochew shares a lot of similarities with Cantonese because of their continuous contact with each other. Like Cantonese, Teochew has a great deal of monosyllabic words. However, ever since the standardisation of Modern Standard Chinese, Teochew has absorbed a lot of Putonghua vocabulary, which is predominantly polysyllabic. Also, Teochew varieties in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia have also borrowed extensively from Malay.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew and other Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien, preserve a good deal of Old Chinese vocabulary, such as [mak] "eye" (, Hokkien: 目 "ba̍k"), [ta] "dry" (, Hokkien: 焦 "ta"), and [kʰəŋ] "hide" (cf. ; Hokkien: 囥 "khǹg").


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew was romanised by the Provincial Education Department of Guangdong in 1960 to aid linguistic studies and the publication of dictionaries, although "Pe̍h-ūe-jī" can also be used because Christian missionaries invented it for the transcription of varieties of Southern Min.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Initial consonants of Teochew, are represented in the Guangdong Romanization system as: B, BH, C, D, G, GH, H, K, L, M, N, NG, P, R, S, T, and Z.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Vowels and vowel combinations in the Teochew dialect include: A, E, Ê, I, O, U, AI, AO, IA, IAO, IO, IU, OI, OU, UA, UAI, UE, and UI.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Many words in Teochew are nasalized. This is represented by the letter "n" in the Guangdong Pengim system.


title: Teochew dialect

text: Teochew retains many consonant stops lost in Mandarin. These stops include a labial stop: "b"; velar stop: "g"; and glottal stop: "h".


title: Sophie Anderson (actress)

text: Sophie Anderson (born 23 November 1987) is an English pornographic actress, internet personality, and recording artist. She began appearing in pornographic films such as Fake Taxi and Evil Angel in 2017, later finding internet fame in October 2018 when she and fellow porn star Rebecca More, who brand themselves "The Cock Destroyers", posted a video that went viral. Both her and More's videos became memes and the pair were subsequently been regarded as 'gay icons'. Since 2022, Anderson has appeared on various podcasts discussing her life and appeared as a team captain on the Canadian OutTV sex education quiz show "Fucking Smart".


title: Sophie Anderson (actress)

text: Anderson was born in Bristol, England on 23 November 1987 and said she began being sexually active at the age of 10, and would perform fellatio on men at local pubs in exchange for alcohol and drugs. Anderson is a member and an advocate of the LGBTQ community, as she herself is openly bisexual, and often shares her struggles on Twitter, about growing up bisexual. She also has a son. Anderson, who is known for her extreme body modification has size 32J breasts. In March 2022, she was hospitalised after one of her left breast implant got infected with sepsis and later exploded. She opened a GoFundMe to pay for her reconstruction surgery and raised over £10,000. She had the breast reconstructed, however it got infected again and Anderson posted various updates on her condition after it began leaking. Anderson has worked as an escort, and claims to have slept with around 80,000 people. She is in a relationship with Damian Oliver, a former footballer turned pornographic actor who has three children.


title: Sophie Anderson (actress)

text: Anderson began performing in pornographic films in 2017, appearing in three lesbian scenes for Fake Taxi. Since then, she has appeared in a scene for Reality Kings with Jordi El Niño Polla titled "Air Jordi". as well as scenes for other studios including a cuckold themed video for Brazzers, and scenes for Wicked Pictures and Evil Angel which included anal and double penetration. She also discussed her porn series with Television X on Calum McSwiggan's podcast. She also has her own OnlyFans page, where she posts videos and a joint page "F**king Explorers" alongside her partner Damian Oliver. Anderson gained internet fame in October 2018 after a video of her and fellow pornographic actress Rebecca More promoting a gangbang by calling themselves "The Cock Destroyers" went viral. She frequently posts videos on social media of improvisational and often explicit songs she writes during everyday life. One of these, "Driving For Dick" was remixed and released as Anderson's debut single as a recording artist in August 2019, as well as an acoustic version. In October 2019, Anderson and More, featured in a non-sex role in "A Tale Of Two Cock Destroyers", a gay pornographic film for Men.com which starred actors Jonas Jackson, JJ Knight, Leander, Joey Mills, Ty Mitchell and Johnny Rapid. In 2020, Anderson and More along with gay porn actor Matthew Camp began presenting "", a reality television competition series on their quest to discover who will be named "The Next Cock Destroyer". In May 2021, Anderson announced on Twitter that she and More were parting ways, resulting in an indefinite hiatus of the Cock Destroyers. In 2022, she appeared on the sex education quiz show "Fucking Smart" alongside Willam Belli and various other drag queens and guests. She also appeared on various podcasts discussing her life and career in pornography including "The Fellas" and "Anything Goes with James English".


title: Sophie Anderson (actress)

text: Audio clips of Anderson and More were featured on the King Princess remix "cock destroyer", released on 4 March 2019 through SoundCloud. For the girl group challenge on the first series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK", drag queens Baga Chipz, Blu Hydrangea and Divina de Campo named themselves the "Frock Destroyers" after Anderson and More. In the second season of "Drag Race Holland", contestant Keta Minaj impersonated Anderson for the Snatch Game challenge.


