title: Harvey Mudd College

text: During the construction of Case Dorm some students decided as a prank to move all of the survey stakes exactly six inches in one direction.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: "East" was the first dorm, but it wasn't until "West" was built west of it that it was actually referred to as "East". Then "North" was built, directly north of "East". When the fourth dorm (Marks) was built, there was one corner of the quad available (the northwest) and one directional name, "South", remaining. To this day "South" dorm is the northernmost HMC dorm.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth dorms built are Atwood, Case, Linde, Sontag, and Drinkward, respectively. They were initially referred to as "the colonies" by some students, a reference to the fact that they were newer and at the farthest end of the campus; these dorms are now more commonly referred to as "the outer dorms." The college had initially purchased an apartment building adjacent to the newer dorms to house additional students, but it was demolished to make room for Sontag.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: Since any HMC student, regardless of class year, can live in any of the dormitories, several of the dorms have accumulated long-standing traditions and so-called 'personalities'.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: HMC offers four-year degrees in chemistry, mathematics, physics, computer science, biology, and engineering, interdisciplinary degrees in mathematical biology, and joint majors in computer science and mathematics; physics and mathematics; or biology and chemistry. Students may also elect an Individual Program of Study (IPS) or an off-campus major offered by any of the other Claremont Colleges, provided one also completes a minor in one of the technical fields that Harvey Mudd offers as a major.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: All HMC students are required to take the college's Common Core Curriculum, typically throughout their freshman and sophomore years. This includes courses in computer science, engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, writing, and a critical inquiry course.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: In 2018, the "Chronicle of Higher Education" reported that, in response to student "complaints first to mental-health counselors and then to outside evaluators", the college was "considering how to ease pressure on students without sacrificing rigor."


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: For the class of 2023, the college received 4,045 applications and admitted 553 applicants (a 13.7% acceptance rate). Of the 224 freshmen who enrolled, the middle 50% of SAT scores were 780–800 in mathematics and 710–770 in critical reading, while the ACT Composite range was 33–35.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: Harvey Mudd, along with Wake Forest University, long held out as the last four-year colleges or universities in the U.S. to accept only SAT and not ACT test scores for admission. In August 2007, at the beginning of the application process for the class of 2012, HMC began accepting ACT results, a year after Wake Forest abandoned its former SAT-only policy.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Harvey Mudd waived the requirement for SAT or ACT scores for the graduating classes of 2021 or 2022. This policy was extended to the class of 2023.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: "Washington Monthly" ranked Harvey Mudd fifth in 2020 among 218 liberal arts colleges in the U.S. based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. "Money" magazine ranked Harvey Mudd 136th out of 744 in its "Best Colleges For Your Money 2019" report.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: In "U.S. News & World Report" 2021 "America's Best Colleges" report, Harvey Mudd College is tied for the 25th best U.S. liberal arts college, is second among undergraduate engineering schools in the U.S. whose highest degree is a Master's, and is ranked as tied for sixth "Most Innovative School" among 50 liberal arts colleges evaluated. "Forbes" in 2019 rated it 23rd in its "America's Top Colleges" ranking of 650 military academies, national universities and liberal arts colleges.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: In 2021, Harvey Mudd's total annual cost of attendance (tuition, fees, and room and board) was $82,236. About 70% of freshmen receive financial aid.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: Athletes from Harvey Mudd compete alongside athletes from Claremont McKenna College and Scripps College as the Claremont-Mudd-Scripps Stags and Athenas (CMS). The teams participate in NCAA Division III in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC). The mascot for the men's teams is Stanley the Stag, and the women's teams are the Athenas. Their colors are cardinal and gold.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: According to the Division III Fall Learfield Director's Cup Standings for the 2016-2017 year, CMS ranks 12th among all Division III programs, and first among SCIAC colleges.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: The other sports combination of the Claremont Colleges, and CMS' primary rival, is the team made up of Pomona College and Pitzer College known as the Pomona-Pitzer Sagehens (PP). This is known to students as the Sixth Street Rivalry.


title: Harvey Mudd College

text: The California Institute of Technology (Caltech), another university with strength in the natural sciences and engineering, is located away from Harvey Mudd College. Mudders occasionally amused themselves by pranking Caltech. For example, in 1986, students from Mudd stole a memorial cannon from Fleming House at Caltech (originally from the National Guard) by dressing as maintenance people and carting it off on a flatbed truck for "cleaning". Harvey Mudd eventually returned the cannon after Caltech threatened to take legal action. In 2006, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) replicated the prank and moved the same cannon to their campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts.


title: Defence industry of India

text: The defence industry sector of India is a strategically important sector in India. India has one of the world's largest military forces with a strength of over 14.4 lakh (1.44 million) active personnel. It has the world's largest volunteer military of over 51 lakh (5.1 million) personnel. The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2021 is . It has the third largest annual defence budget behind USA (US$732 b) and China (US$261 b). It is the second largest defence importer behind Saudi Arabia making up 9.2% of global arms import. India has a domestic defence industry of which 80% is government owned. The public sector includes DRDO and its 50 labs, 4 defence shipyards, 12 defence PSUs. India has a new defence procurement, acquisition and manufacturing policy to reduce imports and enhance domestic manufacturing.


title: Defence industry of India

text: ""Defence Production Policy of 2018"" (DPrP-2018) has a goal of becoming among the top 5 global producers of the aerospace and defence manufacturing with annual export target of US$5 billion by 2025. 12% of worldwide arms exports (by value) reach India. India domestically produces only 45% to 50% of defence products it uses, and the rest are imported. India's military–industrial complex has had little success and only recently private sector was allowed to enter the defence production. India's defence exports were ₹4,682 crore (US$0.66 billion) in 2017–2018 and ₹10,500 crore (US$1.47 billion) in 2018–2019, of 2018–2019 exports India's 8 Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSU) and 41 Ordnance Factories (OF) contributed ₹800 crore (7.6% of total defence exports). During 2014-2018 India was the world's second largest defence importer.


title: Defence industry of India

text: The military budget of India is about 1.49% for year 2018–19 of the total GDP. However, it spends nearly an equal amount in importing arms from other countries.


title: Defence industry of India

text: Its defence expenditure for the 2017–18 fiscal year, based on allotments by its Ministry of Finance was 86,488 crores for defence capital and 2,96,000 crores for defence pensions.


title: Defence industry of India

text: The Indian Army accounts for more than half of the total defence budget of India, with most of expenditure going to the maintenance of cantonments, salaries and pensions, instead of critical arms and ammunition. As of 2019, there is 25% shortfall in the military's budget demand versus the actually budget allocation by the government. There are suggestion to use the military's land bank to generate more funds to bridge this gap for the modernisation of military with the latest equipment. From November 2019, government exempted the imported defence equipment from the customs and import duties for a period of five year during which domestic production is unlikely to meet the technical demand of the forces. This will result in a savings of ₹25,000 crore (US$3.5 billion) which could be used for the modernisation of the forces.


title: Defence industry of India

text: The Government of India has been pushing for greater indigenisation of military hardware as India imports a considerable amount of its defence equipment and platforms. Between 2016-2020, India accounted for 9.5% of total global arms imports. From 2000-2022, Russia, France, Israel, the United States and United Kingdom are the top 5 countries where India imports its arms from. Thus in 2022, the Indian Government scrapped the import of several large defence platforms and equipment, which included helicopters for the Coast Guard, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and short range missiles. In addition to this, the Ministry of Defence has started releasing indigenisation lists, which consists of equipment and platforms that the government aims to completely indigenise by December 2025. The Defence Ministry has also stated that the equipment and platforms that are on the third indigenisation list, could result in state orders that are worth more than Rs 2,10,000 crore being placed on the Indian defence industry in the next five years.


title: Defence industry of India

text: Compared to other branches of military, the Indian Army consumes 50% of defence budget, is least technology intensive and slowest to adopt the indigenisation of equipment, has multi-year long procurement cycle, and pre-purchase field trials last for several years sometimes without resulting in any procurement, for example soldier's hand held GPS enabled indigenous ""Sathi"" PDA "Beta Project" was abandoned midway and soldiers still do not have a PDA. To expedite the development cycle of new technologies and to better fit the end user requirements, army has asked DRDO to take more army staff on deputation to be part of DRDO technology development project teams.


title: Defence industry of India

text: The Indian Armed forces are using numerous successful indigenous technologies produced by the DRDO, including Varunastra, Maareech, Ushus, Advanced Light Torpedo (TAL) Shyena; Electronic Warfare Technologies, radars, composite materials for LCA, AEW&C, Astra, LCA Tejas by the Indian Airforce; ASAT, BrahMos, Nag missile, SAAW, Arjun MBT Mk 1A, 46 metre Modular Bridge, MPR, LLTR Ashwin by the army.


title: Defence industry of India

text: India's track record as an arms exporter has been modest due to export restrictions on the manufacturing organisations like OFB. OFB exports Arms and Ammunition, Weapon Spares, Chemicals & Explosives, Parachutes, Leather and Clothing items to more than 30 countries worldwide e.g. Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Germany, Belgium, Turkey, Egypt, Oman, Israel, Kenya, Nigeria, Botswana, Chile, Suriname and USA.


title: Defence industry of India

text: However, due to liberal policies adopted by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government since 2014, there has been a substantial increase in India's defence exports. According to the latest official data given in the upper house of Indian Parliament - the Rajya Sabha, India's defence export has jumped by 700% in just two years. The export authorisation went up from $213 million in FY 2016–17 to $1.5 billion in FY 2018-19 (April to March period). The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute has noted that three Indian companies that rank among the top-100 defence companies, viz., Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, AVANI and Bharat Electronics Limited, account for 1.2% of the defence exports of the top-100 total.


