title: Simon Schama

text: Niall Ferguson praised Schama, "Amongst [historians] currently writing, Simon Schama stands out as the Dickens of modern historiography: bewilderingly erudite and prolific, passionate in his enthusiasms and armed with the complete contents of the thesaurus."


title: Evelyn Keyes

text: Evelyn Louise Keyes (November 20, 1916 – July 4, 2008) was an American film actress. She is best known for her role as Suellen O'Hara in the 1939 film "Gone with the Wind".


title: Evelyn Keyes

text: Evelyn Keyes was born in Port Arthur, Texas, to Omar Dow Keyes and Maude Ollive Keyes, the daughter of a Methodist minister. After Omar Keyes died when she was three years old, Keyes moved with her mother to Atlanta, Georgia, where they lived with her grandparents. As a teenager, Keyes took dancing lessons and performed for local clubs such as the Daughters of the Confederacy.


title: Evelyn Keyes

text: A chorus girl by age 18, Keyes came out to Hollywood and was introduced to Cecil B. DeMille who in her own words “signed me to a personal contract without even making a test”. After a handful of B movies at Paramount Pictures, she landed a minor role in "Gone with the Wind" (1939), that of Scarlett O'Hara's sister Suellen. (She was later interviewed for the 1988 documentary "".)


title: Evelyn Keyes

text: Columbia Pictures signed her to a contract. In 1941, she played an ingenue in "Here Comes Mr. Jordan". She spent most of the early 1940s playing leads in many of Columbia's B dramas and mysteries. She appeared as the female lead opposite Larry Parks in Columbia's blockbuster hit "The Jolson Story" (1946). She followed this up with an enjoyable minor screwball comedy, "The Mating of Millie", with Glenn Ford. She was then in a 1949 role as Kathy Flannigan in "Mrs. Mike". Keyes' last role in a major film was a small part as Tom Ewell's vacationing wife in "The Seven Year Itch" (1955), which starred Marilyn Monroe. Keyes officially retired in 1956, but continued to act.


title: Evelyn Keyes

text: She was married to Barton Oliver Bainbridge Sr. from 1938 until his death from suicide in 1940. Later, she married and divorced director Charles Vidor (1943–1945), actor/director John Huston (23 July 1946 – February 1950), and bandleader Artie Shaw (1957–1985). Keyes said of her many love affairs: "I always took up with the man of the moment and there were many such moments." While married to Huston, the couple adopted a Mexican child, Pablo, whom Huston had discovered while filming on location in Mexico for "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre".


title: Evelyn Keyes

text: Her autobiography "Scarlett O'Hara's Younger Sister: My Lively Life In and Out of Hollywood" was published in 1977. Keyes expressed her opinion that "Mrs. Mike" was her best film. She also wrote of the personal cost she paid by having an abortion just before "Gone with the Wind" was to begin filming, as the experience left her unable to have children. Among her many love affairs in Hollywood she recounted in "Scarlett O'Hara's Younger Sister", were those with film producer Michael Todd (who left Evelyn for Elizabeth Taylor), actors Glenn Ford, Sterling Hayden, Dick Powell, Anthony Quinn, David Niven and Kirk Douglas. She had to regularly fend off Columbia Pictures studio head Harry Cohn's advances during her career at the studio.


title: Evelyn Keyes

text: Keyes died on July 4, 2008 from uterine cancer at the Pepper Estates in Montecito, California. She was cremated with her ashes being divided among her relatives with the remaining half sent to Lamar University in Port Arthur, Texas and the last of the cremated remains being buried with her relatives in the family plot at The Waco Baptist Church Cemetery, Waco, Georgia, with a small tombstone with the epitaph "Gone with the Wind", where her ashes were buried in October 2008.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam is a 2010 American musical television film directed by Paul Hoen. The sequel to the 2008 film "Camp Rock", it stars Demi Lovato, the Jonas Brothers (Joe, Nick and Kevin), Meaghan Martin, Maria Canals-Barrera, Daniel Fathers, and Alyson Stoner, all reprising their roles from the previous film, and are joined by newcomers Daniel Kash, Matthew "Mdot" Finley, and Chloe Bridges. In the film, a new rival summer music camp, Camp Star, appears and attracts everyone's attention, putting Camp Rock's existence into uncertainty.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: The film premiered on Disney Channel on . It was the last sequel of a Disney Channel Original Movie, until "Teen Beach 2" (2015).


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: Mitchie Torres returns to Camp Rock for another summer year along with her friends and the members of the band Connect 3: Mitchie's love interest, Shane Gray, Nate Gray, and Jason Gray. Along the way, she and her mother, Connie Torres, notice that a new camp, Camp Star, has opened across the lake. Mitchie and her friends also notice that there are fewer campers than last year and attempt to lift everyone's spirits at the Opening Jam. Camp Star sends parachutes to Camp Rock with chocolates, graham crackers, and marshmallows, inviting them to a bonfire at their camp, but Camp Rock's director Brown Cesario is less than enthusiastic, as Camp Star's founder is Axel Turner, whom he kicked out of his band.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: Mitchie and the rest of the campers arrive at Camp Star, as the bonfire starts, Camp Star begins to perform. As their performance ends, Dana Turner's bracelet flies from her hand and hits Nate in the eye. Axel then offers the Camp Rock counselors jobs at Camp Star, doubling their salary, and encourages the Camp Rock campers to move to Camp Star. Only a few campers switch, including Tess, but many counselors move to Camp Star. Nate returns Dana's bracelet after the bonfire and the two bond. Dana also reveals she is Axel's daughter. Left with no staff, Brown is forced to close Camp Rock, but Mitchie persuades everyone to not give up, and she and her friends take on the newly vacant counseling roles.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: Mitchie and the rest of the counselors eventually settle into their roles. Upset that they were outperformed during their visit, they revisit Camp Star, and the two camps face off. Axel sees the showdown and suggests broadcasting their competition on television and letting the public decide who's the best; Mitchie is reluctant at first, but she eventually agrees after some persuasion from her friends. However, Brown is angry about joining the competition, now called "Camp Wars", and tells Connie that Camp Rock cannot win and everyone will start sending their kids to Camp Star after they lose. Overhearing their conversation, Mitchie makes everyone focus only on winning the competition, which frustrates the other campers and Shane, who only returned to Camp Rock to spend more time with her. To improve everyone's spirits, Shane, Jason, and the junior campers start a water balloon fight, much to Mitchie's dismay. That night, Mitchie and Shane get in a fight about their priorities, and Shane tells Mitchie that the reason he came back to camp was to get to know Mitchie better before leaving her to finish up her work.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: The next day, Mitchie wakes up to find everyone rehearsing for "Camp Wars", thanks to Shane. Shane and his brothers motivate everyone to work harder. Mitchie and Shane reconcile and spend the day together, but Nate has trouble trying to tell Dana how he feels. Shane and Jason suggest to sing, and Nate goes to Camp Star to serenade her, gaining her affection before being caught by Axel. As the night of the competition begins, Camp Star performs. After, Brown finds out that Axel has been encouraging and paying the public to vote for Camp Star through text messaging and tweeting and that it would be a miracle if Camp Rock won. All the members of Camp Rock then perform together, accompanied by a video montage of their summer, but Camp Star wins the competition. Back at Camp Rock, Mitchie apologizes to Shane about not spending enough time, to which he replies, "I've learned everything I need to know," about trying to get to know Mitchie better. They share a kiss, and return to the bonfire, where everyone gathers at the bonfire for one last time before leaving. Many members of Camp Star, including Tess and Dana, come to join Camp Rock, ensuring they have enough campers to continue for another summer.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: The film was shot in Toronto, Ontario, from September 3, 2009, to October 16, 2009, filming the scenes at the French River, Kilcoo Camp, The Kingbridge Centre, and Earl Bales Park.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63% based on 5 reviews and an average of 6.1/10. Jennifer Armstrong from "Entertainment Weekly" enjoyed the film and called the performance of Demi Lovato "dependently appealing".


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: The film garnered 7.9 million viewers on its premiere night, the most for a movie on cable television in 2010 and the most any cable program that week (August 30 - September 5). The movie was also simulcast on Radio Disney, similar to the first installment of the franchise, but it is unknown if the ratings included the Radio Disney audience.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 7, 2010, in the United States and Canada and was later available worldwide. It includes the Extended Edition, the special feature Rock Along Edition, and the Combo Pack.


title: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

text: A video game based on the film, "Disney's Camp Rock: The Final Jam", was developed and published by Disney Interactive Studios. It was released in North America on August 31, 2010, Europe on September 17, 2010, and Australia on September 30, 2010.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: Parthenocissus quinquefolia, known as Virginia creeper, Victoria creeper, five-leaved ivy, or five-finger, is a species of flowering vine in the grape family, Vitaceae. It is native to eastern and central North America, from southeastern Canada and the eastern United States west to Manitoba and Utah, and south to eastern Mexico and Guatemala.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: "Parthenocissus" is derived from Greek and means "virgin ivy". "Quinquefolia" means "five-leaved". "Quinque" – "five" and "folia" – "foliage", "leaves".


