title: 3 (company)

text: 3 Indonesia launched its new unlimited text and MMS service for a fee with Facebook on 8 April 2009, so registered 3 customers can update status, write on their "wall", or upload new pictures free of charge. Besides Facebook, 3 also cooperated with Yahoo! to give unlimited chat for a fee by SMS and downloadable app using Yahoo! Messenger service. Both of these were the first of their kind in Indonesia.


title: 3 (company)

text: In 2013, Charoen Pokphand divested its telecommunication business in Indonesia by selling its share of 3 to Garibaldi Thohir and private equity firm which jointly owned by Patrick Walujo and Glenn Sugita Northstar Group. The company was renamed PT Hutchison 3 Indonesia. In September 2021, it was announced that the latter company would be merged with Indosat Ooredoo (which operates the IM3 networks) to form Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison; the merger closed on 4 January 2022 with Indosat as the surviving entity.


title: 3 (company)

text: Hutchison Drei Austria GmbH, doing business as 3 Austria, started operations in May 2003. The company promised to have 95% population coverage with HSDPA end of 2007. By 2008, 3's 3G coverage reached 94% of the population. Outside the coverage of its own 3G-network (UMTS/HSDPA/HSPA+) it relies on national roaming on the network of T-Mobile Austria (before Mid-2012, the network of A1 was used for national roaming). 3 Austria is the first in Austria to offer its customers so called "HD Mobile TV" based on the H.264 encoding standard, and won IIR telcon awards for their eBay (2006) and X-Series Gold (2007) offerings. 3 Austria won a DVB-H license and launched the service in June 2008, with three devices and free usage of Mobile TV. In September 2010 – The number of 1 million customers were exceeded. In November 2011 – 3 Austria launched HD Voice and LTE In January 2012, 3 Austria announced its national roaming agreement with T-Mobile, which will introduce from July 2012. Customers of 3 Austria will be able to roam on T-Mobile's GSM-network where 3's GSM-network is not available. Simultaneous clients of T-Mobile (including tele.ring) will be able to roam on 3's UMTS-network where T-Mobile's UMTS-network is not available. The roaming agreement with A1 will be continued parallel until year-end. On 3 February 2012 Hutchison Whampoa announced that it had bought Orange Austria for US$1.7 billion, from France Télécom which owned a 35% stake, and private equity firm Mid Europa Partners, which held the remaining 65%. The combined business will create a mobile carrier with 2.8 million customers and more than 20 percent market share in Austria. JPMorgan Chase advised Hutchison on the deal, while Morgan Stanley advised France Télécom and Mid Europa Partners.


title: 3 (company)

text: 3 Denmark (officially "Hi3G Denmark ApS") and 3 Sweden (officially "Hi3G Access AB") have a common network covering most of the two countries. Customers are "at home" on both networks, i.e. Danish customer receive calls from Denmark without paying roaming fees when they are on 3 Sweden's network and it does not cost extra to call Danish telephone numbers. 3 Scandinavia also previously had a license to build a network in Norway, but in 2011 decided against launching a 3G network in Norway. In 2008 both operations showed a positive EBITDA. In Sweden a small part of the UMTS2100 mobile network is shared with Telenor - except for cities like Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Lund and Karlskrona where they handle their own 3G networks. In spring 2011 Three started, without Telenor, to build their own 3G Network on the UMTS 900-band which will give a bigger coverage. UMTS 900 and LTE 800 is rolled out using the same base stations. Today 3 Sweden covers about 98.5% of the Swedish population. In May 2012, 3 Sweden launched its first LTE services. The network uses the TDD2600, FDD2600, FDD2100 and FDD800 bands. The network was launched with ZTE and according to ZTE, this is the world's first LTE network to use both FDD and TDD at the same time. Later it was switched to Huawei and Ericsson and as of now in July 2022 with the roll out of 5G the whole network is changed to Ericsson and Nokia Networks, due to the ban of using Huawei to build a 5G-network. At the beginning of 2022, 3 Sweden was Sweden's fastest growing mobile operator. 3 Sweden also operates its own lower-cost flanker brand Hallon, launched in 2013.


title: 3 (company)

text: 3 Denmark and 3 Sweden has "3 Like Home" which makes it possible to use the phone as home in 50+ countries like (Austria, Cyprus, USA, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Ireland, UK, Spain, Portugal, Malta, Puerto Rico, Greece, San Marino, Singapore, Switzerland, The Netherlands, France, Hong Kong, Italy, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Germany).


title: 3 (company)

text: Three Ireland (officially "Three Ireland (Hutchison) Limited") launched on 26 July 2005 as Ireland's fourth mobile network operator behind Vodafone, O2 and Meteor. Service was initially offered as post-paid only, but on 16 May 2006 the introduction of a pre-paid service, known as 3Pay, was announced.


title: 3 (company)

text: Three operates 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G services. Until 2015, Three had a roaming agreement with Vodafone to provide 2G coverage where its original 3G network was unavailable.


title: 3 (company)

text: On 24 June 2013, it was announced that CK Hutchison Holdings would acquire Telefónica's Irish mobile operations, O2, for €780 million, to be merged into Three Ireland upon completion of the deal. The European Commission approved the merger in 2014. The O2 brand was phased out and its operations fully merged into Three on 2 March 2015.


title: 3 (company)

text: On 27 January 2014, Three launched its 4G network in Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick, Wexford and Waterford. By March 2014, Three had expanded its 4G coverage to a further 11 towns. In 2016, Three started rolling out 4G+ claiming peak speeds of 225 Mbps. 4G coverage currently sits at 97.3% as of March 2020.


title: 3 (company)

text: On 28 September 2020, Three launched its 5G network, claiming 35% population coverage on day one. Three has stated that this service will be available in 121 locations but coverage is expected to expand over time.


title: 3 (company)

text: Three UK (officially "Hutchison 3G UK Limited") launched as the UK's first commercial video mobile network on 3 March 2003 (03-03-03), the day that 3G services went live across the country, and handsets went on sale later that month. On 9 December 2004, Three announced that it was the first network to meet its regulatory requirement of 80% population coverage in the UK.


title: 3 (company)

text: Three operates 3G, 4G and 5G services, and maintains a national roaming agreement with EE to provide 2G services where 3G is unavailable (until 2006, Three partnered with O2 for these services). 2G fallback coverage was largely dropped as 3G became ubiquitous.


title: 3 (company)

text: On 24 March 2015, Three announced its intention to acquire the UK operations of Spanish operator O2 for £10.25 billion but a year later, the EU commission blocked the takeover.


title: 3 (company)

text: Three's first retail stores (branded 3Store) opened at the same time as the network launched, in London's Oxford Street and Kensington High Street, and at the Birmingham Mailbox. Three's handsets and contracts are also sold by mobile telephony chains and independents throughout the UK, as well as online retailers. In 2005, an expansion of the 3Store portfolio saw stores opened in larger malls throughout the UK, such as the Bluewater shopping centre, and The Mall at Cribbs Causeway near Bristol. On 24 October 2006, Three announced that it had purchased 95 high street shops from O2 and The Link. Three's UK division is owned entirely by CK Hutchison Holdings.


title: 3 (company)

text: Hutchison launched the Three network in Australia in 2003, via its majority ownership of "Hutchison Telecommunications (Australia) Limited" (HTAL). It operated a 2,100 MHz 3G network in a 50/50 partnership with Telstra (the radio networks were shared while the core networks were separate), covering approximately 56% of Australia's population. The 3G network covered Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, the Gold Coast, Canberra, Geelong, Frankston and Wollongong.


title: 3 (company)

text: On 9 February 2009, HTAL and Vodafone announced that they would be merging their Australian operations into a 50–50 joint venture called VHA Pty Ltd. All products and services offered by VHA would be marketed under the Vodafone brand. The merger was approved by shareholders and regulators on 29 May 2009, and Vodafone Hutchison Australia Pty Ltd was established in June 2009. The Three and Vodafone networks remained separate until August 2009. Vodafone phased out the Three brand from late 2011 onwards. No new registrations to the Three brand were made after this time, and from 30 August 2013, all Three Mobile systems and accounts were closed.


title: 3 (company)

text: Hutchison formerly operated an Australian CDMA network under the Orange brand name, as Orange One. It allowed customers to use their 3 Branded CDMA mobile phone as a Home phone when at home. Calls made from their mobile were charged at rates similar to those of a Landline. Customers also received a "Local Zone " number allowing them to be called on a Landline number whilst at home. Should the phone be out of the Local zone, Calls made to the landline number either diverted to the Mobile number at a small fee, or was directed to Voicemail on the mobile handset. These plans started at a very competitive price of $10.00 per month, and local calls from the local Zone to a local landline was charged at 20c per local call, making their service cheaper than those of Telstra or Optus. The Orange One network was not as vast as others, and so Orange made arrangements with Telstra to allow the services of Orange One devices to roam to the Telstra network. On 1 February 2006, it was rebranded as 3 CDMA, and this network was closed as of 9 August 2006. 3 CDMA customers were offered special tariffs and incentives to continue as customers on the 3G network, all customers either moved over to 3's 3G network or to other network providers.


