title: Alan Reed

text: In television commercials Reed was the voice over for J.J. Keebler, a creation of the Leo Burnett Agency.


title: Alan Reed

text: In May 1932, Reed married the former Finette Walker (1909–2005), a Broadway actress whom he met at television station W2XAB (later WCBS-TV) in New York City. She appeared on stage in the early 1930s and was a chorus member in the original 1934 Broadway production of "Anything Goes" with Ethel Merman. They had three sons, including actor Alan Reed, Jr. (born 1936).


title: Alan Reed

text: Reed, a smoker, was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1967. His bladder was removed, which eradicated the cancer, but he later developed emphysema. On June 14, 1977, he died at St. Vincent Medical Center (Los Angeles) after having a heart attack, two months before his 70th birthday. His body was donated to medical research.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: Gerard "Gerry" Hutch is an Irish criminal. He was the prime suspect for two of the biggest armed robberies in Irish history. Known for leading a "disciplined, ascetic lifestyle" since leaving prison in 1985, he was nicknamed "The Monk" by Veronica Guerin, an investigative journalist who was assassinated in 1996.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: Born in central Dublin, his criminal career began at the age of 10. At some point in the 1970s, Hutch joined the "Bugsy Malone Gang" of inner city youngsters (named for the "Bugsy Malone" film), which he later led, and whose crimes included "jump-overs" - jumping over bank counters, grabbing cash and running.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: He was later part of a gang involved in major robberies and received many convictions between 1970 and 1983 intermittently spending time in prison. His gang was said to have amassed an estimated IR£40 million from a series of bank robberies, jewellery heists, and fraud scams spanning almost eight years. Hutch has also been awarded money from legal actions in Irish courts. These included £8,500 won from Securicor Ireland in June 1991, £2,000 from the "Sunday Tribune" newspaper in a libel action and around £26,000 won in legal actions against the Irish state.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: Hutch admitted to being a "convicted criminal" in a 2008 interview with "The Independent", but insisted that he made his money through property deals, not crime.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: In 1998 he was a founding member of the Corinthians Boxing Club in Dublin and has served as treasurer for the club. The club has a full gym and a boxing ring. The latter was donated by film director Jim Sheridan after making the film "The Boxer".


title: Gerry Hutch

text: In 1999, in the course of court proceedings brought against Hutch by the Irish state's anti-money laundering agency, the Criminal Assets Bureau (CAB), Detective Chief Superintendent Felix McKenna stated that Hutch had been involved in the IR£1.7 million robbery of an armoured van at Marino Mart in January 1987 and the £3 million armed robbery of a Brinks Allied Security Depot in Clonshaugh, County Dublin, in 1995, which had been the largest cash robbery in the State at the time.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: Hutch eventually reached an £1.2m settlement with the CAB to "cover back taxes and interest for a nine-year period".


title: Gerry Hutch

text: After the CAB settlement, Hutch applied for and was granted a taxi licence, and set up the limousine service Carry Any Body. The name is a humorous reference to the Criminal Assets Bureau.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: He has featured in the Irish media as he has driven celebrities including Mike Tyson on their visits to Ireland.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: Hutch is depicted in the film "Veronica Guerin", played by Alan Devine. It is based on the life of the late Irish journalist Veronica Guerin who had interviewed him.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: Hutch appeared on RTÉ's "Prime Time" programme in March 2008 where he was interviewed about his life and criminal career. Hutch denied any criminal activity, since his last prison sentence, other than tax evasion.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: Hutch was the subject of investigation in the Irish TV3 channel's television series, "". Episode 5, which aired March 2008 was solely devoted to the assets seized by the CAB from Hutch and the threat to seize assets from his family.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: He is an uncle of Gary Hutch, who was shot dead in September 2015 near Marbella, Andalusia, Spain. His brother Eddie Hutch Snr. was shot dead in North Strand Dublin in February 2016.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: In April 2021, he became the subject of a European Arrest Warrant as Gardaí said they had enough evidence to charge him with murder in connection with the shooting of David Byrne. The EAW was issued after the Director for Public Prosecutions moved that he be charged with murder and tried before the Special Criminal Court. He is also likely to face other charges, such as attempted murder and possession of firearms. An investigation file was submitted by Garda detectives based in Ballymun to the DPP late in 2020. He was arrested in Spain in August 2021.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: On 29 September 2021 he was extradited to Ireland, flown in a military CASA 235 from Madrid to Casement Aerodrome by the Irish Defence Forces. He was then taken to the Criminal Courts of Justice under armed Garda escort where he was charged with the murder of David Byrne before the Special Criminal Court. He was remanded in custody until 15 October at 10:30am. Other co-accused are to stand trial on 3 October 2022 and the state solicitor asked that he come in on that date, to which the three judges agreed.


title: Gerry Hutch

text: Both Hutch and Jonathan Dowdall, who is also charged with the murder, claimed in judicial review before the High Court that trial before the Special Criminal Court would be unlawful and a breach of their fundamental rights because the court was acting as a permanent institution after being established on a temporary basis. These were dismissed by Mr Anthony Barr, who ruled that the legislation was neither temporary nor had any temporal limit. Both Hutch and Dowdall sought leave to appeal the High Court decision to the Supreme Court. On 5 May 2022 a panel reserved judgement in both cases. After a request from counsel for the Attorney General, the case was adjourned until 1 July 2022, pending the Supreme Court decision.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Feminist views on transgender topics vary widely. Third-wave feminists and fourth-wave feminists tend to view the struggle for trans rights as an integral part of intersectional feminism. Former president of the American National Organization for Women (NOW) Terry O'Neill has stated that the struggle against transphobia is a feminist issue, with NOW affirming that "trans women are women, trans girls are girls." Several studies have found that people who identify as feminists tend to be more accepting of trans people than those who do not.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: An ideology variously known as trans-exclusionary radical feminism (or its acronym TERF) or gender-critical feminism is critical of concepts of gender identity and transgender rights, holding that biological sex characteristics are an immutable determination of gender or supersede the importance of gender identity: in other words that trans women are not meaningfully women, and trans men are not men. These views have been described as transphobic by many other feminists.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Some authors, such as Julia Serano and Emi Koyama, have founded a stream within feminism called transfeminism, which views the struggle for the rights of trans people and trans women in particular as an integral part of the feminist struggle for all women's rights.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 1919, the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft was founded in Berlin, in the Weimar Republic, as a sexuality advocacy and research institution. As well as advocating for women's emancipation, sex education, and access to contraception, the institute prominently endorsed LGBT rights and oversaw the development of several advances in trans healthcare, including coining the term "transsexualism" and performing sex reassignment surgery. Institute founder Magnus Hirschfelds's closest collaborator in the feminist movement was Helene Stöcker, whose ' was directly affiliated with the institute. Both Hirschfeld and Stöcker viewed women's liberation as intertwined with that of gay and transgender people. Anarchist feminist Emma Goldman also spoke favourably of the institute's work, writing in one of her letters to Hirschfeld that it was "a tragedy... that people of a different sexual type are caught in a world which shows so little understanding for homosexuals and is so crassly indifferent to the various gradations and variations of gender and their great significance in life." Soon after the Nazis took power in 1933, the institute was forcibly shut down, becoming the first large target of the Nazi book burnings.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, corresponding roughly to the second wave of feminism, there were several notable clashes between feminists (especially early radical feminists) over the inclusion of trans women in feminist spaces.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: A significant early dispute occurred in 1973 during a scheduled performance at the West Coast Lesbian Conference by transgender lesbian folk-singer and co-organiser of the event Beth Elliott. Elliott had previously served as vice-president of the San Francisco chapter of the lesbian group Daughters of Bilitis, and edited the chapter's newsletter, "Sisters", but had been expelled from the group the same year on a 35–28 vote on the grounds that she did not qualify as a woman. After a lesbian separatist group leafleted the conference against her presence, a vote was held among attendees on whether to allow her to remain, with over two-thirds voting in her favor. Despite the results of the vote, Elliott chose to leave after threats of further disruption were made. The following day of the event, Robin Morgan used her keynote speech to criticise Elliott, describing her as a "man" and "an opportunist, an infiltrator, and a destroyer – with the mentality of a rapist."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Later the same year, a conflict arose between Jean O'Leary, a founder of lesbian advocacy organization Lesbian Feminist Liberation, and Sylvia Rivera and Lee Brewster, after O'Leary said in a speech at the Christopher Street Liberation Day event: "we support the right of every person to dress in the way that she or he wishes. But we are opposed to the exploitation of women by men for entertainment or profit." O'Leary later regretted her stance against trans women and drag queens, saying that "looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a transvestite now." "It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?"


