title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: In the early 1980s, Dandy temporarily left the band for health reasons, but Reynolds kept the band going with former Zorro bassist Jack Brumby, AW Zeugner, and Les John. Bob Simpson took on lead vocals at first, but was later replaced by Randy Ruff for almost three years, until Mangrum's return. In 1984, the band released "Ready as Hell". Though the name "Black Oak Arkansas" was on the album cover, "Jim Dandy" appeared above it in larger type, almost as if it were a solo effort. "Ready as Hell" featured a heavier sound with pinch harmonics and keyboards featured throughout. The album was also Rickie Lee Reynolds's first recording with Mangrum since the MCA years. In 1986, "The Black Attack Is Back" continued the heavy style of the previous album and featured the particularly adventurous track "I Want A Woman With Big Titties". Again, "Jim Dandy" received top billing on the album cover (though "BOA"—the band's initials—did appear above the frontman's name). Like its predecessor, "The Black Attack Is Back" made no commercial headway. In 1992, the band released "Rebound", this time under the band's aegis, with similar results. Things changed little with 1999's "The Wild Bunch", which was released under the name "Jim Dandy's Black Oak Arkansas". However, an original member would rejoin Black Oak and appear on this album. Patrick "Dirty" Daugherty rejoined in 1995, rekindling the once-forgotten Black Oak Arkansas. This momentum brought on a surge of performances with other 70's greats such as Foghat, Iron Butterfly, Edgar Winter Group, and many more. During the early 2000s, original lead guitarist Stanley Knight would join them on the road, not playing guitar, but as their soundman. Pat left the band a second time in the mid-2000s.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: James Mangrum has continued recording and touring with a series of different Black Oak lineups, up to the present day.Black Oak Arkansas currently enjoys a loyal fan following.Jim Dandy is credited with inspiring Van Halen frontman David Lee Roth's image and onstage persona. In addition, in the 1980s former Maine State Representative Chris Greeley once 'opened' for them as a member of the rock band Toyz.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Singer Ruby Starr died of cancer on January 14, 1995. She had a soaring solo career as well as several of her own bands.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Original Black Oak Arkansas guitarist Stanley Knight (born on February 12, 1949 in Little Rock, Arkansas) died on February 16, 2013, four days after his 64th birthday following a brief battle with cancer.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Black Oak-era guitarist Jack Holder (born Richard Jackson Holder Jr. on August 26, 1952) died from cancer on January 13, 2015 at the age of 62.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Former guitarist Jimmy Henderson (born James David Henderson on May 20, 1954) died on March 5, 2016, at age 61.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Original and long-time guitarist Rickie Lee Reynolds died September 5, 2021, after being hospitalized after a serious illness and then suffering from kidney and heart failure.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: The band released an album for Atlantic Records/Atco Records on October 15, 2013, titled "Back Thar N' Over Yonder". The album contained five newly recorded songs and 10 previously unreleased 1970s tracks which were produced by Tom Dowd. The new songs featured a line-up of original and current members. Reunited originals Jim "Dandy" Mangrum, Rickie Lee "Risky" Reynolds, Pat "Dirty" Daugherty, and Jimmy "Soybean" Henderson, were joined by current drummer Johnnie Bolin, bassist George Hughen, guitarist Buddy Church and lead guitarist Hal McCormack. The first single off the record "Plugged In And Wired" was released August 26, 2013. The band toured to support the album.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: On May 24, 2019, Black Oak Arkansas released "Underdog Heroes", their first album consisting of all new recordings in 30 years. The album featured Mangrum, Reynolds, and Sammy B Seauphine who has been a member since 2014 and present.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Note: all of BOA's original Atco albums have been reissued on CD by Wounded Bird Records in 2000/2001,


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: except "High On The Hog", which has been reissued by Rhino Records; also note that in 2013, the first


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: five Atco studio albums ("BOA", "Keep the Faith", "If an Angel Came to See You", "High on the Hog", and "Street Party") were collected/reissued in a slipcase box set, titled "Black Oak Arkansas: Original Album Series" [UPC: 081227968373] by Rhino Entertainment; and in 2021, seven albums ("X-Rated", "Live! Reading '76" [="KBFH Presents: BOA"], "Race with the Devil", "I'd Rather Be Sailing", "Ready as Hell", "The Black Attack is Back", and "Rebound") were collected/reissued in another slipcase box set, titled "Jim Dandy to the Rescue" [UPC: 889466206726] by Purple Pyramid/Cleopatra Records.


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: "Buried" is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series "Breaking Bad", and the 56th overall episode of the series. Written by Thomas Schnauz and directed by Michelle MacLaren, it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on August 18, 2013.


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: Late at night, an elderly man, collecting the money which Jesse Pinkman has thrown away, discovers him parked in a playground and absentmindedly spinning on a roundabout. Meanwhile, after his confrontation with Hank Schrader, Walter White frantically tries calling Skyler White, but cannot get through as Hank is already on the phone with her. Walt rushes to the car wash, but Skyler has already left to meet Hank at a diner. Believing Skyler to be a victim, Hank unwittingly reveals that Walt's cancer has returned and unsuccessfully tries enlisting her help in building a case against Walt. Skyler panics and leaves the diner.


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: Walt goes to Saul Goodman's office, angered that Skyler went to Hank before talking to him. When Saul asks whether Walt has considered having Hank killed, Walt admonishes him, reminding him that Hank is family. Rushing to hide his money, Walt has Patrick Kuby and Huell Babineaux deliver it to him in seven container drums. He then drives to the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation and spends the day burying it. Meanwhile, Marie Schrader confronts Skyler about Walt's criminality. After learning that Skyler knew about Walt’s activities before Hank was shot, Marie slaps her, despite a tearful Skyler's attempts to apologize. Marie tries to leave with Skyler’s daughter Holly, but Hank enters the house and tells Marie to give Holly back. In the car, Marie tells Hank that he "has to get" Walt.


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: Walt returns home late and posts a lottery ticket on the refrigerator door; its numbers correspond to the GPS coordinates of the buried drums. Unresponsive to Skyler's questioning, an exhausted Walt collapses. When he awakens, Walt offers to surrender himself on the condition that the money be kept for their children. Instead, Skyler tells Walt that they should keep quiet, telling him that Hank has no real evidence. Elsewhere, Lydia Rodarte-Quayle confronts Declan, now in charge of cooking and supplying meth, at his desert lab. She is critical of the poor standards and working conditions, but Declan rejects her suggestion to hire Todd, Walt's former protégé. At Lydia's behest, Todd and his uncle Jack arrive and massacre Declan and his men in a one-sided shootout before taking over the operation.


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: Believing his career with the DEA will end if he reveals his unsubstantiated suspicion that Heisenberg is actually his brother-in-law, Hank needs evidence to apprehend Walt. Marie insists on putting the DEA on the case, expressing concern over how they might respond if they learn that Hank did not share his discovery with them immediately. Hank returns to work, where Agent Steven Gomez reveals that Jesse is currently detained and under questioning. Hank, realizing Jesse's connection to Walt, asks for time with Jesse alone before entering the interrogation room.


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: Walt's burial scene is on Navajo land, the same spot where Walt and Jesse did their first batch in the RV. The latitude and longitude displayed on Walt's GPS receiver and on the lottery ticket are in fact the coordinates of the Albuquerque Studios location where "Breaking Bad" is filmed.


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: The song played over Walt's digging is Chancha Vía Circuito's remix of Argentine José Larralde's "Quimey Neuquén".


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: The episode was watched by 4.77 million people on its original broadcast, down from the series-high 5.92 million of the previous episode.


title: Buried (Breaking Bad)