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: Ziehl–Neelsen staining is a type of acid-fast stain, first introduced by Paul Ehrlich. Ziehl–Neelsen staining is a bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms, mainly Mycobacteria. It is named for two German doctors who modified the stain: the bacteriologist Franz Ziehl (1859–1926) and the pathologist Friedrich Neelsen (1854–1898).


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: In anatomic pathology specimens, immunohistochemistry and modifications of Ziehl–Neelsen staining (such as the Fite-Faraco method) have comparable diagnostic utility. Both of them are superior to traditional Ziehl–Neelsen staining.


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: The genus "Mycobacterium" is a slow growing bacteria, made up of small rods that are slightly curved or straight, and are considered to be gram positive. Some mycobacteria are free-living saprophytes, but many are pathogens that cause disease in animals and humans. "Mycobacterium bovis" causes tuberculosis in cattle. Since tuberculosis can be spread to humans, milk is pasteurized to kill any of the bacteria. The Mycobacteria species that causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans is "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", which is an airborne bacterium that typically infects the human lungs. Testing for TB includes blood testing, skin tests, and chest X-rays. When looking at the smears for TB, it is stained using an acid-fast stain. These acid-fast organisms like "Mycobacterium" contain large amounts of lipid substances within their cell walls called mycolic acids. These acids resist staining by ordinary methods such as a Gram stain. It can also be used to stain a few other bacteria, such as "Nocardia". The reagents used for Ziehl–Neelsen staining are carbol fuchsin, acid alcohol, and methylene blue. Acid-fast bacilli are bright red after staining.


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: Ziehl–Neelsen staining is a type of narrow spectrum fungal stain. Narrow spectrum fungal stains are selective, and they can help differentiate and identify fungi. The results of Ziehl–Neelsen staining is variable because many fungal cell walls are not acid fast. An example of a common type of acid-fast fungus that is usually stained with Ziehl–Neelsen staining is called "Histoplasma" (HP). "Histoplasma" is found in soil and the feces of birds and bats. Humans can contract histoplasmosis by inhalation of the fungal spores. "Histoplasma" enters the body and goes to the lungs where the spores turn into yeast. The yeast gets into the blood stream and affects lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Usually people do not get sick from inhaling the spores, but if they do they usually have flu like symptoms. Another variation on this staining method is used in mycology to differentially stain acid-fast incrustations in the cuticular hyphae of certain species of fungi in the genus "Russula". Some free endospores can be confused with small yeasts, so staining is used to identify the unknown fungi. It is also useful in the identification of some protozoa, namely "Cryptosporidium" and "Isospora". The Ziehl–Neelsen stain can also hinder diagnosis in the case of paragonimiasis because the eggs in sputum sample for ovum and parasite (O&P) can be dissolved by the stain, and is often used in this clinical setting because signs and symptoms of paragonimiasis closely resemble those of TB.


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: In 1882 Robert Koch discovered the etiology of tuberculosis. Soon after Koch's discovery, Paul Ehrlich developed a stain for mycobacterium tuberculosis, called the alum hematoxylin stain. Franz Ziehl then altered Ehrlich's staining technique by using carbolic acid as the mordant. Friedrich Neelsen kept Ziehl's choice of mordant but changed the primary stain to carbol fuchsin. Ziehl and Neelsen's modifications together have developed the Ziehl–Neelsen stain. Another acid-fast stain was developed by Joseph Kinyoun by using the Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique but removing the heating step from the procedure. This new stain from Kinyoun was named the Kinyoun stain.


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: A typical AFB stain procedure involves dropping the cells in suspension onto a slide, then air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: Studies have shown that an AFB stain without a culture has a poor negative predictive value. An AFB culture should be performed along with an AFB stain; this has a much higher negative predictive value.


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: The mechanism of action of the Ziehl-Neelsen stain is not completely understood, but it is thought to involve a chemical reaction between the acidic dyes and the cell walls of the bacteria. The acidity of the dyes causes them to bind more strongly to the cell walls of the bacteria than to other cells or tissues. This results in the selective staining of only those cells that have a high density of cell wall material, such as acid-fast bacteria.


title: Ziehl–Neelsen stain

text: The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is a two step staining process. In the first step, the tissue is stained with a basic fuchsin solution, which stains all cells pink. In the second step, the tissue is incubated in an acid alcohol solution, which decolorizes all cells except for acid-fast cells, which retain the color and appeared as red. The mechanisms by which this color is produced are not well understood, but it is thought that the interaction of the basic fuchsin with the cell wall components of bacteria creates a new molecule that is responsible for the color.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale).


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, thermo-physical or mechanical properties.


title: Nanomaterials

text: In ISO/TS 80004, "nanomaterial" is defined as the "material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale", with "nanoscale" defined as the "length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm". This includes both "nano-objects", which are discrete pieces of material, and "nanostructured materials", which have internal or surface structure on the nanoscale; a nanomaterial may be a member of both these categories.


title: Nanomaterials

text: On 18 October 2011, the European Commission adopted the following definition of a nanomaterial: "A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm – 100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1% to 50%."