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Another incident occurred in 1978 when a trans woman asked to join the Lesbian Organization of Toronto (LOOT). In response, the organization voted to exclude trans women. LOOT wrote: "A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, 'I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls.' And we thought, 'No you're not.' A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Radical feminist Janice Raymond published "The Transsexual Empire" in 1979. In it, she criticised contemporary medical and psychiatric approaches to transsexuality (medical aspects of gender transition), arguing instead that "the problem of transsexualism would best be served by morally mandating it out of existence," and accused trans women of reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes. Several academics, researchers and writers characterized these views as extremely transphobic and/or hate speech. "Empire" also included a chapter criticising "the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist", devoting a section to Sandy Stone, a trans woman who worked as a sound engineer for feminist record collective Olivia Records. The collective publicly defended Stone, but after continued pressure, including an incident where a trans-exclusionary group that issued death threats showed up to an Olivia event with guns, Stone resigned. She later wrote "", a response to Raymond's "Empire" and a foundational work in the field of transgender studies.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: However, not every early radical feminist opposed trans acceptance. Andrea Dworkin viewed gender reassignment surgery as a right for transgender people. She also wrote a letter to Raymond critical of "The Transsexual Empire", which commented that of the transsexuals she met in Europe (who she called a "small, vigorously persecuted minority"), she "perceived their suffering as authentic", and related their experiences to Jewish and female experiences. Dworkin said that it was a myth "that there are two polar distinct sexes". The notion that human sex is not a naturally discrete binary, and that this conception of it is the result of gendered cultural and political processes, was later taken up and developed by authors like Anne Fausto-Sterling and Judith Butler.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Concerning the oversight of the existence of these trans-inclusive radical feminist views, as well as of the role of trans women in the feminist struggle, Susan Stryker remarked that "transsexual women were active in the radical feminist movement of the late 1960s, but were almost entirely erased from its history after 1973."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The third wave of feminism saw much greater acceptance of transgender rights, largely due to the influence of philosophers such as Kimberlé Crenshaw and Judith Butler, who argued for greater inclusion and examination of other developing fields (such as critical race theory and queer theory) within feminism. Butler in particular argued that women's liberation required a questioning of gender itself, and that accepting gay, trans, and gender-nonconforming people would promote this sort of questioning. After them, other feminist authors like Cressida Heyes have embarked on projects of "finding grounds for solidarity" between trans and cisgender women, considering "woman" a family-resemblance concept rather than an essential or univocal one.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In the early 1990s, the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (MichFest) ejected a transgender woman, Nancy Burkholder. From that point on, the festival maintained it was intended for "womyn-born womyn". The group Camp Trans formed to protest this policy and to advocate for greater acceptance of trans women in the feminist community. A number of prominent trans activists and feminists were involved in Camp Trans, including Riki Wilchins, Jessica Xavier, and Leslie Feinberg. MichFest considered allowing post-operative trans women to attend, but this was criticized as classist, as many trans women could not afford sex reassignment surgery. Lisa Vogel, MichFest's organizer, said protesters from Camp Trans engaged in vandalism. The festival ended in 2015.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Many fourth-wave feminists are trans-inclusive. US organizations such as the National Organization for Women, the Feminist Majority Foundation, and Planned Parenthood support and advocate for trans rights, as do most Canadian feminist organizations and most African feminists. The influence of trans-exclusionary radical feminists and trans-exclusionary feminists in general has waned significantly, though they are still somewhat influential in the United Kingdom.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Queer feminist philosopher Judith Butler has argued for feminist solidarity with trans and gender-nonconforming people, and has been critical of philosophers, such as Sheila Jeffreys, who they argue engage in oppressive attempts to dispute trans people's sense of identity. In a 2014 interview Butler argued for civil rights for trans people: "[N]othing is more important for transgender people than to have access to excellent health care in trans-affirmative environments, to have the legal and institutional freedom to pursue their own lives as they wish, and to have their freedom and desire affirmed by the rest of the world." They also responded to some of Jeffreys's and Janice Raymond's criticisms of trans people, calling them "prescriptivism" and "tyranny." According to Butler, trans people are not a product of medical discourse but rather develop new discourses through self-determination.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2012 Jeffreys wrote in "The Guardian" that she and other critics of "transgenderism" had been subject to intimidation campaigns on the internet, the extent of which suggested that trans rights advocates fear the "practice of transgenderism" becoming the subject of criticism.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In a 2009 paper in "", Canadian feminist Viviane Namaste criticised "Anglo-American feminist theory" for relying on "transsexual women to ask its own epistemological questions." Namaste further argued that the realities of trans lives were "chillingly absent from Anglo-American feminist theory and its framing of the Transgender Question" and the knowledge gained by that feminism consequently "has been of little benefit to transsexual women ourselves."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: American academic Susan Stryker wrote in 2007 that first-wave feminism had commonalities with the transgender rights movement "[t]o the extent that breaking out of the conventional constrictions of womanhood is both a feminist and transgender practice". She added that transgender issues had prompted feminist scholars to question notions of biological sex, and that transgender theorising was associated with the rise of postmodern epistemology in third-wave feminist thought.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In a 2015 interview, Catharine MacKinnon cited Simone de Beauvoir's famous quotation about "" to say that who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman." Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell has said that "the thought that the relationship between character and reproductive bodies might change has long been present in feminism," citing de Beauvoir as well as Mathilde Vaerting.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Lesbian feminist of color Sara Ahmed has said that an anti-trans stance is an anti-feminist one, and that trans feminism "recalls" earlier militant lesbian feminism.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Kimberlé Crenshaw wrote in favor of trans inclusion in intersectional feminism: "People of color within LGBTQ movements; girls of color in the fight against the school-to-prison pipeline; women within immigration movements; trans women within feminist movements; and people with disabilities fighting police abuse—all face vulnerabilities that reflect the intersections of racism, sexism, class oppression, transphobia, able-ism and more. Intersectionality has given many advocates a way to frame their circumstances and to fight for their visibility and inclusion."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Argentine feminist Maria Lugones has argued that the gender binary is a colonial imposition that has been used to divide and subjugate people. Building on Lugones's work, Brooklyn Leo of Pennsylvania State University has argued that "the resistant-creative work of trans bodies of color liberates not just the folds of our own flesh from the Western gaze, but also sustains a new place of possibility for the cis accomplices who also refuse the privileges of the colonial/modern gender system."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In a 2020 paper in Feminist Criminology, Nishant Upadhyay of University of Colorado, Boulder argued that "transphobia is enmeshed in white feminism's colonial and white supremacist epistemological frameworks, and that their transphobia, in turn, continues to reproduce gender as a colonial myth" and that the "reduction of the category of 'woman' has been long challenged" by "Black, Indigenous, women of color, Third World, and transnational feminists for decades, if not centuries". In her book "Me, Not You", Alison Phipps argues that "white feminism has a long history of policing the border" and that trans-exclusionary feminists "have much in common with conservatives who claim that increased immigration will result in increased rape".


