title: Sperm theft

text: A Melbourne man disputed his obligation to pay child support, claiming the mother had lied about using contraception and then disappeared soon after becoming pregnant, refusing him access to the child. He said: "I dispute the right of this woman to surrogate me to get a sole parent's benefit." The presiding magistrate told him, "I can't let you win in this case because it would set a precedent that would change Federal law" and that fraud was not grounds for annulling his child support payments. Nevertheless, his child support arrears were reduced to $15 per month.


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2002, Amy Cooper of "Sunday Life" magazine reported on an unnamed man from Melbourne who registered a formal complaint with the Victorian Equal Opportunity Commission, arguing that the Federal Government discriminated against him by forcing him to pay child support for a child he says was conceived with "stolen sperm". He alleged that the mother "secretly self-administered" it from a used condom. Commenting on the case, Rod Hardwick of DADS Australia said "When a woman commits [paternity on the sly], she is denying a man his right to choose... He has responsibilities, but no rights. He becomes a disposable chequebook. Every time this happens, trust between the sexes is eroded a little bit more and families are disadvantaged." Hardwick, also a victim of sperm misappropriation, said that when sperm is stolen, "you feel like you've been raped."


title: Sperm theft

text: In Germany, sperm theft is known as "samenraub". The phrase entered the popular lexicon after a 2001 tabloid scandal involving Boris Becker and a resulting headline in "Bild": "War es Samenraub?" (Was it semen robbery?). Becker had claimed that a child he fathered with a Russian waitress was conceived when she stole his sperm after oral sex. He alleged that she inseminated herself following a tryst in a linen cupboard at the London restaurant Nobu. Becker subsequently agreed to take responsibility for the child. In 2013 the phrase was included in the Duden.


title: Sperm theft

text: A man's request to be relieved of paying child support was rejected by a Munich court. The child was conceived from an egg fertilized with his sperm without his permission. He revoked his consent for his sperm to be used after he and his ex-wife separated and said that she twice forged his signature at an IVF clinic. However, the court said that he was not clear enough when he revoked his consent and the clinic had no reason to doubt the validity of what he alleged were forged signatures.


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2012, two male gynaecologists were ordered by a Dortmund court to pay child support in place of the biological father. They had helped a mother conceive twins via artificial insemination using the father's sperm, but did so without the father's consent. A contract had stipulated that his sperm was to be destroyed after a year.


title: Sperm theft

text: On 4 February 2013, the 22nd civil senate of the Hamm Higher Regional Court dismissed a man's claim for indemnification for exemption from maintenance obligations in the so-called "semen robbery process" and thus deviated from the lower court judgment of the Dortmund Regional Court. The man alleged that his signature on the informed consent form had been forged and that his sperm sample had been used for artificial insemination without permission. The court rejected his argument.


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2022, a 39-year-old woman received a 6-month suspended jail sentence for poking holes in a condom to get pregnant with a man with whom she was in a friends-with-benefits relationship. She wanted to enter a serious relationship while she knew he did not. She failed to get pregnant.


title: Sperm theft

text: In Israel, ‘‘stealing sperm’’ (גנבת זרע) is a common phrase used to denote a woman sleeping with a man in order to get pregnant without telling him. It receives ample media coverage. Some consider that the issue is unbalanced in favor of women and men who fall victim to "sperm theft" should also have the right to say no to parenthood.


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2012, the Tiberias Family Court ruled against a man (A) who asked to be excused child support, claiming the mother of his child (B) had "stolen his sperm" in order to get pregnant. In dismissing the suit, the judge ruled that "even if her biological father's claims are true, they are not sufficient to prevent the minor from succeeding in her current suit." The judge also cited other cases in which men had been ordered to pay child support, even though they had argued they were "fathers against their will".


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2013, in a "milestone verdict", a Tel Aviv court ordered a woman to pay her former partner ₪110,000 ($31,000) in damages. She had informed him that she was infertile and persuaded him to not to use contraception. Subsequently, she became pregnant and sued him for child support after he refused to acknowledge paternity of the child. Previous judgements had gone against him. In January 2017, the compensation imposed on the woman was revoked after the district court hearing the appeal ruled that the sex did not result from misrepresentation, and it was not proven that the plaintiff was interested at the time in the defendant's medical condition or the need to use contraception.


title: Sperm theft

text: On 4 September 2018, a Tel Aviv court partially accepted the suit of a man claiming "forced fatherhood". Judge Shifra Glick determined that the defendant had been dishonest with the plaintiff, had asked him not to use contraceptives, and had told him that she was using an IUD, thereby "making the plaintiff a parent against his will". The plaintiff's claims of robbery, negligence and fraud were rejected. The plaintiff was awarded limited compensation of ₪40,000 ($11,160).


title: Sperm theft

text: In September 2013, the Italian Supreme Court ruled against a man who claimed that the conception of his son was a result of semen theft. He said that he never had sex with the woman and claimed she had stolen a test tube containing his seminal fluid. The court stated that he had failed to prove that a theft took place, but ruled that the fact of his biological connection to the child was sufficient to require him to pay maintenance, regardless of the circumstances: "paternity is attributed as a juridical consequence of conception, so that the biological element is decisive, and, since there is also no need for a conscious will to procreate, no relevance can be attributed to the wants of the alleged father ". They affirmed the lower court's award of €350 per month child support to the woman and he was also ordered to pay her €1000 in compensation.


title: Sperm theft

text: A court in İzmir province, Turkey, dismissed the paternity lawsuit of a 61 year old man who insisted that the mother, who gave birth to twin boys via in vitro fertilization in 2015, stole his sperm. A DNA test in 2018 proved that he was the father and he was mandated to pay maintenance for them. The judge stated that sperm cannot be considered movable property.


title: Sperm theft

text: In June 2000, the Birmingham High Court rejected Jonathan Evans' challenge to a child support order. Evans cited a letter the child's mother had written him in which she admitted to inseminating herself with his sperm after retrieving it from a used condom whilst he was in the shower. The judge ruled that, irrespective of how the baby was conceived, Evans was the legal father and was required to pay maintenance. This case was discussed on BBC Radio 4's "Woman's Hour".


title: Sperm theft

text: "Daily Mail" columnist Liz Jones admitted in 2011 to stealing the sperm of her ex-husband Nirpal Dhaliwal from a condom and trying to become pregnant. She did not get pregnant. Dhaliwal wrote “Luckily for me, my little troopers stayed loyal and didn't go to work for her, otherwise I could've found myself a father, emotionally and financially trapped by her for the rest of my life."


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2011, "The Daily Telegraph" reported on an unnamed woman who forged her ex-husband's signature at an IVF clinic, allowing doctors to create embryos using his frozen sperm. She subsequently gave birth to two children via the procedure. The man had stored his frozen sperm at the Bourn Hall Clinic in Cambridge after undergoing arthritis treatment that could have left him infertile. He said he had no knowledge of the procedure until three years later. He was ordered to pay her an additional £100,000 to help raise the children. The woman said, "I have no regrets, I would do it again."


title: Sperm theft

text: In January 2019, a father ("ARB") lost his claim for damages from IVF Hammersmith. His ex-partner ("R") forged his signature on a consent form in order to conceive a child using a frozen egg fertilized with his sperm at the clinic. The court accepted that his signature had been forged and the insemination procedure was done without his consent, but denied his claim for compensation, on the grounds of public policy that damages cannot be awarded for the birth of a healthy child. The law has since changed to require photographic identification as well as a signature to ensure that the man authorising the use of frozen embryos is indeed the father.


title: Sperm theft

text: "The Guardian" reported on a man who gave a sperm sample to a Harley Street fertility clinic in the 1960s for analysis. Unbeknownst to him, the sample was used to impregnate couples undergoing fertility treatment at the clinic. Now in his 80s, he learned that he has a daughter as a result. Her parents were told the donor was a medical student. The man maintained he never gave permission for the use of his sperm for anything except fertility analysis but said "I’m too old to be angry now. Not really, no."


title: Sperm theft

text: In the House of Commons, Flick Drummond MP raised the case of a constituent whose sperm was used by his ex-partner to become pregnant without his consent. Mrs. Drummond characterized this as "not just 'sperm theft', but a form of sexual assault and a violation of my constituent's rights", but noted that, according to the Crown Prosecution Service, there is no law to deal with this act as a sexual assault. She asked Attorney General Suella Braverman to look into amending the law.


title: Sperm theft

text: In 1981, former NYPD Detective and whistleblower Frank Serpico argued that he should not have to pay child support because the mother deceived him into the pregnancy. The mother denied this, but a female friend of hers testified in support of his account. She said that the mother intended to seduce Serpico to get pregnant and that she deliberately stopped taking birth control pills, but had assured him that she was still taking them. The judge ruled in Serpico's favor, stating that the mother's planned and intentional deceit barred her from any financial benefit at the fathers expense. However, this was overruled by a higher court, which decided the charges of fraud were irrelevant and the only consideration was the "best interests of the child". The tribunal ruled that he had to pay maintenance of around $900 per month. One of Serpico's lawyers was Karen DeCrow, a former director of the National Organisation for Women. DeCrow told the court "Autonomous women making independent decisions about their lives should not expect men to finance their choice".


title: Sperm theft

text: "SF vs. TM" (1996). S.F. was a man who passed out intoxicated at a party in the home of a woman (T.M.), who raped him while he was unconscious. S.F. had no knowledge of this until he woke up the following morning with his lower clothes removed. T.M. became pregnant as a result of the rape and S.F. was ordered to pay child support. He appealed, arguing that he "did not knowingly and willfully participate in any sexual activity with the mother of the minor child." S.F. further asserted that being compelled to pay child support for a child conceived as a result of non-consensual intercourse deprived him of property rights and equal protection under the law. He produced expert testimony that it was possible for a male to get an erection and ejaculate while unconscious. The court nevertheless rejected his argument, stating that "the child is an innocent party... any wrongful conduct on the part of the mother should not alter the father's duty to provide support for the child." S.F. was ordered to pay $106.04 per month in child support, plus $8,960.64 in arrears. The dissenting opinion described the mother's misconduct as "reprehensible" and a "misdemeanor" and said a male rape victim should be required to pay child support only if the mother cannot support the child herself.