title: Nanomaterials

text: Engineered nanomaterials have been deliberately engineered and manufactured by humans to have certain required properties.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Legacy nanomaterials are those that were in commercial production prior to the development of nanotechnology as incremental advancements over other colloidal or particulate materials. They include carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanomaterials may be unintentionally produced as a byproduct of mechanical or industrial processes through combustion and vaporization. Sources of incidental nanoparticles include vehicle engine exhausts, smelting, welding fumes, combustion processes from domestic solid fuel heating and cooking. For instance, the class of nanomaterials called fullerenes are generated by burning gas, biomass, and candle. It can also be a byproduct of wear and corrosion products. Incidental atmospheric nanoparticles are often referred to as ultrafine particles, which are unintentionally produced during an intentional operation, and could contribute to air pollution.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Biological systems often feature natural, functional nanomaterials. The structure of foraminifera (mainly chalk) and viruses (protein, capsid), the wax crystals covering a lotus or nasturtium leaf, spider and spider-mite silk, the blue hue of tarantulas, the "spatulae" on the bottom of gecko feet, some butterfly wing scales, natural colloids (milk, blood), horny materials (skin, claws, beaks, feathers, horns, hair), paper, cotton, nacre, corals, and even our own bone matrix are all natural "organic" nanomaterials.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Natural "inorganic" nanomaterials occur through crystal growth in the diverse chemical conditions of the Earth's crust. For example, clays display complex nanostructures due to anisotropy of their underlying crystal structure, and volcanic activity can give rise to opals, which are an instance of a naturally occurring photonic crystals due to their nanoscale structure. Fires represent particularly complex reactions and can produce pigments, cement, fumed silica etc.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Natural sources of nanoparticles include combustion products forest fires, volcanic ash, ocean spray, and the radioactive decay of radon gas. Natural nanomaterials can also be formed through weathering processes of metal- or anion-containing rocks, as well as at acid mine drainage sites.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nano-objects are often categorized as to how many of their dimensions fall in the nanoscale. A "nanoparticle" is defined a nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale, whose longest and the shortest axes do not differ significantly. A "nanofiber" has two external dimensions in the nanoscale, with "nanotubes" being hollow nanofibers and "nanorods" being solid nanofibers. A "nanoplate/nanosheet" has one external dimension in the nanoscale, and if the two larger dimensions are significantly different it is called a "nanoribbon". For nanofibers and nanoplates, the other dimensions may or may not be in the nanoscale, but must be significantly larger. In all of these cases, a significant difference is noted to typically be at least a factor of 3.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanostructured materials are often categorized by what phases of matter they contain. A "nanocomposite" is a solid containing at least one physically or chemically distinct region or collection of regions, having at least one dimension in the nanoscale. A "nanofoam" has a liquid or solid matrix, filled with a gaseous phase, where one of the two phases has dimensions on the nanoscale. A "nanoporous material" is a solid material containing nanopores, voids in the form of open or closed pores of sub-micron lengthscales. A "nanocrystalline material" has a significant fraction of crystal grains in the nanoscale.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The term "nanoporous materials" contain subsets of microporous and mesoporous materials. Microporous materials are porous materials with a mean pore size smaller than 2 nm, while mesoporous materials are those with pores sizes in the region 2-50 nm. Microporous materials exhibit pore sizes with comparable length-scale to small molecules. For this reason such materials may serve valuable applications including separation membranes. Mesoporous materials are interesting towards applications that require high specific surface areas, while enabling penetration for molecules that may be too large to enter the pores of a microporous material. In some sources, nanoporous materials and nanofoam are sometimes considered nanostructures but not nanomaterials because only the voids and not the materials themselves are nanoscale. Although the ISO definition only considers round nano-objects to be nanoparticles, other sources use the term nanoparticle for all shapes.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanoparticles have all three dimensions on the nanoscale. Nanoparticles can also be embedded in a bulk solid to form a nanocomposite.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The fullerenes are a class of allotropes of carbon which conceptually are graphene sheets rolled into tubes or spheres. These include the carbon nanotubes (or silicon nanotubes) which are of interest both because of their mechanical strength and also because of their electrical properties.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The first fullerene molecule to be discovered, and the family's namesake, buckminsterfullerene (C), was prepared in 1985 by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University. The name was a homage to Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes it resembles. Fullerenes have since been found to occur in nature. More recently, fullerenes have been detected in outer space.


title: Nanomaterials

text: For the past decade, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes have been a hot topic in the field of research and development, and are likely to continue to be for a long time. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use: binding specific antibiotics to the structure of resistant bacteria and even target certain types of cancer cells such as melanoma. The October 2005 issue of Chemistry and Biology contains an article describing the use of fullerenes as light-activated antimicrobial agents. In the field of nanotechnology, heat resistance and superconductivity are among the


title: Nanomaterials

text: A common method used to produce fullerenes is to send a large current between two nearby graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere. The resulting carbon plasma arc between the electrodes cools into sooty residue from which many fullerenes can be isolated.


