title: Swine influenza

text: In 1998, swine flu was found in pigs in four U.S. states. Within a year, it had spread through pig populations across the United States. Scientists found this virus had originated in pigs as a recombinant form of flu strains from birds and humans. This outbreak confirmed that pigs can serve as a crucible where novel influenza viruses emerge as a result of the reassortment of genes from different strains. Genetic components of these 1998 triple-hybrid strains would later form six out of the eight viral gene segments in the 2009 flu outbreak.


title: Swine influenza

text: On August 20, 2007, Department of Agriculture officers investigated the outbreak of swine flu in Nueva Ecija and central Luzon, Philippines. The mortality rate is less than 10% for swine flu, unless there are complications like hog cholera. On July 27, 2007, the Philippine National Meat Inspection Service (NMIS) raised a hog cholera "red alert" warning over Metro Manila and five regions of Luzon after the disease spread to backyard pig farms in Bulacan and Pampanga, even if they tested negative for the swine flu virus.


title: Swine influenza

text: Since November 2009, 14 deaths as a result of swine flu in Northern Ireland have been reported. The majority of the deceased were reported to have pre-existing health conditions which had lowered their immunity. This closely corresponds to the 19 patients who had died in the year prior due to swine flu, where 18 of the 19 were determined to have lowered immune systems. Because of this, many mothers who have just given birth are strongly encouraged to get a flu shot because their immune systems are vulnerable. Also, studies have shown that people between the ages of 15 and 44 have the highest rate of infection. Although most people now recover, having any conditions that lower one's immune system increases the risk of having the flu become potentially lethal. In Northern Ireland now, approximately 56% of all people under 65 who are entitled to the vaccine have gotten the shot, and the outbreak is said to be under control.


title: Swine influenza

text: Swine flu outbreaks were reported in India in late 2014 and early 2015. As of March 19, 2015 the disease has affected 31,151 people and claimed over 1,841 lives. The largest number of reported cases and deaths due to the disease occurred in the western part of India including states like Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat Andhra Pradesh


title: Swine influenza

text: Researchers of MIT have claimed that the swine flu has mutated in India to a more virulent version with changes in Hemagglutinin protein, contradicting earlier research by Indian researchers.


title: Swine influenza

text: There was another outbreak in India in 2017. The states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were the worst affected. Gujarat high court has given Gujarat government instructions to control deaths by swine flu. 1,090 people died of swine flu in India in 2019 until August 31, 2019.


title: Swine influenza

text: Swine flu outbreaks were reported in Nepal in the spring of 2015. Up to April 21, 2015, the disease had claimed 26 lives in the most severely affected district, Jajarkot in Northwest Nepal. Cases were also detected in the districts of Kathmandu, Morang, Kaski, and Chitwan. As of 22 April 2015 the Nepal Ministry of Health reported that 2,498 people had been treated in Jajarkot, of whom 552 were believed to have swine flu, and acknowledged that the government's response had been inadequate. The Jajarkot outbreak had just been declared an emergency when the April 2015 Nepal earthquake struck on 25 April 2015, diverting all medical and emergency resources to quake-related rescue and recovery.


title: Swine influenza

text: Seven cases of swine flu were reported in Punjab province of Pakistan, mainly in the city of Multan, in January 2017. Cases of swine flu were also reported in Lahore and Faisalabad.


title: Swine influenza

text: As of March 16, 2017, over a hundred confirmed cases of swine flu and at least six deaths were reported in the Maldivian capital of Malé and some other islands. Makeshift flu clinics were opened in Malé. Schools in the capital were closed, prison visitations suspended, several events cancelled, and all non-essential travel to other islands outside the capital was advised against by the HPA. An influenza vaccination program focusing on pregnant women was initiated thereafter. An official visit by Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud to the Maldives during his Asian tour was also cancelled last minute amidst fears over the outbreak of swine flu.


title: Swine influenza

text: G4 EA H1N1, also known as the G4 swine flu virus (G4) is a swine influenza virus strain discovered in China. The virus is a variant genotype 4 (G4) Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus that mainly affects pigs, but there is some evidence of it infecting people. A peer-reviewed paper from the "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" ("PNAS") stated that "G4 EA H1N1 viruses possess all the essential hallmarks of being highly adapted to infect humans ... Controlling the prevailing G4 EA H1N1 viruses in pigs and close monitoring of swine working populations should be promptly implemented."


title: Swine influenza

text: Michael Ryan, executive director of the World Health Organization (WHO) Health Emergencies Program, stated in July 2020 that this strain of influenza virus was not new and had been under surveillance since 2011. Almost 30,000 swine had been monitored via nasal swabs between 2011 and 2018. While other variants of the virus have appeared and diminished, the study claimed the G4 variant has sharply increased since 2016 to become the predominant strain. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs rebutted the study, saying that the media had interpreted the study "in an exaggerated and nonfactual way" and that the number of pigs sampled was too small to demonstrate G4 had become the dominant strain.


title: Swine influenza

text: Between 2016 and 2018, a serum surveillance program screened 338 swine production workers in China for exposure (presence of antibodies) to G4 EA H1N1 and found 35 (10.4%) positive. Among another 230 people screened who did not work in the swine industry, 10 (4.4%) were serum positive for antibodies indicating exposure. Two cases of infection caused by the G4 variant have been documented as of July 2020, with no confirmed cases of human-to-human transmission.


title: Swine influenza

text: Health officials (including Anthony Fauci) say the virus should be monitored, particularly among those in close contact with pigs, but it is not an immediate threat. There are no reported cases or evidence of the virus outside of China as of July 2020.


title: Swine influenza

text: According to this study, the phylogenetic origin of the flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemics can be traced before 1918. Around 1918, the ancestral virus, of avian origin, crossed the species boundaries and infected humans as human H1N1. The same phenomenon took place soon after in America, where the human virus infected pigs; it led to the emergence of the H1N1 swine strain, which later became known as swine flu. Genetic coding of H1N1 shows it is a combination of segments of four influenza viruses forming a novel strain:


title: Swine influenza

text: Due to coinfection, the viruses are able to interact, mutate, and form a new strain to which host has variable immunity.


title: Swine influenza

text: New events of reassortment were not reported until 1968, when the avian strain H1N1 infected humans again; this time the virus met the strain H2N2, and the reassortment originated the strain H3N2. This strain has remained as a stable flu strain until now.


title: Swine influenza

text: The mid-1970s were important for the evolution of flu strains. First, the re-emergence of the human H1N1 strain became a seasonal strain. Then, a small outbreak of swine H1N1 occurred in humans, and finally, the human H2N2 strain apparently became extinct. Around 1979, the avian H1N1 strain infected pigs and gave rise to Euroasiatic swine flu and H1N1 Euroasiatic swine virus, which is still being transmitted in swine populations.


title: Swine influenza

text: The critical moment for the 2009 outbreak was between 1990 and 1993. A triple reassortment event in a pig host of North American H1N1 swine virus, the human H3N2 virus and avian H1N1 virus generated the swine H1N2 strain. In 2009, when the virus H1N2 co-infected a human host at the same time as the Euroasiatic H1N1 swine strain a new human H1N1 strain emerged, which caused the 2009 pandemic.


title: Swine influenza

text: The swine flu spreads very rapidly worldwide due to its high human-to-human transmission rate and due to the frequency of air travel.


title: E major

text: E major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double-flat B, which makes it impractical to use.


title: E major

text: Johann Sebastian Bach used E major for a violin concerto, as well as for his third partita for solo violin; the key is especially appropriate for the latter piece because its tonic (E) and subdominant (A) correspond to open strings on the violin, enhancing the tone colour (and ease of playing) of the bariolage in the first movement.


title: E major

text: Starting with Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3, several works in the key of C minor began to have slow movements in E major, three examples of which are Johannes Brahms' First Symphony and Piano Quartet No. 3, and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2.


title: E major

text: Frédéric Chopin's First Piano Concerto starts in E minor, but the last two movements are in E major. His Étude Op. 10, No. 3, one of his best known works, is in E major. His last Nocturne, Op. 62 No. 2, and his final Scherzo No. 4, are also in E major.


title: E major

text: In the 19th century, symphonies in this key were rare, with Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 being one of very few examples (see list of symphonies in E major). For Bruckner, "the key of E major is frequently associated with music of contemplation".


title: E major

text: Two symphonies that begin in D minor and end in E major are Havergal Brian's Symphony No. 1 ("Gothic") and Carl Nielsen's Symphony No. 4.


title: E major

text: More typically, however, some symphonies that begin in E minor switch to E major for the finale, such as Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 2, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 5 and Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 10.


title: E major

text: In Gioachino Rossini's William Tell Overture, the first movement and the finale are in E major. Richard Wagner's "Tannhäuser" overture is also in E major.


title: Daydream Nation

text: Daydream Nation is the fifth full-length studio album and first double album by American alternative rock band Sonic Youth, released on October 18, 1988. The band recorded the album between July and August 1988 at Greene St. Recording in New York City, and it was released by Enigma Records as a double album.


title: Daydream Nation

text: After "Daydream Nation" was released, it received widespread acclaim from critics and earned Sonic Youth a major label deal. The album was ranked high in critics' year-end lists of 1988's best records, being voted second in "The Village Voice"s annual Pazz & Jop poll. "Daydream Nation" has since been widely considered to be Sonic Youth's greatest work, as well as one of the greatest albums of all time, specifically having a profound influence on the alternative and indie rock genres. It was chosen by the Library of Congress to be preserved in the National Recording Registry in 2005.


title: Daydream Nation

text: Sonic Youth's standard songwriting method involved Thurston Moore bringing in melody ideas and chord changes that the band would spend several months fashioning into full-length songs. Instead of paring the songs down as the group did with previous records, the months-long writing process for "Daydream Nation" resulted in long jams, some lasting over half an hour. Several friends of the band, including Henry Rollins, had praised the band's long live improvisations and told the group that its records never captured them. With Moore on a writing spree, the album ultimately had to be expanded to a double album.