title: 3 (company)

text: 3 Italia (officially "H3G S.p.A.", formerly known as "Andala 3G S.p.A." or "Andala UMTS S.p.A.") was founded in November 1999 and controlled by Sardinian internet company Tiscali and Franco Bernabè. It was the first mobile operator to offer 3G services (UMTS), launched in March 2003. As of March 2010, 3 Italy had 9 million registered customers. It had a roaming agreement with TIM which allowed its customers to get a 2G service when they moved out of 3G coverage, allowing 3 to offer coverage to up to 99.8% of the population on 2G service. On 22 February 2006, 3 announced the first launch of HSDPA technology in Italy, marketed as "ADSM" (a contraction of "ADSL Mobile"). On 14 May 2006, 3 was the first in Italy to launch digital mobile TV using DVB-H technology. From June 2008 to November 2011, 3 Italia offered free of charge the viewing of Rai 1, Rai 2, Canale 5, Italia 1, Rete 4, SKY Meteo24, Current TV and La7 television channels with DVB-H technology.


title: 3 (company)

text: In 2015, CK Hutchison Holdings and VimpelCom agreed to merge their telecommunications businesses in Italy – H3G S.p.A. and Wind Telecomunicazioni S.p.A. – and this was completed in December 2016. The resulting company, 50% owned by each partner, rebranded as Wind Tre S.p.A. and had around 31 million mobile customers at the start of 2017, making it the country's largest mobile operator. In 2018, CK Hutchison acquired the 50% stake owned by VEON (formerly VimpelCom), to gain 100% ownership of Wind Tre. In the Italian market, services are now offered under the unified brand, officially unveiled on 6 March and commercially launched on 16 March 2020.


title: 3 (company)

text: Like other mobile-provider Internet home pages, 3's portal is 'free to browse' for some content in most 3 countries including Ireland, UK and Australia in most price plans; the user pays a fixed price for each video, text or application downloaded.


title: 3 (company)

text: Besides that, 3 UK and also 3 Ireland initially made the decision to block direct Internet access from handsets, while 3 Austria allowed access to the Internet since the beginning.


title: 3 (company)

text: In 2004, 3 released a PC Card 3G Data Card ("NetConnect Card") for Windows-based laptops which allows Internet access through 3's network directly from the computer, accompanied by a range of data and business tariffs. Later, more cards and USB modems for HSDPA were introduced.


title: 3 (company)

text: In November 2007, 3 started to sell the Skypephone, which was developed in conjunction with the Chinese phone manufacturer Amoi and Skype, combining the functionality of a UMTS handset with free voice calls and instant messages from Skype. The phones were sold exclusively by 3 on contract and on a prepaid basis.


title: 3 (company)

text: 3 also produced an application called "Skype on 3" which brought the same functionality to S60 and J2ME-capable phones (but not iPhone or Android, although some unofficial Android versions were distributed). Unlike the non-3 versions of mobile Skype, "Skype on 3" does not use the phone's data connection for voice calls, but instead places a normal phone call to a special number which 3 make available for this service. 3 does not charge users for calls to this number. This service is available in Australia, Ireland and the UK; it has been discontinued in Austria, Denmark, Hong Kong, Italy and Sweden. A company called iSkoot (now Qualcomm iSkoot Inc.) was behind at least some of the clients and back-end servers but iSkoot announced a shutdown scheduled for 20 January 2011. It appears this shutdown initially affected the J2ME version and some Skypephones (which now show a "click to upgrade" link which either doesn't function or takes you to a page saying an upgrade is not available), but some S60 versions were not affected. Skype have started sending emails indicating the Skype on 3 service will be terminated on 30 September 2014, in spite of Three's original "free for life" advertising. The recommended clients for smartphones will use the phone's data connection which may be liable to charges, instead of the dedicated access number used by the client, which was free to call.


title: 3 (company)

text: In February 2007, 3 introduced '3 Like Home', a service that in theory allows subscribers to use any 3-branded network (with the exception of 3 Indonesia) without having to pay additional roaming charges, instead paying the same amount for voice, data, and messaging services as they would do on their home network. This also allows users to use their free or inclusive bundles and allowances while abroad. However, pre-pay customers do not benefit fully, as they cannot use each 3 branded network for '3 Like Home'.


title: 3 (company)

text: This arrangement is possible because of the roaming agreements between the networks, which provide service to other partners' customers free of internal roaming charges. This means that the marginal cost of a roaming call is much the same as a call on the home network.


title: Heather McDonald

text: Heather Ann McDonald (born June 14, 1970) is an American stand-up comedian, actress and author. Born and educated in Southern California, she is known for her appearances on the E! series "Chelsea Lately". She was one of the eight writers on the show and often participated in sketches and segments. McDonald also wrote and appeared in the show's spin-off, "After Lately". She is the host of the pop culture podcast “Juicy Scoop with Heather McDonald.” Her first book, a 2010 memoir of her college years, made the Bestseller List of the "New York Times."


title: Heather McDonald

text: McDonald was born in 1970 in the San Fernando Valley, to real estate agent parents. She is of three quarters Irish and one quarter French-Canadian descent. She and her brothers and sisters were raised Catholic and attended private Catholic schools. After high school, McDonald attended the University of Southern California (USC), where she was a member of the Gamma Phi Beta sorority.


title: Heather McDonald

text: After graduating from USC, McDonald began to take theatre classes at The Groundlings. During her time there, McDonald performed improvisational shows and sketch comedy at the Groundlings Theatre. At the same time, McDonald became a licensed realtor like her parents.


title: Heather McDonald

text: In the late 1990s, McDonald began writing with Keenan Ivory Wayans. In 2001 and 2002, she was a writer and performer for MTV's "Lyricist Lounge""." She made an appearance on Frasier as one of Frasier's many blind dates.


title: Heather McDonald

text: McDonald first gained popularity through her stand-up comedy shows in Los Angeles. She also began writing and performing for the Wayans Brothers in several of their films. She was a writer and roundtable regular on "Chelsea Lately" since its premiere in 2007.


title: Heather McDonald

text: In June 2010, McDonald published her first book, a memoir entitled "You'll Never Blue Ball in This Town Again: One Woman's Painfully Funny Quest to Give It Up", which made "The New York Times" Best-Seller List. The memoir covers her college and sorority experience while attending the University of Southern California. McDonald published a second memoir in 2013, entitled "My Inappropriate Life (Some Stories Not Suitable for Nuns, Children, or Mature Adults)".


title: Heather McDonald

text: McDonald's standup special entitled "Heather McDonald: I Don't Mean To Brag" was recorded in 2014 and released on Netflix in September 2015. She also has a podcast called "Juicy Scoop with Heather McDonald," which began airing in June 2015.


title: Heather McDonald

text: On February 5, 2022, McDonald collapsed on stage during a live performance in Tempe, Arizona, immediately after having gotten through two jokes about how she was fine after a recent COVID vaccination and how Jesus loved her the most. She was taken to a hospital and treated for a fractured skull.


title: Heather McDonald

text: McDonald attended college at the University of Southern California where she was a member of the Gamma Phi Beta sorority. While in college, she performed in local stage plays, including the critically acclaimed "Legend of Horseface".


title: Elkan Baggott

text: Elkan William Tio Baggott (born 23 October 2002) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for League Two club Gillingham, on loan from League One club Ipswich Town, and the Indonesia national team.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: Born in Thailand and raised in England, Baggott represents his mother's country of Indonesia, where he first learned to play football as a child.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: Baggott was born in Bangkok, Thailand, to an Indonesian mother and an English father and chose to represent Indonesia internationally.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: He learned to play football at the Soccer School Jakarta and was appointed as captain for his British International School squad. His family eventually decided to settle in England in 2011.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: Having joined Ipswich Town on a two-year scholarship in 2019, Baggott made his senior debut for the club on 6 October 2020, in a 2–0 victory over Gillingham in the EFL Trophy. On 28 January 2021, Baggott penned his first professional contract with Ipswich, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract with the option of an additional year's extension. On 16 April 2022, he became the first Indonesian player to play in an English professional league when he appeared for Ipswich Town in an EFL League One match against Rotherham United. Baggott signed a new three-year deal with the club in June 2022.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: On 22 March 2021, Baggott joined National League side King's Lynn Town on a youth loan for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. He made his debut for the club on 23 March 2021, playing 90 minutes in a 3–0 loss to Altrincham.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: On 8 July 2022, Baggott joined League Two club Gillingham on a season-long loan deal. He made his league debut for the club on 30 July 2022 in a 2–0 away loss to AFC Wimbledon. On 15 October 2022, Baggott scored his first goal for Gillingham against Stevenage.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: Baggott has played for Indonesia at the under-19 level. He won his first cap for the under-19 team on 11 October 2020 in a friendly against North Macedonia U19. He received a call to join the senior Indonesian national football team in May 2021 but rejected it due to COVID-19 travel restrictions.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: On 22 October 2021, the Chief of PSSI, Mochamad Iriawan, stated that Baggott had refused to play for Indonesia after rejecting multiple call-ups. Baggott immediately sent a letter to PSSI explaining his absence and his willingness to accept the next call-up, citing the fact that the COVID-19 situation in the United Kingdom and Indonesia have been much better. Iriawan openly accepted his explanation three days later.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: On 16 November 2021, he made his debut for the senior team in a friendly match against Afghanistan. He played for 68 minutes and was substituted by Victor Igbonefo due to a concussion head injury, which resulted in an England Football Association mandatory 14 day 'no footballing activity' recuperation period. Elkan was cleared to play again on 2 December 2021, after a neurological MRI scan concluded no lasting damage. On 12 December 2021, Elkan made his senior team competitive debut against Laos in the AFF Suzuki Cup, played in Singapore. Indonesia won the match 5–1. He scored his first goal for the national team on 19 December 2021, netting a header for the last goal of a 4–1 win against Malaysia.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: Baggott again represented the senior national team at an AFC Finals qualification competition in Kuwait from 8 to 14 June. Baggott played in all 3 matches versus Kuwait (won 2-1), Jordan (lost 1-0) and Nepal (won 7-0). This performance helped Indonesia secure qualification for the Asian Cup being played in the summer of 2023. Baggott scored his 2nd international goal in the 7-0 win over Nepal.