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: The name "Virginia creeper", referring to one of its native locations, is also used for the whole genus "Parthenocissus", and for other species within the genus. The name "Parthenocissus" is from the Greek literally meaning "virgin ivy", and may derive from the common English name of this species. It is not closely related to the true ivy, "Hedera". The specific epithet "quinquefolia" means "five-leaved", referring to the leaflets on each compound (palmate) leaf.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: This plant is also known in North America as woodbine, although woodbine can refer to other plant species.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: "Parthenocissus quinquefolia" is a prolific deciduous climber, reaching heights of in the wild. It climbs smooth surfaces using small forked tendrils tipped with small strongly adhesive pads in size.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: The leaves are palmately compound, composed of five leaflets (rarely three leaflets, particularly on younger vines, and sometimes seven) joined from a central point on the leafstalk, and range from (rarely to ) across. The leaflets have a toothed margin. Seedlings have heart-shaped cotyledon leaves. The species is often confused with "P. vitacea" or "False Virginia creeper", which has the same leaves, but does not have the adhesive pads at the end of its tendrils.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: It is sometimes mistaken for "Toxicodendron radicans" (poison ivy), despite having five leaflets (poison ivy has three). While the leaves of "P. quinquefolia" do not produce urushiol, the sap within the leaves and stem contains raphides (needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate) which can puncture the skin causing irritation and blisters in sensitive people.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: The flowers are small and greenish, produced in inconspicuous clusters in late spring, and mature in late summer or early fall into small hard purplish-black berries diameter. These berries contain toxic amounts of oxalic acid and have been known to cause kidney damage and death to humans. The berries are not toxic to birds and provide an important winter food source for many bird species.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: "Parthenocissus quinquefolia" is grown as an ornamental plant, because of its ability to rapidly cover walls and buildings, and its deep red to burgundy fall (autumn) foliage. It can easily be propagated by stem cuttings taken in spring.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: It is frequently seen covering telephone poles or trees. It may kill other plants it covers by shading its support and thus limiting the supporting plants' ability to photosynthesize. With its aggressive growth, it can overburden slower-growing understory trees with its weight, damaging them. Its ability to propagate via its extensive root system makes it difficult to eradicate.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: In the UK, this plant is listed on Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 as an invasive non-native species. While this does not prevent it from being sold in the UK, or from being grown in gardens, the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) encourages those that do grow it to take great care with managing it and with disposing of unwanted material. The RHS also encourages gardeners to find alternative plants to grow to those listed on Schedule 9.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: "Parthenocissus quinquefolia" can be used as a shading vine for buildings on masonry walls. Because the vine, like its relative "P. tricuspidata" (Boston ivy), adheres to the surface by disks rather than penetrating roots, it does not harm the masonry but will keep a building cooler by shading the wall surface during the summer. As with ivy, ripping the plant from the wall will leave the adhesive disks behind. If the plant clings to fragile surfaces it can first be killed by severing the vine from the root. The adhesive pads will then eventually deteriorate and release their grip.


title: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

text: The plant should be trimmed regularly to keep it from growing into areas where it is not wanted. If allowed to penetrate into the wall of a frame house, it will grow upward within the wall until it finds a place to emerge. The roots can penetrate a rock foundation and grow into the basement of an old house, extending long distances in search of moisture, and growing into floor cracks or drains.


title: Telephone (song)

text: "Telephone" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third extended play (EP), "The Fame Monster" (2009)—the reissue of her debut studio album, "The Fame" (2008). The song features American singer Beyoncé. The song was written by Gaga, Rodney Jerkins, LaShawn Daniels, Lazonate Franklin and Beyoncé. Inspired by her fear of suffocation, Gaga explained that the lyrics preferring relaxing on the dance floor to answering her lover's phone call are a metaphor, the phone calling her representing the fear of not having worked hard enough to succeed. With the track succeeding her fifth single from "The Fame", "Paparazzi", the duet additionally embodies a fear of being suffocated and trapped by the media. Originally, Gaga wrote the song for Britney Spears, who recorded a demo. Musically, "Telephone" consists of an expanded bridge, verse-rap and a sampled voice of an operator announcing that the phone line is unreachable. Beyoncé appears in the middle of the song, singing the verses in a rapid-fire way, accompanied by double beats.


title: Telephone (song)

text: The song received positive reviews from critics who frequently noted "Telephone" as a stand-out track from "The Fame Monster". It was Grammy-nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2011. "Telephone" charted in a number of countries due to digital sales following the album's release, namely in the United States, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and Hungary. The song was particularly successful in Europe where it reached the top of the charts in Belgium, Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, the single sold 7.4 million digital copies worldwide in 2010 alone, making it one of Gaga's best-selling singles.


title: Telephone (song)

text: The accompanying music video is a continuation of the video for her 2009 song, "Paparazzi", and is also shot as a short film. After Gaga gets bailed out of prison by Beyoncé, they go to a diner and poison the guests having breakfast. After the homicide they escape and end up in a high-speed police chase. The video references Quentin Tarantino and his films "Pulp Fiction" (1994) and "" (2003). The video received generally positive reviews and was nominated for three awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, including one for Video of the Year. In January 2015 "Billboard" named it the best video of the first half of the decade. In memory of Alexander McQueen, Gaga performed an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" mixed with "Dance in the Dark" at the 2010 BRIT Awards. It was also performed during the Super Bowl LI halftime show, and many of Gaga's concert tours and other live appearances.


title: Telephone (song)

text: "Telephone" was originally written by Lady Gaga for singer Britney Spears' sixth studio album, "Circus", but Spears rejected it. Later, Gaga recorded the song as a collaboration with Beyoncé for the extended play (EP) "The Fame Monster" (2009)—the reissue of her debut studio album, "The Fame" (2008). Gaga said, "I wrote it for her [Spears] a long time ago and she just didn't use it for her album. It's fine because I love the song and I get to perform it now." Spears' demo for the song leaked in May 2010. Additionally, the guest vocalist was originally going to be Spears, but ultimately Gaga made Beyoncé the featured vocalist instead. The main inspiration behind the song was Gaga's fear of "suffocation" as she felt that she seldom found time to just let loose and have fun.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Fear of suffocation—something that I have or fear is never being able to enjoy myself, ... 'Cause I love my work so much, I find it really hard to go out and have a good time. ... I don't go to nightclubs, ... You don't see pictures of me falling out of a club drunk. I don't go—and that's because I usually go and then, you know, a whiskey and a half into it, I got to get back to work.


title: Telephone (song)

text: In May 2011, Gaga said her "emotional connection" with the song was difficult. When she was asked if it was because the song was originally written for Britney Spears, she answered: "Well that's not exactly what happened, but I don't want to delve into that. I could delve into it if you turn that (motions to recorder) off... But ultimately the mix and the process of getting the production finished was very stressful for me. So when I say it's my worst song it has nothing to do with the song, just my emotional connection to it."


title: Telephone (song)

text: "Telephone" was written by Lady Gaga, Rodney Jerkins, LaShawn Daniels, Lazonate Franklin and Beyoncé. Musically, the song has been described as dance-pop. Although constructed as a duet, Beyoncé's first appearance is in the middle verse. She sings her lyrics through a brief interlude, and later backs the chorus during the rest of the song. The song starts off unassumingly, with Gaga singing in a solemn voice over a harp melody, which changes immediately to a pounding beat. Essentially, Gaga is in a club and her boyfriend keeps calling, but she cannot talk as she was drinking and dancing to her favorite song. The chorus runs as follows: "Stop calling, stop calling, I don't want to talk anymore." "Telephone" consists of an expanded bridge, verse-rap and an epilogue where a voice announces that the telephone line is not reachable at that moment. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the song is set in the time signature of common time, with a tempo of 122 beats per minute. Gaga's vocals range from the low-note of F to the high-note of E. It is set in the key of F Dorian mode, and has a basic sequence of Fm–A–B–Fm as its chord progression.


title: Telephone (song)

text: The song's lyrics relate to the singer preferring the dance floor to answering someone's call. She further tells her lover that she left her head and her heart on the dance floor. The verses are sung in a rapid-fire way, accompanied by double beats. According to Gaga, the phone addressed in the lyrics of the song is not just a physical phone, but also a person in her head telling her to keep working harder and harder. Gaga explained, "That's my fear—that the phone's ringing and my head's ringing, ... Whether it's a telephone or it's just the thoughts in your head, that's another fear."


title: Telephone (song)

text: The song has garnered positive reviews from music critics. Michael Hubbard from "MusicOMH" said that the song was "probably the best thing" on "The Fame Monster" album. He also complimented the "brilliant bridge" and the ending of the song where the caller gets through to her voicemail. Popjustice gave the song a positive review: "It's a little bit like Gwen [Stefani]'s 'What You Waiting For?' meets Timbaland's 'The Way I Are' meets about fifty other things ... The structure's quite exciting ... there is something tumultuously brilliant about Beyoncé's contribution that makes everything seem fine and as if it was the plan all along." Evan Sawdey from "PopMatters" said that "The much talked-about Beyoncé collaboration 'Telephone', which—with its double-time beat and rapid-fire verses—proves to be one of the most adrenaline-pumped songs that Gaga has yet crafted, the whole thing feeling like it's about to veer of the tracks at any moment simply due to the giddy excitement shared between the two divas, easily turning it into the unquestioned highlight of "The Fame Monster"". Mikael Woods from "Los Angeles Times" felt that "Telephone" is "a carefully considered meditation on how annoying it is when a dude keeps calling you while you're throwing down at the club".


title: Telephone (song)

text: Nicki Escuerdo from "Phoenix New Times" listed "Telephone" as a stand-out track from the album. Sarah Hajibagheri from "The Times" and Armond White, music and film critic for the "New York Press", were not impressed with the song. Hajibagheri said "The appearance of Beyoncé's vocal alongside ringtones on 'Telephone' adds to the sense of utter chaos". White elaborated that "[The song] celebrates a heedless refusal to communicate; to mindlessly, heartlessly indulge pop culture—Tarantino style." Melanie Bertoldi from "Billboard" gave the song a positive review, stating "Much like Kesha's 'Blah Blah Blah', 'Telephone' sets out to silence bugaboos, with whom featured artist Beyoncé is all too familiar. ... By the time 'Telephone' surges through a wall of cellular bleeps to return to its simple introduction, Gaga and Beyoncé have left the listener with just one option: surrender to the dancefloor." Adam White of "The Independent" argued that "Telephone" is the duo "at their most basic, but purely because this is a track aspiring for nothing but nightclub frivolity. This is the pinnacle of trash-pop, a noisy and glitchy slab of energy and dial tones resting entirely on their shared charisma."


title: Telephone (song)

text: In the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year's best in music, "Telephone" was ranked number 16 in 2010. It was placed at number three by Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" on his Top 25 Singles of the 2010 list. Sheffield further stated that "Telephone" was a "communication breakdown on the dance floor" and added, "Beyonce, the most egregiously non-crazy pop star of our time, gets to pretend she's as nuts as Gaga for a few minutes." Amy Phillips from Pitchfork Media placed "Telephone" at number 55 in her list "Top Tracks of 2010", noting that it was "one of the less weird tracks" on "The Fame Monster". The same year, the song was also included on year-end lists of best songs compiled by MTV News and PopMatters at numbers ten and 29 respectively. On April 26, 2011, Gary Trust of "Billboard" listed "Telephone" at the fourth position on his list of the 10 All-Female Hit Collaborations.