title: Daydream Nation

text: Sonic Youth recorded "Daydream Nation" at New York's Greene Street basement studio. The studio's engineer, Nick Sansano, was accustomed to working with hip hop artists. Sansano did not know much about Sonic Youth, but he was aware the band had an aggressive sound, so he showed the band members his work on Public Enemy's "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos" and Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock's "It Takes Two". The group embraced the sound of the records. Sonic Youth booked three weeks of recording time at Greene Street's Studio A, starting in mid-July 1988. The band paid $1,000 per day of studio time, which was the most they had paid to record an album up to that point.


title: Daydream Nation

text: Due to the amount of preparation the band put into composing its music, the recording process was efficient. The session became rushed near the end, when Paul Smith, the head of the band's British label Blast First, had set a mastering date of August 18. As a result of the time pressure, Kim Gordon was not happy with some of her vocal takes. The band spent a whole night creating a final mix for the three-song "Trilogy" so it could be mastered the following morning. The record ultimately cost $30,000, which led Moore to refer to the album as "our first non-econo record".


title: Daydream Nation

text: "Daydream Nation" is generally considered an avant-rock, alternative rock, indie rock, art punk, and post-punk album, with the record being notable for its unorthodox guitar tuning and song structure, with many songs concluding with


title: Daydream Nation

text: lengthy instrumental sections. The album is especially notable for being a significant influence for later alternative and indie rock efforts and genres, including well-known grunge band Nirvana. Lyrics include topics of burnout, the music industry, and the crack epidemic of the late 1980s.


title: Daydream Nation

text: "The Sprawl" was inspired by the works of science fiction writer William Gibson, who used the term to refer to a future mega-city stretching from Boston to Atlanta (specifically from the Sprawl Trilogy). The lyrics for the first verse were lifted from the novel "The Stars at Noon" by Denis Johnson. "'Cross the Breeze" features some of Gordon's most intense singing, with such lyrics as "Let's go walking on the water/Now you think I'm Satan's daughter/I wanna know, should I stay or go?/I took a look into your hate/It made me feel very up to date". "Eric's Trip" has lyrics pertaining to Eric Emerson's LSD-fueled monologue in the Andy Warhol movie "Chelsea Girls".


title: Daydream Nation

text: "Hey Joni" is titled as a tribute to rock standard "Hey Joe" and to Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell. It is sung by Ranaldo, and has surrealist lyrics such as "Shots ring out from the center of an empty field/Joni's in the tall grass/She's a beautiful mental jukebox, a sailboat explosion/A snap of electric whipcrack". This song also alludes to the works of William Gibson's "Neuromancer" with the line "In this broken town, can you still jack in/And know what to do?" These feature similarly on Ranaldo's two other songs on the album, the rarely played "Rain King"—an homage to Pere Ubu and perhaps Saul Bellow's "Henderson the Rain King"—and the aforementioned "Eric's Trip".


title: Daydream Nation

text: "Providence" consisted of a piano solo by Moore recorded at his mother's house using a Walkman, the sound of a Peavey Roadmaster amp overheating and a pair of telephone messages left by Mike Watt, calling for Moore from a Providence, Rhode Island payphone, dubbed over one another.


title: Daydream Nation

text: The title of "The Wonder" comes from crime fiction writer James Ellroy's phrase about the ineffable mystery at the heart of Los Angeles; in Moore's words, "the wonder" is what "for better and worse, inspires [Ellroy] to keep going, to get out of bed every day." The closing track "Eliminator Jr." was inspired by the "Preppie Killer", Robert Chambers. It was thus titled because the band felt it sounded like a cross between Dinosaur Jr. and "Eliminator"-era ZZ Top. It was given part "z" in the "Trilogy" both as a reference to ZZ Top and because it is the closing piece on the disc.


title: Daydream Nation

text: "Daydream Nation"s title came from a lyric in the song "Hyperstation". Sonic Youth had also considered the title "Tonight's the Day", from a lyric in "Candle", which made reference to Neil Young's 1975 album "Tonight's the Night". The cover for "Daydream Nation" features the 1983 Gerhard Richter painting "Kerze" (""Candle""). The back cover art is a similar Richter painting from 1982. The vinyl version's four sides and the compact disc inner tray contain four symbols each representing one of the members of the band, in an homage to—and parody of—the four symbols from the fourth Led Zeppelin album. The symbols are infinity (∞), female (♀), uppercase omega (Ω), and a drawing of a demonic–angelic baby holding drumsticks.


title: Daydream Nation

text: "Daydream Nation" was released on October 18, 1988, in compact disc, cassette and double vinyl formats. It did not chart in the United States, but reached No. 99 on the British albums chart. Three singles with accompanying music videos were also released: "Teen Age Riot" (in 1988 on 12-inch vinyl and CD), "Providence" (in the United Kingdom in 1989), "Candle" (October 1989 on 12-inch vinyl), and a live version of "Silver Rocket" for subscribers to "Forced Exposure". The song "Teen Age Riot" was popular on alternative radio and reached No. 20 on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s newly created Modern Rock Tracks chart. Sonic Youth also promoted the album with a North American tour from October to December 1988, concentrating almost exclusively on material from the album. In 1989, they took the tour to New Zealand, Australia, Japan, the USSR and Europe, finishing the year with their first network television appearance—on the syndicated "Night Music"—playing "Silver Rocket". In 2007 they played the album live as part of the Don't Look Back concert series, and then toured with it through Europe and Australia into 2008.


title: Daydream Nation

text: "Daydream Nation" received overwhelmingly positive reviews from contemporary critics. "Billboard" called it "the supreme fulfillment" of Sonic Youth's "fullbore technique". Giving the album an "A" grade in "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau believed that while the band were embracing a "happy-go-lucky careerism and four-on-the-floor maturity", their relentlessly discordant music was "a philosophical triumph". "Rolling Stone"'s Robert Palmer rated it three-and-a-half stars out of five and said it demonstrated "the broad harmonic palette, sharply honed songwriting skills and sheer exhilarating drive" of the "influential quartet", while presenting "the definitive American guitar band of the Eighties at the height of its powers and prescience".


title: Daydream Nation

text: The British music press also embraced "Daydream Nation": "Q" magazine said the record made an "enthralling noise"; the "NME" called it the "most radical and political album of the year" and awarded it a maximum score of ten; and "Record Mirror" gave it a five-out-of-five rating, enthusing that Sonic Youth were "the best band in the universe".


title: Daydream Nation

text: At the end of 1988, "Daydream Nation" appeared in several lists of the year's best albums, being ranked at No. 2 by "Rolling Stone", No. 1 by "CMJ", and No. 9 by "NME". It was also voted the year's second best record in "The Village Voice"s annual Pazz & Jop poll, which made the band realize that the album had made an impact. Christgau, the poll's creator and supervisor, named it the fourth best album of 1988 in his own list.


title: Daydream Nation

text: "Daydream Nation" has continued to earn acclaim and accolades. According to Matthew Stearns, writer of the 33⅓ book dedicated to the album, it has been "resoundingly canonized as a breakthrough landmark in the chronicles of avant-rock expression". Stearns wrote that "Daydream Nation" comprised the "Holy Trinity" of early indie rock double albums with Hüsker Dü's "Zen Arcade" and Minutemen's "Double Nickels on the Dime", judging that the three works "together mark a period of unprecedented creative expansion in terms of the possibilities of underground (or otherwise) American rock music".


title: Daydream Nation

text: In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine deemed it "a masterpiece of post-punk art rock" that demonstrated the degree of which "noise and self-conscious avant art can be incorporated into rock, and the results are nothing short of stunning". Jon Matsumoto of the "Los Angeles Times" called it the band's masterpiece and said they had developed first-rate songwriting skills to complement their penchant for dissonant instrumentation.


title: Daydream Nation

text: Greg Kot, writing in the "Chicago Tribune", called it one of the most recognizable albums of the 1980s with its combination of "hypnotic guitar jams and some of the band's best, straight-ahead tunes". Reviewing the 2007 deluxe edition, Christgau credited "Daydream Nation" for making alternative rock "a life force" and remarked that, along with the "vital" bonus disc, the album remained an honest and thrilling listen because of its musical tunings and anthemic songs about post-irony and "confusion-as-sex". In "Spin", Will Hermes said it was perhaps "the greatest art-punk statement ever", while John Mulvey from "Uncut" called it a still radical "avant-rock masterpiece".


title: Daydream Nation

text: In 2002, "Pitchfork" ranked "Daydream Nation" No. 1 on its list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s (the album dropped to No. 7 in the 2018 list). It also placed at No.13 on "Spin" magazine's list of the 100 greatest albums from 1985 to 2010, No. 30 on "Slant Magazine"'s "Best Albums of the 1980s" and No. 45 on the "Rolling Stone" list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s. The "Spin Alternative Record Guide" (1995) named it the ninth best alternative album, and it was ranked 11th on "Guitarist"s 2000 list of the 101 essential guitar records. In 2003, the album was placed at No. 328 on "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list of the 500 greatest albums ever, and again in 2012, with the album being ranked number 171 in the 2020 edition.


title: Daydream Nation

text: "Daydream Nation" was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry in 2006. "PopMatters" included it in their list of the "12 Essential 1980s Alternative Rock Albums", saying it was "an ambitious double album that saw Sonic Youth's various influences coalescing into a striking, searing whole". The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Daydream Nation

text: A deluxe edition of "Daydream Nation" was released in 2007, containing live versions of every track on the album, plus studio recordings of some cover songs. A 4-LP vinyl version was released on July 17, 2007.


title: Daydream Nation

text: The four-LP vinyl release of the deluxe edition has a slightly different track listing than the CD release. The first two LPs have the same track listing as the original double-LP release. However, the home demo of "Eric's Trip" is at the end of the fourth LP, rather than falling immediately after the original album.


