title: Chinese giant salamander

text: A hunting tool known as a bow hook is one of the preferred methods used by hunters to catch the salamander. This hunting tool is made with a combination of bamboo and sharp hooks baited with frogs or smaller fish. This is used to capture the salamander and keep it alive. Some hunters use pesticides to kill the salamander. Farmers often poach wild salamanders to stock their breeding programs, while others are hunted as food.


title: Chinese giant salamander

text: In a 2018 study, the Zoological Society of London and the Kunming Institute of Zoology in China reported on their surveys for giant salamanders in 16 Chinese provinces over four years. The researchers had been unable to confirm survival of wild salamanders at any of the 97 sites they surveyed. The study also brought up worries that commercial farms and conservation programs were crossbreeding what they described as five distinct species of Chinese giant salamanders. All the wild populations studied were found "critically depleted or extirpated" by the study. A related study found that some of the five distinct genetic lineages were probably already extinct in the wild. However, the exhaustiveness of these surveys was questioned in a 2022 study by Chai "et al"., who noted that over a third of the surveys had been performed only in Guizhou Province, and another third of the surveys had been performed in provinces that were only selected by habitat suitability modeling and had no actual historic records of giant salamanders. Based on this, the extent of extirpation of Chinese "Andrias" remains uncertain, especially as a natural population of "Andrias jiangxiensis" was discovered during the Chai "et al." study.


title: Chinese giant salamander

text: To understand the conservation efforts in China, it is important to know something about the events of the several past hundred years of China's history relating to social attitudes, pressures on nature and natural resources, and the political ambition to safeguard the natural environment. Each of these are significant factors and determinants of conservation efforts. Up until the year 1700, China was a country that was rampant with land reclamations, growing land exploitation, and wars. These series of events led to a huge upsurge in the diminishing of the natural biomass and as well as a reduction in spatial distribution of biotic resources. The significance of this situation was that this drastic dwindling of resources made the people of this region aware of the relationship between utilization and conservation. From 1911 to 1949, China began to move into the direction of modern industry, urbanization, civil wars, and agriculture. This transition period brought with it the depletion and disappearance of various renewable resources, as well as the pollution of various biotopes. This lack of conservation eventually led to a deteriorating environment, which meant lower standards of living for the Chinese population. This is the point when both the government and the people of China came to the epiphany that the environment matters. It was not until 1956 that modern nature conservation efforts begin to develop.


title: Chinese giant salamander

text: The Chinese reforms that preceded this new Chinese perspective on conservation were not only beneficial to the Chinese giant salamander, but all organisms that occupied the natural environment of China. There was a formation of a new administrative system for nature conservation, which came together in the late 1950s. This new structure was able to establish new regulations that aimed at being successful in educating the masses about the value and significance of nature conservation, promoting awareness on the present status of various species, as well as prohibiting anti-conservation efforts such as hunting and trading of protected species such as the Chinese giant salamander. Some examples would be the Environmental Protection Law of 1979, Regulation of Water and Soil Conservation of 1982, Forestry Law of 1985, as well as the Wildlife Conservation Law of 1988. It was during this time period that the Chinese giant salamander was categorized as a category II species. All these species are endangered because their population is declining or their geographic distribution is becoming restricted.


title: Chinese giant salamander

text: In the midst of all these conservation efforts, in the late 1970s, a program network of nature reserves was established in China. These reserves were established to uphold four major principles.


title: Chinese giant salamander

text: Many of these reservations were created for the overall protection of all endangered species of China and the conservation of the natural world they occupy. A few more reservations were made specifically with the idea of preserving Chinese giant salamander populations. Beginning in the 1980s, there have been more than 14 nature reserves established for the conservation of the Chinese giant salamander, such as the Zhangjiaje Giant Salamander Nature Reserve, Lushi Giant Salamander Nature Reserve, Qingyaoshan Giant Salamander Nature Reserve, Youyang Giant Salamander Nature Reserve, and the Taibai Giant Salamander Nature Reserve.


title: Chinese giant salamander

text: Though many efforts have been put forward, very few regulations have actually been enforced. Due to lack of strong influential regulations and lack of funding, the conservation of the Chinese giant salamander has all but failed. They continue to have major decline in their populations due to human intervention of many different sorts. Even nature reserves continue to see diminution of populations. Many of the reserves suffer from the same issues, such as shortage of funding and personnel, poaching, development of tourism, etc. Few believe that even with the major losses already suffered, the situation can still be turned around through proper protection of the Chinese giant salamander habitats, nesting sites, prevention of pollution from surface runoff, banning of certain hunting methods, and an assessment of irrigation work with nature reserves. Some believe that there also need to be more surveys carried out that institutes the conservation status and demography of the salamander, as well as having a holistic view of the life history of this species. Others say that a public information campaign is needed to better educate local inhabitants.


title: Chinese giant salamander

text: Construction has begun on the largest artificial breeding and protection base for the endangered giant salamander in China. The base in Jing'an County, in the eastern province of Jiangxi, will breed the amphibians for scientific research, the traditional Chinese medicine industry and for exhibition in aquariums. Located in the Sanzhaolun Forest Park, the 10.83 million yuan (1.35 million U.S. dollars) project is intended to breed 60,000 giant salamanders annually when it is completed by the end of next year. The base, covering 10,000 square meters, would boost efforts to save the world's largest amphibian from extinction, said Li Xinfa, head of the Jing'an County Giant Salamander Research Center. The number of wild giant salamanders has declined rapidly due to their value as a source of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and as food, and due to poaching, loss of habitat and pollution. It is included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species meaning commercial international trade in wild specimens is prohibited, and it is under state protection in China. EDGE (Evolutionarily Distinct & Globally Endangered) aims to ensure the future of this salamander by helping to create an environmental education programme encouraging sustainable management of wild populations.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The Kawanishi N1K "Kyōfū (, "Strong Wind", Allied reporting name "Rex") is an Imperial Japanese Navy floatplane fighter. The Kawanishi N1K-J "Shiden (, "Violet Lightning") was an Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service land-based version of the N1K. Assigned the reporting name "George", the N1K-J was considered by both its pilots and opponents to be one of the finest land-based fighters flown by the Japanese during World War II.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The "Shiden Kai" possessed heavy armament, as well as surprisingly good maneuverability, due to a mercury switch that automatically extended the flaps during turns. These "combat" flaps created more lift, thereby allowing tighter turns. Unlike the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the "Shiden Kai" could compete against the best late-war Allied fighters, such as the F6F Hellcat, F4U Corsair, and P-51 Mustang.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: Kawanishi's N1K was originally built as a single pontoon floatplane fighter to support forward offensive operations where no airstrips were available, but by 1943 when the aircraft entered service, Japan was firmly on the defensive, and there was no longer a need for a fighter to fulfill this role. It was powered by the Mitsubishi MK4C "Kasei" 13 14-cylinder radial engine.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The requirement to carry a bulky, heavy float essentially crippled the N1K against contemporary American fighters. However, Kawanishi engineers had proposed in late 1941 that the N1K would also be the basis of a formidable land-based fighter, and a land-based version was produced as a private venture by the company. This version flew on 27 December 1942, powered by a Nakajima NK9A "Homare" 11 18-cylinder radial engine, replacing the less powerful MK4C "Kasei" 13 of the N1K-1. The aircraft retained the mid-mounted wing of the floatplane; combined with the large propeller, this necessitated a long, stalky main landing gear. A unique feature was the aircraft's combat flaps that automatically adjusted in response to acceleration, freeing up the pilot's concentration and reducing the chance of stalling in combat. The N1K did have temperamental flight characteristics, however, that required an experienced touch at the controls.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The Nakajima "Homare" was powerful, but had been rushed into production before it was sufficiently developed, and proved troublesome. Another problem was landing gear failure due to poor heat treatment of the wheels. Apart from engine problems and the landing gear, the flight test program showed that the aircraft was promising. Prototypes were evaluated by the Navy, and since the aircraft was faster than the Zero and had a much longer range than the Mitsubishi J2M "Raiden", it was ordered into production as the N1K1-J, the -J indicating a land-based fighter modification of the original floatplane fighter.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: Only four days after the "Shiden"s first test flight, a complete redesign began. The N1K2-J addressed the N1K1-J's major defects, primarily the mid-mounted wing and long landing gear. The wings were moved to a low position, which permitted the use of a shorter, conventional undercarriage. The fuselage was lengthened and the tail redesigned. The production of the entire aircraft was simplified: over a third of the parts used in the previous "Shiden" could still be used in its successor, while construction used fewer critical materials. The N1K1 redesign was approximately 250 kg (550 lb) lighter, and was faster and more reliable than its predecessor. The "Homare" engine was retained, even though reliability problems persisted, as no alternative was available. A prototype of the new version flew on 1 January 1944. After completing Navy trials in April, the N1K2-J was rushed into production. This variant was named the "Shiden-Kai" (紫電改), with "Kai" meaning "modified".


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The N1K1-J Shiden entered service in early 1944. The N1K1-J, and the N1K2 Shiden-Kai released later that year were among the rare Japanese aircraft that offered pilots an even chance against late-war American designs, such as the F6F Hellcat and the F4U Corsair, and could be a formidable weapon in the hands of an ace. In February 1945 Lieutenant Kaneyoshi Muto, flying a N1K2-J as part of a formation of at least 10 expert Japanese pilots, faced seven US Navy Hellcat pilots, from squadron VF-82, in the sky over Japan; the formation shot down four Hellcats with no loss to themselves. After the action, Japanese propagandists fabricated a story in which Muto was the sole airman facing 12 enemy aircraft. (A leading Japanese ace, Saburō Sakai, later mentioned in his autobiography that Muto had actually done this feat at an earlier stage of the war – albeit at the controls of a Zero fighter.)