text: The episode received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics. TVLine gave Anna Gunn an honorable mention in their "Performer of the Week" feature for her performance in this episode.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: A Gesamtkunstwerk (, literally 'total artwork', translated as 'total work of art', 'ideal work of art', 'universal artwork', 'synthesis of the arts', 'comprehensive artwork', or 'all-embracing art form') is a work of art that makes use of all or many art forms or strives to do so. The term is a German loanword accepted in English as a term in aesthetics.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: The term was developed by the German writer and philosopher K. F. E. Trahndorff in his 1827 essay "Ästhetik oder Lehre von Weltanschauung und Kunst" (or 'Aesthetics, or Theory of Philosophy of Art'). The German opera composer Richard Wagner used the term in two 1849 essays, and the word has become particularly associated with his aesthetic ideals. It is unclear whether Wagner knew of Trahndorff's essay.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: In the 20th century, some writers applied the term to some forms of architecture, while others applied it to film and mass media.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Some elements of opera had begun seeking a more 'classical' formula at the end of the 18th century. After the lengthy domination of opera seria and the "da capo aria", a movement began to advance the librettist and the composer in relation to the singers, and to return the drama to a more intense and less moralistic focus. This movement, 'reform opera', is primarily associated with Christoph Willibald Gluck and Ranieri de' Calzabigi. The themes in the operas produced by Gluck's collaborations with Calzabigi continue throughout the operas of Carl Maria von Weber, until Wagner, rejecting both the Italian "bel canto" tradition and the French 'spectacle opera', developed his union of music, drama, theatrical effects, and occasionally dance.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: However, these trends had developed fortuitously, rather than in response to a specific philosophy of art. Wagner, who recognised the reforms of Gluck and admired the works of Weber, originally wished to consolidate his view as part of his radical social and political views of the late 1840s. Previous to Wagner, others had expressed ideas about union of the arts, which was a familiar topic among German Romantics, as evidenced by the title of Trahndorff's essay, 'Aesthetics, or Theory of Philosophy of Art'. Others who wrote on syntheses of the arts included Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Ludwig Tieck and Novalis. Carl Maria von Weber's enthusiastic review of E.T.A. Hoffmann's opera "Undine" (1816) admired it as 'an art work complete in itself, in which partial contributions of the related and collaborating arts blend together, disappear, and, in disappearing, somehow form a new world'.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Wagner used the exact term "Gesamtkunstwerk" (which he spelt 'Gesammtkunstwerk') on only two occasions, in his 1849 essays 'Art and Revolution' and 'The Artwork of the Future', where he speaks of his ideal of unifying all works of art via the theatre. He also used in these essays many similar expressions such as 'the consummate artwork of the future' and 'the integrated drama', and frequently referred to 'Gesamtkunst'. Such a work of art was to be the clearest and most profound expression of folk legend.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Wagner felt that the Greek tragedies of Aeschylus had been the finest (though still flawed) examples so far of total artistic synthesis, but that this synthesis had subsequently been corrupted by Euripides. Wagner felt that during the rest of human history up to the present day (i.e. 1850) the arts had drifted further and further apart, resulting in such 'monstrosities' as Grand Opera. Wagner felt that such works celebrated bravura singing, sensational stage effects, and meaningless plots. In 'Art and Revolution', Wagner applies the term "Gesamtkunstwerk" in the context of Greek tragedy. In 'The Art-Work of the Future', he uses it to apply to his own, as yet unrealized, ideal.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: In his extensive book "Opera and Drama" (completed in 1851), Wagner takes these ideas further, describing in detail his idea of the union of opera and drama (later called "music drama" despite Wagner's disapproval of the term), in which the individual arts are subordinated to a common purpose.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Wagner's own opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen", specifically its components "Das Rheingold" and "Die Walküre", represent perhaps the closest he, or anyone else, came to realizing these ideals. After this stage, Wagner came to relax his own strictures and write more conventionally 'operatically'.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: William Morris (1834–1896), a British textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist, was associated with the British Arts and Crafts movement and largely influenced by the ideas of John Ruskin, who believed that industrialization led to a qualitative decline in artistically crafted goods. Morris believed a home must nurture harmony as well as infuse its inhabitants with a creative energy.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: The quote 'Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful, or believe to be beautiful' epitomized Morris' way of living of "Gesamtkunstwerk".


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Morris' and Philip Webb's Red House, designed in 1859, is a major example, as well as the Blackwell House in the English Lake District, designed by Baillie Scott. Blackwell House was built in 1898–1900, as a holiday home for Sir Edward Holt, a wealthy Manchester brewer. It is situated near the town of Bowness-on-Windermere with views looking over Windermere and across to the Coniston Fells.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Some architectural writers have used the term "Gesamtkunstwerk" to signify circumstances where an architect is responsible for the design and/or overseeing of the building's totality: shell, accessories, furnishings, and landscape. It is difficult to make a claim for when the term "Gesamtkunstwerk" was first used to refer to a building and its contents (although the term itself was not used in this context until the late 20th century); already during the Renaissance, artists such as Michelangelo saw no strict division in their tasks between architecture, interior design, sculpture, painting and even engineering.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Historian Robert L. Delevoy has argued that Art Nouveau represented an essentially decorative trend that thus lent itself to the idea of the architectural "Gesamtkunstwerk". Of course, it is equally possible it was born from social theories that arose out of a fear of the rise of industrialism.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Nonetheless, evidence of complete interiors that typify the concept of "Gesamtkunstwerk" can be seen from some time before the 1890s. An increasing trend among architects in the 18th and 19th centuries was to control every facet of an architectural commission. As well as being responsible for the structure itself, they tried to extend their role to also include designing (or at least vetting) every aspect of the interior work. This included not only the interior architectural features but also the design of furniture, carpets, wallpaper, fabrics, light fixtures, and door-handles. Robert Adam and Augustus Welby Pugin are examples of this trend to create an overall harmonising effect which in some cases might even extend to the choice or design of table silver, china, and glassware.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: The form and ideology of "Gesamtkunstwerk" was regularly engaged with by the Art Nouveau artists and architects of the period. Belgians Victor Horta and Henry Van de Velde, Catalan Antoni Gaudí, French Hector Guimard, Scottish Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Austrian Josef Hoffmann, Russian-German Franz (Fyodor) Schechtel, Finn Eliel Saarinen, and many other architects also acted as furniture and interior designers.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: The architectural movement of Modernism also saw architects implementing this principle of "Gesamtkunstwerk".


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: The Villa Cavrois mansion in France is another example of modernist "Gesamtkunstwerk", designed by French architect Robert Mallet-Stevens.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: The multi-media style pioneered by Dadaists such as Hugo Ball has also been called a "Gesamtkunstwerk". 'Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk' was a University of Oregon graduate seminar that explored themes of Dadaism and "Gesamtkunstwerk", especially Kurt Schwitter's legendary Merzbau. They cite Richard Huelsenbeck in his German Dada Manifesto: 'Life appears as a simultaneous confusion of noises, colours and spiritual rhythms, and is thus incorporated — with all the sensational screams and feverish excitements of its audacious everyday psyche and the entirety of its brutal reality — unwaveringly into Dadaist art'.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: In 2011, Saatchi Gallery in London held "Gesamtkunstwerk: New Art from Germany," a survey exhibition of 24 contemporary German artists.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: An exhibition entitled "Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk", curated by Bettina Steinbrügge and Harald Krejci, took place from January to May 2012 at the 21er Haus in Belvedere, Vienna. It was a 'contemporary perspective of the historical idea of the total work of art' and included a display by Esther Stocker based on the idea of 'the untidy nursery', it housed works by Joseph Beuys, Monica Bonvicini, Christian Boltanski, Marcel Broodthaers, Daniel Buren, Heinz Emigholz, Valie Export, Claire Fontaine, gelatin, Isa Genzken, Liam Gillick, Thomas Hirschhorn, Ilya Kabakov, Martin Kippenberger, Gordon Matta-Clark, Paul McCarthy, Superflex, Franz West, and numerous others. An accompanying book exploring the topic was produced with the same name.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Many reviews have characterized the contemporary art exhibition the 9th Berlin Biennale as a "Gesamtkunstwerk".


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: In 2017, prominent visual artists Shirin Neshat and William Kentridge directed operas at the Salzburg Festival.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: The Catholic Mass has been cited as an example of a "Gesamtkunstwerk", and one could consider various liturgical expressions to be similar examples.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: "The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Beyond" is a 2011 book by Boris Groys which explores the comprehensive aesthetic reorganization of society in the USSR under Stalin's totalitarianism.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Canadian development corporation Westbank, founded by Ian Gillespie, uses "Gesamtkunstwerk" as the founding idea behind the company's vision and philosophy for urban development.


title: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: Video producer Brian David Gilbert of the video game website Polygon cited the ideal of "Gesamtkunstwerk" as an inspiration in foundational technique in his rendition of the "PokéRAP".


title: Automat

text: An automat is a fast food restaurant where simple foods and drinks are served by vending machines. The world's first automat, Quisisana, opened in Berlin, Germany in 1895.


title: Automat

text: The first automat in the world was the Quisisana automat, which opened in 1895 in Berlin, Germany. A similar restaurant existed in Breslau in 1904.


title: Automat

text: In Japan, in addition to regular vending machines which sell prepared food, many restaurants also use food ticket machines (), where one purchases a meal ticket from a vending machine, then presents the ticket to a server, who then prepares and serves the meal. Conveyor belt sushi restaurants are also popular.


title: Automat

text: Automats () provide a variety of typical Dutch fried fast food, such as frikandellen and croquettes, but also hamburgers and sandwiches from vending machines that are back-loaded from a kitchen. FEBO is the best-known chain of Dutch automats. Some outlets are open 24 hours a day, and are popular with locals, and those leaving clubs and bars late at night. The Dutch concept has been successfully exported overseas.


title: Automat

text: The first automat in the U.S. was opened June 12, 1902, at 818 Chestnut St. in Philadelphia by Horn & Hardart; Horn & Hardart became the most prominent American automat chain. Inspired by Max Sielaff's AUTOMAT Restaurants in Berlin, they became among the first 47 restaurants, and the first non-Europeans, to receive patented vending machines from Sielaff's Berlin factory. The automat was brought to New York City in 1912, and gradually became part of popular culture in northern industrial cities.


title: Automat

text: Originally, the machines in U.S. automats took only nickels. In the original format, a cashier sat in a change booth in the center of the restaurant, behind a wide marble counter with five to eight rounded depressions. The diner would insert the required number of coins in a machine and then lift a window, hinged at the top, and remove the meal, usually wrapped in waxed paper. The machines were replenished from the kitchen behind. All or most New York automats had a cafeteria-style steam table where patrons could slide a tray along rails and choose foods.


title: Automat

text: The automats were popular with a wide variety of patrons, including Walter Winchell, Irving Berlin and other celebrities of the era. The New York automats were popular with unemployed songwriters and actors. Playwright Neil Simon called automats "the Maxim's of the disenfranchised" in a 1987 article.