title: Flower of Scotland

text: "Flower of Scotland" is a Scottish song, frequently performed at special occasions and sporting events as an unofficial national anthem of Scotland.


title: Flower of Scotland

text: The song was composed in the mid-1960s by Roy Williamson of the folk group the Corries. It was first heard publicly in a 1967 BBC television series. The words refer to the victory of the Scots, led by Robert I, over Edward II of England at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Although there is no official national anthem of Scotland, "Flower of Scotland" is one of a number of songs which are used, along with the older "Scotland the Brave".


title: Flower of Scotland

text: The song was composed and is sung in English, with one Scots word ("Tae" for "To"). It has been translated into Scots.


title: Flower of Scotland

text: The song has been used as an anthem by the Scotland rugby union team, ever since the winger, Billy Steele, encouraged his team-mates to sing it on the British Lions tour of South Africa in 1974. The song was adopted as the pre-game anthem for the 1990 Five Nations Championship, first non-officially for the initial home game against France, then for the deciding match between Scotland and England at Murrayfield, which Scotland won 13–7 to win the Grand Slam. The Scottish Football Association adopted "Flower of Scotland" as its pre-game national anthem in 1997 although it was first used by them in 1993. Usually only the first and third verses are sung. The most common shouted interjections are "'Gainst who?" and "Bastards".


title: Flower of Scotland

text: The song was used as the victory anthem of Team Scotland at the Commonwealth Games in 2010, replacing "Scotland the Brave". This trend continued to the Commonwealth Games in 2014 where it was again Team Scotland's anthem and was sung following a Scottish gold medal. It was sung four times when Team Scotland won four gold medals in the opening day.


title: Flower of Scotland

text: In July 2006, the Royal Scottish National Orchestra conducted an online poll (publicised by "Reporting Scotland") in which voters could choose a national anthem from one of five candidates. 10,000 people took part in the poll, in which "Flower of Scotland" came out the winner with 41% of the votes.


title: Flower of Scotland

text: At the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, the song was sung at Edinburgh Castle by 53 Scottish children selected from schools across Scotland.


title: Flower of Scotland

text: Paris Saint-Germain fans sing the chant "Ô Ville Lumière" ("City of Light") to the tune of Flower of Scotland.


title: Sally Thomsett

text: Sally Thomsett (born 3 April 1950) is an English actress who starred as Phyllis in the film "The Railway Children" (1970) and played Jo in the TV sitcom "Man About the House" (1973–1976). She also appeared as Janice in the film "Straw Dogs" (1971) and Nemo in "Baxter!" (1973).


title: Sally Thomsett

text: Thomsett was born in Plumpton in 1950 to Maurice and Dorothy Thomsett (née Joy) and had three older brothers. She grew up in nearby Brighton and attended the Elm Grove Infants and Juniors School. One of her brothers offered her five shillings to audition for "The Max Bygraves Summer Show". After doing so successfully, she appeared in several pantomimes until she left secondary school to attend Phildene Stage School in London.


title: Sally Thomsett

text: Out of drama school, Thomsett made several films for the Children’s Film Foundation and appeared in many popular television series, including "Theatre 625", "Dixon of Dock Green", "Nearest and Dearest" and "Z-Cars". She also starred as Jennifer Villiers in the comedy series "The Very Merry Widow" from 1967 to 1968 and also its spin-off "The Very Merry Widow and How" in 1969.


title: Sally Thomsett

text: Thomsett was cast as Phyllis in "The Railway Children" despite the character being 11 years old and Thomsett being 20. Jenny Agutter, who played her elder sister Bobbie in the film, was in fact two years younger than Thomsett. Thomsett was contractually forbidden to reveal her age during production, and was likewise not allowed to smoke, drink, drive a car, or be seen in public with her boyfriend. The film crew were unaware of her true age, and treated her as they would a child (e.g. giving her sweets), while addressing the younger Agutter as they would an adult. During an appearance on a BBC children's television programme "shortly after", Thomsett was told, "I wouldn't dream of asking a lady her age, but you're obviously quite a bit older than the part you played in the film". She received a nomination for the BAFTA Film Award for Newcomer to Leading Film Roles.


title: Sally Thomsett

text: Thomsett went on to appear in "The Fenn Street Gang" and "" before starring in the psychological thriller film "Straw Dogs" opposite Dustin Hoffman and Susan George, as well as "Baxter!" with Britt Ekland. After appearing in a television commercial advertising Bovril in 1972, Thomsett was spotted by directors Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer, who cast her in the hit ITV sitcom "Man About the House" as Jo, a role that she played for the show's entire run from 1973 to 1976, including a 1974 spin-off film of the same name.


title: Sally Thomsett

text: After "Man About the House" ended in 1976, Thomsett continued to act, appearing in "Wodehouse Playhouse" in 1978. After appearing in a Crunchie chocolate bars advert in 1979, Thomsett gave up acting for a while in order to travel the world. She returned in the mid-1980s and appeared on stage in a 1987 production of "The Cat and the Canary" before making regular pantomime appearances. She also appeared in the music video for "Doctor in Distress", a charity single made to save "Doctor Who" from cancellation in 1985. Thomsett's career slowed down after the birth of her daughter, although she did appear on stage in 1998 and 1999 in a touring production of "The Holly and the Ivy".


title: Sally Thomsett

text: Thomsett appeared in "Peter Pan" as Mrs. Darling at Doncaster Racecourse during the 2014–2015 Christmas season.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: The J.M. Smucker Company, also known as Smuckers, is an American manufacturer of food and beverage products. Headquartered in Orrville, Ohio, the company was founded in 1897 as a maker of apple butter. J.M. Smucker currently has three major business units: consumer foods, pet foods, and coffee. Its flagship brand, Smucker's, produces fruit preserves, peanut butter, syrups, frozen crustless sandwiches, and ice cream toppings.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: Among J.M. Smucker's other food and coffee brands are Knott's Berry Farm, Jif, Laura Scudder's, Santa Cruz Organic, Folgers, Café Bustelo, Dunkin', Smucker's Uncrustables, Bick's Pickle, Carnation, Crosse & Blackwell, Eagle Brand, Five Roses, and Robin Hood. Pet food brands include 9Lives, Gravy Train, Kibbles 'n Bits, Meow Mix, Milk-Bone, and Rachael Ray Nutrish among others. Listed on the New York Stock Exchange, J.M. Smucker ranks 426th on the Fortune 500, with an estimated 2022 market value of $14.6 billion.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: The J.M. Smucker Company was founded in 1897 by Jerome Monroe Smucker. Smucker was born on December 5, 1858 in Orrville, Ohio, and much of his life was spent as a farmer in Orrville. In 1897 Smucker built a cider mill in Orrville. The company, which came to produce jellies, jams, and other food items, has stated that he used apples from local Orrville trees planted by Johnny Appleseed in the early nineteenth century. Smucker prepared apple butter and sold it from the back of a horse-drawn wagon.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: The company was incorporated in 1921. At the time, the company sold preserves and jellies, and by 1928 was distributing in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana. After the company recorded losses in 1932 and 1933, in 1935 Smucker's eldest son Willard established a Smucker's plant in the state of Washington for pre-processing apples, which were then shipped to Orrville to be cooked. After introducing its trademark glass jar in 1939, annual sales reached $1 million. In 1940, Smucker's introduced its first line of ice cream toppings, and two years later began distributing its products nationally. During World War II, the company faced shortages of labor, glass, and fruit. In 1946, Smucker's earned the designation "U.S. Grade A Fancy" after it paid U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors to "oversee every aspect of its production."