title: Telephone (song)

text: In 2010, "Telephone" was nominated in the category for Favorite Song at the Australian Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and the 37th People's Choice Awards. The following year, the song was nominated in the category for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards. It was recognized as one of the Most Performed Songs in 2011 at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards. The same year, BMI listed "Telephone" as one of the Award-Winning Songs at their awards ceremony. It also received nominations for Best Single and Best Collaboration at the 2011 Virgin Media Music Awards winning the latter.


title: Telephone (song)

text: In November 2009 due to strong digital sales, the song charted in Ireland, Australia, and the United Kingdom, debuting at numbers twenty-six, twenty-nine, and thirty respectively. The song became the top debut on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 issue dated , 2009, at number thirty, due to digital sales. After weeks of fluctuating up the charts, "Telephone" reached a peak of three, becoming Gaga's sixth consecutive top ten hit in the United States. The song peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart on the issue dated , 2010. On , 2010, "Billboard" announced that the song reached number one on the Pop Songs chart, thus becoming Gaga's sixth consecutive number-one on the chart, making her the only artist in history to do this. It also became Beyoncé's sixth number-one on Pop Songs. With this, Gaga and Beyoncé tied with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen BDS-based Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. As of early February 2019, "Telephone" has sold 3.5 million digital downloads in the United States.


title: Telephone (song)

text: In Australia, the song has reached a peak of three, and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 210,000 copies of the single. In New Zealand, the song debuted at thirty-one, becoming the highest debut of that week. It ultimately reached a peak of three on the chart. "Telephone" debuted at number fourteen on the Canadian Hot 100 and moved to a peak of three, making it Gaga's sixth consecutive top three single there. The song has been certified triple platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for sales of 240,000 digital downloads.


title: Telephone (song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Telephone" reached number twelve on the UK Singles Chart on March 14, 2010. It climbed to number one on the chart the following week, becoming Gaga's fourth and Beyoncé's fifth number-one single in Britain. It has sold 1.2 million copies and gained 58 million streams in the UK as of July 2022 and was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), making it Gaga's fifth and Beyoncé's seventh best selling song in the region, and each artist's second biggest seller of the decade. According to the Official Charts Company, "Telephone" is the third best-selling vinyl single in the UK for the 2010s decade. In Ireland, the song debuted at number twenty-six, and moved up to number two, before reaching the summit of the chart the following week. "Telephone" debuted at thirty-three on the Swedish charts, and in the top-ten at number three on the Hungarian charts. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, the song has sold 7.4 million copies across the world in 2010.


title: Telephone (song)

text: The music video was filmed in Lancaster, California on January 28, 2010, and directed by Jonas Åkerlund. "New York" magazine reported that the concept of the video involved Beyoncé as she bails Gaga out of jail. In published photos from the set, Gaga and Beyoncé were seen shooting in a car called the "Pussy Wagon", which Uma Thurman's character drove in Quentin Tarantino's 2003 film "Kill Bill: Vol. 1". Other concepts of the video involve scenes at a diner, an appearance from singer Tyrese Gibson, and a prison shower scene. Gaga and Beyoncé wore "destroyed denim pieces", designed by Frank Fernández and Oscar Olima. In an interview with E! Online, Gaga explained the deeper meaning behind the video.


title: Telephone (song)

text: There was this really amazing quality in 'Paparazzi', where it kind of had this pure pop music quality but at the same time it was a commentary on fame culture ... I wanted to do the same thing with this video ... There certainly is a Tarantino-inspired quality in the ['Telephone'] video ... His direct involvement in [it] came from him lending me the Pussy Wagon. We were having lunch one day in Los Angeles and I was telling him about my concept for the video and he loved it so much he said, "You gotta use the Pussy Wagon."


title: Telephone (song)

text: On February 5, 2010, Gaga was interviewed by Ryan Seacrest on KIIS-FM. She commented on the video, saying, "What I like about it is it's a real true pop event, and when I was younger, I was always excited when there was a big giant event happening in pop music and that's what I wanted this to be." Gaga also said that her intent was to take "the idea that America is full of young people that are inundated with information and technology and turn it into something that was more of a commentary on the kind of country that we are".


title: Telephone (song)

text: Rock band Semi Precious Weapons confirmed to MTV News that they would have a cameo role in the music video. On February 15, 2010, three film stills from the music video were posted on Gaga's website. The stills depicted Gaga in three separate scenes: a kitchen scene where she wears a plastic chef's hat and a telephone made entirely of hair on her head, a scene in a diner with her dancers, where she is seen wearing an American flag patterned bikini and bandana, and a black-and-white photo of Gaga wearing a hat made from multiple triangles and corded telephones. The video was originally slated to premiere in but was pushed back to instead. On , 2010, more stills of the video were posted online. The video premiered on E! News and Vevo on , 2010.


title: Telephone (song)

text: The music video is over nine minutes long and begins where "Paparazzi" left off after Gaga was arrested for killing her boyfriend by poisoning his drink. Gaga is later taken to a women's prison, where she is led to her cell by two prison guards, who strip her of shoulder-padded dress and left lying naked, while she is mocked by the other women prison inmates. One of the guards comments: "I told you she didn't have a dick", referring to the rumors that Gaga is intersex. For the video's first three minutes, it shows Gaga's activities in the prison—including kissing a lesbian prisoner in the exercise yard while secretly stealing the prisoner's cell phone, wearing sunglasses made out of half-smoked cigarettes, and watching catfights in the commissary. Gaga's younger sister, Natali Germanotta, makes a cameo in the commissary scene. After that, Gaga answers a call from Beyoncé, and begins to sing the song. She performs the first verse and chorus with other scantily clad inmates and texts Beyoncé on the cell phone thanking her for bailing her out, followed by a bridge featuring Gaga wearing a yellow caution tape outfit designed by Brian Lichtenberg.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Gaga is bailed out from prison and exits to find Beyoncé waiting for her in the "". Beyoncé is nicknamed Honey Bee, a reference to the character Honey Bunny in Tarantino's classic film "Pulp Fiction". After an exchange of dialogues, Gaga and Beyoncé travel through the desert and pull over at a diner. Beyoncé sits opposite to her boyfriend, Bobo (Gibson), and after a quip of silent dialogue, she puts poison in his drink, but it does not kill him like she had hoped. The video later shifts to an intermediate sequence called "Let's Make a Sandwich", where Gaga stands in a kitchen, wearing a folded-up telephone on her head, while dancers cavort behind her, holding salad tongs and assorted cutlery. Ultimately, Gaga prepares a sandwich and eats it, after a dance sequence. In the meantime, Gaga mixes poison into all of the dishes she is preparing for the unsuspecting customers causing Bobo and everybody else, including characters played by Semi Precious Weapons and her Great Dane, Lava, to die. Gaga and Beyoncé perform another dance sequence, wearing American flag inspired garments and shredded denims, while strutting around the dead bodies. Gaga and Beyoncé leave the diner in the "Pussy Wagon" and travel on a highway as a news reporter reports the horrifying murders at the diner. The final shots shows Gaga and Beyoncé travelling through the desert with police sirens wailing in the background. The video ends with the line "To Be Continued ..." followed by end credits.


title: Telephone (song)

text: James Montgomery from MTV commented: "With 'Telephone', Gaga has entered the rarest of pop stratospheres, up there with the Madonnas and the Michael Jacksons". Matt Donnelly from the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the "Telephone" music video is a "visual feast, packed with fantastic fashion, girl fights, poisoned diner food, an army of headpieces and lots of Gaga goodness". Amy Odell from "New York" magazine felt that "This is Gaga's video, but Beyoncé is the best part: she actually shows the angry, crazy side that we just knew lurked beneath her too-perfect facade." Monica Herrera from "Billboard" wrote: "[The video] more than measures up to the hype. ... 'Telephone' clip is chock full of intrigue, prison fights, makeout scenes, mass poisoning and plenty of skin-baring versions of what you might call 'outfits'." Tanner Stransky from "Entertainment Weekly" commented: "Is it as good as her epic 'Bad Romance' video? Sadly, I don't think so. But it's better than anything else out there." Jennifer Cady of the website E! Online praised Beyoncé's "always fierce" look during the video. A writer of "The Huffington Post" wrote, "As usual there is murder, masturbation, product placement, Tarantino referencing and lots of impractical headwear." In January 2015, "Billboard" named the video as the best music video of the first half of the 2010s.


title: Telephone (song)

text: The video later generated controversy, Sandy Rios, president of the Culture Campaign criticized the video on Fox News in an interview with Megyn Kelly, calling it "disgusting ... poison for the minds of our kids". Critic Armond White, of the "New York Press", described the video as "cruel and ugly" also stating that it "epitomizes the insanity of the contemporary pop mainstream" and pays "homage to Tarantino's influence" in distorting "pop culture pleasure into nonsense". William Goodman of "Spin" called the video a "Whitman's sampler of pop nuggets" and found a "boom-pow effect of colored Japanese television". He finished his review by concluding that the "video must have cost a fortune" and described it as a "big-budget, pop masterwork". Caryn Ganz of "Rolling Stone" called the video a "mash-up of lesbian prison porn, campy sexploitation flicks and insidery winks at the two divas' public personas". He noted that "If Quentin Tarantino and Russ Meyer remade "Thelma & Louise" as an orgy of product placement with fiercely choreographed interludes, this would be the result". Ganz finished his review by saying that "The clip is certainly cinematic and oddly feminist, and gasps at a larger statement about consumer culture."


title: Telephone (song)

text: Talking with "NME" in 2011, Gaga disclosed that "people thought things were product placement in the 'Telephone' video that weren't. They were me making a Warholian comment on commercialism in America in relation to the telephone, communications and the internet, and being inundated with information." She added that she would not make the decision to showcase so many products in any of her future music videos. The same year, Gaga expressed dissatisfaction with the video in an interview with "Time Out", saying: "I can't even watch the Telephone video, I hate it so much. Beyoncé and I are great together. But there are so many ideas in that video and all I see in that video is my brain throbbing with ideas and I wish I had edited myself a little bit more."