title: Sperm theft

text: In 1997, the Louisiana Court of Appeal ruled against Emile Frisard in his suit against Debra Rojas. Frisard was visiting his sick parents in hospital when Rojas, a nurse at the hospital, offered to perform oral sex on him, provided he wore a condom. Frisard accepted and after the act was complete, Rojas kept the condom and used Frisard's semen to impregnate herself. She subsequently sued him for child support. Frisard argued that he only consented to oral sex and never consented to the use of his sperm for insemination purposes. Frisard was ordered to pay $436.81 per month in child support, $17,901.21 in arrears and 5% in court costs. Addressing the issue of Rojas' self-insemination without Frisard's consent, the court dismissed the point: "[Frisard's] own testimony showed that he had some sort of sexual contact with the plaintiff around the time frame of alleged conception." The fact of any sexual contact between them was sufficient to hold Frisard liable for child support.


title: Sperm theft

text: A Massachusetts court awarded Richard Gladu $108,000 in compensation from Boston IVF after the fertility clinic impregnated his ex-wife with their frozen embryos without his consent, resulting in the birth of a daughter. Gladu was awarded $98,000 for the cost of raising his then seven-year-old daughter, and $10,000 for emotional distress.


title: Sperm theft

text: The Illinois Appellate Court ruled that Richard O. Phillips could press a claim for emotional distress against his former partner Sharon Irons, overruling the circuit court which had dismissed Phillips' suit in 2003. Phillips claimed that Irons surreptitiously kept condoms containing his semen after oral sex and used it to self-inseminate, later giving birth to a daughter. The court ruled that Phillips' claims, if true, meant that Irons "deceitfully engaged in sexual acts, which no reasonable person would expect could result in pregnancy, to use plaintiff's sperm in an unorthodox, unanticipated manner yielding extreme consequences." The appellate court dismissed Phillips' claims of fraud and theft: "when plaintiff 'delivered' his sperm, it was a gift — an absolute and irrevocable transfer of title to property from a donor to a donee. There was no agreement that the original deposit would be returned upon request."


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2015, Layne Hardin and his former partner Katherine LeBlanc (of Houston, Texas) sued Texas Andrology Services and Hardin's former girlfriend, Tobie Devall, charging that Devall had illegally acquired Hardin's frozen sperm from the facility and used it to get pregnant. Devall claimed that she did so with Hardin's agreement. While still in a relationship with LeBlanc, Hardin had a vasectomy and had eight vials of sperm frozen. An agreement between Hardin, LeBlanc and the facility stated that only LeBlanc would have access to the sperm. A jury found in favor of Hardin and LeBlanc. Texas Andrology Services was ordered to pay $250,000 apiece to Hardin and LeBlanc. Devall was ordered to pay $125,000 to Hardin and $250,000 to LeBlanc. On appeal, the compensation was reduced to $19,500.


title: Sperm theft

text: A New York court ordered Deon Francois to pay child support to his ex-wife Chaamel after she forged his signature and allegedly had it notarized with a stolen seal and used his frozen sperm sample to conceive a daughter through a fertility clinic. Francois sued the New York University clinic for $9 million, insisting that they should pay the child support.


title: Sperm theft

text: Joe Pressil of Houston Texas sued 'Advanced Fertility', a Texas fertility clinic, in 2011. Pressil claimed that the clinic accepted a semen sample from a woman claiming to be his wife and then performed in vitro fertilization, resulting in the birth of twins. Pressil says this was all done without his knowledge or consent and he only found out about it when he found receipts from the clinic. He claimed she smuggled the sperm to the clinic after saving their used condoms after sex. He said the entire situation had caused him mental harm and economic distress due to substantial child support payments.


title: Sperm theft

text: Maelo Ruiz claimed that a fan named Karla Ankara Toledo stole his sperm from a Venezuela sperm bank and used it to conceive twin girls. He announced he was taking legal action. Toledo countersued for child maintenance.


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2011, Zimbabwean police arrested a gang of female rapists accused of "semen harvesting". Male targets were threatened or drugged and made to have sexual intercourse using condoms, after which the semen was retained, possibly for ritualistic purposes. Similar incidents have been reported in South Africa and Kenya.


title: Sperm theft

text: In the "Leykis 101" segment of his radio show, Tom Leykis urges his male listeners to flush their used condoms down the toilet in order to protect themselves against sperm theft. Where this is not possible, he suggests they pour tabasco sauce or habanero sauce into their used condoms to act as a spermicide.


title: Sperm theft

text: In 2019, a story circulated on the internet that a Las Vegas hotel cleaner had become pregnant after stealing sperm from a millionaire's used condom and successfully sued him for child support. The story was later revealed to be a satire.


title: Sperm theft

text: Fear of baby-trapping and the resulting child support has reportedly led to an increase in wealthy Hamptons men undergoing vasectomies.


title: Sperm theft

text: Derrick Rose claimed that NBA players are taught to flush their condoms down the toilet or take them away after sexual intercourse so that women cannot use the sperm to impregnate themselves.


title: Sperm theft

text: "Cosmopolitan" did a feature on spurglary in 2013. Marriage and family therapist Carla Willis-Brandon stated "I've begun to notice a growing trend in the number of women tricking men into having a baby, usually by lying about contraception... these women usually hope a child will smooth over issues in the relationship. If she's with a man who's commitment-phobic, she might feel a baby will 'seal the deal'". However, she knew only one couple in this situation who stayed together afterwards. One man interviewed said his friend was spurgled, but said this was "the making of him." A woman recounted that she got pregnant after she stopped taking the pill without telling her boyfriend, hoping he would marry her. Instead, he broke off the relationship and moved overseas.


title: Sperm theft

text: The Bible describes three cases of sperm stealing, in which a man is seduced by a woman under false pretences and becomes an unwitting sperm donor. Each case involves a direct ancestor of the biblical King David. The women are sympathetic, shown acting for noble reasons.


title: Sperm theft

text: In the "Book of Genesis", Tamar deceives her father-in-law Judah into having sexual intercourse with her by pretending to be a prostitute. When Judah discovers that Tamar is pregnant he prepares to have her killed, but recants and confesses when he finds out that he is the father (). The twins Perez (Peretz) and Zerah were conceived as result (Gen. 38:27-30). The former is the patrilinear ancestor of the messiah, according to the Book of Ruth (4:18-22).


title: Sperm theft

text: Some biblical scholars contend that the incident involving Ruth and Boaz is also a case of sperm stealing ("After Boaz had finished eating and drinking and was in good spirits, he went to lie down at the end of the heap of grain. Then Ruth went in secretly, uncovered his feet, and lay down. At midnight, Boaz was startled, turned over and there lying at his feet was a woman." Ruth 3:7-8) The Hebrew word for feet can also be translated as near the feet, a euphemism for genitalia.


title: Sperm theft

text: In Ancient Greek Mythology, Myrrha fell in love with her father Cinyras and tricked him into having sexual intercourse with her (" into his bed one dark night, when her nurse had made him too drunk to realize what he was doing"). She was transformed into a myrrh tree and gave birth to their son Adonis.


title: Sperm theft

text: The Osiris myth of Egyptian mythology describes how Nephthys, the childless twin sister of Isis, tricked Isis' husband Osiris into fathering a child (Anubis) with her either by pretending to be Isis or by getting Osiris drunk. After his birth, Anubis was raised by Isis. At a later point in time, Isis reassembled the body of the murdered Osiris, and succeeded in becoming pregnant with Horus from the seed of Osiris.


title: Sperm theft

text: In Plato's "Symposium", Penia, the goddess of poverty, conceives Eros with Poros: "Now Poros who was the worse for nectar--there was no wine in those days-- went into the garden of Zeus and fell into a heavy sleep, and Penia considering her own straitened circumstances, plotted to have a child by him, and accordingly she lay down at his side and conceived Eros".


title: Sperm theft

text: The idea of demons haunting people in their sleep can be found in Jewish and Christian mythology (see Lilith). They feed on the life energy of sleeping people with whom they mate at night. A succubus steals the semen of the sleeping man unnoticed, who can only remember it the next day in the form of a dream. During the early modern witch hunts, sexual intercourse with the devil was regarded as an act deliberately desired by a warlock or a witch, with the devil appearing to men in the form of a succubus and women as an incubus. The Malleus Maleficarum describes how the succubus changed after coitus and, unnoticed by the man, how its semen was then used in the form of an incubus to impregnate a woman.


title: Sperm theft

text: In Roald Dahl's novel "My Uncle Oswald," the titular character plots to steal sperm from famous men and sell it to women who want children sired by geniuses. Intended victims include Pablo Picasso, Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, H.G. Wells, Joseph Conrad, Igor Stravinsky, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Giacomo Puccini, Claude Monet, Henri Matisse, James Joyce, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Rudyard Kipling.


title: Sperm theft

text: In the 2015 Seth MacFarlane movie "Ted 2", Ted and John unsuccessfully attempt to spermjack Tom Brady, as Ted wants to use it to impregnate his wife.


title: Sperm theft

text: The main theme of the 2004 UK TV drama "Whose Baby?", starring Andrew Lincoln and Sophie Okonedo, is focused around an instance of sperm theft. The female lead character inseminates herself in the shower with a used condom after a one night stand. The male lead character finds out years later as he is contacted by child support agency.


title: Sperm theft

text: The CW television series "Jane the Virgin" centers around a young woman whose life is changed when she is accidentally impregnated with a man's stolen sperm sample. The series later had another incident of sperm stealing. Episodes of "", "The Young and the Restless", "Archer", "Bored to Death", "Sunset Beach", "Boston Legal", "You're the Worst", "Being Mary Jane", "Neighbours", "Bridgerton", "Diagnosis Murder", "Passions", "Days of Our Lives", "All My Children", "The Game", "Creamerie", "Ray Donovan", "The Good Wife", "Hannibal", "The Cleveland Show", and "" have also featured sperm theft storylines.


title: Sperm theft

text: Ethan Coen's play "Women or Nothing", which premiered in 2013, has a plot about a lesbian couple who plan to get one of them pregnant, but without telling the intended father of their scheme.