title: Automat

text: The format was threatened by the arrival of fast food, served over the counter and with more payment flexibility than traditional automats. By the 1970s, the automats' remaining appeal in their core urban markets was strictly nostalgic. Another contributing factor to their demise was the inflation of the 1970s, increasing food prices which made the use of coins increasingly inconvenient in a time before bill acceptors commonly appeared on vending equipment.


title: Automat

text: At one time, there were 40 Horn & Hardart automats in New York City alone. The last one closed in 1991. Horn and Hardart converted most of its New York City locations to Burger King. At the time, the quality of the food was described by some customers as on the decline.


title: Automat

text: In an attempt to bring back automats in New York City, a company called Bamn! opened a new East Village Dutch-style automat store in 2006, but it closed in 2009. In 2015, another attempt was made, by a San Francisco company called Eatsa, which opened six automated restaurants in California, New York and the District of Columbia, but closed them all by 2019. The company rebranded itself as Brightloom, and continues to sell automation technology to restaurants (which includes software for ordering kiosks, mobile apps, digital signage, etc., to facilitate order pickup).


title: Automat

text: The COVID-19 pandemic has inspired a new wave of automat revival attempts, to adapt to the disease and the desire for contactless dining. Joe Scutellaro and Bob Baydale opened an Automat Kitchen in Jersey City's Newport Centre shopping mall in early 2021, which uses technology similar to what Brightloom offers, and specializes in fresh food. Another is the Brooklyn Dumpling Shop, which as of 2021 is still planning to open in the East Village, not far from the Bamn! location.


title: Automat

text: A form of the automat was used on some passenger trains. The Great Western Railway in the United Kingdom announced plans in December 1945 to introduce automat buffet cars. Plans were delayed by impending nationalisation, and an automat was finally introduced on the "Cambrian Coast Express", in 1962.


title: Automat

text: In the United States, the Pennsylvania Railroad introduced an automat between Pennsylvania Station, New York City and Union Station, Washington, DC, in 1954. Southern Pacific Railroad introduced automat buffet cars on the "Coast Daylight" and "Sunset Limited" in 1962. Amtrak converted four buffet cars to automats in 1985 for use on the Auto Train. The last one in use in the United States was on the short-lived "Lake Country Limited" in 2001.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as BBIBP-CorV, the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, or BIBP vaccine, is one of two whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (sometimes written as Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products, resulting in the two different acronyms BBIBP and BIBP for the same vaccine). It completed Phase III trials in Argentina, Bahrain, Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with over 60,000 participants. BBIBP-CorV shares similar technology with CoronaVac and Covaxin, other inactivated virus vaccines for COVID-19. Its product name is SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell), not to be confused with the similar product name of CoronaVac.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: Peer-reviewed results published in "JAMA" of Phase III trials in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain showed that the vaccine is 78.1% effective against symptomatic cases and 100% against severe cases (21 cases in vaccinated group vs. 95 cases in placebo group). In December 2020, the UAE previously announced interim results showing 86% efficacy.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: While mRNA vaccines like the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine showed higher efficacy of over 90%, those present distribution challenges for some nations as they require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. The BIBP vaccine could be transported and stored at normal refrigerated temperatures.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine is being used in vaccination campaigns by certain countries in Asia, Africa, South America, and Europe. Sinopharm expects to produce one billion doses of the vaccine in 2021. By May, Sinopharm had supplied 200 million doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization approved the BIBP vaccine for use in COVAX. Sinopharm has signed purchase agreements for 170 million doses from COVAX.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle. The initial course consists of two doses, and there is no evidence that a third booster dose is needed. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an interval of 3 to 4 weeks between doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: A vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval. Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: Real-world test-negative analysis in Bahrain (based on 14 days post 2nd dose) indicated a vaccine effectiveness of for adults aged 18–59, and for those 60 year old or older. While confident in its overall efficacy, WHO experts expressed very low confidence in their current ability to determine the safety of the BIBP vaccine for people with comorbidities, pregnant women, and the elderly as they were under-represented in the studies.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2021, a study by the Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre found the vaccine was 93% effective in preventing hospitalization and 95% effective against admission to intensive care. The study found no deaths related to COVID-19 in patients who received both doses. It was unknown how many people were included in the research.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 1 July, the Ministry of Health of Argentina reported the vaccine reduced deaths by 62% after the first dose and by 84% after the second dose.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 22 July, Peru's National Institute of Health reported the vaccine reduced deaths by 94% after analyzing data from 361,000 people.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 13 August, a study with 400,000 health workers in Peru from February to June 2021, during a wave mostly caused by the Lambda and Gamma variants, found a vaccine effectiveness of against infection and against death after two doses. With a single dose, the effectiveness was against infections and against death.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 24 August, preliminary results from a non-randomized study of one million people in Bahrain, of whom 569,054 received the BIBP vaccine, found that the vaccine continued to reduce infection, hospitalization, and death when the Delta variant became dominant, though not as effectively as Pfizer–BioNTech, Oxford–AstraZeneca and Sputnik V.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In December 2020, UAE's Ministry of Health and Prevention previously announced interim analysis showing the vaccine to have a 86% efficacy against COVID-19 infection and nearly 100% efficacy in preventing moderate and severe cases.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization reported a vaccine efficacy of against symptomatic disease and against hospitalization.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In 26 May, peer-reviewed results published in JAMA of Phase III trials in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain showed the vaccine effective against cases including asymptomatic and symptomatic infections, effective against symptomatic cases, and nearly 100% against severe cases (0 cases in vaccinated group, 2 cases in placebo group). 12,726 people received the vaccine and 12,737 people received the placebo in these trials.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: As of 1 July, six of the 71 COVID-19 deaths in Seychelles were among the fully vaccinated people. Only one of the six was fully vaccinated by the BIBP vaccine, the remaining five had been fully vaccinated by Covishield, which was mainly reserved for people aged 60 years or more.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, lab studies of twelve serum samples taken from recipients of BBBP-CorV and ZF2001 retained neutralizing activity against the Beta variant although with weaker activity than against the original virus. For the BIBP vaccine, geometric mean titers declined by 1.6-fold, from 110.9 to 70.9, which was less than antisera from mRNA vaccine recipients with a 6-folds decrease. Preliminary clinical data from Novavax and Johnson & Johnson also showed they were less effective in preventing COVID-19 in South Africa, where the new variant is widespread.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: As an inactivated vaccine like CoronaVac and Covaxin, the BIBP vaccine uses a more traditional technology that is similar to the inactivated polio vaccine. Initially, a sample of SARS-CoV-2 strain 19nCoV-CDC-Tan-HB02 (HB02) from China capable of rapid multiplication was chosen. Then, it was used to grow large quantities of the virus using vero cells. From then on, the viruses are soaked in beta-propiolactone, which deactivates them by binding to their genes, while leaving other viral particles intact. The resulting inactivated viruses are then mixed with the adjuvant aluminium hydroxide.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March 2021, Sinopharm and Abu Dhabi G42 announced plans to produce up to 200 million doses annually in the UAE at a new plant to become operational in 2021. The vaccine will be branded Hayat-Vax.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In December 2020, Egypt announced an agreement between Sinopharm and Egypt's VACSERA for the vaccine to be manufactured locally.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March 2021, Serbia announced plans to produce 24 million doses of the BIBP vaccine annually starting in October.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In July 2021, Morocco's Société Thérapeutique Marocaine announced it would produce 5 million doses a month.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In November 2021, Sinopharm announced that it will build a sterile bottling plant in Singapore to enhance the distribution of the vaccine.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2020, China approved clinical trials for a candidate COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (BIBP) and the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP). Both vaccines are chemically inactivated whole virus vaccines for COVID-19.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 15 October, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products published results of its Phase I (192 adults) and Phase II (448 adults) clinical studies for the BIBP vaccine, showing it to be safe and well-tolerated at all tested doses in two age groups. Antibodies were elicited against SARS-CoV-2 in all vaccine recipients on day 42. These trials included individuals older than 60.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine may have characteristics favorable for vaccinating people in the developing world. While mRNA vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine showed higher efficacy of +90%, mRNA vaccines present distribution challenges for some nations, as some may require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. By contrast, the BIBP vaccine can be transported and stored at normal refrigeration temperatures. While Pfizer and Moderna are among developers relying on novel mRNA technology, manufacturers have decades of experience with the inactivated virus technology Sinopharm is using.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In July 2020, Sinopharm began trials with 31,000 volunteers in the UAE in collaboration with G42 Healthcare, an Abu Dhabi-based company. In June 2021, Sinopharm began Phase III trials for children and adolescents aged 3–17 with 1,800 volunteers.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In September 2020, Sinopharm began trials in Casablanca and Rabat on 600 people. In September, Egypt started trials with 6,000 people.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In August, Sinopharm began trials in Bahrain with 6,000 people, later increased to 7,700 people. Also in August, Jordan began trials with 500 people.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In September, Peru began trials with 6,000 people which later expanded to 12,000 people. On 26 January, a volunteer in the placebo group of the trials had died from COVID-19 related pneumonia.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In China, Sinopharm obtained an EUA in July 2020. On 30 December 2020, China's National Medical Products Administration approved the BIBP vaccine for general use. In July 2021, China approved the EUA for children and adolescents aged 3–17.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In September 2020, UAE approved for emergency use authorization. In December 2020, UAE approved for full authorization. In August 2021, UAE approved the EUA for children and adolescents aged 3–17.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 3 November 2020, Bahrain granted emergency use authorization for frontline workers. In December 2020, Bahrain approved the vaccine.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization added the vaccine to the list of vaccines authorized for emergency use for COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX).