title: Defence industry of India

text: In March 2011 New Delhi agreed to sell its first indigenously designed and built multi-role offshore patrol vessel (OPV) named Barracuda, to Mauritius. In March 2017, India finalised a deal with Myanmar for sale of indigenously developed lightweight torpedoes worth US$37.9 million. Similar naval platforms were sold to Sri Lanka and Vietnam as well.


title: Defence industry of India

text: In Sep 2017, AWE secured its biggest export order from UAE for the supply of 40,000 numbers of 155 mm artillery shells for . In Aug 2019, AWE received a second order from UAE to supply another 50,000 artillery shells.


title: Defence industry of India

text: The Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has stated in 2021 that India was ready to export different types of missile systems, Light Combat Aircraft, helicopters, multi-purpose light transport aircraft, warships and patrol vessels, artillery gun systems, tanks, radars, military vehicles, electronic warfare systems and other weapons systems to Indian Ocean region nations.


title: Defence industry of India

text: In September 2019, DRDO formulated the ""DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology"" and released information on ""DRDO-Industry Partnership: Synergy and Growth and DRDO Products with Potential for Export"". During the Vibrant Goa Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO signed technology transfer contracts with 16 Indian companies, including 3 startups, to produce products for the use by Indian Armed Forces. This included high shelf life, high nutrition, ready-to-eat on-the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult terrain and bad weather. To boost the domestic defence production capability, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh's November 2019 delegation included 50 Indian companies scouting for the Russian partners and joint ventures for the defence production in India. DRDO and ISRO have agreed to collaborate in India's crewed orbital spacecraft project called Gaganyaan during which DRDOs various laboratories will tailor their defence capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission. To become technology research and production leader, reduce reliance on the imports and increase self-reliance, DRDO Chief called for more collaboration with the industry, private sector, research and education institutes including IITs and NITs.


title: Defence industry of India

text: The Modi government in its first year cleared 39 capital procurement proposals, of which 32 proposals worth (or 96% of value of total proposals) were categorized as "Buy (Indian)" and "Buy and Make (Indian)"—the top two prioritized domestic industry-centric procurement categories as per the defence procurement procedure (DPP).


title: Defence industry of India

text: The government's policies to encourage domestic manufacturing and export of defence equipment under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's flagship scheme Make in India in Defence. It has already resulted in substantial growth of defence export from the country as it jumped by 700% in just two years, from $213 million in FY 2016–17 to $1.5 billion in FY 2018–19. Encouraged by this, the government set a target of achieving defence export worth ₹35,000 crore ($4.87 billion) in next four years.


title: Defence industry of India

text: In July 2015, the defence ministry eased export regulations and stopped demanding multiple assurances on end-use from foreign governments even for sale of components by Indian entities.


title: Defence industry of India

text: Some critics say that instead of encouraging the manufacturing of equipment in India, the Modi government has given financial powers to the Armed forces to purchase equipment up to ₹500 crores without the consultation of the Ministry. This will further increase the types of weapons, their spares and components, cost of maintainability which will result in non-compatibility and standardisation problems in near future.


title: Defence industry of India

text: Even though Modi government has been trying hard to get FDI in defence sector by first raising the cap from 26% to 74% through automatic route and 100% through MoD's approval, whereby the investing foreign entity can have ownership up to 100% in the defence manufacturing, it has received a dismal response with a meagre investment of just ₹56 lacs (US$0.08 million) in 2014–15, ₹71 lac (US$0.10 million) in 2015–16, ₹7 lacs (US$0.01 million) in 2017–18 and ₹15 crores (US$2.18 million) during 2018–19.


title: Defence industry of India

text: An import embargo on 101 defence items was announced on 9 August 2020. Over a period of five years, the items will be prohibited from being imported.


title: Defence industry of India

text: On 31 May 2021 GoI announced the ban on 108 items that were excluded from early list. This also includes roadmap of five years for the promotion of indigenous. The list was described as "2nd Positive List for indigenigsation" by the government.


title: Defence industry of India

text: These include weapon systems like artillery guns, assault rifles, corvettes, transport aircraft, light combat helicopters (LCHs) and even wheeled armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs).


title: Defence industry of India

text: Despite the strategic and economic importance of the defence sector, there have been numerous scandals that have been linked to defence deals which involve the import of foreign arms by the Indian government. Many of these scandals, include allegations related to bribery, and the alleged involvement of middlemen. These alleged middlemen are also termed as lobbyists, arms agents or arms dealers. Until the 1980s, agenting or lobbying on behalf of foreign defence companies was legal in India, however due to the political fallout from the Bofors Scandal, which happened in the 1980s, the Indian Government banned agents from being involved in defence deals. This was due to the emergence of allegations against certain Indian politicians and defence officials of receiving payoffs to clinch the deal the between Bofors and the Indian Government.


title: Defence industry of India

text: Despite the fact that arms dealers or arms agents are controversial within the defence sector, it has been reported that their role and involvement is critical for any defence deal to take place between foreign defence companies and the Indian Government. Allegedly, arms agents can manipulate the procurement process because they have the means to pay substantial commissions to politicians, military officials and bureaucrats, therefore making them ever-present in defence deals. In addition to this, members of the Ministry of Defence and military officials have stated that arms agents have the power to manipulate what is written in weapons test reports, and General V.K Singh, a former Indian Chief of the Army Staff, stated that the reach of lobbyists within the Defence Ministry extends to the level where agents have access to classified intelligence and know the inner workings of the ministry.


title: Defence industry of India

text: According to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the three largest and most powerful arms dealers are Vipin Khanna, Sudhir Choudhrie and Suresh Nanda. Allegedly, Khanna, Choudhrie and Nanda, and their families, have dominated the defence sector since before the Bofors Scandal in the 1980s, and they continue to maintain their positions. Supposedly, their commissions from arms deals could be up to as high as 15%. Reportedly, Khanna, Choudhrie and Nanda played critical roles in getting defence deals approved because they have the capabilities to get a deal through the political and bureaucratic procurement process, due to their influence and connections within India. All three men have been accused in several defence scandals, however none of the allegations against them have ever been proven.


title: Defence industry of India

text: Several other individuals have also been alleged or rumoured to be smaller arms dealers or arms agents. This includes Abhishek Verma, who reportedly portrayed himself to be a powerful arms dealer, but according to the CBI, Verma was merely pretending to be in that position and according to Verma's associates, who spoke anonymously to the Economic Times for their article, Verma had created a false image of both his business and his wealth. In 2012, Verma was arrested by the CBI for violating the Official Secrets Act, but in 2017, Verma was discharged by the courts due to lack of evidence against him. Another individal accused of being an arms dealer is Sanjay Bhandari, who fled to the United Kingdom in 2016, and is currently fighting an extradition case, as the Indian Government wants Bhandari extradited to India, to face charges of money laundering and tax evasion. The CBI also accused Mohinder Singh Sahni of being a small time arms dealer, during an investigation probe into him.


title: Defence industry of India

text: In addition to this, non-Indian citizens have also been accused for allegedly giving bribes and kickbacks to influence defence deals in India. This include Christian Michel, a British Citizen, who was extradited to India from the United Arab Emirates in 2018. Michel has been accused by the CBI and the Enforcement Directorate, for allegedly being one of the middlemen in the 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal, and has been in judicial custody in India for over two years, with his bail being denied by the Indian courts.


title: Todd Solondz

text: Todd Solondz (; born October 15, 1959) is an American filmmaker and playwright known for his style of dark, socially conscious satire. Solondz's work has received critical acclaim for its commentary on the "dark underbelly of middle class American suburbia," a reflection of his own background in New Jersey. His work includes "Welcome to the Dollhouse" (1995), "Happiness" (1998), "Storytelling" (2001), "Palindromes" (2004), "Life During Wartime" (2009), "Dark Horse" (2011), and "Wiener-Dog" (2016).


title: Todd Solondz

text: Solondz was born in Newark, New Jersey. He wrote several screenplays while working as a delivery boy for the Writers Guild of America. Solondz earned his undergraduate degree in English from Yale and attended New York University's Master of Fine Arts program in film and television, but did not complete a degree.


title: Todd Solondz

text: During the early 1990s, Solondz worked as a teacher of English as a second language to Russian immigrants in New York City and described the experience as positive.


title: Todd Solondz

text: Solondz is an atheist. In "The A.V. Club" article "Is There a God?", he answered the question "Well, me, I'm an atheist, so I don't really believe there is. But I suppose I could be proven wrong."


title: Todd Solondz

text: Solondz's student short film "Schatt's Last Shot" was produced in 1985, and was shown at least once in 1986. The title character is a high schooler who wants to get into Stanford University, but his gym teacher hates him. The teacher fails him because he cannot make a shot in basketball. He has no luck with the girl of his dreams, but he wishes he was more like the coach, whom he challenges to a game of one-on-one.


title: Todd Solondz

text: In 1989 Solondz wrote and directed "Fear, Anxiety & Depression", an episodic comedy about fledgling playwright Ira (played by Solondz) and his frustrating interactions with the opposite sex. The film contains several musical interludes, including three songs written for the film. Stanley Tucci appears in one of his early roles as an old, disliked acquaintance of Ira, who takes up playwriting on a whim and becomes the toast of Off-Broadway.


title: Todd Solondz

text: The frustrations of his first feature led Solondz to swear off further involvement with the industry. More than five years later, an attorney friend urged Solondz to give filmmaking another go, and promised partial finance for any project Solondz came up with. The end result was 1995's "Welcome to the Dollhouse", which went on to win the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. The dark comedy follows the travails of Dawn Wiener, a bespectacled, toothy, and shy 7th-grade girl who is mercilessly teased at school and treated to alternating contempt and neglect at home. It was distinct from most earlier films about adolescent abuse due to its complex characterization. It gave a balanced and sometimes sympathetic portrayal of the bully antagonist Brandon, and its depiction of Dawn, the ostensible protagonist and victim of the story, showed her as deeply flawed and sometimes cruel and selfish herself. The film was a major success among critics, and a moderate success at the box office. It was a festival hit, with screenings all over the world.