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: The company went public in 1959, and the following year J.M. Smucker opened a manufacturing plant in Salinas, California that increased its production capacity by 40%. In 1960, Paul Smucker became president and the company hired Wyse Advertising of Cleveland to produce radio spots. J.M. Smucker was then listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1965.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: 1963 saw J.M. Smucker's acquisition of the jams and jellies company Mary Ellen. Profits increased between 1959 and 1969 before dropping in 1970. Between 1973 and 1980, J.M. Smucker implemented cost cutting measures to increase profit margins, acquiring manufacturing operations in Oregon, Tennessee and California and consolidating packing operations. In 1978, J.M. Smucker debuted a low sugar "spread" that was so low in sugar the Food and Drug Administration wouldn't allow Smucker's to market it as a jam. J.M. Smucker acquired gourmet preserves company Dickinson's in 1979, and by 1980, J.M. Smucker was the number one jams and jellies company in the United States, with over 25% of the market in the United States.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: In 1981, Timothy Smucker was named president and the company purchased Magic Shell the following year. After purchasing the pickle companies Wooster Preserving Co. and the H.W. Madison Co. in the 1960s, the company sold its unsuccessful pickle line in the early 1980s. J.M. Smucker in 1984 continued to be traded on the NYSE, with the Smucker family retaining a 30% interest in the business. That year J.M. Smucker acquired the juices company Knudsen & Sons.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: In the late 1980s, the company began expanding internationally under CEO Richard Smucker, acquiring brands in Canada, the United States, Australia, and Europe. In 1987 J.M. Smucker purchased R-Line Foods, and in 1988 the company acquired the Canadian toppings brand Shirriff which made products such as Good Morning Marmalade. J.M. Smucker's sales reached $367 million in 1989. In 1989 J.M. Smucker purchased the Australian company Henry Jones Foods, later selling it in 2004 to SPC Ardmona. By 1993, 8% of J.M. Smucker's annual sales were international.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: The peanut butter company Laura Scudder's and the juice company After the Fall were purchased in 1994, and that year J.M. Smucker also changed advertising agencies from Wyse Advertising to the Leo Burnett Company. The annual Peanut Butter Festival in the town of New Bethlehem, Pennsylvania is co-sponsored by Smucker's. First held in 1996, the festival was held in New Bethlehem because the Smucker's peanut butter factory was the lead employer in the area at the time. In 1998, J.M. Smucker acquired the peanut butter company Adams, as well as the maker of a frozen crustless sandwich, MenUSAver. J.M. Smucker renamed the product Uncrustables. J.M. Smucker acquired Jif and Crisco in 2002.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: By 2004, the company was still headquartered in Orrville, Ohio and had been family-run for four generations. Between 1998 and 2004, the company had appeared on "Fortune" magazine's annual listing of the 100 Best Companies to Work For in the United States each year, ranking number one in 2004. That year the company purchased International Multifoods Corporation. Among the acquired brands in the deal were Pillsbury, Hungry Jack, Pet, Robin Hood Flour, and Bick's pickles and condiments. The flour company White Lily Brand was acquired in 2006. In 2007, the company acquired King Kelly Orange Marmalade and the Canadian company Five Roses Flour. Also in 2007, J.M. Smucker acquired Eagle Family Foods, which brought in the brands Eagle Brand/Borden milk products, None Such mincemeat, and Kava coffee.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: In 2008, J.M. Smucker joined the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. That May, J.M. Smucker announced it had bought the food division of Knott's Berry Farm from ConAgra Foods, while Cedar Fair continued to own the theme park itself. That year it also purchased the frozen produce company Europe's Best in Canada and the Canadian milk brand Carnation. On November 6, 2008, J.M. Smucker purchased the Folgers coffee brand division from Procter & Gamble for $3.3 billion, acquiring brands such as Millstone Coffee in the process. The Reverse Morris Trust merger doubled J.M. Smucker's size.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: In 2010, J.M. Smucker acquired Rowland Coffee Roasters, makers of Latin coffee brands, followed by the North American coffee and tea operations of Sara Lee in 2011. J.M. Smucker acquired Big Heart Pet Brands in 2015 for $5.8 billion, bringing in brands such as Milk Bone, Meow Mix, Kibbles ‘n Bits and Pup-Peroni. Also that year, J.M. Smucker announced it would sell its canned milk operations in the United States to Eagle Family Foods Group LLC. In February 2015, J.M Smucker and Keurig partnered together on making K-Cup packs of Dunkin' coffee. Mark Smucker was named CEO in 2016.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: After an antitrust lawsuit filed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in early March 2018, ConAgra Brands Inc. and J. M. Smucker Co. cancelled a deal for Smucker to purchase the Wesson cooking oil brand. The FTC claimed that Smuckers would have controlled at least 70% of the market for branded canola and vegetable oils. As part of a strategy to focus on pet food, coffee, and snacking, on August 31, 2018, J.M. Smucker announced it had sold its baking business in the United States to Brynwood Partners for $375 million, including the brands Pillsbury, Martha White, Hungry Jack, White Lily, and Jim Dandy. The baking business in Canada was retained. The company acquired Ainsworth Pet Nutrition in 2018, including the brands Better Than! Treats, Dad's Pet Care, and Rachael Ray Nutrish, and in October 2018, J.M. Smucker consolidated its $580 million marketing business into Publicis Groupe.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic many J.M. Smucker employees began remote work. J.M. Smucker began providing "pay and benefits to employees to avoid furloughs," creating employee hardship and sick leave programs. By August 2020, its international and away-from-home segment had seen a quarterly sales decline of 9%. The Smucker's brand had seen a 25% quarterly increase in sales, Uncrustables had seen a 35% jump, and Crisco had seen a 50% increase. In September 2020, the company announced a new logo and corporate brand identity, with aims to distinguish Smucker the company from Smucker's brand food items. J.M. Smucker Company was shortened to J.M. Smucker Co. In December 2020 J.M. Smucker sold Crisco to B&G Foods for $550 million, part of the company's ongoing plan to divest of baking products in the United States. Overall in 2020, J.M. Smucker had $7.8 billion in net sales, with free cash flow growing 26% from 2019 to $985.5 million. Its US retail consumer foods unit saw a 22% jump in annual profits, while coffee rose 11% and pet food rose 6%. After selling Natural Balance Pet Foods to Nexus Capital for $50 million in Jan. 2021, in early 2022, the company sold R.W. Knudsen and truRoots to Nexus Capital. The deal included an agreement for Nexus Capital to Santa Cruz Organic beverages, although not the brand's food items. The deal was estimated at $110 million.


title: The J.M. Smucker Company

text: J.M. Smucker's three major business units are consumer foods, pet food and snacks, and coffee. The company is particularly known as a marketer and manufacturer of products such as fruit spreads, peanut butter, ice cream toppings, sweetened condensed milk, and health and natural foods and beverages. The Smucker's flagship brand manufactures and sells its own brands of fruit preserves, jelly, peanut butter including Smucker's Goober PB&J, syrups, ice cream toppings including Smucker's Magic Shell, and Uncrustables Sandwiches. In Canada, the brands are limited to ice cream toppings and preserves.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The Dodge Caliber is a compact hatchback manufactured and marketed by Chrysler's Dodge division from model years 2007 to 2012, replacing the Dodge Neon and Chrysler PT Cruiser.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: Following the Caliber concept which debuted at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show, the pre-production version debuted at the 2006 North American International Auto Show, with market launch in March 2006.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The Caliber was manufactured at the Belvidere Assembly (Illinois) plant, and across its six-year model run, just over 400,000 were produced.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The Caliber was one of Dodge's first modern offerings in Europe and in Asian markets such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, as it established new distribution channels there. It was also introduced in China in 2008 as Dodge's second modern vehicle offering in that market. Dodge vehicles were previously officially sold in China during the World War II era. The introduction of the Caliber marked the return of the Dodge brand to Australia since the early 1970s.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The Caliber in Japan joined the Chrysler PT Cruiser in 2007, as the PT Cruiser was offered since 2000, but as with previous Chrysler products sold in Japan, the width dimension exceeded the Japanese Government dimension regulations, and Japanese consumers were liable for annual taxes for driving a larger car which affected sales. As Chrysler products were considered large to the Japanese market, Chrysler offered products that offered spacious interiors with four doors and one-piece liftgates to broaden their appeal to the Japanese as a compromise for paying the annual tax for large vehicles.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The marketing plan for the first year of the Caliber's production included 20% of the budget for online marketing, print ads, and TV commercials.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The Dodge Caliber offered a continuously variable transmission (called "CVT2" by Dodge) sourced from Jatco (a Nissan subsidiary), the second DaimlerChrysler model to employ this technology after the Mercedes-Benz A-Class. It uses a four-cylinder 1.8-2.4 L "World" gasoline engine, designed jointly by Chrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The car features an optional electronically controlled all-wheel drive system with variable torque at speeds of for optimal handling.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The Caliber uses a heavily modified GS platform, co-designed with Mitsubishi Motors. The modified GS platform is now called the JS platform by Chrysler for mid-size cars and PM/MK for compact cars. It shares a portion of the platform with the Mitsubishi Lancer, but is most similar to the Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot. The Caliber wheels have a 5-hole pattern with a 114.3 mm bolt circle.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the Caliber an overall "Good" score in frontal crash testing. The Dodge Caliber was standard with side curtain airbags, but torso side airbags were optional. The IIHS had scored the Caliber "Marginal" overall in their side impact test. However, that Caliber was not equipped with the optional torso side airbag.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The base SE model features front-wheel drive and a 1.8 L "World" I4 attached to a Magna Drivetrain T355 5-speed manual transmission. A 2.0 L version of the engine paired with the CVT2 transmission was available as an option.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The standard configuration for the SE lacks air conditioning, power windows, door locks, or mirrors. The grille surround is body-colored, while that of all other models is chromed. Canadian SXT and R/T models feature body-color grilles instead of chrome grilles. The Caliber SE doesn't have a tachometer or assist handles, steel wheels with wheel covers are standard. Some options were not available on the SE.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: For 2011, this model was named Express, reverting to SE for 2012. For 2012, the CVT transmission option was dropped only for the SE, leaving the five-speed manual transmission as the only available transmission option for the SE. The CVT continued to be offered in the SXT and SXT Plus models for 2012.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The SXT has the same engine choices as the SE but many more features are available as standard. Air conditioning is standard equipment at this level, including the Chill Zone beverage cooler inside the front lower glove compartment. The gauge cluster gains a tachometer and an (optional) trip computer. The driver's seat adds height adjustment, the passenger seat folds flat for load-carrying, and the rear seats recline. Power windows, locks, mirrors, and remote keyless entry are included. The grille is chromed and steel wheels are standard, with aluminum wheels as an option. The cargo area light includes a removable and rechargeable flashlight while the front dome light incorporates two reading lamps. In Europe, this version was also commercialized equipped with a VW-built 2.0 L turbodiesel engine.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: Some Dodge publications mention a SXT Sport Wagon model, while others (e.g. the Dodge website) list a SXT "E" package with identical features. This consists of aluminum wheels, color-keyed cloth seat inserts, color-matched instrument panel trim, along with fog lamps.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The UK SXT Sport model has alloy wheels, color-keyed cloth seats and instrument panel, and a 9-speaker audio system as standard; early UK models did not have the chrome grille. The UK SXT Sport was available with a Volkswagen 2.0 L diesel engine mated to a six-speed manual transmission.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: For 2011, the Heat, Uptown, and Mainstreet were three available trim levels of the Caliber, reverting to SXT and SXT Plus in 2012.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The R/T model has a 2.4 L version of the World engine, equipped with the CVT2 transmission, and programmed with an 'AutoStick' feature giving six simulated fixed ratios in a clutchless manual mode in addition to the standard CVT 'Drive' mode. All-wheel-drive was an option on the R/T model until 2009, but with automatic transmission only. Eighteen-inch aluminum wheels were standard, while chromed versions were optional. At launch, the CVT2 with all-wheel drive was the only powertrain combination available for the R/T. A front-wheel drive variant with the T355 5-speed manual transmission commenced production in late summer 2006. ABS was standard, and the suspension and steering systems were tuned for performance.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: Externally, the R/T is distinguishable by body-color/chrome door handles (replacing black on other models), a chrome side molding, chromed exhaust tip, and front fog lights as standard, as well as R/T badging.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: Internally, the car came standard with color-keyed fabric seat inserts, while leather seats were an option as on the SXT. Color-keyed instrument panel trim was also standard, as well as a leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls and speed control, and a cargo area cover (all options on the SXT).