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The N1K1-J aircraft were used very effectively over Formosa (Taiwan), the Philippines, and, later, Okinawa. Before production was switched to the improved N1K2-J, 1,007 aircraft were produced, including prototypes. Because of production difficulties and damage done by B-29 raids on factories, only 415 of the superior N1K2-J fighters were produced.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The N1K2-J "Shiden-Kai" proved to be one of the best dogfighting aircraft produced by either side. Along with high speed, the Shiden-Kai offered pilots an agile aircraft with a roll rate of 82°/sec at , backing four powerful 20 mm cannons in the wings. As a bomber interceptor, the N1K2-J fared less well, hampered by a poor rate of climb and a reduced engine performance at high altitude.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The N1K2-J "Shiden-Kai" offered a formidable, if demanding aircraft in limited quantities. As a result, the planes were distributed to elite naval fighter units such as "343 Kōkūtai" ("343rd Naval Air Group") constituted on 25 December 1944 and commanded by Minoru Genda. The new "Kōkūtai" included some of Japan's most experienced fighter pilots, such as Naoshi Kanno and Saburo Sakai. The unit received the best available naval equipment, such as the Nakajima C6N "Saiun", codenamed "Myrt" long-range reconnaissance aircraft.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: On 18 March 1945 one of the "Myrts" spotted U.S. carriers en route to Japan. The following morning, "Shiden" aircraft flown by "343 Kōkūtai" intercepted 300 American aircraft. Many of the "Shiden" force were N1K2s. When the "Shidens" encountered Grumman F6F Hellcats from USN Fighter Bomber Squadron 17 (VBF-17), three aircraft were lost on both sides in the initial attack: one Hellcat and two "Shiden"s were shot down by enemy ground fire, two fighters collided in mid-air, and one Hellcat crashed while trying to land. Another "Shiden" dived on a Hellcat group, and downed another one. In the end, the "Hikōtai" lost six fighters versus eight VBF-17 fighters on the other side.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: Another noted encounter pitted the N1K against the Vought F4U Corsair; two Corsairs from VBF-10, accidentally separated from their main formations, were attacked by "Shidens" from the 343rd. Four N1K2s were shot down. The Corsairs managed to return to their carrier, . A second encounter took place, when pilots flying Shidens initially mistook Corsairs from Marine Fighter Squadron 123 (VMF-123) for Hellcats and attacked. A 30-minute aerial duel ensued, in which three Corsairs were shot down, and another five were damaged. Three other F4Us returned to their carriers, but were so heavily damaged that the planes were scrapped. No Shidens were lost to Corsairs in that aerial battle. Losses for the Japanese N1K pilots did occur in related action, however; two "Shidens" were shot down upon return for landing by Hellcats of Fighting Squadron 9 (VF-9), while many more "Shidens" were destroyed by American fighters over another airfield where, low on fuel, their pilots tried to land. At the end of the day the 343rd, claimed 52 kills and the U.S. squadrons 63. The actual losses were 15 "Shidens" and 13 pilots, a "Myrt", with its three-man crew, and nine other Japanese fighters. The U.S. also took heavy losses: 14 fighters and seven pilots, plus 11 attack aircraft. Five days later an unofficial award was sent to 343rd "Kōkūtai" for the valour shown on 19 March.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: On 12 April 1945 another fierce battle involved 343rd, during the mass kamikaze attack Kikusui N.2. The Japanese recorded several kills, but suffered 12 losses out of 34 aircraft. On 4 May, another 24 "Shidens" were sent in Kikusui N.5.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: In every encounter with enemy fighters, the "Shiden", especially the "Kai" version, proved to be a capable dogfighter with a potent combination of firepower, agility, and rugged structure. The premier unit flying the "Shiden", 343rd "Kōkūtai", remained operational, until overwhelming unit losses obliged the group to stand down. The 343rd was disbanded on 14 August 1945, when the Emperor ordered surrender.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: One N1K2-J (s/n 5128, tail code A343-19) is at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The second N1K2-Ja (s/n 5312), a fighter-bomber variant equipped with wing mounts to carry bombs, is on display in the Air Power gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft was displayed outside for many years in a children's playground in San Diego, suffering considerable corrosion, and had become seriously deteriorated. In 1959 it was donated to the Museum through the cooperation of the San Diego Squadron of the Air Force Association. In October 2008 the aircraft was returned to display following an extensive eight year restoration. Many parts had to be reverse engineered by the Museum's restoration staff. Four different aircraft serial numbers were found on parts throughout the airframe, indicating reassembly from three different wrecks brought back to the U.S. for examination, or wartime assembly or repair from parts obtained from three different aircraft. Serial number 5312 was found in the most locations, and is the number now cited. This N1K2-Ja is painted as an aircraft in the Yokosuka Kōkūtai, an evaluation and test unit. This is indicated by the tail code (Yo)ヨ-105.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The third example (s/n 5341, tail code A343-35) is owned by the National Air and Space Museum but was restored by the Champlin Fighter Museum at Falcon Field, Mesa, Arizona, in return for the right to display the aircraft at Falcon Field for 10 years after restoration. It currently is on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The fourth authentic "Shiden-Kai" is displayed in a local museum at Nanreku Misho Koen in Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan. This aircraft is known to be from the 343rd Kōkūtai, as the unit flew sorties in the area, but the tail code is unknown as it was partially restored from a corroded wreck recovered from the sea. After an aerial battle on July 24, 1945, its pilot ditched the aircraft in the waters of the Bungo Channel, but he was never found; by the time of the aircraft's recovery from the seabed on July 14, 1979, he could be identified only as one of six pilots from the 343rd squadron who disappeared that day. Photographs of the six—including Takashi Oshibuchi, commander of the 701 "Hikōtai", and Kaneyoshi Muto—are displayed under the aircraft engine. In 2019, the aircraft was restored to non-flying condition.


title: Kawanishi N1K

text: The fifth N1K Kyōfū is located on display at the National Museum of the Pacific War in Fredricksburg, Texas.


title: Bethel

text: Bethel (, "House of El" or "House of God", also transliterated "Beth El", "Beth-El", "Beit El"; ; ) was an ancient Israelite sanctuary frequently mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.


title: Bethel

text: Bethel is first referred to in the bible as being near where Abram pitched his tent. Later, Bethel is mentioned as the location where Jacob dreams of a ladder leading to heaven, and which he therefore named Bethel, "House of God". The name is further used for a border city located between the territory of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin and that of the tribe of Ephraim, which first belonged to the Benjaminites and was later conquered by the Ephraimites. In the 4th century CE, Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome described Bethel as a small village that lay 12 Roman miles north of Jerusalem, to the right or east of the road leading to Neapolis.


title: Bethel

text: Most scholars identify Bethel with the modern-day village of Beitin, located in the West Bank, northeast of Ramallah; a few scholars prefer El-Bireh. In 1977, the biblical name was applied to the Israeli settlement of Beit El, founded nearby. In several countries—particularly in the United States—the name has been given to various locations (see Bethel (disambiguation)).


title: Bethel

text: Edward Robinson identified the Arab village of Beitin in the West Bank with ancient Bethel in "Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1838–52". He based this assessment on its fitting the location described in earlier texts, and on the philological similarities between the modern and ancient name, arguing that the replacement of the Hebrew "el" with the Arabic "in" was not unusual. Most academics continue to identify Bethel with Beitin.


title: Bethel

text: David Palmer Livingston contradicts this view, based on the lack of positive identification by means of inscriptions and relying on the distance from Jerusalem according to Eusebius and Jerome. He identifies Bethel with El-Bireh, suggesting that Beitin might be biblical Ophrah; however, Ophrah is commonly identified with the nearby village of Taybeh.


title: Bethel

text: Bethel is mentioned several times in Genesis. It is first mentioned in , as a place near where Abram stayed and built an altar on his way to Egypt and on his return. It is said to be close to the Ai and just to the west of it. More famously it is mentioned again in , when Jacob, fleeing from the wrath of his brother Esau, falls asleep on a stone and dreams of a ladder stretching between Heaven and Earth and thronged with angels; God stands at the top of the ladder, and promises Jacob the land of Canaan; when Jacob awakes he anoints the stone (baetylus) with oil and names the place Bethel. Another account, from repeats the covenant with God and the naming of the place (as El-Bethel), and makes this the site of Jacob's own change of name to Israel. Both versions state that the original name of the place was Luz, a Canaanite name.


title: Bethel

text: Bethel is mentioned again in the book of as being close to Ai and on the west side of it; in this episode Joshua sent men from Jericho to capture Ai. At it is again said to be next to Luz, near Jericho, and part of the territory of the descendants of Joseph (that is Manasseh and Ephraim, cf. ).


title: Bethel

text: In the book of the descendants of Joseph capture the city of Bethel, which again is said to have previously been called Luz. At the prophetess Deborah is said to dwell at Bethel under the palm-tree of Deborah (presumably a reference to , where another Deborah, the nurse of Jacob's mother Rebecca, is said to have been buried under a tree at Bethel). Bethel is said in to be in Mt. Ephraim.


title: Bethel

text: At , where the Hebrew Beth-El is translated in the King James Version as the 'House of God,' the people of Israel go to Bethel to ask counsel of God when they are planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. They make a second visit () after losing the battle. Bethel was evidently already an important religious centre at this time; it was so important, in fact, that the Ark of the Covenant was kept there, under the care of Phinehas the grandson of Aaron ( f). At , Bethel is said to be south of Shiloh.


title: Bethel

text: In the book , it is said that the prophet Samuel, who resided at Ramah, used to make a yearly circuit of Bethel, Gilgal and Mizpah to judge Israel. At I Samuel 10:3, Samuel tells Saul to go to Bethel to visit the 'Hill of God,' where he will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place with a 'psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp.' It appears that there was a Philistine garrison there at that time. Bethel is mentioned again in and .


title: Bethel

text: After the kingdom of Israel was split into two kingdoms on the death of King Solomon (c.931 BC), Jeroboam, the first king of the northern Kingdom of Israel, made two golden calves ( ff) and set one up in Bethel, and the other in Dan in the far north of his kingdom. This was apparently to make it unnecessary for the people of Israel to have to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple there. It seems that this action provoked the hostility of the Judaeans. A story is told at ff of how a man from Judah visited the shrine at Bethel and prophesied that it would eventually be destroyed by Josiah.