title: Todd Solondz

text: Solondz's next piece was "Happiness" (1998), a highly controversial film due to the themes explored in it, which range from rape, pedophilia, incest, suicide, and murder to a bizarre sexual phone caller. After the original distributor October Films dropped it, the film was distributed by Good Machine Releasing. The movie received numerous awards, including International Critics' Prize at the Cannes Film Festival, and yielded strong critical praise for Solondz.


title: Todd Solondz

text: In 2001, Solondz released "Storytelling", which premiered at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. It is a film separated into two parts, entitled "Fiction" and "Nonfiction." The two stories share two thematic elements, but deal with each in an autonomous manner. Solondz used this format because he wanted to "find a fresh structure, a fresh form, and a different way of tackling what may be identical geographical material." When Solondz initially presented the film to the MPAA, he was told that if he wished to receive a rating other than NC-17, he would have to remove a scene of explicit sex involving a white female and a black male. However, a clause in Solondz's contract allowed him to cover part of the actors with a bright red box. "For me it's a great victory to have a big red box, the first red box in any studio feature [...] it's right in your face: You're not allowed to see this in our country." Solondz did, however, remove a portion of the film (which has variously been reported as either a subplot of the second story, or a third story entirely) which contained a sex scene involving two male actors (one of whom was James Van Der Beek).


title: Todd Solondz

text: Solondz's next film, "Palindromes" (2004), raised the eyebrows of many pundits and reviewers due to its themes of child molestation, statutory rape and abortion. Like all of Solondz's previous films, "Palindromes" is set in suburban New Jersey. It was released unrated in the US.


title: Todd Solondz

text: "Life During Wartime" (formerly known as "Forgiveness") was produced by John Hart and Evamere Entertainment and released in 2009. Solondz said the film is a companion piece to "Happiness" and "Welcome to the Dollhouse". "Life During Wartime" has characters in common with the two earlier films, but played by different actors and with loose continuity. Information about the characters in the film, and their differences from those of its predecessor "Happiness", first emerged in August 2009. The film features Ally Sheedy, Renée Taylor, Paul Reubens, Ciarán Hinds, Shirley Henderson, Michael Lerner, Michael Kenneth Williams, Charlotte Rampling, Allison Janney, Rich Pecci and Chris Marquette.


title: Todd Solondz

text: The film debuted at the Telluride Film Festival in September 2009; it was nominated for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in August–September 2009, and it won the Osella award there for Best Screenplay.


title: Todd Solondz

text: In July 2010, Solondz completed the script of his next film, "Dark Horse", which was filmed in the fall of 2010. To Solondz's surprise, the Creative Artists Agency appreciated the script, the first time for a movie of his. Solondz commented that he realized this is because "there's no rape, there's no child molestation, there's no masturbation, and then I thought, 'omg, why didn't I think of this years ago?'"


title: Todd Solondz

text: On September 5, 2011, "Dark Horse" was presented at the Venice Film Festival. On October 14, 2011, "Dark Horse" made its European premiere at the BFI London Film Festival. The film received a mixed reception. On April 23, 2012, "Dark Horse" was announced as the Closing Night selection for Maryland Film Festival 2012.


title: Todd Solondz

text: "Wiener-Dog" premiered at Sundance 2016. The film tells the story of a dog, as she travels from home to home. Amazon purchased the film at the festival. Starring an ensemble cast led by Ellen Burstyn, Kieran Culkin, Julie Delpy, Danny DeVito, Greta Gerwig, Tracy Letts, and Zosia Mamet, the film serves as a spin-off from Solondz’s 1995 film "Welcome to the Dollhouse", which also features the character of Dawn Wiener. It was released in the US on June 24, 2016 to positive reviews.


title: Todd Solondz

text: As of June 2021, Solondz was arranging financing for his next film, "Love Child". Starring Colin Farrell and Rachel Weisz, it is set to be a twist on the story of Oedipus.


title: Todd Solondz

text: In 2009, Solondz became an adjunct professor on the faculty of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. He teaches a course titled Directing and Writing the Feature.


title: Todd Solondz

text: In May 2019, Solondz spent a week as the filmmaker in residence at the Centre for Film and Screen at the University of Cambridge.


title: Todd Solondz

text: In 2018, Solondz premiered his debut play, titled "Emma and Max". The production began previews October 1, opened on October 14, and ran through November 4. It starred Ilana Becker, Zonya Love, Matt Servitto, and Rita Wolf.


title: Todd Solondz

text: In 2007, Solondz was honored with the Filmmaker on the Edge Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Angelo Bartlett Giamatti (; April 4, 1938 – September 1, 1989) was an American professor of English Renaissance literature, the president of Yale University, and the seventh Commissioner of Major League Baseball.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Giamatti served as Commissioner for only five months before dying suddenly of a heart attack. He is the shortest-tenured baseball commissioner in the sport's history and the only holder of the office not to preside over a full Major League Baseball season. Giamatti's most notable act as Commissioner was to negotiate the agreement resolving the Pete Rose betting scandal in which Rose was permitted to voluntarily withdraw from the sport to avoid further punishment.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Giamatti was born in Boston and grew up in South Hadley, Massachusetts, the son of Mary Claybaugh Walton (Smith College 1935) and Valentine John Giamatti. His father was professor and chairman of the Department of Italian Language and Literature at Mount Holyoke College. Giamatti's paternal grandparents were Italian immigrants Angelo Giammattei () and Maria Lavorgna (): his grandfather Angelo emigrated to the United States from Telese, near Benevento, Italy, around 1900. Giamatti's maternal grandparents, from Wakefield, Massachusetts, were Helen Buffum (Davidson) and Bartlett Walton, who graduated from Phillips Academy Andover and Harvard College. Giamatti attended South Hadley High School, spent his junior year at the American Overseas School of Rome, and graduated from Phillips Academy in 1956. At Yale College, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) and as a junior in 1960 was tapped by Scroll and Key, a senior secret society. He graduated "magna cum laude" in 1960.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: In 1960, he married Toni Marilyn Smith, who taught English for more than 20 years at the Hopkins School in New Haven, Connecticut, until her death in 2004. Together the couple had three children: actors Paul and Marcus and jewelry designer Elena.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Giamatti stayed in New Haven to receive his doctorate in 1964, when he also published a volume of essays by Thomas G. Bergin he had co-edited with a philosophy graduate student, T. K. Seung. He became a professor of comparative literature at Yale University, an author, and master of Ezra Stiles College at Yale, a post to which he was appointed by his predecessor as Yale president, Kingman Brewster, Jr.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Giamatti taught briefly at Princeton but spent most of his academic life at Yale. His scholarly work focused on English Renaissance literature, particularly Edmund Spenser, and relationships between English and Italian Renaissance poets. His tenure as Stiles master ended in 1972.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Giamatti served as president of Yale University from 1978 to 1986. He was the youngest president of the university in its history and presided over the university during a bitter strike by its clerical and technical workers in 1984–1985. As university president, he refused student, faculty, and community demands to divest from apartheid South Africa. He also served on the board of trustees of Mount Holyoke College for many years, participating fully despite his Yale and baseball commitments. Giamatti was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1980 and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1982.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Giamatti had a lifelong interest in baseball and was a noted Boston Red Sox fan. In 1978, when he was first rumored to be a candidate for the presidency of Yale, he had deflected questions by observing that "The only thing I ever wanted to be president of was the American League." His noteworthy baseball publications include "Tom Seaver's Farewell", published in "Harper's Magazine" in September 1977, and "Baseball and the American Character," published in that magazine in October 1986. Giamatti became president of the National League in , and later commissioner of baseball in . During his stint as National League president, Giamatti placed an emphasis on the need to improve the environment for the fan in the ballparks. He also decided to make umpires strictly enforce the balk rule and supported "social justice" as the only remedy for the lack of presence of minority managers, coaches, or executives at any level in Major League Baseball.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: While still serving as National League president, Giamatti suspended Pete Rose for 30 games after Rose shoved umpire Dave Pallone on April 30, 1988. Later that year, Giamatti also suspended Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Jay Howell for three days, after Howell was caught using pine tar during the National League Championship Series.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Giamatti, whose tough dealing with Yale's union favorably impressed Major League Baseball owners, was unanimously elected to succeed Peter Ueberroth as commissioner on September 8, . He formally took office on April 1, 1989. Determined to maintain the integrity of the game, on August 24, , Giamatti prevailed upon Pete Rose to agree voluntarily to remain permanently ineligible to play baseball.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: While at his vacation home in Edgartown on Martha's Vineyard, Giamatti, a heavy smoker for many years, died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 51, eight days after banishing Pete Rose and 154 days into his tenure as commissioner. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut. He became the second baseball commissioner to die in office, the first being Kenesaw Mountain Landis in 1944.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Fay Vincent, Giamatti's close friend and baseball's first deputy commissioner, became acting commissioner upon Giamatti's death, and was quickly elected by MLB owners to succeed Giamatti as the new commissioner. On October 14, 1989, before Game 1 at the World Series, Giamatti—to whom this World Series was dedicated—was memorialized with a moment of silence. Son Marcus Giamatti threw out the first pitch before the game. Also before Game One, the Yale Whiffenpoofs sang the national anthem, a blend of "The Star-Spangled Banner" with "America the Beautiful" that has been since repeated by other a cappella groups.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: The Little League Eastern Regional Headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut is named after Giamatti. One of the three awards given annually by Major League Baseball's Baseball Assistance Program is named the "Bart Giamatti Award".