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The SRT4 model that was introduced at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2006, was a replacement for the original Neon-based SRT-4 produced by Chrysler's Street and Racing Technology group.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The SRT4 hatchback competed with the Volkswagen GTI and the Mazdaspeed3. It featured a 2.4 L DOHC 16V turbocharged I4 with dual variable valve timing (DVVT). The engine produces at 6,400 rpm, and of torque at 5,600 rpm using the TD04HL4S-20 turbo. Edmunds.com tested a Caliber SRT4 on a chassis dynamometer and obtained and of torque at the wheels. Edmunds called the manufacturer's rating conservative; putting more power on the road than cars costing twice as much. This engine is mated to a Getrag six-speed manual transmission and uses a front-wheel drive drivetrain. The Caliber SRT4 uses a MacPherson strut front suspension and a multilink rear suspension. The SRT4 came with large vented front disc brakes (from the Dodge Charger Police Pack version) with dual-piston calipers and rear single-piston disc brakes. It also featured four-wheel ABS, with electronic assistance. The wheels are , five-spoke, SRT-stamped, painted aluminum and equipped with Goodyear RSA 225/45R19 tires. Package options included polished aluminum wheels, Goodyear Eagle F1 Supercar tires, SIRIUS satellite radio with Kicker SRT livin' loud audio, EVIC with performance pages, security alarm, and optional paint colors.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: For the 2009 model, the Caliber underwent a minor revamp. The plain plastic black-colored door handles available on base models were replaced by painted car-colored handles previously available only on R/T. In addition, the trunk lid was reduced in weight and simplified in its opening. In the interior, all panels were made black instead of grey. The "DODGE" badge that was on top of the Ram logo at the middle was shifted to the left, while the "CALIBER" badge was moved to the right from the left, both equal in font size. The car model title, previously indicated on the right, was moved to the bottom right corner of the gate lid.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The 2010 model year was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, featuring a refreshed interior design composed of metallic outlines and parts of glass to suppress the abundance of plastic materials on previous models, as well as the addition of an 8-way power driver's seat, heated mirrors, and an automatic climate control system previously available only on R/T. The dashboard also features the relocation of the glove box due to many customer complaints, which now occupies the spot over the radio panel and comprises a "push-open" lock instead of the previous "squeeze-and-lift" opening mechanism.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The 1.8 L engine was dropped from the SE and SXT models, and the SRT-4 model is discontinued. European market models receive a new 2.2 L diesel engine with and of torque that provides a combined city and highway fuel efficiency of .


title: Dodge Caliber

text: For the United States market, the models were promptly renamed and rebranded, with SE becoming "Main Street", SXT — "Heat" and R/T — "Rush". Two more models were launched in 2010: a luxury all-included variant "Uptown" and a base variant "Express" in which the black plastic handles returned. "Express" was the only model not to feature automatic climate control as an option, the "Main Street" featured speed control, an anti-lock brake system, and electronic stability control, which were previously unavailable as options for SE. All models except "Express" featured 17-inch wheels.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The 2011 model brought six new paint schemes, standard stability control except on Express models, Sirius traffic when equipped with a navigation system, 18-inch chrome-clad wheels available on Uptown models (17" painted are standard), updated steering except on Express models, and new shocks and a thicker rear anti-roll bar on Rush and Heat models. The Caliber and the Nitro were the only two cars in the Dodge vehicle lineup to still feature the Ram logo on both fascia, rear, and the steering wheel. The Dodge Nitro also featured driver and passenger floor mats. The logo was removed from the mats in Calibers with the 2009 model.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: For the 2012 model year, the models were renamed back to SE, SXT, and SXT Plus. The Plus version includes all the SXT items and 18-inch aluminum wheels with performance tires, as well as a 6-way power-adjustable driver seat. The SXT Plus was not sold in Canada.


title: Dodge Caliber

text: The 2010 Caliber was the last model sold in Europe. The 2011 model ended production on 23 November 2011, in United States, with the remainder being sold as the 2012 model year Caliber in both U.S. and Canada. A successor called the Dart, based on the Alfa Romeo Giulietta's platform, went on sale in June 2012 for the 2013 model-year as the compact vehicle in Dodge's lineup.


title: Night sweats

text: Night sweats, also referred to as nocturnal hyperhidrosis (Hyperhidrosis - a medical term for excessive sweating + nocturnal - night), is the repeated occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep. The person may or may not also perspire excessively while awake.


title: Night sweats

text: One of the most common causes of night sweats in women over 40 is the hormonal changes related to menopause and perimenopause. This is a very common occurrence during the menopausal transition years. Over 80% of women experience hot flashes, which may include excessive sweating, during menopause.


title: Night sweats

text: Night sweats range from being relatively harmless to a sign of underlying disease. Night sweats may happen because the sleep environment is too warm, either because the bedroom is unusually hot or because there are too many covers on the bed. Night sweats have been associated with a long list of clinical conditions. However, there is very little evidence that supports clinical recommendations for this condition.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: The Lady of Heaven is a 2021 British epic historical drama film written by the Twelver Shia cleric Yasser Al-Habib, the spiritual leader of The Mahdi Servants Union and founder of Fadak TV. Produced by Enlightened Kingdom, the film bills itself as the first movie on the life of the historical figure Fatima, a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, during the early Muslim period. It is written from a Shia perspective of Fatimah's story, which differs substantially from that of Sunni Muslims.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Laith, an Iraqi child in the middle of a war-torn country at the hands of ISIS, after losing his mother, finds himself a new home with an elderly woman who tells him the story of Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad, from the Shia perspective, explaining how she was the first victim of terrorism.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: "The Lady of Heaven" was directed by an unidentified crew that goes by the pseudonym Eli King. Filming began in August 2019 and continued through October of the same year in the cities of Tbilisi, Rustavi, and Vaziani. The majority of filming took place in Vaziani and John Stephenson was brought on as a creative consultant. Further filming also took place in London the following months. It took the production team over 2 months to build the sets for Mecca and Medina as imagined in 622 AD. Actors Denise Black, Ray Fearon, and Lucas Bond were brought on to act in the film and Chris Jarman was confirmed as portraying Bilal ibn Rabah, one of the companions of Muhammad. In March 2021, LA based sales agent Hannibal Media acquired worldwide rights to the film.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Per writer Al-Habib, in order to respect aniconism in Islam, all holy figures of Twelver Shi'ism were portrayed by light and cinematic effects as opposed to being portrayed by an actor or single individual; notably, figures deemed holy in Sunni Islam but not Shi'ism were portrayed by darker skinned actors. In an interview with "Deadline Hollywood" the producers discussed how they tackled the very challenging aspect of depicting a Muslim holy personality.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Marketing for the film has promoted "The Lady of Heaven" as the first ever cinematic production on the life of Fatima, during and after the era of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. A trailer for the film was released in December 2020. An attempt was made by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority to block the trailer on social media platforms.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: "The Lady of Heaven" was set for a 2020 release, but like many productions, it was delayed due to uncertainties in the industry related to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 25 October 2021, it was announced that the movie will be premiering in the United States on 10 December 2021.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: The film was released on 3 June 2022 in cinemas in the UK. Protests by Muslim groups against Cineworld cinemas resulted in the film being dropped by the chain.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Due to some people's response to its sectarian nature, as well as the inherent taboo of depicting Islamic figures in film, there is much criticism of the film's existence.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: In the Marché du Film at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival, the film's producers were interviewed by Deadline Hollywood's co-Editor-in-Chief, Mike Fleming Jr, in a panel discussion on International Storytelling in Modern Cinema. The producers spoke of bringing Lady Fatima's story to life and the challenges the team faced with depicting religious history. The film received an award for Best Visual Effects at the iSuccess International Awards gala in an event hosted by Superfilm Studios in co-production with Forbes France.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Despite this early praise from non-Muslim critics, in the Muslim world, the film has continued to draw criticism from both Twelver Shia and Sunni scholars, organisations and institutions, including the Pakistani Government and scholars from Al-Azhar.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Fars News Agency has questioned the intent of the film, noting that "A number of renowned Islamic scholars have criticized the film for poor background research and inflammatory content."


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Ali Shamkhani, secretary of the Supreme National Security Council of Iran, also questioned the purpose of the film on his Twitter account.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: The Iranian government banned the film from being released in the country, calling it aimed at dividing Muslims.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: In 2021, four Shia scholars condemned the film, Ayatollah Sheikh Naser Makarem Shirazi, Ayatollah Sheikh Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani, Ayatollah Sheikh Ja'far Sobhani and Ayatollah Sheikh Hossein Noori Hamedani.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Additionally that year, seven Shia scholars in the UK condemned the film, criticising it for exacerbating sectarian tensions between Muslims in the UK.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: 5Pillars, an Islamic Media organisation from the UK, disregarded the film as "two hours plus of the most extreme Shia sectarian narratives about how the caliphate was supposedly “usurped” from the Ahl ul Bayt. And most Muslims will find the invective against three of the most beloved companions [Abu Bakr As-Sadiq, Umar Ibn Al-Khattab and Uthman Ibn Affan] of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) shocking and disgusting". They further noted that it is a "deeply racist film with all the main negative characters being portrayed by black actors", despite historically all coming from the Quraysh tribe in Arabia, thus being ethnically identical to the protagonists portrayed by lighter skinned actors and actresses.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: "The Lady of Heaven" has received a mostly negative reception from critics, attracting a score of 17% on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Despite being released first in the United States of America in December 2021, after less than a week since its international release on June 3, 2022, the film has proved to be a financial failure internationally, pulling a little over $70,000 - a fraction of its $15,000,000 production budget.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Beatrice Loayza of "The New York Times", called the film "a mechanical history lesson riddled with clichés". Loayza also questioned the casting of Denise Black, a white English actress, as the mother of an Iraqi soldier before criticizing the smaller-than-expected role of Fatima in the movie. Dennis Schwartz gave the movie a grade of C and wrote "The filmmaker gives half a shout-out for his Islamic religion to go the non-violent route, but the storytelling is made up of plot points by rote, not completely convincing in its call for peace and is loaded with too many religious cliches". Loayza and Schwartz shared a common criticism: the movie showed the faces of holy figures like Muhammad, but it hid the face of the eponymous Fatima, around whom the story seemed to revolve less than others such as Ali.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Zita Short of "Keith Loves Movies" countered this criticism with an explanation. Short asserted that there exists a tension between Fatima the human and Fatima the divine, making it "impossible to offer up a satisfactory rendering of Fatima as a human being". In turn, Fatima became a multilayered personality whose significance is primarily seen by her effects on everyone around her. Short went on to praise the movie's uniqueness by contrasting it with "The Message" as well as its grand and larger-than-life production design, but Short ultimately rated the movie 61/100.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Roger Moore of "Movie Nation" gave the movie a rating of 2 out of 4 stars. While Moore appreciated the impressiveness of CGI and the movie's uniqueness in a sea of religious movies, Moore downplays the film thanks to poor transitions between many different scenes, a big focus on battles in early Islam that Moore thought contradicted the movie's message, and muddled storytelling caused by "the many obstacles the production had to get around distracted one and all to the extent that they somewhat botched the messaging".