title: Nanomaterials

text: There are many calculations that have been done using ab-initio Quantum Methods applied to fullerenes. By DFT and TDDFT methods one can obtain IR, Raman and UV spectra. Results of such calculations can be compared with experimental results.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Inorganic nanomaterials, (e.g. quantum dots, nanowires and nanorods) because of their interesting optical and electrical properties, could be used in optoelectronics. Furthermore, the optical and electronic properties of nanomaterials which depend on their size and shape can be tuned via synthetic techniques. There are the possibilities to use those materials in organic material based optoelectronic devices such as Organic solar cells, OLEDs etc. The operating principles of such devices are governed by photoinduced processes like electron transfer and energy transfer. The performance of the devices depends on the efficiency of the photoinduced process responsible for their functioning. Therefore, better understanding of those photoinduced processes in organic/inorganic nanomaterial composite systems is necessary in order to use them in optoelectronic devices.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanoparticles or nanocrystals made of metals, semiconductors, or oxides are of particular interest for their mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical and other properties. Nanoparticles have been used as quantum dots and as chemical catalysts such as nanomaterial-based catalysts. Recently, a range of nanoparticles are extensively investigated for biomedical applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensor.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale this is often not the case. Size-dependent properties are observed such as quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanoparticles exhibit a number of special properties relative to bulk material. For example, the bending of bulk copper (wire, ribbon, etc.) occurs with movement of copper atoms/clusters at about the 50 nm scale. Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm are considered super hard materials that do not exhibit the same malleability and ductility as bulk copper. The change in properties is not always desirable. Ferroelectric materials smaller than 10 nm can switch their polarization direction using room temperature thermal energy, thus making them useless for memory storage. Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible because the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to overcome differences in density, which usually result in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. Nanoparticles often have unexpected visual properties because they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. For example, gold nanoparticles appear deep red to black in solution.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The often very high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles provides a tremendous driving force for diffusion, especially at elevated temperatures. Sintering is possible at lower temperatures and over shorter durations than for larger particles. This theoretically does not affect the density of the final product, though flow difficulties and the tendency of nanoparticles to agglomerate do complicate matters. The surface effects of nanoparticles also reduces the incipient melting temperature.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The smallest possible crystalline wires with cross-section as small as a single atom can be engineered in cylindrical confinement. Carbon nanotubes, a natural semi-1D nanostructure, can be used as a template for synthesis. Confinement provides mechanical stabilization and prevents linear atomic chains from disintegration; other structures of 1D nanowires are predicted to be mechanically stable even upon isolation from the templates.


title: Nanomaterials

text: 2D materials are crystalline materials consisting of a two-dimensional single layer of atoms. The most important representative graphene was discovered in 2004.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Thin films with nanoscale thicknesses are considered nanostructures, but are sometimes not considered nanomaterials because they do not exist separately from the substrate.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Some bulk materials contain features on the nanoscale, including nanocomposites, nanocrystalline materials, nanostructured films, and nanotextured surfaces.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Box-shaped graphene (BSG) nanostructure is an example of 3D nanomaterial. BSG nanostructure has appeared after mechanical cleavage of pyrolytic graphite. This nanostructure is a multilayer system of parallel hollow nanochannels located along the surface and having quadrangular cross-section. The thickness of the channel walls is approximately equal to 1 nm. The typical width of channel facets makes about 25 nm.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nano materials are used in a variety of, manufacturing processes, products and healthcare including paints, filters, insulation and lubricant additives. In healthcare Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics. They are an emerging type of artificial enzyme, which have been used for wide applications in such as biosensing, bioimaging, tumor diagnosis, antibiofouling and more. High quality filters may be produced using nanostructures, these filters are capable of removing particulate as small as a virus as seen in a water filter created by Seldon Technologies. Nanomaterials membrane bioreactor (NMs-MBR), the next generation of conventional MBR, are recently proposed for the advanced treatment of wastewater. In the air purification field, nano technology was used to combat the spread of MERS in Saudi Arabian hospitals in 2012. Nanomaterials are being used in modern and human-safe insulation technologies, in the past they were found in Asbestos-based insulation. As a lubricant additive, nano materials have the ability to reduce friction in moving parts. Worn and corroded parts can also be repaired with self-assembling anisotropic nanoparticles called TriboTEX. Nanomaterials have also been applied in a range of industries and consumer products. Mineral nanoparticles such as titanium-oxide have been used to improve UV protection in sunscreen. In the sports industry, lighter bats to have been produced with carbon nanotubes to improve performance. Another application is in the military, where mobile pigment nanoparticles have been used to create more effective camouflage. Nanomaterials can also be used in three-way-catalyst (TWC) applications. TWC converters have the advantage of controlling the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are precursors to acid rain and smog. In core-shell structure, nanomaterials form shell as the catalyst support to protect the noble metals such as palladium and rhodium. The primary function is that the supports can be used for carrying catalysts active components, making them highly dispersed, reducing the use of noble metals, enhancing catalysts activity, and improving the mechanical strength.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The goal of any synthetic method for nanomaterials is to yield a material that exhibits properties that are a result of their characteristic length scale being in the nanometer range (1 – 100 nm). Accordingly, the synthetic method should exhibit control of size in this range so that one property or another can be attained. Often the methods are divided into two main types, "bottom up" and "top down".