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: James Reston, Jr. notes in his book "Collision at Home Plate: The Lives of Pete Rose and Bart Giamatti" that Giamatti suffered from Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, an inherited neuromuscular disease affecting peripheral nerves.


title: A. Bartlett Giamatti

text: Neil Thomas Proto argues in his book "Fearless: A. Bartlett Giamatti and the Battle for Fairness" that Giamatti's early life with his parents and family in New Haven established the code of conduct about fairness that tempered his decision about Pete Rose. Proto also states that as president of Yale, Giamatti was a consequential force in changing Yale's once-harmful relationship with New Haven; in reintroducing Sterling Scholarships for New Haven high school students, which had been discontinued by his predecessors; in challenging the eugenics culture at Yale, which had spread nationally and affected Yale's view of urban renewal; and in challenging an admissions system that excluded applicants on the basis of race and religion. According to Proto, Giamatti believed the university's duty was to educate students in the civic responsibility of good citizenship, not the elitist imperative of creating "leaders."


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: No One Killed Jessica is a 2011 Indian Hindi-language crime thriller film directed and written by Raj Kumar Gupta. It stars Vidya Balan and Rani Mukerji in lead roles, with Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub and Myra Karn in supporting roles. The film revolves on a bartender who dies after being shot by a politician's son and her sister's struggle to find justice for her death.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Gupta was inspired to adapt the murder of Jessica Lal into a film after he saw a headline about the case in 2006. The project, which was later titled "No One Killed Jessica", marked his second directorial venture after "Aamir" (2008). It was produced by Ronnie Screwvala under his production company UTV Spotboy. Made on a budget of , the film was shot using hidden cameras and done by Anay Goswamy in July 2010. The film was edited by Aarti Bajaj.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Released on 7 January 2011, "No One Killed Jessica" emerged as a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing Indian films of the year. It received positive reviews from critics upon release, with praise directed towards its screenplay and Balan and Mukerji's performances.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: At the 57th Filmfare Awards, "No One Killed Jessica" received 4 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Gupta) and Best Actress (Balan), winning Best Supporting Actress (Mukerji).


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Jessica, a bartender at an elite event in New Delhi, refuses to serve three men (Manish, Vishal and Lucky) alcohol after the last call. Manish, who is the son of a politician, shoots her in the head in response. There are dozens of eyewitnesses, but as Jessica's sister, Sabrina, discovers, they are either conveniently forgetful or willing to sell their testimony to the highest bidder, leaving an open-and-shut case hostage to greed and political influence.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Manish is taken into custody by the police and investigations begin. Inspector N. K. informs Sabrina that one of the two bullets that were sent for verification has been replaced. Sabrina's repeated attempts into getting the witnesses and evidence in order to prove Jessica's crime fail one by one. The court case runs until 2006. Due to lack of evidence and witnesses, the court acquits the culprits. Sabrina's mother suffers a heart attack due to the trauma caused by the news and dies in the hospital.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Meanwhile, reporter Meera Gaity finds out about the acquittal through a newspaper. Having expected Jessica's case to be an open and shut case, Meera is shocked, takes the matter in her own hands, and plans to get justice for Jessica. With the approval of her editor, she performs various sting operations and exposes the failure of law and order in the country while raising questions about the police and the authorities. Inspector N. K. helps Meera by sending her the tape of Manish where he confesses his crime. Meera uses the clip to publicly exploit the cases and starts to build up pressure on the system and Manish's father's political party.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Soon, the public, having followed the case on television, decides to protest against the cover-up by the powerful and bring justice to Jessica. A number of phone calls, SMS, and voice messages are sent through the channel in support for Jessica. Meera uses this public support to reach out to the government and the President for their help. A candlelight vigil march is organized for Jessica by the people of Delhi to stand for her and demand justice. Meanwhile, Sabrina, affected by all the trauma while fighting for her sister in court, seems to have given up and moved on. Meera approaches Sabrina to stand up for her sister again and assures her that she would get justice this time as she has the support of the entire city.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Political pressure gets mounted on the family of Manish and his father resigns from his position. The High Court summons the police for the recklessness they showed in the case. The police appeal to the High Court to have the case re-opened and it gets accepted. The case is promoted to the Supreme Court, where Manish is found guilty and is sentenced to life imprisonment. His allies, Vishal and Lucky, get punished with four years in jail.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: "No One Killed Jessica" was Raj Kumar Gupta's second directorial venture after "Aamir" (2008). Gupta was inspired to address the Jessica Lal murder case for the film after he saw a "Times of India" headline about the case, appearing shortly after the accused Manu Sharma released by the court in 2006. The next year, he met Jessica's sister, Sabrina, to asked some additional information about the case. Gupta said that he spent between seven and eight months to rewrite the film's story: "The material is very sensitive and I had to bring it in the realm of cinema. There was hesitation. Will I be able to do justice to the spirit of the story? I was not sure. Finally, I took it as a challenge. It's my interpretation of the events." The film was produced by Ronnie Screwvala under UTV Spotboy, a subsidiary of UTV Motion Pictures.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: After Kareena Kapoor refused to play one of the lead role, in January 2010, Rani Mukerji and Vidya Balan were cast to replaced her. Mukerji was cast as the stubborn reporter Meera Gaity. Her role was the only fictional aspect in the film, and according to her, Gupta asked her "to build the character on my own and not draw inspirations from anybody". Mukerji stated that Meera has "dynamic" and "modern" character, adding, "It wasn't something that I had ever done before. I actually had to play a man!" Meanwhile, Vidya played the role of Sabrina. She was required to wear men's clothing that was oversized and loose. She described Mukerji as her "favorite" co-star and spoke positively of her rapport with the actress. Myra Karn featured as Jessica in her film debut; she revealed that Gupta had been persuading her to play the part for one year before she accepted. Gautam Kishanchandani finished casting for the film in April 2010.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Produced on a budget of , "No One Killed Jessica" was filmed in 2-day schedules with Anay Goswamy as the cinematographer. Sabyasachi Mukherjee and Bibi Zeeba Miraie were the costume designers, and Ashley Lobo handed the choreography. While Sukant Panigrahy was the production designer, Helen Jones was the art director. Shooting took place at Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Ballygunge, Park Circus and New Market; as the crowds were hard to control, Gupta used hidden cameras to shoot scenes in these places. The filming was finished around July 2010, and Aarti Bajaj then edited the film.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: The soundtrack for "No One Killed Jessica" was composed by Amit Trivedi and the lyrics were written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. It contains a total of six songs, with vocals performed by Aditi Singh Sharma, Anushka Manchanda, Bhattacharya, Biswajit Chakraborty, Joi Barua, Mame Khan, Meenal Jain, Raja Hasan, Raman Mahadevan, Robert Bob Omulo, Shilpa Rao, Shriram Iyer, Sonika Sharma, Sonu Kakkar, Tochi Raina, and Vishal Dadlani. The album was launched in the reality show "Bigg Boss 4" on 24 December 2010.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: The soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics. Joginder Tuteja, writing for Bollywood Hungama, called it "good" and "above expectations", particularly praising the compositions of "Dilli" which she described "racy, ferocious, vociferous, energetic and relentless". Giving the album a rating of two-and-a-half stars, Nikhil Hemrajani of the "Hindustan Times" saying, "Overall, the soundtrack fails to contain a cohesive sound and is rather mediocre."


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: "No One Killed Jessica" was one of the most anticipated Indian films of 2011. The trailer, which was released on 18 November 2010, generated controversy as it featured Mukerji cursing, showing her middle finger and smoking. The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare then asked Gupta to censor all of the scenes. The film was later certified A (restricted to adults) on 23 December by the CBFC without any cuts being made. The film's commercial expectations were mixed. The trade analyst Komal Nahta predicted that the absence of a male lead would negatively impact its opening. Indo-Asian News Service, however, felt that the film has "chances ... [to] lure audiences as it is based on one of the most talked about murder cases in the country".


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: "No One Killed Jessica" was released on 7 January 2011 and emerged a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing Indian films of the year; the Indo-Asian News Service called it "the lucky mascot". It faced competition from Sachin P. Karande's thriller "Vikalp", Gaurav Jain's animation film "Ashoka: The Hero" and Rahat Kazmi's romantic comedy "Impatient Vivek". On its opening day, the film earned . Still, despite a strong opening, the film gradually lost public interest; after three days of running, its daily earnings decreased. "No One Killed Jessica" grossed a total grossing of , and the film-trade website Box Office India concluded the film's final commercial performance with the verdict "semi hit".


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: On 1 February 2011, "No One Killed Jessica" was released on DVD. On 20 March, the film and a retrospective of Vidya's films—including "Lage Raho Munna Bhai" (2006), "Paa" (2009) and "Ishqiya" (2010)—were screened at the Bollywood and Beyond festival in Australia. On 11 March 2017, it was available for streaming on Netflix and Amazon Prime Video.


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: "No One Killed Jessica" received positive reviews from critics upon release, with praise directed towards its screenplay and Balan and Mukerji's performances. It received a rating of 80 percent on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on ten reviews, with an average rating of 6.5 out of 10. Writing for the entertainment portal "Bollywood Hungam"a, Taran Adarsh gave the film 4 stars out of 5. He wrote of Mukerji's performance, "In the role of a spirited and audacious journo, Mukerji, who smokes non-stop, flings swear words every now and then and who rebuffs being a voiceless spectator when the culprits go scot-free, is simply exceptional." The critic felt that Mukerji "sinks her teeth into the character, giving it the much required pragmatism that it necessitates". Nikhat Kazmi of "The Times of India" found Mukerji to be "impeccable" in the role, which Kazmi described as "the world-wise, hard-talking, foul-mouthed journalist", and Baradwaj Rangan appreciated her for playing against type. Komal Nahta opined, "Mukerji does a fine job, getting into the skin of the character of the feisty journalist who has no qualms about speaking her heart out and using swear words at the drop of a hat." "Daily News and Analysis" Aniruddha Guha declared Mukerji's performance as "one of her best performances till date".