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Caterina Nirta of the University of Roehampton has argued that both trans people and feminists benefit from abandoning "the categorical compartmentalisation of identity and spaces."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Commenting on Québec's Bill 2 in 2021, Florence Ashley of the University of Toronto has argued for the abolition of gender markers in legal documents, saying that they "help naturalize social categorizations based on gender" and pointing to historical research that found such markers were first introduced in France for the purposes of enforcing conscription, preventing queer couples from getting married, preventing gender diversity, and marking women as lessers under the law. Marie Draz of San Diego State University has argued that the "hegemonic account of gender as the organization of biological sex serves to obscure the role of racial and colonial domination and the differential allocation of gender across racial lines" and that legal gender classification serves as an "anchor point that reiterates the power of the state to classify and know its citizens."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In her 1974 book "Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality", radical feminist writer and activist Andrea Dworkin called for the support of transsexual people, whom she viewed as "in a state of primary emergency" due to "the culture of male–female discreteness". She wrote: "every transsexual has the right to survival on his/her own terms. That means every transsexual is entitled to a sex-change operation, and it should be provided by the community as one of its functions." She also said that the phenomenon of transsexuality might disappear within communities built on androgynous identity, as there would no longer be any gender roles to conform to.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 1977, Gloria Steinem wrote that while she supported the right of individuals to identify as they choose, in many cases transgender people "surgically mutilate their own bodies" in order to conform to a gender role that is inexorably tied to physical body parts, concluding with the quote: "If the shoe doesn't fit, must we change the foot?" Although meant in the context of transgender issues, the quote is frequently misinterpreted as a general statement about feminism. The same year, she also expressed disapproval that the heavily publicized transition of tennis player Renée Richards (a trans woman) had been characterized as "a frightening instance of what feminism could lead to" or as "living proof that feminism isn't necessary", and wrote, "At a minimum, it was a diversion from the widespread problems of sexual inequality." Steinem's statements led to her being characterized as transphobic for some years. In a 2013 interview with "The Advocate", she repudiated the interpretation of her text as an altogether condemnation of sex reassignment surgery, stating that her position was informed by accounts of gay men choosing to transition as a way of coping with societal homophobia. She added that she sees transgender people as living "authentic lives" that should be "celebrated."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Janice Raymond's "The Transsexual Empire" purported to examine the role of transsexuality in reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes, in particular the ways in which the "medical-psychiatric complex" was medicalizing gender identity, and the social and political context that contributed to the image of transsexual treatment and surgery as therapeutic medicine. Raymond maintained that this was based in the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering", and "making of woman according to man's image", and that transsexualism aimed "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality." Several authors have since characterized this work as extremely transphobic and constituting hate speech, as well as lacking any serious intellectual basis.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In her own 1987 book "Gyn/Ecology", Mary Daly, who had served as Raymond's thesis supervisor, argued that as sex reassignment surgery cannot reproduce female chromosomes or a female life history, it could "not produce women." Sheila Jeffreys and Germaine Greer have made similar remarks. In a response to related remarks by Elizabeth Grosz, philosopher Eva Hayward characterized this type of view as telling trans people who have had sex reassignment surgery: "Don't exist."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: argue that trans women cannot fully be women because they were assigned male at birth and have experienced some degree of male privilege. Radical feminists generally see gender as a system in which women are oppressed for reasons intrinsically related to their sex, and emphasize male violence against women, particularly involving institutions such as the sex industry, as central to women's oppression.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Patricia Elliot argues that the view that one's socialization as a girl or woman defines "women's experience" assumes that women's experiences are homogeneous and discounts the possibility that trans and cis women may share the experience of being disparaged for their perceived femininity. Similarly, "Transfeminist Manifesto" author Emi Koyama contends that, while trans women may have experienced some male privilege before transitioning, trans women's experiences are also marked by disadvantages resulting from being trans.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In "Growing Up Trans: Socialization and the Gender Binary," Michelle Dietert and Dianne Dentice write that when youth embody non-standard gender roles or otherwise deviate from expectations of their assigned sex, the gender binary becomes a form of control by authorities, enforcing social norms upon them. In their view, this begins at early socialization, and transgender youth, especially gender-nonconforming children, often experience different treatment, leading to a fear of reprisals as they attempt to please their family and peers and navigate their understanding of their gender and societal expectations. They argue that socialization affects transgender youth differently, especially if they are gender-nonconforming.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2017, while discussing whether trans women are women, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie said, "trans women are trans women." She acknowledged that transgender women face discrimination for being transgender and said she sees this as a serious issue, but also said, "we should not conflate the gender experiences of trans women with that of women born female." She later expanded on her comments, saying, "From the very beginning, I think it's been quite clear that there's no way I could possibly say that trans women are not women. It's the sort of thing to me that's obvious, so I start from that obvious premise. Of course they are women, but in talking about feminism and gender and all of that, it's important for us to acknowledge the differences in experience of gender. That's really what my point is. Had I said 'a cis woman is a cis woman, and a trans woman is a trans woman', I don't think I would get all the crap that I'm getting, but that's actually really what I was saying."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Laurel Westbrook and Kristin Schildt have argued that the gender trans people are classed as by society can vary from space to space, with the spaces segregated according to strict interpretations of biology doing so to uphold the oppositeness of genders required for heterosexuality and gender binarism. Shannon Weber of Wellesley College has argued that "excluding transgender women from admission [to women's colleges] by virtue of biological determinism falls into the same types of anti-feminist ideologies that would historically bar all women from education based on assumptions about the meaning of their biology."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 1996, Germaine Greer (at the time a fellow at Newnham College, Cambridge) unsuccessfully opposed the appointment to a fellowship of her transgender colleague Rachael Padman. Greer argued that because Padman had been assigned male at birth, she should not be admitted to Newnham, a women's college. Greer later resigned from Newnham.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: A 2004 editorial by British radical feminist Julie Bindel titled "Gender Benders, beware" printed in "The Guardian" caused the paper to receive two hundred letters of complaint from transgender people, doctors, therapists, academics and others. The editorial expressed her anger at Kimberly Nixon and her views on transsexual people. Transgender activist group Press for Change cite this article as an example of 'discriminatory writing' about transsexual people in the press. Complaints focused on the title, "Gender benders, beware", the cartoon accompanying the piece, and the disparaging tone, such as "Think about a world inhabited just by transsexuals. It would look like the set of "Grease"" and "I don't have a problem with men disposing of their genitals, but it does not make them women, in the same way that shoving a bit of vacuum hose down your 501s [jeans] does not make you a man."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: "Transfeminism", or "trans feminism", aims to synthesize feminist and transgender discourse. Transfeminists argue that there are multiple forms of oppression and sexism, and that trans and cisgender women have shared interests in combating sexism. Influential transfeminists include Julia Serano and Diana Courvant. According to Emi Koyama, the two primary principles of transfeminism are that all people should not only be allowed to live their own lives in whichever way they choose and define themselves however they feel is right, but should also be respected by society for their individuality and uniqueness, and that each individual has every right, and is the only one to have the right, to possess complete control over their own bodies. There shall be no form of authority—political, medical, religious, or otherwise—that can override a person's decisions regarding their bodies and their wellbeing, and their autonomy is fully in the hands of that sole individual. Transfeminist critics of mainstream feminism say that as an institutionalized movement, feminism has lost sight of the basic idea that biology is not destiny. In fact, they argue, many feminists seem perfectly comfortable equating sex and gender and insisting on a given destiny for trans persons based on nothing more than biology. Transfeminism aims to challenge the fixedness of gender that its supporters believe traditional approaches to women's studies depend upon.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Cyberfeminism is a branch of feminism that focuses on cyberspace, the Internet, and technology. The term was coined in the early late-1980s and early-1990s, particularly after the publication of A Cyborg Manifesto by feminist Donna Haraway, which argued for feminism to move beyond the limitations of traditional gender, feminism, and politics. Out of cyberfeminism grew xenofeminism, arguing for the use of technology as a means towards the abolition of gender. Feminist collective Laboria Cuboniks published a manifesto title "Xenofeminism: A Politics for Alienation" that argued against the conception of nature as immutable and the conception that what is natural is good, declaring that "if nature is unjust, change nature!" Xenofeminism has positioned itself as explicity trans-inclusive and as rejecting the gender binary. Feminist Helen Hester has linked DIY self-help movements by second wave feminists and biohacking performed by trans people as a continuing lineage of emancipation. In a 2019 article in Feminist Review, Emily Jones said the movement noted how "essentialism and identity politics haunt the contemporary feminist and queer movement" and that instead of "wishing to eradicate what are seen as gendered traits, xenofeminism wants gender to explode and diffract: 'let a hundred sexes bloom!'. Thus, for xenofeminism, gender-abolitionism is about disrupting asymmetric gender systems and dispersing them, unpicking 'culturally weaponized markers of identity that harbour injustices', including gender as well as race, ability, class and sexuality."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Feminists who describe themselves as "gender-critical" say that biological sex is "real, important, and immutable" and is "not to be conflated with gender identity", and that feminism should organize with emphasis on the basis of sex rather than gender. These feminists are also often referred to as "transgender-exclusionary radical feminists" or "TERFs" by their opponents. They hold beliefs considered transphobic by most other feminists, such as the belief that transgender identities are invalid, incoherent, or irrelevant, opposition to certain kinds of legal recognition and medical care for transgender people, and support for exclusion of trans women from women's spaces and organizations in favor of single-sex spaces.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Claire Thurlow stated that "what was once termed TERF [...] is now more often referred to as gender critical feminism/feminist [...] despite efforts to obscure the point, gender critical feminism continues to rely on transphobic tropes, moral panics and essentialist understandings of men and women. These factors also continue to link trans-exclusionary feminism to anti-feminist reactionary politics and other ‘anti-gender’ movements."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Feminist Viv Smythe, who is credited with coining the term "TERF," has stated its intention as a "technically neutral description... to distinguish TERFs from other ... who were trans*-positive/neutral." These feminists generally prefer the term "gender-critical", and often consider the word "TERF" to be inaccurate or a slur. Those described as "TERFs" or "gender-critical" are not necessarily associated with radical feminism.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: While these parties lack influence in academic feminist philosophy, they are relatively powerful in the United Kingdom. Commenting on the bestselling books "Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism" by Kathleen Stock and "" by Helen Joyce, "New Statesman" writer Louise Perry observed that "gender-critical" ideas that had been on the "radical fringes" in 2004 when Julie Bindel was accused of transphobia had become "mainstream" in the United Kingdom by 2021.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The philosopher Kathleen Stock described those whom she considered gender-critical feminists as being critics of gender in the sense of social stereotypes, writing that: "Gender-critical feminists particularly rebel against the idea, implicit in gender identity theory, that what makes you a woman or a man is a feeling. As far as they are concerned, this feeling could only be, deep down, about the applicability of restrictive and damaging sex-associated stereotypes to yourself".


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Judith Butler said in 2020 that trans-exclusionary radical feminism is "a fringe movement that is seeking to speak in the name of the mainstream, and that our responsibility is to refuse to let that happen", and in 2021 she described the anti-gender movements as fascist trends and cautioned self-declared feminists from allying with such movements in targeting trans, non-binary, and genderqueer people. Butler said that "it is painful to see that Trump's position that gender should be defined by biological sex, and that the evangelical and right-wing Catholic effort to purge 'gender' from education and public policy accords with the trans-exclusionary radical feminists' return to biological essentialism." Nancy Kelley, the head of Stonewall, has compared gender-critical feminism to antisemitism. Feminist author Jude Doyle argues that the TERF movement became infiltrated by fascists from the mid-2010s and poses a global threat to feminism.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Sally Hines, a University of Leeds professor of sociology and gender studies scholar, wrote in "The Economist" in 2018 that feminism and trans rights have been falsely portrayed as being in conflict by a minority of anti-transgender feminists, who often "reinforce the extremely offensive trope of the trans woman as a man in drag who is a danger to women." Hines criticized these feminists for fueling "rhetoric of paranoia and hyperbole" against trans people, saying that they abandon or undermine feminist principles in their anti-trans narratives, such as bodily autonomy and self-determination of gender, and employ "reductive models of biology and restrictive understandings of the distinction between sex and gender" in defense of such narratives. She concluded with a call for explicit recognition of anti-transgender feminism as a violation of equality and dignity, and "a doctrine that runs counter to the ability to fulfill a liveable life or, often, a life at all."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Feminist theorist, writer, and Yale professor Roxane Gay has said that issues that impact marginalized women, such as sexual harassment and misconduct, extend to trans women as well, and that trans-exclusionary feminists have "woefully failed" to consider trans women's experience. Gay describes the effects of transphobia as "appalling" and as leading to trans people's maltreatment and suffering, saying: "I think a lot of feminists are very comfortable being anti-trans. And that's painful to see because we should know better, having been marginalized as women throughout history and today. How dare we marginalize others now?"