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Sean Boelman of "disappointment media" rated the film 2/5. He praised the movie's message. However, Boelman disliked the use of the flash-forward device, believing it transformed the film "from bland historical drama to emotionally cheap sermon". Other criticisms include apparent lack of knowledge of who the audience is, very fast pacing, dullness despite the film being packed with action, stiff dialogue, and low budget that made the movie feel cheap.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Sister Rose of "Patheos" complimented the movie's cinematography and noted the place Fatima holds in the hearts of Shia Muslims, suggesting she is a beacon of hope and peace in a violent world. But Rose faulted the lack of character development, the mystery around Fatima, the British accent ubiquitous in similar films, and the violence that seemed to overshadow Fatima's role.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Reviewing the film for "The Irish Times", Donald Clarke gave a rating of 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "In truth, it would require much specialist knowledge to offer worthwhile assessment of historical or theological accuracy. The film is unlikely to attract much interest from those not already engaged with the subject. It is rough around the edges throughout. But this is a sincere effort made with admirable gusto."


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Phil Hoad from "The Guardian" rated it 2 out of 5 stars, remarking "For a film that aims to promote religious diversity and freedom of thought, its metronomic alternation between time frames, narrative slavishness and laughable coda have a suffocating sense of orthodoxy". Ed Potton of "The Times" similarly gave a two-star rating, citing "the clunky writing, wooden acting, insipid music and dodgy visual effects."


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Shia media outlet The Muslim Vibe surmised the film: "Quite simply, this film’s priority is to offend Sunni Muslims more than it is to depict a Shia Muslim understanding of this contentious period of Islamic history". This was qualified with a series of criticisms such as the portrayal of some of the characters considered holy in Islam: "Abu Bukar, Umar and Uthman were shown to be corrupt, treacherous and conniving from the outset without any nuance to their character. In fact, the first time the Prophet’s wife, Aisha, is shown in the film, the film’s narrator labels her as being jealous. The CGI used on the Prophet's wife’s face was intended to make her look very ugly and like, which of course, is not only offensive to all Muslims but offensive to anyone watching the film because of its immature use of cliches to frame a story. Given Yasir Habib’s record of spreading vulgar historical distortions, this film comes as no surprise, I guess."


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: The film has been banned in Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, and Morocco. The Pakistan and Egypt ban of the film was raised in the US Department of State’s 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: Protests have also occurred in the United Kingdom. Protests were held in Bolton, Blackburn, Bradford, Sheffield and Birmingham, on allegations that the film makes mockery of Aisha and other companions of the Prophet and would provoke "Sunni and Shia tensions". Film performances were cancelled in a cinema in Bolton after protests. After protests in Sheffield and Birmingham, Cineworld cancelled all showings of the film in the United Kingdom. The UK cancellation was criticized as "disastrous for the arts, dangerous for free speech" by Baroness Fox, who likened the cancellation to creeping extra-parliamentary blasphemy law. However, Vue Cinemas continued to screen the film. Similar concerns were raised by the British Humanist Association, who emphasized the abolition of blasphemy laws in England and Wales since 2008. The Free Speech Union wrote a letter to the CEO of Cineworld, describing the protesters as “a small group of intolerant Islamic extremists” and asking him to reconsider his decision to cancel all showings of the film. They also wrote to four chief constables about their “failure to uphold people’s right” to see the film. The UK Government removed Imam Qari Asim from his role as an Islamophobia consultant after he expressed his support for the protests, saying that he was clearly involved in a campaign “to limit free expression”.


title: The Lady of Heaven

text: The producer of the film supported the right of protesters to express their views, but said pulling out the film was against British values.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: An alternator is a type of electric generator used in modern automobiles to charge the battery and to power the electrical system when its engine is running.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Until the 1960s, automobiles used DC dynamo generators with commutators. As silicon-diode rectifiers became widely available and affordable, the alternator gradually replaced the dynamo. This was encouraged by the increasing electrical power required for cars in this period, with increasing loads from larger headlamps, electric wipers, heated rear windows, and other accessories.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: The modern type of vehicle alternators were first used in military applications during World War II, to power radio equipment on specialist vehicles. After the war, other vehicles with high electrical demands — such as ambulances and radio taxis — could also be fitted with optional alternators.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Alternators were first introduced as standard equipment on a production car by the Chrysler Corporation on the Valiant in 1960, several years ahead of Ford and General Motors.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Some early automobiles, like the Ford Model T, used a different sort of charging system: an engine-driven magneto which generated low-voltage alternating current that was supplied to trembler coils, which provided the high voltage needed to generate ignition sparks. (This was different from a true ignition magneto, which generates high voltage directly.) Since such a magneto system only depended on the engine's motion to generate current, it could even be used when starting a manually cranked engine, provided the crank was pulled sharply, so that the magneto would produce enough current for the coils to make good sparks.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: The Model T incorporated its magneto into the engine flywheel. The first Model Ts used the magneto solely for the trembler coil ignition. Beginning with the 1915 model year, Ford added electric headlights, also powered by the magneto. The magneto circuit was strictly AC, with no battery included. (There was a switch on the ignition coils to use a battery instead, which could be helpful when starting in cold weather, but Ford neither provided a battery nor did it encourage the use of one before it introduced an electric starter in 1919. The owner would have to install the battery themselves and charge it externally.)


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Starting in the 1919 model year, Ford upgraded the Model T to include an electric starter, which was standard for some models and optional for others. This starter installation also included a battery, charged by a conventional dynamo, and the lights were now powered by the battery. However, the flywheel magneto still powered the ignition, and since models without the starter had no battery, they continued to use magneto-powered lights.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: A set of rectifiers (diode bridge) is required to convert AC to DC. To provide direct current with low ripple, a polyphase winding is used and the pole-pieces of the rotor are shaped (claw-pole). Automotive alternators are usually belt-driven at 2–3 times crankshaft speed, speeds that could cause a commutator to fly apart in a generator. The alternator runs at various RPM (which varies the frequency) since it is driven by the engine. This is not a problem because the alternating current is rectified to direct current.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Alternator regulators are also simpler than those for generators. Generator regulators require a cutout relay to isolate the output coils (the armature) from the battery at low speed; that isolation is provided by the alternator rectifier diodes. Also, most generator regulators include a current limiter; alternators are inherently current-limited.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Despite their names, both 'DC generators' (or 'dynamos') and 'alternators' initially produce alternating current. In a so-called 'DC generator', this AC current is generated in the rotating armature, and then converted to DC by the commutator and brushes. In an 'alternator', the AC current is generated in the stationary stator, and then is converted to DC by the rectifiers (diodes).