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Anupama Chopra gave "No One Killed Jessica" 3 out of 5 stars, claiming that the film was "several notches ahead of the tripe we've been subjected to in theatres lately". This time, Chopra was critical of Mukerji's performance, arguing that "the character is written superficially and Rani's portrayal of her is equally banal. It's all about externals. She argues a lot and proudly labels herself a bitch but her hair stays perfectly in place and in the end, she even gets to do a super-hero-like slow motion walk." Sanjukta Sharma of "Mint" shared similar thoughts; she was believed that Mukerji was "overloaded and overdetermined and she blusters through the role of the "bitch" who gets away with everything". Rajeev Masand calling the film a "full-on melodrama that doesn't always ring true". He compared it with "Aamir", and found "No One Killed Jessica" to be "disappointing". However, Masand appreciated the leads' performances; Masand called Balan "plays her character one-note, and seems to forget to invest any personality into Sabrina", and similarly on Mukerji's performance, saying: "... [D]espite being saddled with a cliché of a character, is more cinematically engaging, and knows exactly how to command the screen with her presence."


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Sudhish Kamath of "The Hindu" said, ""No One Killed Jessica" is a fine film undoubtedly, but does not quite match up to the potential it had after a gut-wrenching first half." A critic from "The Indian Express" complimented the film for its success "to sustain interest as it makes itself way towards the climactic moment when the culprit, despite the best efforts of his politician father and his fawning courtiers, is nabbed." Mayank Shekhar, in a three-out-of-five-star review published in the "Hindustan Times", said that Vidya "stunningly natural". In a review for "Rediff.com", Savera R. Someshwar singled out Vidya's "stand-out" performance, noting: "... [H]er hesitant body language, her faith, her helplessness, her rage, her sorrow and her gratitude all come across beautifully." Kaveree Bamzai of "India Today" added, "Balan is strong and steady, often startling with her quietude." However, Renuka Rao (also from "Daily News and Analysis") was less impressed by the performance and considered her to be "insipid and somewhat forced".


title: No One Killed Jessica

text: Less positive views for "No One Killed Jessica" was given by overseas critics. Writing for "The New York Times", Andy Webster found that Gupta "effectively recreate[d]" the Jessica Lal murder case "a milestone ... in the history of a new India". Zara Farooqui of the "Newsline" magazine gave a mixed review for the film; she called Mukerji's introduction "is way too long", while praising her "doe-eyed beauty". Lisa Tsering of "The Hollywood Reporter" believed that Mukerji's role is "the flashiest". While "Gulf News" referred to Vidya as "brilliance", "Screen International" found her performance to be overshadowed by Karn, who played a role the critic described as "bubbly, bold and somewhat uppity". Richard Kuipers of "Variety" took note of its production aspects; he wrote that Goswamy's "fluid [cinematography]" and Panigrahy's "richly textured decor, spanning high- and low-end life in New Delhi top an impressive tech package".


title: Kasie Hunt

text: Kasie Sue Hunt (born May 24, 1985) is an American political correspondent for CNN. From 2013 to 2021, she was NBC News' Capitol Hill correspondent, covering Congress across all NBC News and MSNBC platforms, and was the host of MSNBC's "Way Too Early with Kasie Hunt" and "Kasie DC".


title: Kasie Hunt

text: Hunt was born in Dearborn, Michigan and grew up in Wayne, Pennsylvania. She is the daughter of Bruce and Krista Hunt and the sibling of younger sister Carly Hunt. Her father manages real estate design and construction for Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System in Philadelphia, and her mother is a yoga teacher in Easton. Her sister is a former golfer for both the Georgetown Hoyas and Maryland Terrapins women's golf teams.


title: Kasie Hunt

text: Hunt graduated from Conestoga High School in 2003. She attended George Washington University graduating "magna cum laude" with a degree in international affairs in 2006. She earned her master's degree in sociology from St John's College, Cambridge.


title: Kasie Hunt

text: Hunt started her career in journalism as an intern in the political unit of NBC News. She was a health policy reporter for the "National Journal"'s CongressDaily, writing about the passage of the Affordable Care Act. She wrote for "Politico", covering the 2010 midterm elections. She started working as a national political reporter for the Associated Press in August 2011 and covered Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign.


title: Kasie Hunt

text: In January 2013, Hunt joined NBC News as an off-air reporter and producer covering Congress and politics. She started appearing regularly on MSNBC as a political reporter and in November 2014 became a political correspondent. She wrote for msnbc.com and appeared regularly on MSNBC and Bloomberg shows, including "Morning Joe", "Hardball with Chris Matthews", and "With All Due Respect".


title: Kasie Hunt

text: In October 2017, Hunt began anchoring her own talk show on MSNBC, "Kasie DC", which aired in two separate segments on Sundays at 7 p.m. and 8 p.m. ET The final episode of Kasie DC aired on Sunday, September 13, 2020.


title: Kasie Hunt

text: On September 21, 2020, Kasie Hunt began anchoring a restart of the MSNBC talk show "Way Too Early" under the new name "Way Too Early with Kasie Hunt". That program aired on weekday mornings from 5 a.m. to 6 a.m. ET.


title: Kasie Hunt

text: On August 10, 2021, CNN announced via Twitter that Hunt would be their first hire of CNN+, a new streaming service the network would be launching. In that role, Hunt would serve as an anchor of a new show, "The Source with Kasie Hunt". Additionally, it was announced that Hunt would serve as Chief National Affairs Analyst. Kasie Hunt's new program debuted on CNN+ on March 29, 2022. It ended on April 22, 2022, the day after it was announced that CNN+ would be shutting down, which it did on April 28.


title: Kasie Hunt

text: Kasie Hunt married NBC News producer Matt Rivera on May 6, 2017. In September 2019, she gave birth to her first child, a boy named Mars.


title: Kasie Hunt

text: In October 2021, Hunt underwent a four-hour surgery for the successful removal of a benign brain tumor.


title: Must

text: Must (from the Latin "vinum mustum", "young wine") is freshly crushed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace and typically makes up 7–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, typically between 10 and 15%, must is also used as a sweetener in a variety of cuisines. Unlike commercially sold grape juice, which is filtered and pasteurized, must is thick with particulate matter, opaque, and comes in various shades of brown and purple.


title: Must

text: The length of time the pomace stays in the juice is critical for the final character of the wine. When the winemaker judges the time to be right, the juice is drained off the pomace, which is then pressed to extract the juice retained by the matrix. Yeast is added to the juice to begin the fermentation, while the pomace is often returned to the vineyard or orchard for use as fertilizer. A portion of selected unfermented must may be kept as Süssreserve, to be added as a sweetening component before bottling. Some winemakers create a second batch of wine from the used pomace by adding a quantity of water equivalent to the juice removed, letting the mixture sit for 24 hours, and draining off the liquid. This wine may be used as a drink for the employees of the winemaker or as a basis for some pomace brandies. Grappa, however, must by law be produced only from the pomace solids, with no water added.


title: Must

text: The must is also an essential ingredient for the production of Traditional Balsamic Vinegar, the special aged vinegar from the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, protected under the European Protected Designated Origin system. Selected bacterial colonies or the lenta in superficie (slow surface) or lenta a truciolo (slow wood shavings) methods are used for acetification, and then there is a maturation phase. Both the acetification and the maturation take place in precious sessile oak (Quercus petraea), chestnut, oak, mulberry, and juniper barrels. After a minimum maturation period of 60 days, a group of expert technicians will test the resulting product analytically and organoleptically.


title: Must

text: This term is also used by meadmakers for the unfermented honey-water mixture that becomes mead. The analogous term in beer brewing is wort.


title: Must

text: In ancient Greece, must condensed by boiling was called siraion (σίραιον) and was used as a sweetener in the kitchen in various recipes (and as a syrup over teganitai (pancakes)). From the Greeks, the Romans in ancient Rome also used the condensed must in cooking, as a sweetener. Must was boiled in lead or bronze kettles into a milder concentrate called defrutum or a stronger concentrate called sapa. It was often used as a souring agent and preservative, especially in fruit dishes.


title: Must

text: Currently, reduced must is used in Greek, other Balkan countries, French and Middle Eastern cookery as a syrup known as petimezi, "pekmez" or "dibis". In Greece, petimezi is a basic ingredient for a must-custard known as moustalevria, and a sweet-meal known as soutzoukos, churchkhela. The "Moustokoúloura" or "must cookies" are also popular Greek cookies, which are based on a sweet dough made by kneading flour, olive oil, spice, and must. They are made in various shapes and sizes, and they are dark brown in color because of the must and the spice in them. In the wine making areas of South Africa must is used to make a sweet bun known as Mosbolletjies.


title: Must

text: The term petimezi is a Hellenized word of the Armenian/Trebizond term petmez. Petmez was a type of syrup that was made with berries of the White Mulberry tree; petmez was used in Byzantium (Trebizond was part of the Byzantine Empire), where White Mulberries grew in abundance, for their berries and for the silk worms that feed exclusively on Mulberry leaves.


title: Must

text: Geochemist Jerome Nriagu published an article in the "New England Journal of Medicine" in 1983 hypothesizing that defrutum and "sapa" may have contained enough lead acetate to be toxic to those who consumed them regularly.


title: Must

text: In Roman Catholic Eucharistic liturgy, must may be substituted for sacramental wine, on condition that the ordinary has granted permission for the benefit of a priest or lay person who should not, usually because of alcoholism, ingest wine; but in normal circumstances it may not be used in place of wine.