title: Sperm theft

text: In Batman comics some versions of the Damian Wayne backstory imply that he was conceived as a result of Bruce Wayne being drugged by Talia al Ghul.


title: Sperm theft

text: In John Irving's "The World According to Garp", Garp is born as a result of his mother raping a brain-damaged soldier on the battlefield.


title: Sperm theft

text: Prussian carp are known to engage in sperm theft. The species, which is found across Europe, Asia and North America, is capable of gynogenesis, meaning sperm is required to fertilize their eggs, but the male gamete does not contribute any DNA to the embryo. Females lay eggs and then "steal" sperm from related species. They are considered an invasive species in Canada and a threat to indigenous fish populations.


title: Snow pea

text: The snow pea is an edible-pod pea with flat pods and thin pod walls. It is eaten whole, with both the seeds and the pod, while still unripened.


title: Snow pea

text: The common name snow pea seems to be a misnomer as the planting season of this pea is no earlier than that of other peas. Another common name Chinese pea is probably related to its prominence in Chinese dishes served in the West. It is often called mangetout ("eat-all") in the British Isles, but this can apply both to snow peas and to snap peas.


title: Snow pea

text: Snow peas and snap peas both belong to Macrocarpon Group, a cultivar group based on the variety "Pisum sativum" var. "macrocarpum" Ser. named in 1825. It was described as having very compressed non-leathery edible pods in the original publication.


title: Snow pea

text: The scientific name "Pisum sativum" var. "saccharatum" Ser. is often misused for snow peas. The variety under this name was described as having sub-leathery and compressed-terete pods and the French name "petit pois". The description is inconsistent with the appearance of snow peas, and therefore botanists have replaced this name with "Pisum sativum" var. "macrocarpum." Austrian scientist and monk Gregor Mendel used peas which he called "Pisum saccharatum" in his famous experiments demonstrating the heritable nature of specific traits, and this Latin name might not refer to the same varieties identified with modern snow peas.


title: Snow pea

text: Snow peas, along with sugar snap peas and unlike field and garden peas, are notable for having edible pods that lack inedible fiber (in the form of "parchment", a fibrous layer found in the inner pod rich in lignin) in the pod walls. Snow peas have the thinner walls of the two edible pod variants. Two recessive genes known as "p" and "v" are responsible for this trait. "p" is responsible for reducing the sclerenchymatous membrane on the inner pod wall, while "v" reduces pod wall thickness ("n" is a gene that thickens pod walls in snap peas).


title: Snow pea

text: The stems and leaves of the immature plant are used as a vegetable in Chinese cooking, stir-fried with garlic and sometimes combined with crab or other shellfish.


title: Snow pea

text: As with most legumes, snow peas host beneficial bacteria, rhizobia, in their root nodules, which fix nitrogen in the soil—this is called a mutualistic relationship—and are therefore a useful companion plant, especially useful to grow intercropped with green, leafy vegetables that benefit from high nitrogen content in their soil.


title: Snow pea

text: Snow peas can be grown in open fields during cool seasons and can thus be cultivated during winter and spring seasons.


title: Snow pea

text: Storage of the pea with films of polymethylpentene at a temperature of 5 °C and a concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide of 5 kPa augments the shelf life, internal and external characteristics of the plant.


title: Stefan–Boltzmann constant

text: The Stefan–Boltzmann constant (also Stefan's constant), a physical constant denoted by the Greek letter "σ" (sigma), is the constant of proportionality in the Stefan–Boltzmann law: "the total intensity radiated over all wavelengths increases as the temperature increases", of a black body which is proportional to the fourth power of the thermodynamic temperature. The theory of thermal radiation lays down the theory of quantum mechanics, by using physics to relate to molecular, atomic and sub-atomic levels. Slovenian physicist Josef Stefan formulated the constant in 1879; it was formally derived in 1884 by his former student and collaborator, the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. The equation can also be derived from Planck's law, by integrating over all wavelengths at a given temperature, which will represent a small flat black body box. "The amount of thermal radiation emitted increases quickly and the principal frequency of the radiation becomes higher with increasing temperatures". The Stefan–Boltzmann constant can be used to measure the amount of heat that is emitted by a black body, which absorbs all of the radiant energy that hits it, and will emit all the radiant energy. Furthermore, the Stefan–Boltzmann constant allows for temperature (K) to be converted to units for intensity (W⋅m), which is power per unit area.


title: Stefan–Boltzmann constant

text: Since the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the Stefan–Boltzmann constant is given exactly rather than in experimental values. The value is given in SI units by


title: Stefan–Boltzmann constant

text: The CODATA recommended value prior to 20 May 2019 (2018 CODATA) was calculated from the measured value of the gas constant:


title: Stefan–Boltzmann constant

text: A related constant is the radiation constant (or radiation density constant) formula_4, which is given by


title: John Kruk

text: John Martin Kruk (born February 9, 1961) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. Kruk played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, and Chicago White Sox from through . During his career, he was a three-time MLB All-Star. After retiring as a player, Kruk became a baseball analyst for ESPN. He is now a color commentator for Phillies' games on NBC Sports Philadelphia.


title: John Kruk

text: Kruk was raised in Keyser, West Virginia. He is of Polish descent. He played baseball at Keyser High School, at Potomac State College, and at Allegany Community College, where Kruk played for Junior College Hall of Fame Coach Steve Bazarnic. Kruk was the first Major Leaguer to come out of Allegany and has been followed by four others (Stan Belinda, Steve Kline, Joe Beimel, and Scott Seabol).


title: John Kruk

text: Kruk was signed as the third overall selection in the Special Draft selection on June 13, 1981. He began his professional career with the San Diego Padres after being drafted in 1981. He played in such outposts as Walla Walla, Reno, Beaumont, and Las Vegas, before making his debut with the Padres in . In this same year he played for the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League for the 86–87 season. Kruk helped Mexicali win both the League championship and Caribbean Series title.


title: John Kruk

text: Kruk's breakout year was 1987 with the Padres. He hit .313 with 20 home runs and 91 RBI, and stole 18 bases, showing surprising speed for someone of his build, although he was caught ten times. He was featured as a backup on the National League All-Star Team in the Nintendo game "R.B.I. Baseball". On April 13, 1987, Marvell Wynne, Tony Gwynn, and Kruk became the first players in major league history to open their half of the 1st inning with three consecutive solo home runs in a 13–6 loss to the San Francisco Giants.


title: John Kruk

text: In October 1987, Kruk rented a house in San Diego with two other men: Roy Plummer, a high school friend, and Vernon (Jay) Hafer, an acquaintance of Plummer's. They socialized and partied together, with Plummer almost always picking up the check. Unbeknownst to Kruk, who moved out in November to play winter ball in Mexico, Plummer was funding the group's lifestyle by moonlighting as an armed robber, with Hafer serving as his getaway driver. The FBI informed Kruk of his roommates' criminal activities during spring training in February 1988, approaching him before batting practice with a photo of Plummer taken during a bank robbery. According to the FBI, Plummer believed that Kruk had turned him in to the police, and Kruk lived in fear of reprisal until Plummer was apprehended on September 19, 1988. Kruk has stated that the ongoing stress from the episode negatively affected his on-field performance that season.


title: John Kruk

text: On June 2, 1989, the Padres dealt Kruk, along with Randy Ready, to the Philadelphia Phillies for Chris James.


title: John Kruk

text: After being dealt, Kruk blossomed into an All-Star as the team used him primarily at first base. Kruk played in the All-Star Game in 1991, 1992, and 1993. In his 1993 appearance at the Midsummer Classic, he had a memorable at bat when he flailed wildly at 98 mile per hour fastballs from Seattle Mariners pitcher Randy Johnson. Johnson's first pitch flew over Kruk's head to the backstop, leading Kruk to feign heart palpitations and remark "That boy throws too hard and he's too wild. He could kill someone."


title: John Kruk

text: Kruk, who batted .316/.430/.475 in , was also a member of the Phillies' "Macho Row" which led the team to the World Series against the Toronto Blue Jays; in the losing effort, Kruk batted .348/.500/.391 in the Series.


title: John Kruk

text: During spring training in , Kruk was diagnosed with testicular cancer (ultimately resulting in the removal of one testicle) after an errant pickoff throw from teammate Mitch Williams hit him in the groin and broke his protective cup. Additionally, weight gain and the astroturf at Veterans Stadium exacerbated his knee problems. After the season, Kruk was granted free agency.


title: John Kruk

text: Moving to the American League to serve as a designated hitter, Kruk signed with the Chicago White Sox on May 12, , batting .308/.399/.390 in his only season with the ballclub. In the first inning of the White Sox's 8–3 loss to the Baltimore Orioles at Camden Yards on July 30, he singled off Scott Erickson, advanced to and was stranded on third base, removed himself from the game and promptly retired as an active player due to chronic knee soreness. He had made the decision two days earlier and informed his teammates on the eve of his retirement. The parting statement he issued to the media simply read, "The desire to compete at this level is gone. When that happens, it's time to go." Kruk finished his 10-year career with a .300 batting average, 100 home runs and 592 runs batted in.


title: John Kruk

text: A quotable character throughout his career who had written a book called "I Ain't an Athlete, Lady" published in 1994, Kruk turned to broadcasting and commenting on the game. He has since worked for "Major League Baseball on Fox", "The Best Damn Sports Show Period", and local telecasts in Philadelphia. Kruk has been a resident of Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey.


title: John Kruk

text: Kruk coached for a year within the Phillies organization. He coached the Reading Phillies of the Class AA Eastern League during the 2001 season.


title: John Kruk

text: Kruk had acting roles in film and television, including the 1996 film "The Fan", "", and "American Pastime". In a 2008 episode of Adult Swim's adult cartoon "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", "Sirens", Kruk guest starred, voicing the role of himself. Kruk also appeared in the Sawyer Brown music video "Round Here".


title: John Kruk

text: In , ESPN hired Kruk as an analyst on "Baseball Tonight". He also wrote a column called "Chewing the Fat" on ESPN.com.


title: John Kruk

text: Kruk coached the National League team in the Taco Bell All-Star Legends & Celebrity Softball Game in Anaheim, California, on July 12, 2010.