title: Nanomaterials

text: Bottom up methods involve the assembly of atoms or molecules into nanostructured arrays. In these methods the raw material sources can be in the form of gases, liquids or solids. The latter require some sort of disassembly prior to their incorporation onto a nanostructure. Bottom up methods generally fall into two categories: chaotic and controlled.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Chaotic processes involve elevating the constituent atoms or molecules to a chaotic state and then suddenly changing the conditions so as to make that state unstable. Through the clever manipulation of any number of parameters, products form largely as a result of the insuring kinetics. The collapse from the chaotic state can be difficult or impossible to control and so ensemble statistics often govern the resulting size distribution and average size. Accordingly, nanoparticle formation is controlled through manipulation of the end state of the products. Examples of chaotic processes are laser ablation, exploding wire, arc, flame pyrolysis, combustion, and precipitation synthesis techniques.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Controlled processes involve the controlled delivery of the constituent atoms or molecules to the site(s) of nanoparticle formation such that the nanoparticle can grow to a prescribed sizes in a controlled manner. Generally the state of the constituent atoms or molecules are never far from that needed for nanoparticle formation. Accordingly, nanoparticle formation is controlled through the control of the state of the reactants. Examples of controlled processes are self-limiting growth solution, self-limited chemical vapor deposition, shaped pulse femtosecond laser techniques, and molecular beam epitaxy.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Top down methods adopt some 'force' (e. g. mechanical force, laser) to break bulk materials into nanoparticles. A popular method involves mechanical break apart bulk materials into nanomaterials is 'ball milling'. Besides, nanoparticles can also be made by laser ablation which apply short pulse lasers (e. g. femtosecond laser) to ablate a target (solid).


title: Nanomaterials

text: Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.


title: Nanomaterials

text: In addition to optical and electronic properties, the novel mechanical properties of many nanomaterials is the subject of nanomechanics research. When added to a bulk material, nanoparticles can strongly influence the mechanical properties of the material, such as the stiffness or elasticity. For example, traditional polymers can be reinforced by nanoparticles (such as carbon nanotubes) resulting in novel materials which can be used as lightweight replacements for metals. Such composite materials may enable a weight reduction accompanied by an increase in stability and improved functionality.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Finally, nanostructured materials with small particle size such as zeolites, and asbestos, are used as catalysts in a wide range of critical industrial chemical reactions. The further development of such catalysts can form the basis of more efficient, environmentally friendly chemical processes.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The first observations and size measurements of nano-particles were made during the first decade of the 20th century. Zsigmondy made detailed studies of gold sols and other nanomaterials with sizes down to 10 nm and less. He published a book in 1914. He used an ultramicroscope that employs a "dark field" method for seeing particles with sizes much less than light wavelength.


title: Nanomaterials

text: There are traditional techniques developed during the 20th century in interface and colloid science for characterizing nanomaterials. These are widely used for "first generation" passive nanomaterials specified in the next section.


title: Nanomaterials

text: These methods include several different techniques for characterizing particle size distribution. This characterization is imperative because many materials that are expected to be nano-sized are actually aggregated in solutions. Some of methods are based on light scattering. Others apply ultrasound, such as ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy for testing concentrated nano-dispersions and microemulsions.


title: Nanomaterials

text: There is also a group of traditional techniques for characterizing surface charge or zeta potential of nano-particles in solutions. This information is required for proper system stabilization, preventing its aggregation or flocculation. These methods include microelectrophoresis, electrophoretic light scattering and electroacoustics. The last one, for instance colloid vibration current method is suitable for characterizing concentrated systems.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The ongoing research has shown that mechanical properties can vary significantly in nanomaterials compared to bulk material. Nanomaterials have substantial mechanical properties due to the volume, surface, and quantum effects of nanoparticles. This is observed when the nanoparticles are added to common bulk material, the nanomaterial refines the grain and forms intergranular and intragranular structures which improve the grain boundaries and therefore the mechanical properties of the materials. Grain boundary refinements provide strengthening by increasing the stress required to cause intergranular or transgranular fractures. A common example where this can be observed is the addition of nano Silica to cement, which improves the tensile strength, compressive strength, and bending strength by the mechanisms just mentioned. The understanding of these properties will enhance the use of nanoparticles in novel applications in various fields such as surface engineering, tribology, and nanomanufacturing /nanofabrication.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Steinitz in 1943 used the micro-indentation technique to test the hardness of microparticles, and now nanoindentation has been employed to measure elastic properties of particles at about 5-micron level. These protocols are frequently used to calculate the mechanical characteristics of nanoparticles via atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. To measure the elastic modulus; indentation data is obtained via AFM force-displacement curves being converted to force-indentation curves. Hooke’s law is used to determine the cantilever deformation and depth of the tip, and in conclusion, the pressure equation can be written as:


