title: 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election

text: The Kurdistan Democratic Party, which ran independently rather than as part of a multi-party coalition list, won an updated preliminary total of 33 seats, making it Iraq's single largest political party.


title: 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election

text: The Alliance Towards Reforms won 73 seats, with the Progress Party winning 37, the State of Law Coalition winning 34, the Kurdistan Democratic Party with 32, the Fatah Alliance winning 17 seats, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan gaining 16 seats, the Azem Alliance with 12 seats, while the Emtidad Movement and the New Generation Movement received nine seats each, and political independents gained 40 seats.


title: 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election

text: As for the seats reserved for minorities, the Babylon Movement won 4 seats out of 5 reserved for Christians, while 1 seat was gained by an independent candidate. The Yazidi single seat was won by the Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress. Likewise, one seat each reserved for the Yezidi and Shabak communities were won by Nayef Khalaf Sido of the Yezidi Progress Party, and independent candidate Waad Mahmoud Ahmed respectively.


title: 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election

text: The United Nations Security Council issued a statement congratulating the people and Government of Iraq on the smooth conduct of a “technically sound election” and deploring related threats of violence. Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, Special Representative of United Nations, said the vote was generally peaceful and well-run. She added that “there is much for Iraqis to be proud of in this election.” She acknowledged that elections and their outcomes can provoke strong feelings, in Iraq or in any democracy across the globe and called for all groups to accept the outcome of the electoral process.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: After performing for several years in the Austin, Texas blues scene, the band won a recording contract with Takoma/Chrysalis Records and later signed with Epic Records. In 2011, they signed with Severn Records.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: Their first two albums were released in 1979 and 1980, with Kim Wilson's lead vocals and harmonica, Jimmie Vaughan as lead guitarist, and Keith Ferguson on bass guitar. Mike Buck was on drums for the first album but left the band and was replaced by Fran Christina on the second. Both albums initially sold through the small number printed (about 3000 units) and are now regarded as significant blues recordings. The Thunderbirds' blues style mixed Texas blues with the harmonica-laced swamp blues sounds of Slim Harpo and Lazy Lester—both of whom the Thunderbirds covered. The band's third album, "Butt-Rockin"', released in 1981, took the band closer to old rhythm and blues and added additional musicians playing piano and brass.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: Although the Fabulous Thunderbirds had become favorites of fellow musicians—opening shows for the likes of the Rolling Stones and Eric Clapton—and had been critically well-received, the band's records did not sell well. Chrysalis dropped the band following the release of "T-Bird Rhythm", leaving the band without a contract for four years. While still in limbo, the Fabulous Thunderbirds continued to play concerts across the U.S. During this time, bassist Keith Ferguson left the band and was replaced by Preston Hubbard, a former member of Roomful of Blues. Also during this time, the band was featured on the 1983 Carlos Santana album "Havana Moon". In 1985, the band finally landed another recording contract with Epic/Associated.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: The single "Tuff Enuff" was featured in the 1986 film "Gung Ho". It was also featured in the film "Tough Guys", as was the follow-up single, "Wrap It Up", which went to number 50 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. "Tuff Enuff" remains the band's only Top 40 hit, peaking at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The album "Tuff Enuff" went gold in several countries and was subsequently certified platinum in the United States, with sales of over one million. The band's music was also used in the 1987 movie "Hot Pursuit". The Vaughan–Wilson composition "Twist It Off" appears in the 1987 Michael J. Fox and Joan Jett film "Light of Day" and on the issued soundtrack. The band also appears in the film performing the song live. The Fabulous Thunderbirds' next album, "Hot Number", fell off the charts quickly. But following that, their recording of "Powerful Stuff" was a success, based in part on its inclusion in the 1988 film "Cocktail".


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: Jimmie Vaughan left the band in 1990 to record a long-awaited album with his brother Stevie Ray Vaughan, "Family Style". Following Stevie Ray's death in 1990, Jimmie pursued a full-time solo career.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: The band then embarked on a long series of lineup changes and albums throughout the 1990s. The Fabulous Thunderbirds replaced Vaughan with two guitarists, Duke Robillard and Kid Bangham. Long-time drummer Fran Christina left in 1996 and went on to join with Marcia Ball and later Doug Sahm's Last Real Texas Blues Band.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: Doug "Kid" Bangham left the band after three years to pursue a solo career and open the Carver School of Music and the Carver Institute of Rock in Carver, Massachusetts.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: In the early 1990s, Kim Wilson recorded a pair of solo albums while continuing to tour with the Fabulous Thunderbirds. In 1994, the band recorded its ninth album, "Roll of the Dice", which was released on Private Music in 1995. "High Water" followed in 1997, although this was actually a collaboration between Wilson and studio musicians Steve Jordan and Danny Kortchmar issued under the Fabulous Thunderbirds name.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: On the evening of February 16, 2000, the Fabulous Thunderbirds were the first band ever to be broadcast on the Internet using high-definition cameras. The companion DVD, "Invitation Only", is one of the first high-resolution multi-track recordings of a live concert event. The companion CD "Live!" was released in 2001.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: The band recorded "Painted On" in 2005, produced by Steve Berlin (of Los Lobos) and featuring Rachel Nagy of the Detroit Cobras on the track "Love Speaks Louder Than Words". Guitarist Nick Curran joined Wilson on vocals for "Two Time Fool".


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: In 2016, Kim Wilson announced that the Fabulous Thunderbirds for 2016 will be Steve Gomes on bass, Kevin Anker on keyboards, Wes Watkins on drums, with holdover Johnny Moeller on guitar. This lineup plus drummer Rob Stupka recorded the album "Strong Like That" released in August 2016.


title: The Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: Former bassist Preston Hubbard (born on March 15, 1953 in Providence, Rhode Island) was found dead at his home in St. Louis, Missouri, on August 17, 2016, at the age of 63. Former keyboardist, Gene Taylor died on February 20, 2021.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: Oscillococcinum (or Oscillo) is a homeopathic preparation marketed to relieve flu-like symptoms, although it does not provide any benefit beyond that of a placebo.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: Oscillococcinum is promoted according to the disproven homeopathic principle that "like cures like", and that a disease can be cured by small amounts of the substance that cause similar symptoms. Boiron is its sole manufacturer. Oscillococcinum is used in more than 50 countries, being particularly popular in France, and has been in production for over 65 years.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: Oscillococcinum was originally proposed by the French physician Joseph Roy, on the basis of his misidentification of a supposed oscillating bacterium he named "oscillococcus" in victims of the Spanish flu epidemic of 1917–1918. Roy said he had seen the same bacterium in cancer sufferers, and proposed a homeopathic preparation (which he claimed to have isolated in a duck) as a remedy for the Spanish flu. The microbes Roy said he saw have never been independently observed by any other researcher. In addition, it is now known that influenza is caused by a virus and not a bacterium.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: The preparation is derived from duck liver and heart, diluted to 200C—a ratio of one part duck offal to 10 parts water. Homeopaths claim that the molecules leave an "imprint" in the dilution that causes a healing effect on the body. There is no evidence that supports this mechanism or efficacy beyond placebo.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: The word "Oscillococcinum" was coined by the French physician Joseph Roy (1891–1978) in his 1925 book "Towards Knowledge and the Cure of Cancer". Roy wrote that while on military duty during the Spanish flu epidemic of 1917 he had observed an oscillating bacterium in the blood of flu victims, which he named "Oscillococcus".


title: Oscillococcinum

text: Roy subsequently claimed to have observed the microbe in the blood of patients that had viral diseases like herpes, chicken pox, and shingles. He thought it to be the causative agent of diseases as varied as eczema, rheumatism, tuberculosis, measles, and cancer. Roy searched for the "bacterium" in several animals until he felt that he had found it on the liver of a Long Island duckling. Believing he had also detected it in the blood of cancer patients, he tried a vaccine-like therapy on them, which was unsuccessful.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: The microbe has never been independently observed by another researcher, and it remains unclear what, if anything, Roy actually saw. Moreover, medical science has since disproved Roy's "universal germ" theory: rheumatism, for example, is not caused by bacteria, and measles is caused by a virus far too small for Roy to have observed in his optical microscope.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: The modern preparation is created from the heart and liver of Muscovy duck (see the preparation section for the details).


title: Oscillococcinum

text: In France, the selling of all products manufactured according to the Korsakovian principle of dilution was forbidden until 1992, with the exception of Oscillo, thanks to a special measure made for it. , Oscillococcinum was one of the top ten selling drugs in France, was publicised widely in the media, and was being prescribed for both flu and the common cold. , sales in the United States totalled US$15 million per year; Oscillo also sells widely in Europe.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: The 200CK indicates that the preparation entails a series of 200 dilutions of the starting ingredient, an extract from the heart and liver of a Muscovy duck. Each step entails a 1:100 dilution, where the first mixture contains 1% of the extract, the second contains 1% of the first mixture, etc. The K indicates that it is prepared by the Korsakovian method, in which rather than 1% of the preparation being measured out at each stage and then diluted, a single vessel is repeatedly emptied, refilled, and vigorously shaken (in homeopathic terminology "succussed"), and it is assumed that 1% remains in the vessel each time. The 200C dilution is so extreme that the final pill contains none of the original material.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: Oscillococcinum is generally considered harmless. When Boiron (the company that makes oscillococcinum) spokeswoman Gina Casey was asked if a product made from the heart and liver of a duck was safe, she replied: "Of course it is safe. There's nothing in it."