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Typical passenger vehicle and light truck alternators use Lundahl or 'claw-pole' field construction. This uses a shaped iron core on the rotor to produce a multi-pole field from a single coil winding. The poles of the rotor look like fingers of two hands interlocked with each other. The coil is mounted axially inside this and field current is supplied by slip rings and carbon brushes. These alternators have their field and stator windings cooled by axial airflow, produced by an external fan attached to the drive belt pulley.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Modern vehicles now use the compact alternator layout. This is electrically and magnetically similar, but has improved air cooling. Better cooling permits more power from a smaller machine. The casing has distinctive radial vent slots at each end and now encloses the fan. Two fans are used, one at each end, and the airflow is semi-radial, entering axially and leaving radially outwards. The stator windings now consist of a dense central band where the iron core and copper windings are tightly packed, and end bands where the windings are more exposed for better heat transfer. The closer core spacing from the rotor improves magnetic efficiency. The smaller, enclosed fans produce less noise, particularly at higher machine speeds.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: The windings of a 3 phase alternator may be connected using either the "delta" or "star" ("wye") connection regime set-up.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Brushless versions of these type alternators are also common in larger machinery such as highway trucks and earthmoving machinery. With two oversized shaft bearings as the only wearing parts, these can provide extremely long and reliable service, even exceeding the engine overhaul intervals.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Automotive alternators require a voltage regulator which operates by modulating the small field current to produce a constant voltage at the battery terminals. Early designs (c.1960s–1970s) used a discrete device mounted elsewhere in the vehicle. Intermediate designs (c.1970s–1990s) incorporated the voltage regulator into the alternator housing. Modern designs do away with the voltage regulator altogether; voltage regulation is now a function of the engine control unit (ECU). The field current is much smaller than the output current of the alternator; for example, a 70 A alternator may need only 2-3 A of field current. The field current is supplied to the rotor windings by slip rings. The low current and relatively smooth slip rings ensure greater reliability and longer life than that obtained by a DC generator with its commutator and higher current being passed through its brushes.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: The field windings are supplied with power from the battery via the ignition switch and regulator. A parallel circuit supplies the "charge" warning indicator and is earthed via the regulator (which is why the indicator is on when the ignition is on but the engine is not running). Once the engine is running and the alternator is generating power, a diode feeds the field current from the alternator main output equalizing the voltage across the warning indicator which goes off. The wire supplying the field current is often referred to as the "exciter" wire. The drawback of this arrangement is that if the warning lamp burns out or the "exciter" wire is disconnected, no current reaches the field windings and the alternator will not generate power. Some warning indicator circuits are equipped with a resistor in parallel with the lamp that permit excitation current to flow if the warning lamp burns out. The driver should check that the warning indicator is on when the engine is stopped; otherwise, there might not be any indication of a failure of the belt which may also drive the cooling water pump. Some alternators will self-excite when the engine reaches a certain speed.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: In recent years, alternator regulators are linked to the vehicle's computer system and various factors including air temperature obtained from the intake air temperature sensor, battery temperature sensor and engine load are evaluated in adjusting the voltage supplied by the alternator.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Older automobiles with minimal lighting may have had an alternator capable of producing only 30 amperes. Typical passenger car and light truck alternators are rated around 50–70 A, though higher ratings are becoming more common, especially as there is more load on the vehicle's electrical system with air conditioning, electric power steering and other electrical systems. Very large alternators used on buses, heavy equipment or emergency vehicles may produce 300 A. Semi-trucks usually have alternators which output 140 A. Very large alternators may be water-cooled or oil-cooled.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Efficiency of automotive alternators is limited by fan cooling loss, bearing loss, iron loss, copper loss, and the voltage drop in the diode bridges. Efficiency reduces dramatically at high speeds mainly due to fan resistance. At medium speeds efficiency of today's alternators is 70–80%. This betters very small high-performance permanent magnet alternators, such as those used for bicycle lighting systems, which achieve an efficiency around 60%. Larger permanent magnet electric machines (that can operate as motors or alternators) can achieve today much higher efficiencies. Pellegrino et al., for instance, propose not particularly expensive designs that show ample regions in which efficiency is above 96%. Large AC generators used in power stations run at carefully controlled speeds and have no constraints on size or weight. They have very high efficiencies as high as 98%.


title: Alternator (automotive)

text: Hybrid electric vehicles replace the separate alternator and starter motor with one or more combined motor/generator(s) that start the internal combustion engine, provide some or all of the mechanical power to the wheels, and charge a large storage battery. When more than one motor/generator is present, as in the Hybrid Synergy Drive used in the Toyota Prius and others, one may operate as a generator and feed the other as a motor, providing an electromechanical path for some of the engine power to flow to the wheels. These motor/generators have considerably more powerful electronic devices for their control than the automotive alternator described above.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Giuseppe Arcimboldo (; also spelled "Arcimboldi") (1526 or 1527 – 11 July 1593) was an Italian painter best known for creating imaginative portrait heads made entirely of objects such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fish and books.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: These works form a distinct category from his other productions. He was a conventional court painter of portraits for three Holy Roman Emperors in Vienna and Prague, also producing religious subjects and, among other things, a series of coloured drawings of exotic animals in the imperial menagerie. He specialized in grotesque symbolical compositions of fruits, animals, landscapes, or various inanimate objects arranged into human forms.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: The still-life portraits were clearly partly intended as whimsical curiosities to amuse the court, but critics have speculated as to how seriously they engaged with Renaissance Neo-Platonism or other intellectual currents of the day.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Giuseppe's father, Biagio Arcimboldo, was an artist of Milan. Like his father, Giuseppe Arcimboldo started his career as a designer for stained glass and frescoes at local cathedrals when he was 21 years old.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: In 1562, he became court portraitist to Ferdinand I at the Habsburg court in Vienna, Austria and later, to Maximilian II and his son Rudolf II at the court in Prague. He was also the court decorator and costume designer. Augustus, Elector of Saxony, who visited Vienna in 1570 and 1573, saw Arcimboldo's work and commissioned a copy of his "The Four Seasons" which incorporates his own monarchic symbols.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo's conventional work, on traditional religious subjects, has fallen into oblivion, but his portraits of human heads made up of vegetables, plants, fruits, sea creatures and tree roots, were greatly admired by his contemporaries and remain a source of fascination today.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: At a distance, his portraits looked like normal human portraits. However, individual objects in each portrait were actually overlapped together to make various anatomical shapes of a human. They were carefully constructed by his imagination. The assembled objects in each portrait were not random: each was related by characterization. In the portrait now represented by several copies called "The Librarian", Arcimboldo used objects that signified the book culture at that time, such as the curtain that created individual study rooms in a library. The animal tails, which became the beard of the portrait, were used as dusters. By using everyday objects, the portraits were decoration and still-life paintings at the same time. His works showed not only nature and human beings, but also how closely they were related.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: After a portrait was released to the public, some scholars, who had a close relationship with the book culture at that time, argued that the portrait ridiculed their scholarship. In fact, Arcimboldo criticized rich people's misbehavior and showed others what happened at that time through his art. In "The Librarian", although the painting might have appeared ridiculous, it also contained a criticism of wealthy people who collected books only to own them, rather than to read them.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Art critics debate whether his paintings were whimsical or the product of a deranged mind. A majority of scholars hold to the view, however, that given the Renaissance fascination with riddles, puzzles, and the bizarre (see, for example, the grotesque heads of Leonardo da Vinci), Arcimboldo, far from being mentally imbalanced, catered to the taste of his times.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo died in Milan, where he had retired after leaving the Prague service. It was during this last phase of his career that he produced the composite portrait of Rudolph II (see above), as well as his self-portrait as the Four Seasons. His Italian contemporaries honored him with poetry and manuscripts celebrating his illustrious career.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: When the Swedish army invaded Prague in 1648, during the Thirty Years' War, many of Arcimboldo's paintings were taken from Rudolf II's collection.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: His works can be found in Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum and the Habsburg Schloss Ambras in Innsbruck; the Louvre in Paris; as well as in numerous museums in Sweden. In Italy, his work is in Cremona, Brescia, and the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. The Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut; the Denver Art Museum in Denver, Colorado; the Menil Foundation in Houston, Texas; the Candie Museum in Guernsey. The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid owns a painting of "The Spring" by Arcimboldo.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: He is known as a 16th-century Mannerist. A transitional period from 1520 to 1590, Mannerism adopted some artistic elements from the High Renaissance and influenced other elements in the Baroque period. A Mannerist tended to show close relationships between human and nature. Arcimboldo also tried to show his appreciation of nature through his portraits. In "The Spring", the human portrait was composed of only various spring flowers and plants. From the hat to the neck, every part of the portrait, even the lips and nose, was composed of flowers, while the body was composed of plants. On the other hand, in "The Winter", the human was composed mostly of roots of trees. Some leaves from evergreen trees and the branches of other trees became hair, while a straw mat became the costume of the human portrait.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: In 1976, the Spanish sculptor Miguel Berrocal created the original bronze sculpture interlocking in 20 elements titled "Opus 144 ARCIMBOLDO BIG" as a homage to the Italian painter. This work was followed by the limited-edition sculpture in 1000 copies titled "Opus 167 OMAGGIO AD ARCIMBOLDO (HOMAGE TO ARCIMBOLDO)" of 1976–1979 consisting of 30 interlocking elements.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: The works of Arcimboldo, especially his multiple images and visual puns, were rediscovered in the early 20th century by Surrealist artists such as Salvador Dalí. The exhibition entitled "The Arcimboldo Effect: Transformations of the face from the 16th to the 20th Century” at the Palazzo Grassi in Venice (1987) includes numerous 'double meaning' paintings. Arcimboldo's influence can also be seen in the work of Shigeo Fukuda, István Orosz, Octavio Ocampo, Vic Muniz, and Sandro del Prete, as well as the films of Jan Švankmajer.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo's works are used by some psychologists and neuroscientists to determine the presence of lesions in the hemispheres of the brain that recognize global and local images and objects.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Giuseppe Arcimboldo did not leave written certificates on himself or his artwork. After the deaths of Arcimboldo and his patron—the emperor Rudolph II—the heritage of the artist was quickly forgotten, and many of his works were lost. They were not mentioned in the literature of the 17th and 18th centuries. Only in 1885 did the art critic K. Kasati publish the monograph "Giuseppe Arcimboldi, Milan Artist" in which the main attention was given to Arcimboldi's role as a portraitist.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: With the advent of surrealism its theorists paid attention to the formal work of Arcimboldo, and in the first half of the 20th century many articles were devoted to his heritage. Gustav Hocke [de] drew parallels between Arcimboldo, Salvador Dalí, and Max Ernst's works. A volume monograph of B. Geyger and the book by F. Legrand and F. Xu were published in 1954.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Since 1978 T. DaCosta Kaufmann was engaged in Arcimboldo's heritage, and wrote of the artist defending his dissertation "Variations on an imperial subject". His volume work, published in 2009, summed up the attitude of modern art critics towards Arcimboldo. An article published in 1980 by Roland Barthes was devoted to Arcimboldo's works.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Archimboldo's relation with surrealism was emphasized at landmark exhibitions in New York ("Fantastic art, dada, surrealism", 1937) and in Venice ("Arcimboldo's Effect: Evolution of the person in painting from the XVI century", Palazzo Grassi, 1987) where Arcimboldo's allegories were presented. The largest encyclopedic exhibition of Arcimboldo's heritage, where about 150 of his works were presented, including graphics, was held in Vienna in 2008. In spite of the fact that very few works of Arcimboldo are available in the art market, their auction cost is in the range of five to 10 million dollars. Experts note that it is very modest for an artist at such a level of popularity.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo's art heritage is badly identified, especially as it concerns his early works and pictures in traditional style. In total about 20 of his pictures remain, but many more have been lost, according to mentions of his contemporaries and documents of the era. His cycles "Four Elements" and "Seasons", which the artist repeated with little changes, are most known. Some of his paintings include "The Librarian", "The Jurist", "The Cook", "Cupbearer", and other pictures. Arcimboldo's works are stored in the state museums and private collections of Italy (including Uffizi Gallery), France (Louvre), Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, Sweden, and in the US.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: The main object of modern art critics' interpretation are the "curious" paintings of Arcimboldo whose works, according to V. Krigeskort, "are absolutely unique". Attempts of interpretation begin with judgments of the cultural background and philosophy of the artist, however a consensus in this respect is not developed. B. Geyger, who for the first time raised these questions, relied mainly on judgments of contemporaries—Lomazzo, , and , who used the terms "scherzi, grilli, and capricci" (respectively, "jokes", "whims", "caprices"). Geyger's monograph is entitled: "Comic pictures of Giuseppe Arcimboldo". Geyger considered the works of the artist as inversion, when the ugliness seems beautiful, or, on the contrary, as the disgrace exceeding the beauty, entertaining the regal customer. A similar point of view was stated by Barthes, but he reduced works of the artist to the theory of language, believing that fundamentals of Arcimboldo's art philosophy is linguistic, because without creating new signs he confused them by mixing and combining elements that then played a role in the innovation of language.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo speaks double language, at the same time obvious and obfuscatory; he creates "mumbling" and "gibberish", but these inventions remain quite rational. Generally, the only whim (bizarrerie) which isn't afforded by Arcimboldo – he doesn't create language absolutely unclear … his art not madly.Arcimboldo's classification as mannerist also belongs to the 20th century. Its justification contains in Gustav Rehn Hok's work "The world as a Labyrinth", published in 1957. Arcimboldo was born in the late Renaissance, and his first works were done in a traditional Renaissance manner. In Hok's opinion, during the Renaissance era the artist had to be first of all the talented handicraftsman who skillfully imitated the nature, as the idea of fine art was based on its studying. Mannerism differed from the Renaissance art in attraction to "not naturalistic abstraction". It was a continuation of artistic innovation in the late Middle Ages—art embodying ideas. According to G. Hok, in consciousness there is concetto—the concept of a picture or a picture of the concept, an intellectual prototype. Arcimboldo, making a start from concetti, painted metaphorical and fantastic pictures, extremely typical for manneristic art. In "On Ugliness", which was published under Umberto Eco's edition, Arcimboldo also admitted belonging to manneristic tradition for which "...the preference for aspiration to strange, extravagant and shapeless over expressional fine" is peculiar.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: In the work "Arcimboldo and archimboldesk", F. Legrand and F. Xu tried to reconstruct the artist's philosophical views. They came to a conclusion that the views represented a kind of Platonic pantheism. The key to reconstruction of Arcimboldo's outlook seemed to them to be in the symbolism of court celebrations staged by the artist, and in his allegorical series. According to Plato's dialogues "Timaeus", an immemorial god created the Universe from chaos by a combination of four elements – fire, water, air and the earth, as defines all-encompassing unity.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: In T. DaCosta Kauffman's works serious interpretation of heritage of Arcimboldo in the context of culture of the 16th century is carried out consistently. Kauffman in general was skeptical about attribution of works by Arcimboldo, and recognized as undoubted originals only four pictures, those with a signature of the artist. He based the interpretation on the text of the unpublished poem by J. Fonteo "The picture "Seasons" and "Four Elements" of the imperial artist Giuseppe Arcimboldo". According to Fonteo, the allegorical cycles of Arcimboldo transfer ideas of greatness of the emperor. The harmony in which fruits and animals are combined into images of the human head symbolizes harmony of the empire under the good board of the Habsburgs. Images of seasons and elements are always presented in profile, but thus "Winter" and "Water", "Spring" and "Air", "Summer" and "Fire", "Fall" and "Earth" are turned to each other. In each cycle symmetry is also observed: two heads look to the right, and two — to the left. Seasons alternate in an invariable order, symbolizing both constancy of the nature and eternity of board of the Habsburgs' house. The political symbolism also hints at it: at the image of "Air" there are Habsburg symbols — a peacock and an eagle and "Fire" is decorated with a chain of the Award of the Golden Fleece, a great master of which by tradition was a head of a reigning dynasty. However it is made of flints and shod steel. Guns also point to the aggressive beginning. The Habsburg symbolics is present in the picture "Earth", where the lion's skin designates a heraldic sign of Bohemia. Pearls and corals similar to cervine horns in "Water" hint at the same.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: A number of writers from seventeenth-century Spain allude to his work, given that Philip II had acquired some of Arcimboldo's paintings. Grotesque images in the Miguel de Cervantes novel "Don Quixote", such as an immense fake nose, recall his work. He also appears in the works of Francisco de Quevedo. Turning to contemporary Latin American literature, he appears in Roberto Bolaño's "2666", in which the author uses the painter's name for one of the main characters, Benno von Archimboldi.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo's painting "Water" was used as the cover of the 1975 album "Masque" by the progressive rock band Kansas, and was also shown on the cover of the 1977 Paladin edition of Thomas Szasz's "The Myth of Mental Illness".