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Sally Hines states that trans-exclusionary radical feminists are a minority among feminists, and that they have published a declaration that advocates the concept of "sex-based rights." The Association for Women's Rights in Development has said that the "sex-based" rhetoric employed by trans-exclusionary radical feminists "misuses concepts of sex and gender to push a deeply discriminatory agenda."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2022, the Council of Europe approved a report, written by General Rapporteur on LGBT+ rights Fourat Ben Chikha, which condemned "extensive and virulent" attacks on LGBT+ rights. The report condemned "the highly prejudicial anti-gender, gender-critical and anti-trans narratives which reduce the fight for the equality of LGBTI people to what these movements deliberately mischaracterise as 'gender ideology' or 'LGBTI ideology'. Such narratives deny the very existence of LGBTI people, dehumanise them, and often falsely portray their rights as being in conflict with women's and children's rights, or societal and family values in general. All of these are deeply damaging to LGBTI people, while also harming women's and children's rights and social cohesion."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Some gender-critical feminists have been linked to conservative groups and politicians who oppose legislation that would expand transgender rights in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The Southern Poverty Law Center, an American civil rights nonprofit, reported in 2017 that American Christian right groups were trying to "separate the T from LGB" by casting transgender rights as antagonistic to feminism and lesbian or gay people. The report said this trend was "part of a larger strategy, meant to weaken transgender rights advocates by attempting to separate them from their allies, feminists and LGBT rights advocates."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In January 2019, the Heritage Foundation, an American conservative think tank, hosted a panel of self-described radical feminists opposed to the US Equality Act, which would prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity. Heron Greenesmith of Political Research Associates, an American liberal think tank, has said that the latest iteration of collaboration between conservatives and anti-transgender feminists is in part a reaction to the trans community's "incredible gains" in civil rights and visibility, and that anti-trans feminists and conservatives capitalize on a "scarcity mindset rhetoric" whereby civil rights are portrayed as a limited commodity that must be prioritized to cisgender women over other groups. Greenesmith compared this rhetoric to the prioritization of the rights of citizens over non-citizens and white people over people of color. Bev Jackson, one of the founders of the LGB Alliance, has argued that "working with the Heritage Foundation is sometimes the only possible course of action" since "the leftwing silence on gender in the US is even worse than in the UK."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In a 2020 article in Lambda Nordica, Erika Alm of the University of Gothenburg and Elisabeth L. Engebretsen of the University of Stavanger, said that there was "growing convergence, and sometimes conscious alliances, between "gender-critical" feminists (sometimes known as TERFs - Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminists), religious and social conservatives, as well as right-wing politics and even neo-Nazi and fascist movements" and that the convergence was linked to "their reliance on an essentialised and binary understanding of sex and/or gender, often termed 'bio-essentialism. Another 2020 article, in The Sociological Review, said that "the language of 'gender ideology' originates in anti-feminist and anti-trans discourses among right-wing Christians, with the Catholic Church acting as a major nucleating agent," and said that the term "saw increasing circulation in trans-exclusionary radical feminist discourse" from around 2016. It further said that "a growing number of anti-trans campaigners associated with radical feminist movements have openly aligned themselves with anti-feminist organisations."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In a 2021 paper in , Hil Malatino of Pennsylvania State University said that gender-critical' feminism" in the US has "begun to build coalition with the evangelical Right around the legal codification of sex as a biological binary" and that "popular news media frames transphobia as part of a rational, enlightened, pragmatic response to what is variously called the 'trans lobby' and the 'cult of trans.'" Another 2021 paper, in Law and Social Inquiry, said that "a coalition of Christian conservative legal organizations, conservative foundations, Trump administration officials, Republican party lawmakers, and trans-exclusionary radical feminists has assembled to redefine the right to privacy in service of anti-transgender politics" and that "social conservatives have cast the issue as one of balancing two competing rights claims rather than one of outright animus against a gender minority population."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: UN Women works to protect the rights of transgender people, and "urgently calls on communities and governments around the world to stand up for LGBTIQ+ rights."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) supports LGBTIQ rights and opposes the anti-gender movement, and has described trans-exclusionary feminists as "trojan horses in human rights spaces" that seek to undermine human rights; AWID said that anti-trans activity is "alarming," that "the 'sex-based' rhetoric misuses concepts of sex and gender to push a deeply discriminatory agenda" and that "trans-exclusionary feminists... undermine progressions on gender and sexuality and protection of rights of marginalized groups."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The International Alliance of Women along with its over fifty affiliates worldwide support LGBT+ rights and have expressed concern over "anti-trans voices [that] are becoming ever louder and [that] are threatening feminist solidarity across borders."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2010, the Social, Health and Empowerment Feminist Collective of Transgender Women in Africa was formed.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: During the 1990s, Argentine LGBT activism took off, and the end of the decade saw the entry of travestis into spaces of feminist discussion, marking the beginning of transfeminism in Argentina. Lohana Berkins was a feminist and one of travesti activism's most prominent leaders. Berkins got into feminism in the 1990s through meetings with lesbian feminists such as Alejandra Sarda, Ilse Fuskova, Chela Nadio and Fabiana Tron.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The Argentine government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina included trans-inclusive gender-based measures, with Minister of Women, Genders and Diversity Elizabeth Gómez Alcorta stating that "trans people are particularly vulnerable in our country."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The Argentine feminist movement, including the National Gathering of Women, has seen debates over reforming the Spanish language to be more gender neutral in recent years.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The campaign to legalise abortion in Argentina has included transgender people, and after the movement was successful, the bill legalising abortion explicitly included trans and non-binary people.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The Canadian Anti-Hate Network said that despite labelling themselves as feminists, TERF groups often collaborate with conservative and far-right groups. According to journalist Neil Macdonald, Canada saw an in increase in debates about transgender issues in feminism especially after the introduction of Bill C-16 in 2016, which added gender expression and gender identity as protected characteristics to the Canadian Human Rights Act and was opposed by a range of conservatives and some feminists, such as Meghan Murphy.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Feminist writer Margaret Atwood has said she disagrees with the views that trans women are not women or should not use women's washrooms. In May 2021, over 110 women's and human rights organisations in Canada signed a statement supporting trans-inclusionary feminism, stating that "trans people are a driving force in our feminist movements and make incredible contributions across all facets of our society." Canadian women's sporting organisations have also supported trans-inclusion, with the Canadian Women's Hockey League having an openly trans woman play, the Canada women's national soccer team having an openly non-binary player play, and Rugby Canada rejecting proposals to ban trans women from the sport.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 1995, Kimberly Nixon, a trans woman, volunteered for training as a rape crisis counselor at Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter. When the shelter determined Nixon was trans, it expelled her, with staff saying it made it impossible for her to understand the experiences of their clients. Nixon disagreed, disclosing her own history of partner abuse, and sued on the grounds of discrimination. Nixon's attorneys argued there was no basis for the dismissal, citing Diana Courvant's experiences as the first publicly trans woman to work in a women-only domestic violence shelter. In 2007 the Canadian Supreme Court refused to hear Nixon's appeal, ending the case. The Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter was the centre of a further controversy regarding exclusion of transgender women when the City of Vancouver Council stopped awarding the shelter an annual $34,000 grant in 2019 over its exclusion of trans women.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In January 2018, the Halifax Women's March came under criticism for a lack of intersectionality, with a number of Indigenous, Muslim, and trans feminist activists breaking away from the march to form a rally of their own, titled Walking the Talk. In March of that year, Gabrielle Bouchard was elected leader of the Fédération des femmes du Québec, the first transgender woman to hold the position.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Mainstream feminist organizations in the United States such as the National Organization for Women (NOW), the League of Women Voters, the National Women's Law Center and the Feminist Majority Foundation all support trans rights. NOW president Terry O'Neill said the struggle against transphobia is a feminist issue. NOW has affirmed that "trans women are women, trans girls are girls." In a further statement NOW said that "trans women are women. They deserve equal opportunity, health care, a safe community & workplace, and they deserve to play sports. They have a right to have their identity respected without conforming to perceived sex and gender identity standards. We stand with you." NOW has said that debate' about trans girls and women in school sports spreads transphobia and bigotry through the false lens of 'fairness that amounts to a hate campaign. In 2020 the League of Women Voters joined a lawsuit to protect transgender women and girls in sports. Women's March, an organization launched in 2017 to protest the policies of the Trump administration, is also trans-inclusive.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: According to Hyun-Jae Lee of the University of Seoul, although "until the eighties modern Korean feminism had