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 5 May 2021, EMA's human medicines committee (CHMP) has started a rolling review of the vaccine. The EU applicant for this medicine is the Italian company Life'On S.r.l.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: By May, Sinopharm had supplied 200 million doses across all countries. In July, Sinopharm signed advanced purchase agreements with GAVI to supply COVAX 60 million doses in the third quarter of 2021 and up to a total of 170 million doses by the first half of 2022.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2021, Bangladesh approved emergency use and had received 7 million doses by August. The country will purchase 60 million doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2021, Brunei received the first batch of the vaccine donated by China, which has been approved for emergency use.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2021, Cambodia granted emergency use authorization and started the vaccination campaign on 10 February. By July the country had received 5.2 million doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: By July, 7.5 million out of 15 million doses had arrived for a private vaccination program called "Gotong Royong", where companies could arrange a free COVID-19 vaccine rollout for their employees.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2021, Iran approved emergency use and received 650,000 doses by 15 April of the same year, including 400,000 dose donation from Red Cross Society of China. Spokesperson of the Food and Drug Administration (Iran): What is offered and consumed from Sinopharm vaccine in Iran is its main platform and is licensed for emergency use by the World Health Organization.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 2 March, the first 50,000 dose arrived as a donation from China, with the Health Ministry indicating intention to purchase further 2 million doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In January 2021, Jordan approved emergency use, By July 1.37 million people had received their first dose and 833,000 people had received their second.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2021, Kazakhstan approved emergency use of the vaccine, for which it had ordered 1 million doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March 2021, Kyrgyzstan received a donation of 150,000 doses from China and began vaccinations on 29 March. The country later purchased 1.25 million doses which arrived in August.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In January 2021, Laos began vaccinating healthcare workers in Vientiane and received another 300,000 doses in early February.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2021, Lebanon received a donation of 90,000 doses from China after granting emergency use authorization on 2 March.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March 2021, Maldives granted emergency approval for use. 100,000 doses were received on 25 March out of a total of 200,000 Chinese-donated doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: By May 2021, Mongolia had received 4 million doses, with 300,000 doses as a donation from China. On 10 March, Governor of Ulaanbaatar D. Sumiyabazar and Deputy Prime Minister S. Amarsaikhan received the first doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2021, Nepal approved the vaccine for emergency use. On 12 July, AP reported that China had donated 1.8 million doses, and was selling 4 million doses to Nepal.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In January 2021, Pakistan approved the vaccine for emergency use and began a vaccination campaign on 2 February. The country has purchased up to 23 million doses and received 6 million doses by July, including 1 million doses as a donation from China.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2021, Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte received the vaccine after the food and drug regulator approved compassionate use of 10,000 doses for his security team.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March 2021, Sri Lanka approved emergency use. The country ordered 14 million doses on top of 1.1 million doses previously donated by China.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2021, Turkmenistan began vaccinating school teachers and medical personnel with the Sinopharm vaccine.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 14 September 2020, the United Arab Emirates approved the vaccine for front-line workers following interim Phase III trials. In December, the country registered the BIBP vaccine after it reviewed the results of the interim analysis. In March, a small number of people who have reduced immunity against diseases, chronic illnesses, or belong to high-risk groups have been given a third booster dose. In May, due to concerns about effectiveness, Bahrain planned to give a third booster dose to some groups at risk, and the United Arab Emirates extended its third booster dose to anyone who had received the second dose more than six months ago.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In June 2021, Vietnam received a donation of 500,000 doses from China and later licensed importing of 5 million more doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 11 August 2021 Philippines received 100,000 doses from United Arab Emirates, also will received 1,000,000 doses from China on 21 August.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In January, Egypt approved use of the vaccine and had purchased 20 million doses, of which 1.5 million had arrived by April. President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced a vaccination campaign starting 24 January.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, Equatorial Guinea received a Chinese donation of 100,000 doses which arrived on 10 February. The country began vaccinations on 15 February.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Gabon received a Chinese donation of 100,000 doses which was the second vaccine approved for use in the country.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: Morocco has ordered 40.5 million doses, of which 8.5 million had been delivered by May. Morocco had granted emergency use approval on 23 January.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Mauritania received a donation of 50,000 doses from China and started its vaccination campaign on 26 March.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April, Mauritius received a donation of 100,000 doses from China and ordered an additional 500,000 doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, Mozambique received a donation of 200,000 doses from China and planned to start vaccinations on 8 March.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Namibia received a donation of 100,000 doses from China and announced the start of vaccinations in the Khomas and Erongo regions.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, Senegal received 200,000 doses that it purchased and began vaccinating health workers on 22 February.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, Sierra Leone received a donation of 200,000 doses from China. It was approved for emergency use and vaccinations began on 15 March.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In January, Seychelles began administering vaccinations with 50,000 doses it had received as a gift from the UAE.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April, Somalia received a donation of 200,000 doses from China and started vaccinations with the vaccine on 14 April.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Republic of the Congo received 100,000 Chinese-donated doses with vaccinations prioritizing the medically vulnerable and those over 50.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, Zimbabwe purchased 600,000 doses on top of 200,000 doses donated by China, and started vaccinations on 18 February. Zimbabwe purchased an additional 1.2 million doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, Belarus received a donation of 100,000 doses from China and began using the vaccine on 15 March.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In January, Hungary became first member of the European Union to approve the BIBP vaccine, signing a deal for 5 million doses. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán was vaccinated with the BIBP vaccine on 28 February. 5.2 million doses were delivered to Hungary by May, fulfilling the contract.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Moldova received 2,000 doses donated by the UAE which will be used to vaccinate doctors starting on 22 March.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In May, Montenegro received 200,000 doses, which was used to launch the vaccination campaign starting 4 May.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April, North Macedonia received the first 200,000 of 800,000 doses which arrived from Serbia which was used in the vaccination campaign starting 4 May.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 19 January, Serbia started vaccinations with the BIBP vaccine and was the first country in Europe to approve the vaccine. By April, Serbia has received 2.5 million doses. In March, Serbia had signed an agreement for an additional 2 million doses.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Dominica received 20,000 donated doses of the BIBP vaccine from China which it began using in its vaccination campaign on 4 March.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Mexico announced it would order 12 million doses of the BIBP vaccine pending approval by its health regulator, which was granted in August.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In May, Trinidad and Tobago received a donation of 100,000 doses from China. Another 200,000 and 800,000 doses were purchased and arrived 14 June and 13 July, respectively; bringing total doses of the BIBP vaccine received to 1.1 million.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April, Barbados announced it would receive 30,000 doses of Chinese donated the BIBP vaccine, according to Prime Minister Mia Mottley.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, Argentina authorized emergency use of the BIBP vaccine. Eligibility was expanded to include people older than 60 on 25 March. By 4 June million doses had arrived and 6 million more were ordered.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February, Bolivia started its vaccination campaign with the BIBP vaccine. In June, Bolivia purchased 6 million doses in addition to 2.7 million doses it had already received.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Guyana received a donation of 20,000 doses from China and later purchased another 100,000 doses. Vaccinations started with elderly and healthcare workers.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In January, Peru purchased 38 million doses of the BIBP vaccine. Peru granted emergency approval on 27 January and started vaccinations on 9 February.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March, Venezuela granted approval for the vaccine and received a donation of 500,000 doses from China on 2 March.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2021, it was revealed that former Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra and other senior politicians were vaccinated in November 2020 before the vaccines were made available to health professionals and the public. They were vaccinated with extra doses that were brought in for the Phase III trials being conducted by Cayetano Heredia University in Lima with 12,000 volunteers.


title: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine

text: In May 2021, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte apologized for taking the BIBP vaccine which was not approved at the time. In response, Duterte said China should in the future only send CoronaVac, a separate vaccine which was approved in the Philippines at the time. Duterte said he only got the vaccine under a compassionate use clause, on recommendation from his doctor to get vaccinated. Later in June, the BIBP vaccine was approved for emergency use.


title: Sulagna Panigrahi

text: Sulagna Panigrahi is an Indian television and film actress. As a débutante, she played the lead role in the television serial "Amber Dhara" as Dhara, and went on to play the principal character in "Do Saheliyaan". She further did a grey role as Sakshi Rajvansh in "Bidaai", until getting her big break in the Bhatt banner film "Murder 2" as Reshma. She married stand-up comedian Biswa Kalyan Rath on 9 December 2020. She is playing the lead role in StarPlus historical drama, titled "Vidrohi" .


title: Sulagna Panigrahi

text: Panigrahi made her television debut with the show "Amber Dhara", where she played the character of Dhara, based on a story of conjoined twins. The series aired on Sony Entertainment Television from September 2007 to March 2008. Her second show was "Do Saheliyaan", where she played the role of Maithali, based on the story of best friends set in rural Rajasthan. "Do Saheliyaan" aired on Zee TV from March 2010 to July 2010. After this, she went on to do a negative role in the serial "Bidaai", playing the role of Sakshi.