title: Oscillococcinum

text: There is no compelling scientific evidence that Oscillococcinum has any effect beyond placebo. None of its active ingredient is present in a dose of the final product, nor is there any credible evidence that duck liver is effective in relieving (or causing) flu symptoms in the first place. Homeopaths claim the diluted molecules leave an "imprint" in the remedy, but there is no known mechanism for how this could occur. Homeopathy as a whole is widely considered to be pseudoscience.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: As Robert L. Park, a critic of alternative medicine, explains, some of the characteristics of flu may suggest that Oscillococcinum works. Since the flu normally goes away on its own in a variable number of days, the natural course of the disease is a potential source of error in assessing the efficacy of any intervention: if one takes any medication, and then one's flu goes away, there is a tendency to attribute this to the medication even though the infection would have resolved anyway, which is an example of the informal fallacy "post hoc ergo propter hoc". Someone who gets over a mild strain of flu may attribute the mildness to the efficacy of the homeopathic preparation and not to the fact that it was a mild strain, and might recommend it to other people, spreading its popularity. Also, the most likely explanation for its effectiveness with flu symptoms is that patients are misdiagnosing the symptoms of several rhinovirus diseases or of allergies to several hundred substances, and attributing them to a flu infection that they do not have.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: A 2005 review of flu treatments (vaccine, medicine, homeopathy) concluded that the popularity of Oscillococcinum in France was unsupported by any evidence of efficacy. In a 2007 review, the effectiveness of non-mainstream remedies against seasonal flu could not be established beyond reasonable doubt, and the evidence was found to be sparse and limited by "small sample sizes, low methodological quality, or clinically irrelevant effect sizes", and that the results strengthened using conventional approaches for treating flu. A Cochrane review published in December 2015 found that there was insufficient evidence to make a conclusion about whether Oscillococcinum was useful for influenza.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: The non-profit educational organizations Center for Inquiry (CFI) and the associated Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) have petitioned the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), criticizing Boiron for misleading labeling and advertising of Oscillococcinum. "One petition complains that Boiron's packaging for Oscillococcinum lists the alleged active ingredient – duck liver and heart – in Latin only. Another petition complains that Boiron's web ad for this product implies that it has received FDA approval." Ronald Lindsay, CFI and CSI president and chief executive officer, contended that, "If Boiron is going to sell snake oil, the least they can do is use English on their labels."


title: Oscillococcinum

text: A class action lawsuit was filed against Boiron on behalf of "all California residents who purchased Oscillo at any time within the past four years". The lawsuit charged that Boiron "falsely advertises that Oscillo has the ability to cure the flu because it contains an active ingredient it claims is proven to get rid of flu symptoms in 48 hours". The lawsuit also stated that the listed active ingredient in Oscillococcinum (Oscillo) "is actually Muscovy Duck Liver and Heart ... and has no known medicinal quality." A settlement was reached, with Boiron denying any wrongdoing and agreeing to make several changes to its marketing of the product. These changes included adding to their packaging notices like "These 'Uses' have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration" and "C, K, CK, and X are homeopathic dilutions."


title: Oscillococcinum

text: Since 2011, at least two class action lawsuits on behalf of customers who purchased Oscillococcinum have been filed against Boiron in the United States, alleging that Boiron falsely advertises that Oscillo has the ability to cure the flu. A proposed settlement was reached in August 2012. While the settlement was challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by one class member who opposed the settlement, on February 24, 2015, the Ninth Circuit issued a decision upholding approval of the class action settlement.


title: Oscillococcinum

text: Boiron's legal threats against Samuele Riva for writing criticisms on his website were rebuffed by his web hosting company, and the debacle was described as producing a Streisand effect against Boiron.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: Comando Vermelho (, "Red Command" or "Red Commando"), also known as C.V. is a Brazilian criminal organization engaged primarily in drug trafficking, arms trafficking, protection racketeering, kidnappings-for-ransom, armored truck hijackings, loansharking, irregular warfare, narco-terrorism, and turf wars against rival criminal organizations, such as Primeiro Comando da Capital and Terceiro Comando Puro. The group, originally known as Falange Vermelha ("Red Phalanx"), was formed in 1979 as an alliance between ordinary convicts and leftist militants who were incarcerated together during the military dictatorship of 1964–1985. In the early 1980s, the group changed its name to "Comando Vermelho" and abandoned its far-left political ideology.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: Comando Vermelho controls parts of Rio de Janeiro and has fought several small-scale conflicts (in 2001 and 2004) with the rival gang Terceiro Comando which itself emerged from a power struggle amongst the leaders of Comando Vermelho during the mid-1980s.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: The organization is a collection of independent cells rather than having a strict hierarchy, however prominent bosses include Luiz Fernando da Costa and Isaias da Costa Rodrigues. The group calls leaders ""donos"" (Portuguese for "owners"), and has different donos in charge of different aspects of the gang's life. The Red Command "president" and "vice-president" positions are held by donos that are currently incarcerated. These incarcerated donos practice internal criminal governance as described by Lessing. In prison, the donos "rule prison life, settle internal faction disputes that occur outside of prison and make the final decision on any matters of mutual interest for faction affiliates."


title: Comando Vermelho

text: In late June 2007, Rio de Janeiro police launched a large-scale assault on the area where up to 24 people were killed. According to a study by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro's Violence Research Center, in 2008 the group controlled 38.8% of the city's most violent areas, down from 53% in 2005.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: The Comando continue to attract new Brazilian youth and bring them into their ranks. In addition to sponsoring groups like neighborhood associations and special interest clubs, and organizing sporting events, one of the most common ways in which the criminal organization is able to catch the youth's attention is through the popular musical style of funk, a form of Brazilian music derived from Miami Bass. Due to the genre's popularity with young Brazilians, the group "is known to have subsidized funk parties to recruit young kids for drug dealing".


title: Comando Vermelho

text: In addition to these funk parties ("bailes funk"), "where drugs and sex attract even bourgeois or petty-bourgeois youth", held regularly by the organization every Sunday, funk artists are also sponsored by the Comando Vermelho to record songs and even entire CDs that promote the group and eulogize the group's dead members. Because the Comando pays for the production and recording of the funk songs, they "are often well recorded and of a high technical quality, and are being played on pirate radio stations and sold by hundreds of street vendors in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo". Thus the funk artists that are in league with Comando Vermelho sometimes garner significant sales and airplay despite making a type of music that is Proibidão, or "extremely prohibited", in terms of where it can be sold and who can play it. In addition to promoting the crime group, the funk sponsored by the Comando also challenges the ideas and laws of the Division of the Repression Against Drugs.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: According to accounts recorded by investigative journalists, Red Commando's structure consists of a "loose" arrangement in which a syndicate of individual criminals are associated and united under a leadership command. Rather than a hierarchical organization, Red Commando has been described as a "network of independent actors."


title: Comando Vermelho

text: On the Global Organized Crime Index, Brazil has been given a "Criminality" score of 6.50 and ranks 22nd out of 193 countries and has been given a "Resilience" score of 5.04 and ranks 87th out of 193 countries. Higher Criminality scores are indicative of greater criminality conditions while higher Resilience scores are indicative of how well a country responds to organized crime.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: On 19 November 2016, a police helicopter of the Rio de Janeiro police was shot down by small arms fire during a clash with gang members of Comando Vermelho and crashed in a ditch. All four police officers onboard were killed.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: In June 2018, the Red Command launched attacks on a Bolivian Army base in Porvenir and a Brazilian police station in Epitaciolandia, in both instances stealing weapons and ammunition.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: Women's roles within Red Commando are not clearly defined, but by analyzing PCC, a similar group, women are observed as exercising positions of power and participating in gang justice and violence, challenging the misconception that women are only utilized in the lowest echelons. Traditionally, women in Brazilian gangs are assumed to possess little power and are thought to be connected only through close relationships for whom they serve to help with domestic duties, carrying messages, or smuggling drugs. However, women have been increasingly incorporated into the arrangement and enactment of crimes, revealing that women are able to rise to higher leadership positions and are willing to take part in the violence.


title: Comando Vermelho

text: Ross Kemp made a documentary about the Red Command (CV). The film "City of God" shows the early beginnings of Comando Vermelho. The DVD release of this movie contains an extra documentary "News of a Private War" which features interviews with the police and local children from the favelas (slums).


title: Comando Vermelho

text: The Brazilian crime film "400 contra 1", released in 2010, narrates a fictionalized history of the birth of the gang in the late 1970s.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: Suffocation is an American death metal band formed in 1988 in Centereach, New York, consisting of lead guitarist Terrance Hobbs, bassist Derek Boyer, rhythm guitarist Charlie Errigo, drummer Eric Morotti, and vocalist Ricky Myers. The band rose to prominence with the 1991 debut album "Effigy of the Forgotten", which became a blueprint for death metal in the 1990s. Since then, Suffocation has recorded a further seven albums. These feature growled vocals with downtuned guitars, fast and complex guitar riffs and drumming, open chord notes and occasional breakdowns.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: Suffocation was formed in 1988 in Long Island, New York, by vocalist Frank Mullen, guitarists Guy Marchais and Todd German, bassist Josh Barohn, and a drummer whose name hasn't been disclosed. By 1990, the band had hired guitarists Terrance Hobbs and Doug Cerrito along with drummer Mike Smith, who were members of a local band called Mortuary, which had already disbanded. The quintet was mainly influenced by fellow American death metal bands as well as the British band Napalm Death and Brazilian Sepultura. Smith commented on meeting Hobbs for the first time: "That's where I first noticed, 'Wow, there's another black guy playing this kind of stuff.'" They signed a contract with Relapse Records in 1990 alongside bands Incantation, and Deceased, becoming one of the first three bands to sign onto the newly founded label. The band's first EP, "Human Waste", was released through Relapse Records in 1991. The full-length debut album, "Effigy of the Forgotten", recorded by producer Scott Burns at Tampa's Morrisound Studios and released by Roadrunner Records the same year. In July 1991, Barohn was replaced by Chris Richards (ex Apparition/Sorrow), as the album became substantially influential in extreme metal music.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: After the following album, "Breeding the Spawn", was released in 1993, Smith left the band and was replaced by Doug Bohn. The 1995 release "Pierced from Within", which received better production than the previous release, was followed by extensive tours in Europe, Canada, Mexico and the United States. In 1998, Suffocation released the EP "Despise the Sun" via Vulture Records and disbanded soon after. The EP was re-released later in 2000 and 2002 by Relapse Records.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: Mullen and Hobbs reformed in 2003 with Smith, Marchais, and Barohn. After which, they hired bassist Derek Boyer of the bands Deeds of Flesh and Decrepit Birth to replace Barohn. In April 2004, Relapse Records released "Souls to Deny". After the band played more than 400 shows in the United States and Europe including the Wacken Festival in Germany, playing to over 33,000 fans, Suffocation released their self-titled album, "Suffocation", in 2006. In 2007, the band was featured in The History Channel's promotional video for "The Dark Ages" documentary, playing the song "Bind, Torture, Kill".