title: Bethel

text: According to ff, the prophets Elijah and Elisha visited Bethel on a journey from Gilgal to Jericho shortly before Elijah was taken up to heaven alive (). Later, when Elisha returned alone to Bethel, he was taunted by some young men (not 'young boys' as it is translated in some English Bibles) as he climbed up to the shrine, and cursed them; whereupon 42 of the young men were mauled by bears ( ff).


title: Bethel

text: Bethel is next mentioned in connection with the tenth king of Israel, Jehu (c. 842-815 BC). Despite his killing of the prophets of Baal and destruction of their temple, it is said that Jehu continued to tolerate the presence of the golden calves in Bethel and Dan (). The shrine at Bethel apparently avoided destruction in the Assyrian invasions of the Kingdom of Israel in c. 740 and 722, but was finally completely destroyed by King Josiah of Judah (c. 640-609 BC).


title: Bethel

text: A few years later, the prophet Hosea (8th century BC) speaks (at least according to modern translations) of the "wickedness" of Bethel () and Jeremiah (6th century BC) speaks of the "shame" which it brought on Israel (). describes how the Israelites are abandoning Adonai for the worship of Baal, and accuses them of making or using images for 'idol' worship. Chief among these, it appears, was the image of the bull at Bethel, which by the time of Hosea was being worshipped as an image of Baal.


title: Bethel

text: Bethel/Beitin was again inhabited and fortified by Bacchides the Syrian in the time of the Maccabees. Josephus tells us that Bethel was captured by Vespasian. Robinson notes that after the writings of Eusebius and Jerome, he found no further references to Bethel in the written historical record. However, he notes that the ruins at Beitin are greater than those of a village and seem to have undergone expansion after the time of Jerome, noting also the presence of what appear to be ruins of churches from the Middle Ages. The town appears on the 6th century Madaba Map as "Louza (), also known as Bethel (, "Bethēl")".


title: Bethel

text: Bethel ("House of God") is mentioned in the Bible as the site where Jacob slept and dreamed of angels going up and down a ladder (Genesis 28:19). Some scholars identify Beit El with the site of the biblical Bethel. The first to establish the village of Beitin as the site of Bethel was Edward Robinson, in 1838. Henry Baker Tristram repeated this claim. J. J. Bimson and David Livingston proposed el-Bireh as the site of Bethel, a view rejected by Jules Francis Gomes, who wrote that "The voices of Livingston and Bimson have hardly been taken seriously by those who worked on the excavations of Bethel."


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Scott Gordon Perry (born May 27, 1962) is an American politician and retired U.S. Army National Guard Brigadier General. He is the U.S. representative for . His district, numbered the 4th district from 2013 to 2019, includes Harrisburg, York, and most of the inner suburbs.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: A member of the Republican Party, Perry represented the 92nd district in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 2007 to 2013. He is a retired Pennsylvania Army National Guard brigadier general. In November 2021, Perry was elected chairman of the House Freedom Caucus, the most conservative group among U.S. House Republicans.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: On December 20, 2021, the House committee investigating the January 6 Capitol attack called for an interview with Perry, the first time it publicly sought to question a sitting member of Congress. Perry declined the request the next day. The panel's chairperson said it had evidence from several witnesses that Perry had "an important role" in efforts to install Justice Department official Jeffrey Clark as acting attorney general as part of attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election. The committee subpoenaed Perry on May 12, 2022.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry was born in San Diego, California. His family moved to Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, when he was seven. In 1980, he graduated from Northern High School in Dillsburg and Cumberland-Perry Vo-Tech School in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. In 1991, Perry obtained a B.S. in business administration and management from Pennsylvania State University. In July 2012, he received a master's degree in strategic planning from the United States Army War College.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry began his military career in 1980 when he enlisted in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. He attended basic training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and graduated from Advanced Individual Training at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, as a technical drafting specialist. He graduated from Pennsylvania's Officer Candidate School and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Field Artillery.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: After receiving his commission, Perry qualified as a helicopter pilot in the Aviation branch. He served in a variety of staff and command assignments as he advanced through the ranks, including executive officer of 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment during deployment to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2002–2003, and commander of 2nd Battalion (General Support), 104th Aviation Regiment beginning in 2008.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In 2009–2010, Perry commanded 2nd Battalion, 104th Aviation Regiment during its pre-deployment training and service in Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom. As Task Force Diablo, 2-104th Aviation was credited with flying 1,400 missions, accruing over 13,000 combat flight hours, and transporting over 3 million pounds of cargo and 43,000 soldiers and civilians. Perry was credited with flying 44 missions and accrued nearly 200 combat flight hours.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: After returning from Iraq, Perry was promoted to colonel and assigned to command the Pennsylvania National Guard's 166th Regiment (Regional Training Institute) (2010–2012). From 2012 to 2014, he commanded the garrison at the Fort Indiantown Gap National Training Center. In May 2014, Perry was assigned as one of the assistant division commanders of the 28th Infantry Division, and he was promoted to brigadier general in November 2015. In May 2016, he was assigned as assistant adjutant general for Army at the Pennsylvania National Guard's Joint Force Headquarters. Perry retired from the Pennsylvania National Guard on March 1, 2019.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In 1993, Perry founded Hydrotech Mechanical Services, Inc., a mechanical contracting firm in Dillsburg. The firm provides contract construction and maintenance services to municipal and investor-owned utilities from North Carolina to New York, specializing in large meter calibration. In 2002, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection accused the company of altering sewage monitoring reports while doing work for the Memphord Estates Sewage Treatment Company. Perry faced criminal charges of conspiring to falsify state-mandated sewage records. In the aftermath of the investigation and review, he was allowed to complete a diversion program and avoid any criminal charges, which allowed him to maintain his U.S security clearance.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In 2006, state representative Bruce Smith of Pennsylvania's 92nd House district decided to retire. Perry won the Republican primary with 41% of the vote. He won the general election with 71% of the vote, and took office on January 2, 2007. In 2008, Perry was reelected to a second term unopposed. In 2010, he was reelected to a third term unopposed.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In 2012, Perry gave up his state house seat to run for the 4th congressional district. The district had previously been the 19th district, represented by six-term incumbent Republican Todd Platts, who was giving up the seat to honor a self-imposed term limit. In 2010, when Platts wanted to become U.S. Comptroller General, he spoke to Perry about running for the seat.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry won a seven-way primary with over 50% of the vote. Although outspent nearly 2 to 1 in the campaign, he beat his closest competitor with nearly three times as many votes. Political newcomer Harry Perkinson, an engineer, advanced in a two-way Democratic primary. Perry won the general election, 60%–34%.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In 2014, Perry was unopposed in the Republican primary and the former Harrisburg mayor, Linda D. Thompson, was unopposed in the Democratic primary. Perry won the general election, 75%–25%.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry won the 2016 election with no primary challenge and no official Democratic opponent. Joshua Burkholder of Harrisburg, a political novice, withdrew from the Democratic primary after too many signatures on his qualifying petition were successfully challenged. His subsequent write-in candidacy won the Democratic primary, but he was unaffiliated in the general election. Perry defeated Burkholder, 66%–34%.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: After ruling the state's congressional map an unconstitutional gerrymander, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court issued a new map for the 2018 elections. Perry's district was renumbered the 10th and made significantly more compact than its predecessor. It lost most of the more rural and Republican areas of York County to the neighboring 11th district (the old 16th). To make up for the loss in population, it was pushed slightly to the north, absorbing the remainder of Democratic-leaning Dauphin County that had not been in the old 4th. On paper, the new district was less Republican than its predecessor. Had the district existed in 2016, Donald Trump would have won it with 52% of the vote to Hillary Clinton's 43%; Trump carried the old 4th with 58% of the vote.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Pastor and Army veteran George Scott won the Democratic primary by a narrow margin and opposed Perry in the general election for the reconfigured 10th. The two debated in October before Perry won with 51.3% of the vote to Scott's 48.7%, with the new district boundaries taking effect in 2019. Perry held on by winning the district's share of his home county, York County, by 11,600 votes. This was the district's closest race since 1974, when Bill Goodling won his first term in what was then the 19th with 51% of the vote.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In 2020, Perry had no Republican primary challenge, and the Pennsylvania auditor general, Eugene DePasquale, won a two-way Democratic primary. Perry was reelected with 53% of the vote in the general election.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry is a member of the Freedom Caucus. In November 2021, he was elected to chair the group, succeeding Andy Biggs in January 2022.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In October 2017, in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, Perry accused CNN anchor Chris Cuomo of exaggerating the crisis in Puerto Rico.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In January 2018, Perry suggested that ISIS might have been involved in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. ISIS claimed responsibility for the attack, but authorities have maintained that gunman Stephen Paddock acted alone.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In December 2019, Perry was one of 195 Republicans to vote against both articles of impeachment against President Trump.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In October 2020, Perry was one of 17 Republicans to vote against a House resolution to formally condemn the QAnon conspiracy theory. He said he voted against the resolution because he was concerned about infringements on free speech, saying, "it's very dangerous for the government ... to determine what is okay to like and what is not okay to like."


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In March 2021, Perry voted against the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. He said only 9% of the act's spending was allotted to defeat the COVID-19 virus, while the rest would advance Democratic policies.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In April 2021, at a House Foreign Affairs subcommittee meeting on immigration, days after Fox News host Tucker Carlson promoted the Great Replacement theory, Perry said, "For many Americans, what seems to be happening or what they believe right now is happening is, what appears to them is we're replacing national-born American—native-born Americans to permanently transform the political landscape of this very nation."