title: Sulagna Panigrahi

text: She made her Bollywood debut in the 2011 thriller "Murder 2", a sequel to the 2004 hit "Murder", under the banner of Vishesh Films. She played the role of Reshma, a poor college student, who in need of money for her family to survive, chooses to become a part-time prostitute and falls victim to a psychopathic serial killer. Her role was well-received with positive reviews from critics around the media. After "Murder 2", she has done independent and content driven Hindi films with strong performances like "Rave", starring Rajkumar Rao and Divyendu Sharma and "Gurudakshina", with Girish Karnad and Rupa Ganguly. Recently, she was seen in the movie "Raid", starring Ajay Devgn, in which she played the role of a girl Tara, who was the main informer of the income tax officer played by Ajay Devgn. She starred in Marathi with the romantic film "Ishq Wala Love", where she was paired opposite Adinath Kothare. Apart from starring in the film, she also did the full costume styling for her character herself. Her performance was appreciated by the critics and audience alike, specially complimenting the chemistry between the two actors. One of her most awaited projects is the Tamil film "Isai", directed, produced and performed by S. J. Suryah. This will be her debut film in Tamil and will also mark the comeback of S. J. Suryah as a director in Tamil film industry after almost 9 years, at present she is working in a video series "Married Woman Diaries" Part 2.


title: Sulagna Panigrahi

text: Sulagna was featured as top six finalists in the category of "Indian Affairs Most Promising & Emerging Actress of the Year 2018" at 2018 India Leadership Conclave Awards Founded by Satya Brahma.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act – also known as the Copyright Term Extension Act, Sonny Bono Act, or (derisively) the Mickey Mouse Protection Act – extended copyright terms in the United States in 1998. It is one of several acts extending the terms of copyrights.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Following the Copyright Act of 1976, copyright would last for the life of the author plus 50 years (or the last surviving author), or 75 years from publication or 100 years from creation, whichever is shorter for a work of corporate authorship (works made for hire) and anonymous and pseudonymous works. The 1976 Act also increased the renewal term for works copyrighted before 1978 that had not already entered the public domain from 28 years to 47 years, giving a total term of 75 years.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: The 1998 Act extended these terms to life of the author plus 70 years and for works of corporate authorship to 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever end is earlier. For works published before January 1, 1978, the 1998 act extended the renewal term from 47 years to 67 years, granting a total of 95 years.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: This law effectively "froze" the advancement date of the public domain in the United States for works covered by the older fixed term copyright rules. Under this Act, works made in 1923 or afterwards that were still protected by copyright in 1998 would not enter the public domain until January 1, 2019, or later. Mickey Mouse specifically, having first appeared in 1928 in "Steamboat Willie", will enter the public domain in 2024 or afterward (depending on the date of the product). Unlike copyright extension legislation in the European Union, the Sonny Bono Act did not revive copyrights that had already expired, and therefore is not retroactive in that sense. The Act did extend the terms of protection set for works that were already copyrighted and were created before it took effect, so it is retroactive in that sense. However, works created before January 1, 1978, but not published or registered for copyright until recently, are addressed in a special section () and may remain protected until the end of 2047. The Act became on October 27, 1998.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Under the international Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1886, the signatory countries are required to provide copyright protection for a minimum term of the life of the author plus fifty years. Additionally, they are permitted to provide for a longer term of protection. The Berne Convention did not come into force for the United States until it was ratified on March 1, 1989, but the U.S. had previously provided for the minimum copyright term the convention required in the Copyright Act of 1976.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: After the United States' accession to the Berne convention, a number of copyright owners successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for another extension of the term of copyright, to provide for the same term of protection that exists in Europe. Since the 1993 Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection, member states of the European Union implemented protection for a term of the author's life plus seventy years.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: The act was named in memory of the late Congressman Sonny Bono, who died nine months before the act became law: he had previously been one of twelve sponsors of a similar bill.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: House members sympathetic to restaurant and bar owners, who were upset over ASCAP and BMI licensing practices, almost derailed the Act. As a result, the bill was amended to include the Fairness in Music Licensing Act, which exempted smaller establishments from needing a public performance license to play music.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Both houses of the United States Congress passed the act as Public Law 105-298 with a voice vote. President Bill Clinton signed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 on October 27, 1998.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: As a result of the 1976 and 1998 extensions, a small number of renewed works, within a span of 40 years, entered public domain:


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: From 2019 onwards, works published in one year, will enter public domain at the end of the 95th calendar year of publication. For example, works published in entered public domain on .


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: The Senate Report gave the official reasons for passing copyright extension laws and was originally written in the context of the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: The authors of the report believed that extending copyright protection would help the United States by providing more protection for their works in foreign countries and by giving more incentive to digitize and preserve works since there was an exclusive right in them. The report also included minority opinions by Herb Kohl and Hank Brown, who believed that the term extensions were a financial windfall to current owners of copyrighted material at the expense of the public's use of the material.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Since 1990, The Walt Disney Company had lobbied for copyright extension. The legislation delayed the entry into the public domain of the earliest Mickey Mouse movies, leading detractors to the nickname "The Mickey Mouse Protection Act".


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: In addition to Disney, California congresswoman Mary Bono (Sonny Bono's widow and Congressional successor), and the estate of composer George Gershwin supported the act. Mary Bono, speaking on the floor of the United States House of Representatives, said:


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Other parties that lobbied in favor of the Bono Act were Time Warner, Universal, Viacom, the major professional sports leagues (NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB), and the family of slain singer Selena Quintanilla-Pérez.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Proponents of the Bono Act argue that it is necessary given that the life expectancy of humans has risen dramatically since Congress passed the original Copyright Act of 1790, that a difference in copyright terms between the United States and Europe would negatively affect the international operations of the entertainment industry, and that some works would be created under a longer copyright that would never be created under the existing copyright. They also claim that copyrighted works are an important source of income to the US and that media such as VHS, DVD, cable and satellite have increased the value and commercial life of movies and television series.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Proponents contend that Congress has the power to pass whatever copyright term it wants because the language "To promote the progress of science and useful arts" in the United States Constitution is not a substantive limitation on the powers of Congress, leaving the sole restriction that copyrights must only last for "limited times." However, in what respect the granted time must be limited has never been determined, thus arguably even an absurdly long, yet finite, duration would still be a valid "limited time" according to the letter of the Constitution as long as Congress was ostensibly setting this limit to promote the progress of science and useful arts. This was one of the arguments that prevailed in the "Eldred v. Ashcroft" case, when the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the CTEA. It is also pointed out by proponents that the extension did not prevent all works from going in the public domain. They note that the 1976 Copyright Act established that unpublished works created before 1978 would still begin entering the public domain January 1, 2003 (Known author: life of the author plus 70 years; anonymous/pseudoanonymous/unknown author/works-for-hire: 120 years from creation), and that the provision remained unaffected by the 1998 extension. They also claim that Congress has actually increased the scope of the public domain since, for the first time, unpublished works will enter the public domain.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Proponents believe that copyright encourages progress in the arts. With an extension of copyright, future artists have to create something original, rather than reuse old work, however, had the act been in place in the 1960s, it is unlikely that Andy Warhol would have been able to sell or even exhibit any of his work, since it all incorporated previously copyrighted material. Proponents contend that it is more important to encourage all creators to make new works instead of just copyright holders.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Proponents say that copyright better preserves intellectual property like movies, music and television shows. One example given is the case of the classic film "It's a Wonderful Life". Before Republic Pictures and Spelling Entertainment (who owned the motion picture rights to the short story and the music even after the film itself became public domain) began to assert their rights to the film, various local TV stations and cable networks broadcast the film endlessly. As "New York Times" reporter Bill Carter put it: "the film's currency was being devalued."


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Many different versions of the film were made and most if not all were in horrible condition. After underlying rights to the film were enforced, it was given a high quality restoration that was hailed by critics. In addition, proponents note that once a work falls into the public domain there is no guarantee that the work will be more widely available or cheaper. Suggesting that quality copies of public domain works are not widely available, they argue that one reason for a lack of availability may be due to publishers' reluctance to publish a work that is in the public domain for fear that they will not be able to recoup their investment or earn enough profit.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Proponents reject the idea that only works in the public domain can provide artistic inspiration. They note that opponents fail to take into account that copyright applies only to expressions of ideas and not the ideas themselves. Thus artists are free to get ideas from copyrighted works as long as they do not infringe. Borrowing ideas and such are common in film, TV and music even with copyrighted works (see "scènes à faire", idea-expression divide and stock character). Works such as parody benefit from fair use.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Proponents also question the idea that extended copyright is "corporate welfare." They state that many opponents also have a stake in the case, claiming that those arguing against copyright term extension are mostly businesses that depend on distributing films and videos that have lost their copyright.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: One argument against the CTEA is focused on the First Amendment. In "Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises", however, the court explained how a copyright "respects and adequately safeguards the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment." In following this approach, courts have held that copyrights are "categorically immune from challenges under the First Amendment."