title: Elkan Baggott

text: Baggott was named in the provisional Indonesia squad for the 2022 AFF Championship but chose instead to stay with Gillingham during the busy December-January period of fixtures and with the Kent side bottom of League Two at the time of his call up.


title: Gilt-head bream

text: The gilt-head (sea) bream ("Sparus aurata"), known as Orata in antiquity and still today in Italy and Tunisia (known as "Dorada" in Spain, "Dourada" in Portugal and "Dorade Royale" in France), is a fish of the bream family Sparidae found in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern coastal regions of the North Atlantic Ocean. It commonly reaches about in length, but may reach and weigh up to about .


title: Gilt-head bream

text: The gilt-head bream is generally considered the best tasting of the breams. It is the single species of the genus "Sparus" – the Latin name for this fish – which has given the whole family of Sparidae its name. Its specific name, "aurata", derives from the gold bar marking between its eyes.


title: Gilt-head bream

text: The genome of the species was released in 2018, where the authors detected fast evolution of ovary-biased genes likely resulting from the peculiar reproduction mode of the species.


title: Gilt-head bream

text: It is typically found at depths of , but may occur up to , seen singly or in small groups near seagrass or over sandy bottoms, but sometimes in estuaries during the spring.


title: Gilt-head bream

text: Gilthead seabream is an esteemed food fish, but catches of wild fish have been relatively modest, between 6,100 and 9,600 tonnes in 2000–2009, primarily from the Mediterranean. In addition, gilthead seabream have traditionally been cultured extensively in coastal lagoons and saltwater ponds. However, intensive rearing systems were developed during the 1980s, and gilthead seabream has become an important aquaculture species, primarily in the Mediterranean area and Portugal. Reported production was negligible until the late 1980s, but reached 140,000 tonnes in 2010, thus dwarfing the capture fisheries production. Greece is the biggest seabream producer in Europe, followed by Turkey.


title: Gilt-head bream

text: Gilthead seabreams in aquaculture are susceptible to parasitic infections, including from "Enterospora nucleophila".


title: Gilt-head bream

text: The fish is widely used in Mediterranean cooking, under a variety of names. In Tunisia, it is known locally as "wrata". In Spain, it is known as "dorada", and in France, as "dorade".


title: Tomer Sisley

text: Born in West Berlin, West Germany, to Israeli-born parents who had relocated for his father's job as a research scientist in dermatology. His mother is also a dermatologist. His parents met as schoolmates in Ramat Gan, Israel, and were childhood sweethearts. His father's family has roots in Lithuania and Belarus, while his mother is of Yemeni descent.


title: Tomer Sisley

text: His parents separated when he was five years old. At 9 years of age he left Berlin to live with his father in southern France, where his father was offered a position. He is fluent in German, Hebrew, French, and English. He attended an English-speaking school, and then attended the bi-lingual Centre international de Valbonne in Sophia Antipolis near Nice, France.


title: Tomer Sisley

text: Sisley resides in Paris with his family, and has taught Hebrew to his three children. He spends about a month a year in Israel where most of his relatives reside, and has cousins and uncles who were in the Israeli Special Forces. He is a horse rider, practiced 5 years of Krav Maga, and trains in jiujitsu and boxing. He is also a helicopter pilot, and does skydiving, paragliding, and extreme skiing.


title: Tomer Sisley

text: Sisley performed six years of stand-up comedy. In 2003 he was the first French stand-up comedian to win the Just for Laughs comedy festival in Canada, the largest comedy festival in the world.


title: Tomer Sisley

text: In early summer 2019, it was brought to light that, in France Tomer was giving a literal introduction to American stand-up, performing jokes and routines - sometimes word for word - from nearly 20 English-speaking comedians, largely from stand-up specials performed from 1999 to 2004. Sisley appeared to have taken individual bits from Ted Alexandro, Jon Stewart, Nick Swardson, Mitch Hedberg and, of course, the perennially-stolen-from Bill Hicks. And many, many more.


title: Tomer Sisley

text: Among his first films were the Tunisian fictional film "Bedwin Hacker" (2003), the comedy drama "Virgil" (2005), the French romantic comedy-drama "Toi et moi" (2006), the French crime film "Truands" (2007), and the French action thriller "Largo Winch" (2008). In 2009, Sisley won the Most Promising Newcomer title at the Étoiles d'or French awards for his acting in "Largo Winch".


title: Tomer Sisley

text: In 2011, Sisley accepted the leading part in a low-budget French thriller film "Sleepless Night". The movie was bought by Tribeca Productions, Robert De Niro's distribution company, and Warner Brothers bought the rights for a remake. The film showed at the Tribeca Film Festival, Toronto International Film Festival, and Rome Film Festival.


title: Tomer Sisley

text: In the French action thriller "Largo Winch II" (2011), Sisley performed a fight while skydiving from a plane without a parachute. He does all of his own stunts. Among his next films were the American comedy "We're the Millers" (2013), the French costume drama and adventure film "Angélique" (2013), and the Israeli-French docudrama political thriller "Rabin, the Last Day" (2015).


title: Tomer Sisley

text: In the American thriller web television series "Messiah" (2020) Sisley plays Israeli Shin Bet intelligence officer Aviram Dahan.


title: Dragon's teeth (fortification)

text: Dragon's teeth () are square-pyramidal fortifications of reinforced concrete first used during the Second World War to impede the movement of tanks and mechanised infantry. The idea was to slow down and channel tanks into killing zones where they could easily be disposed of by anti-tank weapons.


title: Dragon's teeth (fortification)

text: Dragon's teeth were used by several armies in the European Theatre. The Germans made extensive use of them on the Siegfried Line and the Atlantic Wall. Typically, each tooth was tall.


title: Dragon's teeth (fortification)

text: Land mines were often laid between teeth, and further obstacles were constructed along the lines of teeth, such as barbed wire to impede infantry or diagonally-placed steel beams to further hinder tanks. Many were laid in the United Kingdom in 1940–1941, as part of the effort to strengthen the country's defences against a possible German invasion.


title: Dragon's teeth (fortification)

text: Due to the huge numbers laid and their durable construction, many thousands of dragon's teeth can still be seen today, especially in the remains of the Siegfrieds.


title: Dragon's teeth (fortification)

text: The term has survived into the present day and can be used to describe a line of posts or bollards set into the ground to deter vehicle access, for example in rural car parking areas or alongside roads.


title: Dragon's teeth (fortification)

text: Some stages of Rallye Deutschland, the German round of the WRC rally championship, are run on roads belonging to the military training ground at Baumholder. The roads are lined with dragon's teeth, known as "Hinkelsteine". They usually serve as obstacles to prevent tanks from leaving the roads, and cause significant damage to any rally car which veers off track.


title: Lien

text: A lien ( or ) is a form of security interest granted over an item of property to secure the payment of a debt or performance of some other obligation. The owner of the property, who grants the lien, is referred to as the "lienee" and the person who has the benefit of the lien is referred to as the "lienor" or "lien holder".


title: Lien

text: The etymological root is Anglo-French "lien", "loyen" "bond", "restraint", from Latin "ligamen", from "ligare" "to bind".


title: Lien

text: In the United States, the term lien generally refers to a wide range of encumbrances and would include other forms of mortgage or charge. In the US, a lien characteristically refers to "nonpossessory" security interests (see generally: ).


title: Lien

text: In other common-law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest, being a passive right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged. In contrast to the usage of the term in the US, in other countries it refers to a purely "possessory" form of security interest; indeed, when possession of the property is lost, the lien is released. However, common-law countries also recognize a slightly anomalous form of security interest called an "equitable lien" which arises in certain rare instances.


title: Lien

text: Despite their differences in terminology and application, there are some similarities between liens in the US and elsewhere in the common-law world.


title: Lien

text: Liens can be consensual or non-consensual (also termed voluntary or involuntary in different states). Consensual liens are imposed by a contract between the creditor and the debtor:


title: Lien

text: Nonconsensual liens typically arise by statute or by the operation of the common law. Those laws give a creditor the right to impose a lien on an item of real property or a chattel by the existence of the relationship of creditor and debtor. Those liens include


title: Lien

text: Liens are also "perfected" or "unperfected" (see Perfection (law)). Perfected liens are those liens for which a creditor has established a priority right in the encumbered property with respect to third party creditors. Perfection is generally accomplished by taking steps required by law to give third party creditors notice of the lien. The fact that an item of property is in the hands of the creditor usually constitutes perfection. Where the property remains in the hands of the debtor, some further step must be taken, like recording a notice of the security interest with the appropriate office.