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In June 2021, Perry was one of 21 House Republicans to vote against a resolution to give the Congressional Gold Medal to police officers who defended the U.S. Capitol on January 6. He cosponsored a bill, introduced the same day, that would give the same medal to police officers without mentioning the attack.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: At the June 2021 Republican Pennsylvania Leadership Conference, Perry said Democrats "are not the loyal opposition. They are the opposition to everything you love and believe in" and "want to destroy the country you grew up in", invoking comparisons to Nazis.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In July 2022, Perry was among 47 House Republicans to vote for the Respect for Marriage Act, which would repeal the Defense of Marriage Act and protect the right to same-sex marriage at a federal level. Perry said, "Agree or disagree with same-sex marriage, my vote affirmed my long-held belief that Americans who enter into legal agreements deserve to live their lives without the threat that our federal government will dissolve what they've built." Four months later, in an interview with Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council, Perry said he was tricked because he did not want to appear racist by voting against the bill, which also protects interracial marriage. Perry voted against final passage on December 8, 2022.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In 2020, Perry voted against the National Defense Authorization Act of 2021, which in part would prevent the president from withdrawing soldiers from Afghanistan without congressional approval.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In March 2021, Perry was one of 14 House Republicans to vote against a measure condemning the Myanmar coup d'état that overwhelmingly passed.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In July 2021, Perry voted against the bipartisan ALLIES Act, which would increase by 8,000 the number of special immigrant visas for Afghan allies of the U.S. military during its invasion of Afghanistan while also reducing some application requirements that caused long application backlogs; the bill passed in the House 407–16.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: In April 2022, Perry voted against a bill to encourage documentation and preservation of Russian war crimes during its invasion of Ukraine.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry voted against the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020 which authorized DHS to nearly double the available H-2B visas for the remainder of FY 2020.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry voted against the Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 1158) which effectively prohibits ICE from cooperating with Health and Human Services to detain or remove illegal alien sponsors of unaccompanied alien children (UACs).


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: According to "The Philadelphia Inquirer", Perry was "one of the leading figures in the effort to throw out Pennsylvania’s votes in the 2020 presidential election."


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: After the election, Perry promoted false claims of election fraud. Days after the election, in text messages to White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows, Perry suggested John Ratcliffe should direct the National Security Agency to investigate alleged Chinese hacking. Perry also asserted "the Brits" were behind a conspiracy to manipulate voting machines and that CIA director Gina Haspel was covering it up. The next month, he sent Meadows a link to a YouTube video that asserted voting machines had been manipulated via satellite from Italy; Meadows later sent the video to former Acting Attorney General Richard Donoghue, seeking an investigation. Donoghue told the committee the contentions in the video, originating from QAnon and far-right platforms which had been brought to the White House, were "pure insanity."


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry was one of 126 Republican House members to sign an amicus brief in support of "Texas v. Pennsylvania", a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Perry reportedly played a key role in a December 2020 crisis at the Justice Department, in which Trump considered firing Rosen and replacing him with Jeffrey Clark, the acting chief of the civil division of the DOJ. According to "The Los Angeles Times", Perry "prompted" Trump to consider the replacement. "The New York Times" reported that Perry introduced Clark to Trump because Clark's "openness to conspiracy theories about election fraud presented Mr. Trump with a welcome change from Rosen, who stood by the results of the election and had repeatedly resisted the president's efforts to undo them." Before the certification of the electoral college vote on January 6, Perry and Clark reportedly discussed a plan in which the Justice Department would send Georgia legislators a letter suggesting the DOJ had evidence of voter fraud and suggesting the legislators invalidate Georgia's electoral votes, even though the DOJ had investigated reports of fraud but found nothing significant, as attorney general Bill Barr had publicly announced weeks earlier. Clark drafted a letter to Georgia officials and presented it to Rosen and his deputy Richard Donoghue. It claimed the DOJ had "identified significant concerns that may have impacted the outcome of the election in multiple States" and urged the Georgia legislature to convene a special session for the "purpose of considering issues pertaining to the appointment of Presidential Electors." Rosen and Donoghue rejected the proposal. In August 2021, CNN reported that Ratcliffe had briefed top Justice Department officials that no evidence had been found of any foreign powers' interference with voting machines. Clark was reportedly concerned that intelligence community analysts were withholding information and believed Perry and others knew more about possible foreign interference. Clark requested authorization from Rosen and Donoghue for another briefing from Ratcliffe, asserting hackers had found that "a Dominion machine accessed the Internet through a smart thermostat with a net connection trail leading back to China."


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: On January 6, 2021, Perry joined Missouri senator Josh Hawley in objecting to counting Pennsylvania's electoral votes in the 2020 presidential election. During the storming of the U.S. Capitol that day, Perry and his congressional colleagues were ushered to a secure location.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: On December 20, 2021, House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack chairman Bennie Thompson wrote to Perry asking him to provide information about his involvement in the effort to install Clark as acting attorney general. Thompson believed Perry had been involved in the effort to install Clark, given previous testimony from Rosen and Donoghue, as well as communications between Perry and Meadows. Perry declined the request the next day, asserting the committee was illegitimate. Among several text messages to Meadows the committee released on December 14 was one attributed to a "member of Congress" dated January 5 that read "Please check your signal", a reference to the encrypted messaging system Signal. In his letter to Perry, Thompson mentioned evidence that Perry had communicated with Meadows using Signal, though Perry denied sending that particular text message. CNN acquired and published additional Meadows text messages in April 2022 that confirmed Perry had sent that message.


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: On June 9, 2022, Select Committee member Liz Cheney said that Perry requested a presidential pardon from Trump in the weeks after the January 6 attack. On June 10, Perry denied Cheney's assertion, calling it "an absolute, shameless, and soulless lie". On June 23, 2022, the Select Committee broadcast testimony from witnesses who said Perry and others had requested pardons. That included testimony from Cassidy Hutchinson, a former aide to Meadows, that Perry was one of several lawmakers who contacted her to "inquire about preemptive pardons." In response, Perry said he had never spoken with any White House staff about a pardon for him or any other members of Congress: "this never happened."


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: On August 9, 2022, Perry reported that three FBI agents had seized his cellphone after presenting him with a warrant. He called the seizure an "unnecessary and aggressive action".


title: Scott Perry (politician)

text: Text messages released in December 2022 documented Perry's involvement in the efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election.


title: Get Your Wings

text: Get Your Wings is the second studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released on March 1, 1974. The album was their first to be produced by Jack Douglas, who also was responsible for the band's next three albums. Three singles were released from the album, but none reached the singles charts.


title: Get Your Wings

text: In 1973, Aerosmith released its debut album to little fanfare. As guitarist Joe Perry recalled in the 1997 band memoir "Walk This Way", "There was no nothing at all: no press, no radio, no airplay, no reviews, no interviews, no party. Instead the album got ignored and there was a lot of anger and flipping out." The band had been somewhat nervous recording their first album, with vocalist Steven Tyler going so far to alter his singing voice, and they had very little chemistry with producer Adrian Barber. The band moved into an apartment in Brookline and began intensive rehearsals in a dungeon-like basement of a store called Drummer's Image on Newbury Street. By the time they began recording "Get Your Wings", however, Jack Douglas had agreed to work with the band, beginning a long and successful studio collaboration. According to Perry, Columbia had wanted the band to work with Bob Ezrin, who was also a producer with Alice Cooper. It was Ezrin who introduced the band to Douglas, and for "all practical purposes, Jack became our producer. Ezrin might have shown up three or four times, but only to make suggestions, like bringing in additional musicians to augment our sound."


title: Get Your Wings

text: "Get Your Wings" was recorded at the Record Plant in New York City between December 1973 and January 1974. Jay Messina engineered the sessions. Douglas later recalled, "To the best of my memory, the preproduction work for "Get Your Wings" started in the back of a restaurant that was like a Mob hangout in the North End. I commuted there from the Copley Plaza Hotel and they started to play me the songs they had for their new album. My attitude was: 'What can I do to make them sound like themselves?'"


title: Get Your Wings

text: One of the most well-known tracks is a cover of "Train Kept A-Rollin'", made popular by one of Aerosmith's favorite bands, the Yardbirds. According to Douglas, the crowd noise at the end of the track was taken from a "wild track" from "The Concert for Bangladesh", which he had worked on. The single version omits the echo and crowd noise. Notable for its start/stop groove, the song became the band's signature show-stopper, and still often ends concerts today. In 1997, drummer Joey Kramer explained to Alan Di Perna of "Guitar World" that its unique rhythmic feel originated "probably just from jamming on it at soundcheck and experimenting with putting a James Brown kind of beat behind it. I played with a lot of R&B-type groups before joining Aerosmith." In the same interview, Perry stated that "Train" was the one song "we all had in common when we came together."


title: Get Your Wings

text: In his autobiography, Tyler writes that "Seasons of Wither" had been "germinating in my head for a long time, but the other more sinister tracks, like 'Lord of the Thighs', came from the seedy area where we recorded the album. 'Lord of the Thighs' was about a pimp and the wildlife out on the street." Tyler plays the piano on "Lord of the Thighs", the opening beat of which is similar to the one Kramer would tap out a year later in "Walk This Way". He stated that the title was a pun on the famous William Golding novel "Lord of the Flies", and "the critics hated us for this. We weren't supposed to be smart enough to use literary references."


title: Get Your Wings

text: The closing "Pandora's Box" was written by Kramer, who recalled in 1997: "The summer before, we'd rented a farmhouse in East Thetford, Vermont, while we were rehearsing in New Hampshire, and that's where I wrote the melody of 'Pandora's Box.' Steven wrote the lines about women's liberation, a big new issue in those times." According to Douglas, the clarinet at the start of the track is a union engineer playing "I'm in the Mood for Love".


title: Get Your Wings

text: In 2014 Perry reflected, "We all put in endless hours, fueled by whatever substances were available... I knew the album, in spite of a few bright spots, still didn't capture the power of the band. We were better than the record we were making. And yet I didn't know how to get there. I didn't know how to get from good to great."


title: Get Your Wings

text: "On the second album," Tyler noted, "the songs found my voice. I realized that it's not about having a beautiful voice and hitting all the notes; it's about attitude."