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Critics of the CTEA argue that it was never the original intention for copyright protection to be extended in the United States. Attorney Jenny L. Dixon mentions that "the United States has always viewed copyright primarily as a vehicle for achieving social benefit based on the belief that encouragement of individual effort by personal gain is the best way to advance the public welfare;" however, "the U.S. does not consider copyright as a 'natural right.'" Dixon continues that with increased extensions on copyright protections, authors receive the benefits, while the public have more difficulty accessing these works, weakening public domain. One such extension Dixon mentions is the protection of a copyrighted work for the author's life followed by two generations, which opponents argue that there is no legislation nor intention for this copyright protection. "These constitutionally-grounded arguments 'for limitations on proprietary rights' are being rejected time and time again."


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Dennis S. Karjala, a law professor, led an effort to try to prevent the CTEA from being passed. He testified before the Committees on the Judiciary arguing "that extending the term of copyright protection would impose substantial costs on the United States general public without supplying any public benefit. The extension bills represent a fundamental departure from the United States philosophy that intellectual property legislation serve a public purpose."


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: An editorial in "The New York Times" argued against the copyright extension on February 21, 1998. The article stated "When Senator Hatch laments that George Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" will soon 'fall into the public domain,' he makes the public domain sound like a dark abyss where songs go, never to be heard again. In fact, when a work enters the public domain it means the public can afford to use it freely, to give it new currency."


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Opponents of the "Bono Act" consider the legislation to be corporate welfare and have tried (but failed) to have it declared unconstitutional in the process Eldred v. Ashcroft, claiming that such an act is not "necessary and proper" to accomplishing the Constitution's stated purpose of "promot[ing] the progress of science and useful arts". They argue that most works bring most of the profits during the first few years and are pushed off the market by the publishers thereafter. Thus there is little economic incentive in extending the terms of copyrights except for the few owners of franchises that are wildly successful, such as Disney. They also point out that the Tenth Amendment can be construed as placing limits on the powers that Congress can gain from a treaty. More directly, they see two successive terms of approximately 20 years each (the Copyright Act of 1976 and the Bono Act) as the beginning of a "slippery slope" toward a perpetual copyright term that nullifies the intended effect and violates the spirit of the "for limited times" language of the United States Constitution, Article I, section 8, clause 8.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Some opponents have questioned the proponents' life expectancy argument, making the comparison between the growth of copyright terms and the term of patents in relation to the growth of life expectancies. Life expectancies have risen from about 35 years in 1800 to 77.6 years in 2002. While copyright terms have increased threefold, from only 28 years total (under the Copyright Act of 1790), life expectancies have roughly doubled. Moreover, life expectancy statistics are skewed due to historically high infant mortality rates. Correcting for infant mortality, life expectancy has only increased by fifteen years between 1850 and 2000.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: In addition, copyright terms have increased significantly since the 1790 act, but patent terms have not been extended in parallel, with 20-year terms of protection remaining the (presumably under the laws) adequate compensation for innovation in a technical field.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Seventeen prominent economists and libertarians, including Nobel Prize laureates (George Akerlof, Kenneth Arrow, James Buchanan, Ronald Coase, and Milton Friedman), submitted an amicus brief opposing the bill when it was challenged in court. They argued that the discounted present value of the extension was only a 1% increase for newly created works, while the increase in transaction costs created by extending the terms of old works would be very large and without any marginal benefit. According to Lawrence Lessig, when asked to sign the brief, Friedman had originally insisted that it include "the word 'no-brainer' in it somewhere," but still agreed to sign it even though his condition was not met.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Another argument against the CTEA is focused on the First Amendment "because of the prospective and retrospective application of the CTEA." The plaintiffs in "Eldred v. Reno" believed that "the CTEA failed to sustain the intermediate level of scrutiny test afforded by the First Amendment because the government did not have an 'important' interest to justify withholding speech."


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Opponents also argue that the Act encourages "offshore production." For example, derivative works could be created outside the United States in areas where copyright would have expired, and that US law would prohibit these works to US residents. For example, a movie of Mickey Mouse playing with a computer could be legally created in Russia, but the movie would be refused admission for importation by US Customs because of copyright, resulting in a deprivation to American children. Similarly, the first Winnie-the-Pooh book was published in 1926 and would have been public domain in 2001.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Opponents identify another possible harm from copyright extension: loss of productive value of private collections of copyrighted works. A person who collected copyrighted works that would soon "go out of copyright," intending to re-release them on copyright expiration, lost the use of his capital expenditures for an additional 20 years when the Bono Act passed. This is part of the underlying argument in "Eldred v. Ashcroft". The Bono Act is thus perceived to add an instability to commerce and investment, areas which have a better legal theoretical basis than intellectual property, whose theory is of quite recent development and is often criticized as being a corporate chimera. Conceivably, if one had made such an investment and then produced a derivative work (or perhaps even re-released the work "in ipse"), he could counter a suit made by the copyright holder by declaring that Congress had unconstitutionally made, ex post facto, a restriction on the previously unrestricted.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Howard Besser questioned the proponents' argument that "new works would not be created", which implies that the goal of copyright is to make the creation of new works possible. However, the Framers of the United States Constitution evidently thought that unnecessary, instead restricting the goal of copyright to merely "promot[ing] the progress of science and useful arts". In fact, some works created under time-limited copyright would not be created under perpetual copyright because the creator of a distantly derivative work does not have the money and resources to find the owner of copyright in the original work and purchase a license, or the individual or privately held owner of copyright in the original work might refuse to license a use at any price (though a refusal to license may trigger a fair use safety valve). Thus they argue that a rich, continually replenished, public domain is necessary for continued artistic creation.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: The House debated the Copyright Term Extension Act (House Resolution 390) on March 25, 1998. The term extension was almost completely supported, with only the mild criticism by Jim Sensenbrenner (Wisconsin) of "H.R. 2589 provides a very generous windfall to the entertainment industry by extending the term of copyright for an additional 20 years." He suggested that it could be balanced by adding provisions from the Fairness in Music Licensing Act (H.R. 789). Lloyd Doggett (Texas) called the 'Fairness in Music Licensing Act' the 'Music Theft Act' and claimed that it was a mechanism to "steal the intellectual property of thousands of small businesspeople who are song writers in this land." The majority of subsequent debate was over Sensenbrenner's House Amendment 532 to the CTEA. This amendment was over details of allowing music from radio and television broadcasts in small businesses to be played without licensing fees. An amendment to Sensenbrenner's amendment was proposed by Bill McCollum. The key differences between Sensenbrenner's proposal and McCollum's amendment were 1) local arbitration versus court lawsuits in rate disagreements, 2) all retail businesses versus only restaurants and bars, 3) 3500 square feet of general public area versus of gross area, 4) which music licensing societies it applied to (all versus ASCAP and BMI), and 5) freedom from vicarious liability for landlords and others leasing space versus no such provision. After debate (and the first verse of American Pie) the McCollum Amendment was rejected by a vote of 259 to 150 and the Sensenbrenner amendment was passed by 297 to 112. The Copyright Term Extension Act H.R. 2589 was passed.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: The term extension was supported for two key reasons. First, "copyright industries give us [(the United States)] one of our most significant trade surpluses." Second, the recently enacted legislation in the European Union had extended copyright there for 20 years, and so EU works would be protected for 20 years longer than US works if the US did not enact similar term extensions. Howard Coble also stated that it was good for consumers since "When works are protected by copyright, they attract investors who can exploit the work for profit." The term extension portion was supported by Songwriters Guild of America, National Academy of Songwriters, the Motion Picture Association of America, the Intellectual Property Law Section of the American Bar Association, the Recording Industry Association of America, National Music Publishers Association, the Information Technology Association of America and others.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: Publishers and librarians, among others, brought a lawsuit, "Eldred v. Ashcroft", to obtain an injunction on enforcement of the act. Oral arguments were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court on October 9, 2002. On January 15, 2003, the court held the CTEA constitutional by a 7–2 decision.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: In 2003, the plaintiffs in the "Eldred" case began to shift their effort toward the U.S. Congress in support of a bill called the Public Domain Enhancement Act that would make the provisions of the Bono Act apply only to copyrights that had been registered with the Library of Congress.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: In May 2022, Senator Josh Hawley (R-MO) introduced a bill that would roll back the copyright term for new works to match to the 1909 Copyright Act, but also applies retroactively to works by a group of large companies specifically designed to target Disney. Sarah Jeong of "The Verge" criticized the bill for obviously violating international agreements and the Fifth Amendment protections against eminent domain, as an attempt to punish Disney for opposing Florida House Bill 1557, and because it is unlikely to pass in a Congress where Democrats control both houses.