title: Suffocation (band)

text: In 2008, the band signed to the German Nuclear Blast Records and released their album "Blood Oath" in 2009. The album charted on the US "Billboard" 200 at number 135. In 2009, Relapse released the live album entitled "Close of a Chapter—Live in Québec City", that was previously self-released by the band in 2005. The release of a documentary film "Legacy of Violence" was set for 2010, but has since been delayed. In May 2010, Suffocation toured with Napalm Death in South America and Mexico. In February 2012, Smith left the band again, to be replaced by the returning Dave Culross.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: In 2012, the band was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame and released "Pinnacle of Bedlam" in February 2013. Since after the release of "Pinnacle of Bedlam" in 2013, vocalist Frank Mullen announced that he will retire from full-time touring with the band due to his new job. He has since been replaced by various live vocal stand ins, including Bill Robinson, John Gallagher, Kevin Muller, and, currently, Ricky Myers.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: In January 2015, Suffocation began making posts revealing that they were in the process of recording demos for a new album with a potential release date of late 2015. In April 2016, the ensemble toured with Soulfly, Abnormality, Battlecross and Lody Kong.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: The new album's name was revealed as "...Of the Dark Light" and was released on June 9, 2017. Later in 2017, Kevin Muller, who had previously been a touring member, joined the band full-time alongside longtime vocalist Frank Mullen leading the two to share vocal duties on the last album. He subsequently stepped down at the end of the year and was replaced by a returning Myers in 2018. On March 12, 2018, it was announced that Frank Mullen would do one more tour with Suffocation before officially retiring from the band. On January 15, 2019 it was announced that Mullen would return in June 2019 for a final tour of Japan.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: Suffocation is one of the earliest groups to redefine the death metal style that is recognized today. The band uses "outrageously guttural vocals with a bottom-heavy guitar foundation, blistering speed, unparalleled brutality and sophisticated sense of songwriting, complex time changes and lead and rhythm guitar acrobatics" and occasional slam riffs and breakdowns.


title: Suffocation (band)

text: With their debut album, "Effigy of the Forgotten", Suffocation rose to prominence of death metal and created a blueprint for the genre for the 1990s, retaining their style after the reunion in 2003. "Decibel Magazine" stated: ""Effigy of the Forgotten" was a benchmark for extreme music, as it sacrificed neither virtuosity or brutality, becoming a signpost for thousands who were still contemplating how to incorporate scalar runs, rapid-fire palm-muting and hummingbird-wing-quick picking into riffs, while opening up rhythmic dimensions and the scope of the blast beat."


title: Suffocation (band)

text: Blabbermouth.net described Suffocation as "American death metal's most consistent and punishing standard-bearers" and their style as "brutal death metal". According to AllMusic, Mullen is one of the best vocalists in death metal. "Decibel Magazine" stated: "One of Suffocation's trademarks, breakdowns, has spawned an entire metal subgenre: deathcore." Suffocation is also one of the pioneers of technical death metal.


title: Atlas Entertainment

text: Atlas Entertainment is an American film financing and production company, started by Charles Roven, Bob Cavallo and Dawn Steel in 1995.


title: Atlas Entertainment

text: In 1990, Charles Roven and partner Bob Cavallo formed Roven/Cavallo Entertainment. At the same time, wife Dawn Steel, who was formerly employee of Columbia Pictures formed Steel Pictures, and signed a deal with Walt Disney Studios to produce feature films.


title: Atlas Entertainment

text: In 1995, they merged Roven/Cavallo Entertainment with Steel Pictures to create a new entity Atlas Entertainment, and it signed an exclusive feature film deal with Turner Pictures.


title: Atlas Entertainment

text: In 1997, Bob Cavallo left Atlas Entertainment to join Walt Disney Studios. Later that year, Dawn Steel, a manager in the company died.


title: Atlas Entertainment

text: On July 29, 1999, Atlas Entertainment was merged with Gold/Miller Management to create Mosaic Media Group.


title: Atlas Entertainment

text: In 2008, Charles Roven split off their ties from Mosaic Media Group, and relaunched Atlas Entertainment with a first-look deal at Sony Pictures.


title: Atlas Entertainment

text: On May 6, 2014, Atlas promoted Curt Kanemoto from production executive to VP of production, joining Andy Horwitz and Jake Kurily, Topher Rhys-Lawrence from first assistant to creative executive, joining Rebecca Roven and Dan Wiedenhaupt, and promoted Patrick Blood from Atlas executive to VP of legal and business affairs. In December 2014, Atlas started its subsidiary, a management company called Atlas Artists, headed by Dave Fleming.


title: Atlas Entertainment

text: Charles Roven and Richard Suckle produced 2013 film "American Hustle," for which both producers were nominated for Academy Award for Best Picture. "12 Monkeys" episode “Mentally Divergent” was also nominated for Cinematography Awards. Atlas also produced the films "The Whole Truth" with Suckle, while "Warcraft" (release date June 10, 2016) and "" (release date March 25, 2016) with Roven. "Uncharted" was also produced by Atlas along with Arad Productions.


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: Starless and Bible Black is the sixth studio album by English progressive rock band King Crimson, released in March 1974 by Island Records in the United Kingdom and by Atlantic Records in the United States. It carries over most of the same lineup which appeared on the preceding album, "Larks' Tongues in Aspic", with only percussionist Jamie Muir not returning. In order to more faithfully capture the band's live energy, much of the material on this album was tracked in concert and edited together with studio recordings.


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: King Crimson's previous album, "Larks' Tongues in Aspic" (on which they had moved decisively away from a more traditional progressive rock sound drawing on American jazz, and towards the influence of European free improvisation), had been recorded by a quintet lineup of the band, including experimental percussionist Jamie Muir. Early in 1973, Muir abruptly left the band, ostensibly due to an onstage injury, but in fact due to an overwhelming spiritual need which led him to retreat from music and join a monastery (something which was not communicated to his bandmates at that time). The band's drummer, Bill Bruford, absorbed Muir's percussion role in addition to his own kit drumming, and the band continued to tour as a quartet.


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: These upheavals and the pressure of touring left King Crimson short of new written material when it came to the time to record their next album. Having increased their level of onstage improvisation during recent tours, the band opted to take advantage of this to solve the problem. New compositions tried out in concert and captured on several live recordings were presented as part of the new album material, alternating and in some cases blending with studio recordings.


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: The only songs recorded entirely in the studio were the first two tracks, "The Great Deceiver" and "Lament". "We'll Let You Know" was an entirely improvised piece recorded in Glasgow. "The Mincer" was another improvised piece, originally recorded in concert at the Volkshaus in Zürich but overdubbed with Wetton's vocals in the studio; The track was the edited-out middle section of a longer improvisation, in which the tape ran out mid-performance, with which "The Mincer" ends. The other parts were released on "The Great Deceiver" as "The Law of Maximum Distress, Parts One & Two". "Trio", "Starless and Bible Black" and "Fracture" (the last of which Robert Fripp has cited as one of the most difficult guitar pieces he has ever played) were recorded live at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. Also recorded at the Concertgebouw was the introduction to "The Night Watch" (the band's Mellotron broke down at the start of the next section, meaning that the remainder of the song needed to be recorded in the studio and dubbed in later). In all cases, live applause was removed from the recordings wherever possible (although the remains of it can be heard by an attentive listener). The complete Amsterdam Concertgebouw concert was eventually released by the band in 1997 as "The Night Watch".


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: "Trio" was notable for being a quartet piece with only three active players – John Wetton on bass guitar, David Cross on viola and Robert Fripp on "flute" Mellotron. Bruford spent the entire piece with his drumsticks crossed over his chest, waiting for the right moment to join in but eventually realized that the improvised piece was progressing better without him. His decision not to add any percussion was seen by the rest of the band as a crucial choice, and he received co-writing credit for the piece. "Trio" was later included on the 1975 compilation album "A Young Person's Guide to King Crimson", the performance credits of which cite Bruford's contribution to the piece as having been "admirable restraint."


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: A sequel or related piece to "Fracture" was released by a different King Crimson lineup in 2000 on "The ConstruKction of Light", titled "FraKctured".


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: Only four tracks on the album have lyrics. As had been the case with "Larks' Tongues in Aspic", these were written by John Wetton's friend Richard Palmer-James (the former Supertramp guitarist who'd left the band after its first, self-titled album). "The Great Deceiver" refers to The Devil and is an ironic commentary on commercialism (Fripp contributed the line "cigarettes, ice cream, figurines of the Virgin Mary" after seeing souvenirs being marketed in Vatican City). "Lament" is about fame. "The Night Watch" is a short essay on Rembrandt's painting of the same name, describing the painting as an observer sees it and attempting to understand the subjects. "The Mincer" has more ambiguous lyrics, though lines such as "fingers reaching, linger shrieking", "you're all alone, baby's breathing", and the song's title could be references to a home invader or killer. Original issues of the album include the lyrics to "The Great Deceiver," "Lament" and "The Night Watch" on the album's inner sleeve.