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: The 1992 novelette "The Coming of Vertumnus" by Ian Watson counterpoints the innate surrealism of the eponymous work against a drug-induced altered mental state.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: In Harry Turtledove's 1993 fantasy detective novel, "The Case of the Toxic Spell Dump", the alternate history's version of Arcimboldo incorporated imps – a common, everyday sight in that world – along with fruit, books, etc., into his portraits.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: The logo of the "Arkangel Shakespeare" audiobooks, released from 1998 onwards, is a portrait of William Shakespeare made out of books, in the style of Arcimboldo's "Librarian".


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo-style fruit people appear as characters in the films "The Tale of Despereaux" (2008) and "Alice Through the Looking Glass" (2016), as well as in the "Cosmic Osmo" video game series.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo's surrealist imagination is visible also in fiction. The first and last sections of "2666" (2008), Roberto Bolaño's last novel, concern a fictional German writer named Archimboldi, who takes his pseudonym from Arcimboldo.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: A detail from "Flora" was used on the cover of the 2009 album "Bonfires on the Heath" by The Clientele.


title: Giuseppe Arcimboldo

text: Arcimboldo is referenced in the 2020 revival of the "Animaniacs", Episode 4, as the main characters create a sculpture of him made of fruit.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD; also called magneto-fluid dynamics or hydromagnetics) is the study of the magnetic properties and behaviour of electrically conducting fluids. Examples of such magnetofluids include plasmas, liquid metals, salt water, and electrolytes. The word "magnetohydrodynamics" is derived from ' meaning magnetic field, ' meaning water, and "" meaning movement. The field of MHD was initiated by Hannes Alfvén, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1970.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: The fundamental concept behind MHD is that magnetic fields can induce currents in a moving conductive fluid, which in turn polarizes the fluid and reciprocally changes the magnetic field itself. The set of equations that describe MHD are a combination of the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics and Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism. These differential equations must be solved simultaneously, either analytically or numerically.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: The ebbing salty water flowing past London's Waterloo Bridge interacts with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a potential difference between the two river-banks. Michael Faraday called this effect "magneto-electric induction" and tried this experiment in 1832 but the current was too small to measure with the equipment at the time, and the river bed contributed to short-circuit the signal. However, by a similar process the voltage induced by the tide in the English Channel was measured in 1851.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: The simplest form of MHD, Ideal MHD, assumes that the fluid has so little resistivity that it can be treated as a perfect conductor. This is the limit of infinite magnetic Reynolds number. In ideal MHD, Lenz's law dictates that the fluid is in a sense "tied" to the magnetic field lines. To explain, in ideal MHD a small rope-like volume of fluid surrounding a field line will continue to lie along a magnetic field line, even as it is twisted and distorted by fluid flows in the system. This is sometimes referred to as the magnetic field lines being "frozen" in the fluid. The connection between magnetic field lines and fluid in ideal MHD fixes the topology of the magnetic field in the fluid—for example, if a set of magnetic field lines are tied into a knot, then they will remain so as long as the fluid/plasma has negligible resistivity. This difficulty in reconnecting magnetic field lines makes it possible to store energy by moving the fluid or the source of the magnetic field. The energy can then become available if the conditions for ideal MHD break down, allowing magnetic reconnection that releases the stored energy from the magnetic field.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: The ideal MHD equations consist of the continuity equation, the Cauchy momentum equation, Ampere's Law neglecting displacement current, and a temperature evolution equation. As with any fluid description to a kinetic system, a closure approximation must be applied to highest moment of the particle distribution equation. This is often accomplished with approximations to the heat flux through a condition of adiabaticity or isothermality.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: The main quantities which characterize the electrically conducting fluid are the bulk plasma velocity field , the current density , the mass density , and the plasma pressure . The flowing electric charge in the plasma is the source of a magnetic field and electric field . All quantities generally vary with time . Vector operator notation will be used, in particular is gradient, is divergence, and is curl.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: where the first term on the right hand side is the magnetic tension force and the second term is the magnetic pressure force.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: where is the ratio of specific heats for an adiabatic equation of state. This energy equation is only applicable in the absence of shocks or heat conduction as it assumes that the entropy of a fluid element does not change.


title: Magnetohydrodynamics

text: In an imperfectly conducting fluid the magnetic field can generally move through the fluid following a diffusion law with the resistivity of the plasma serving as a diffusion constant. This means that solutions to the ideal MHD equations are only applicable for a limited time for a region of a given size before diffusion becomes too important to ignore. One can estimate the diffusion time across a solar active region (from collisional resistivity) to be hundreds to thousands of years, much longer than the actual lifetime of a sunspot—so it would seem reasonable to ignore the resistivity. By contrast, a meter-sized volume of seawater has a magnetic diffusion time measured in milliseconds.