title: Lien

text: Perfecting a lien is an important part of the task of protecting the secured creditor's interest in the property. A perfected lien is valid against bona fide purchasers of property, and even against a trustee in bankruptcy; an unperfected lien may not be.


title: Lien

text: In the United States, references to an "equitable lien" is a right, enforceable only in equity, to have a demand satisfied out of a particular fund or specific property without having possession of the fund or property. An equitable lien is actually a legal remedy, rather than a security interest created in contemplation of or in support of a transaction. In U.S. law, such liens characteristically arise in four circumstances:


title: Lien

text: Movers are typically entitled to a mover's lien under UCC § 7-307/308, to withhold a customer's goods to secure payment. This is a possessory lien, and is the non-consensual type of lien (because it exists automatically under a statute instead of being affirmatively agreed upon). However, the concept of a mover's lien is often abused in a moving scam known as a hostage load, whereby the moving company will extort money not owed by the customer by refusing to deliver the goods unless the customer pays money inflated beyond the contractual estimate. Because the customer has an interest in obtaining their own goods, they are under duress to pay the ransom. Hostage loads in at least the interstate context are illegal under 49 U.S.C. 13905. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) regulates the moving industry and sometimes takes enforcement action by fining and/or delicensure of offending moving companies. Moving companies that deliberately engage in hostage-loading may also be considered to be engaging in racketeering in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act.


title: Lien

text: Disputes between legitimate lienholding of chattels vs. hostage-loading can sometimes be averted by the customer including an advanced (before-the-fact) consensual waiver of the mover's right to a lien in the written contract, obligating the moving company to deliver the goods with reasonable dispatch regardless of disputes over payment, and failure to do so would constitute conversion or trespass to chattels.


title: Lien

text: Outside of the US, a common-law lien may be defined in general terms as a passive right to retain a chattel (and, in certain cases, documentary intangibles and papers) conferred by law. Modern law has generally left the legal lien to cases where it has been historically established without any real effort being made to make it applicable to modern conditions. In "Tappenden v Artus" [1964] 2 QB 185, Diplock LJ referred to a lien as a "self help" remedy, like "other primitive remedies such as abatement of nuisance, self-defence or ejection of trespassers to land". Equitable liens are an unusual species of property right, usually considered "sui generis".


title: Lien

text: Common-law liens are divided into "special liens" and "general liens". A special lien, the more common kind, requires a close connection between the property and the service rendered. A special lien can only be exercised in respect of fees relating to the instant transaction; the lienor cannot use the property held as security for past debts as well. A general lien affects all of the property of the lienee in the possession of the lienor, and stands as security for all of the debts of the lienee to the lienor. A special lien can be extended to a general lien by contract, and this is commonly done in the case of carriers. A common-law lien only gives a passive right to retain; there is no power of sale which arises at common law, although some statutes have also conferred an additional power of sale, and it is possible to confer a separate power of sale by contract.


title: Lien

text: The common-law liens are closely aligned to the so-called "common callings", but are not co-extensive with them.


title: Lien

text: A common-law lien is a very limited type of security interest. Apart from the fact that it only amounts to a passive right to retain, a lien cannot be transferred; it cannot be asserted by a third party to whom possession of the goods is given to perform the same services that the original party should have performed; and if the chattel is surrendered to the lienor, the lien entitlement is lost forever (except for where the parties agree that the lien shall survive a temporary re-possession by the lienor). A lienee who sells the chattel unlawfully may be liable in conversion as well as surrendering the lien.


title: Lien

text: In common-law countries, equitable liens give rise to unique and difficult issues. An equitable lien is a nonpossessory security right conferred by operation of law, which is similar in effect to an equitable charge. It differs from a charge in that it is non-consensual. It is conferred only in very limited circumstances, the most common (and least ambiguous) of which is in relation to the sale of land; an unpaid vendor has an equitable lien over the land for the purchase price, notwithstanding that the purchaser has gone into occupation of the property. It is seen as a counterweight to the equitable rule which confers a beneficial interest in the land on the purchaser once contracts are exchanged for purchase.


title: Lien

text: It is a matter of conjecture how far equitable liens extend outside of the unpaid vendor's lien. Equitable liens have been held to exist in a number of cases involving choses in action, but not yet in relation to chattels. The Australian courts have been the most receptive towards equitable liens in relation to personal property (see "Hewett v Court" (1983) 57 ALJR 211), but a review of the cases still leaves a lack of clarity in relation to the principles upon which an equitable lien will be imposed.


title: Lien

text: Although arguably not liens as such, two other forms of encumbrance are sometimes referred to as liens.


title: Lien

text: Certain statutes provide for a passive right to retain property against its owner as security for obligations. For example, section 88 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 of the United Kingdom permits an airport to detain aircraft for unpaid airport charges and aviation fuel. Although this right has been treated as a lien under UK insolvency law, it has been argued that such statutory rights are not in fact liens, but rights analogous to liens, although an argument may be made that this is a distinction without a difference.


title: Lien

text: It has also been argued that an agreement by contract that one party may retain the goods of another party until paid is not a lien, as under the common law, liens could only be non-consensual. However, it appears that under insolvency law, such rights will be treated as liens even if they are not expressed to be liens.


title: Lien

text: A maritime lien is a lien on a vessel, given to secure the claim of a creditor who provided maritime services to the vessel or who suffered an injury from the vessel's use. Maritime liens are sometimes referred to as "tacit hypothecation". Maritime liens have little in common with other liens under the laws of most jurisdictions.


title: Lien

text: The maritime lien has been described as "one of the most striking peculiarities of Admiralty law". A maritime lien constitutes a security interest upon ships of a nature otherwise unknown to the common law or equity. It arises purely by operation of law and exists as a claim upon the property concerned, both secret and invisible, often given priority by statute over other forms of registered security interest. Although characteristics vary under the laws of different countries, it can be described as:


title: Lien

text: Throughout the world, there are a large number of different types and sub-divisions of liens. Not all of the following liens exist in all legal systems that recognise the concept of a lien. The following are descriptions that are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Types of lien include


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: Cassandra Lee Morris (born April 19, 1982) is an American voice actress. After starting her career as a teenage program host for an educational video series called "Real World Science", she worked as a journalist in New York City and Los Angeles writing for local newspapers and programs as well as numerous fashion and style blogs such as About.com, David's Bridal and Patch.com. She got into voice-over starting with Alice and then Yubel in "Yu-Gi-Oh! GX" and has since worked on a number of animation, anime shows and audiobooks. Her major roles include Ritsu Tainaka in "K-On!", Suguha Kirigaya/Leafa in "Sword Art Online", Sue in "Doraemon", Kyubey in "Puella Magi Madoka Magica", Taiga Aisaka in "Toradora" and Pelops II in "Godzilla Singular Point". In video games, she voices Fie Claussell and Alfin Reise Arnor in "" series, Totooria "Totori" Helmold in "", Edea Lee in "Bravely Default", Lin Lee Koo in "Xenoblade Chronicles X", Operator 6O in "", Morgana in the "Persona 5" series, and Aoi Asahina and Angie Yonaga in the "Danganronpa" series.


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: Morris was born in Connecticut and raised in Trumbull. She grew up in an Italian American family. She recalls her first-ever voice-over role as recording for an English as a Second Language learning cassette when she was 12. Her parents would occasionally pull her out of school to take her to auditions in New York City. When she was in middle school at around age 14, she was involved in an educational video series called "Real World Science" where she served as the on-screen program host as well as provide narration for the science videos being presented. She described her experience as good practice reading scripts, and noted that the producers at Mazzarella Media kept calling her back to do more videos, so she continued working on those through high school and college, where she would later help the company in production and script writing for other educational videos. She got involved in journalism when she wrote for the local newspaper "The Trumbull Times" where she covered high school sports. She graduated in 2004 from New York University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Journalism and Mass Communications. In New York, she wrote for "US Weekly" magazine, "New York Press", "The Aquarian" and "Metro New York". She also worked as an associate producer and blogger on "Cool in Your Code", a local television show that covered a different New York City zip code every episode. In 2010, she moved to the Los Angeles area, wrote for Patch.com, served as a blog writer and editor in the Prom and Formal Dances at About.com, and wrote blog articles for David's Bridal.


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: While in New York, she got involved in voice acting at 4Kids Entertainment and NYAV Post with English parts in anime dubs. Her first ever anime role was in "Magical Doremi", and her first anime television role was with "Yu-Gi-Oh! GX" where she voiced Alice, and later Yubel, which was her first major anime role. In an interview she said that she would get instructions on how to voice the character based on a brief description and sometimes a picture of the character. Prior to voicing in anime, she was only aware of a few titles such as "Dragon Ball Z" which her brother liked, and "Sailor Moon" which her friends liked. She said "It's surreal because I took the original role (in "Yu-Gi-Oh") because I liked the character and, of course, as an actor you want to work, but it came with this bonus of all these fans. It's amazing to be part of such a close-knit excited community." She would later voice in "Pokémon" as well as cartoons such as "Winx Club" and "Chaotic".