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: The phrase "Starless and Bible Black" is a quotation from the first two lines of poet Dylan Thomas's play, "Under Milk Wood". The band's next album, "Red", contains a song called "Starless", which contains the phrase "Starless and bible black", whereas "Starless and Bible Black" is an improvised instrumental. The title track on both the album and the compact disc is an edit of the original Amsterdam improvisation as performed at the Concertgebouw, which presumably ran several minutes longer (as improvisations of this tour often did). (The sleeve notes included with the CDs indicate that it was cut short for the 1973 album "due to the constraints of vinyl"). All currently-available master tapes contain the 9:11 version.


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: The album art is by painter Tom Phillips. The phrase "this night wounds time", which appears on the back cover, is a quotation from Phillips's signature work, the "treated Victorian novel" "A Humument" (p. 222).


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: "Rolling Stone" called the album "as stunningly powerful as "In the Court of the Crimson King"", praising Bruford's mastery of his percussive style and the successful integration of David Cross's violin and viola as a counter-soloist to Fripp. They found the album's variety of tones and lengthy instrumental improvisations particularly impressive, and concluded, "Fripp has finally assembled the band of his dreams – hopefully it'll stay together long enough to continue producing albums as excellent as this one."


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: AllMusic also praised the album's variety of tones in their retrospective review, and remarked that the album's second side "threw the group's hardest sounds right in the face of the listener, and gained some converts in the process." Robert Christgau's review was more ambiguous, deeming it "as close as this chronically interesting group has ever come to a good album", though he would eventually give higher ratings to "Red" and "USA".


title: Starless and Bible Black

text: The Japanese band Acid Mothers Temple recorded an album entitled "Starless and Bible Black Sabbath" in 2006 as a double homage to "Starless and Bible Black" and Black Sabbath's self-titled album.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: The Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) is a payment-integration initiative of the European Union for simplification of bank transfers denominated in euro. , there were 36 members in SEPA, consisting of the 27 member states of the European Union, the four member states of the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland), and the United Kingdom. Some microstates participate in the technical schemes: Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: SEPA covers predominantly normal bank transfers. Payment methods which have additional optional features or services, such as mobile phone or smart card payment systems, are not directly covered. However, the instant SEPA payment scheme facilitates payment products also on smart devices.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: The aim of SEPA is to improve the efficiency of cross-border payments and turn the previously fragmented national markets for euro payments into a single domestic one. SEPA enables customers to make cashless euro payments to any account located anywhere in the area, using a single bank account and a single set of payment instruments. People who have a bank account in a eurozone country can use it to receive salaries and make payments all over the eurozone, for example when they take a job in a new country.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: The project includes the development of common financial instruments, standards, procedures, and infrastructure to enable economies of scale. This should, in turn, reduce the overall cost to the European economy of moving capital around the region (estimated as 2-3% of total GDP).


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: SEPA does not cover payments in currencies other than the euro. This means that domestic payments in SEPA countries not using the euro will continue to use local schemes, but cross-border payments will use SEPA and the euro with eurozone countries to a high degree.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: The Nordic countries (other than Finland) do not use the euro and have no plans to adopt the euro. These four countries (Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland) started initiatives during 2017-2019 for simpler, faster, and cheaper cross-border payments between one another.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: SEPA Credit Transfer ("SCT") allows for the transfer of funds from one bank account to another. SEPA clearing rules require that payments made before the cutoff point on a working day be credited to the recipient's account by the next working day.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: SEPA Instant Credit Transfer ("SCT Inst"), also called SEPA Instant Payment, provides for instant crediting of a payee, the delay being less than ten seconds, initially, with a maximum of twenty seconds in exceptional circumstances. This scheme was launched in November 2017, and was at that time operational for end customers in eight euro zone countries, and is expected soon to be available in most euro zone countries and potentially in all SEPA countries.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: Direct debit functionality is provided by two separate schemes. The basic scheme, "Core SDD", is primarily targeted at consumers and was launched on 2 November 2009. Banks offering SEPA payments are obliged to participate in this scheme. A second scheme, "B2B SDD", is targeted towards business users. Banks offering SEPA payments are not obliged to participate in this scheme (participation is optional). Among the differences with respect to "Core SDD":


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: All parts of a country are normally part of SEPA. However, the following countries have special territories which are not part of SEPA:


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: Jurisdictions using the euro that are not in SEPA: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Kosovo, and Montenegro.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: Jurisdictions in Europe not formally belonging to SEPA normally use SEPA schemes anyway for international euro payments, especially to or from the eurozone, with exceptions such as fees charged and BIC required.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: SEPA guarantees that euro payments are received within a guaranteed time, and banks are not allowed to make any deductions of the amount transferred, introduced by a regulation in 2001. Banks and payment institutions still have the option of charging a credit-transfer fee of their choice for euro transfers if it is charged uniformly to all EEA participants, banks or payment institutions, domestic or foreign. This is relevant for countries which do not use the euro; where domestic transfers in euros by consumers are uncommon, and inflated fees for euro transfers might be charged in these states. Sweden and Denmark have legislated that euro transfers shall be charged the same as transfers in their own currency; which has the effect of giving free euro ATM withdrawals, but charges for ATM withdrawals in other currencies used in the EU.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: In regulation (EC) 924/2009 (the Cross-border Payments Regulation), the European Parliament mandated that charges in respect of cross-border payments in euros (of up to EUR 50,000) between EU member states shall be the same as the charges for corresponding payments within the member state. However, the EU Regulation does not apply to all SEPA countries; the most significant difference is the inclusion of Switzerland in SEPA but not the EU. The rule of the same price applies even if the transaction is sent as an international transaction instead of a SEPA transaction (common before 2008, or if any involved bank does not support SEPA transactions). Regulation 924/2009 does not regulate charges for currency conversion so charges for non-euro transactions can still be applied (if not banned by national law).


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: For direct debits, the first milestone was missed due to a delay in the implementation of enabling legislation (the Payment Services Directive or PSD) in the European Parliament. Direct debits became available in November 2009, which put time pressure on the second milestone.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: The European Commission has established the legal foundation through the PSD. The commercial and technical frameworks for payment instruments were developed by the European Payments Council (EPC), made up of European banks. The EPC is committed to delivering three pan-European payment instruments:


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: To provide end-to-end automated direct payment processing for SEPA-clearing, the EPC committed to delivering technical validation subsets of ISO 20022. Whereas bank-to-bank messages (pacs) are mandatory for use, customer-to-bank payment initialization (PAIN) message types are not; however, they are strongly recommended. Because there is room for interpretation, it is expected that several PAIN specifications will be published in SEPA countries.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: Businesses, merchants, consumers and governments are also interested in the development of SEPA. The European Associations of Corporate Treasurers (EACT), TWIST, the European Central Bank, the European Commission, the European Payments Council, the European Automated Clearing House Association (EACHA), payments processors and pan-European banking associations – European Banking Federation (EBF), European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB) and the European Savings Banks Group (ESBG) – are playing an active role in defining the services which SEPA will deliver.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: Since January 2008, banks have been switching customers to the new payment instruments. By 2010, the majority were expected to be on the SEPA framework. As a result, banks throughout the SEPA area (not just the Eurozone) need to invest in technology with the capacity to support SEPA payment instruments.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: SEPA clearance is based on the International Bank Account Numbers (IBAN). Domestic euro transactions are routed by IBAN; earlier national-designation schemes were abolished by February 2014, providing uniform access to the new payment instruments. Since February 2016 Eurozone payment system users no longer require BIC sorting information for SEPA transactions; it is automatically derived from the IBAN for all banks in the SEPA area.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: An instant 24/7/365 payment scheme named SCT Inst went live on 21 November 2017 allowing instant payment 24 hours a day and 365 days a year.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: The participating banks will handle the user interface and security, like for existing SEPA payments, e.g. web sites and mobile apps.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: As of August 2014, 99.4% of credit transfers, 99.9% of direct debit, and 79.2% of card payments have been migrated to SEPA in the euro area.


title: Single Euro Payments Area

text: In October 2010, the European Central Bank published its seventh progress report on SEPA. The European Central Bank regards SEPA as an essential element to advance the usability and maturity of the euro.


title: Baseball bat

text: A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal club used in the sport of baseball to hit the ball after it is thrown by the pitcher. By regulation it may be no more than in diameter at the thickest part and no more than in length. Although historically bats approaching were swung, today bats of are common, topping out at to .


title: Baseball bat

text: A baseball bat is divided into several regions. The "barrel" is the thick part of the bat, where it is meant to hit the ball. The part of the barrel best for hitting the ball, according to construction and swinging style, is often called the "sweet spot." The end of the barrel is called the "top," "end," or "cap" of the bat. Opposite the cap, the barrel narrows until it meets the "handle," which is comparatively thin, so that batters can comfortably grip the bat in their hands. Sometimes, especially on metal bats, the handle is wrapped with a rubber or tape "grip". Finally, below the handle is the "knob" of the bat, a wider piece that keeps the bat from slipping from a batter's hands.


title: Baseball bat

text: "Lumber" is an often-used slang term for a bat, especially when wielded by a particularly able batter.


title: Baseball bat

text: The "bat drop" of a bat is its weight, in ounces, minus its length, in inches. For example, a 30-ounce, 33-inch-long bat has a bat drop of minus 3 (30 − 33 = −3). Larger bat drops help to increase swing speed; smaller drops create more power.


title: Baseball bat

text: The bat's form has become more refined over time. In the mid-19th century, baseball batters were known to shape or whittle their own bats by hand, which resulted in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and weights. For example, there were flat bats, round bats, short bats, and fat bats. Earlier bats were known to be much heavier and larger than today's regulated ones. During the 19th century, many shapes were experimented with, as well as handle designs. Today, bats are much more uniform in design.


title: Baseball bat

text: Baseball bats are made of either hardwood or a metal alloy (typically aluminum). Most wooden bats are made from ash; other woods include maple, hickory, and bamboo. Hickory has fallen into disfavor over its greater weight, which slows down bat speed, while maple bats gained popularity following the introduction of the first major league sanctioned model in 1997. The first player to use one was Joe Carter of the Toronto Blue Jays. Barry Bonds used maple bats the seasons he broke baseball's single-season home run record in 2001, and the career home run record in 2007. In 2010, the increased tendency of maple bats to shatter caused Major League Baseball to examine their use, banning some models in minor league play.