title: Get Your Wings

text: Contemporary reviews were mostly positive. In his article for "Rolling Stone", Charley Walters praised the LP, writing that "the snarling chords of guitarists Joe Perry and Brad Whitford tautly propel each number, jibing neatly with the rawness of singer Steven Tyler, whose discipline is evident no matter how he shrieks, growls, or spits out the lyrics." "Billboard" reviewer called the music "derivative", but added that the band's "tough and nasty rock'n'roll vision" could be successful with the help of the right producers. Music critic Robert Christgau wrote that the band were "inheritors of the Grand Funk principle: if a band is going to be dumb, it might as well be American dumb. Here they're loud and cunning enough to provide a real treat for the hearing-impaired, at least on side one."


title: Get Your Wings

text: In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine declared that "Get Your Wings" was when Aerosmith "shed much of their influences and developed their own trademark sound, it's where they turned into songwriters, it's where Steven Tyler unveiled his signature obsessions with sex and sleaze... they're doing their bloozy bluster better and bolder, which is what turns this sophomore effort into their first classic." Ben Mitchell of "Blender" had the same impression and wrote that Aerosmith locked into their "trademark dirty funk" and "firmly established their simple lyrical blueprint: smut and high times" on this album. Canadian critic Martin Popoff praised the album and called it a "rich, inspired and consistently entertaining rock 'n' roller, a record much more intelligent than much metal to this point in time".


title: Jenn Sterger

text: Jennifer Lynette Sterger (born November 29, 1983) is an American model, television personality, and former online columnist for "Sports Illustrated". She has worked as the "Gameday Host" for the New York Jets and was a co-host of the Versus sports news show "The Daily Line". She has worked for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a backstage interviewer.


title: Jenn Sterger

text: Sterger was born in Miami and attended Gaither High School near Tampa before attending Florida State University (FSU). Sterger and Catherine Perry (who later gained fame in WWE under the ringname Lana) were among a group of friends called the FSU Cowgirls, known for wearing skimpy clothing and cowboy hats to football games. She first came to attention when she was shown during a 2005 Florida State–Miami football game televised on ABC Sports. On seeing the shot, announcer Brent Musburger commented on-air that "1,500 red-blooded Americans just decided to apply to Florida State."


title: Jenn Sterger

text: Sterger has posed in "Maxim" and "Playboy" magazines and was a spokesperson for Dr Pepper and Sprint. Sterger was featured on the "E!: Entertainment Television" show "Byte Me: 20 Hottest Women of the Web" that originally aired in March 2008, where she was #19 on their list.


title: Jenn Sterger

text: In 2009, Sterger had her breast implants removed, stating that they had served their purpose for her career, and that she was tired of being stereotyped.


title: Jenn Sterger

text: After contributing two articles to "Sports Illustrated", Sterger wrote a Wednesday feature on SI.com's "Scorecard Daily." In August 2008, the New York Jets hired her to be the "Gameday Host" for the team.


title: Jenn Sterger

text: Sterger was a regular segment host on the ABC show "Race to March Madness". The nationally televised weekly show highlighted the best teams in NCAA men's basketball and how the season was shaping up prior to the tournament. She hosted a weekly segment where she visited a top school's campus and interviewed players, coaches and fans of the respective teams.


title: Jenn Sterger

text: After seven months on the air, Versus cancelled "The Daily Line", a show she co-hosted, as of November 4, 2010. In 2011, Sterger worked as a reporter on specials for Fuel TV. In 2012 she moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.


title: Jenn Sterger

text: As of 2019, she has begun working at All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as an on-air personality conducting event updates and pre & post fight interviews with wrestlers.


title: Jenn Sterger

text: In October 2010, reports surfaced on the website Deadspin that during the 2008 NFL season, quarterback Brett Favre was alleged to have sent Sterger suggestive text messages and voicemails asking her to come to his hotel room, and explicit photos of himself. At this time, he was the quarterback for the New York Jets while she was a sideline reporter for the team. The league said its sole focus was on whether Favre violated workplace conduct policy, not to "make judgments about the appropriateness of personal relationships." Favre admitted to sending voicemails, but not images to Sterger. He was later fined $50,000 for "failure to cooperate" with the investigation. The NFL stated that it "could not conclude" that Favre had violated the personal conduct policy, and that there was not sufficient evidence to establish if Favre had sent the photos.


title: Jenn Sterger

text: On December 23, 2016, Sterger became engaged to baseball player Cody Decker. On January 19, 2018, Sterger married Decker.


title: Witch house (genre)

text: Witch house is a microgenre of electronic music characterized by dark occult themes and visual aesthetics that emerged in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The style is heavily influenced by chopped and screwed hip hop, as well as industrial music, ethereal wave and dream pop. Witch house incorporates synths, drum machines, obscure samples, droning repetition, and vocals that are heavily altered, ethereal, and/or indiscernible.


title: Witch house (genre)

text: The witch house visual aesthetic includes occult, witchcraft, shamanism, terror and horror-inspired artworks, collages and photographs as well as significant use of hidden messages and typographic elements such as Unicode symbols. Artworks by witch house visual artists have incorporated imagery from horror films such as "The Blair Witch Project", the television series "Twin Peaks", horror-inspired dark web videos and mainstream pop culture celebrities of the 2000s. Common typographic elements in titles, such as by Salem and White Ring, include triangles, crosses and Unicode symbols, which are seen by some as a method of keeping the scene underground and harder to search for on the Internet, as well as references to the television series "Twin Peaks" and "Charmed".


title: Witch house (genre)

text: Despite the name of the genre, witch house does not bear many similarities to the dance music genre known as house music, which features a strong up-tempo beat. Instead, witch house adapted techniques rooted in chopped and screwed hip-hop, specifically drastically slowed tempos with skipping, stop-timed beats—from artists such as DJ Screw, coupled with elements from other genres such as ethereal wave, noise, drone, cloud rap and shoegaze. Many artists in the genre have released slowed down and backmasked remixes of pop and hip hop songs, or long mixes of different songs that have been slowed down significantly. Witch house is also influenced by 1980s ethereal wave bands such as Cocteau Twins, as well as being heavily influenced by certain industrial and experimental bands, such as Psychic TV and Coil. The use of hip-hop drum machines, noise atmospherics, creepy samples, dark synthpop-influenced lead melodies, dense reverb, and heavily altered, distorted, and pitched down vocals are the primary attributes that characterize the genre's sound. The genre rose to prominence in the early 2010s with renewed interest in individually produced electronic music and Internet subcultures, rising with the increasing tide of genres such as seapunk and vaporwave.


title: Witch house (genre)

text: The term "witch house" was coined in 2009 by Travis Egedy, professionally known as Pictureplane. The term was originally conceived as a joke, as Egedy explained: "Myself and my friend Shams... were joking about the sort of house music we make, [calling it] witch house because it’s, like, occult-based house music. ...I did this best-of-the-year thing with Pitchfork about witch house... I was saying that we were witch house bands, and 2010 was going to be the year of witch house... It took off from there. ...But, at the time, when I said witch house, it didn’t even really exist..." Shortly after being mentioned to "Pitchfork", blogs and other mainstream music press began to use the term. "Flavorwire" said that despite Egedy's insistence, "the genre does exist now, for better or worse".


title: Witch house (genre)

text: Some music journalists, along with some members of musical acts identified as being in the genre's current movement, consider witch house to be a false label for a microgenre, constructed by certain publications in the music press (including "The Guardian", "Pitchfork" and various music blogs). The genre was also briefly connected to the term "rape gaze", the serious use of which was publicly denounced by its coiners, who never expected it to be used as an actual genre term, but viewed it as simply a joke intended to mock the music press' propensity towards the creation of microgenres.


title: Twilight (soundtrack)

text: Twilight: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the official soundtrack to "Twilight", released on November 4, 2008.


title: Twilight (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack was chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas; while the score, "Twilight: The Score", was composed by Carter Burwell. The soundtrack album was released by Patsavas' Chop Shop label in conjunction with Atlantic Records. It debuted at #1 on the "Billboard" 200, having sold about 165,000 copies in its first week of release, 29% of which were digital downloads. "Twilight: The Score" was made available for digital download on November 25, 2008, and the album was released to stores on December 9, 2008.


title: Twilight (soundtrack)

text: "Twilight" is the best-selling theatrical movie soundtrack in the United States since "". Both the soundtrack and the lead single, "Decode" by Paramore, were nominated for the 2010 Grammy Awards.


title: Twilight (soundtrack)

text: Director Catherine Hardwicke revealed in an interview with MTV that a song by alternative rock band Muse, later revealed to be "Supermassive Black Hole", would be included on the film's soundtrack. The soundtrack includes two songs by Paramore, a new song by Mutemath, and an original song for the film by Perry Farrell. "Flightless Bird, American Mouth" by Iron & Wine was chosen for inclusion in the movie by actress Kristen Stewart, who plays Bella Swan. The soundtrack won a 2009 American Music Award for Favorite Soundtrack.


title: Twilight (soundtrack)

text: The CD booklet on the physical CD folds out into one of four "Twilight" posters. Hot Topic locations across the United States hosted exclusive "Twilight" soundtrack listening parties on October 24. Albums bought at Borders bookstores feature an acoustic version of Paramore's "Decode". Summit Entertainment provided a free remix of "Bella's Lullaby" through iTunes, with the purchase of a "Twilight" theatre ticket through online ticket services Fandango or MovieTickets.com.


title: Twilight (soundtrack)

text: The "Twilight" soundtrack debuted at #1 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 165,000 copies in its first week, according to Nielsen Soundscan. "Twilight" is the first soundtrack to hit #1 in advance of its film's release since the "8 Mile" soundtrack in 2002. The album was certified double platinum on April 16, 2009. After a re-release of the album in a "Deluxe Edition" in March, 2009, it climbed from #14 to #3 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 74,000 copies. It remained on the "Billboard" 200 for 48 consecutive weeks. As of April 2014, the album has sold 2,807,000 copies in the US.


title: Twilight (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack peaked at number one in New Zealand on February 9, 2009 and has been certified platinum, selling over 15,000 copies. The album has been certified gold in Mexico, selling over 50,000 copies.