title: Nanomaterials

text: AFM allows us to obtain a high-resolution image of multiple types of surfaces while the tip of the cantilever can be used to obtain information about mechanical properties. Computer simulations are also being progressively used to test theories and complement experimental studies. The most used computer method is molecular dynamics simulation, which uses newton’s equations of motion for the atoms or molecules in the system. Other techniques such direct probe method are used to determine the adhesive properties of nanomaterials. Both the technique and simulation are coupled with transmission electron microscope (TEM) and AFM techniques to provide results.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Crystalline metal nanomaterials: Dislocations are one of the major contributors toward elastic properties within nanomaterials similar to bulk crystalline materials. Despite the traditional view of there being no dislocations in nanomaterials. Ramos, experimental work has shown that the hardness of gold nanoparticles is much higher than their bulk counterparts, as there are stacking faults and dislocations forming that activate multiple strengthening mechanisms in the material. Through these experiments, more research has shown that via nanoindentation techniques, material strength; compressive stress, increases under compression with decreasing particle size, because of nucleating dislocations. These dislocations have been observed using TEM techniques, coupled with nanoindentation. Silicon nanoparticles strength and hardness are four times more than the value of the bulk material. The resistance to pressure applied can be attributed to the line defects inside the particles as well as a dislocation that provides strengthening of the mechanical properties of the nanomaterial. Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles strengthens a matrix because the pinning of particles inhibits grain growth. This refines the grain, and hence improves the mechanical properties. However, not all additions of nanomaterials lead to an increase in properties for example nano-Cu. But this is attributed to the inherent properties of the material being weaker than the matrix.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nonmetallic Nanoparticles/ Nanomaterials:  Size-dependent behavior of mechanical properties is still not clear in the case of polymer nanomaterials however, in one research by Lahouij they found that the compressive moduli of polystyrene nanoparticles were found to be less than that of the bulk counterparts. This can be associated with the functional groups being hydrated. Furthermore, nonmetallic nanomaterials can lead to agglomerates forming inside the matrix they are being added to and hence decrease the mechanical properties by leading to fracture under even low mechanical loads, such as the addition of CNTs. The agglomerates will act as slip planes as well as planes in which cracks can easily propagate (9). However, most organic nanomaterials are flexible and these and the mechanical properties such as hardness etc. are not dominant.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanowires/Nanotubes:  The elastic moduli of some nanowires namely lead and silver, decrease with increasing diameter. This has been associated with surface stress, oxidation layer, and surface roughness. However, the elastic behavior of ZnO nanowires does not get affected by surface effects but their fracture properties do. So, it is generally dependent on material behavior and their bonding as well.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The reason why mechanical properties of nanomaterials are still a hot topic for research is that measuring the mechanical properties of individual nanoparticles is a complicated method, involving multiple control factors. Nonetheless, Atomic force microscopy has been widely used to measure the mechanical properties of nanomaterials.


title: Nanomaterials

text: When talking about the application of a material adhesion and friction play a critical role in determining the outcome of the application. Therefore, it is critical to see how these properties also get affected by the size of a material. Again, AFM is a technique most used to measure these properties and to determine the adhesive strength of nanoparticles to any solid surface, along with the colloidal probe technique and other chemical properties. Furthermore, the forces playing a role in providing these adhesive properties to nanomaterials are either the electrostatic forces, VdW, capillary forces, solvation forces, structure force, etc. It has been found that the addition of nanomaterials in bulk materials substantially increases their adhesive capabilities by increasing their strength through various bonding mechanisms. Nanomaterials dimension approaches zero, which means that the fraction of the particle’s surface to overall atoms increases.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Along with surface effects, the movement of nanoparticles also plays a role in dictating their mechanical properties such as shearing capabilities. The movement of particles can be observed under TEM. For example, the movement behavior of MoS2 nanoparticles dynamic contact was directly observed in situ which led to the conclusion that fullerenes can shear via rolling or sliding. However, observing these properties is again a very complicated process due to multiple contributing factors.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The chemical processing and synthesis of high performance technological components for the private, industrial and military sectors requires the use of high purity ceramics, polymers, glass-ceramics and material composites. In condensed bodies formed from fine powders, the irregular sizes and shapes of nanoparticles in a typical powder often lead to non-uniform packing morphologies that result in packing density variations in the powder compact.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Uncontrolled agglomeration of powders due to attractive van der Waals forces can also give rise to in microstructural inhomogeneities. Differential stresses that develop as a result of non-uniform drying shrinkage are directly related to the rate at which the solvent can be removed, and thus highly dependent upon the distribution of porosity. Such stresses have been associated with a plastic-to-brittle transition in consolidated bodies, and can yield to crack propagation in the unfired body if not relieved.


title: Nanomaterials

text: In addition, any fluctuations in packing density in the compact as it is prepared for the kiln are often amplified during the sintering process, yielding inhomogeneous densification. Some pores and other structural defects associated with density variations have been shown to play a detrimental role in the sintering process by growing and thus limiting end-point densities. Differential stresses arising from inhomogeneous densification have also been shown to result in the propagation of internal cracks, thus becoming the strength-controlling flaws.


title: Nanomaterials

text: It would therefore appear desirable to process a material in such a way that it is physically uniform with regard to the distribution of components and porosity, rather than using particle size distributions which will maximize the green density. The containment of a uniformly dispersed assembly of strongly interacting particles in suspension requires total control over particle-particle interactions. A number of dispersants such as ammonium citrate (aqueous) and imidazoline or oleyl alcohol (nonaqueous) are promising solutions as possible additives for enhanced dispersion and deagglomeration. Monodisperse nanoparticles and colloids provide this potential.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Monodisperse powders of colloidal silica, for example, may therefore be stabilized sufficiently to ensure a high degree of order in the colloidal crystal or polycrystalline colloidal solid which results from aggregation. The degree of order appears to be limited by the time and space allowed for longer-range correlations to be established. Such defective polycrystalline colloidal structures would appear to be the basic elements of sub-micrometer colloidal materials science, and, therefore, provide the first step in developing a more rigorous understanding of the mechanisms involved in microstructural evolution in high performance materials and components.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The quantitative analysis of nanomaterials showed that nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanocrystalline materials, nanocomposites, and graphene have been mentioned in 400000, 181000, 144000, 140000, and 119000 ISI-indexed articles, respectively, by Sep 2018. As far as patents are concerned, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanocomposites, graphene, and nanowires have been played a role in 45600, 32100, 12700, 12500, and 11800 patents, respectively. Monitoring approximately 7000 commercial nano-based products available on global markets revealed that the properties of around 2330 products have been enabled or enhanced aided by nanoparticles. Liposomes, nanofibers, nanocolloids, and aerogels were also of the most common nanomaterials in consumer products.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials (EUON) has produced a database (NanoData) that provides information on specific patents, products, and research publications on nanomaterials.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) published a guideline on protecting workers from potential risk of manufactured nanomaterials at the end of 2017. WHO used a precautionary approach as one of its guiding principles. This means that exposure has to be reduced, despite uncertainty about the adverse health effects, when there are reasonable indications to do so. This is highlighted by recent scientific studies that demonstrate a capability of nanoparticles to cross cell barriers and interact with cellular structures. In addition, the hierarchy of controls was an important guiding principle. This means that when there is a choice between control measures, those measures that are closer to the root of the problem should always be preferred over measures that put a greater burden on workers, such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). WHO commissioned systematic reviews for all important issues to assess the current state of the science and to inform the recommendations according to the process set out in the WHO Handbook for guideline development. The recommendations were rated as "strong" or "conditional" depending on the quality of the scientific evidence, values and preferences, and costs related to the recommendation.