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: been fairly cis-woman-centric and based on female identity, they did not officially exclude "biological men," refugees, or transgender people because of their biological sex" and that the "[trans-]exclusive stance of radical feminism never existed in Korean society before the 2000s."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2016, the Korean-based online radical feminist community WOMAD split from the larger community Megalia after Megalia issued a ban on the use of certain explicit slurs against gay men and transgender people. This change in policy led to the migration of anti-LGBT members. WOMAD has caused controversy due to extreme online trolling such as postings that boast animal abuse and show extreme hatred towards transgender people; for this reason, WOMAD have been called "Korean-style TERFs". The organisers of the 2018 Hyehwa Station Protest barred trans women and non-binary people from attending the protest. In 2020, Sookmyung Women's University became the first Korean women's university to admit a trans student; however, the student later withdrew her acceptance after news of her acceptance sparked controversy.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The European Women's Lobby (EWL) is trans-inclusive. EWL called for more attention and research into discrimination against trans women and lesbians and their specific health needs.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In Denmark, the Danish Women's Society supports LGBTQA rights, and has stated that it takes homophobia and transphobia very seriously, that "we support all initiatives that promote the rights of gay and transgender people" and that "we see the LGBTQA movement as close allies in the struggle against inequality and we fight together for a society where gender and sexuality do not limit an individual."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In February 2020, an open letter was published in the Huffington Post signed by around 50 French feminists, including sociologist Christine Delphy and ex-Femen activist Marguerite Stern, questioning the presence of trans women in feminist movements. The Huffington Post later removed the letter from their website. In response to the letter, several different feminist organisations, such as the Syndicat du travail sexuel, the Collectif NousToutes, and the Collages féminicides Paris, who Stern had previously been involved with, issued statements condemning transphobia.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In late-February 2020, a further group of feminists and feminist organisations released an open letter stating that they opposed the importing of "transphobic debates" into France and that creating divisions between cis and trans women "only serve the patriarchy."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2012, Jyl Josephson, professor of Political Science and Women's and Gender Studies at Rutgers University-Newark, stated that in Iceland "transgender and gender scholars seem to have a more congenial and more recent relationship." Non-binary Icelandic journalist Owl Fisher has stated that "in Iceland the women's rights movement as a whole has been wholly supportive of trans rights for decades."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2019, Icelandic Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir proposed a bill to introduce gender recognition via statutory declaration in the country. The bill was passed by the Althing by a vote of 45–0, with three abstentions.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: On Women's Rights Day in Iceland in 2020, the Icelandic Women's Rights Association organised an event together with Trans Ísland that saw several different feminist organisations in the country discuss strategies to stop anti-trans sentiment from increasing its influence within Icelandic feminism. Later that year, Trans Ísland was unanimously granted status as a member association of the Icelandic Women's Rights Association. In 2021 the Icelandic Women's Rights Association, noting the traditional sense of solidarity between the women's movement and LGBTQ+ movement, organized an event on how the women's movement could counter "anti-trans voices [that] are becoming ever louder and [that] are threatening feminist solidarity across borders."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In January 2018, roughly 1,000 feminists in Ireland, including members of several feminist groups such as the Irish Network Against Racism (INAR), signed an open letter condemning an event held in Dublin by a group of UK-based trans-exclusionary radical feminists which opposed proposed reforms to the British Gender Recognition Act. The open latter stated that "the signatories of this letter, organise hand in hand with our trans sisters. Together, cis and trans, we are Irish feminism. Trans women are our sisters; their struggles are ours, our struggles theirs."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: During the referendum on the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland that successfully saw the legalisation for abortion, the Together for Yes campaign group was explicitly trans-inclusive.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In November 2020, on Trans Day of Remembrance, the National Women's Council of Ireland and Amnesty International Ireland co-signed a statement along with a number of LGBT+ and human rights groups condemning trans-exclusionary feminism. The letter called upon the media and politicians "to no longer provide legitimate representation for those that share bigoted beliefs, that are aligned with far right ideologies and seek nothing but harm and division" and stated that "these fringe internet accounts stand against affirmative medical care of transgender people, and they stand against the right to self-identification of transgender people in this country. In summation they stand against trans, women's and gay rights by aligning themselves with far right tropes and stances."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In March 2021, the Abortion Rights Campaign issued a statement condemning the Bell v Tavistock ruling the UK, stating that trans people had played a role in the Yes vote of the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum and that the ruling was "ultimately an attack on our collective right to bodily integrity."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: A 2019 study from the European University Institute that examined the feminist Non Una Di Meno movement in Italy argued that difference feminism had traditionally been prevalent in the country, but was being supplanted by intersectional feminism. The shift was driven especially by younger feminist activists, often accompanied with rejections of binary gender as well as increased prominence of anti-racist and anti-capitalist organising, who considered that "intersectional feminism grasps the core of the feminist and LGBT struggles, which is the "union of all the oppressed against the oppressors."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In Norway, the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (NKF) is trans-inclusive and supports legal protections against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression. In 2015/2016 NKF supported the Gender Recognition Act, which the NKF President described as a milestone for LGBT+ rights that the women's rights movement welcomes. In 2018 NKF also supported legal protections against discrimination and hate speech on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression in the Penal Code. The Norwegian Women's Lobby, an umbrella organization of ten member organizations, describes itself as inclusive and working "to represent the interests of all those who identify as girls and women," and states that it understands discrimination against girls and women in an intersectional perspective and opposes transphobia.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: During the Spanish transition to democracy in the late-1970s, trans people in Spain organised under the gay liberation movement seeking to repeal the Francoist regime's ban on homosexuality, as the Francoist regime would arrest trans people using those same laws. In 1978, the Colectivo de Travestis y Transexuales was founded as part of the Catalan gay liberation movement, the first trans-specific organisation in Spain. In 1987, the first national transgender association was formed, Transexualia, to fight against police violence. As several of the Transexualia founders were sex workers, they soon began working with feminist groups fighting against gendered violence, such as the "Colectivo de Feministas Lesbianas de Madrid" and the "Comisión Antiagresiones". Part of the 1993 National Feminist Conference was dedicated to discussing trans issues in Spain. Through the 1990s, the scope of co-operation between the trans liberation movement and the feminist movement grew, and at the 2000 National Feminist Conference featured several talks by trans people, including Kim Pérez and Laura Bugalho. The 2009 Granada Feminist Conference then saw an influx of younger feminists, and a dedication to formulating a distinct Spanish transfeminism. According to Lucas Platero of King Juan Carlos University, the 2009 conference resulted in a shift towards a feminism that placed greater emphasis on criticising the gender binary and that was "more queer, more decolonial, and intersectional."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2021, a split in the Spanish left-wing coalition government occurred over the Legislative Proposal for the Real and Effective Equality of Trans People, with United Podemos Minister for Equality Irene Montero advancing the bill that would have included the introduction of legal gender recognition via statutory declaration (therefore responding to long-lasting demands for full depathologization) as well as legal recognition of non-binary identities. However, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Deputy Prime Minister Carmen Calvo argued that the bill "could put at risk the identity criteria for 47 million Spaniards." The bill ultimately failed to pass after the Socialist Workers' Party abstained on the vote. In parallel to this, some feminist intellectuals with different degrees of affinity to the PSOE, most notably authors Amelia Valcárcel, Alicia Miyares and Lidia Falcón, had been making public remarks opposing the legislative proposal, as well as comments that other feminist figures reported as transphobic. Ultimately, a new, similar legislative proposal was passed, recognizing the right of trans people to self-determine without the need of any medical process, although demands concerning non-binary people eventually fell off.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The UK government's 2018 consultation on reforming the Gender Recognition Act 2004 became a locus of conflict between trans-exclusionary radical feminists and advocates for trans acceptance. The GRA requires that one be medically diagnosed with gender dysphoria and live for two years in one's felt identity before legally changing gender. Proposed reforms would allow one to self-declare one's legal gender without a diagnosis or waiting period. While the UK's Equality Act 2010 permitted providers of single-sex or sex-segregated services such as women's shelters to deny access to transgender people on a case-by-case basis, a 2016 report of the House of Commons's Women and Equalities Committee recommended that providers no longer be permitted to exclude persons who had obtained legal recognition of their "acquired gender" under the GRA.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Groups including Fair Play For Women and Woman's Place UK were founded in opposition to the proposed reforms. The groups have been condemned by feminists who support the reforms. London Feminist Library organiser Lola Olufemi described Woman's Place UK as "a clearly transphobic organisation" after withdrawing from an event at the University of Oxford that featured WPUK supporter and Oxford professor Selina Todd.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: British trans-exclusive feminist groups objected to the proposed GRA self-ID reform as eroding protections for women-only safe spaces and liable to abuse by cisgender men—issues disputed by advocates of reform and unsupported by current evidence. A 2020 paper in SAGE Open said that "the case against trans inclusion in the United Kingdom has been presented primarily through social media and blog-type or journalistic online platforms lacking the traditional prepublication checks of academic peer review". Pro-trans feminist academics such as Akwugo Emejulu and Alison Phipps view self-declaration as a right for transgender people.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In October 2018 the UK edition of "The Guardian" published an editorial on GRA reform supporting a lessening of the barriers to legal gender change but also stating that "Women's oppression by men has a physical basis, and to deny the relevance of biology when considering sexual inequality is a mistake," and that, "Women's concerns about sharing dormitories or changing rooms with 'male-bodied' people must be taken seriously." Journalists from "The Guardian"'s US edition wrote an editorial repudiating their UK counterpart's stance, stating that it "promoted transphobic viewpoints" and that its "unsubstantiated argument only serves to dehumanize and stigmatize trans people". In March 2019 more than 160 women, including Emma Thompson and members of the UK parliament, cosigned an open letter expressing solidarity with trans women and support for GRA reform, organised by LGBT charity Time for Inclusive Education.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Seven Scottish women's groups – Close the Gap, Engender, Equate Scotland, Rape Crisis Scotland, Scottish Women's Aid, , and Zero Tolerance – released a joint statement during the GRA consultations endorsing the proposed reforms and stating that "we do not regard trans equality and women's equality to be in competition or contradiction with each other." The Cambridge Rape Crisis Centre has indicated that it accepts trans people as volunteers and the Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre has maintained individual gender neutral bathrooms. Feminist direct action group Sisters Uncut has stated that "trans people and gender-nonconforming people experience disproportionate levels of violence... if we don't centre those who exist on the margins, what kind of movement is that?"