title: Twilight (soundtrack)

text: Carter Burwell composed and orchestrated the score for "Twilight" over a 9- to 10-week period, and it was recorded and mixed in about 2 weeks in late September 2008. He began the score with a "Love Theme" for Bella and Edward's relationship, a variation of which became "Bella's Lullaby" that Robert Pattinson plays in the film and that is included on the "Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". The original theme is featured throughout the film, and serves to "play the romance that drives the story". Another theme Burwell composed was a "Predator Theme", which opens the film, and is intended to play Edward's vampire nature. Other themes include a bass-line, drum beat and distorted guitar sound for the nomadic vampires, and a melody for the Cullen family. "Twilight: The Score" was released digitally on November 25, 2008 and in stores on December 9. The score album had sold 218,000 copies in the United States as of June 2010.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: The Tribal class, or "Afridi" class, were a class of destroyers built for the Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Australian Navy that saw service in World War II. Originally conceived during design studies for a light fleet cruiser, the Tribals evolved into fast, powerful destroyers, with greater emphasis on guns over torpedoes than previous destroyers, in response to new designs by Japan, Italy, and Germany. The Tribals were well admired by their crews and the public when they were in service due to their power, often becoming symbols of prestige while in service.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: As some of the Royal Navy's most modern and powerful escort ships, the Tribal class served with distinction in nearly all theatres of World War II. Only a handful of Royal Navy Tribals survived the war, all of which were subsequently scrapped from hard use, while Commonwealth Tribals continued to serve into the Cold War, serving with distinction in the Korean War. Only one Tribal survives to this day: , which is now a museum ship in Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: From 1926, all Royal Navy destroyers had descended from a common lineage based upon the prototypes and . During the interwar period, advances in armament and machinery meant that by the mid-1930s, these "interwar standard" destroyers were being eclipsed by foreign designs, particularly from Japan, Italy, and Germany. To counteract this trend, the Admiralty decided on a new destroyer type, with an emphasis on gunnery over torpedo warfare. The destroyer was based on 'Design V', a design study for a small fleet cruiser (another variant of this design evolved into the ). This design envisioned a 1,850-ton ship with a speed of , an endurance of , and five twin 4.7 inch guns as main armament.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: Although the design was rejected for the fleet cruiser role, by August 1935, after no less than eight design proposals, it had evolved to present a destroyer with eight 4.7 inch Quick Firing Mark XII guns, in four twin mountings, with a maximum elevation of 40°, controlled by a low-angle (LA) director and high-angle / low-angle (HA/LA) rangefinder director on the bridge. To provide close range anti-aircraft protection, the design was fitted with a quadruple Mark VII QF 2 pdr "pom pom" mounting, and two quadruple Vickers .50-inch machine guns. These ships introduced the Fuze Keeping Clock High Angle Fire Control Computer, which was used on all subsequent British wartime destroyers. The ships were also armed with a quadruple bank of torpedo tubes. They were considered to be handsome ships, with a clipper bow that provided excellent seakeeping and two raked funnels and masts. They are remembered with great affection to this day.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: The Royal Navy placed an order for seven Tribals on 10 March 1936, with a second group of nine Tribals ordered on 9 June for two flotillas' worth of ships. The Royal Australian Navy and Royal Canadian Navy both ordered a flotilla of Tribals. The eight Australian ships were to be built in Australian shipyards. Three were completed, two in 1942 and one in 1945, but the rest were cancelled. The Canadian order was for four ships from British yards in 1940 (completed in 1942 and 1943) and another four from Canadian yards at Halifax in 1942. The latter were not completed until after the war.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: Between 1937 and 1945, twenty-seven Tribals were built. Estimated cost per ship was around £340,000 excluding weaponry, and £520,000 overall.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: The Royal Navy equipped the Tribal class with a comparatively heavy anti-aircraft armament; all eight 4.7in guns could engage aircraft with predicted fire using the FKC computer, and thus provide a powerful augmentation to the battle-fleet's AA defence. The close range AA armament of a quad 2pdr and two quad Vickers machine guns was a marked advance over previous destroyer classes and heavier than most other nations' close range destroyer armament in 1939. However, prewar, the Royal Navy assumed that destroyers would be acting mainly as escorts for the battle-fleet, and would not be the primary focus of aerial attack and would not require more than 40-degree elevation for the main armament. Events soon showed that destroyers often functioned independently and so became the main target of Luftwaffe attack, especially by dive bombers. After the loss of "Afridi" and "Gurkha", the remaining ships were taken in hand to improve the situation. Each ship's 'X' turret, which held a 4.7-inch mounting, was removed and replaced by two QF Mark XVI guns on the twin HA/LA Mark XIX mounting. The mainmast was cut down and the rear funnel was lowered to improve the arcs of fire for the anti-aircraft weapons. As they became available, the more effective 20 mm Oerlikon guns were added, at first adding to and eventually replacing the .50 in./12.7 mm machine guns. Depth charge storage was also increased, from 30 to 46 charges. Furthermore, the class initially had problems with leaks in feedwater tanks; this was traced to issues with the turbine blades caused by structural stress when steaming at high speed in rough weather.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: By 1944, the four surviving British Tribals were given a tall lattice foremast to carry a Type 293 radar target indication and Type 291 air warning, with Type 285 radar added to the rangefinder-director. The first two Canadian built Tribals, "Micmac" and "Nootka", were armed with the then standard armament of three 4.7-inch twin mountings and a single twin 4-inch mount, with the 4.7-inch mounts being given improved A.A. fuze setters, while the last two Canadian-built Tribals were equipped with eight Mark XVI guns with R.P.C. and four to six Bofors 40 mm guns as standard, along with a Mk VI Director.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: Post war, survivors of the class met different fates: Royal Navy Tribals were retired by the 1950s, while Tribals in service with the Australian and Canadian navies continued in service, with many refitted as anti-submarine destroyers. The British-built Canadian Tribals landed their 4.7-inch guns, and received a pair of 4-inch Mark XVI guns in twin mounts in the 'A' and 'B' positions instead, improving anti-aircraft capabilities, a pair of Squid mortars for anti-submarine warfare, and a twin 3 inch/50 Mark 33 gun on the 'X' position as an anti-aircraft weapon. Sensors were also upgraded for their new roles, and as refitted, Canadian Tribals continued to serve until the 1960s.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: Two of the Australian Tribals, "Arunta" and "Warramunga", were modernised during the early 1950s. The aft-most gun mounting was removed, with the space modified to accommodate a Squid anti-submarine mortar. New sonar and radar units were fitted, the latter requiring the replacement of the tripod radar mast with a stronger lattice structure. Although the modernisation was intended to take less than six months per ship, it took two years for each ship to be refitted, by which time their modifications had already become obsolete. Financial restrictions meant that the third Australian Tribal, "Bataan", was not modernised, and a combination of manpower shortages and rapid obsolescence saw all three ships decommissioned by the end of the 1950s.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: As some of the Royal Navy's most modern and powerful escorts, they were widely deployed in World War II, and served with great distinction in nearly all theatres of war. The Tribals were often selected for special tasks and as a result, losses were heavy, with 12 of the 16 Royal Navy Tribals sunk, as well as one Canadian ship. "Gurkha" has the rare and unfortunate distinction of being the name of two ships that were sunk in World War II: the L-class destroyer was renamed to honour the lost Tribal-class ship, and was herself lost in 1942.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: "Cossack" earned fame early on in the war, when on 6 February 1940, commanded by Captain Philip Vian, she pursued and then boarded the German tanker in neutral Norwegian waters in a daring attack to rescue around 300 British prisoners of war on board. Referred to as the Altmark Incident, this was the last true naval boarding action for the Royal Navy. "Gurkha" was an early loss, being sunk by German bombers off Stavanger. "Afridi" was lost soon afterwards to dive bombers while evacuating troops from Namsos. "Bedouin", "Punjabi", "Eskimo" and "Cossack" took part in the Second Battle of Narvik, where "Eskimo" had her bow blown off.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: In May 1941, "Somali", "Bedouin", and "Eskimo", along with the N-class destroyer , and Royal Navy cruisers , , and boarded the German weather ship "München", retrieving vital Enigma cypher codebooks. In the same month, "Zulu", "Sikh", "Cossack", "Maori" and Polish (N-class destroyer) were in action against the , with "Mashona" being sunk by German aircraft during these operations. In the Mediterranean, "Mohawk" was lost as part of "Force K", torpedoed by the in April, while "Cossack", "Sikh", "Zulu", and "Maori" took part in Operation Substance, a relief convoy heading to Malta. "Cossack" was torpedoed by in October while escorting Convoy HG 74 in the Atlantic, west of Gibraltar, sinking later under tow. "Maori" and "Sikh" were amongst the victors at the Battle of Cape Bon in December. "Bedouin" took part in Operation Archery, a British combined operations raid which diverted German resources to Norway for the rest of the war.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: In 1942, "Matabele" was torpedoed and sunk by in the Barents Sea and "Maori" was hit in the engine room by a bomb whilst lying in Grand Harbour, Valletta, in February, catching fire and later blowing up where she lay. "Punjabi" was accidentally rammed and sunk by the battleship in May, whilst performing close escort in thick weather. In June, "Bedouin" was disabled in action with Regia Marina's cruisers and during Operation Harpoon. Although later taken in tow by the tow had to be cast when the Italian cruisers reappeared and, dead in the water, "Bedouin" was sunk by aircraft torpedo attack. "Ashanti" was assigned to Operation Pedestal of August 1942. In September, the final two Tribals lost in the Battle of the Mediterranean were sunk; "Sikh" and "Zulu" during a disastrous raid on Tobruk. Also that month, "Somali" was torpedoed by while covering the returning Russian Convoy QP 14. Although taken under tow by , she sank four days later after heavy weather broke her back. This was the last Royal Navy Tribal lost during the war.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: In 1943, the four remaining British Tribals ("Ashanti", "Eskimo", "Tartar", and "Nubian") participated in Operation Retribution to prevent the Afrika Korps from being evacuated to Italy. "Tartar", "Nubian" and "Eskimo" then covered the Allied invasion of Sicily. After the invasion of Sicily, the four then covered the Allied invasion of Italy at Salerno. "Ashanti" and "Athabaskan" then covered Arctic convoy RA 55A, which was involved in the Battle of North Cape, where the German battleship was sunk.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: At the same time, the two active Australian Tribals, "Arunta" and "Warramunga", were attached to the joint Australian-American Task Force 74 and supported a series of landings in New Britain, and deployed to support a series of landings in Operation Cartwheel.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: The Canadian Tribals were also heavily engaged; "Athabaskan" was hit by German glide bombs while conducting operations in the Bay of Biscay and was put out of action for almost three months, while "Haida" and "Huron" escorted the various Arctic convoys.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: "Eskimo", "Ashanti", "Athabaskan", "Haida", "Huron", "Nubian", "Tartar" and later "Iroquois" saw extensive action in the English Channel before and after Operation Overlord, sinking or damaging a variety of enemy ships.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: In April, and engaged two s in the Channel. "Athabaskan" was sunk by a torpedo from "T24", while "Haida" pursued and forced aground "T27". Afterward, "Haida" returned and managed to rescue 42 personnel from "Athabaskan". One of the under-construction Canadian Tribals was then renamed "Athabaskan" as a tribute to the lost ship. During the Normandy invasion, "Eskimo", "Tatar", "Ashanti", "Haida" and "Huron" sank, damaged, or drove ashore the Elbing-class torpedo boat "T24", the s and , and the ex-Dutch destroyer "Gerard Callenburgh" in a series of battles. Furthermore, "Haida" and "Eskimo" also sank the German U-boat with depth charges and close in gunfire, rescuing 53 survivors. Afterward, "Eskimo" was involved in a collision with the destroyer HMS "Javelin", which kept "Eskimo" out of action for five months.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: After the Normandy invasion, "Nubian" was sent to screen Royal Navy Home Fleet units engaged in the protection of the Russian Convoy JW 59, and carrier-based aerial attacks on the and elsewhere in Norway. "Iroquois" and "Haida" met up with the Free French cruiser which was sailing from Algiers to Cherbourg carrying members of the French Provisional Government. "Iroquois" then escorted the liner which was carrying the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the Second Quebec Conference.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: "Eskimo", "Nubian", and "Tartar" were given some minor tropicalisation refits and were sent east to join the British Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean as the Atlantic war wound down. There, "Eskimo", "Nubian", and "Tartar" engaged in escort of the Royal Navy major surface units and shore bombardment. Afterward, "Nubian", and "Tartar" were waiting as backup for Battle of the Malacca Strait, where the Japanese cruiser was sunk. "Eskimo" and "Nubian" were then engaged in anti-shipping patrols, sinking a Japanese merchant ship and a submarine chaser near Sumatra. This was the last Royal Navy surface action against shipping in World War II. In July, "Nubian" and "Tatar" prepared for Operation Zipper, the planned British landings in Malaya.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: During this period, the Canadian Tribals continued to be engaged; "Haida", "Huron" and "Iroquois" escorted Russian convoys until May 1945, when Germany surrendered. The Canadian Tribals then engaged in the escort of British warships liberating Norway following the German surrender. "Iroquois" then joined the British cruisers , , and destroyer Savage at Copenhagen and headed to Wilhelmshaven, as escort for the surrendered German cruisers and . Following this, the Canadian Tribals then returned to Halifax harbour for tropicalisation refits, which were suspended when the Japanese surrendered, and were sent into reserve.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: Twenty-three Tribal-class destroyers were constructed before and during World War II; sixteen for the Royal Navy, four for the Royal Canadian Navy, and three for the Royal Australian Navy. Thirteen were lost during the war; six British Tribals to aircraft attack, four British and one Canadian Tribal to torpedo attacks, one British Tribal to shore batteries off Tobruk, and one British Tribal in a collision with a British battleship.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: The surviving four British destroyers were paid off and sold for scrap during 1948 and 1949, while the Australian and Canadian Tribals were refitted and modernised for post-war service. Four destroyers still under construction in Canada when World War II ended were completed and then modernised, while five ships under construction in Australia were cancelled.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: The Australian and Canadian ships, with the exception of "Micmac", served during the Korean War, with "Bataan" at one point escorting a United States aircraft carrier with the same name. The Australian and Canadian Tribals continued in service until the late 1950s and early 1960s, when they were gradually decommissioned and sold for scrapping.