title: Must

text: Official Roman Catholic documents define must ("mustum" in Latin) precisely as "grape juice that is either fresh or preserved by methods that suspend its fermentation without altering its nature (for example, freezing)", and it excludes pasteurized grape juice.


title: Must

text: This teaching goes back at least to Pope Julius I (337–352), who is quoted in Thomas Aquinas's "Summa Theologica" as having declared that in case of necessity, but only then, juice pressed from a grape could be used. Aquinas himself declared that it is forbidden to offer fresh must in the chalice, because this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must; but he added that in case of necessity it may be done.


title: Must

text: Must has already the species of wine, for its sweetness ["Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit humorem"; Virgil, "Georg." i, 295] indicates fermentation, which is "the result of its natural heat" ("Meteor." iv); consequently this sacrament can be made from must. ... It is forbidden to offer must in the chalice, as soon as it has been squeezed from the grape, since this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must. But in case of necessity it may be done: for it is said by the same Pope Julius, in the passage quoted in the argument: "If necessary, let the grape be pressed into the chalice."


title: Must

text: The latest document from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the matter, issued on 24 July 2003, gave the following norms, which simplify those previously in force:


title: Must

text: The Ordinary is competent to give permission for an individual priest or layperson to use mustum for the celebration of the Eucharist. Permission can be granted habitually, for as long as the situation that occasioned the granting of permission continues (e.g., the priest is an alcoholic).


title: Must

text: When the principal celebrant at a concelebration has permission to use mustum, a chalice of normal wine is to be prepared for the concelebrants.


title: Must

text: Given the centrality of the celebration of the Eucharist in the life of a priest, one must proceed with great caution before admitting to Holy Orders those candidates unable to ingest alcohol without serious harm.


title: Must

text: Attention should be paid to medical advances in the area of alcoholism and encouragement given to the production of unaltered mustum.


title: Sean Whalen

text: Sean Whalen (born May 19, 1964) is an American actor and writer. He is known for his work in numerous TV shows, including "Shannon's Deal" and "Grace Under Fire", as well as movies, including "The People Under the Stairs" and "Twister". He is also known for appearing as a hapless history buff in the first "Got Milk?" commercial, directed by Michael Bay, which aired in 1993.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas Flynn is one of the two main protagonists from the animated television series "Phineas and Ferb". He is voiced by Vincent Martella. Phineas, along with his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher, stars in the A-Plot of every episode.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: The series concerns Phineas's attempts to avoid boredom by finding something new to do for each day of his summer vacation. He does this with his less-talkative stepbrother Ferb, and often with many other neighborhood children. The activities they devise usually involve outlandish contraptions, including roller coasters, haunted houses, roller rinks, and a backyard beach etc. which Phineas and Ferb design and build cooperatively. Phineas's sister is Candace Flynn, who tries to reveal their outrageous creations to their mother, but to no avail.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas comes from a blended family. The creators chose this arrangement because they considered it underused in children's programming as well as from creator Jeff "Swampy" Marsh's past experiences in one. As a character, Phineas has received positive critical response, with one reviewer describing him and his stepbrother as a "comical pairing." Phineas appears in "Phineas and Ferb" merchandise, including plush toys, t-shirts, and a video game.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas comes from a blended family, a decision creator Marsh made to reflect his own experiences growing up. His step-brother, Ferb, is his best friend. Phineas's birth father is never present or discussed in the series, something Marsh and Povenmire have stated that they fully intend to keep that way. It is established that his mother, Linda Flynn-Fletcher married Ferb's father, Lawrence Fletcher, after dating him for a while in the 1990s. They fell in love at a concert of the fictitious band "Love Händel" after they were put on the kiss cam.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas is portrayed as an intelligent, creative, innovative, and good-natured child. As a means to defeat boredom, he and Ferb devise outrageous activities throughout their summer vacation, often participating in activities such as toy design (in "Toy to the World"); piracy (in "The Ballad of Badbeard"); engineering (in "It's About Time!"); restaurant management (in "Chez Platypus"); all usually inaccessible to children. Phineas lives in the fictional town of Danville (part of the Tri-State Area), in a large, suburban neighborhood; he comes up with most of his ideas while sitting with Ferb in his backyard.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh had conceived the idea of the "Phineas and Ferb" series while working as layout artists on "The Simpsons." After planning the basics of the show, the two began laying out characters. Povenmire, eating dinner with his family at a Wild Thyme restaurant in South Pasadena, California, drew a quick sketch of a "triangle kid." Povenmire named the triangle doodle "Phineas," saying he "look<nowiki>[ed]</nowiki> like <nowiki>[one]</nowiki>", and with reference to the character Phileas Fogg (often misreferenced as "Phineas Fogg") from "Around the World in 80 Days" (1873). Povenmire tore the paper out and called Marsh that night, telling him "Hey, I think we have our show."


title: Phineas Flynn

text: After designing the show, the two had significant difficulties getting the series green lit. It was not picked up for fifteen years. In their final pitch to the Walt Disney Company, the creators designed a recorded storyboard, featuring a very rough outline of characters. The prototype Phineas was ruder to others than the version in the eventual show, where the creators decided to make him more good-natured. Citing comedy's "big duos" including Wallace and Gromit and Jay and Silent Bob, the creators chose to give Phineas most of the dialogue while Ferb remains almost silent.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: All characters in "Phineas and Ferb" were drawn in a design borrowed from Tex Avery's style, with geometric shapes being included in their structure; Phineas in particular is that of a triangle. The triangle face has been stated in the series as being just his nose that covers the entire head. The goal while drawing characters was to make them simple enough to be drawn by child viewers and be recognized by silhouette. Phineas's eyes lie on the top of his head and are of oval shape. For his hair, three "tufts" are put in the back and front, while three freckles lie underneath. For the ear, a small 3 is used to represent the ear lobe. Povenmire uses thin, spindly arms for every character as a simple reason to add fun.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Young actor Vincent Martella, previously known for The CW series "Everybody Hates Chris", was cast for the role of Phineas. Martella originally auditioned for the role five months before his initial pickup, but was left without feedback for the time. When Dan Povenmire was given a tape of Martella in "Everybody Hates Chris," he called him to do Phineas for the pilot. He designed a different voice than his own which he describes as "wacky [and] crazy." The creators were afraid of him losing it when his voice changed, though he was still able to retain it for the most part even afterward, though the tone is now slightly different from the original sound.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: While in recording sessions, Martella has a large amount of enthusiasm and describes it as humorous to watch himself doing a take. In interviews Martella has said that he enjoys working on the series and voicing Phineas, and appreciates the opportunity to work alongside guest stars, especially Malcolm McDowell.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Martella once wrote as an article for "Popstar! Magazine" his thoughts on the role and of the show itself:


title: Phineas Flynn

text: "Phineas and Ferb" makes liberal use of running gags, and Phineas has several recurrent lines that are featured in most episodes. When he comes up with an idea of what adventure he and his brother are going to have that day, he says "Ferb, I know what we're gonna do today!" During the course of an adventure, Phineas is generally asked by a disbelieving adult "Aren't you a little bit young to be..." doing whatever he's doing in that episode. For example, while constructing a shrine of his sister on the face of Mount Rushmore, a park ranger asks him "Aren't you boys a little young to be restoring a national monument?" Phineas generally answers "Yes, yes I am," though on a few occasions has responded "No" or "Well, I don't think so."


title: Phineas Flynn

text: In every episode, Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus, Perry, disappears to carry out his job as a secret agent. The kids almost always notice this, asking "Hey, where's Perry?" Then, when Perry comes home, they say, "Oh, there you are, Perry." Discussing Perry, co-creator Povenmire cited the example of his own pet cat, Sprocket, which he claimed led a "secret life" with his neighbors in order to get extra food.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas is portrayed as being a highly intelligent, imaginative, optimistic, and adventurous boy. The Disney Channel promos for "Phineas and Ferb" describe him as someone who "thinks big", refusing to let any day be ordinary. Povenmire also characterizes him as assertive, someone so secure in his abilities that others assume he is a prodigy. Povenmire and Marsh wanted the series to reflect their own childhood memories of going out during the summer and have fun, digging trenches and building tunnels, forts, and tree houses.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: The creators wanted Phineas, like Ferb, to be a character who would never "<nowiki>[do]</nowiki> anything with any animosity," or to agitate his sister or outsmart his mother purposely. Instead, the character was supposed to be motivated only by enjoyment and free from mean spiritedness. He is very friendly, caring, well-mannered, and several of his plots involve helping someone out. He tries to please his sister Candace, carving her face into Mount Rushmore for her birthday in one episode and helping her retrieve a tape detailing his summer adventures even though she intended on using the footage as evidence to "bust" him and Ferb. Another episode has him throwing an extravaganza for his mother's birthday, and yet another has him (along with Ferb and Candace) recreating their parent's most romantic moment for their wedding anniversary. He has also been shown helping his grandparents, reenacting his step-grandfather Reginald's daredevil stunt from his youth and setting up a roller derby for a rematch race with his grandmother Betty Jo's old rival. In the episodes "One Good Scare Ought to Do It!" and "Hail Doofania!", Phineas goes to great lengths to help his friend Isabella. Other episodes, like "Unfair Science Fair," "Oil on Candace," "The Bully Code," and "Voyage To The Bottom of Buford," further explore Phineas's generosity toward all of his friends. He even has plans at the beginning of "The Bully Code" for a jellybean currency system for emerging nations.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Occasionally, Phineas's ideas, plots, and schemes have upset others, intentionally or otherwise. Most notably Candace is constantly frustrated in her efforts to "bust" her brothers throughout the series, and in rare cases, Phineas has unwittingly caused misfortune to others. For example, in the episode "Get That Bigfoot Outta My Face," Phineas gives all the kids at camp a fright when he tricks them into thinking Bigfoot is attacking, though this is mostly getting into the spirit of spooky story telling.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Nonetheless, Povenmire and Marsh intended for Phineas and Ferb to be motivated only by fun. In one episode, "Thaddeus and Thor", Phineas says that fun is his only goal in his daily schemes – though Ferb adds that they also do it "for the ladies." Phineas also says that he wants his adventures to give him something interesting to say when he gets back to school, a setting the creators have confirmed they will never put him in.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas is also very modest. He tends to put Ferb's name on inventions. This may be because Ferb does most of the building. However, he never seems angry or resentful of giving his brother the credit.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas appears to be addicted to inventing. In "Bully Bromance Break Up" he goes into withdrawal when the other kids insist on climbing a mountain without using any crazy gadgets.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: In a few episodes, Phineas shows an angrier side of himself, first seen in the "" film, where Phineas gets angry at Perry after finding out his secret identity because Perry "never trusted him" by telling him the truth, but later realizes that Perry kept his identity hidden because if Phineas and his family found out, Perry would be forced to relocate to another family. Another episode, "", again demonstrates Phineas' angry side, when he got angry at Candace when she accidentally caused Baljeet to turn into a Hulk-type version of himself, but they later made amends at the end of the episode. Later, on "Phineas and Ferb Save Summer", when Candace tries to power-up the machine, Phineas starts raising his voice at her in order for her to stop, to which Buford breaks the fourth wall by saying: "Must be a special episode, he's yelling at his sister again!".