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In 2021, an Employment Appeal Tribunal in the case of Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development (CGD) found that gender-critical beliefs pass the legal test of a protected belief under the Equality Act 2010 because they "did not seek to destroy the rights of trans persons". While Forstater was "delighted to have been vindicated", the CGD described the decision as a "step backwards for inclusivity and equality for all".


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: In November 2021, the Middle Temple LGBTQ+ Forum hosted a debate on the topic of conversion therapy, following the launch of a public consultation on how to ban the practice. The panel consisted of Stonewall CEO Nancy Kelley, campaigner Jayne Ozanne, and gender-critical feminist and barrister Naomi Cunningham. A letter said to be signed by more than a hundred legal professionals objected to Cunningham's inclusion on the panel, describing her as "anti-trans". Kelley called for a complete ban on conversion therapy. Cunningham presented a "gender-critical" view that there are multiple explanations for why a young person may call themselves transgender, such as unease at being gay, so a ban on therapists exploring these alternative explanations amounts to "the most savage conversion therapy ever invented". Ozanne spoke about her personal experience of conversion therapy, but also described Cunningham's speech as "very insensitive" and "transphobic", which Cunningham denied.


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: Drawing on theory of radicalization, Craig McLean argues that discourse on transgender-related issues in the UK has been radicalized in response to the activities of new lobby groups that push "a radical agenda to deny the basic rights of trans people... under the cover of "free speech. Finn Mackay argued that "during the pandemic, the ceaseless attacks on and lies told about trans people in our media have only increased... the fact that our media is awash with conspiracy theories about trans lives... should be a national shame."


title: Feminist views on transgender topics

text: The Māori Women's Welfare League and the National Council of Women of New Zealand are trans-inclusive and have supported a shift to legal gender self-determination.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: "Hurricane" is a song by American rapper Kanye West and Canadian singer the Weeknd featuring American rapper Lil Baby, from West's tenth studio album, "Donda" (2021). The song features guest vocals from the Sunday Service Choir and KayCyy. It came from a jam session at Archwood Music Studio and was passed on by Chance the Rapper to West, who shared a preview in September 2018. The song was originally slated for inclusion on West's since scrapped album, "Yandhi", and went through multiple reiterations prior to release, with the final version being debuted in July 2021. On August 8, 2021, it was accidentally made available via certain streaming services before being pulled less than 24 hours later, but was officially released with the rest of the album on August 29, 2021. It was also eventually sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio stations as the album's lead single on September 14, by GOOD Music and Def Jam. An R&B and pop jam with an atmospheric beat, it contains organs and bass.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: In the lyrics of the song, West touches on personal issues. "Hurricane" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who mostly highlighted the Weeknd's feature. Some praised the song's creativity, while a number of them complimented Lil Baby's verse. It was named to year-end lists for 2021 by multiple publications, including "Complex" and "Slant Magazine". The song won Best Melodic Rap Performance at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards, leading to West tying Jay-Z's record for the most Grammys among rappers.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: "Hurricane" charted at number six on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, alongside reaching number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop, Gospel, and Christian Songs charts. The song scored top 10 positions in 10 other countries, including New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It has been certified platinum in both the United States and Canada by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Music Canada (MC), respectively. An accompanying animated music video debuted on March 8, 2022. Digital masked avatars appear in the video, escaping the ADX Florence prison building and watching the baptizing of a faceless representation of Jesus. The song was performed live by the Sunday Service Choir on multiple occasions, including at a 2021 Halloween concert with Justin Bieber.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: The foundation of "Hurricane" came from a three-hour jam session at Archwood Music Studio between American music producer DJ Khalil, bassist Daniel Seeff, and songwriters Josh Mease and Sam Barsh. In July 2018, Chance the Rapper announced that West was coming to Chicago to produce a seven-track studio album for him, similar to those recorded during the Wyoming Sessions. According to producer BoogzDaBeast, the beat for the song was originally intended for Chance the Rapper, who passed on it after hearing it. However, when West heard the beat, Boogz recalled that it "sparked something in him", leading to the creation of the song and his now-scrapped album "Yandhi", which was set to release two weeks after the demo was recorded.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: On September 11, 2018, West reinstated his Instagram account, via which he subsequently shared a snippet of a demo version for "Hurricane", including him singing the chorus; the demo was recorded one day prior to being previewed. A week later, West announced via Twitter that "Yandhi" was set for release on September 29, 2018. West reaffirmed that the song was set to be included on the album via a snippet posted to Twitter on September 27, 2018. "Yandhi" went unreleased on its scheduled date and was eventually scrapped. Over time, "Hurricane" went through several iterations, containing vocals from Ant Clemons, Big Sean, Ty Dolla Sign, and Young Thug, with several leaks of the song surfacing online. Though "Yandhi" had been shelved, "Hurricane" later went into consideration for "Donda" and created heavy anticipation.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: After postponing the release of "Yandhi" twice, West revealed on Twitter that his recording sessions with Chance the Rapper in Chicago had helped himself reconnect with his roots and faith in Jesus. In early 2019, West started hosting choir sessions with the gospel group The Samples, enlisting choir director Jason White and songwriter Nikki Grier for help with choir arrangement and writing gospel renditions of songs in his discography. Clemons recalled that the sessions eventually "morphed" into West's gospel group the Sunday Service Choir, who performed around the world with the rapper. West recorded with the group for their debut studio album "Jesus Is Born" (2019), which is credited solely to them. The Sunday Service Choir were one of the guest appearances on "Donda" to be revealed at the public listening parties, while they contributed additional vocals to six of the album's tracks outside of "Hurricane".


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: On July 21, 2020, West tweeted "Lil Baby my favorite rapper but won't do a song wit me ["sic"]". Responding to the tweet, Lil Baby declared that nobody had told him West wanted to collaborate and the two arranged a meeting. The rapper was subsequently flown out to Cody, Wyoming, to record for "Donda". During the session, Lil Baby recorded his verse for "Hurricane" after Kenyan-American singer songwriter KayCyy had suggested that he should contribute to it; having told him that it was one of the most anticipated songs. In an attempt to appear on the track, KayCyy recorded a bridge which West "actually ended up fucking with", according to the singer. The reworked song was first previewed officially on July 22, 2021, during the first listening party for "Donda" at Mercedes Benz Stadium in Atlanta. The version played at the event featured a hook that was "heavily autotuned" and performed by West himself.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: In an cover story interview for "GQ" on August 2, 2021, Canadian singer-songwriter the Weeknd stated, "I'd love to work with Kanye again. Especially on production." The two had worked together twice in the past; firstly when a West demo evolved into the Weeknd's "Tell Your Friends" (2015); and the singer featured on West's 2016 track "FML" for their second collaboration. Shortly after the interview, West posted a photo of his call log to Instagram that included "Abel Weeknd", leading to speculation of the Weeknd being included on "Donda". "Hurricane" was teased again on August 5, 2021, with the Weeknd performing the hook during the second listening party for the album at Mercedes Benz Stadium. Two days later, American music producer and frequent West collaborator Mike Dean went to Discord and Twitter to ask fans which version of "Hurricane" they preferred between the original version, new version, or a blend of the two. Dean stated in the Discord chat that he was showing West comments from fans; he also told Zane Lowe in an Apple Music interview that West "took all the information he got from everyone, including online reviews, personal friends reviews and he'd just kind of digest it all and adjust the album the way he wants".


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: Musically, "Hurricane" is an R&B and pop jam. It utilizes West's typical production style, relying on an atmospheric beat, while including layered organs, heavy bass, and trap drums. It features processed vocals by the Sunday Service Choir that are triggered and cut off in the style of a sampler, moving between digital and choral styles, which was done by Italian mixing engineer Irko at the request of West over a phone call. According to "Rolling Stone"s Paul Thompson, the choir vocals are processed "in ways that are slightly alien". Alongside the group, additional vocals are provided by KayCyy. West and Lil Baby perform a verse each on the song, while the Weeknd sings the chorus. He delivers gospel-infused vocals, as well as contributing a falsetto. The song's vocal production was handled by White and Grier, while Louis Bell and Patrick Hundley did the editing.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: Lyrically, West discusses ongoing personal issues on the song, such as his breakup with Kardashian, his house, past, and fears. The hook sees the Weeknd exude confidence, singing: "Finally free, found the God in me / And I want you to see, I can walk on water." West presents himself as having engaged in a conversation with God, rapping that he "was up for sale" yet could not tell and then declaring, "God made it rain, the Devil made it hell." With certain lyrics, the rapper reflects on progressing from being a school dropout to a guest speaker at Yale University. Lil Baby provides a mournful performance with his verse, admitting at one point that he simply wants to "restart it".