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: Morris would continue voice acting after moving to Los Angeles. In 2011 she got a starring role of Ritsu Tainaka, the drummer and outspoken character in the girl band anime "K-On!". She voiced the role of Saki Mikajima in the "Durarara!!" series which aired on Cartoon Network and which had a sequel in 2015. In 2012, she voiced Kyubey, the mascot character in the magical girl drama "Madoka Magica"; she says the Kyubey was one of the most controversial anime characters, and made people react strongly. In "Sword Art Online", released in 2013, she voices Leafa. The show was broadcast on the Toonami block of Adult Swim, and ran for two seasons. In the romantic comedy "Toradora", released in 2014, she voices Taiga Aisaka, the lead heroine who pairs up with a guy in order to court his best friend while he courts Taiga's best friend. She liked playing the "tsundere" personality of Taiga. The show was one of the first anime to be dubbed and released by NIS America. In 2014, she voiced Sue in "", the English dub of "Doraemon" which broadcast on Disney XD.


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: In the anime film "", she voiced Teo, the co-lead to the title character. She also voiced the title character in "Patema Inverted", a film where her character discovers a world where everything is upside down and gravity causes her to fall to the ceiling of a room. Other anime film roles include Akiko in "Time of Eve", Noriko in "Welcome to the Space Show", and Natsuki in "Psychic School Wars".


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: In cartoons, she provided the voice of Lola, one of the three main kids in the cartoon series "Angelo Rules" which was run on Cartoon Network as well as Netflix. Morris voiced Bubbles in the Netflix cartoon series "Popples", based on the toys of the same name. She provided the voice of Frankie Stein in the "Monster High" reboot film, "Welcome to Monster High". She also provided the voice of Diaspro in the sixth season of "Winx Club", replacing the singer Ariana Grande, who previously voiced Diaspro in the second one-hour special as well as the third and fifth seasons.


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: In 2011, she voiced the title character Totooria "Totori" Helmold, an alchemist, in the role-playing video game "". "Gadget Review", in reviewing the game, said that normally they would ignore the English dub adaptation for a Japanese game, but liked the English voice actors, calling them full of emotion and "always delivering their lines the way you think they should". The reviewer from The Otaku's Study found the English voice-acting for the female characters to be strong, and that she "portrayed the innocent character role effectively." Travis Bruno of Capsule Computers in Australia said that the dub "continues to impress".


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: In the fantasy role-playing video game "Bravely Default" she plays main party character Edea Lee, who she describes as a "tiny, spunky, badass warrior." and likened her to herself if she were placed in a medieval setting. She reprised her character in "Bravely Second". Jason Hidalgo of Reno Gazette-Journal found the English dub to be hit or miss, but "thoroughly enjoyed Edea’s hilarious 'Mrgrgr' commentary."


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: In "Xenoblade Chronicles X", she voices Lin Lee Koo, one of the main characters in the story. She auditioned and won the role despite the only direction she was originally given was that the video game involved "space travel". Morris sought to preserve Lin's characteristics as strong female figure in her portrayal, describing her as "super smart and very self-reliant... She can cook dinner and also kick your ass." Morris's take on the character did however include using a deeper, older-sounding voice for Lin, partially to accommodate for the age change, and partially because it was believed that Western audiences would find the high-pitched Japanese version "grating". She voiced between 1,600 and 1,800 lines of dialogue for Lin – above average for a video game. In response to a controversy over Lin's bikini costumes being more covered up in the North American and European versions, Morris said that it bothered her that Lin was only 13 years old, but sees the censorship more as localization and that it would make the game open up to a wider audience.


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: In "Persona 5", she voices Morgana, a shapeshifter character that appears as a cat during the day and guides the main character and his team through the world of shadows. Morgana was described as the mascot character of the game, which meant some "heavy pressure" for Morris as a main character in the series.


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: Morris has narrated a number of audiobooks, a few of which have earned her "AudioFile" magazine's Earphones Awards, the first was for the young adult novel "Dear Zoe" by Philip Beard in 2004. Other Earphone Award-winning titles include "Salt to the Sea" by Ruta Sepetys, "Pip Bartlett's Guide to Magical Creatures" by Jackson Pearce, and "The Tapper Twins Go To War (With Each Other)" by Geoff Rodkey. The audiobook "The Elegance of the Hedgehog" by Muriel Barbery, where Morris voiced the 12-year-old Paloma, won AudioFile's Best Audiobook of the Year and "Publishers Weekly" Listen Up Award. Her narration of children's book "A Snicker of Magic" by Natalie Lloyd received a nomination at the 2015 Audie Awards and received the Honor Recording Odyssey Award from the American Library Association. Morris said that she has worked on many audio books for Simon and Schuster's Books For Young Readers series, where she would record at her studio in Los Angeles and would be patched over by phone line to her producer/director in New York.


title: Cassandra Lee Morris

text: Morris married songwriter and producer Steve Shebby on February 13, 2016. They live in the Los Angeles area.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Well, Just You Wait! () is a Soviet, later Russian, series of animated short films produced by Soyuzmultfilm. In the 2014 all-Russian poll, "Well, Just You Wait!" won by a wide margin as people's favorite cartoon/animated series of all time. The most recent episode was produced in 2006.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The series follows the comical adventures of Wolf (), trying to catch – and presumably eat – Hare (). It features additional characters that usually either help the hare or interfere with the Wolf's plans. The original film language is Russian, but very little speech is used, usually interjections or at most several sentences per episode. The series' most common line is the eponymous ""Nu, pogodi!"", yelled by the wolf when his plans fail. It also includes many grunts, laughs, and songs.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The Hare, commonly transliterated into English as Zayats (), is portrayed as a supposedly positive hero. He is less developed than the Wolf, and most of his actions are simply reactions to the Wolf's schemes. In later episodes, the role of the Hare becomes more active and developed, and he even manages to save the Wolf on several occasions. The Hare is portrayed as a percussionist in a number of episodes. The character was originally voiced by Klara Rumyanova.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The Hare is often mistaken as a female due to his appearance and voice; however, the Hare's gender is never explicitly indicated. The Russian word for hare, заяц(zayats), is of masculine gender, the female equivalent is зайчиха(zaychikha).


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The Hare is almost always seen wearing the same green T-shirt and dark green shorts unlike the Wolf's ever-varying wardrobe. There are rare exceptions, however: in the prologue of Episode 8, he appears in an ice-skating outfit, and later on in the same episode, he is dressed with intentional absurdity as the grandfatherly Ded Moroz (Father Frost), the silliness of which is only heightened by the Wolf then appearing as his granddaughter, Snegurochka, also known as the Snow Maiden.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The Wolf, commonly transliterated into English as Volk (), is initially portrayed as a hooligan who eagerly turns to vandalism, abuses minors, breaks laws, and is a smoker. His appearance was inspired by a person the director Vyacheslav Kotyonochkin saw on the street, specifically a man with long hair, a protruding belly, and a thick cigarette between his lips. The character was originally voiced by Anatoli Papanov.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: His most common line throughout the series when things are not going as he expected is "Nu, pogodi!" At the end of an episode (and at the end of the pre-title introduction), the Wolf usually exclaims the series' titular phrase, "Nu, Zayats... Nu, pogodi!" which translates as "Well, Hare... Well, just you wait!".


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: In spite of his rough appearance, many of the Wolf's attempts to catch the Hare are often characterized by unexpected abilities on his part (including figure skating, ballet, gymnastics, and waltzing) for humorous contrast; he can also play the guitar very well and rides a powerful rocker motorbike. In the first episode, while climbing a high building to catch the Hare, the Wolf whistles the popular mountaineer song, "A Song About A Friend" (a signature song of Vladimir Vysotsky). In spite of these talents, most of the Wolf's schemes eventually fail or turn against him.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: During the late Soviet and post-Soviet era, however, the Wolf gradually became more buffoonish than menacing. In the last episode (#20), for example, the Wolf is seen chewing a lollipop instead of smoking and his drawing style is reminiscent of new Russian cartoons () rather than the old Soviet slapstick genre. The Wolf became increasingly timid or even outright cowardly during this time period, contrasting sharply with his initially "macho" persona and actor's voice.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The Wolf's most characteristic piece of clothing is his bell-bottoms which can ambiguously be either part of the naval uniform or the 1970s fashion. He is most often seen in a pink shirt with a yellow necktie, but occasionally (Episode 7) appears in a naval undershirt (telnyashka) and in Episode 8, he appears in drag, impersonating the Snegurochka. In Episode 11 he wears a jacket in the beginning, but soon removes it when chasing the Hare. Not infrequently, he loses most of his clothes during the chase, going on in his chintz underpants only (those are a realistic depiction of Soviet-style underwear), though in episode 6, he retains only his shirt and pulls it down to cover up his "naked" hindquarters. Humorously, all of his clothing below the waist has a special opening for his tail.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: In Episodes 1–16 the Wolf's hairstyle is basically unchanged, though in Episode 14 his hair gets briefly done in a style, not unlike Elvis Presley's. In Episode 17 he wears a ponytail, and in Episode 18 his forelock is cropped and the mullet is tied into a ponytail. However, in the three final episodes he resumes his earlier hairstyle of episodes 1–16.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The story also features a supporting cast of animal characters, the most commonly appearing of whom is the physically strong and heavy Hippopotamus ( "Begemot"), who participates in various roles (e.g., a museum caretaker, shop keeper, passer-by, doorkeeper, etc.) and whom the Wolf usually annoys and has to run away from. In "Episode #5" (1972), the Hare finds the Wolf hidden among watermelons (the Wolf's cap camouflages him in the scene). The Hare recommends to the passing Hippopotamus, who's also looking to buy melons, one which actually winds up being the Wolf's head. The Hippopotamus squeezes Wolf's head to test the ripeness of the "watermelon", and inadvertently forces him out of hiding. The episode ends with Wolf (on a washbowl) sliding down into the Moscow Metro and slamming head-on into, and ending up under the Hippopotamus.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Another repeating character is the Cat ( "Kot"), who is an illusionist and appears in several stage performances throughout the series. The Cat is shown to be a good magician, but very self-absorbed and highly sensitive to applause. In "Episode #9" (1976), the Cat traps the Wolf in his levitation act (which saves the Hare from being caught). He drops the Wolf twice in his act to acknowledge and accept the applause from the Hare.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: One of the most appearing on-screen secondary characters in a single episode is the Walrus ( "Morzh"), who is the uniformed navy captain of the ship in "Episode #7", who keeps interfering with the Wolf's attempts at boarding the ship and/or attempting to capture the Hare. However, once the Wolf is on board, he pretends to mop the deck in front of the Captain, tricking him into believing he is one of the crew members. The Captain is later seen closing the lid on top of the boat's storage room, which results in the Wolf and Hare being trapped together in the darkness.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Other animals are shown in the series, including bears, red foxes, elephants, beavers, dogs, and pigs (in a swimming suit with three bras).