title: Telephone (song)

text: The video was placed at number three on "NME"s list of "50 Best Music Videos of 2010" and Louise storyline, bizarre outfits and some uniquely Gaga-esque dance moves." It was also placed at number 17 on "NME"s list of "100 Greatest Music Videos" and the writer concluded, "'Telephone' eschews all the overreaching cosmic weirdness of her recent clips and settles for a nine-minute lesbo action-filled Tarantino rip-off". On "Spin"s list of "The 20 Best Music Videos of 2010", the video was put at number seven along with the comment that "the decision to enlist the normally buttoned-up Beyoncé in Gaga's lezzie jailbird fantasia was genius". The writers of Pitchfork Media also put the video on their list of "The Top Music Videos of 2010". On , 2010, the video received three nominations at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, in the categories of Best Choreography, Video of the Year and Best Collaboration, winning the latter and losing the former to Gaga's own "Bad Romance" video.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Gaga and Beyoncé have never sung "Telephone" together on any live show, but both of them performed it individually. Beyoncé's only performance of "Telephone" was during the 2011 Glastonbury Festival, where she sang it in front of an audience of more than 175,000 people.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Gaga first performed "Telephone" at the BRIT Awards on , 2010, at Earls Court Exhibition Centre. The act was inspired by the recent death of her friend, fashion designer Alexander McQueen. Initially she had planned a different version of the performance, but changed the concept at the last minute, since she wanted to pay tribute to McQueen. Hence she chose an acoustic version of "Telephone" and a remix of "Dance in the Dark". Before the show, she posted a message on her Twitter account: "Tonight's performance is inspired by our friend. Mask by Phillip Treacy, Sculpture by Nick Knight, Music by Lady Gaga. We miss you." She started the performance by announcing "This is for Alexander McQueen." Gaga was dressed in a complete white outfit with a huge Marie Antoinette-style wig. The whole performance was low-key in comparison to her previous ones.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Gaga added the song to The Monster Ball Tour's setlist, for the 2010–11 leg. She was dressed in black underwear and imitated a phone call with Beyoncé at the beginning of the performance, yelling "Beyoncé? You shady bitch!" to her cell phone. She then started singing the track while doing its choreography on an extended catwalk from the main stage. "Telephone", as well as "Brown Eyes" (from "The Fame"), was also performed on the British comedy chat show "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross", on March 3, 2010, for an episode that aired two days later. Gaga performed "Telephone" on the Japanese television show "Music Station" on April 16, 2010. In May 2011, Gaga performed the song during Radio 1's Big Weekend in Carlisle, Cumbria. The song was then performed on Gaga's concert tours the Born This Way Ball (2012–2013) and the tour (2014); during the latter it was part of a medley with "Poker Face".


title: Telephone (song)

text: In 2017, Gaga performed "Telephone" as part of her biggest hits during the Super Bowl LI halftime show. Later that year, it was added to the setlist of both her shows at Coachella, where she was pushed around the stage by her dancers in a glass phone booth. During the Joanne World Tour (2017–2018), Gaga wore a pearl-encrusted pale blue bodysuit with dramatic shoulder pads for performing the track. The song was later added to the setlist to the singer's 2018–2020 Las Vegas residency show, Enigma, and her 2022 stadium tour, The Chromatica Ball. The song's latter appearance was singled out by "Gigwise" Laviea Thomas, writing that it "stood out as one of the best performances of the evening. With fire catapulting into the sky, frantic stage lights, and a shed load of energy radiating off Gaga and her dancers."


title: Telephone (song)

text: On May 2, 2010, a demo of "Telephone" featuring vocals by Britney Spears leaked onto the web. After suggestions that the demo may be fake, the producer of the song, Rodney Jerkins, confirmed the authenticity of the song, via Twitter. He added that the leaked version was an early, unmixed demo recording and, moreover, denied leaking the song, arguing that, despite the fact that he has been asked to leak the full song, he did not do it. The musical style of the demo was compared with Spears' 2007 single "Piece of Me", and the song itself generated comparisons with Spears' sound in her fifth studio album "Blackout". Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" praised Spears' version including it at number twenty-five on his Top 25 Singles of the 2010 list. Britney's original version went on to become the most illegally downloaded song of 2010.


title: Telephone (song)

text: Little Mix blended "Telephone" with Queen's "Radio Ga Ga" (1984) during the eighth series of the British "The X Factor" and later released this version as a single. "Telephone" was covered by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry and Charice Pempengco as Sunshine Corazon for the American TV show "Glee" episode "Audition", which aired on , 2010. This version was released as a single, and reached number seventeen in Canada, eighteen in Ireland, twenty-three in the US, and thirty in Australia.


title: Man About the House

text: Man About the House is a British sitcom created by Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer that starred Richard O'Sullivan, Paula Wilcox, Sally Thomsett, Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy. Six series were broadcast on ITV from 15 August 1973 to 7 April 1976. The series was considered daring at the time because it featured a man sharing a London flat with two single women. The show was made by Thames Television and recorded at its Teddington studio in Greater London. It is regularly repeated on ITV3.


title: Man About the House

text: Two spin-off series were later made: "George and Mildred" and "Robin's Nest". In 2004, "Man About the House" placed 69th in a poll to find "Britain's Best Sitcom". The series was remade in the United States as "Three's Company" in 1977. A film version was released in 1974.


title: Man About the House

text: Chrissy and Jo live in a London flat together and work for the same firm. The women find a stranger, student chef Robin Tripp, asleep in their bath the morning after the farewell party for their departed flatmate Eleanor. When he meets the two girls, Robin has been in London two days, having moved from Southampton to attend University. The girls are unimpressed with Gabrielle (Helen Fraser) as a potential replacement for Eleanor, but they are impressed by Robin's culinary skills, as they cannot cook at all. Learning that Robin has been staying at the YMCA, they convince him to move in, on the understanding that it will be a platonic relationship.


title: Man About the House

text: Chrissy tells landlord George Roper that Robin is gay to eliminate George's objections to the mixed-sex living arrangement. George, in truth a subletting landlord placed by the council, is a miserly, spiteful and unkempt man under the thumb of his domineering and sexually frustrated wife Mildred.


title: Man About the House

text: In the second episode, Robin's true sexuality becomes known to Mildred. She takes out her frustrations with George's lack of class and sexual inadequacy by making suggestive remarks to Robin and frequently siding with the tenants against George. Mildred openly flirts with Robin, and Robin frequently flirts with Chrissy and Jo. The girls, adhering to their pledge to maintain a platonic relationship with Robin, spurn his mild advances and adapt to his presence in the flat. Chrissy occasionally shows attraction to Robin, but the two never pursue any romantic interaction.


title: Man About the House

text: Robin's friend Larry, a lovable rogue, appears on a recurring basis throughout the series. In the third series, he moves into the loft apartment above the trio's apartment and is a frequent source of trouble. Another occasional cast member is George's friend, the dodgy builder Jerry (Roy Kinnear). Jerry is the only supporting character to reappear in the spin-off "George and Mildred".


title: Man About the House

text: Robin's brother Norman Tripp (Norman Eshley) appears in the final three episodes of the sixth and final series, and starts a romance with Chrissy. Eshley had a previous guest role in the episode "In Praise of Older Men" (Series 2, Episode 3).


title: Man About the House

text: First airing on 15 August 1973, "Man About the House" ran until 7 April 1976, spanning 39 episodes in six series. In addition, on Christmas Day 1973, a short special aired as part of "All-star Comedy Carnival".


title: Man About the House

text: Written by Johnny Hawksworth and entitled "Up to Date", the theme song was not specially commissioned for the show, but rather was provided via the production music company De Wolfe Music. It also appeared on the 1996 compilation CD "The Sound Gallery – Volume Two", but credited to the Simon Park Orchestra.


title: Man About the House

text: A 1974 film version of the show starred all of the main cast members. It was the last in a series of movie screen adaptations of popular TV shows made by Hammer Films, though a "George and Mildred" film (featuring Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy) would be made in 1980 by another studio.


title: Man About the House

text: The format of "Man About the House" was sold internationally, and it was remade in the United States as "Three's Company" in 1976; in the Netherlands as "Sam Sam" in 1994; in Sweden as "En fyra för tre" in 1996; in Norway as "Tre på toppen" in 1997; in Portugal as "Não Há Duas Sem Três" in 1997; in Poland as "Lokatorzy" in 2000; in Russia as "Troe sverhy" in 2006; in Ecuador as "El hombre de la casa" and in Chile as "Tres son multitud", both in 2007.


title: Man About the House

text: The American "Three's Company" adaptation also spawned the same spin-offs as had "Man About the House:" "Three's a Crowd" (based on "Robin's Nest") and "The Ropers" (based upon "George and Mildred)."


title: Man About the House

text: All six series have been released on DVD in the UK by Network DVD, as have "George and Mildred" and "Robin's Nest".


title: Man About the House

text: Series 1 and 2 were released in Australia in 2004, but a delay was encountered in releasing further series because of contract renegotiations (the same problem affected releases of "George and Mildred" and "Bless This House"). Series 3 was finally released on 16 July 2008, and Series 4 on 5 November 2008. Series 5 and 6 are yet to be released. Series 1 was re-released on 2 April 2009, now with the same cover art as the UK edition. Fremantle Media re-released series 1 on 3 March 2011 with new cover art. Re-releases have continued with Series 2 on 3 October 2012, Series 3 on 1 May 2013, and Series 4 on 1 May 2013. Series 5 and Series 6 finally received a release on 7 August 2013. Via Vision Entertainment announced "The Complete Series" will be released on October 21, 2020, which will be the first time this series will be released as a collection.


title: Man About the House

text: In 2019, a 19-disc DVD set (Region 2) was issued by Network/Fremantle containing every episode of "Man About the House", "George and Mildred" and "Robin's Nest".


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: Dwarf-tossing, also called midget-tossing, is a pub/bar attraction or activity in which people with dwarfism, wearing special padded clothing or Velcro costumes, are thrown onto mattresses or at Velcro-coated walls. Participants compete to throw the person with dwarfism the farthest. Dwarf Tossing was started in Australia as a form of pub entertainment in the early 1980s. A related formerly practiced activity was dwarf-bowling, in which a person with dwarfism was placed on a skateboard and used as a bowling ball.