title: John Kruk

text: Kruk appeared in "MLB on ESPN" commercials, playing himself as part of moments in baseball history; for example, an old briefcase belonging to Kruk buried in the infield dirt containing a rotten sandwich caused the bugs to attack Karl Ravech dressed up as Yankees pitcher Joba Chamberlain, mocking game 2 of the 2007 ALDS between the Yankees and the Indians. He, along with Steve Phillips and Gary Thorne, was a commentator on the video games "MLB 2K10, MLB 2K11, MLB 2K12" and "MLB 2K13".


title: John Kruk

text: In , ESPN hired Kruk to be the color commentator for "Sunday Night Baseball" alongside Dan Shulman. Also in 2012, fellow West Virginians, the Davisson Brothers Band, were approached by Kruk to write a new theme song for "Baseball Tonight". In 2015, once again, Kruk, asked the Davisson Brothers Band to record a special track, titled "Right Here on ESPN", for the ESPN bumpers during the July 4 weekend.


title: John Kruk

text: Following the 2016 baseball season in October, Kruk and ESPN mutually agreed to part ways. In February 2017, Comcast SportsNet announced that they hired Kruk to join the Philadelphia Phillies broadcast team, replacing Matt Stairs, who was hired as the Phillies' hitting coach.


title: John Kruk

text: After moving to Naples, Florida, six years prior, Kruk took over the Seacrest Country Day School softball team as the head coach in 2016. He was named the Florida Athletic Coaches Association Class 2A Coach of the Year for the district in his first year with the Stingrays.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: In Islam, the Day of judgement is preceded by "signs" ( "alāmāt al-sā'a", also "ishārāt al-sāʿa") or portents of its arrival.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Judgment Day, also known as the Final Judgement, ( or ), itself is the time when all human beings are raised from the dead to be judged by God as to whether they shall spend eternity in heaven or hell. Belief in the existence of Judgment Day is considered a fundamental tenet of faith by all Muslims, and one of the six articles of faith.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: While interpretations of what the Quran and hadith say about the end times are "diverse and complex", the signs of Judgment Day's arrival include disruptions in the order of both human morality and the natural world; but also the appearance of the savior(s) Mahdi and Jesus, which "is seen to represent the ultimate victory of the ummah of Islam ... in some senses". Piety will be lost as music, wine drinking, usury, fornication, homosexuality, and disobedience by wives abounds; and the earth will be destroyed. However during this era Jesus and the Mahdi will also vanquish the AntiChrist figure al-Dajjāl, while God will eliminate the monstrous Gog and Magog) liberating the world from injustice and restoring sharia.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: The signs have been divided into minor and major by commentators and reported in various "ḥadīth" collections. and described in commentaries of various medieval Muslim scholars, including al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and Muhammad al-Bukhari, among others. Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon (or "fitna") is often known as "Al-Malhama Al-Kubra" (The Great Epic), or (in Shia Islam) "Ghaybah" (Occultation).


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: The trials and tribulations associated with it are detailed in both the Quran and the hadith, (sayings of Muhammad) which are "diffuse and fragmented". These are elaborated on in creeds, Quranic commentaries (tafsịrs), and theological writing, eschatological manuals and


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: commentaries of the Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Majah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, and Ibn Khuzaymah who explain them in more detail.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Rasūl al-Ḥusaynī al-Barzinjī's "al-Ishā'a li-ishrāṭ al-sā'a", and "Mishkāt al-maṣābīḥ" "Muqaddimah" by Ibn Khaldiin, is said to introduce "a full and detailed discussion of the various theories regarding the "mahdi" and the traditions considered most authoritative in relation to it."


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Many verses of the Quran, especially the earlier ones, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the Day of Resurrection.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Traditionally interest in "apocalyptic speculation" was strongest among mainstream Shia (Twelver Shia), Isma'ili Islam, Sunni on the "doctrinal and geographic margins" -- such as present day Morocco -- but was weaker in the heartland of Sunni Islam.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Various eschatological interpretations exist within Shia Islam. The concept of seven celestial Hells, as well as the idea that one's souls temporarily wait in either Paradise or Hellfire until the End Times, are accounted for throughout Isma'ili Shi'i literature. Shia tradition broadly tends to recognize the coming of the Mahdi as signifying punishment to come for non-believers.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: The Minor or Lesser Signs ("Ashraat al-Saa'ah al-Sughra") are “moral, cultural, political, religious, and natural events designed to warn humanity that the end is near and to


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: bring people into a state of repentance.” According to one Salafi source IslamQA.info, "For the most part", these signs will have occurred a long time before the Resurrection begins. Some of them have already happened – although they may be repeated; some of them are currently occurring; and some have not yet taken place but will.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: One source, Islam House, lists 50 signs, 10 of which "are past, 13 are present and 27 are future". Islamic Finder website, lists 48 signs, 9 of which are past, 13 "are happening at present", and 26 are "yet to happen". Islam Question and Answer lists 28 Minor Signs and 10 major signs. Islam Online lists similar numbers: 10 past, 13 "Present?", 27 future.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Some of these signs tend to be so general that "it is possible to find indicators of them in any modern society (for example, crime, natural disaster, etc.)".


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: The appearance of the Mahdi, (a messiah figure) is said to be a link between the minor and major signs. In the "ḥadīth" literature, it is mentioned that minor signs will occur first, then the Mahdi will come and then the major signs. There is debate over whether they could occur concurrently or must be at different points in time. Some sources divide the signs not into minor and major, but into those that have already occurred, that are happening at present, and that are yet to happen.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: However, not all these signs are based on reliable hadiths and if one of them is based on a reliable hadith, it should not necessarily be treated as a commandment or a prohibition.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Following the second period, the third will be marked by the ten major (aka greater) signs known as "alamatu's-sa'ah al-kubra" (the major signs of the end).


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: These signs offer "more detail" in their accounts of the final days, but there is "considerable variation" in the different versions of these stories.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: According to scholar Jean-Pierre Filiu, the collections of hadith Sahih Muslim "organizes the chronology of the major signs and portents of the Hour, organizing the in a sequence of ten events."


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: "the first will be three entombments" ("khasf") (also called "sinking of the earth" or earthquakes or landsides) where "the earth will open up and people will be buried alive"


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: "Al-Masih ad-Dajjal" (, is a false Messiah, sometimes described as the Islamic AntiChrist, who will appear as the first of the "Greater Signs" of apocalypse. He will be preceded by a terrible drought and present himself as a savior to the starving masses, many of whom – Bedouins, weavers, magicians, and children of fornication, and especially Jews.—will be taken in by his claims and join his ranks.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: He will emerges from the east, be blind in one eye with his other eye protruding, (an indication that he has been given powers to achieve evil goals). On his forehead or between his eyes are the letters K-F-R (the root of Kafir, i.e. unbeliever) which every Muslim would be able to read." Like ʿĪsā (Jesus), he will be able to perform miracles – healing the sick, raising the dead, causing the earth to grow vegetation, causing livestock to prosper and to die, and stopping the sun's movement – but unlike Jesus he will do this with the assistance of an army of demons ("Shayāṭīn"). He will travel the whole world entering every city, except Mecca and Medina. His army will kill and conquer, until they corner the Mahdi and a group of just 5000 Muslim fighters in Jerusalem. In this final battle before the Day of Judgment Jesus will descend from heaven to save the Muslim army, killing infidels simply be breathing on them and defeating and killing the dajjal simply by looking at him – or looking at him and putting a sword through him. The dajjal will melt away. Sources disagree over whether the Dajjal is human or a devil ("shayṭān") in human form.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Gog and Magog are mentioned in two chapters of the Quran – "Al Kahf" and "Al-Anbiya" – where they are referred to as "Yajuj" and "Majuj". (They are also mentioned in the bible and "are a recognized part of Middle Eastern mythology") They are suppressed by a figure called Dhul-Qarnayn – "the two-horned one." Dhul-Qarnayn, having journeyed to the ends of the world, meets "a people who scarcely understood a word" who seek his help in building a barrier that will separate them from the people of "Yajuj" and "Majuj" who "do great mischief on earth". (In Islamic literature "Yajuj" and "Majuj" are "described as cannibals with varying degrees of height and breadth", or sometimes depicted "as large and sometimes as small, but they are always numerous and subhuman".


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: "Dhul-Qarnayn" agrees to build it for them, but warns that when the time comes (believed to mean the end times), God will remove the barrier.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: The Sufyani () is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. According to hadith, Sufyani will be a tyrant who will spread corruption and mischief. According to Shia hadith, Sufyani will rise in the month of Rajab. The predicted location of his arrival is in Damascus.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Sufyani is a distinctly different individual than Dajjal. It is said that he will kill children and rip out the bellies of women. The Sufyani will murder those from the household of the Prophet and will rule over Syria. When the Mahdi appears, Sufyani will send an army to seize and kill him. However, when Sufyani and his army would reach the desert of Bayda, they would be swallowed.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Mahdi (, ISO 233: ")", meaning "Rightly Guided One" is a messianic figure in Islamic tradition who will "rid the world of "bid'ah" (innovation), reestablish "Sunnah" and teach religion...". The word "Mahdi" does not appear in the Quran ("al-hadī", or "guide" appears twice), but is found in hadiths and is said to be the sign between Minor signs and Major signs of Day of Resurrection. Some Shia Muslims regard him as the first sign of the third period. Hadith reports state that he will be a descendant of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and cousin Ali's son Hassan. According to Shias, Mahdi will be looked upon to kill Dajjal to end the disintegration of the Muslim community, and to prepare for the reign of Isa (Jesus), who will rule for a time thereafter. According to Sunnis, Mahdi will be against Dajjal and will have some Muslim communities in Shaam and that Jesus will return to kill Dajjal. The Mahdi will fulfill his prophetic mission, a vision of justice and peace, before submitting to Jesus' rule. The physical features of Mahdi are described in the hadith; he will be of Arab complexion, of average height, with a big forehead, large eyes, and a sharp nose. He will have a mole on his cheek, and be recognized by the Muslim community while he sits in his own home. As written by Abu Dawud, "Our Mahdi will have a broad forehead and a pointed (prominent) nose. He will fill the earth with justice as it is filled with injustice and tyranny. He will rule for seven years." Other sources say five or nine years. In some accounts, his reign will be followed by a "cold wind" causing everyone with the smallest measure of human-kindness or faith, to die and be carried straight to heaven. Therefore, only the wicked will remain and be victims of terrible animals and Shayateen, until the day of resurrection.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Though the predictions of the duration of his rule differ, hadith are consistent in describing that God will perfect him in a single night, imbuing him with inspiration and wisdom, and his name will be announced from the sky. The Mahdi will bring back worship of true Islamic values, and bring the Ark of the Covenant to light. He will conquer Constantinople and Mount Daylam and will regard Jerusalem and the Dome as his home. His banner will be that of Muhammad: black and unstitched, with a halo. Furled since the death of Muhammad, the banner will unfurl when the Mahdi appears. He will be helped by angels and others that will prepare the way for him. He will understand the secrets of abjad.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Islamic literature predicts that the Mahdi will be followed and assisted in his fight against evil "by a bygone prophet who will come back to earth". This prophet will not be Muhammad (as non-Muslims might expect) but "ʿĪsā" (Jesus), 'praised in the Quran as the Messiah and the “Word of God.”' "The usual interpretation" of the prophecy of Jesus's return to earth is that He "will put an end to his own worship, symbolized by the cross, and re-establish the dietary laws that Christianity abandoned but Jews and Muslims still observe."