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The original script for "Nu, pogodi!" was created for the animation studio Soyuzmultfilm in Moscow by the writers Felix Kandel, Arkady Khait, and Aleksandr Kurlyandsky, whose works included humourist and satirical writings. Most directors of Soyuzmultfilm rejected the script, but Vyacheslav Kotyonochkin was convinced by the idea. However, Gennady Sokolsky was the first person to direct the cartoon, more specifically a pilot of it, which was given the name "Nu, pogodi!" A two and a half-minute short film with character designs very different from the later series was created, but it already featured the Wolf's titular catchphrase. It was shown as part of the first episode of the animation magazine "Happy Merry-Go-Round" in 1969.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Kotyonochkin wanted the Wolf to be voiced by the actor and singer Vladimir Vysotsky, but was not given permission by the officials. The actor Anatoli Papanov was approved instead. Actress Klara Rumyanova, who commonly voiced cute and small characters, received the role of the Hare. Svetozar Rusakov was responsible for the visual design of the series, including its characters. In case of the music, the majority of the soundtrack throughout the series during Soviet times was edited directly from existing international records, though there were also original compositions.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The first episode aired in 1969. "Nu, pogodi!" was not intended to become a long-running series, but the cartoon reached immense popularity and Soyuzmultfilm received many letters from viewers asking for more adventures of Wolf and Hare. Therefore, production of new shorts continued into the 1980s. However, it was temporarily halted for political reasons after the seventh episode in 1973, as script writer Felix Kandel and his family wanted to emigrate to Israel, but were denied by the Soviet authorities. Nonetheless, production soon resumed, though without Kandel, as "Nu, pogodi!" viewers were among the highest party leadership.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Episode 16, the last film created during the Soviet era, aired in 1986. The series was put on hold after the death of Anatoli Papanov in 1987.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: It turned out that all outtakes of Papanov's work for the series had been archived. The voice samples were used for the creation of the 17th and 18th episodes in 1993. They were produced by Soyuzmultfilm in collaboration with the Ukrainian Institute for Professional Advancement of Film, Television and Radio Workers (credited as Studio 13) and were co-directed by Vladimir Tarasov. The 17th episode in particular was dedicated to the 25th anniversary of "Nu, pogodi!" Both shorts are notable for their use of product placement for the sponsor of the films, AMT, as well as for Nokia. Kotyonochkin's son Aleksey Kotyonochkin, who had also become an animation artist, took part in their production, although he had unsuccessfully tried to convince his father to not to participate. The two episodes were met with negative reactions.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: In February 2005, the supermarket chain Pyaterochka announced that they had purchased the rights to create two new "Nu, pogodi!" films. The idea to support the production of new episodes arose during a corporate party of the company in 2003. Late Vyacheslav Kotyonochkin's son Aleksey was offered to direct them, but initially hesitated to accept, as he was not sure whether the standards set in Soviet times could be achieved, and also because of the failure of the 17th and 18th episode. He eventually agreed and assembled a team of young animators at the studio Christmas Films, their average age being 30. The production was funded by Pyaterochka with a budget of 400,000 dollars.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The scripts were written by "Nu, pogodi!" co-creators Aleksandr Kurlyandsky and Felix Kandel again, the latter being involved in the creation of new episodes for the first time in more than three decades. The actors Igor Khristenko and Olga Zvereva became the new voices of Wolf and Hare, respectively. It was stated that their voices are "virtually indistinguishable" from the original ones.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: It was not possible anymore to simply insert popular international music into the shorts like during Soviet times, as copyright had to be taken into account now. The budget did not allow for obtaining music rights. Therefore, it was decided to approach a domestic artist, namely Andrei Derzhavin of the band Mashina Vremeni, who immediately agreed to create a diverse soundtrack. In an interview, Kotyonochkin noted that "Nu, pogodi!" and Mashina Vremeni debuted the same year.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: On 16 September 2005, a costume parade was held on the Arbat in honour of the cartoon's revival. The premiere of episode 19 took place on 22 December of the same year. Unlike the previous two episodes, the Pyaterochka-funded shorts are free of advertising, the sponsor is only mentioned in the credits.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: For two years, the latest two "Nu, pogodi!" episodes were largely unavailable to the public and were only shown at certain film festivals. However, in late December 2007 a DVD was finally released in Russia which contained the two films, as well as a making-of film and comics drawn by Aleksey Kotyonochkin. As of now, it is available only in the supermarket chains Pyaterochka and Perekrestok.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Regarding questions on a possible continuation of the series, Kotyonochkin stated in 2006 that it is "impossible to produce the series endlessly" and that they didn't intend to "copy "Tom and Jerry"". If a follow-up was made, it would be very different from the existing films according to Kotyonochkin, possibly a full-length film in the format of 3D animation with a brand new story.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The female Fox singer in Episode 15 is based upon Alla Pugacheva. The Hare's subsequent performance in the drag is a parody of one of her songs popular at the time.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: A cameo of a sitting girl in Episode 16 refers to Viktor Vasnetsov's painting "Sister Alenushka Weeping about Brother Ivanushka". The key is that Alyonushka is the heroine of the folk-tale "Brother and Sister". She apparently mistakes the Wolf, who had been transformed into a goat, for her brother.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The series was, for many years, hugely popular among the Soviet public, and it is popular in the Federation to this day. The critical reaction of the director's colleagues was less favourable. The director's son Aleksey Kotyonochkin recalls how, although nobody said it to his father outright, the animators and directors of Soyuzmultfilm generally considered "Nu, pogodi!" to be of low class. For his part, Vyacheslav Kotyonochkin was not a follower of auteur films (many of which were being made at the studio at the time) and considered them to be examples of someone needlessly showing off.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Kotyonochkin disliked subtext and tried to create very simple, straightforward scenarios. The main idea of the series was simple; don't hurt the little guy or you will yourself get into a foolish situation. Because the series was so popular, however, it was often a subject for critical discussion and speculation – namely, that the series represented the struggle between the intelligentsia (Hare) and the working class (Wolf). Aleksey Kotyonochkin dismisses these interpretations as groundless.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Since the 1990s, when the fall of the Iron Curtain allowed better exchange of films, both Russian and Western audiences have noted similarities between "Nu, pogodi!" and American cartoons, the most noticeable being "Tom and Jerry". The director has admitted that he was learning from Disney animated films which were brought into the USSR from Germany immediately after World War II, particularly "Bambi". However, he did not see any "Tom and Jerry" episodes until his son bought a VCR in 1987. Thematically, "Nu, pogodi!" places greater emphasis on various real-life situations and locations.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Note: The episodes of "Nu, pogodi!" were not named but rather numbered. Each episode has a different setting:


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: There was also a promotional 30 min. long episode show including various characters from Soviet cartoons released in 1981 called "The Lost Episodes". The show featured three never before seen sequences of "Nu Pogodi!" of approximate 10 min. length and were not re-released for home entertainment in spite of various full episode collections. They can, however, be seen on television on some channels during children cartoons time and are viewable through web video recordings (such as YouTube).


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: In August 2012, it was decided television airing of the cartoons would not cut out scenes of the wolf smoking because of laws prohibiting material "deemed harmful to children". An agreement was made, "We will not cut anything, not even one cigarette."