title: Baseball bat

text: To reduce chance of fracture, and maybe deliver more energy to the ball, a bat is intended to be held so the label faces sky or ground when it strikes the ball during a horizontal swing. In this orientation, the bat is considered stiffer and less likely to break.


title: Baseball bat

text: Different types of wood will fracture differently. For bats made of ash, labels will generally be where the grain spacing is widest. For maple bats they will usually be positioned where grain is tightest.


title: Baseball bat

text: Maple bats in particular were once known (circa 2008) to potentially shatter in a way that resulted in many sharp edges, sometimes creating more dangerous projectiles when Maple bat manufacture evolved significantly, in cooperation with Major League Baseball, paying special attention to grain slope, and including an ink spot test to confirm safest wood grain orientation.


title: Baseball bat

text: Based on consistent anecdotal reports of sales at sporting goods stores, maple appears to be displacing ash as most popular new baseball bat material in the United States. Next and rising in popularity is bamboo, which has more isotropic fine grain, great strength, and less weight for a bat of any given size.


title: Baseball bat

text: Within league standards there is ample latitude for individual variation, many batters settling on their own bat profile, or one used by a successful batter. Formerly, bats were hand-turned from a template with precise calibration points; today they are machine-turned to a fixed metal template. Historically significant templates may be kept in a bat manufacturers' vault; for example, Babe Ruth's template, which became popular among major-league players, is "R43" in the Louisville Slugger archives. Ruth favored a thinner handle than was the norm in the 1920s, and his success caused most to follow.


title: Baseball bat

text: Once the basic bat has been turned, it has the manufacturer's name, the serial number, and often the signature of the player endorsing it branded into it opposite the wood's best side. Honus Wagner was the first player to endorse and sign a bat. Next, most bats are given a rounded head, but some 30% of players prefer a "cup-balanced" head, in which a cup-shaped recess is made in the head, introduced to the major leagues in the early 1970s by José Cardenal; this lightens the bat and moves its center of gravity toward the handle. Finally, the bat is stained in one of several standard colors, including natural, red, black, and two-tone blue and white.


title: Baseball bat

text: The emerald ash borer, an exotic beetle imported accidentally from Asia, has killed more than 50 million white ash trees in the eastern United States and now threatens groves in New York's Adirondack Mountains that are used to make baseball Global temperature rise likely allows the beetle to survive in what was once too cold


title: Baseball bat

text: The bat shall be a smooth, round stick not more than 2.61 inches in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches in length. The bat shall be one piece of solid wood.


title: Baseball bat

text: Bats are not allowed to be hollowed or corked—that is, filled with an alien substance such as cork which reduces the weight. This corking is thought to increase bat speed without greatly reducing hitting power, though this idea was challenged as unlikely on the Discovery Channel series "MythBusters".


title: Baseball bat

text: Both wooden and metal alloy (generally aluminum) bats are generally permitted in amateur baseball. Metal alloy bats are generally regarded as being capable of hitting a ball faster and farther with the same power. However, increasing numbers of "wooden bat leagues" have emerged in recent years, reflecting a trend back to wood over safety concerns and, in the case of collegiate summer baseball wood-bat leagues, to better prepare players for the professional leagues that require wood bats. Metal alloy bats can send a ball towards an unprotected pitcher's head up to away at a velocity far too high for the pitcher to get out of the way in time. Some amateur baseball organizations enforce bat manufacturing and testing standards which attempt to limit maximum ball speed for wood and non-wood bats.


title: Baseball bat

text: In some 12-year-old-and-under youth leagues (such as Little League baseball), the bat may not be more than in diameter. However, in many other leagues (like PONY League Baseball, and Cal Ripken League Baseball), the bat may not be more than in diameter.


title: Baseball bat

text: There are limitations to how much and where a baseball player may apply pine tar to a baseball bat. According to Rule 1.10(c) of the Major League Baseball Rulebook, it is not allowed more than 18 inches up from the bottom handle. An infamous example of the rule in execution is the Pine Tar Incident on July 24, 1983. Rules 1.10 and 6.06 were later changed to reflect the intent of Major League Baseball, as exemplified by the league president's ruling. Rule 1.10 now only requires that the bat be removed from the game if discovered after being used in a game; it no longer necessitates any change to the results of any play which may have taken place. Rule 6.06 refers only to bats that are "altered or tampered with in such a way to improve the distance factor or cause an unusual reaction on the baseball. This includes, bats that are filled, flat-surfaced, nailed, hollowed, grooved or covered with a substance such as paraffin, wax, etc." It no longer makes any mention of an "illegally batted ball". In 2001, MLB approved the use of Gorilla Gold Grip Enhancer in major and minor league games as an alternative to pine tar.


title: Baseball bat

text: Players can be very particular about their bats. Ted Williams cleaned his bats with alcohol every night and periodically took them to the post office to weigh them. "Bats pick up condensation and dirt lying around on the ground," he wrote, "They can gain an ounce or more in a surprisingly short time." Ichiro Suzuki also took great care that his bats did not accumulate moisture and thus gain weight: he stored his bats in humidors, one in the club house and another, a portable one, for the road. Rod Carew fought moisture by storing his bats in a box full of sawdust in the warmest part of his house. "The sawdust acts as a buffer between the bats and the environment," he explained, "absorbing any moisture before it can seep into the wood."


title: Baseball bat

text: Many players "bone" their bats, meaning that before games, they rub their bats repeatedly with a hard object, believing this closes the pores on the wood and hardens the bat. Animal bones are a popular boning material, but rolling pins, soda bottles and the edge of a porcelain sink have also been used. Pete Rose had his own way of hardening his bats: he soaked them in a tub of motor oil in his basement then hung them up to dry.


title: Baseball bat

text: A fungo bat is a specially designed bat used by baseball and softball coaches for practice. The etymology of the word "fungo" () is uncertain, but the "Oxford English Dictionary" suggests it is derived from the Scots "fung": "to pitch, toss, or fling". A fungo is longer and lighter than a regulation bat, with a smaller diameter. The bat is designed to hit balls tossed up in the air by the batter, not pitched balls. Typical fungo bats are long and weigh . Coaches hit many balls during fielding practice, and the weight and length allow the coach to hit balls repeatedly with high accuracy. The small diameter also allows coaches to easily hit pop-ups to catchers and infielders along with ground balls due to better control of the barrel of the bat.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The tennis rivalry between Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer is considered one of the greatest rivalries in men's tennis history and is one of the most prolific in the Open era, second only to the Djokovic–Nadal rivalry.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Djokovic and Federer faced each other 50 times, with Djokovic leading the head-to-head record 27–23, including 13–6 in finals. They played 17 matches at majors with Djokovic leading 11–6, five which were in finals and a record 11 in the semifinals. Djokovic is the only player to defeat Federer at all four majors, and likewise Federer is the only player to defeat Djokovic at each one.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The rivalry started in 2006 with Federer winning the first four meetings, but following Djokovic's first win at the 2007 Canadian Open, the rivalry became mostly even through to its conclusion in 2020. Their matches showcased an unpredictable display of shot-making. In most rivalries, the type of playing surface generally has a profound effect on the outcome; however, this rivalry was unusually even across different surfaces and conditions. As such, Djokovic and Federer contested many acclaimed matches over the years, the most prominent being the 2019 Wimbledon final, the longest final in Wimbledon history, in which Djokovic triumphed. Other notable matches they contested are the 2014 Wimbledon and 2015 Wimbledon finals, along with semifinals at the 2010 US Open, 2011 US Open, 2011 French Open, and 2018 Paris Masters.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Djokovic and Federer have played five times at the Australian Open, with Djokovic winning four times and Federer winning once. The first time they met at a major was in the fourth round of the 2007 Australian Open, where Federer won in straight sets. Federer went on to win without losing a set in the tournament to claim his tenth Grand Slam title. The next year, they met in a rematch at the 2008 Australian Open semifinals, where Djokovic won in straight sets to reach his second Grand Slam final. It was the first time in nearly four years that someone defeated Federer in straight sets at a Grand Slam. Djokovic proceeded to win his first career major over Tsonga in the final.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Three years later they met again in the semifinals of the 2011 Australian Open. The match was highly competitive, lasting for three hours despite being a straight sets match. Djokovic took the first set in a tight tiebreaker. In the second set, Federer held a substantial lead before Djokovic made a comeback, winning five games in a row to claim the set. Djokovic won after closing out the match in the third set. Djokovic defeated Andy Murray in the final to win his second Australian Open title. Djokovic and Federer met once again in the semifinals of the 2016 Australian Open. Djokovic easily won the first two sets but Federer rallied to win the third. Djokovic, however, broke Federer in the eighth game of the fourth set and then held to win the match and move on to the final. Djokovic again went on to defeat Murray in the final to win the tournament. Djokovic defeated Federer in straight sets in their most recent meeting in the semifinals of the 2020 Australian Open. In each of their five meetings, the winner of the match went on to win the tournament.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The pair have had two meetings at Roland Garros thus far, with both occurring at the semifinal stage. The first was at the 2011 French Open. Djokovic entered the tournament with a 43-match winning streak and was the sensation of the season. In the match, Federer won the opening set in a tiebreak and then claimed the second set to gain a substantial lead. Djokovic took the third set and was serving for the fourth set, but Federer came back to win it in a tiebreak closing out the match in four sets. The win ended Djokovic's winning streak as well as his 41–0 start to the 2011 season. As a result, Federer advanced to his fifth French Open final where he lost to Nadal, for the fourth time in the final and fifth time overall. Federer's win also saved John McEnroe's record of 42 consecutive match wins to start the 1984 season. The victory further elevated Federer's head-to-head record against Djokovic to 14–9 and 3–1 on clay.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: In a rematch the next year, Federer and Djokovic met in the French Open semifinal which saw Djokovic prevail in straight sets and even up their clay record at 3–3. With the win, Djokovic advanced to his first French Open final, where, like Federer the previous year, he lost to Rafael Nadal in four sets.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Djokovic and Federer have met four times in the Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic having 3 victories, all in finals, and Federer 1, in a semifinal. Their first meeting was in the semifinal of the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, with Federer winning in four sets to advance to his eighth Wimbledon final. With the win, Federer also became the first player to defeat Djokovic at all four of the Majors. Federer then won the final over Andy Murray to win his seventh Wimbledon title, reclaiming the world number 1 ranking from Djokovic, which enabled Federer to subsequently break Pete Sampras' record of 286 weeks of being ranked as the world number 1. In 2021 Federer's record was broken by Djokovic.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Their next meeting was in the final of the Championships in 2014, which was their second meeting in a Major final. At 3 hours and 56 minutes the match was also their longest encounter until that time. It was a close contest, with Federer winning the first set in a tiebreaker and Djokovic winning the next two, one in a tiebreaker. Federer saved a championship point in the fourth set before he came back to win the set 7–5 to force a fifth set. Djokovic took the fifth set 6–4 to win his second Wimbledon title. With the win, Djokovic prevented Federer from winning a record eight Wimbledon title, as at the time Federer and Pete Sampras jointly held the record of seven titles (Federer did eventually win his eighth in 2017). Djokovic further became the first man to defeat Federer in all four of the Grand Slams.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The two met again in the 2015 Wimbledon final with Djokovic defeating Federer once again, this time in 4 sets, two of which went to tiebreakers.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The 2019 final was their third encounter on Centre Court for the final of the Championships and their fourth match overall in this tournament. Most analysts felt Federer outplayed Djokovic for most of the match (Djokovic stated "Federer was the better player for most of the match") but due to Djokovic winning points at critical moments, namely during the first, third and fifth set tiebreakers, Djokovic was able to win the five-set match. In those three tiebreaks, Djokovic did not make any unforced errors whereas Federer made 11. In the 2-hour-and-2-minute fifth set Djokovic broke Federer's serve in the sixth game to take a 4–2 lead but Federer broke back the next game. Federer later broke Djokovic to take an 8–7 lead and with two aces held a 40–15 lead in the next game and was within one point of becoming, at 37 and 11 months, the oldest man to win a Grand Slam. However, Djokovic saved the two championship points, eventually taking the set 13–12 in the first fifth-set tiebreak in a Wimbledon match (in the first year of the new rule calling for a tiebreak at 12–12). At 4 hours and 57 minutes, the match was their longest encounter in any tournament and the longest Wimbledon final in history. The match has been described as containing "insanely gripping drama" and being both mesmerizing and "mesmerizingly strange" with Djokovic referring to his win as "unreal".