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: While the Quran is not explicit about Jesus' return, many Muslims believe that two Quranic verses suggest his second coming during the end times. The verse that is the basis of Islamic belief that Jesus did not die on the cross, but ascended into heaven:


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Tabari, author of one of the most important Sunni tafsirs, argues that the verse refers to Jesus, who will unite all believers under the banner of Islam. (There is no mention of ʿĪsā from Q.43:58-62, though an ambiguous maale signular pronoun "he" is used.) Hadiths further elaborate the events following Jesus arrival. According to Sahih al-Bukhari and a number of other hadith, Jesus will descend among Muslims, "break the cross, kill (or slaughter) the pig and abolish (or remove) the Jizya". Although traced back to Abu Hurairah, one of the sahaba, such hadiths might actually have been introduced later during civil wars in the early Abbasid Caliphate, when a savior was expected. While for Shias, the Mahdi will be the savior, some Sunnis tended to expect Jesus' return. (Other sources expect Isa "is" the Mahdi, "mahdi" meaning "the divinely-guided one", a title rather than a distinct person). During the early Abbasid Caliphate, wearing crucifixes in processions and holding pigs in public, was forbidden. Otherwise, the breaking of the cross, might reflect general disapproval of this symbol by Muslims, and slaying pigs a reference to Jesus exorcism of Legion.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: For Shia, the return of Jesus is considered the third major sign of the last days (along with the appearance of the Mahdi and Jesus's nemesis Masih ad-Dajjal). Like Sunni Muslims, Shia believe in the Hadith describing the return of the Mahdi that will coincide with the return of Isa, who will serve as a just judge before the Day of Judgment. Although Muhammad is the preeminent prophet in Islam, Jesus is mentioned in the Quran, and so is Idris (Enoch), who is said not to have died but to have been raised up by God.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Isa will descend from the heavens in "al-Quds" at dawn, meet with the Mahdi, whose appearance has preceded Isa, and who will lead the people in fajr prayer. After the prayer, they will open a gate to the west to confront and defeat Masih ad-Dajjal. Isa will then lead a peaceful forty-year reign until his death, and be buried in a tomb beside Muhammad in Medina.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Interpretations of the Quran and hadith by Muslims to determine what happens and when (or how much it matters) leading up to Judgement Day vary. (Some examples: will the Dajjal be killed by the Mahdi, or by Jesus? Will the Sufyani appear in end times? (Sunnis say no or are doubtful; Shia say yes.) Will the Mahdi work with Jesus? or "be" Jesus? How long will the Mahdi and Jesus reign? And how long after their deaths will the earth come to an end? (estimates in Islamic eschatological literature "have varied greatly"). Will there even be a Mahdi? (He is not mentioned in the Quran, the two most-revered Sunni hadith collections of "Sahih al-Bukhari" and "Sahih Muslim", or several famous creeds ("ʿAqīda" by al-Ash'arī, al-Nasafī, Al-Tahawi, and Abu Ḥanīfa, etc.) that mention other famous apocalyptic characters and events.)


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: One issue in interpretation that followers of apocalyptic literature give considerable debate to are the metaphors, or what are believed to be metaphors, in the prophesies: are the naked shepherds who build tall buildings Gulf Arabs (who are only a couple of generations away from poverty)? Are the worshippers of the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess "al-Lat" the Shia Hezbollah (as the Islamic State does)? Who is "Rûm" (the term meaning "Romans" historically used by Muslims to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire ("Byzantines") and geographically Asia Minor)? the Vatican, Italy, Europe, NATO, Russia, the United States, the Turkish Republic? (The Turkish Ottoman Empire conquered the remnants of the Byzantine Empire, which called itself the Roman Empire, and the Turkish Republic took over the heart of the Ottoman Empire), have all been suggested.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Journalist Graeme Wood has put together a summary of end time events as interpreted by one such group—Sunni jihadis supporters of the Islamic State—based on conversations with an Islamic State "cleric" Musa Cerantonio and other Jihadist Muslims, as well as apocalyptic literature cited by scholar of Islamic eschatology, Jean-Pierre Filiu. (The Islamic State features predictions about the signs of the hour in its magazine "Dabiq".)


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Supporters (like many Muslims) believe many of the Lesser Signs have already occurred—such as "a slave giving birth to her master" (having occurred in the Islamic State among enslaved women who give birth to a child fathered by a jihadi who went on to be killed in combat, the child inheriting the rights of the father), an embargo of Iraq, leadership of Muslim nations by unworthy miscreants, a war between Muslims and Jews, worship of the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess "al-Lat", naked shepherds will build tall buildings, mass importation of non-Muslims to Muslim lands (guest workers in the Gulf States and Saudi), and lax moral standards (rampant fornication, alcohol consumption, listening to music).


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Next will occur a number of great battles and terrible events, along with weird and horrible natural disasters. The Euphrates will divert itself and reveal "mountains of gold", which Muslims should either not touch or take only a small amount. The earth will open up and swallow people. Smoke will appear. The caliphate will be revived, but Islam will not be united as many "false prophets and deviants" cause discord.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: During or around this time there will be two titanic battles between Muslims and their enemies; First the enemy -- "united behind 80 banners" and led by "Rum", will fight Muslims at Dabiq, (in what is now northern Syria). One-third of the world's Muslims will be killed as martyrs, and another third will desert, fleeing the battle, and the remaining third will advance to "Rum" and sack it.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: This will be followed by "the Great Slaughter" ("Al-Malhama Al-Kubra"), a battle "the likes of which has never been seen", pitting the Muslim world against "everyone else", with Muslim readers of eschatology disagreeing on what prophesies say about the result.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: At this point, the first of the "Greater Signs" will commence, a terrible drought that will leave one third of the world without rain for a year, and two-thirds without the next year. Into this calamity the "al masih al dajjal" (the "False Messiah" or Anti-Christ), will appear, providing food for the starving, rain for the thirsty, having been granted the ability (by God) to perform miracles. Presenting himself as a saviour to the world's starving masses, millions or even billions will fall at his feet in gratitude. Blind in one disfigured eye that protrudes "like a grape", with kafir imprinted on his forehead, he will not deceive true Muslims.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: The Anti-Christ will raise an army of his supporters, especially women and Iranian Jews. Wandering the planet, killing and conquering, its power will be so great it will send "Muslims into hiding". Finally a small force of 5000 Muslim fighters will be cornered by his armies in Jerusalem", taking refuge within the gates of the city in what appears to be a doomed last stand. The Muslims' leader will be the Mahdi, last of the caliphs, Muhammad ibn Abdullah al Qahtani. Coming to their rescue will be Jesus. Having never died on the cross but ascended bodily into heaven where his aging process was arrested and he did not die, he will now descend onto earth, "wearing saffron robes" and borne by two angels. Arriving at the white minaret of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus" he will hurry to Jerusalem and without announcing himself, appear during dawn prayers.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: "In hushed voices" the assembling Muslims will identify Jesus and point him out to each other. As the caliph/Mahdi is about to lead prayers, he will ask Jesus to lead them instead. Exhibiting modesty, Jesus will decline the invitation and take a place in the rows behind the Mahdi, praying like any other Muslim.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: The Anti-Christ will flee, attempting to escape, but "in his ignominious scramble, will melt away, like salt in water. But before he disappears, Jesus will ... pierce him fatally with his spear", and raise the bloody spear above his head. Their leader defeated, supporters of the Anti-Christ "will surrender and submit to the rule of the Mahdi". With Jesus proving to Christians the falsity of their religion and ordering them to follow Islam, Christianity will come to an end. Any Christians and Jews "who persist in disbelief" will no longer be able to get by paying "Jizya", but will be killed. Stones and trees will assist Muslim warriors seeking to uncover "any Jews cowering behind them, vainly wishing to escape death," as in the hadith related by al-Bukhari and Muslim.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Following this victory, there will be 40 years of "glorious" Jesus-Mahdi rule, until the menace of Gog and Magog escapes from the iron wall that has confined them inside a mountain in Central Asia for thousands of years. They will kill multitudes, invading Iraq and Palestine like a pestilence, draining rivers and the Sea of Galilee with their thirst and consuming crops with their hunger. Finally God will command "an insect or worm" to burrow into their necks and kill them or by "fire and a plague of worms, birds and/or other natural disasters".


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Gog and Magog's bodies will rot and stink before being washed away by rain. And various other tribulations will take place before the world is finally destroyed. Humanity will be surrounded by fire. Few Arabs will survive the devastation, and most of the survivors will be 'Romans'. At the end of time, even the Muslims will die, their lives taken by a wind that will be either "horrendous", or a "breeze bearing a pleasant scent", leaving only the wicked to face the Earth's destruction. On the last day of earth, the sun will rise in the west and God will stop accepting repentance.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: At least one Shia scholar (Sayyid Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi, 1927–2002 CE) divides the signs into categories similar to lesser/minor and greater/major although he does not use those terms:


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Shi'i apocalyptic accounts differ from Sunni, their hadith including not only reported sayings of the prophet Muhammad but also the twelve Imams. Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (c. 948–1022 CE) directed collection of Shi'i hadith giving apocalyptic accounts "greater detail and assurance".