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: Since its inception in the 1980s, the activity, due to its problematic name and nature has been highly controversial and remains so in the early 21st century.


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: Australia is commonly thought of as the place where dwarf-tossing originated as a form of pub entertainment in the early 1980s.


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: Laws may prohibit dwarf-tossing implicitly, but there are not explicit laws preventing a consenting dwarf from being 'tossed'.


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: In Ontario, Canada, the Dwarf Tossing Ban Act was introduced in 2003 by Windsor West MPP Sandra Pupatello. This private member's public bill did not proceed beyond its introduction to second or third readings, nor did it receive royal assent, and therefore died at the close of the 37th Legislature. The bill proposed a fine of not more than $5,000, imprisonment of not more than six months, or both. The bill was hastily advanced in response to a dwarf-tossing contest that was held at Leopard's Lounge in Windsor, Ontario, with a dwarf nicknamed "Tripod".


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: The mayor of the small French town of Morsang-sur-Orge prohibited dwarf-tossing. The case went through the appeal chain of administrative courts to the "Conseil d'État", which found that an administrative authority could legally prohibit dwarf-tossing on grounds that the activity did not respect human dignity and was thus contrary to public order. It raised legal questions as to what was admissible as a motive for an administrative authority to ban an activity for motives of public order, especially as the "conseil" did not want to include "public morality" in public order. The ruling was taken by the full assembly and not a smaller panel—proof of the difficulty of the question. The "conseil" ruled similarly in another case between an entertainment company and the city of Aix-en-Provence.


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: The United Nations Human Rights Committee decided on 26 July 2002, that the ban was not discriminatory with respect to dwarfs. It ruled that the ban could be considered as "necessary to protect public order, which brings into play considerations of human dignity".


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: Nevertheless, dwarf-tossing is not prohibited outright in France. The "Conseil d'État" decided that a public authority could use gross infringement on human dignity as a motive of public order to cancel a spectacle, and that dwarf-tossing constituted such a gross infringement. However, it is up to individual authorities to make specific decisions regarding prohibition.


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: Robert and Angela Van Etten, Florida members of the Little People of America, convinced the state's legislators in 1989 to make dwarf-tossing illegal. A measure banning dwarf-tossing was passed by a wide margin. New York later followed suit.


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: In 2001, Dave Flood, who appeared on the MJ Morning Show as "Dave the Dwarf," filed a lawsuit seeking to overturn the 1989 law allowing the state to fine or revoke the liquor license of a bar that allows dwarf-tossing. The pastime was popular in some Florida bars in the late 1980s.


title: Dwarf-tossing

text: In October 2011, Ritch Workman, a Republican member of the Florida House of Representatives, introduced legislation that would overturn the ban on dwarf-tossing, claiming such a ban to be an "unnecessary burden on the freedom and liberties of people" and "an example of Big Brother government". Although not a personal advocate of the activity, Workman stated "if a little person wants to make a fool out of themselves for money, they should have the same right to do so as any average sized person".


title: Hindi Belt

text: The Hindi Belt, also known as the Hindi Heartland, is a linguistic region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern and western India where various Central Indo-Aryan languages subsumed under the term 'Hindi' (for example, by the Indian census) are spoken. The Hindi belt is sometimes also used to refer to nine Indian states whose official language is "Hindi", namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the union territory of Chandigarh and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. It is also referred to as the Hindi–Urdu Belt or Hindustani Belt by some writers.


title: Hindi Belt

text: Hindi is part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum that lies within the cultural Hindi Belt in the northern plains of India. Hindi in this broad sense is a sociolinguistic rather than an ethnic concept.


title: Hindi Belt

text: This definition of Hindi is one of the ones used in the Indian census, and results in more than forty percent of Indians being reported to be speakers of Hindi, though Hindi-area respondents vary as to whether they call their language Hindi or use a local language name to distinguish their language from Hindi. As defined in the 1991 census, Hindi has a broad and a narrow sense. The name "Hindi" is thus ambiguous. Before being identified as a separate language Maithili was identified as a Hindi dialect. Many such languages still struggle for recognition.


title: Hindi Belt

text: The broad sense covers a number of Central, East-Central, Eastern, and Northern Zone languages, including the Bihari languages except Maithili, all the Rajasthani languages, and the Central Pahari languages. This is an area bounded on the west by Punjabi and Sindhi; on the south by Gujarati, Marathi, and Odia; on the east by Maithili and Bengali; and on the north by Nepali, Kashmiri, Western Pahari and Tibetic languages. The varieties of this belt can be considered separate languages rather than dialects of a single language.


title: Hindi Belt

text: In a narrower sense, Hindi is equated with the Central Zone Indic languages. Based on their linguistic features, these are divided into Western Hindi and Eastern Hindi. The narrowest definition of Hindi is that of the official language, Modern Standard Hindi or "Mānak Hindi", a standardised register of Hindustani, one of the varieties of Western Hindi. Standardised Hindustani—including both Mānak Hindi and Urdu—is historically based on the Khariboli of 17th-century Delhi.


title: Hindi Belt

text: Also, in many provinces like Himachal Pradesh, Hindi is the official language but many oppose the Hindi Belt tag due to the region being part of the Western Pahari linguistic Belt which also includes Jammu areas of the Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) further extending to Pakistan's Pothohar Plateau.


title: Hindi Belt

text: According to the 2001 Indian census, 258 million people in India (25% of the population) regarded their native language to be "Hindi", however, including other Hindi dialects this figure becomes 422 million Hindi speakers (41% of the population). These figures do not count 52 million Indians who considered their mother tongue to be "Urdu". The numbers are also not directly comparable to the table above; for example, while independent estimates in 2001 counted 37 million speakers of Awadhi, in the 2001 census only 2½ million of these identified their language as "Awadhi" rather than as "Hindi".


title: Hindi Belt

text: There have been demands to include Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Kumaoni, Bundeli, Chhattisgarhi, Garhwali, Kurmali, Magahi, Nagpuri, and Rajasthani in the Eighth Schedule; these are otherwise regarded as Hindi dialects however these languages don't have any direct relation with modern day Hindi. Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left.


title: Hindi Belt

text: Much of the Hindi spoken outside of the subcontinent is distinct from the Indian standard language. Fiji Hindi is a derived form of Awadhi, Bhojpuri, and including some English and very few native Fijian words. It is spoken by majority of Indo-Fijians. Mauritian Bhojpuri, once widely spoken as a mother tongue, has become less commonly spoken over the years. According to the 2011 census, Bhojpuri was spoken by 5% of the population compare.


title: Hindi Belt

text: The highly fertile, flat, alluvial Gangetic plain occupies the northern portion of the Hindi Heartland, the Vindhyas in Madhya Pradesh demarcate the southern boundary and the hills and dense forests of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh lie in the east. The region has a predominantly subtropical climate, with cool winters, hot summers and moderate monsoons. The climate does vary with latitude somewhat, with winters getting cooler and rainfall decreasing. It can vary significantly with altitude, especially in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.


title: Hindi Belt

text: The Hindi Heartland supports about a third of India's population and occupies about a quarter of its geographical area. The population is concentrated along the fertile Ganges plain in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar.


title: Hindi Belt

text: Although the vast majority of the population is rural, significant urban cities include Chandigarh, Panchkula, Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Raipur, Allahabad, Jaipur, Agra, Varanasi, Indore, Bhopal, Patna, Jamshedpur and Ranchi. The region hosts a diverse population, with various dialects of Hindi being spoken along with other Indian languages, and multi-religious population including Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs along with people from various castes and a significant tribal population. The geography is also varied, with the flat, alluvial Gangetic plain occupying the northern portion, the Vindhyas in Madhya Pradesh demarcating the southern boundary and the hills and dense forests of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh separate the region from West Bengal and Odisha.


title: Hindi Belt

text: Over the years political development in some of these states has been dominated by caste-based politics, but this has changed somewhat in recent years. In 2019 election, 226 members from the Hindi belt states had been elected to the Lok Sabha.


The 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined a national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2018 season. It was played at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, on January 7, 2019, and, aside from any all star games that followed, was the culminating game of the 2018–19 bowl season. Sponsored by telecommunications company AT&T, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff National Championship presented by AT&T.


title: 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship

text: The Clemson Tigers defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide by a score of 44–16 to win the championship with an undefeated 15–0 record. Clemson became the first such undefeated team in the CFP era to win the title, and the first to finish 15–0 in a single season since the 1897 Penn Quakers. The 28-point loss was the largest margin of defeat for Alabama during the Nick Saban era (since 2007) and since Alabama's 31-point loss in the 1998 Music City Bowl.


text: Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, was announced as the host site for the fifth College Football Playoff National Championship on November 4, 2015. Atlanta was awarded the 2018 championship game while New Orleans was awarded the 2020 game. The three game sites were chosen out of nine bids, with bids by Houston, South Florida, Charlotte, Detroit, Minnesota, and San Antonio not selected.


text: The College Football Playoff selection committee selected four teams to advance to the playoff. The bowl selection show took place on December 2. The top-ranked Alabama Crimson Tide faced the fourth-ranked Oklahoma Sooners in the Orange Bowl and the second-ranked Clemson Tigers faced the third-ranked Notre Dame Fighting Irish in the Cotton Bowl, both held on December 29. Alabama defeated Oklahoma, 45–34, and Clemson defeated Notre Dame, 30–3.


text: Alabama held a 14–4 series lead over Clemson in prior meetings between the two teams. They had met in the postseason in each of the prior three seasons: the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship, won by Alabama (45–40); the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship, won by Clemson (35–31); and the 2018 Sugar Bowl playoff semifinal game, won by Alabama (24–6).


text: This was the first time under the College Football Playoff format (initiated in 2014) that an undefeated team won the championship, as both teams came into the game 14–0. The most recent prior matchup of undefeated teams in a championship game had been the 2011 BCS National Championship Game, which saw 13–0 Auburn defeat 12–0 Oregon. The most recent undefeated winner of a national championship game had been Florida State, who won the 2014 BCS National Championship Game and finished their season with a 14–0 record.