title: Copyright Term Extension Act

text: In 2012, law professors Christopher Buccafusco and Paul J. Heald performed tests of three key justifications of copyright extension, namely: that public domain works will be underutilized and less available, will be oversaturated by poor quality copies, and poor quality derivative works will harm the reputation of the original works. They compared works from the two decades surrounding 1923 made available as audiobooks. They found that copyrighted works were significantly less likely to be available than public domain ones, found no evidence of overexploitation driving down the price of works, and that the quality of the audiobook recordings did not significantly affect the price people were willing to pay for the books in print. Heald's later experiment analyzing a random sample of newly posted works on Amazon.com revealed that public domain works from 1880 were posted at double the rate of copyrighted works from 1980.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: Sebastián Coates Nion (; born 7 October 1990), often known as Seba Coates, is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Portuguese club Sporting CP and the Uruguay national team.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: Having begun his career at Nacional, where he was a regular from his debut in 2009, Coates joined Liverpool in 2011. He spent time out on loan, back at Nacional, and at Sunderland, and then joined the latter permanently in 2015. In January 2016, he moved to Sporting, initially on loan before signing permanently in February 2017. Following his move, Coates became an important member of the Sporting squad, captaining the side, and leading the club to a number of trophies, including the club's first league title in 19 years during the 2020–21 season.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: Coates made his international debut at the 2011 Copa América, and was voted Young Player of the Tournament after Uruguay won the final. He also represented the country at the 2012 Olympics, the FIFA World Cup in 2014, 2018 and 2022, and the Copa América in 2015 and 2019.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: Coates was born in Montevideo. On his paternal side, he is of Scottish ancestry, although his family does not speak English.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: Coates joined Nacional at 11, and worked his way up through the age groups, appearing as captain at every level. In 2009, aged 18, he signed a contract and began playing for the first team. His first appearance came against Bella Vista, a performance for which he was named man of the match by Uruguay's "El País". He subsequently started every game for Nacional, notwithstanding suspension and national duty.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: In August 2011, Coates was the subject of substantial interest from Premier League club Liverpool. He was given permission to have a medical at Melwood ahead of his proposed move on 26 August, and the following day watched Liverpool's match against Bolton Wanderers. On 30 August, after receiving a work permit, Liverpool announced that they had signed Coates on "a long-term contract" for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £7 million.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: On 18 September, Coates made his debut for Liverpool against Tottenham Hotspur, replacing the injured Daniel Agger in the 27th minute, in a 4–0 defeat. Coates went on to make his first start for the club on 21 September against Brighton & Hove Albion in the League Cup. Liverpool won the match 2–1 and Coates started the next match in this competition against Stoke City which Liverpool also won 2–1. Liverpool progressed through all stages to win the tournament resulting in Coates winning his first medal as a Liverpool player. On 21 March 2012, he scored his first goal for Liverpool against Queens Park Rangers, with a scissor kick from the edge of the box in the 3–2 loss at Loftus Road.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: Coates suffered a knee injury playing for Uruguay in a friendly match against Japan in August 2013. The injury sidelined the player for much of the 2013–14 season. The second half of the season saw Coates return to Nacional on loan, helping him to secure a place in Uruguay's World Cup team.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: On 1 September 2014, Coates was loaned out to fellow Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan, joining up with fellow Uruguayan manager Gus Poyet. He made his debut as a starter on the 23rd in the third round of the League Cup, against Stoke City at the Stadium of Light. At half-time, he was substituted for Patrick van Aanholt and Sunderland lost 1–2. His first league match of his loan was on 3 December, playing the entirety of a 1–4 home defeat against Manchester City. Coates had to fill in at left back in the Tyne-Wear derby against Newcastle on 21 December after Anthony Réveillère suffered an injury in the warm up, but coped well as Sunderland won 1–0. However, after Sunderland were beaten 1–3 by Hull in the next game, Coates fell out of favour and failed to make another Premier League start under Poyet. After the manager was sacked and replaced by Dick Advocaat, Coates became more involved. He played every minute of Sunderland's run of five unbeaten games that kept them from relegation with a game to spare.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: On 1 July 2015, Sunderland announced that they had signed Coates on a permanent four-year deal for an undisclosed fee reported to be in the region of £2 million. He scored an own goal on 1 November as the team lost 6–2 away to Everton.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: On 28 January 2016, Coates signed for Sporting CP on loan until the end of the season, as new "Black Cats" manager Sam Allardyce sought to balance the books. He made his debut on 8 February in a goalless home draw with Rio Ave, and totalled 13 matches (all starts) over the season as the Lisbon-based club came second. On 10 May, his loan was extended for the following campaign.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: On the first day of the 2016–17 season, at home to Marítimo, Coates scored his first goal for the "Leões" to open a 2–0 win by heading in João Mário's corner kick.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: In the Taça da Liga final on 26 January 2019, Coates missed his spot-kick but Sporting prevailed over FC Porto 3–1 in the penalty shoot-out to win their second straight league cup title. Four months later in the final of the Taça de Portugal on 25 May, Sporting and Porto again required a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner after the match ended 2–2; Coates converted his kick to help Sporting to a 5–4 win.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: On 31 August 2019, Coates conceded three penalties and was sent off as Sporting fell 2–3 to Rio Ave. All three fouls were against Iranian forward Mehdi Taremi.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: Coates captained and was a key player for the side that won the 2020–21 Primeira Liga, the club's first league title in 19 years. He was praised for leading a back-line that kept 20 clean sheets and only conceded 20 goals in 34 matches, being awarded as the 2020-21 Primeira Liga's best player.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: After playing for the Uruguay under-20s he was called up for Uruguay's first leg match in the CONMEBOL–CONCACAF playoff against Costa Rica in qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where he was an unused substitute.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: He made his full international debut against Chile in the 2011 Copa América second group match, playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–1 draw at the Estadio Malvinas Argentinas in Mendoza, Argentina. He played the remainder of the tournament, apart from being suspended for their quarter-final win over the hosts, and Coates went on to win the award for the Best Young Player at the end of the tournament, and his nation won the competition.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: He was called up by Óscar Tabárez for the Uruguay Olympic football team that played at the 2012 Summer Olympics which were held in London. He played every minute of their campaign, however Uruguay ultimately failed to qualify for the knockout round. At the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil, he made one brief substitute appearance in a 2–1 victory against Nigeria and a start in an 8–0 win against Tahiti in the group, as Uruguay finished the tournament in fourth place.


title: Sebastián Coates

text: Although injury saw Coates miss out the entire Premier League season, he made a full recovery in time to be selected in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made one appearance as the side reached the last 16, playing two minutes as a substitute for his Liverpool teammate Luis Suárez in the 2–1 group stage victory over England. The following year at the 2015 Copa América in Chile, Coates played Uruguay's final group match, a 1–1 draw against Paraguay, due to the suspension of captain Diego Godín; Uruguay were eliminated in the quarter-finals by the hosts.


title: Fire of Love (2022 film)

text: Fire of Love is a 2022 American-Canadian documentary film, directed, written, and produced by Sara Dosa.


title: Fire of Love (2022 film)

text: It had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2022 where it won the Jonathan Oppenheim Editing Award. It was released on July 6, 2022, by National Geographic Documentary Films and Neon.


title: Fire of Love (2022 film)

text: The film follows the lives and careers of daring French volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft, who ultimately die in the 1991 Mount Unzen eruption, via archival footage.


title: Fire of Love (2022 film)

text: In March 2021, it was announced Sara Dosa would direct a documentary film revolving around Katia and Maurice Krafft. In January 2022, it was announced Miranda July would serve as the narrator.


title: Fire of Love (2022 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2022 where it won the Jonathan Oppenheim Editing Award in the U.S. Documentary category. Shortly after, National Geographic Documentary Films acquired distribution rights to the film, winning a bidding war against Netflix, Amazon Studios, Sony Pictures Classics, IFC Films, Universal Pictures and Paramount Pictures. It also screened at South by Southwest on March 11, 2022. In April 2022, it was announced Neon would co-distribute the film. The film was released on SVOD to Disney+ on November 11, 2022.


title: Fire of Love (2022 film)

text: "Fire of Love" received positive reviews from film critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 99% approval rating based on reviews from 158 critics, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Whether as a story of one couple's quixotic quest or simply a stunning collection of nature footage, "Fire of Love" burns bright." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 83 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Scott William Winters

text: Winters is of Irish and Italian descent, and grew up on Long Island and in Scottsdale, Arizona. He attended Brophy College Preparatory, a Jesuit school in Phoenix. Winters has three siblings: brothers Dean (an actor) and Bradford (a poet/writer), and a sister, Blair Winters. Scott is best known for playing Cyril O'Reily in the HBO drama "Oz" opposite his brother, Dean, who appeared as Cyril's brother, Ryan.