title: Nanomaterials

text: The WHO guidelines contain the following recommendations for safe handling of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs)


title: Nanomaterials

text: For health surveillance WHO could not make a recommendation for targeted MNM-specific health surveillance programmes over existing health surveillance programmes that are already in use owing to the lack of evidence. WHO considers training of workers and worker involvement in health and safety issues to be best practice but could not recommend one form of training of workers over another, or one form of worker involvement over another, owing to the lack of studies available. It is expected that there will be considerable progress in validated measurement methods and risk assessment and WHO expects to update these guidelines in five years' time, in 2022.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Because nanotechnology is a recent development, the health and safety effects of exposures to nanomaterials, and what levels of exposure may be acceptable, are subjects of ongoing research. Of the possible hazards, inhalation exposure appears to present the most concern. Animal studies indicate that carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers can cause pulmonary effects including inflammation, granulomas, and pulmonary fibrosis, which were of similar or greater potency when compared with other known fibrogenic materials such as silica, asbestos, and ultrafine carbon black. Acute inhalation exposure of healthy animals to biodegradable inorganic nanomaterials have not demonstrated significant toxicity effects. Although the extent to which animal data may predict clinically significant lung effects in workers is not known, the toxicity seen in the short-term animal studies indicate a need for protective action for workers exposed to these nanomaterials, although no reports of actual adverse health effects in workers using or producing these nanomaterials were known as of 2013. Additional concerns include skin contact and ingestion exposure, and dust explosion hazards.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Elimination and substitution are the most desirable approaches to hazard control. While the nanomaterials themselves often cannot be eliminated or substituted with conventional materials, it may be possible to choose properties of the nanoparticle such as size, shape, functionalization, surface charge, solubility, agglomeration, and aggregation state to improve their toxicological properties while retaining the desired functionality. Handling procedures can also be improved, for example, using a nanomaterial slurry or suspension in a liquid solvent instead of a dry powder will reduce dust exposure. Engineering controls are physical changes to the workplace that isolate workers from hazards, mainly ventilation systems such as fume hoods, gloveboxes, biosafety cabinets, and vented balance enclosures. Administrative controls are changes to workers' behavior to mitigate a hazard, including training on best practices for safe handling, storage, and disposal of nanomaterials, proper awareness of hazards through labeling and warning signage, and encouraging a general safety culture. Personal protective equipment must be worn on the worker's body and is the least desirable option for controlling hazards. Personal protective equipment normally used for typical chemicals are also appropriate for nanomaterials, including long pants, long-sleeve shirts, and closed-toed shoes, and the use of safety gloves, goggles, and impervious laboratory coats. In some circumstances respirators may be used.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Exposure assessment is a set of methods used to monitor contaminant release and exposures to workers. These methods include personal sampling, where samplers are located in the personal breathing zone of the worker, often attached to a shirt collar to be as close to the nose and mouth as possible; and area/background sampling, where they are placed at static locations. The assessment should use both particle counters, which monitor the real-time quantity of nanomaterials and other background particles; and filter-based samples, which can be used to identify the nanomaterial, usually using electron microscopy and elemental analysis. As of 2016, quantitative occupational exposure limits have not been determined for most nanomaterials. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has determined non-regulatory recommended exposure limits for carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and ultrafine titanium dioxide. Agencies and organizations from other countries, including the British Standards Institute and the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Germany, have established OELs for some nanomaterials, and some companies have supplied OELs for their products.


title: Nanomaterials

text: Nanotechnology has been making headlines in the medical field, being responsible for biomedical imaging. The unique optical, magnetic and chemical properties of materials on the Nano scale has allowed the development of imaging probes with multi-functionality such as better contrast enhancement, better spatial information, controlled bio distribution, and multi-modal imaging across various scanning devices. These developments have had advantages such as being able to detect the location of tumors and inflammations, accurate assessment of disease progression, and personalized medicine.