text: Clemson defeated the Pittsburgh Panthers in the 2018 ACC Championship Game on December 1, then received their bid to the Cotton Bowl with the release of final CFP rankings on December 2. Clemson defeated the Notre Dame Fighting Irish in the Cotton Bowl Classic on December 29 to advance to the championship game. The Tigers entered the championship game with a 14–0 record. On January 3, it was confirmed that three Clemson players, including starting defensive lineman Dexter Lawrence, would remain suspended from playing by the NCAA, due to drug testing in advance of the Cotton Bowl Classic that showed "trace amounts of a banned substance", which was identified as ostarine.


text: Alabama defeated the Georgia Bulldogs in the 2018 SEC Championship Game on December 1, then received their bid to the Orange Bowl with the release of final CFP rankings on December 2. Alabama defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the Orange Bowl on December 29 to advance to the championship game. The Crimson Tide also entered the championship game with a 14–0 record. On December 27, in advance of the Orange Bowl, three Alabama players, including starting offensive lineman Deonte Brown, were suspended for the remainder of the season, in what was initially described as an unspecified violation of team rules, then later characterized as NCAA violations.


text: After winning the coin toss, Alabama elected to defer, giving Clemson the ball to start the game. The Tigers' opening drive resulted in a three-and-out, and Alabama took over on their own 21-yard-line following a punt. However, three plays later the scoring was opened by Clemson cornerback A. J. Terrell, who intercepted a Tua Tagovailoa pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown. Alabama responded quickly, as Tagovailoa made up for the interception three plays later by finding Jerry Jeudy downfield for a 62-yard score. On their ensuing drive, Clemson continued the offensive trend of the first quarter with a 62-yard pass of their own, from Trevor Lawrence to Tee Higgins, which set up a 17-yard touchdown rush by Travis Etienne on the next play. Now trailing 14–7, Alabama marched downfield on their next drive, covering 75 yards in ten plays, to score a touchdown with opportunity to tie the game. However, Alabama freshman placekicker Joseph Bulovas missed the extra point, hitting the right upright; this was his sixth missed extra point of the season and left Clemson ahead by one, 14–13. Clemson's ensuing drive resulted in another three-and-out; they punted to Alabama, who made it to the Clemson 3-yard-line when the first quarter ended.


text: The second quarter began with Clemson holding a one-point lead, although this would not last for long. Two plays into the quarter, Bulovas converted a 25-yard field goal to put Alabama in front by two points, 16–14. Clemson would soon recapture the lead, as Lawrence led the Tigers' offense down the field in six plays; the drive was capped by a one-yard touchdown rush by Travis Etienne. With the Clemson lead at 21–16, Alabama began their next drive. The Clemson defense would make another important play, as Tagovailoa threw his second interception of the game and only his sixth all season. Clemson then capitalized with a five-yard pass from Lawrence to Etienne to make push the lead to 12 points, 28–16. On what would be their last drive of the half, Alabama punted on 4th-and-17, giving Clemson the ball on their own 21-yard-line. With just over two minutes on the clock, Clemson drove down the field and converted a 36-yard field goal that put the lead at 31–16 and gave the Tide the ball back with 45 seconds. After an incomplete pass and a six-yard rush, Alabama head coach Nick Saban elected to let the clock expire and head to halftime trailing by fifteen.


text: On Alabama's first drive of the second half, they gained 53 yards on 12 plays before losing two yards on a fake field goal, turning the ball over on downs and giving the Tigers the football on their own 24-yard-line. Clemson took advantage of the Tide's mistake, scoring on a 74-yard Trevor Lawrence pass to Justyn Ross. Greg Huegel's extra point attempt hit the left upright, leaving the score at 37–16; it was only his second missed extra point of the season. Alabama's next drive spanned 59 yards before they failed to convert a 4th-and-4 on Clemson's 14-yard-line, giving the Tigers the ball with just under six minutes to play in the third quarter. Clemson took advantage, driving 89 yards for a touchdown with a five-yard touchdown catch by Tee Higgins; the successful extra point pushing their lead to 44–16. Alabama's 28-point deficit was the largest in any game under Saban, their coach since 2007. The Tide began their third drive of the second half on their 25-yard-line following a touchback.


text: Following a 48-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Jeudy on the final play of the third quarter, Alabama started the fourth quarter with a first down on Clemson's 27-yard-line. However, Alabama's offense stalled again, losing seven yards on 4th-and-goal from Clemson's 2-yard-line; this was the Tide's third straight turnover on downs, with all three coming in Clemson territory. Clemson was then unable to take advantage of their possession, and punted for the first time since the first quarter; the punt was downed at Alabama's 48-yard-line. Alabama began their fourth second-half drive with just over eleven minutes on the clock and Jalen Hurts at quarterback; it ended in a three-and-out, and Mike Bernier's punt was downed at the Clemson one-yard-line. After draining more than seven minutes on the clock and with the ball on Alabama's 17-yard-line, the majority of Clemson's offensive starters were removed from the game and Chase Brice was put in at quarterback. Clemson used up the remaining two minutes off the clock and took a knee on the final play ending the longest drive (10:02) in Clemson history and winning the National Championship, their second title in three years.


text: The game was televised nationally by ESPN, with "Megacast" coverage across all of its networks except ABC. As in 2018, the network also promoted an off-site concert that was televised at halftime during ESPN's broadcast, featuring rock band Imagine Dragons, including a "special collaboration" with rapper Lil Wayne, on Treasure Island. Fans in attendance at Levi's Stadium saw the Clemson University Tiger Band and Alabama's Million Dollar Band perform.


title: Bernard King

text: Bernard King (born December 4, 1956) is an American former professional basketball player at the small forward position in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played 14 seasons with the New Jersey Nets, Utah Jazz, Golden State Warriors, New York Knicks, and Washington Bullets. King is a four-time NBA All-Star, four-time All-NBA selection and led the NBA in scoring in the 1984–85 season. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on September 8, 2013. His younger brother, Albert, also played in the NBA during his career.


title: Bernard King

text: King attended college at the University of Tennessee and played college basketball for the Tennessee Volunteers. The New York Nets selected King with the seventh overall pick in the 1977 NBA draft, Months later, the Nets relocated from Uniondale, New York, to New Jersey and became known as the New Jersey Nets.


title: Bernard King

text: At and 205 pounds, King was an explosive, high-scoring small forward utilizing long arms and a quick release, King was a tremendous scorer, and led the NBA in scoring in the season with 32.9 points per game and was selected twice to the All-NBA First Team and four times to the NBA All-Star Game.


title: Bernard King

text: In 1977–78, his rookie season, King set a New Jersey Nets franchise record for most points scored in a season with 1,909, at 24.2 points per game. He would surpass this record with his 2,027-point season in 1983–84, earning the first of his back-to-back All-NBA First Team selections.


title: Bernard King

text: The Jazz traded King to the Golden State Warriors before the 1980–81 season. Over two years, he averaged 21.9 points per game, in his first year playing alongside players such as 1980 NBA All-Star World B. Free, Joe Barry Carroll, and Clifford Ray and 23.2 points per game in his second year with the team. Just before the start of the 1982–83 season, King was traded to the New York Knicks in exchange for Micheal Ray Richardson.


title: Bernard King

text: On a Texas road trip on January 31 and February 1, 1984, King made history by becoming the first player since Rick Barry in 1967 to score at least 50 points in consecutive games. He scored 50 points on 20 for 30 shooting with 10 free throws in a 117–113 Knicks' victory over the San Antonio Spurs on January 31. King followed this with another 50-point performance at Dallas, setting a Reunion Arena single-game scoring record in the process. He scored 11 points in both the first and second quarters and 14 points in both the third and fourth quarters. King drew 13 fouls on Dallas Mavericks defenders, including Mark Aguirre, who fouled out. King shot 20 for 28 from the field with 10 free throws in the 105–98 win over the Mavericks.


title: Bernard King

text: The next season, on Christmas Day, 1984, King lit up the New Jersey Nets for 60 points in a losing effort, becoming just the tenth player in NBA history to score 60 or more points in a single game. King had scored 40 points by halftime, and finished the game with 19 of 30 shooting from the field and 22 of 26 from the free throw line.


title: Bernard King

text: At the peak of his career, however, King suffered a devastating injury to his right leg while planting it under the hoop attempting to block a dunk by Kansas City King Reggie Theus. The March 23, 1985, injury, which included a torn anterior cruciate ligament, torn knee cartilage, and broken leg bone, required major reconstruction, causing King to miss all of the 1985–86 season. To that point no NBA player had returned to form after such a potentially career-ending injury, surgery, and loss of time.


title: Bernard King

text: Rehabilitating completely out of the media spotlight, King drove himself back into competitive shape. Despite averaging 22.7 points per game during his first six games back, he had not recovered his pre-injury explosiveness and was released by the Knicks at the end of the 1987 season.


title: Bernard King

text: King spent the 1987–88 season climbing back to his former stature as a scorer with the Washington Bullets. That season, during which King, fellow all-star journeyman Moses Malone, and Jeff Malone teamed up to form a formidable trio, would be the only time Washington made the playoffs during King's tenure. In the first round, the Bullets lost a contested five game series 3-2 against the up and coming Detroit Pistons, who would go on to make the NBA Finals.


title: Bernard King

text: On November 3, 1990, King scored 44 points in a win over Michael Jordan and the Bulls, which was the most points King had scored in a game since his devastating 1985 knee injury. On December 29, in a game against the Denver Nuggets, King scored a season high 52 points in a 161-133 victory. It was the most points a Washington player had scored since the team moved from Baltimore in 1972. That season, King was selected to his fourth all-star team.


title: Bernard King

text: From 1989 to 1991, King averaged 20-plus points in three consecutive seasons. His scoring average peaked at 28.4 points per game at age 34 in 1991, which included ten games where King scored more than 40 points.


title: Bernard King

text: After a year-and-a-half hiatus due to yet another knee injury, King returned for a 32-game stint with the New Jersey Nets at the end of the 1992–93 season, until knee problems forced him to retire from the NBA permanently.


title: Bernard King

text: King retired with 19,655 points in 874 games, good for a 22.5 points per game average and number 16 on the all-time NBA scoring list at the time of his retirement.