title: Tribal-class destroyer (1936)

text: Only one ship of the class has been preserved. was restored and is docked in Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada as a museum ship. The bow of , sunk on 12 February 1942 by German aircraft, rests below sea level in Valletta's Marsamxett Harbour, Malta, and is a popular scuba diving site.


title: Sevdaliza

text: Sevda Alizadeh (; born 1 September 1987), known professionally as Sevdaliza, is an Iranian-Dutch singer, songwriter, record producer, visual artist, and director. In 2015, she released two EPs, "The Suspended Kid" and "Children of Silk". While her music is typically in English, she released her first Persian-language song, "Bebin", in early 2017 in protest of Executive Order 13769. Her debut album, "ISON", was published on 26 April 2017 via her record label, Twisted Elegance. In 2018, she released a third EP, "The Calling", followed by her second studio album, "Shabrang", in 2020.


title: Sevdaliza

text: Alizadeh was born on 1 September 1987 in Tehran, Iran. She is of Azerbaijani, Russian, and Persian descent. She moved with her family to the Netherlands at the age of five. At 16, she left home after obtaining a basketball scholarship, eventually playing on the Dutch national basketball team. She went to university, graduating with a master's degree in communications. Sevdaliza is fluent in Persian, Dutch, English, French, and Portuguese.


title: Sevdaliza

text: In March 2014, Sevdaliza released her single "Clear Air" along with a music video. It was later followed by "Sirens of the Caspian" and "Backseat Love". In January 2015, her extended play (EP), "The Suspended Kid", was issued, which she had worked on for over a year and half. The title of the EP is about how people responded to Sevdaliza in social situations, saying "I realized that those things that deflect me from social situations—not getting along with your coach or your boss or whatever—it made me realize I had to choose a different path." "The Suspended Kid" was produced by Sevdaliza and Rotterdam-based producer and frequent collaborator, Mucky. In September, a music video for the last remaining track on the EP, the industrial R&B "That Other Girl", was released. In June, she released "Marilyn Monroe", which served as the lead single from her second EP, "Children of Silk". The song has been characterized as trip hop and was accompanied by a music video which was released in March 2016. "Children of Silk" was released in November. Sevdaliza cited textures such as skin, glass, and silk as the main inspiration behind the EP. In May, Sevdaliza released a short film titled "The Formula", which tells the story of how "the pain of losing an unborn child destroyed balance in marriage and leads to tragedy." Directed by Emmanuel Adjei, the short film features three songs by Sevdaliza, "The Formula", "The Language of Limbo" and "Mad Woman"; the latter was issued as a single the following year in October. A new single titled "Time" was released in the same month. In the following month, another single titled "Human" was released along with a music video. "Human", "Marilyn Monroe" and "The Language of Limbo" would later be included on Sevdaliza's debut studio album, "ISON."


title: Sevdaliza

text: In January 2017, Sevdaliza released her first Persian-language song, "Bebin", in response to Executive Order 13769. She stated, "In protest of the inhumane political climate, I could not rest my head in privilege. I wrote 'Bebin' in Farsi ("referring to Persian"), to solidify. I stand strong with love. In this case I choose to avoid mainstream media, because I have no interest in part taking in a victimized concept. Take this message without lights, camera, action. I am solely a messenger. In the brain of love, there is no place for racism nor bigotry." In February, a music video was released for "Amandine Insensible", which showcases the limited roles women are expected to fill in modern culture. Sevdaliza said, "The story of Amandine explores the concept of 'identity' in a contemporary world that is rapidly changing due to the disappearance of 'boundaries'. Amandine is everything you want her to be. An extreme extraction of average life, representing a world where we have become so universal all feelings have disappeared. Paradoxically, this makes you feel uncomfortable. Her life takes place in an infinite white space, composed with minimal objects that represent different facets of the cycle of daily life." In April, "Hero" was released as the second single from her debut studio album, "ISON". The album was released in April 2017, and is named after Comet ISON, a sungrazing comet.


title: Sevdaliza

text: In January 2018, Sevdaliza released a new track "Soul Syncable" and it was released on the day of the super blue moon. "Soul Syncable" is the first song from Sevdaliza, following her debut album "ISON". In February, she released the track "Human Nature". "Soul Syncable" and "Human Nature" are part of her EP "The Calling", which was released in March.


title: Sevdaliza

text: In May, she released a Portuguese-language version of her track "Human", titled "Humana", to celebrate and thank its 10 million views.


title: Sevdaliza

text: On March 8, 2019, Sevdaliza released a new single which would be the beginning of a new musical chapter in her career, "Darkest Hour". It was succeeded by the non-album single "Martyr" the following month.


title: Sevdaliza

text: Sevdaliza then released three singles in 2020, "Oh My God", "Lamp Lady" and "Joanna", before announcing her second studio album "Shabrang", which released 28 August 2020. "Shabrang" also features the single "Human Nature", which also appeared on her 2018 extended play "The Calling".


title: Sevdaliza

text: Sevdaliza's music incorporates electronic, alternative R&B, trip hop, experimental pop, and avant-pop. Critics have compared her music to the trip hop of Portishead with string arrangements recalling Siouxsie and the Banshees circa "Dazzle" and "Homogenic"-era Björk.


title: Sevdaliza

text: According to Sevdaliza, "I think my sound would mostly be described as pure and raw. I'm not necessarily drawn to a genre, but to a process, or towards a certain mood like melancholy. The interesting thing is that the music that my music gets compared to is not necessarily music I've listened to, which makes it super interesting. I was performing once, and a conservatory professor came to me after the show, saying that he could really hear that I draw inspiration from old Persian singers. I asked him, "Wow, that's really interesting. How do you hear that?," and he said because I use certain semitones and microtones when I sing. But I've never had a singing lesson in my life, and I've never listened to Persian music in my life! It's really interesting to me that some things just come to you unconsciously like that. It's like you have this brain and it's unconsciously and consciously registering everything and in combination with your DNA it just becomes... something."