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: After "Donda" failed to release on August 6, 2021, "Hurricane" appeared on Apple Music as the second track on the "Donda" pre-order page. The track was made available via international streaming services such as Yandex and Line Music on August 8, though was not available on any in the United States. On August 29, "Hurricane" was included as the fifth track on West's tenth studio album "Donda". The track was playlisted by Swedish mainstream station Sveriges Radio P3 on September 3, 2021. It was sent to American rhythmic contemporary radio stations as the album's lead single 11 days later, through GOOD Music and Def Jam.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: On October 20, 2021, American rapper Big Sean performed his unreleased verse for "Hurricane" as part of a nine minute freestyle with Power 106's L.A. Leakers. On October 31, 2021, the Sunday Service Choir performed a gospel rendition of "Hurricane" with Canadian singer Justin Bieber for their Halloween concert at an anonymous rooftop location. The group were dressed entirely in white and surrounded by an audience dressed in black, while the singer rocked a white hood. During the performance, Bieber freestyle-sang over the track. On November 7, 2021, a rendition of the song was performed by the Sunday Service Choir for a session in tribute to the victims of a crowd crush at Travis Scott's Astroworld Festival set. The performance was live-streamed, as was the group's performance of it at a session promoting the deluxe edition of "Donda" a week later. On December 9, 2021, West performed the song at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as part of his and Canadian musician Drake's Free Larry Hoover Benefit concert. Drake accompanied him on stage and the rapper's performance marked a return after the musician had performed alone, which shocked the audience.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: On December 12, 2021, West performed the track as part of a surprise five-song set in the middle of fellow rapper Future's headlining performance at Rolling Loud California. While performing, he rocked a white hoodie, "Free Hoover" jeans, and Yeezy boots. On February 22, 2022, West performed "Hurricane" at the accompanying concert for his eleventh studio album "Donda 2" in Miami's LoanDepot Park. During the performance of the song, West appeared to experience an issue with his in-ear monitors and seemingly lost his place, though it was speculated that he forgot the lyrics. The rapper's performance of "Hurricane" was followed by a performance of "Jail pt 2", which featured him reacting to the problem by throwing his microphone.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: "Hurricane" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics, many of whom appreciated the Weeknd's feature. In "The A.V. Club", Nina Hernandez chose the song as an album highlight due to the Weeknd's appearance. Echoing this opinion at "PopMatters", Tony DeGanaro listed the singer's feature amongst the highlights, describing it as sublime. Chris Willman from "Variety" wrote that he lets out "an unknown gospel side", delivering "a chorus as ineffable as any on his albums". Aaron Loose of "Christianity Today" saw the song as proof that West is still able to orchestrate "a captivating moment", saying it "rolls into earshot like a wrathful omen" and later develops into "a gorgeous R&B prayer" delivered by the Weeknd. On a similar note, "The New York Times" critic Jon Caramanica commented that the song shows West maintains the capability "of orchestrating impressive pop music", creating a "disarmingly pretty" track with the Weeknd's "sweet vocals". Thomas Hobbs from "The Guardian" observed that West comes across as more authentic on the song and "less like someone delivering the doctrine of a corporate superchurch", while also noting "a massive hook" from the Weeknd, who "projects walk-on-water confidence". Writing for "DIY", Ryan Bell pointed it out as "Donda"s closest resemblance to the hits that West used to create, attributing this to the Weeknd's "smooth hook" and "an atmospheric beat with an ominous gospel inflection".


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: At "Exclaim", Riley Wallace asserted that the Weeknd and Lil Baby's features "help alley-oop Ye" one of his best works for years. Mark Richardson of "The Wall Street Journal" stated that because of the singer's "gospel-drenched vocals" and the rapper's guest verse, the song "merits repeat plays". "Vulture"s Craig Jenkins pointed to West and the aforementioned two as "one of the better rapper-singer collaborations" of 2021, depicting the rapper as not seeming "labored with his flow". In the "Los Angeles Times", Mikael Wood lauded the song as "a heaving R&B jam" and considered "a mournful Lil Baby" to be the main star. Thompson viewed the collision of digital and choral palettes when the Sunday Service Choir's vocals appear as one of the most interesting moments on the album, opining that they are seemingly "instruments at West's disposal" on the "pleading" song. For "HipHopDX", David Aaron Brake proclaimed that its layered organs "could soundtrack the ascent to the heavens". Uproxx's Wongo Okon named the song as one of the album's highlights.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: Not all reviews were favorable. In a negative review, Jonny Coleman of "The Hollywood Reporter" found the song's release coincidentally occurring on the same day as Hurricane Ida impacted the Gulf Coast to be distasteful, while he disregarded it as "another generic snooze-fest with all the usual Kanye production touchstones". Coleman felt West's production style had become overused, complaining that "the instrumentation veers into parody at points" when West gets bored or unsure of what to do, even if it is "pretty cool". "Loud and Quiet" reviewer Robert Davidson wrote off the song as possibly the album's most glaring point that West "opts for lyrical platitudes", assuring his collaboration with the Weeknd and Lil Baby passes by "without ever threatening to quicken the heartbeat", defining it as a "damp squib".


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: The track was ranked by "Complex" as the 15th best song of 2021, with Waiss Aramesh praising West's vocal performance, introspective lyricism, and storytelling. It was picked by "Slant Magazine" as the 24th best song of the year; Charles Lyons-Burt was most impressed by the combination of the Weeknd's "crystal falsetto" with "the magisterial organ and booming trap drums". "Exclaim" listed the track as the 27th best song of 2021, while "The Fader" named it the year's 70th best. The song was awarded Best Melodic Rap Performance at the 2022 Grammy Awards, marking West's 24th win at the ceremony and tying him with Jay-Z's record for the most of any rappers.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: In November 2020, a music video was initially shot in Manhattan by frequent West collaborator Hype Williams. Photographs from the shoot surfaced, showing Williams on set with West and Lil Baby. In the end, West went with an animated CGI music video that was directed by French film-maker Arnaud Bresson, who also directed the visual for fellow album track "Heaven and Hell". Production was handled by Laure Salgon, with motion capture being used. On March 8, 2022, a music video for "Hurricane" was premiered.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: An army of digital masked avatars dressed in Yeezy Gap hoodies–resembling the music video released for "Heaven and Hell"–are present in the video, demonstrating a dystopian-looking society. The visual opens with the image of a half land and half water piece of coastline, accompanied by a grey dragon. This is followed by the army of digital avatars climbing fences of the ADX Florence prison building while lightning strikes, appearing merely as silhouettes initially until they can be seen wearing opaque masks. The avatars then escape prison to watch a faceless representation of Jesus get baptized, appearing on a beach where acid rain falls down. In the following scenes, people ascending towards the sky close to a beam of light, while swirling hurricane clouds can be seen. A flash of lightning pierces the sky, inviting the avatars to follow its light. The video also shows clips of West and his collaborators as CGI humanoids performing the song from a "strange heaven-like place". The video ends with a black and white photograph taken from Hurricane Katrina–which killed more than 1,800 people in 2005–of an American flag emerging from a pile of rubble. Wren Graves, writing for "Consequence", called the video a "scatterbrained stab at a disaster epic", with "seemingly-unfinished CGI that flickers in and out of focus from frame to incomprehensible frame".


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: Shortly after the release of the music video, Russian painter Denis Forkas, who has contributed artwork for metal bands such as Behemoth, accused West of plagiarizing his 2017 piece "Hortus Aureus" in the music video for "Hurricane". Forkas claimed that he had not been contacted by any party involved in the production, and that the artwork was simply re-rendered for the video.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: Upon the release of "Donda", "Hurricane" debuted at number six on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, standing as the album's highest charting track and West's 19th top-20 hit on the chart. The song's entry was powered by 29 million US streams, which led to it topping the Streaming Songs chart and giving West his third number-one. "Hurricane" lasted for 11 weeks on the Hot 100. It further debuted atop the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming West's eighth chart-topper and his first since "FourFiveSeconds" in 2015. The song stood among the rapper's seven simultaneous top-10 hits on the chart, which tied Drake's 2018 record. It also reached the summit of both the US Christian Songs and Gospel Songs charts, marking West's third number-one on these charts. On the "Billboard" year-end charts for 2021, the track ranked at numbers two and one on Christian Songs and Gospel Songs, respectively. The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling 1,000,000 certified units in the US on January 10, 2022, becoming the album's first single to achieve this certification.


title: Hurricane (Kanye West song)

text: In Canada, the track charted at number four on the Canadian Hot 100. On November 23, 2021, "Hurricane" was certified platinum by Music Canada (MC) for pushing 80,000 units in the region. The song debuted at number three on the New Zealand Singles Chart, charting similarly in Australia by reaching position 4 on the ARIA Singles Chart, becoming the highest charting track from "Donda". The song was also a top five hit in Norway and Denmark, peaking at numbers three and five on the Topp 20 Singles and Danish Top 40 charts, respectively. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number seven, standing as the highest of West's three entries from the album. On April 29, 2022, "Hurricane" was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for pushing 200,000 units in the United Kingdom. As well as the UK, it charted at number seven on both the Icelandic Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart. The song reached numbers eight and nine on the Swedish Singles Chart and Swiss Singles Chart, respectively. "Hurricane" also entered the top 20 in Finland, Greece, Lithuania, Portugal, India, and Slovakia, while it peaked at number five on the "Billboard" Global 200.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Muhammad Bairam Khan (18 January 150131 January 1561), commonly known as Bairam Khan or Bayram Khan was an important military commander, and later commander-in-chief of the Mughal army, a powerful statesman and regent at the court of the Mughal Emperors, Humayun and Akbar. He was also the guardian, chief mentor, adviser, teacher and the most trusted ally of Akbar. Akbar honoured him as "Khan-i-Khanan", which means "King of Kings". Bairam was originally called Bairam "Beg", but later became honoured as 'Kha' or Khan. Bairam Khan was an aggressive general who was determined to restore Mughal authority in India. Two divans are attributed to him, one in Persian and the other in Chagatai.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Bairam Khan was born in the region of Badakhshan in Central Asia, and belonged to the Baharlu Turkoman clan of the Kara Koyunlu confederation. The Kara Koyunlu had ruled Western Persia for decades before being overthrown by their Ak Koyunlu rivals. Bairam Khan's father, Seyfali Beg Baharlu, and grandfather, Janali Beg Baharlu, had been part of Babur's service. His great-grandparents were Pirali Beg Baharlu and his wife, a daughter of the Kara Koyunlu ruler Qara Iskander; Pirali's niece through his sister Pasha Begum had been one of the wives of Babur. Bairam entered Babur's service at the age of 16 and played an active role in the early Mughal conquests of India.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Bairam Khan contributed greatly to the establishment of the Mughal empire under Humayun when he was entrusted with the position of "muhardar" (keeper of the seals) and took part in military campaigns in Benares, Bengal and Gujarat. In 1540, during the Battle of Kannauj, he was captured by Sher Shah Suri's men, but later managed to make an adventurous escape, and rejoined Humayun at Sindh in July 1543. He accompanied Humayun during his exile in Persia and helped conquer Kandahar before serving as its governor for nine years. In 1556, he played a leading role as a commander in Humayun's reconquest of Hindustan.