title: Scott William Winters

text: Winters had a notable role in the film "Good Will Hunting" as Clark, a pompous rival for Minnie Driver's attention who is bested by Matt Damon. He reprised the role, along with Damon and Ben Affleck, in a parody scene in "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back". He played Det. Stan Hatcher, a recurring character on the TV series "NYPD Blue". He appeared in a few episodes of Season 6 of "24", as FBI Agent Samuels, and in Season 3 of "The Americans" as EST seminar leader Lawrence. He made an appearance in the show "The Book of Daniel", in an episode that was only aired online.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: The Cleveland crime family or Cleveland Mafia is the collective name given to a succession of Italian-American organized crime gangs based in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. A part of the Italian-American Mafia (or "Cosa Nostra") phenomenon, it operates in the Greater Cleveland area. Founded about 1920, leadership turned over frequently due to a series of power grabs and assassinations. Stability emerged in 1930 after Frank Milano became boss. The organization underwent significant decline in the last years of boss John T. Scalish. During the late 1970s, violent gang war erupted in the streets of Cleveland after Irish mobster Danny Greene attempted to take over the city. The war drew significant law enforcement attention reducing membership and influence of the Cleveland family. The crime family nearly ceased to exist in the 1990s, after many high-ranking members were imprisoned. The organization is believed by law enforcement to be extremely small in the 21st century, although attempting to rebuild.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: Semi-organized Sicilian American- and Italian American-run "Black Hand" extortion rackets first emerged in Cleveland about 1900. The Cleveland Division of Police soon established an "Italian squad" (also known as the "Black Hand squad") to deal with the problem. After a series of Black Hand-related murders in the city in 1906, this police unit largely suppressed this first expression of organized crime in Cleveland.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: Loosely organized gangs emerged in the 1910s. An Italian American gang known as the Mayfield Road Mob formed in Cleveland's Little Italy neighborhood about 1913. At roughly the same time, another Italian American gang, the Collinwood Crew, formed in the Collinwood neighborhood. This gang centered its activities around the intersection of St. Clair Avenue, E. 152d Street, and Ivanhoe Road. Out of a drug store in Cleveland's Big Italy neighborhood, notary public Angelo Serra ran the "Serra Gang". It was primarily an automobile theft ring which relied on Serra to forge titles to the cars and create fake vehicle registration plates. At one point in the mid-1910s, it did $500,000 ($ in dollars) a year in vehicle thefts. The gang also engaged in other crimes such as extortion, illegal gambling, the numbers racket, and robbery. In the late 1910s, the "Benigno Gang" formed under Dominic Benigno in Little Italy. The gang specialized in payroll robberies, and in 1919 and 1920 monopolized payroll robberies by intimidating or murdering anyone who tried to pull off a heist without Benigno's permission. A less organized and more fluid criminal organization was the "reservoir gang", a group of criminals engaged in armed robbery, automobile theft, burglary, and other property crimes which met at Cleveland's Baldwin Water Treatment Plant reservoir in order to plan crimes, exchange stolen goods, and disperse profits from crime.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: Prohibition began in Ohio on May 27, 1919, and nationally throughout the United States on January 16, 1920. Many small, organized gangs emerged between 1919 and 1921 to circumvent the liquor law by importing liquor from Canada, diverting alcohol from legitimate purposes (such as medicine and industry), and distilling and distributing home-brewed beer and liquor. Small bootlegging operations were run by formerly legitimate businessmen like Michelino Le Paglia, August L. Rini, and Louis Rosen. A number of small bootleg gangs, run by Jewish residents, began operating in the "Little Hollywood" area of the Hough neighborhood, an area bounded by Lexington and Hough Avenues between E. 73rd and E. 79th Streets. The brothels, gambling halls, and speakeasies of Little Hollywood became the favorite place to relax for small gang leaders throughout Cleveland, many of whom established their offices in the tiny red-light district. Larger organizations included an Italian American gang centered on Woodland Avenue and E. 55th Street, and an Italian American gang centered on Woodland and E. 105th Street. The Mayfield Road Mob also grew larger as it focused more on bootlegging.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: The four Lonardo brothers (Joseph, Frank, John, and Dominic) and seven Porrello brothers, including Joseph Porello, immigrated to the United States from Licata, Sicily. The Lonardo and Porrello brothers first established themselves as legitimate businessmen. The two groups dabbled in various criminal activities including robbery and extortion, before prohibition, but were not yet considered a major organization.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: At the start of Prohibition, Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo was the boss of the Cleveland crime family. He was the second oldest of the four Lonardo brothers. He and his brothers began by supplying Cleveland's bootleggers with the corn sugar they needed to produce liquor. His top lieutenant was Joseph Porrello, who supervised various bootlegging and other criminal operations throughout the early to mid-1920s.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: In 1926, the Porrello brothers (Rosario, Vincenzo, Angelo, Joseph, John, Ottavio, and Raymond) broke away from the Lonardo family and formed their own faction. They established their headquarters on upper Woodland Avenue, around E. 110th St. In 1927, hostilities between the Lonardo and Porrello families escalated as the families competed in the corn sugar business. During Prohibition, corn sugar was the prime ingredient in bootleg liquor.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: In the summer of 1927, Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo, boss of the Lonardo faction at the time, left for Sicily, Italy amongst rising tension between the two families. He left his brother John and adviser, Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro as acting heads of the Cleveland family. When Lonardo returned, a sitdown was scheduled between the Lonardos and the Porrellos. On October 13, 1927, Joseph Lonardo and his eldest brother John were to meet with Angelo Porrello in a Porrello-owned barber shop. Inside the barbershop, when Joseph and John Lonardo relaxed into playing a game of cards, they were ambushed and killed by two Porrello gunmen. This allowed Joseph Porrello to take over as boss of the Cleveland crime family and become the most influential corn sugar baron in the Cleveland area.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: Through late 1927 and much of 1928, the remaining Lonardo faction loyalists, which included an up-and-coming Mafia group known as the "Mayfield Road Mob" (led by Frank Milano) and various Jewish allies within the "Cleveland Syndicate," continued to rival the Porrello family for the leadership within the Cleveland underworld. They vied for control of the most lucrative rackets outside of the corn sugar business, which included gambling, the most profitable hustle for American Mafia crime families after bootlegging.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: To establish dominance, the Porrellos needed backing from the top Mafia bosses in New York, as well as other leading Mafia families across the United States. On December 5, 1928, a high-level American Mafia meeting was held at the Statler Hotel in Cleveland. Joseph Porrello, with the help of one of his top lieutenants Sam Tilocco, hosted the event in hopes that the top Mafia bosses from across the United States would declare him the official Mafia boss of Cleveland.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: The attendees of the Cleveland meeting became participants to one of the first known La Cosa Nostra summits in American history. Some of the powerful bosses who attended included Joe Profaci and Vincent Mangano of New York. However, the meeting turned into a fiasco as some of the well-known attendees were recognized by local law enforcement and arrested along with their associates. Meanwhile, Mafiosi continued to arrive from across the country for the Mafia summit.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: The Porrello brothers arranged for their associates to be bailed out of jail. In spite of the chaos, Joseph Porrello was declared the boss and recognized nationwide as head of the Cleveland crime family. On June 11, 1929, Porrello family Lieutenant Sam Todaro was murdered. At the end of Prohibition, most of the Porrello brothers and their supporters had been killed or had sided with the Mayfield Road Mob.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: On July 5, 1930, Joseph Porrello was invited to a sitdown with Frank Milano at the Milano-owned Venetian Restaurant. Gunfire erupted and boss Joseph Porrello and his underling were killed. Vincenzo "Jim" Porrello succeeded his brother as Cleveland Mafia boss. Three weeks after his brother's murder, Vincenzo was shot in the back of the head and murdered in a grocery store on East 110th Street and Woodland Avenue in an area considered a Porrello stronghold. Raymond Porrello declared revenge, and on August 15, 1930, an explosion leveled Raymond's home. He was not home at the time.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: In the early 1930s, Frank Milano and the "Mayfield Road Mob" of Cleveland's Little Italy had replaced the Porrellos as the Cleveland area's premier Mafia group. The Mafia faction was even mentioned by its old name in the movie "The Godfather Part II" as the Lakeview Road Gang, as Lakeview Cemetery borders Mayfield Road Hill which marks the beginning of Little Italy in Cleveland. This area is also referred to as "Murray Hill" by locals. This Mafia family was formed in the late 1920s and was headed by Frank Milano.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: In 1931, Milano joined the National Crime Syndicate, a network of powerful criminals from around the country, such as Charlie Luciano and Meyer Lansky. Milano was now the official boss of Cleveland crime family. By 1932, Milano had become one of the top American Mafia bosses in the country and a charter Commission member.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: On February 25, 1932, Milano made sure the Porrello family and their gang were finished for good by having Raymond and Rosario Porrello, along with their bodyguard, Dominic Gueli, murdered in a smoke shop on East 110th Street and Woodland Ave. in their old territory while they were playing cards. After this, the remaining Porrello brothers backed out of the Cleveland underworld and fled the area.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: In 1935 Milano fled to Mexico after being indicted for tax evasion. Alfred Polizzi, another leading member of the Mayfield Road mob, seized power and reigned as boss until 1944 when he was convicted of tax evasion.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: The Collinwood Mob, also known as the Young Turks, was based in Cleveland's South Collinwood Neighborhood, was at times integrated with the Mayfield Road Mob and has a Mafia history as old as that of the Mayfield Road Gang. The most notorious of the Collinwood Crew was the late Alfred "Allie Con" Calabrese. Allie Con was feared and respected in both neighborhoods and known as a stand-up guy, a "true gangster". His crew consisted of Joe "Joey Loose" Lacobacci, the late Butchie Cisternino and others from an area that stretched from the 152nd Street bridge, up Five Points and Ivanhoe Road, down Mandalay across London Road to Wayside and over to Saranac bordering the Collinwood Train Yards.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: John Scalish held the longest reign of any Cleveland mob boss. He took control of the family in 1944, and remained the boss for thirty-two years, until his death in 1976. During his time as the crime family's leader, the group developed ties with important crime figures like Shondor Birns, Moe Dalitz, Meyer Lansky, and Tony Accardo. The Family also became allies of the extremely powerful Chicago Outfit and Genovese crime family. Additionally, The Cleveland mob also expanded its influence to areas throughout the Midwest, as well as California, Florida, and Las Vegas.


title: Cleveland crime family

text: In the 1950s, the family reached its peak in size, with about 60 "made" members, and several times as many associates. By the 1970s the family's membership began to decrease because Scalish didn't induct many new members. Scalish died during open heart surgery in 1976 and failed to name a successor beforehand.