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Akhtar Rizvi quotes a hadith of Muhammad shortly before his death just after completing the Farewell Pilgrimage, reported by Ibn Abbas.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Rizvi quotes a hadith reported by Hudhaifah bin Usaid al-Ghifari where Muhammad says "Qiyamat" "will not stand (it will not come) until you see ten signs before it”. These include many of the major signs found in Sunni Islam but not all:


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Some of the Shi'a signs disseminated by Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid are the same or similar to those described by Sunni Muslims:


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Scholar of Islamic Eschatology, Jean-Pierre Filiu, has identified "five signs" ("al-alamat al-khams") of the Mahdi's appearance from anthologies of Shi'i traditionalists:


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: According to "Shi'ite narrations" by Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im in Al-Islam.org, the "ten signs" (although it lists fewer than ten) that must be seen before Resurrection Day will occur are:


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: "Raj`a" () in Islamic terminology, refers to the Second Coming, or the return to life of a given past historical figure after that person's physical death. Shia believe that the Mahdi will return, or more properly "reappear" ("zuhur") with a group of chosen companions, having been alive but hidden in "occultation" since the year 874 CE. But at the same time, a group of "immensely wicked disbelievers" will also appear.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: “After the reappearance of Hadhrat Mahdi (a.s.), the Exalted God (s.w.t.) shall cause group of those, who had previously departed from the world, to return to this world in order that they may be partners in the reward and glory of assisting him (a.s.) and in witnessing God's rule over the entire world; He shall also cause the most obstinate enemies to return in order to extract revenge from them.”


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: The return of the historical figures of Jesus and the Mahdi will signify the beginning of the Last Judgment and establish justice for those who were oppressed in their lifetime up until their death. The oppressors will be punished directly by the oppressed during this future reappearance.


title: Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

text: Raj'a is mentioned in some Sunni works where the return of numerous people is cited, such as the Seven Sleepers, synchronous with the appearance of the Mahdi. According to Jalaluddin Al-Sayuti, in contrast to Shia belief, the return of Muhammad is not limited to a specific time in the future. Al-Sayuti did not mention if any other religious figures will return after death before the resurrection. According to Abu 'Abdullah Al-Qurtubi, raj`a is understood to be the lack of physical presence of a prophet, who marks his apparent death by absence in the physical world but will reappear, from time to time, to those who are pure in heart.


title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and recorded by English rock band the Beatles for release as a single in 1963. The single set and surpassed several sales records in the United Kingdom charts, and set a record in the United States as one of the five Beatles songs that held the top five positions in the charts simultaneously, on 4 April 1964. It remains the band's best-selling single in the United Kingdom and the top-selling single of the 1960s there by any artist.


title: She Loves You

text: In November 2004, "Rolling Stone" ranked "She Loves You" number 64 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In August 2009, at the end of its "Beatles Weekend", BBC Radio 2 announced that "She Loves You" was the Beatles' all-time best-selling single in the UK based on information compiled by the Official Charts Company.


title: She Loves You

text: In Canada, the song was included on the album "Twist and Shout". In the US, it was the final song on "The Beatles' Second Album".


title: She Loves You

text: Lennon and McCartney started composing "She Loves You" on 26 June 1963 after a concert at the Majestic Ballroom in Newcastle upon Tyne during their tour with Roy Orbison and Gerry and the Pacemakers. They began writing the song on the tour bus, and continued later that night at their hotel in Newcastle eventually completing it the following day at McCartney's family home in Forthlin Road, Liverpool.


title: She Loves You

text: In 2000, McCartney said the initial idea for the song began with Bobby Rydell's hit "Forget Him" with its call and response pattern, and that "as often happens, you think of one song when you write another ... I'd planned an 'answering song' where a couple of us would sing 'she loves you' and the other ones would answer 'yeah yeah'. We decided that was a crummy idea but at least we then had the idea of a song called 'She Loves You'. So we sat in the hotel bedroom for a few hours and wrote it – John and I, sitting on twin beds with guitars."


title: She Loves You

text: Like many early Beatles songs, the title of "She Loves You" was framed around the use of personal pronouns. But unusually for a love song, the lyrics are not about the narrator's love for someone else; instead the narrator functions as a helpful go-between for estranged lovers:


title: She Loves You

text: This idea was attributed by Lennon to McCartney in 1980: "It was Paul's idea: instead of singing 'I love you' again, we'd have a third party. That kind of little detail is still in his work. He will write a story about someone. I'm more inclined to write about myself."


title: She Loves You

text: Lennon, being mindful of Elvis Presley's "All Shook Up", wanted something equally stirring: "I don't know where the 'yeah yeah yeah' came from [but] I remember when Elvis did 'All Shook Up' it was the first time in my life that I had heard 'uh huh', 'oh yeah', and 'yeah yeah' all sung in the same song". The song also included a number of falsetto "wooooo"s, which Lennon acknowledged as being inspired by the Isley Brothers' recording of "Twist and Shout", which the Beatles had earlier recorded, and which had also been inserted into the group's previous single, "From Me to You". As Lennon later said: "We stuck it in everything". McCartney recalls them playing the finished song on acoustic guitars to his father Jim at home immediately after the song was completed: "We went into the living room and said 'Dad, listen to this. What do you think? And he said 'That's very nice son, but there's enough of these Americanisms around. Couldn't you sing 'She loves you, yes, yes, yes!' At which point we collapsed in a heap and said 'No, Dad, you don't quite get it!'" EMI recording engineer Norman Smith had a somewhat similar reaction, later recounting, "I was setting up the microphone when I first saw the lyrics on the music stand, 'She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, Yeah!' I thought, Oh my God, what a lyric! This is going to be one that I "do not" like. But when they started to sing it – bang, wow, terrific, I was up at the mixer jogging around."


title: She Loves You

text: The "yeah, yeah, yeah" refrain proved an immediate, infectious musical hook. Unusually, the song starts with the hook right away, instead of introducing it after a verse or two. "She Loves You" does not include a bridge, instead using the refrain to join the various verses. The chords tend to change every two measures, and the harmonic scheme is mostly static.


title: She Loves You

text: The arrangement starts with a two-count from Starr on the drums, and his fills are an important part of the record throughout. The electric instruments are mixed higher than before, especially McCartney's bass, adding to the sense of musical power that the record provides. The lead vocal is sung by Lennon and McCartney, switching between unison and harmony.


title: She Loves You

text: George Martin, the Beatles' producer, questioned the validity of the major sixth chord that ends the song, an idea suggested by George Harrison. "They sort of finished on this curious singing chord which was a major sixth, with George [Harrison] doing the sixth and the others doing the third and fifth in the chord. It was just like a Glenn Miller arrangement." The device had also been used by country music-influenced artists in the 1950s. McCartney later reflected: "We took it to George Martin and sang 'She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeeeeeaah ...' and that tight little sixth cluster we had at the end. George [Martin] said: 'It's very corny, I would never end on a sixth'. But we said 'It's such a great sound, it doesn't matter'." "The Beatles: Complete Scores" shows only the notes D (the fifth) and E (the sixth) sung for the final chord, while on the recording McCartney sang G (the root) as Harrison sang E and Lennon sang D.


title: She Loves You

text: In the opinion of Roger McGuinn of the Byrds, writers who attempt to define the origins of folk rock "don't realise that the Beatles were responsible as far back as 1963". He cites "She Loves You" as one of the first examples where the Beatles introduced folk chord changes into rock music and so initiated the new genre. These songs were all influential in providing a template for successfully assimilating folk-based chord progressions and melodies into pop music.


title: She Loves You

text: The song was recorded on 1 July 1963, less than a week after it was written, using a two-track recording machine. Documentation regarding the number of takes required and other recording details does not exist. Early takes of the song featured the use of a Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone on Harrison's guitar. Mixing was carried out on 4 July. Standard procedure at EMI Studios at the time was to erase the original two-track session tape for singles once they had been mixed down to the (usually monaural) master tape used to press records. This was the fate of four Beatles songs that were released as two singles: "Love Me Do", "P.S. I Love You", "She Loves You" and "I'll Get You ". These tracks only exist as a mono master, although several mock-stereo remixes have been made by EMI affiliates worldwide, including a few made in 1966 by Abbey Road engineer Geoff Emerick.


title: She Loves You

text: The German division of EMI (the parent of the Beatles' British record label Parlophone Records) decided that the only way to sell Beatles records in Germany would be to re-record them in the German language. The band thought it unnecessary, but were asked by George Martin to comply, recording "Sie liebt dich" on 29 January 1964, along with "Komm, gib mir deine Hand", at the Pathé Marconi Studios in Paris. They recorded new vocals over the original backing track to "I Want to Hold Your Hand;" "Sie liebt dich" was recorded entirely from scratch. Both songs were translated by Luxembourger musician Camillo Felgen, under the pseudonym of "Jean Nicolas" (his full name was Camille Jean Nicolas Felgen).


title: She Loves You

text: On 23 August 1963, the "She Loves You" single was released in the United Kingdom with "I'll Get You" as the B-side. The songwriting credit on the label was switched to "Lennon–McCartney" for this release – a switch from the "McCartney–Lennon" order of nearly all previous Beatles releases – and would remain this way during the remainder of their songwriting partnership.


title: She Loves You

text: There was tremendous anticipation ahead of the release. Thousands of fans had ordered the group's next single as early as June, well before a title had been known. By the day before it went on sale, some 500,000 advanced orders had been placed for it. The single set several British sales records. It entered the charts on 31 August and remained in the charts for 31 consecutive weeks, 18 of those weeks in the top three (including every week of the months of September, October, November and December 1963). During that period, it claimed the ranking of number one on 14 September, stayed number one for four weeks, dropped back to the top three, then regained the top spot for two weeks starting on 30 November. This regaining of the top spot was very unusual at the time. It then made its way back into the charts for two weeks on 11 April 1964, peaking at No. 42. It passed sales of a half million copies by early June and a million by late November, whereupon it was awarded a gold record. The song's run on the charts coincided with the 13 October 1963 performance of the group on "Sunday Night at the London Palladium" and the emergence of full-blown Beatlemania in the United Kingdom.