title: Bairam Khan

text: At the time of Humayun's death at 27 January 1556, Bairam Khan was leading a campaign against Sikandar Shah Suri in Punjab (in present-day India) as the then Prince Akbar's "ataliq" (guardian) and "sipahsalaar" (commander-in-chief) of the Mughal army. To consolidate the Mughal Empire, Bairam Khan kept Humayun's death a secret, sending reassuring messages of his recovery and having Mullah Bekasi, a loyal cleric in Delhi (who looked similar to Humayun) dressed up in the imperial robes and make the usual daily appearance before the people from the balcony of the fort, till Akbar's coronation. He also secured the loyalty of his rival, Tardi Beg by appointing him as the governor of Delhi.


title: Bairam Khan

text: On 14 February 1556, Akbar was crowned as the new Mughal Emperor and his first deed was to appoint Bairam Khan as "Vakil" (Prime Minister) and grant him the lofty titles of "Khan-i-Khanan" and "sipahsalaar itizad-i-daulat qahira" (commander-in-chief of the army, mainstay of victorious dominion). Under Bairam Khan's leadership, the Mughal army moved to Jalandhar, where they encamped for five months and managed to drive Sikandar Suri deeper into the Siwalik hills. However, the Mughals now had to face a far greater threat from Hemu, Vakil of Adil Shah Suri, the final ruler of the Sur dynasty.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Taking advantage of the political instability in the Mughal Empire, Hemu swiftly took Gwalior, Delhi and Agra. Leaving behind a small force to keep Sikandar Suri in check, Bairam Khan moved the Mughal Army towards Sirhind and ordered Tardi Beg (who had been defeated by Hemu at the Battle of Tughlaqabad, near Delhi on 7 October 1556 and retreated) to meet the imperial army there. At Sirhind, differences arose between Bairam Khan and Tardi Beg as to what would be their military strategy in the future. Shortly afterwards, Bairam Khan had Tardi Beg executed for his cowardice during the Battle of Tughlaqabad, though there is some doubt as to whether these allegations were true as Tardi Beg was a senior official and a political rival of Bairam Khan and his execution certainly helped consolidate the authority of Bairam Khan. Conveniently, Akbar was absent during the whole incident as he was out on a hunting trip. Tardi Beg's execution helped discipline the demoralised Mughal army.


title: Bairam Khan

text: On 5 November 1556, the Mughals clashed with Hemu's army at the Second Battle of Panipat. After a fiercely contested battle, the Mughals were victorious. Hemu was captured and decapitated, either by Bairam Khan or Akbar and Delhi and Agra subsequently reconquered. After resting for a month at Delhi, Akbar and Bairam Khan resumed their campaign against Sikandar Suri, who had attempted to attack Lahore; he was driven back to the hill-fortress of Mankot (in present-day Jammu and Kashmir) where he waited for six months for Afghan reinforcements, to no avail. Disheartened, he finally surrendered to Akbar on 25 July 1557, where he was treated with clemency and given a fief in Bihar.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Bairam Khan was a Shia Muslim and was disliked by some of the Sunni Turkic nobles. Although a Shia, he attended Friday services in the mosque of a noted Sufi. He also promoted Sheikh Gadai, the son of Sikandar Lodi's court poet Jamali Kamboh, to the position of "sadurat-i-mamalik" (Chief Justice) in 1559.


title: Bairam Khan

text: In these struggles for the restoration of Babur's dynasty Khanzadas apparently do not figure at all. Humayun seems to have conciliated them by marrying the elder daughter of Jamal Khan, the nephew of Babur's opponent Hasan Khan Mewati, and having his minister, Bairam Khan, marry Jamal's younger daughter. Bairam's other wife was Salima Sultan Begum, who married Akbar after his death.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Towards his last years, relations between Bairam Khan and Akbar grew sour. The main reason was that Bairam Khan had begun to take several decisions without consulting the Emperor first, such as when he unilaterally dismissed his former favourite Pir Muhammad Khan, who was a senior Mughal official. Akbar felt jealous that a leash was kept on his private expenses while Bairam Khan's servants grew rich. He had also become increasingly irritable, and executed two of Akbar's favourite personal mahouts, one of which had not been able to restrain an imperial elephant, which killed one of Bairam Khan's animals, and the other had not been able to restrain his elephant which nearly overturned a small boat on which Bairam Khan was resting. After the final incident, Akbar decided that Bairam Khan could no longer stay in his position. In March or April 1560, Akbar told him that he could either retire and stay in the palace or go on the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. He could take whatever land he wished so that his servants could send him remittances of the harvest annually.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Rejecting the advice of his close friends and supporters he decided not to rebel, but later his political opponents Maham Anga and her son Adham Khan sent Pir Muhammad to trail him and 'pack him off to Mecca'. This insult goaded Bairam Khan to rebel, and he turned back. Pir Muhammad retreated at the sight of Bairam Khan's deadly Turkoman horse archers. Akbar tried in vain to send another firman to Bairam Khan, ordering him to continue his pilgrimage. Bairam Khan left his family in the fortress of Tabar-e-Hind (in present-day Bathinda) and headed towards Jalandhar, intent on taking Lahore. Forced to fight his former mentor, Akbar sent his foster father Shams-ud-din with a strong vanguard to halt or slow down Bairam Khan's force while he followed with the main army. Near the village Gunecur, near Jalandhar, Shams-ud-Din stopped Bairam Khan's force. He tried to negotiate, but Bairam Khan remained adamant about fighting.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Despite having a much smaller army, Bairam Khan gave a tough fight to his adversary but was eventually defeated. However, Bairam Khan managed to retreat with the majority of his force to Talwara-Hazipur adjoining Rey Shikargah (Mughal Imperial Hunting Grounds) from where he surrendered and was treated by Akbar with immense respect. Akbar gave him the options of staying in the court as his personal adviser, picking a jagir of his choice, or continuing his pilgrimage. Bairam Khan chose the last option.


title: Bairam Khan

text: While travelling through Gujarat he was assassinated on 31 January 1561 at Sahastralinga Tank, a religious site near Anhilwad Patan, by a group of Afghans led by Mubarak Khan Lohani, whose father had been killed while fighting with the Mughals at the Battle of Machhiwara in 1555. According to the Akbarnama, the group of Afghans had apparently come to pay their respects to him, so he allowed them to come closer. Thereupon, Mubarak stabbed him with a dagger in the back with such force that the point came out of his chest, and another Afghan struck him on the head, fatally wounding him. Bairam Khan passed away saying the takbir. His corpse was later found by a group of locals, who buried him at the tomb of a nearby Sufi saint.


title: Bairam Khan

text: His son and wife managed to escape to Ahmedabad, where they stayed for several months before Akbar heard of their plight and had them escorted to Agra. Bairam's wife, Salima who was also the cousin of Akbar, married Akbar after his death. Bairam's son, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, became an important part of Akbar's administration and was one of the "nav-ratans" (nine gems) of Akbar's court.


title: Bairam Khan

text: "Behram Khan", a 1946 Indian Hindi-language film by Gajanan Jagirdar (who also starred in the titular role), is based on the life of Bairam Khan and his role in the founding of the Mughal Empire.


title: Bairam Khan

text: He was portrayed by actor Yuri Suri in the 2008 Indian historical epic "Jodhaa Akbar" by Ashutosh Gowariker.


title: Bairam Khan

text: Other notable portrayals include by Naved Aslam in the television series "Jodha Akbar" (2013–2015) which aired on Zee TV and by Shahbaz Khan in Sony TV's "Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap" (2013–2015).


title: Brett Eldredge

text: Brett Ryan Eldredge (born March 23, 1986) is an American country music singer, songwriter and record producer, signed to Warner Music Group Nashville. Eldredge has had five No. 1 singles on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart, three of which came from his debut studio album, "Bring You Back": "Don't Ya", "Beat of the Music", and "Mean to Me".


title: Brett Eldredge

text: Eldredge was born on March 23, 1986, in Paris, Illinois, the son of Robin Beth (née Vonderlage) and Christopher "Chris" Eldredge. He has an older brother, Brice. He studied at Elmhurst College in Elmhurst, Illinois. His cousin, Terry Eldredge, is a former member of the Grascals.