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas has received mostly positive reviews. Emily Ashby of "Common Sense Media" describes Phineas as "boisterous," and he and Ferb as "partner[s] in crime." Susan Stewart, reviewing the show in "The New York Times", notes that Phineas and Ferb "work on a heroic scale and are apparently not limited by the laws of nature." Jean Yoo, an official press member for Disney Channel, describes him as "a precocious bundle of energy whose tolerance for sitting still is just a little thinner than his patience for the social echelon in which he finds himself." She as well notes that he is "endearing and smart."


title: Phineas Flynn

text: "Variety" calls Phineas's adventures "spectacular." "Animation Insider" reporter Aaron Bynum described him as a "wiz kid idea machine." "The Seattle Times" wrote that both Phineas and Ferb were "young heroes." The song "Ain't Got Rhythm," which Vincent Martella performed in the voice of Phineas alongside Steve Zahn and Thomas Sangster in the episode "Dude, We're Getting the Band Back Together," was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2008 for "Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics."


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Besides the series "Phineas and Ferb," Phineas has been featured in several other pieces of merchandise from the series. To date, he has appeared in all "Phineas and Ferb" novelizations, published by Disney Press. Phineas appears in the Nintendo DS video game based on the series, simply titled "Phineas and Ferb." Dan Povenmire has said that he saw nothing of the game until its release, on which he was given a copy for free. "Paste" claimed that Phineas, alongside Ferb are 33rd best cartoon characters of all time.


title: Phineas Flynn

text: Plush toys of the character, along with toys representing Ferb and Perry, have been manufactured. Phineas also appears on most of the "Phineas and Ferb" t-shirts. Phineas is set to appear in the forthcoming comic book series based on the series, though details are unconfirmed. Phineas and his brother Ferb have as well both been referenced in the book "Lost and Found: How Churches Are Connecting to Young Adults" as examples of how media and television characters can be influential in people's lives.


title: Copycat suicide

text: A copycat suicide is defined as an emulation of another suicide that the person attempting suicide knows about either from local knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on television and in other media. The publicized suicide serves as a trigger, in the absence of protective factors, for the next suicide by a susceptible or suggestible person. This is referred to as suicide contagion.


title: Copycat suicide

text: A spike of emulation suicides after a widely publicized suicide is known as the Werther effect, after rumors of such a spike following the publication of Goethe's novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther".


title: Copycat suicide

text: Suicides occasionally spread through a school system, through a community, or in terms of a celebrity suicide wave, nationally. This is called a suicide cluster. Suicide clusters are caused by the social learning of suicide-related behaviors, or "copycat suicides". Point clusters are clusters of suicides in both time and space, and have been linked to direct social learning from nearby individuals. Mass clusters are clusters of suicides in time but not space, and have been linked to the broadcasting of information concerning celebrity suicides via the mass media.


title: Copycat suicide

text: One of the earliest known associations between the media and suicide arose from Goethe's novel "Die Leiden des jungen Werthers" ("The Sorrows of Young Werther"). Soon after its publication in 1774, young men began to mimic the main character by dressing in yellow pants and blue jackets. In the novel, Werther shoots himself with a pistol after he is rejected by the woman he loves, and shortly after its publication there were reports of young men using the same method to kill themselves in acts of hopelessness.


title: Copycat suicide

text: This resulted in the book being banned in several places. Hence the term "Werther effect", used in the technical literature to designate copycat suicides. The term was coined by researcher David Phillips in 1974.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Reports in 1985 and 1989 by Phillips and his colleagues found that suicides and other accidents seem to rise after a well-publicized suicide.


title: Copycat suicide

text: People who are young or old – but not middle-aged – seem to be most susceptible to this effect. At least five percent of youth suicides may be influenced by contagion.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Due to the effects of differential identification, the people who attempt to copy a suicidal act tend to have the same age and gender as the triggering suicide.


title: Copycat suicide

text: These suicidal actions tend to happen in the days and sometimes weeks after a suicide is announced. In exceptional cases, such as a widely discussed suicide by a celebrity, an increased level of thinking about suicide may persist for up to one year.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Copycat suicide is mostly blamed on the media. A study conducted in 2002 found evidence for "the influence of media on suicidal behaviour has been shown for newspaper and television reports of actual suicides, film and television portrayals of suicides, and suicide in literature, especially suicide manuals." "Hearing about a suicide seems to make those who are vulnerable feel they have permission to do it," Phillips said. He cited studies that showed that people were more likely to engage in dangerous deviant behavior, such as drug taking, if someone else had set the example first.


title: Copycat suicide

text: The Werther effect not only predicts an increase in suicide, but the majority of the suicides will take place in the same or a similar way as the one publicized. The more similar the person in the publicized suicide is to the people exposed to the information about it, the more likely the age group or demographic is to die by suicide. The increase generally happens only in areas where the suicide story was highly publicized. Upon learning of someone else's suicide, some people decide that action may be appropriate for them as well, especially if the publicized suicide was of someone in a situation similar to their own.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Publishing the means of suicides, romanticized and sensationalized reporting—particularly about celebrities, suggestions that there is an epidemic, glorifying the deceased and simplifying the reasons all lead to increases in the suicide rate. People may see suicide as a glamorous ending, with the deceased getting attention, sympathy, and concern that they never got in life. A second possible factor is that vulnerable youth may feel, "If they couldn't cut it, neither can I". Increased rate of suicides has been shown to occur up to ten days after a television report. Studies in Japan and Germany have replicated findings of an imitative effect. Etzersdorfer et al. in an Austrian study showed a strong correlation between the number of papers distributed in various areas and the number of subsequent firearm suicides in each area after a related media report. Higher rates of copycat suicides have been found in those with similarities in race, age, and gender to the deceased in the original report.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Stack analyzed the results from 42 studies and found that those measuring the effect of a celebrity suicide story were 14.3 times more likely to find a copycat effect than studies that did not. Studies based on a real as opposed to a fictional story were 4.03 times more likely to uncover a copycat effect and research based on televised stories was 82% less likely to report a copycat effect than research based on newspapers. Other scholars have been less certain about whether copycat suicides truly happen or are selectively hyped. For instance, fears of a suicide wave following the suicide of Kurt Cobain never materialized in an actual increase in suicides. Coverage of Cobain's suicide in the local Seattle area focused largely on treatment for mental health issues, suicide prevention and the suffering Cobain's death caused to his family. Perhaps as a result, the local suicide rate actually declined in the following months.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Furthermore, there is evidence for an indirect Werther effect, i.e. the perception that suicidal media content influences others which, in turn, can concurrently or additionally influence one person's own future thoughts and behaviors. Similarly the researcher Gerard Sullivan has critiqued research on copycat suicides, suggesting that data analyses have been selective and misleading and that the evidence for copycat suicides are much less consistent than suggested by some researchers.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Studies show a high incidence of psychiatric disorders in suicide cases at the time of their death with the total figure ranging from 87.3% to 98%, with mood disorders and substance abuse being the two most common.


title: Copycat suicide

text: An alternate model to explain copycat suicide, called "social proof" by Robert Cialdini, goes beyond the theories of glorification and simplification of reasons to look at why copycat suicides are so similar, demographically and in actual methods, to the original publicized suicide. In the social proof model, people imitate those who seem similar, despite or even because of societal disapproval. This model is important because it has nearly opposite ramifications for what the media ought to do about the copycat suicide effect than the standard model does. To deal with this problem, Alex Mesoudi of Queen Mary University of London, developed a computer model of a community of 1000 people, to examine how copycat suicides occur. These were divided into 100 groups of 10, in a model designed to represent different levels of social organization, such as schools or hospitals within a town or state. Mesoudi then circulated the simulation through 100 generations. He found the simulated people acted just as sociologists' theory predicted. They were more likely to die by suicide in clusters, either because they had learned this trait from their friends, or because suicidal people are more likely to be like one another.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Various countries have national journalism codes which range from one extreme of, "Suicide and attempted suicide should in general never be given any mention" (Norway) to a more moderate, "In cases of suicide, publishing or broadcasting information in an exaggerated way that goes beyond normal dimensions of reporting with the purpose of influencing readers or spectators should not occur." University of London psychologist Alex Mesoudi recommends that reporters follow the sort of guidelines the World Health Organization and others endorse for coverage of any suicide: use extreme restraint in covering these deaths—keep the word "suicide" out of the headline, don't romanticize the death, and limit the number of stories. "Photography, pictures, visual images or film depicting such cases should not be made public" (Turkey). While many countries do not have national codes, media outlets still often have in-house guidelines along similar lines. In the United States, there are no industry-wide standards. A survey of in-house guides of 16 US daily newspapers showed that only three mentioned the word "suicide," and none gave guidelines about publishing the method of suicide. Craig Branson, online director of the American Society of News Editors (ASNE), has been quoted as saying, "Industry codes are very generic and totally voluntary. Most ethical decisions are left to individual editors at individual papers. The industry would fight any attempt to create more specific rules or standards, and editors would no doubt ignore them." Guidelines on the reporting of suicides in Ireland were introduced recently with attempt to remove any positive connotations the act might have (e.g. using the term "completed" rather than "successful" when describing a suicide attempt which resulted in a death).