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The two players have played six times at the US Open with the series tied at 3–3. Djokovic played Federer in his first Major final at the 2007 US Open. Djokovic began strongly in the final and broke Federer in the eleventh game of the first set. With Djokovic serving for the set, Federer saved five set points to come back and claim the first set in a tiebreak. Djokovic quickly gained a break lead in the second set, but was unable to serve it out as Federer came back again, saving two set points to force the set to a tiebreak which he claimed as well. In the third set, Federer was able to stay ahead on serve. He closed out the match in the tenth game by breaking Djokovic's serve to win the contest in straight sets.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The two subsequently played each other for five consecutive years at the US Open. After the first meeting that took place in the final, the next four meetings all occurred in the semifinals. The next year in 2008, Federer again defeated Djokovic in a four-set semifinal on his way to winning the US Open for the fifth straight time. In 2009, Federer won the semifinal match in straight sets, hitting a memorable tweener shot to set up match point. It was Federer's 40th straight win at the venue as he advanced to his sixth straight US Open final.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Their next two meetings at the tournament in 2010 and 2011 were five-set matches. Both were won by Djokovic and on both occasions he saved double match points. In the fifth set of the 2010 semifinal, Federer led 5–4 and had two match points on Djokovic's serve but Djokovic saved them hitting two forehand winners. Djokovic held, broke Federer's serve, and then held again to win the match 7–5. Djokovic was in disbelief that he'd won, putting an end to Federer's run of six straight US Open finals. "To be honest, I was just closing my eyes and hitting forehands as fast as I can on match point. If it goes in, it goes in. If it goes out, just another loss to Federer in the US Open," Djokovic stated. "It was just a couple of points that decided the match. I managed to come back. I was very lucky."


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: In the 2011 semifinal, Federer started the match strongly as he took the opening set in a tiebreak and won the second set comfortably. Djokovic won the next set, and claimed the fourth set as well to come back and force the match into a deciding fifth set. Federer recovered to gain a 5–3 lead and had double match points on his own serve. Djokovic saved the first match point with a memorable return winner and went on to win four games in a row to win the match once again by the same score of 7–5 in the fifth. "Sure, it's disappointing, but I have only myself to blame," said Federer. "I set it all up perfect, but I couldn't finish it. It was a tough year in terms of some tough losses at some crucial stages of the season but look, it's not the first time it's happened." Both years, Djokovic went on to play Rafael Nadal in the final, losing to him in 2010 before defeating him in 2011 to win his first US Open title.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The two then played in the 2015 US Open Final. Djokovic exemplified his development into the world's best player with a thrilling 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4 victory.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Djokovic has won 21 Grand Slam titles to Federer's 20. Djokovic has the all-time record of 12 hardcourt Grand Slam titles (Australian Open and US Open), one more than Federer. Federer has the all-time Wimbledon record of 8 titles, one more than Djokovic.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Federer and Djokovic have also met twenty times in ATP Masters tournaments, with fourteen of the meetings taking place on hardcourt and six on clay. Federer and Djokovic have met in every Masters event on hard court: Indian Wells, Miami, Montreal, Toronto, Cincinnati, Shanghai, and Paris. On clay, they've met in Monte Carlo and Rome, but have never played each other in Madrid. The majority of their matches have taken place at the semifinal stage with eleven meetings, eight of their Masters meetings have been in a final. Their first ever career meeting came in 2006 in the first round of Monte Carlo where Federer won in three sets. Next year, they played their first career and Masters final in the Canadian Open final, where Djokovic prevailed in three sets.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Djokovic has also beaten Federer three times in Rome, a tournament that Federer has never won. In addition to Rome, Federer has never won Monte Carlo but has defeated Djokovic there in 2006, 2008, and 2014.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Federer and Djokovic met in the semifinals of Miami in 2009. Federer won the opening set but lost the second set. Federer fell behind 0–2 in the third set and then proceeded to smash his racquet after netting another forehand. It was the first time in seven years that Federer had destroyed a racquet. The crowd got behind Federer but Djokovic went on to win and advance to the final. The defeat prompted Federer to say in the press conference after the match "It was unfortunate but thank God the hardcourt season is over. I don't care any more. I'm moving over to clay, a new chapter." Federer again lost to Djokovic in three sets in Rome. Later in the year when the hard court season began again, they met in their first Cincinnati final where Federer defeated Djokovic in straight sets to win his third Cincinnati title.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: In 2010, Federer beat Djokovic in the Toronto semifinals but went on to lose the final to Andy Murray. Later in the year, Federer beat Djokovic again in the Shanghai semifinals but lost the final to Andy Murray in similar fashion, missing his chance to win his first title in Shanghai. In 2011, Djokovic and Federer met in the semis of Indian Wells where Djokovic won in three sets and went on to win the title over Rafael Nadal. In 2012, Djokovic beat Federer in the Rome semifinals but lost the final to Nadal. They met again in the Cincinnati final where Federer beat Djokovic in straight sets to win Cincinnati for the fifth time. It was the first bagel set in the rivalry which saw Djokovic's record in Cincinnati finals fall to 0–4.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: They next met again in the Paris Bercy semifinals in 2013 where Djokovic beat Federer en route to winning the title over David Ferrer. In 2014, Djokovic defeated Federer again in an Indian Wells rematch, this time in the final in a third set tiebreak. Federer was down a break in the third set and made a comeback, but Djokovic hung on to win it in a tiebreaker. Later in the year Federer played a flawless match against Djokovic in the Shanghai semifinals and beat him in straight sets. Federer's win put an end to Djokovic's 28-match streak of winning matches played in China that began at the China Open in 2012 and lasted for just over two years. This time, Federer went on to win his first title in Shanghai as he defeated Gilles Simon in the final. In the 2015 Italian Open final, Federer had one last chance to capture the Rome Masters but Djokovic denied him in straight sets, achieving his 4th Italian Open title and going one ahead of Federer with his 24th ATP Masters crown. Federer would get back at Djokovic in the 2015 Cincinnati final, beating him in straight sets to win his 7th Cincinnati title.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: In 2018 they met again in the final at Cincinnati, with Djokovic prevailing in straight sets this time, becoming the first player to achieve the career Golden Masters – that is, winning all nine ATP Masters events, which he has done twice. Later that year, they played their longest best-of-three match in the semi-finals of Paris Bercy lasting 3 hours and 2 minutes, with Djokovic prevailing in three sets decided with a 7–3 third-set tiebreak.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Djokovic has won a record 38 Masters titles and Federer has won 28. Both of Djokovic and Federer sit one-two on the list of players who have won the most Masters titles on hard courts in the Open Era with Djokovic at 27 and Federer at 22.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The pair have met six times at the ATP Finals. Federer defeated Djokovic in the 2010 semifinals on the way to winning his fifth title at the Year-End Championship. In 2012, Federer and Djokovic were drawn into opposite groups again where Djokovic went 3–0 and Federer went 2–1. After winning their semifinal matches, they met in the final where Djokovic beat Federer in straight sets to go 5–0 and win the tournament for the second time in his career.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Since the Tennis Masters Cup in 2007, Federer and Djokovic have usually been drawn into opposing groups at every Year-end championship. The 2013 edition saw the pair drawn to play each other in the same group for the first time in their careers. Djokovic defeated Federer in the round-robin before going on to win over Rafael Nadal in the final for his third ATP Finals title. In 2014, Federer and Djokovic both went 3–0 in their respective groups. They were scheduled to meet in the final but Federer was forced to withdraw due to a back injury after he had won a grueling semifinal against Stan Wawrinka. Djokovic won his fourth title at the ATP Finals with a walkover. It was the first time in the history of the Year-End Championships that no final match was contested.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Federer defeated Djokovic in the 2015 round robin stage, ending Djokovic's 23-win streak. However, Djokovic defeated Federer in the final in straight sets to capture his fourth consecutive ATP Finals crown. Four years later, they met again in the group stage of 2019 event where Federer beat Djokovic in straight sets. With the win, Federer advanced to the semi-finals where he lost the eventual champion Stefanos Tsitsipas while Djokovic was knocked out of the tournament. Overall, they are tied with a 3–3 head-to-head record with Djokovic winning the two finals they played.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: The two have most commonly met on hard courts, with 38 of their 50 matches taking place on the surface, and Djokovic leading 20–18. Djokovic leads 7–4 in hardcourt Grand Slam matches with Federer winning the 2007 US Open final and Djokovic winning the 2015 US Open final. They met in four straight US Open semifinals from 2008 to 2011, which is a record and in four other semifinals at the Australian Open, in 2008, 2011, 2016, and 2020.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Hard court is widely considered to be Djokovic's best surface with Djokovic himself stating that it is his most preferred surface. Their first seven Grand Slam meetings took place on hardcourt in either the Australian Open or the US Open, before finally meeting at the French Open in 2011. Djokovic and Federer are the only players in tennis history to have won 10+ Major titles and 20+ Masters titles on hard courts.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Federer has more match wins on indoor hard courts (298 in contrast to Djokovic's 172). This is primarily due to Djokovic's playing fewer indoor tournaments earlier in the year. Ferderer's indoor titles are also the reason Federer has more overall hard courts titles than Djokovic, as Djokovic has more outdoor hard court titles. Djokovic has twice as many indoor Big Titles (12 vs. Federer's 6). Federer and Djokovic share the record for ATP Finals titles (currently the most important indoor event).