title: Manjushri

text: Mañjuśrī (Sanskrit: मञ्जुश्री) is a "bodhisattva" associated with "prajñā" (wisdom) in Mahāyāna Buddhism. His name means "Gentle Glory" in Sanskrit. Mañjuśrī is also known by the fuller name of Mañjuśrīkumārabhūta (), literally "Mañjuśrī, Still a Youth" or, less literally, "Prince Mañjuśrī". Another name of Mañjuśrī is Mañjughoṣa.


title: Manjushri

text: It is claimed that Nurhaci, the founder of what would become the Qing dynasty of China, named his tribe Man (满) after Manjushri.


title: Manjushri

text: Scholars have identified Mañjuśrī as the oldest and most significant bodhisattva in Mahāyāna literature. Mañjuśrī is first referred to in early Mahāyāna sūtras such as the Prajñāpāramitā "sūtra"s and through this association, very early in the tradition he came to symbolize the embodiment of "prajñā" (transcendent wisdom). The "Lotus Sutra" assigns him a pure land called "Vimala", which according to the "Avatamsaka Sutra" is located in the East. His pure land is predicted to be one of the two best pure lands in all of existence in all the past, present, and future. When he attains Buddhahood his name will be Universal Sight. In the "Lotus Sūtra", Mañjuśrī also leads the Nagaraja's daughter to enlightenment. He also figures in the "Vimalakīrti Sūtra" in a debate with Vimalakīrti where he is presented as an Arhat who represents the wisdom of the Theravada tradition.


title: Manjushri

text: An example of a wisdom teaching of Mañjuśrī can be found in the "Saptaśatikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra" (Taishō Tripiṭaka 232). This "sūtra" contains a dialogue between Mañjuśrī and the Buddha on the One Samādhi (Skt. "Ekavyūha Samādhi"). Sheng-yen renders the following teaching of Mañjuśrī, for entering "samādhi" naturally through transcendent wisdom:


title: Manjushri

text: Within Vajrayāna Buddhism, Mañjuśrī is a meditational deity and considered a fully enlightened Buddha. In Shingon Buddhism, he is one of the Thirteen Buddhas to whom disciples devote themselves. He figures extensively in many esoteric texts such as the "Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa" and the "Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti". His consort in some traditions is Saraswati.


title: Manjushri

text: The "Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa", which later came to classified under Kriyātantra, states that "mantra"s taught in the Śaiva, Garuḍa, and Vaiṣṇava "tantra"s will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Mañjuśrī.


title: Manjushri

text: Mañjuśrī is depicted as a male bodhisattva wielding a flaming sword in his right hand, representing the realization of transcendent wisdom which cuts down ignorance and duality. The scripture supported by the padma (lotus) held in his left hand is a "Prajñāpāramitā sūtra", representing his attainment of ultimate realization from the blossoming of wisdom. Mañjuśrī is often depicted as riding on a blue lion or sitting on the skin of a lion. This represents the use of wisdom to tame the mind, which is compared to riding or subduing a ferocious lion.


title: Manjushri

text: In Chinese and Japanese Buddhist art, Mañjuśrī's sword is sometimes replaced with a "ruyi" scepter, especially in representations of his "Vimalakirti Sutra" discussion with the layman Vimalakirti. According to Berthold Laufer, the first Chinese representation of a "ruyi" was in an 8th-century Mañjuśrī painting by Wu Daozi, showing it held in his right hand taking the place of the usual sword. In subsequent Chinese and Japanese paintings of Buddhas, a "ruyi" was occasionally represented as a Padma with a long stem curved like a "ruyi".


title: Manjushri

text: He is one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas of Chinese Buddhism, the other three being Kṣitigarbha, Avalokiteśvara, and Samantabhadra. In China, he is often paired with Samantabhadra.


title: Manjushri

text: The Arapacana is a syllabary consisting of forty-two letters, and is named after the first five letters: "a, ra, pa, ca, na". This syllabary was most widely used for the Gāndhārī language with the Kharoṣṭhī script but also appears in some Sanskrit texts. The syllabary features in Mahāyāna texts such as the longer "Prajñāpāramitā" texts, the "Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra", the "Lalitavistara Sūtra", the "Avataṃsaka Sūtra", the "Dharmaguptaka Vinaya", and the "Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya". In some of these texts, the Arapacana syllabary serves as a mnemonic for important Mahāyāna concepts. Due to its association with him, "Arapacana" may even serve as an alternate name for Mañjuśrī.


title: Manjushri

text: Tibetan pronunciation is slightly different and so the Tibetan characters read: "" (). In Tibetan tradition, this mantra is believed to enhance wisdom and improve one's skills in debating, memory, writing, and other literary abilities. "" is the seed syllable of the mantra and is chanted with greater emphasis and also repeated a number of times as a decrescendo.


title: Manjushri

text: Mañjuśrī is known in China as "Wenshu" (). Mount Wutai in Shanxi, one of the four Sacred Mountains of China, is considered by Chinese Buddhists to be his bodhimaṇḍa. He was said to bestow spectacular visionary experiences to those on selected mountain peaks and caves there. In Mount Wutai's Foguang Temple, the Manjusri Hall to the right of its main hall was recognized to have been built in 1137 during the Jin dynasty. The hall was thoroughly studied, mapped and first photographed by early twentieth-century Chinese architects Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin. These made it a popular place of pilgrimage, but patriarchs including Linji Yixuan and Yunmen Wenyan declared the mountain off limits.