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: A number of memorable tunes were written or selected to match the action sequences of the cartoon. The majority of the soundtrack was edited directly from various international lounge and dance LP records from the 1960s–1980s, many of which were part of the music supervisors' personal collections. These recordings were not listed in the credits, so the origins of some remain obscure today.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Some of the known performers whose music was featured in Nu Pogodi are Chico Buarque, Herb Alpert, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Digital Emotion, Günter Gollasch, Vyacheslav Mescherin, Bill Haley, Ted Heath, Leroy Holmes, Halina Kunicka, James Last, Muslim Magomayev, Paul Mauriat, Hazy Osterwald, Pesnyary, Edita Piekha, Franck Pourcel, Perez Prado, Alla Pugacheva, Eric Rogers, Earl Scruggs, Igor Sklyar, Terry Snyder, Studio 11, Mel Taylor, Klaus Wunderlich, Billy Vaughn, Helmut Zacharias, Zemlyane, Yuriy Antonov and Blue Effect.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: The opening credits theme was edited from "Vízisí" (Water Ski), written by Hungarian composer Tamás Deák and performed Magyar Rádió Tánczenekara & Harmónia Vokál.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: Sometimes the words of the songs were modified or altogether substituted to correspond to the action, and a New Years holiday song (duet between Papanov and Rumyanova that later became a popular standard) was written especially for the series. Originally, the cult Russian singer/actor Vladimir Vysotsky was cast for the voice of Wolf, but the studio did not get the approval they needed from a Soviet state organization to use him. However, some homage to Vysotsky remains, as in the opening episode, Wolf is whistling his "Song of a Friend".


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: When the 19th and 20th episode went into production, times had changed and the music rights would have to obtained first, which was not possible with the budget. A national artist, Andrei Derzhavin of the band Mashina Vremeni, was contacted instead, who composed the music for the films. The shorts also feature excerpts of preexisting Mashina Vremeni works.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: "Nu, pogodi!" has been adapted into a number of video games. In 1984, an LCD game titled "Nu, pogodi!" was released in the Soviet Union. Between 2002 and 2010, the Russian video game company SoftClub released five different PC games based on the cartoon series.


title: Well, Just You Wait!

text: In 2019, Soyuzmultfilm announced an upcoming remake of Nu, Pogodi. Volk and Zayats were given new designs and three new characters were introduced; Ulya the Roe Deer, Shu the Hedgehog, and Tim the Badger. One of the only living original creators, Felix Kandel, expressed his displeasure at seeing the remake and offered to pay the studio to not release it. The political party Communists of Russia requested that the State Duma ban Soyuzmultfilm from making the remake. Soyuzmultfilm planned to release the remake in winter 2020, but was forced to delay several times and announced finally a release of winter 2021.


title: Shauna Grant

text: Shauna Grant (May 30, 1963 – March 23, 1984), was an American pornographic actress and nude model. She ran away from her small town in Minnesota and proceeded to appear in over 30 pornographic films, earning up to $100,000 in her two-year career. Grant died by suicide after the arrest of her partner in March 1984. She was inducted into the XRCO Hall of Fame in 1999. She was sometimes credited as Callie Aimes, Callie Aims, or Colleen Applegate.


title: Shauna Grant

text: Born in Bellflower, California, Colleen Applegate grew up in the small town of Farmington, Minnesota. Her family moved there in 1973, when her father, Philip Applegate, took a managerial position with the Central Telephone Company of Minnesota. Applegate was a cheerleader in high school and graduated from Farmington High in 1981. She stayed in the town, working first as a cashier and then as a repair clerk with the phone company.


title: Shauna Grant

text: One night in December of that same year, she consumed a handful of prescription sinus pills in an attempt at suicide. Her father said he never discussed the suicide attempt with his daughter; he and his wife at the time (Colleen's mother, Karen Lee Applegate) believed their daughter was merely seeking attention. According to the "Frontline" documentary, the entire family had at least one group session at a counseling center during which no one really talked about the situation.


title: Shauna Grant

text: In March 1982, when news spread about her overdose, Applegate ran away from home with her boyfriend, Mike Marcell to California.


title: Shauna Grant

text: After arriving in Los Angeles, Applegate and Marcell unsuccessfully pursued several employment leads. Marcell then saw an ad for the World Modeling Agency in Van Nuys, which sought recruits for "figure modeling". Accompanied by Marcell, Applegate visited the agency's owner, Jim South, who set up a photo session with legendary soft-core photographer J. Stephen Hicks. (Hicks' work was frequently featured in "Penthouse".)


title: Shauna Grant

text: Her first pictorial's theme featured a mock camping set and was published by "Club". Hicks reflected on Applegate's appearance and personality, saying: "I deal with a lot of girls who are new in the business, a lot of young girls and a lot of girls from out of town. Colleen was so incredibly young and naive. She was completely un-hip and non-L.A."


title: Shauna Grant

text: Her wholesome, "girl next door" looks soon landed her work posing for other magazines such as "Chic", "Hustler", "Swank", and "Penthouse". But Hicks advised Applegate to get out of nude modeling quickly, because when all of the magazines had used her, the only thing left for her would be hardcore movies. "You know, you take a typical girl that's used to working at McDonald's or at a shoe store, where she's used to making a minimum wage, and suddenly she's given the opportunity to get made up, and be in front of people who tell her she's beautiful, and make as much money in a day as she was making in three weeks and, um, they change. They change. And that's sad."


title: Shauna Grant

text: Applegate's relationship with her boyfriend did not endure their first two months in California; Marcell left her to return to Minnesota and ultimately joined the U.S. Army. Before his induction, he informed some residents of her small town that Applegate was involved with pornography, which caused her family much embarrassment. In the "Frontline" documentary, Marcell refused to speak about his relationship with Applegate, except to say that he no longer cared about her.


title: Shauna Grant

text: Ignoring Hicks' advice, Applegate continued working with World Modeling Agency, where she met veteran porn producer Bobby Hollander. Hollander launched her adult film career, suggesting what he felt was a "classy" stage name, Shauna Grant.


title: Shauna Grant

text: As a fast-rising adult entertainment personality, she was featured in "Virginia", "Suzie Superstar", and "Flesh and Laces 1 & 2", among many other films. Her pay rose from $300 a day to nearly $1,500. As Shauna Grant, she made dozens of popular adult movies, usually plot-oriented. In "Suzie Superstar", she played the lead singer of a rock band.


title: Shauna Grant

text: Grant was provided with her own make-up artist, 27-year-old Laurie Smith (who was also an adult star). Smith, who co-starred with Grant in several movies (including "Suzie Superstar", "The Young Like It Hot", and "Bad Girls IV"), also became Grant's best friend and fellow cocaine user during that period. She quit the adult film business for a short time following Grant's suicide.


title: Shauna Grant

text: Grant's popularity earned her three acting nominations at the March 1984 Erotic Film Awards. However, despite these accolades and her beauty, Grant had some difficulty getting work due to her cocaine addiction and lack of "enthusiasm" during sex scenes. In some circles she acquired the nickname "Applecoke" and gained a reputation for being flaky.


title: Shauna Grant

text: In 1983, Grant retired from the adult film industry after less than a year and just over 30 films and videos, in which she had sex on screen with 37 men, and after contracting herpes and having an abortion.


title: Shauna Grant

text: On March 14, 1984, she was a multiple nominee and presenter (with John Leslie) at the 8th Annual Adult Film Association Awards show at the Coconut Grove Ambassador Hotel. While her desire to act in mainstream films had generated no offers, she was so prestigious at the time that famed director Francis Ford Coppola was seated at her table.


title: Shauna Grant

text: That night she agreed to work on her first adult film in 10 months. "Matinee Idol" was due to begin filming in eight days in San Francisco, California. A few days after the awards show, her Minnesota boyfriend flew to Los Angeles to see her but Grant forgot about his arrival. Grant and Smith had partied and slept in the days following the awards show and lost track of time. At the same time Jake Ehrlich, another boyfriend and cocaine dealer of Grant, telephoned from prison saying that their relationship was over and that Grant needed to move out of his Palm Springs home.


title: Shauna Grant

text: Grant persuaded her friend, veteran porn performer Kelly Nichols, to take the role intended for Grant. Grant also had the option of returning to Minnesota. Her parents offered to pay for her college expenses, but she believed she would no longer be comfortable at home in Minnesota.


title: Shauna Grant

text: On March 23, 1984, Grant died by suicide in Palm Springs by shooting herself with an AR-15 style .22 caliber rifle.


title: Shauna Grant

text: Grant's funeral was held on March 28, 1984, at St. Michael's Church, a Catholic parish near the center of Farmington, Minnesota. She was buried at the Saint Michaels Catholic Cemetery, Farmington.


title: Scoot Henderson

text: Sterling "Scoot" Henderson (born February 3, 2004) is an American professional basketball player for the NBA G League Ignite of the NBA G League. He was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top point guards in the 2021 class.


title: Scoot Henderson

text: Henderson played basketball for Carlton J. Kell High School in Marietta, Georgia. As a sophomore, he was named Class 5A Player of the Year after leading his team to the state semifinals. He scored a career-high 49 points against Miller Grove High School. As a junior, Henderson averaged 32 points, seven rebounds and six assists per game, helping his team reach the state title game. He earned Class 6A Player of the Year honors.


title: Scoot Henderson

text: Henderson was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the highest-ranked point guards in the 2022 class. On May 21, 2021, he announced that he would reclassify to the 2021 class and join the NBA G League Ignite. He turned down college offers from Auburn and Georgia.


title: Scoot Henderson

text: On May 21, 2021, Henderson signed with the NBA G League Ignite, a developmental team affiliated with the NBA G League. He recorded 31 points, six rebounds, five assists, and three steals against the Santa Cruz Warriors in only his second professional basketball game.


title: Scoot Henderson

text: On October 4, 2022, Henderson recorded 28 points and nine assists in a 122–115 win against the Metropolitans 92 in an exhibition game.