title: Bernard King

text: At the age of 24, King won the NBA Comeback Player of the Year Award for his play during the 1980–1981 season with the Golden State Warriors. That year, King averaged 21.9 points per game after having played just 19 games the season before with the Utah Jazz.


title: Bernard King

text: On February 13, 2007, Bernard King's number 53 was retired at the halftime of the Tennessee-Kentucky basketball game at Thompson–Boling Arena in Knoxville, Tennessee. His jersey number was the first jersey number retired by the Volunteers, who later retired the number of Ernie Grunfeld, King's former teammate. The late 1970s Tennessee men's basketball team was known as the "Ernie and Bernie Show" (in reference to Grunfeld and King) and is viewed by many as the golden age of UT men's basketball. During an ESPN interview after halftime, King stated he had not returned to the University of Tennessee in more than 30 years, but expressed his sincere appreciation to the university and his plans to return again. His reason for not visiting his alma mater was simply that he had not been asked. King's ceremony punctuated an 89–85 Tennessee victory over the visiting Wildcats.


title: Bernard King

text: During the 2006 NBA All-Star Game, a panel of basketball analysts for the TNT network selected Bernard King as one of nominees of the "Next 10", a list of 10 unofficial additions to the NBA's 50 greatest players list in honor of the NBA's 60th anniversary.


title: Bernard King

text: In 2013, he was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame with inductees such as Rick Pitino and Gary Payton.


title: Bernard King

text: King is now working as a part-time broadcaster for NBA TV as well as the MSG Network, filling in on some occasions as color commentator when Walt Frazier is on vacation.


title: Bernard King

text: King made an appearance in "Miami Vice" as Matt Ferguson, son of Judge Roger Ferguson (played by Bill Russell), a basketball star with the fictitious Florida Sunblazers in the episode "The Fix". He also appeared in the 1979 movie "Fast Break" (with Reb Brown).


title: Bernard King

text: While playing for the Jazz, King was arrested and then suspended by the NBA for cocaine possession. This was in the same season that his teammate Terry Furlow died in a car accident where the autopsy showed that cocaine was in his bloodstream. On January 1, 1980, he was also charged with multiple counts of forced sodomy, later being convicted for the misdemeanor of "Attempted Forcible Sexual Assault". King took six different lie detector tests claiming that he was so drunk he had no recollection of what had happened that night, passing each test.


title: Thief (series)

text: Thief is a series of stealth video games in which the player takes the role of Garrett, a master thief in a fantasy steampunk world resembling a cross between the Late Middle Ages and the Victorian era, with more advanced technologies interspersed.


title: Thief (series)

text: The series consists of "" (1998), "Thief II: The Metal Age" (2000), "" (2004) and "Thief" (2014). An expanded version of "Thief: The Dark Project", titled "Thief Gold", was released in 1999 and features three extra maps and a number of bug fixes. Looking Glass Studios developed both "The Dark Project" and "The Metal Age". After the studio had gone out of business in 2000, many former employees moved to Ion Storm and began developing the third part of the series, "Deadly Shadows". Eidos-Montréal was subsequently given the reins for "Thief". The "Thief" series has been well-received by critics.


title: Thief (series)

text: Set mainly in a first-person perspective within a 3D environment, the main gameplay tactic of the "Thief" series is to avoid fights, stealthily traverse the environment to complete specific objectives and instead sneak around the enemies or discreetly subdue them, without raising too much noise or suspicion. The "Thief" games are sometimes described as either a "first-person sneaker", "sneak-em-up" or a "first-person looter" to emphasize this difference. Classification of the game has been slow coming, as three-dimensional stealth games, such as "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell" and "Assassin's Creed", only became more common years after the first "Thief". Another innovation employed extensively by "Thief" is the careful use of sound effects as an integral part of gameplay. Sound cues not only tell the player of other characters in the vicinity, but also indicate how much noise Garrett makes when moving about an area. Too much noise can alert nearby guards, who will grow suspicious and come looking for intruders. There are a variety of tactics to avoid being heard, however, such as walking gently, steering clear of noisy pavement, or using moss arrows to create a carpet that muffles the sound of footsteps. In a similar vein, using light and dark became one of the most important strategies. A gauge at the bottom of the screen (called the 'Light Gem') indicates how visible the protagonist is. Entering deeper shadows or ducking makes the character less likely to be noticed. Walking about increases the risk of being spotted, and having a sword or bow drawn makes him very conspicuous in the game. The astute player is constantly keeping an eye on areas of light or shadow, guard patrol routes, and the type of terrain they are walking on, in case a hiding place is needed in a hurry. A light source, such as a torch or gas lamp, can be doused with a Water Arrow, creating an area of darkness in which the player may hide. Electrically powered lights, in all games, may simply be shut off by using a nearby switch or button; however, if no light switch is available, the electrical light will not turn off by simply shooting a Water Arrow at it. In "Thief: Deadly Shadows", the player can simply 'pinch out' a lit candle by pressing the use button on it. A guard or any civilian may notice if a light source has been put out, likewise if something valuable has been stolen.


title: Thief (series)

text: Another large component of game play in "Thief", along with the stealth, is exploration. In most missions, especially in the first two "Thief" games, players can freely explore the game environment without much hindrance. Players are also free to experiment with how they approach the AI, as one may choose to take out all the AI-controlled guards, either by utilising a player-equipped blackjack, which incapacitates enemies, without killing them, a sword, which is used in direct combat and can kill enemies, or broadhead arrows, which can also discreetly kill enemies from a long range, along with other special arrows, such as water arrows, rope arrows and moss arrows, or one may choose to avoid any confrontation with the AI. "Ghosting" is a play style by which one tries to leave no trace behind them as they explore and complete the objectives in each mission.


title: Thief (series)

text: Released by Looking Glass Studios in late 1998 and powered by their own in-house developed Dark Engine, "Thief: The Dark Project" was considered by many to be a revolutionary game. The foremost defense of this position is that it was arguably the first morally ambiguous video game to receive a major release (as one might expect from its title). Cast in the role of a thief, Garrett, the player can forego all morality or choose to exercise restraint in multiple situations. This represented a neat departure from popular video games of the time, which tended to rely upon a Manichean conception of conflict along with "black and white" settings and objectives. Another groundbreaking facet of the game was that although it utilized a first-person perspective, it was not an action-oriented shooter like almost all other first-person games. Instead, the emphasis was on stealth: the character is unusually agile, but is not a particularly skilled fighter, and most of the gameplay involves using shadows to avoid enemies. However, for those who desire action, there are weapons available that also allow direct confrontation. A skilled player can often break cover and go head-to-head with the enemies. An even more skilled player can stay in cover and never let the enemies know that he was there. The game's original gameplay quickly developed a cult following. A re-release of "Thief: The Dark Project" entitled "Thief Gold" fixed various bugs and added three new levels (mostly derived from, but not identical to, content that was planned for the original game but cut for budget or time constraints) which contributed significantly to the existing plot. The package also contains bonus content such as the DromEd Dark Engine editor, a behind-the-scenes "making of" video, and a desktop theme designed for Windows 98. Looking Glass was working on a similar re-release of "Thief II: The Metal Age", provisionally entitled "Thief II Gold", at the time they went out of business in 2000.


title: Thief (series)

text: Looking Glass Studios released the sequel to "Thief" in early 2000. Utilizing the same Dark Engine that powered the original "Thief", "Thief II" had an almost identical look and feel, with at some points differences in architecture and technology caused by the events of the first game, and only minor graphic and programming improvements, such as colored lighting. The basic gameplay was also fundamentally similar to the original "Thief", but many new elements had been added, including technological gadgets such as a remote eye camera. Other changes include an increase in the number of AI behaviors. Responding to criticism of the original "Thief" that more time was spent on combat than actually living up to the title of the game, the missions in "Thief II" were designed much more around typical thief-like behavior, and much of the game is spent robbing the rich denizens of the City rather than battling monsters. In fact, the player encounters almost none of the monsters from the original "Thief" except for burrick (dinosaur-like creatures) heads mounted as trophies in some of the mansions, and a few zombies, undead and ghostly apparitions. The designers stated that, unlike the original "Thief", where levels were developed to suit the plot, in "Thief II" levels were designed first and making the plot work with them was somewhat of a retrofit. A re-release of "Thief II: The Metal Age" entitled "Thief II Gold" was a game in development by Looking Glass Studios before the company closed down in 2000. It is believed to have been an expansion to "Thief II" similar to "Thief Gold".


title: Thief (series)

text: A major departure from the first two games in the series, "Thief: Deadly Shadows" was developed by Ion Storm rather than Looking Glass Studios (albeit with many of the same people). The game was powered by the "Unreal"-based "" engine. Unlike the original two games, the third "Thief" was developed simultaneously for Windows and the Xbox. Because of all these factors, "Thief: Deadly Shadows" was different (and vastly updated) from the first two games in the series in both appearance and gameplay. One of the game's major new features was the ability to explore the City. While previous games sent Garrett straight from mission to mission, "Thief: Deadly Shadows" allows him to walk the City streets between missions, where he can steal from passersby, spy on the townspeople's daily lives, and search for sidequests in addition to major story missions. Unlike sandbox games such as "Grand Theft Auto III", the city is not one large continuous map, but rather several small neighborhood maps connected by load zones (similar to "Postal 2"). The game also introduced an ability to switch between first- and third-person views, and to flatten against walls. In addition, the lighting engine was updated to accommodate moving shadows and light sources, which dynamically affected where the player could hide, an innovation originally precluded by the more technically limited Dark Engine. Smaller improvements were made to AI behavior, allowing for guards who noted when items went missing from their field of view or when doors were left open, along with an overhauled sound-propagation mechanic.


title: Thief (series)

text: "Thief" is the fourth game in the "Thief" series, developed by Eidos-Montréal and published by Square Enix. Since early 2008, several rumors had been circulating regarding a fourth "Thief" game, which was allegedly under development. Eidos-Montréal's General Manager Stéphane D'Astous commented in an interview for "" that confirmation of the company's second "AAA title", which its website states "begins with the letter 'T'", would occur "over the next year" or so. The game was unveiled on May 11, 2009, originally titled as "Thief 4".