title: Sevdaliza

text: Her album, "ISON", is a visual album and has a video that is 1 hour, 6 minutes, and 28 seconds long. Unlike similar visual albums, the film is abstract and meant to be viewed in one sitting, as it subtly changes like a "moving painting". Her general goal with her music videos is to "make it vulnerable and more than human at the same time."


title: Sevdaliza

text: Sevdaliza appears to be a satyr and an erotic dancer performing in a semi-abandoned large building with classical detailing in front of an audience sitting on a mezzanine. The audience consists of only men, who are clearly wealthy, being served food and receiving this seemingly private and exclusive performance. The time and place that this is occurring remains ambiguous, mostly because of the mysteriousness of Sevdaliza's semi-mythological character, who is dancing on dirt that has been plowed as in preparation for an animal race. Additionally, her outfit recalls that of Debra Paget in the 1959 film "The Indian Tomb", a nod to old Hollywood nostalgia and popular roles women play catering to male sexual desire. The audience members sweat and watch cautiously, as if scared of her. Her video on YouTube is accompanied by the quote, 'the basic human need to be watched was once satisfied by god'. There is an official rendition of the song in Portuguese. The video for Human was directed by Emmanuel Adjei.


title: Sevdaliza

text: Sevdaliza performs several archetypal figures of women in contemporary society. These archetypes are all solo and set against a bright white background, with watermarks and are meant to represent the limited roles accessible to women. As a commentary on the commercialization of everyday life, Sevdaliza sold clips from the music video to Shutterstock. There is the "confident, powerful woman active wear", "professional woman operator call center business", "glamorous sensual woman in silk garment", "confidant ethnic woman leather suit umbrella", and "glamorous woman wow white fur piano". Sevdaliza says that "The accessibility of information and matter has created a new universal language, in which commercial brands play a key role."


title: Sevdaliza

text: Sevdaliza dances a slow tango-inspired duet with François Sagat in a large, ornately-decorated hall with a golden table set for two in the middle of the room. The video is written and directed by Sevdaliza and Zahra Reijs and was released in 2017.


title: Sevdaliza

text: The album art for "ISON" features a hyper-realistic bust of Sevdaliza herself, barely superimposed and upside down over a mannequin copy that appears to be covered with fresh bright red paint. The hair that is hanging upside down, drapes over the shoulder of the bright red bust. Both appear to be sweaty or wet. The silicone sculpture is by sculptor Sarah Sitkin. Stikin says "The idea is based around Sevdaliza being the mother to herself and her past lives. It carries her vulnerability stoically. Her features distorted, some omitted, some emphasized. A new form is repeated through her 16 children (number of songs) surrounding her."


title: Los Bandoleros (film)

text: Los Bandoleros (Spanish for The Outlaws) is a 2009 American short film directed, co-written, and co-produced by Vin Diesel. It is the second short film in the "Fast & Furious" franchise, and stars Vin Diesel, Michelle Rodriguez, Sung Kang, Tego Calderón and Don Omar. "Los Bandoleros" details the events prior to "Fast & Furious" where runaway fugitive Dominic Toretto plots to steal oil from a tanker in the Dominican Republic.


title: Los Bandoleros (film)

text: It was released on July 28, 2009. It was later included as a bonus on the Blu-ray and Special Edition home releases of "Fast & Furious". Paul Walker and Jordana Brewster both appear on the poster, but are not in the film.


title: Los Bandoleros (film)

text: Tego Leo is imprisoned in the Dominican Republic, and engages in a debate with other prisoners regarding corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil. Rico Santos, meanwhile, encounters difficulty in locating gas in order to get home on time for dinner. Han Lue later arrives, and is collected from the airport by Cara and Malo. They drive him back to Rico's house, where his aunt Rubia is struggling to keep up with her gas bills. Han goes outside to see Dominic Toretto working on his car, before they both go inside to enjoy a meal with the entire family. Dom discusses breaking Tego out of prison and stealing oil to support the family. Dom, Cara, and Han later head to a nightclub to meet with corrupt local politician Elvis, who is able to arrange for the robbery to take place on a highway the following morning.


title: Los Bandoleros (film)

text: After managing to break Leo out of prison and finalizing the plan with Rico, Dom is surprised by the arrival of Letty Ortiz. The two drive together to a beach, and rekindle their romance.


title: Los Bandoleros (film)

text: The central cast is rounded out by appearances from Juan Fernandez as Elvis, a corrupt politician. Mirtha Michelle and F. Valentino Morales act as Cara and Malo respectively, friends of Dom and Rico. Adria Carrasco also appears as Rubia, Rico's aunt.


title: Babington Plot

text: The Babington Plot was a plan in 1586 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I, a Protestant, and put Mary, Queen of Scots, her Catholic cousin, on the English throne. It led to Mary's execution, a result of a letter sent by Mary (who had been imprisoned for 19 years since 1568 in England at the behest of Elizabeth) in which she consented to the assassination of Elizabeth.


title: Babington Plot

text: The long-term goal of the plot was the invasion of England by the Spanish forces of King Philip II and the Catholic League in France, leading to the restoration of the old religion. The plot was discovered by Elizabeth's spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham and used to entrap Mary for the purpose of removing her as a claimant to the English throne.


title: Babington Plot

text: The chief conspirators were Anthony Babington and John Ballard. Babington, a young recusant, was recruited by Ballard, a Jesuit priest who hoped to rescue the Scottish Queen. Working for Walsingham were double agents Robert Poley and Gilbert Gifford, as well as Thomas Phelippes, a spy agent and cryptanalyst, and the puritan spy Maliverey Catilyn. The turbulent Catholic deacon Gifford had been in Walsingham's service since the end of 1585 or the beginning of 1586. Gifford obtained a letter of introduction to Queen Mary from a confidant and spy for her, Thomas Morgan. Walsingham then placed double agent Gifford and spy decipherer Phelippes inside Chartley Castle, where Queen Mary was imprisoned. Gifford organised the Walsingham plan to place Babington's and Queen Mary's encrypted communications into a beer barrel cork which were then intercepted by Phelippes, decoded and sent to Walsingham.


title: Babington Plot

text: On 7 July 1586, the only Babington letter that was sent to Mary was decoded by Phelippes. Mary responded in code on 17 July 1586 ordering the would-be rescuers to assassinate Queen Elizabeth. The response letter also included deciphered phrases indicating her desire to be rescued: "The affairs being thus prepared" and "I may suddenly be transported out of this place". At the Fotheringay trial in October 1586, Elizabeth's Lord High Treasurer Lord Burghley and Walsingham used the letter against Mary who refused to admit that she was guilty. But she was betrayed by her secretaries Nau and Curle who confessed under pressure that the letter was mainly truthful.


title: Babington Plot

text: Mary, Queen of Scots, a Roman Catholic, was regarded by Roman Catholics as the legitimate heir to the throne of England. In 1568 she escaped imprisonment by Scottish rebels and sought the aid of her first cousin once removed, Queen Elizabeth I, a year after her forced abdication from the throne of Scotland. The issuance of the papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis" by Pope Pius V on 25 February 1570, granted English Catholics authority to overthrow the English queen. Queen Mary became the focal point of numerous plots and intrigues to restore England to its former religion, Catholicism, and to depose Elizabeth and even to take her life. Rather than the expected aid, Elizabeth imprisoned Mary for nineteen years in the charge of a succession of jailers, principally the Earl of Shrewsbury.


title: Babington Plot

text: In 1584 Elizabeth's Privy Council signed a "Bond of Association" designed by Cecil and Walsingham which stated that anyone within the line of succession to the throne "on whose behalf" anyone plotted against the Queen, would be excluded from the line and executed. This was agreed upon by hundreds of Englishmen, who likewise signed the Bond. Mary also agreed to sign the Bond. The following year, Parliament passed the Act of Association, which provided for the execution of anyone who would benefit from the death of the Queen if a plot against her was discovered. Because of the bond, Mary could be executed if a plot was initiated by others that could lead to her accession to England's throne.


title: Babington Plot

text: Queen Elizabeth ordered Queen Mary transferred back to the ruined Tutbury Castle in the wintry weather of Christmas Eve 1569. Mary became ill because of the bad conditions of her captivity, imprisoned in a very damp cold room with closed windows and with no access to the sun.


title: Babington Plot

text: In 1585, Elizabeth ordered Mary to be transferred in a coach and under heavy guard and placed under the strictest confinement at Chartley Hall in Staffordshire, under the control of Sir Amias Paulet. She was prohibited any correspondence with the outside world. Puritan Paulet was chosen by Queen Elizabeth in part because he abhorred Queen Mary's Catholic faith.


title: Babington Plot

text: Reacting to the growing threat posed by Catholics, urged on by the pope and other Catholic monarchs in Europe, Francis Walsingham, Queen Elizabeth's Secretary of State and spymaster, together with William Cecil, Elizabeth's chief advisor, realised that if Mary could be implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth, she could be executed and the papist threat diminished. As he wrote to the Earl of Leicester: "So long as that devilish woman lives, neither Her Majesty must make account to continue in quiet possession of her crown, nor her faithful servants assure themselves of safety of their lives."


title: Babington Plot

text: Walsingham used Babington to ensnare Queen Mary by sending his double agent, Gilbert Gifford to Paris to obtain the confidence of Morgan, then locked in the Bastille. Morgan previously worked for George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, an earlier jailor of Queen Mary. Through Shrewsbury, Queen Mary became acquainted with Morgan. Queen Mary sent Morgan to Paris to deliver letters to the French court. While in Paris, Morgan became involved in a previous plot designed by William Parry, which resulted in Morgan's incarceration in the Bastille. In 1585 Gifford was arrested returning to England while coming through Rye in Sussex with letters of introduction from Morgan to Queen Mary. Walsingham released Gifford to work as a double agent, in the Babington Plot. Gifford used the alias "No. 4" just as he had used other aliases such as Colerdin, Pietro and Cornelys. Walsingham had Gifford function as a courier in the entrapment plot against Queen Mary.