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Up to 2014, Djokovic and Federer were tied with Andre Agassi for the most Australian Open titles at four each, which was an Open Era record. Djokovic broke the record at the 2015 Australian Open after winning the title for a fifth time. As of 2021, Djokovic holds the record for the most Australian Open titles having won that tournament nine times. Djokovic is undefeated in nine Australian Open finals while Federer has a 6–1 record. At the US Open from 2004 to 2013, either Federer or Djokovic appeared in the final. In US Open finals, Federer has a 5–2 record while Djokovic has a 3–6 record. Their finals appearance streak ended at the 2014 US Open when Federer lost to Marin Cilic and Djokovic lost to Kei Nishikori in the semifinals. The two quickly recovered by reaching the final in 2015, where Djokovic prevailed in four sets. In their most recent meeting on a hard court, in the semifinals of the 2020 Australian Open in Melbourne, Djokovic defeated Federer in straight sets.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: In their first meeting at a major, Federer defeated Djokovic in the fourth round of the Australian Open in 2007 on his way to winning the tournament. In the North American hardcourt season, Djokovic and Federer met again in the Montreal final. Federer was serving for the first set but Djokovic saved six set points to come back and claim the set in a tiebreak. Federer responded by quickly winning the second set to draw level. The third set went to another tiebreak which Djokovic won to claim the match. It was Djokovic's first career win over Federer and it in turn prevented Federer from ever winning in Montreal. Djokovic reflected after the win, "To win two tiebreaks against the world No. 1, probably the strongest player mentally on the tour, it's another achievement, it's another success so I'm really, really happy."


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: As of the end of the 2020 calendar year, Federer has not won the Canadian Open when it was held in Montreal. Federer's loss in Montreal was also his first career loss in a US Open series final, but he responded by winning Cincinnati the next week. Djokovic's win in Montreal solidified his No. 3 ranking and allowed him to enter the US Open as the third seed. At the 2007 US Open, the strong play of both men continued as they met for a rematch in the final. Djokovic advanced to the first major final of his career where Federer defeated him 7–6, 7–6, 6–4. This time, it was Federer who would come back to win the first set in a tiebreak. Federer saved a total of seven set points in both the first and second sets to go on and win the match in straight sets. The win saw Federer claim his fourth consecutive US Open title.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Five months later they met in the semifinals of the 2008 Australian Open, where Djokovic defeated Federer in straight sets and went on to win the first major of his career when he beat Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the final. Federer's loss at the time caused widespread shock and uproar, and Federer referred to having 'created a monster' due to the expectations from the media at the time that Federer must win everything. Federer commented after the loss, "I've created a monster, so I know I need to always win every tournament. But semis is still pretty good. Winning every other week, you know, lose a set and people say I'm playing bad." The loss ended Federer's streak of ten straight appearances in major finals which began at Wimbledon in 2005. It was also Federer's first straight sets loss in any Grand Slam since Gustavo Kuerten beat him in the third round of the 2004 French Open.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: On grass courts Djokovic leads 3–1; with all four matches coming at Wimbledon: once in the semifinals in 2012, which Federer won in four sets; and again in the finals of 2014, 2015, and 2019, which Djokovic won in five, four, and five sets respectively. The 2019 final was the first match ever in which a tiebreak was played at 12 all in the final set, following a rule change that year. Federer's first major title came at Wimbledon where he is naturally comfortable playing on the grass. Federer went on to reach seven consecutive Wimbledon finals, from 2003 to 2009 inclusive. Federer appeared in five more finals. In total he has won eight of his twelve finals. Federer is one of the most successful grass court players ever and many tennis analysts consider grass to be his best surface.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Federer has 19 titles on grass with ten at Halle, eight at Wimbledon and one at Stuttgart. Djokovic has eight grass titles thus far, seven at Wimbledon and one at Eastbourne. Federer has often played his warm-up tournament in Halle which precedes Wimbledon. Djokovic's quest to win Roland Garros has been his main priority for several years, often leaving him too exhausted to partake in a warm-up tournament on grass. He has instead preferred to rest before Wimbledon. However, despite achieving success at the French Open, Djokoivc has continued to jettison all grass court tournaments besides Wimbledon, with the result that Federer still has more than double the amount of grass court titles, despite Djokovic's success at Wimbledon and being regarded as the best player on the surface since Federer's retirement.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Both Federer and Djokovic enjoy playing on faster surfaces such as grass, but Djokovic's movement struggled on grass courts early on in his career. On the other hand, Federer's movement on grass was considered to be unparalleled during his prime years. Grass was Djokovic's least successful surface from 2005 to 2010. Since then, Djokovic's movement on grass has immensely improved, a key factor that has enabled him to win Wimbledon seven times between 2011 and 2022.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: On clay courts, they are tied with a head-to-head record of 4–4 with six of their eight meetings taking place in semifinals. Due to the dominance of Rafael Nadal on clay, it has been rare for Federer and Djokovic to encounter each other on the surface and they have only once faced each other in a clay final, at the 2015 Rome Masters final, where Djokovic beat Federer in straight sets. When they have met on clay, it has often been an unpredictable encounter. They've split their two French Open semifinals with Federer winning in 2011 and Djokovic winning the rematch in 2012. In addition, Federer has beaten Djokovic three times in Monte Carlo, and Djokovic has beaten Federer three times in Rome.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Of the three surfaces, clay is considered to be the least successful surface for both Federer and Djokovic, despite the fact that both players are highly proficient on clay as all-court players. Over the years, Federer and Djokovic have more often than not advanced deep into the important clay tournaments only to lose to Rafael Nadal. Federer has a 2–14 record against Nadal on clay while Djokovic has gone 8–20 against Nadal on clay. From 2005 to 2010, Federer was considered to be Nadal's only formidable opponent on clay. Since 2011, Djokovic has become the main adversary for Nadal on clay. Federer has won 11 clay titles, while Djokovic has won 18 clay titles.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: From 2005 to 2008, Federer was Nadal's only considerable test at Roland Garros. Federer lost three close finals to Nadal on clay in 2006, the first was in three sets at Monte Carlo, then in five sets in Rome, and at the French Open he lost the final in four sets while Djokovic had also lost to Nadal earlier on in the quarterfinals. It was Federer's first final at Roland Garros.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Federer beat Nadal in the Hamburg final in 2007, putting an end to Nadal's unprecedented 81-match winning streak on clay. At the French Open, Nadal defeated Djokovic and Federer back-to-back in the semifinals and final to win his third straight title at Roland Garros. In 2008, Federer played a solid match against Nadal at Monte Carlo before Djokovic emerged as a force on clay as well. He pushed Nadal to three sets in the Hamburg semifinals. Federer then lost the Hamburg title to Nadal in a close rematch. The progress against Nadal was short-lived. At 2008 Roland Garros, Djokovic and Federer both lost to Nadal for the third straight year which saw Nadal steamroll to his fourth French Open win without losing a set in the tournament.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: In 2009, Djokovic lost a three-set match to Nadal at Monte Carlo and then pushed him even further to three match points in their epic semifinal in Madrid. Although Djokovic lost that semifinal to Nadal, Federer defeated Nadal in the final for his second win over Nadal on clay which saw Nadal lose a clay final for just the second time in his career. At the 2009 French Open Federer won the title against Robin Söderling, completing the career Grand Slam. In 2010, Djokovic and Nadal never met on clay. Federer lost the Madrid title to Nadal in a rematch. At the French Open, both Federer and Djokovic lost in the quarterfinals and thus neither man advanced to face Nadal that year. It was the only year that Nadal won Roland Garros without facing Djokovic or Federer (until the 2017 event). Djokovic later entered his prime and gained confidence upon winning the Davis Cup at the end of the year.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: In early 2011, Djokovic became the primary challenge for Nadal after beating him in Indian Wells and Miami back-to-back. As the clay season began, Djokovic's winning streak continued as he beat Nadal for the first time on clay in Madrid final, ending Nadal's second streak of 37 straight wins on clay. As such, Djokovic became the second player after Federer to ever defeat Nadal in a clay final. Djokovic beat Nadal again on clay a week later in Rome final. It was the first and still the only time for Nadal to lose two consecutive finals on clay. Djokovic was a legitimate contender going into the 2011 French Open and was perceived by many tennis analysts as capable of dethroning Nadal. Djokovic and Federer met in the semifinals, where Federer's win put an end to Djokovic's best opportunity at the time to win the French Open. Djokovic had been on a 43-match winning streak, including four straight wins over Nadal up to that point.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Djokovic lost his first French Open final to Nadal in 2012 in four sets and pushed him to a deciding fifth set the next year at the semifinal of the 2013 event. At the 2014 French Open, Djokovic lost the final again to Nadal in four sets. The 2013 French Open semifinal is considered to be Djokovic's most devastating career loss, losing 9–7 in the fifth despite being up a break in the final set (when he ran into the net to get broken). From 2005 to 2014, Federer's final in 2011 and Djokovic's semifinal in 2013 were the best efforts that each man had been able to give in their attempts to beat Nadal at Roland Garros.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: In 2015, Federer and Djokovic had met in the final of the Italian Open prior to Roland Garros, with Djokovic winning in straight sets. Djokovic then entered the French Open undefeated on clay for the season after winning back-to-back titles in Monte Carlo and Rome. At Roland Garros, Djokovic was drawn to meet Nadal in the quarterfinals where he was considered the favorite to win. Djokovic finally defeated Nadal by winning in straight sets on his way to the final. It was only Nadal's second ever loss at Roland Garros. Federer was defeated in the quarterfinals by Stan Wawrinka who proceeded to reach the final as well. Djokovic's victory over Nadal would end up for naught as he lost the final to Wawrinka in four sets. Djokovic managed to win the French Open the next year by beating Andy Murray in four sets, completing a non-calendar and a career Grand Slam.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: 5 years later, Djokovic managed to beat Nadal again at Roland Garros and went on to win his second French Open title against Stefanos Tsitsipas in the final. With the win, Djokovic became the first player in the Open Era to complete a double Career Grand Slam.