title: Copycat suicide

text: The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's journalistic standards and practices manual discourages the reporting of the details of suicide.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Australia is one of the few countries where there a concerted effort to teach journalism students about this subject was made. In the 2000s, the Mindframe national media initiative followed an ambivalent response by the Australian Press Council to an earlier media resource kit issued by Suicide Prevention Australia and the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention. The UK-based media ethics charity MediaWise provides training for journalists on reporting suicide and related issues.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Headline is Ireland's media monitoring programme for suicide and mental health issues, set up by Shine and the Health Service Executives National Office for Suicide Prevention as part of the program "Reach Out: National Strategy for action on Suicide Prevention". Headline works with media professionals and students to find ways to collaborate to ensure that suicide, mental health and mental illness are responsibly covered in the media and provides information on reporting on mental health and suicidal behavior, literature and daily analysis of news stories. Headline also serves as a vehicle for the public to become involved in helping to monitor the Irish media on issues relating to mental health and suicide.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Studies suggest that the risk of suicide fell significantly when media outlets began following recommendations for suicide reporting in the late 20th century.


title: Copycat suicide

text: The Papageno effect is the effect that mass media can have by presenting non-suicide alternatives to crises. It is named after a lovelorn character, Papageno, from the 18th-century opera "The Magic Flute"; he was contemplating suicide until other characters showed him a different way to resolve his problems.


title: Copycat suicide

text: If a novel or news can induce self-harm, then it must be assumed that those narratives might have a positive effect on prevention. There is more research into the damage done by "irresponsible media reports" than into the protective effects of positive stories, but when newspapers refuse to publicize suicide events or change the way that they provide information about suicide events, the risk of copycat suicides declines.


title: Copycat suicide

text: In 2018, Northwestern University interviewed 5,000 adolescents and parents in the US, UK, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand to explore how they related to "13 Reasons Why", a controversial TV show produced by Netflix. The research suggested that watching the show prompted conversations between teens and parents about bullying, suicide and mental health. Most importantly, the show led adolescents to show more empathy for their peers. The study also reported that parents and adolescents were interested in finding more information on suicide prevention.


title: Copycat suicide

text: It has been argued that appropriate portrayals of suicide, showing negative consequences or alternative consequences, might have a preventive effect and empower vulnerable audience in encouraging help-seeking and normalizing mental health problems.


title: Copycat suicide

text: An example occurred in Vienna, Austria where the media reporting increased dramatically the number of copycat suicides. Reduction began when a working group of the Austrian Association for Suicide Prevention developed media guidelines and initiated discussions with the media which culminated with an agreement to abstain from reporting on cases of suicide. Examples of celebrities whose suicides have triggered suicide clusters include Ruan Lingyu, the Japanese musicians Yukiko Okada and hide, the South Korean actress Choi Jin-Sil, whose suicide caused suicide rates to rise by 162.3% and Marilyn Monroe, whose death was followed by an increase of 200 more suicides than average for that August month.


title: Copycat suicide

text: Another famous case is the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on December 17, 2010, an act that was a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and sparked the Arab Spring, including several men who emulated Bouazizi's act.


title: Copycat suicide

text: A 2017 study published in "JAMA Internal Medicine" found the online series "13 Reasons Why" which chronicled a fictional teen's suicide was associated with an increase in suicide related Internet searches, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide", an 18% increase for "commit suicide" and 9% increase for "how to kill yourself." On May 29, 2019, research published in JAMA Psychiatry outlined an association of increased suicides in 10- to 19-year-olds in the United States in the 3 months following the release of "13 Reasons Why", consistent with a media contagion of suicide in the show. However, some media scholar studies implied that viewing "13 Reasons Why" was not associated with suicidal ideation but actually with reduced depressive symptoms.


title: Copycat suicide

text: The cause-and-effect relationship between media and suicide is not simple to prove. Prof. Sonia Livingstone emphasized the claim of causality in media-effect cannot be considered conclusive because of different methodological approaches and disciplinary perspective. Even if it is accepted that media can have an effect on suicidal ideation, it is not a sufficient condition to drive people to commit suicide, the effects that media can have on suicidal behaviour are certainly less important than individual psychological and social risk factors.


Visa requirements for South African citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Republic of South Africa. As of 13 April 2021, South African citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 103 countries and territories, ranking the South African passport 53rd in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.


title: Visa requirements for South African citizens

text: Where visa-free access is permitted, such access is not necessarily a right, and admission is at the discretion of border enforcement officers. Visitors engaging in activities other than tourism, including unpaid work, may require a visa or work permit.


text: It does not provide for where certain people under the assumption remained British Subjects without Citizenship, then later became British Overseas Citizens or British Subjects in 1983, there are different requirements. See Visa requirements for British Overseas citizens or South African nationality law.


text: This list provides for the period of stay under "Allowed Stay" generally for short stay activities where a Visa is not required in sovereign states.


text: In some instances, a Visa Exemption permits entry in lieu of obtaining a Visa/ Entry Visa if in possession of the following Visas or Permanent Relationships, this is not limited to entitlements or provisions laid down by the country's law, for instance, right to enter without prior authority due to background such as in the case of former Indian Citizens:


text: This list does not include the ability of a Visa Document Exemption/ Substitute for a Visa Application, for instance a US Visa as an exemption document for the issue of a Qatari e-Visa.


text: United States of America - South African Citizens in possession of a valid United States Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) visa-free for the time indicated beside, this also includes the countries consisting of the former Yugoslavia:


text: Canada - South African Citizens in possession of a valid Canadian Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) visa-free for the time indicated adjacent:


text: Right of Abode in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - South African Citizens who are in possession of a Valid Certificate of Entitlement substantiating their claim to the Right of Abode in the United Kingdom in their South African passport (as either a British National or South African/ Commonwealth Citizen) may enter the following Commonwealth Realms/ countries for the same period for as a South African Citizen who would usually a Visa but without the Right of Abode in the United Kingdom (+except the United Kingdom as right to reside is automatic):


text: South African citizens in possession of Leave to Remain or Enter holders(whether permanent or temporary)/ Ireland Biometric Visa or Permanent Residency holders:


text: Permanent Residence in the Commonwealth of Australia - South African Citizens with any type of a Valid Australian Permanent Resident Visa electronically granted or as a label still valid may enter the following country:


text: Holder's must also consider that they will be able to return to Australia as a Permanent Resident should the expiry of their travel facility on their Australian Permanent Residence occur whilst they are in New Zealand. The Australian Resident Visa granted in New Zealand is indefinite if in New Zealand, however expires when leaving.


text: As of 1 October 2019, Australian Permanent Residents need to apply for a New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority (NZeTA) if they wish to enter New Zealand. The ETA is valid for 2 years however there is no time limit on the length of stay, this is just the time the holder must enter within. The cost is NZD 9 on the mobile app and NZD 12 on the internet per traveller and takes about 5 minutes to complete. The aim is to preauthorise travel to New Zealand. Once the Australian Permanent Resident arrives, they will be granted a New Zealand Visa for Australian Residents (Australian Resident Visa) subject to satisfying character requirements. It is very important to consider three things: Validity of Australian Permanent Residence in order to return to Australia or New Zealand, Validity of NZeTA and leaving New Zealand. Leaving New Zealand will terminate the New Zealand Visa for Australian Resident, if the Australian Permanent Resident Visa is not Valid then they will not be able to return to New Zealand or Australia. There are no other costs involved. https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/about-visa/australian-resident-visa


text: European Union Family Member - South African Citizens who are travelling with or joining their EU family members in the European Union in a Country "other than where their family member is a citizen of" does not require a Visa to enter and enjoy the same entry rights and stay, however this would be difficult to prove and as a result, entry could be refused. Visa should be applied for in advance which is usually with no or minimal requirements to meet if the applicant is a family member of an EU Citizen. For instance, a person who wants to travel with their spouse to France where their spouse is a Citizen of the Republic of Lithuania should apply for a Schengen Visa in advance or where a person wants to join their Lithuanian spouse who resides in France should also apply for a Schengen Visa in order to prove their right and avoid misconception. In most cases, airlines will not permit travel without a visa. There is no time limit a family member can stay (indefinite stay), they must just enter before the Visa expires if joining their family or travelling at the same time. There are no costs involved either. European Union citizens and their South African family members will need to apply for settled or pre-settled status if they wish continue residing in the UK after 31 December 2020. Settled Status can be granted when the applicant has resided in the UK for 5 years and is valid indefinitely. In order to maintain settled status, people must visit the UK every 5 years. Pre-Settled status is granted when the applicant has resided in the UK for less than 5 years and is valid for 5 years. In order to maintain pre-settled status, people must visit the UK every two years. However, applicants would have to meet continuous residence until they reach 5 years if they want to qualify for settled status after 31 December 2020. It will not be possible to be granted another pre-settled Visa.