title: Thief (series)

text: With the release of "DromEd", a map editor for the first two games, an active community of fans began providing a wealth of home-grown missions for the first two games. Thousands of fan missions for these games have been created, some equally or more complex than the original game missions. These fan missions can be played by other fans using a loader. "T3Ed", a map editor for the third game "Deadly Shadows", was released in February 2005 after a letter-writing campaign by fans. This allows fans to design their level with all the interactive objects seen in original missions, as well as place stealable loot and lighting, factors which drastically affect gameplay. Human NPCs and creatures from all the various factions can be added into missions, and their behaviors (such as patrol routes) configured. Missions may be packaged and distributed to other players, who need a loader to play them.


title: Thief (series)

text: The following are recurring characters. Information on non-recurring characters may be found in "", "Thief II" and "".


title: Thief (series)

text: Viktoria (voiced by Terri Brosius) is a wood nymph in the series. She was a primary antagonist during the events of "The Dark Project", being the one to remove Garrett's eye. However, she and her followers become allies for Garrett's war on the Mechanists during "Metal Age". Initially there is little trust on Garrett's part, but over time she is able to gain Garrett's respect, loyalty and, uncharacteristically of the cynical thief, care. The two gradually grow closer over the course of working together, even to the point of Garrett being willing to defend her directly by rushing to her aid upon her ill-fated assault on Soulforge, and being noticeably upset when he is unable to save her. It seems that this degree of respect and general sentiment on Garrett's part is only seen in his relationships with Viktoria and the Keeper Artemus.


title: Thief (series)

text: The character was well received. In 2000, Viktoria was included in GameSpot's list of the ten best female characters according to readers' choice, with the staff commenting: "Viktoria didn't make our TenSpot, which was a shame. We editors apologize to those of you who lamented our oversight". It was also accompanied by a poll asking who should play Viktoria in the movie adaptation of the "Thief" games (Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Salma Hayek or Jennifer Lopez). In 2007, Tom's Games included this "bad girl with charisma and style" on the list of the 50 greatest female characters in video game history, noting how she "evolves from a deceptive villain in the first game to a more benevolent companion to Garrett in the sequel, which ends her heroic, sacrificial death" and applauding her "hypnotic voice" provided by Brosius. Tom's Games stated she should be played in the live-action adaptation by "Naomi Watts, who's got the sexy voice, beauty and charisma for the part". In 2013, Gameranx ranked her as the third-sexiest female game villain in history.


title: Thief (series)

text: The universe of "Thief" is a dark fantasy setting and is centered mostly on a dense, sprawling metropolitan complex known only as "The City", which has some resemblance to 18th/19th century London, but with an altogether more Medieval culture, reflected in the architecture, style of dress, semi-feudal social structure, and a lack of firearms but widespread use of magic. It is a steampunk metropolis constantly being fought over by a corrupt aristocracy, an order of religious fanatics and a horde of vengeful woodland beings, all under the eye of a secret organization. The world is highly superstitious and does have a noticeable problem with the supernatural and the undead are very common. Technology is unnaturally varied in a way that they have access to electricity and use it for light and industry but nothing else. The method of how electricity is generated is unknown as well, electricity was common 50 years before Garret was born but the steam boiler was only invented shortly before the events of Thief 2. "Thief" takes place hundreds of years after the original games, possibly with a heavier emphasis on the identity of "The City". Garrett works with the underground economy of the City, making a lucrative living for himself. Occasionally Garrett would leave the confines of the City and rob mansions, prisons, or graveyards.


title: Thief (series)

text: In 2016, Straight Up Films acquired the film rights to "Thief" with plans to develop a movie, Adam Mason and Simon Boyes to write the screenplay, Straight Up Films’ President of Production Sandra Condito serving as executive producer along with Khalid Jones of Source Rock and Square Enix while Straight Up principals Marisa Polvino and Kate Cohen to produce alongside Roy Lee and Adrian Askarieh.


title: Thief (series)

text: In 2015, Adrian Askarieh, producer of the "Hitman" films, stated that he hoped to oversee a shared universe of Square Enix films with "Just Cause", "Hitman", "Tomb Raider", "Deus Ex", and "Thief", but admitted that he does not have the rights to "Tomb Raider". In May 2017, the Game Central reporters at Metro UK suggested that the shared universe was unlikely, pointing out that no progress had been made on any "Just Cause", "Deus Ex" nor "Thief" films.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: The 2022–23 FA Cup is the 142nd edition of the oldest football tournament in the world, the Football Association Challenge Cup. It was sponsored by Emirates and known as the Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship purposes. The winners will qualify for the 2023–24 UEFA Europa League group stage.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: Premier League side Liverpool are the defending champions, having defeated Chelsea to secure their 8th title in the previous year's final.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: The FA Cup is a knockout competition with 124 teams taking part all trying to reach the Final at Wembley in June 2023. The competition consisted of the 92 teams from the Football League system (20 teams from the Premier League and the 72 in total from the EFL Championship, EFL League One and EFL League Two) plus the 32 surviving teams out of 640 teams from the National League System (all but eleven clubs from 5–9 and eleven replacements from tier 10 of the English football league system) that started the competition in the qualifying rounds.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: Qualification rounds are on a geographical basis and main competition rounds drawn randomly usually either at the completion of the previous round or on the evening of the last televised game of a round being played depending on television broadcasting rights.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: Teams that are not members of either the Premier League or English Football League compete in the qualifying rounds to secure one of 32 available places in the First Round Proper.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: On 6 August 2022, Newport (IOW) teenager, Finn Smith, became the youngest ever FA Cup goalscorer a day after his 16th birthday.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: The first round saw the 32 winners from the fourth qualifying round joined by the 48 clubs from League One and League Two. The draw was made on 17 October 2022 by Dion Dublin and Alan Smith. The round included six teams from the seventh tier, the lowest-ranked teams remaining in the competition: Alvechurch, Bracknell Town, Coalville Town, Merthyr Town, Needham Market and South Shields.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: The draw for the second round was made on 7 November 2022 by Jermaine Beckford and Mickey Thomas, consisting of the 40 winners from the previous round. The round contained one team from the seventh tier, Alvechurch who defeated EFL League One club Cheltenham Town in the first round.


title: 2022–23 FA Cup

text: The draw for the third round was made on 28 November 2022, consisting of the 20 winners from the previous round, all 20 members of the Premier League and the 24 EFL Championship clubs. The round included three teams from the fifth tier, the lowest-ranked teams remaining in the competition: Chesterfield, Boreham Wood and Wrexham.


title: Pinus strobus

text: Pinus strobus, commonly called the eastern white pine, northern white pine, white pine, Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine is a large pine native to eastern North America. It occurs from Newfoundland, Canada west through the Great Lakes region to southeastern Manitoba and Minnesota, United States, and south along the Appalachian Mountains and upper Piedmont to northernmost Georgia and perhaps very rarely in some of the higher elevations in northeastern Alabama. It is considered rare in Indiana.


title: Pinus strobus

text: The Native American Haudenosaunee named it the "Tree of Peace". It is known as the "Weymouth pine" in the United Kingdom, after Captain George Weymouth of the British Royal Navy, who brought its seeds to England from Maine in 1605.


title: Pinus strobus

text: "P. strobus" is found in the nearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome of eastern North America. It prefers well-drained or sandy soils and humid climates, but can also grow in boggy areas and rocky highlands. In mixed forests, this dominant tree towers over many others, including some of the large broadleaf hardwoods. It provides food and shelter for numerous forest birds, such as the red crossbill, and small mammals such as squirrels.


title: Pinus strobus

text: Fossilized white pine leaves and pollen have been discovered by Brian Axsmith, a paleobotanist at the University of South Alabama, in the Gulf Coastal Plain, where the tree no longer occurs.


title: Pinus strobus

text: Eastern white pine forests originally covered much of north-central and northeastern North America. Only 1% of the old-growth forests remain after the extensive logging operations from the 18th century to early 20th century.


title: Pinus strobus

text: Old-growth forests, or virgin stands, are protected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Other protected areas with known virgin forests, as confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society, include Algonquin Provincial Park, Quetico Provincial Park, Algoma Highlands in Ontario, and Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest in Quebec, Canada; Estivant Pines, Huron Mountains, Porcupine Mountains State Park, and Sylvania Wilderness Area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States; Hartwick Pines State Park in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan; Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin; Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area (SNA) and Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness in Minnesota; White Pines State Park, Illinois; Cook Forest State Park, Hearts Content Scenic Area, and Anders Run Natural Area in Pennsylvania; and the Linville Gorge Wilderness in North Carolina, United States.


title: Pinus strobus

text: Small groves or individual specimens of old-growth eastern white pines are found across the range of the species in the USA, including in Ordway Pines, Maine; Ice Glen, Massachusetts; and Adirondack Park, New York. Many sites with conspicuously large specimens represent advanced old-field ecological succession. The tall stands in Mohawk Trail State Forest and William Cullen Bryant Homestead in Massachusetts are examples.


title: Pinus strobus

text: As an introduced species, "P. strobus" is now naturalizing in the Outer Western Carpathians subdivision of the Carpathian Mountains in Czech Republic and southern Poland. It has spread from specimens planted as ornamental trees.


title: Pinus strobus

text: Like most members of the white pine group, "Pinus" subgenus "Strobus", the leaves ("needles") are coniferous, occurring in fascicles (bundles) of five, or rarely three or four, with a deciduous sheath. The leaves are flexible, bluish-green, finely serrated, and long.


title: Pinus strobus

text: The seed cones are slender, long (rarely longer than that) and broad when open, and have scales with a rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip, often resinous. The seeds are long, with a slender wing, and are dispersed by wind. Cone production peaks every 3 to 5 years.


title: Pinus strobus

text: The branches are spaced about every 18 inches on the trunk with five or six branches appearing like spokes on a wagon wheel. Eastern white pine is self-fertile, but seeds produced this way tend to result in weak, stunted, and malformed seedlings. Mature trees are often 200–250 years old, and some live over 400 years. A tree growing near Syracuse, New York, was dated to 458 years old in the late 1980s and trees in Michigan and Wisconsin were dated to roughly 500 years old.