title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" was the best-selling single of 1963, and is the Beatles' all-time best-selling single in the UK. It was the best-selling single of any artist in the UK for 14 years until it was surpassed by Wings' "Mull of Kintyre" (written by McCartney and Denny Laine). As of November 2022, "She Loves You" was the ninth best-selling single of all time in the UK, with sales of 1.93 million copies.<ref name="Myers/OCC"></ref>


title: She Loves You

text: The group's lack of success in the US puzzled the Beatles' producer George Martin and manager Brian Epstein, given their huge hits in the UK. Their only US release that had charted was "From Me to You", which lasted three weeks in August 1963, never going higher than No. 116 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Capitol Records had been stubborn in turning down the chance to become their record label in the US, and consequently the Beatles had been with Vee-Jay Records until that label failed to pay their royalties on time. Transglobal Music, an affiliate of EMI, held the licences to their output in the US, and promptly ordered Vee-Jay to halt their manufacturing and distribution of Beatles records. Epstein, who needed a record label to release "She Loves You" in the US, asked Transglobal to find another label for him, and Transglobal came up with Swan Records. To avoid potential disagreements and lawsuits, the contract signed with Swan licensed to them only "She Loves You" and "I'll Get You", enough only for the A- and B-sides of a single – and only for two years.


title: She Loves You

text: When "She Loves You" came out as a single in the US on 16 September 1963, it received a positive notice in "Billboard", but garnered very little radio airplay. New York disc jockey Murray the K saw it place third out of five in a listener record contest, but it failed to take off from that. The song was also featured as a part of the Rate-a-Record segment of "American Bandstand" where it scored in the low 70s, noticeably lower than those songs considered to score well. Overall, it sold approximately 1,000 copies and completely failed to chart on "Billboard".


title: She Loves You

text: On 22 November 1963, the "CBS Morning News" ran a five-minute feature on Beatlemania in the UK which heavily featured "She Loves You". The evening's scheduled repeat was cancelled following the assassination of John F. Kennedy the same day and the four days' worth of news coverage that followed. Coincidental with the song's climb up the Canadian charts on 10 December, Walter Cronkite decided to transmit the piece again on the "CBS Evening News", and the resulting interest led to the rush-release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand"—only weeks before the Beatles' arrival—on 26 December 1963.


title: She Loves You

text: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" climbed to No. 1 by the end of January, 1964, launching the "British Invasion" of the American music scene and paving the way for more Beatles records and releases by other British artists. In the wake of that success, the Swan "She Loves You" single re-emerged, and entered the "Billboard" chart on 25 January 1964. Beatlemania took hold of America, spurred by the group's appearances on "The Ed Sullivan Show" in February, where they performed this among other songs. "She Loves You" spent four weeks at No. 2, behind "I Want to Hold Your Hand", then replaced it for two weeks at No. 1 beginning on 21 March. The Beatles are one of only two artists ever whose first two Hot 100 singles held the top two positions simultaneously on that chart. During its fifteen-week run on the American charts, "She Loves You" was joined by four other Beatles songs at the top five in the American charts and became part of the group setting several all-time records for the Hot 100. "Billboard" ranked the record as the No. 2 song of 1964, behind "I Want to Hold Your Hand", making the Beatles the second act to hold the top two-year-end record positions since Elvis Presley did it in 1956 with "Heartbreak Hotel" and "Don't Be Cruel".


title: She Loves You

text: When Beatlemania reached the US, the record labels holding rights to Beatle songs re-released them in various combinations. Swan claimed to own the rights to "Sie Liebt Dich", the German version of "She Loves You", although they did not. On 21 May 1964, "Sie Liebt Dich" was released by Swan in the US, featuring "I'll Get You" on the B-side, just like the English-language single. American consumers bought "Sie Liebt Dich" in modest numbers, leading to a chart peak of No. 97 on 27 June.


title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" was included on Capitol Records' US album "The Beatles' Second Album", which overtook "Meet the Beatles!" on 2 May 1964, reaching the top spot in the album charts. It was the first time an artist had replaced themselves at the summit of the American album charts, and this provided a hint of the successes the Beatles would continue to achieve.


title: She Loves You

text: Unlike Capitol Records' reluctance to proceed with the Beatles in the US, its Canadian subsidiary, Capitol of Canada, went ahead with the group, and "She Loves You" was released there in September 1963. It was played by Ontario radio station CKWS the next month, and entered the national CHUM Chart on 2 December 1963. It reached the top five on 23 December, a full month before any Beatles single would do the same in the US charts. It then spent nine weeks at No. 1 in the early part of 1964.


title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" became the first Beatles record to sell well in continental Europe and led to a Beatles tour of Sweden in late October 1963. Before the Beatles' breakthrough with "She Loves You", British acts had only managed sporadic successes in continental European markets.


title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" is the song that thrust the Beatles full-scale into the British national spotlight. Part of this was the effectiveness of the song's hook; author Eric Starr wrote in retrospect, "Each chorus or refrain pounds the hook into your head until it's imprinted in your brain." As Nicholas Schaffner later wrote, it was "'yeah, yeah, yeah' chanted repeatedly and emphatically enough to drive any listener out of his mind, one way or the other."


title: She Loves You

text: Moreover, it became the signature phrase for the group at the time. The "Daily Mirror"s approving editorial of 5 November 1963, following the Beatles' acclaimed appearance at the Royal Variety Performance the night before, was entitled "Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!" "The New York Times" lengthy article of 8 February 1964, describing the frenzy accompanying the group's arrival at John F. Kennedy International Airport and in New York City, made reference to "Yeah, yeah, yeah" in its first paragraph, continuation headline, and closing paragraph. An Associated Press story describing the positive critical reaction to the group's film "A Hard Day's Night" was headlined "'Yeah, Yeah, Yeah' For Beatles' Film" and labelled "She Loves You" as "the original 'Yeah, Yeah, Yeah,' song".


title: She Loves You

text: The phrase became synonymous not just with the Beatles but with the associated kind of popular music overall. A "New York Times" account describing the Animals' introductory concert in the city later that year repeated the phrase in description of the group.


title: She Loves You

text: Clinton Heylin remarked that the chorus "no, no, no" in Bob Dylan's 1964 song "It Ain't Me, Babe" was taken as a parody of the Beatles' "yeah, yeah, yeah" in "She Loves You". The melody in both phrases uses a scale descending through a minor third.


title: She Loves You

text: In the 22 January 1965 "Flintstones" episode "The Hatrocks and The Gruesomes", as new hillbilly neighbors, the "Hatrocks" (who, it is revealed early on, hate 'Bug Music' by 'The Four Insects'—an obvious dig at the Beatles at the time), outgrow their welcome, the Flintstones and Rubbles rig their radio and phone and, wearing Beatle wigs, broadcast a performance of "She Said 'Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!'", driving them out of their house and over to the Gruesomes, who are also performing the song while wearing Beatle wigs.


title: She Loves You

text: In 1975, authors Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote in "" that "If a future archivist were to select one single tune to characterise the Beatles' appeal and the stylistic devices for which they became world famous, he would be forced to choose 'She Loves You'." In 1979, author Greil Marcus included "She Loves You" in his "Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island" list of essential rock records. Even more fundamentally, Marcus posed the question of what one would tell a Martian who landed and asked the meaning of rock and roll? The first answer would be "She Loves You".


title: She Loves You

text: The British establishment at that time found the refrain "yeah, yeah, yeah" controversial. National radio in the form of the BBC broadcast the single and "in some quarters it was seen to hail the collapse of civilised society".


title: She Loves You

text: "Yeah, yeah, yeah" was to have a great effect on the Beatles' image – in some parts of Europe, they became known as the Yeah-Yeahs.


title: She Loves You

text: As late as the mid-1970s, some countries in Southeast Asia were still putting out edicts that forbade Beatles haircuts and so-called "yeah, yeah, yeah music".


title: She Loves You

text: Walter Ulbricht, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in the Communist German Democratic Republic, referenced the song in a famous speech about copying culture from the Western world, by using the refrain: "Is it truly the case that we have to copy every dirt that comes from the West? I think, comrades, with the monotony of the yeah, yeah, yeah and whatever it is all called, yes, we should put an end to it".


title: She Loves You

text: British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home made a gaffe in February 1964: his speechwriters, trying to make him appear in touch with popular culture, wrote him the line, "I'm too modest to claim the country loves us, but you know that can't be bad." However, he appeared not to understand the reference, and actually said, "but you know, err, that can't be too bad."


title: She Loves You

text: On 10 December 1980, following the murder of John Lennon in Manhattan two nights previously, British tabloid newspaper "The Sun" printed the front-page headline "They Loved Him Yeah Yeah Yeah".


title: She Loves You

text: In early 1984, "Life" observed the 20th anniversary of the Beatle invasion of America showing an old photo of them on the front cover with the caption: "Twenty Years Ago, They Invaded America - Did We Love 'Em? YEAH! YEAH! YEAH!"


title: She Loves You

text: On 27 July 2012, a portion of "She Loves You" as well as footage of the band performing the song was included in a montage of British music during the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games. In 2018, the music staff of "Time Out London" ranked the song at number 8 on their list of the best Beatles songs.


title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" was sometimes played by the group during performances on the BBC, and one such recording is included on "On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2", released in 2013. A concert performance of the song, recorded at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London, on 4 November 1963, for the "Royal Variety Performance", appeared in 1995 on "Anthology 1".


title: She Loves You

text: Although not one of the new songs that predominated in their July 1964 film debut "A Hard Day's Night", it was used as the finale of the concert that closes the movie.


title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" was a staple of the set list of early Beatles tours, and appeared on "The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl". By late 1964, it had been dropped in favour of newer songs and the other artists' material that remained in their show. It did not appear in the group's 1965 or 1966 concert performances.


title: She Loves You

text: The Beatles later sang the chorus of "She Loves You" in the long fade-out of "All You Need Is Love", and a carnival-styled organ version of the song is featured in their 1967 television film "Magical Mystery Tour".