title: Djokovic–Federer rivalry

text: Federer and Djokovic were born about six years apart. Federer's birthday is 8 August 1981, while Djokovic's is 22 May 1987. A different viewpoint of their career evolution is offered by taking the season they entered with an age of 17 as starting point. For instance, in 2004 Federer started the season being 22 years old. At the end of that season, he accumulated a total of four Grand Slam titles and 22 singles titles, with a year-end ranking of 1. By comparison, Djokovic finished the 2010 season also aged 23 years old, having won a total of 1 grand slam title and 18 total singles titles, with a year-end ranking of 3.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Lisa Mary Moretti (born November 26, 1961) is an American former professional wrestler. She is best known for her time with WWE between 1999 and 2005 under the ring name Ivory. Moretti is a three-time champion in WWE, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2018.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Moretti began her career and first found national exposure in the independent promotion Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling, where she performed as Tina Ferrari from the mid-to-late-1980s. Moretti debuted in WWE in 1999 as the manager for D'Lo Brown & Mark Henry. She won the WWE Women's Championship twice, before becoming a part of the villainous Right to Censor, a storyline stable of characters with harshly conservative sociopolitical views. This led to her third Women's Championship victory.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: In her later years with WWE, she wrestled only sporadically. Moretti co-hosted "WWE Experience", and served as one of the trainers on "WWE Tough Enough". After she left WWE in 2005, she wrestled for Women Superstars Uncensored, winning two other titles, and was also inducted into the WSU Hall of Fame. Moretti also began volunteering at her local animal shelter, and in 2007 opened an animal care and grooming facility named Downtown Dog in her hometown.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: In her youth, Moretti wrestled with her two brothers and sister. Later, while attending the University of Southern California (USC), Moretti was, in her own words, "dragged by a friend" (later confirmed to be Nadine Kadmiri) to an audition held by the newly formed Las Vegas, Nevada-based Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling (GLOW). She and Kadmiri were both successful in their audition and went on to train under Mando Guerrero for six weeks, before beginning to wrestle in GLOW under the ring names Tina Ferrari and Ashley Cartier respectively, also forming a tag team known as T & A. Ferrari defeated Colonel Ninotchka to win the vacant GLOW Championship, represented by a crown. She later wrestled for the Powerful Women of Wrestling promotion and the Ladies Professional Wrestling Association under the ring names Nina and Tina Moretti, winning the POWW Championship. On September 23, 1994 at UWF's Blackjack Brawl Moretti, under the name Tina Moretti, wrestled against Candi Devine for the vacant UWF World Women's Championship in a losing effort.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: In January 1999, after several years of absence, Moretti returned to wrestling, signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). Her first appearance in WWF was accompanying The Godfather, a "pimp" character who was accompanied by various women dubbed the "hos", to the ring. On the February 13, 1999 episode of "Raw", however, Moretti was introduced as Ivory, the storyline love interest of Mark Henry. Ivory acted as the fan favorite valet for the tag team of Mark Henry and D'Lo Brown, and made her televised WWF in-ring debut on the February 15 episode of "Raw", teaming with Brown to face Jeff Jarrett and Debra in an intergender tag team match that ended in a no contest. Ivory faced Debra in a singles match on the March 1 episode of "Raw", defeating Debra by disqualification after she was attacked by the Pretty Mean Sisters (Jacqueline Moore and Terri Runnels). At WrestleMania XV on March 28, Ivory accompanied D'Lo Brown and Test to the ring for their WWF Tag Team Championship title match against Jarrett and Owen Hart. Jarrett and Hart retained their titles following interference from Moore, Runnels, and Debra.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: During this time, the women in the WWF were known more for their physical appearances and "sex appeal" rather than their wrestling abilities, and featuring women in strip matches or farcical "slop matches", a match that takes place in a pool of slop, were common. Ivory, who was a trained wrestler, entered into a brief feud with Sable, the current title holder, who subsequently dropped the title to Debra. Ivory finally won the Women's Championship on June 14, by defeating Debra and went on to defend her title against Tori at SummerSlam on August 22. Ivory turned heel during her feud with Tori, which continued in the weeks following SummerSlam, defeating Tori in the first ever WWF women's hardcore match on September 6. Ivory was then challenged by Luna Vachon, who Ivory defeated in a farcical hardcore match at Unforgiven on September 26. SLAM! Wrestling called the match "pointless and senseless". In October 1999, Ivory feuded with The Fabulous Moolah, who defeated her for the Women's Championship on October 17, 1999 at No Mercy, in what John Powell of SLAM! Wrestling called the "worst match I've ever seen". She, however, defeated Moolah in a rematch on the October 25 episode of "Raw" to win her second Women's Championship. Her second title reign ended with a loss to Miss Kitty, an un-trained wrestler, in a Four Corners Evening Gown pool match, a match where a wrestler wins by stripping the evening gown off of her opponents, on December 12 at Armageddon.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: In late 1999, Ivory began portraying a more conservative character. On January 23, 2000 at the Royal Rumble, she grudgingly took part in the "Miss Royal Rumble" swimsuit contest, which was won by Mae Young. She challenged Jacqueline for the WWF Women's Championship on March 9, but she was unsuccessful. A few weeks later on an episode of Smackdown, she became the first woman to attempt to win the WWF Hardcore Championship, after unsuccessfully trying to pin Crash Holly backstage. Following a period of absence, Ivory returned to WWF television in October 2000 as a member of a villainous alliance of conservative wrestlers known as Right to Censor. The change in character saw her don less suggestive ring attire and more conservative hairstyles. Ivory quickly began a rivalry with Women's Champion Lita, winning the Women's Championship for the third time by defeating Lita, Jacqueline, and Trish Stratus in a Fatal Four-Way match. She retained the title against Lita at the Survivor Series on November 19, with the assistance of Right to Censor leader Steven Richards, in a match that SLAM! Wrestling claimed "illustrated to what heights women's wrestling is capable of reaching in North America if the right talent is permitted to strut their stuff in a wrestling ring and not a pit full of jello." Ivory also retained her title in a Triple Threat match against Stratus and Molly Holly at Armageddon on December 10.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Ivory and the Right to Censor began feuding with Chyna after the latter posed for "Playboy" in late 2000. On the December 7 episode of "Raw", Ivory and Val Venis delivered a double-team piledriver to Chyna which, in storyline, injured her neck. Chyna challenged Ivory for the Women's Championship at the Royal Rumble on January 21, 2001. Ivory retained her title when she pinned Chyna, who had appeared to re-aggravate her neck injury. Chyna challenged Ivory for the title once more at WrestleMania X-Seven on April 1 and defeated Ivory in a brief match, ending Ivory's third reign as Women's Champion. The Right to Censor stable was finally disbanded on April 26, 2001.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Ivory returned to WWF television on the August 6 episode of "Raw", joining The Alliance during The Invasion, a storyline where the former wrestlers of World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) formed an alliance and "invaded" the WWF. Ivory formed an alliance with former WCW wrestlers Torrie Wilson and Stacy Keibler after helping them defeat Jacqueline in a handicap match, but later turned on Wilson due to her budding romance with Tajiri. Ivory eventually became the valet for Lance Storm. At No Mercy, Ivory accompanied Storm and The Hurricane to the ring, but the Hardy Boyz defeated the two men to retain their WCW World Tag Team Championship. Ivory went on to compete in the women's division, and on November 18 at the Survivor Series, she participated in a six-pack challenge for the vacant Women's Championship, which Trish Stratus won.