title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" was included in the Beatles compilation albums "A Collection of Beatles Oldies" (1966, not released in the US), "1962–1966" (1973), "20 Greatest Hits" (1982), "Past Masters, Volume One" (1988), and "1" (2000). The song was also included on the American promotional version of the "Rarities" album, issued as the bonus disc in the limited edition boxed set "The Beatles Collection", in November 1978. The Capitol Records' US album, "The Beatles' Second Album", on which the song had been featured, was included in the 2004 CD release "The Capitol Albums, Volume 1" and rereleased in 2014, individually and in the boxed set "The US Albums".


title: She Loves You

text: "Sie Liebt Dich" was included on both the 1978 British "Rarities" and the 1980 American "Rarities" as well as on "Past Masters, Volume One".


title: She Loves You

text: The 2009 CD rerelease of the Beatles' catalog included "She Loves You" and "Sie Liebt Dich" on "Past Masters" (mono and stereo, respectively) and on "Mono Masters" (mono).


title: She Loves You

text: Paul McCartney sang "We love you, yeah, yeah, yeah" at the end of his duet with Stevie Wonder titled "What's That You're Doing?" from "Tug of War". McCartney has not played the full song in any of his Wings or solo concert tours, but has replicated its use to end performances of "All You Need Is Love" during his 2011–2012 On the Run Tour.


title: She Loves You

text: Many artists recorded versions of "She Loves You" in the early 1960s including Brenda Lee, for whom the Beatles had acted as a support act when she headlined a gig at the Star Club in Hamburg, West Germany, in 1962. Renamed "He Loves You", it appeared on her 1965 album, "Top Teen Hits" (also known as "Brenda Lee Sings Top Teen Hits").


title: She Loves You

text: The UK group McFly has a cover of "She Loves You" as the B-side of their hit "That Girl". It also appears on their LP "" which was only available at Woolworths stores in the UK.


title: She Loves You

text: Several recording artists included the song on albums made up of nothing but Beatles covers: Mary Wells in 1965 on her album "Love Songs to The Beatles", where it was also renamed "He Loves You"; bandleader Count Basie on 1966 album "Basie's Beatle Bag"; and the cartoon group The Chipmunks, whose "The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits" included "She Loves You". (The Chipmunks covered the song again on the album "".)


title: She Loves You

text: Peter Sellers recorded six different "speaking" cover versions of the song, using different voices/accents, three of which have been rereleased on the 4-disc collection "A Celebration of Sellers":


title: Caraga

text: Caraga, officially the Caraga Administrative Region (or simply known as Caraga Region) and designated as Region XIII, is an administrative region in the Philippines occupying the northeastern section of Mindanao. The region was created through "Republic Act No. 7901" on February 23, 1995. The region comprises five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del Sur; six cities: Bayugan, Bislig, Butuan, Cabadbaran, Surigao and Tandag; 67 municipalities and 1,311 barangays. Butuan, the most urbanized city in Caraga, serves as the regional administrative center.


title: Caraga

text: Caraga is named after the Kalagan people (Spanish "Caragan"), a Mansakan subgroup (related to Visayans) native to the regions of Davao and parts of Caraga who speak the Kalagan languages. The name itself is from "kalagan" (literally "[strong] spirited") which means "fierce" or "brave"; from "kalag" ("spirit" or "soul") in the native animistic "anito" religions. Hence, the whole "Provincia de Caraga" of AD 1622 was called "region de gente animosa", that is "region of spirited folk".


title: Caraga

text: During pre-colonial times, the Rajahnate of Butuan ruled in what is now Agusan del Norte and Butuan City. It had much influence on all of Caraga, portions of Northern Mindanao, and western side of Bohol. According to records, Butuan was in conflict with the Sultanate of Ternate in the present-day Moluccas of Indonesia. The Ternateans would attack and ransack Butuan and its wealth, but Butuan always prevailed. It was known that the Rajahnate of Butuan had friendly relations with the Rajahnate of Cebu which it considered an ally. The Rajahnate of Butuan became a powerful Hindu state which is much known for its goldsmithing and boat-making. The people of Butuan used gigantic boats known as balangay which carried numerous men. Relics of these gold crafts and giant boats have been unearthed and preserved by the National Museum of the Philippines and other international museums. Butuan also had cordial relations with the Kingdom of Champa in what is now central Vietnam. The Butuan people managed to traverse the Sulu Sea and the South China Sea to reach Champa for trade. While the Rajahnate of Butuan was at large, the indigenous lumads of the inner sections of Caraga were free and had their own democratic societies that were highly advanced. Their societies were known for their knowledge on nature, medicine, mythology, and warfare. Chinese traders eventually came into Butuan and the Sino-Butuan trade became the focal point of Champa-Butuan relations, where both nations were competing against each other to win favor of better trade with Chinese traders. Eventually, Butuan started to weaken due to massive attacks from Ternate. Cebu was unable to help at the time because it was also being attacked by Ternate. Likewise, the Kedatuan of Dapitan in Bohol, "The Venice of the Visayas", was also destroyed by an attack from Ternate.


title: Caraga

text: Rajah Siawi and Rajah Kulambo, members of the nobility of the Surigaonon and Butuanon people, respectively, were encountered by the Magellan expedition in 1521 on the island of Limasawa (which was a hunting ground for the rulers). Antonio Pigafetta describes them as being tattooed and covered in gold ornaments. Pigafetta also records the name of the Surigao region as "Calagan". He also describes the "balanghai" ("balangay") warships that they sailed in.


title: Caraga

text: When the Spaniards returned and subjugated the Rajahante of Butuan which was already weak due to tensions with the Sultanate of Ternate, the boat-making and goldsmithing traditions were eradicated and the relations between the coastal Butuan and the lumads of the interior became less known. The lumads of the interior were also converted to Christianity, which diminished some of their traditions on nature worship. The Spanish attacked the Sultanate of Ternate to negate any future attacks in Caraga, in which they succeeded at due to their much greater gun power. With the Spaniards having full control of Caraga, they started establishing Spanish-modeled centers to maximize their coverage and control over the territory, where they succeeded. The Spaniards would rule the country until the United States defeated them in the Spanish-American war which would lead into the handling of the entire archipelago into American possession.


title: Caraga

text: The "Kalagan", called "Caragan" by the Spaniards, occupied the district composed of the two provinces of Surigao, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The two Agusan provinces were later organized under the administrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the independent Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was divided into Norte and Sur, and in June 1967, Agusan followed suit. While Butuan then was just a town of Agusan, the logging boom in the 1950s drew business to the area. On August 2, 1950, by virtue of "Republic Act 523", the City Charter of Butuan was approved.


title: Caraga

text: It is reported that during the early years of the Caraga Region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Americans. Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. Most of its inhabitants speak Cebuano and reside in the rural areas.


title: Caraga

text: On February 23, 1995, the Caraga Region was created through the issue of Republic Act No. 7901 during the administration of President Fidel Ramos. The provinces of Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Norte (of the former Northern Mindanao region) and Surigao del Sur (of the former Southern Mindanao region) were annexed as part of the newly created region.


title: Caraga

text: Caraga Region, situated in the northeast section of Mindanao, is between 8 00' to 10 30' N. latitude and 125 15' to 126 30' E. longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Bohol Sea; on the south by the provinces of Davao del Norte, Davao de Oro and Davao Oriental of Region XI; on the west by Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental of Region X; and on the east by the Philippine Sea of the Pacific Ocean.


title: Caraga

text: The region has a total land area of , representing 6.3% of the country's total land area and 18.5% of the island of Mindanao. 47.6% of the total land area of the region belongs to the province of Agusan del Sur. Of the total land area, 71.22% is forestland and 28.78% is alienable and disposable land. Major land uses include forestland comprising 31.36% and 23.98% of agricultural and open spaces.


title: Caraga

text: The region is characterized by mountainous areas, flat and rolling lands. Mountain ranges divide Agusan and Surigao provinces and sub-ranges separate most of the lowlands along the Pacific coast. The most productive agricultural area of the region lies along the Agusan River Basin. The well-known Agusan Marsh sits in the middle of Agusan del Sur. Among the lakes in the region, Lake Mainit is the widest. It traverses eight municipalities: Alegria, Tubod, Mainit and Sison in Surigao del Norte, and Tubay, Santiago, Jabonga and Kitcharao in Agusan del Norte.


title: Caraga

text: Caraga Region has Type II climate, with no pronounced wet and dry season. During the months of November to February, heavy rains are usually experienced in the region.


title: Caraga

text: Caraga comprises 5 provinces, 1 "highly urbanized" city, 5 "component" cities, 67 municipalities, and 1,311 barangays.


title: Caraga

text: Based on 2020 census, the total population of the region was 2,933,772. The annual growth rate over this period was over 20%. Among the five provinces, Agusan del Sur registered the largest population at 700,653, and Dinagat Islands was the smallest at 127,152. Surigao del Norte was the fastest growing province with an annual average growth rate of 1.76% over the last five years, while Dinagat Islands was the slowest at 0.05% over the same period.


title: Caraga

text: Butuan and Surigao cities had total populations of 337,063 and 154,137, respectively. Butuan City recorded an annual growth rate of 1.62% in the period 2010–2015.


title: Caraga

text: Cebuano is widely spoken by 33.79% of the households in the region. Surigaonon is spoken by 33.21% of the households, followed by Butuanon by 15%; Kamayo, by 7.06%, and Manobo, by 4.73%. The rest speak Boholanon, by 5.87%; Hiligaynon, by 2.87%; and other dialects by 7.20%.


title: Caraga

text: The dominant religion in the region is Roman Catholic, with 74% of the total household population in Caraga. Other significant religious minorities includes Protestants that constitute 20% of the total household population and Aglipayan that constitute 6% of the total household population.


title: Caraga

text: The majority of the inhabitants of the region are of Visayan heritage. The province is home to several minority groups, totaling 675,722 in 1995, representing 34.7% of the region's population. Most numerous were the Manobos with 294,284 or 43.55% of the total population of ethnic minorities. Other cultural groups in the region with significant population were the Kamayo, Higa-onon, Banwaon, Umayamnon, Kalagan, and Mamanwa.