title: Juno Beach

text: Juno or Juno Beach was one of five beaches of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 during the Second World War. The beach spanned from Courseulles, a village just east of the British beach Gold, to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, and just west of the British beach Sword. Taking Juno was the responsibility of the Canadian Army, with sea transport, mine sweeping, and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Canadian Navy and the British Royal Navy as well as elements from the Free French, Norwegian, and other Allied navies. The objectives of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on D-Day were to cut the Caen-Bayeux road, seize the Carpiquet airport west of Caen, and form a link between the two British beaches on either flank.


title: Juno Beach

text: The beach was defended by two battalions of the German 716th Infantry Division, with elements of the 21st Panzer Division held in reserve near Caen.


title: Juno Beach

text: The invasion plan called for two brigades of the 3rd Canadian Division to land on two beach sectors—Mike and Nan—focusing on Courseulles, Bernières and Saint-Aubin. It was hoped that the preliminary naval and air bombardments would soften up the beach defences and destroy coastal strong points. Close support on the beaches was to be provided by amphibious tanks of the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade and specialized armoured vehicles of the 79th Armoured Division of the United Kingdom. Once the landing zones were secured, the plan called for the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade to land reserve battalions and deploy inland, the Royal Marine commandos to establish contact with the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword and the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade to link up with the British 50th Infantry Division on Gold. The 3rd Canadian Division's D-Day objectives were to capture Carpiquet Airfield and reach the Caen–Bayeux railway line by nightfall.


title: Juno Beach

text: The landings encountered heavy resistance from the German 716th Division; the preliminary bombardment proved less effective than had been hoped, and rough weather forced the first wave to be delayed until 07:35. Several assault companies—notably those of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada—took heavy casualties in the opening minutes of the first wave. Strength of numbers, coordinated fire support from artillery, and armoured squadrons cleared most of the coastal defences within two hours of landing. The reserves of the 7th and 8th brigades began deploying at 08:30 (along with the Royal Marines), while the 9th Brigade began its deployment at 11:40.


title: Juno Beach

text: The subsequent push inland towards Carpiquet and the Caen–Bayeux railway line achieved mixed results. The sheer numbers of men and vehicles on the beaches created lengthy delays between the landing of the 9th Brigade and the beginning of substantive attacks to the south. The 7th Brigade encountered heavy initial opposition before pushing south and making contact with the British 50th Division at Creully. The 8th Brigade encountered heavy resistance from a battalion of the 716th at Tailleville, while the 9th Brigade deployed towards Carpiquet early in the evening. Resistance in Saint-Aubin prevented the Royal Marines from establishing contact with the British 3rd Division on Sword. By the time all operations on the Anglo-Canadian front were ordered to halt at 21:00, The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada had reached its D-Day objective and the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had succeeded in pushing farther inland than any other landing force on D-Day.


title: Juno Beach

text: In 1942, the Western Allies agreed to open a second front (the Western Front) in Western Europe to take pressure off the beleaguered Red Army in the Soviet Union. While Britain and the United States did not yet possess the resources to mount a full invasion, invasion plans that came to be known as Operation Sledgehammer were drawn up, in case the German position in Western Europe weakened or the USSR's situation became dire. In August 1942 Anglo-Canadian forces attempted an abortive landing—Operation Jubilee—at the French port of Dieppe; the landing was designed to test the feasibility of a cross-channel invasion. The attack was poorly planned and ended in disaster; 4,963 soldiers were killed, wounded or captured. Following the Anglo-American victory against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in North Africa in May 1943, British, American and Canadian troops invaded Sicily in July 1943, followed by Italy in September. By December the Allies' progress had slowed facing tenacious German resistance and the difficult geography of the Italian Peninsula.


title: Juno Beach

text: After gaining valuable experience in amphibious assaults and inland fighting, Allied planners returned to the plans to invade Northern France, now postponed to 1944. Under the direction of General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force) and Frederick Morgan, plans for the invasion of France coalesced as Operation Overlord. With an initial target date of 1 May 1944, the infantry attack was conceived as a joint assault by five divisions transported by landing craft, constituting the largest amphibious operation in military history. The attack was later scheduled for Monday, 5 June 1944, and Normandy was selected for the landing sites, with a zone of operations extending from the Cotentin Peninsula to Caen. There were originally seventeen sectors along the Normandy coastline with codenames taken from one of the spelling alphabets of the time, from Able, west of Omaha, to Rodger on the east flank of the invasion area. Eight further sectors were added when the planned invasion was extended to include Utah on the Cotentin Peninsula. Sectors were further subdivided into beaches identified by the colours Green, Red and White. Operation Overlord called for the British Second Army to assault between the River Orne and Port en Bessin, capture Caen, and form a front line from Caumont-l'Éventé to the south-east of Caen, to acquire airfields and protect the left flank of the United States First Army while it captured Cherbourg. Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture the city of Falaise, which could then be used as a pivot for a swing left to advance on Argentan, the Touques River and then towards the River Seine.


title: Juno Beach

text: After delays due to both logistical difficulties and poor weather, the D-Day of Overlord, the largest amphibious operation ever, was postponed 24 hours to 6 June 1944. Eisenhower and Montgomery, commander of 21st Army Group, aimed to capture Caen within the first day, and liberate Paris within 90 days.


title: Juno Beach

text: Operation Neptune, the landing phase of Overlord, called for a five-division front spread across of coastline; three airborne divisions (two American, one British, which also included a Canadian battalion) would also land in the pre-dawn hours of D-Day. Eisenhower and General Bernard Montgomery hoped to have eight infantry divisions and fourteen tank regiments in the Normandy beachhead by nightfall on D-Day. The landing zone was divided into five landing areas, with the Americans attacking Utah (the westernmost) and Omaha, and the British attacking Gold and Sword. Juno, a stretch of shoreline between La Rivière to the west and Saint-Aubin to the east, was assigned to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division (3rd CID), commanded by Major-General Rod Keller. Juno included the villages of Courseulles and Bernières.


title: Juno Beach

text: The name "Juno" arose because Winston Churchill considered that the original code name – Jelly – sounded inappropriate. The code names for the beaches to be taken by British and Commonwealth forces were named after types of fish: Goldfish, Swordfish and Jellyfish, abbreviated to Gold, Sword and Jelly. Churchill "disapproved of the name Jelly for a beach on which so many men might die". He insisted on a change to the more dignified name Juno.


title: Juno Beach

text: While the German army had seen its strength and morale heavily depleted by campaigns in Russia, North Africa and Italy, it remained a powerful fighting force. Despite this, most of the German divisions along the French coast in late 1943 were composed of either new recruits or veteran units resting and rebuilding from the Eastern Front; altogether some 856,000 soldiers were stationed in France, predominantly on the coast. An additional 60,000 (voluntary helpers), USSR and Polish members of the German army, served on the French coast. Under the command of Field Marshals Erwin Rommel and Gerd von Rundstedt, the defences of the Atlantic Wall – a line of coastal gun emplacements, machine-gun nests, minefields and beach obstacles along the French coast – were increased; in the first six months of 1944, the Germans laid of steel and of concrete. Rommel also surrounded the coast with four million anti-tank and anti-personnel mines and 500,000 beach obstacles.


title: Juno Beach

text: On Juno, the defences of the Atlantic Wall were greater than at many other landing sectors. The Germans assumed that the Allies would land during high tide, to minimize the distance during which they would be exposed on the beaches and created "a 'devil's garden' of beach obstacles ... deployed in rows between above the low-tide mark". Strongpoints of machine-gun positions, antitank and anti-personnel artillery and bunkers were located every , manned by several platoons with mortars. Minefields were deployed surrounding these strongpoints, and additional defences were present in the Courseulles harbour.


title: Juno Beach

text: The Calvados beaches of Normandy were defended by the 716th Static and 352nd Infantry divisions, with the Canadian landing zone defended by elements of the 716th. It was formed mostly from soldiers under 18 or over 35, comprising 7,771 combat troops in six battalions (as opposed to 9 or 12 battalions of Allied divisions). While the 352nd was considered a first-rate division, the 716th was "accounted a better-than-average static division". These divisions generally had very few vehicles or tanks and had to rely on infantry and field regiments. On Juno the 736th Grenadier Regiment deployed four infantry companies, 7 "Kompanie" held what was to become "Mike Sector", the 6th was stationed in Courseulles, the 5th was at Bernières and the 9th held Nan sector and Saint-Aubin. A second line of four infantry companies and one panzer company was stationed inland. The 21st Panzer Division was deployed south-east of Caen and two battalions of Polish and Russian conscripts were stationed on the flanks of Juno adjacent to Sword and Gold.


title: Juno Beach

text: Canadian training for D-Day had begun as early as July 1943, when Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton of the First Canadian Army informed Harry Crerar, commander of II Canadian Corps, that the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division might play a role in the invasion of France. Initial training was demanding, and complicated by the lack of any landing craft to practice with, either LCAs or LCTs. Field exercises in Scotland commenced in August and September 1943, and succeeded in establishing unique techniques and equipment for use by armoured and artillery regiments in storming the beach; the most significant were the amphibious "Duplex Drive" tanks (DD tanks). Mechanisms were also developed to allow artillery to bombard the beach while still aboard their landing craft. Through the winter of 1944, units jointly developed more advanced assault tactics among the Juno regiments.


title: Juno Beach

text: The landings would be supported by the largest invasion fleet in history – 7,016 vessels in total. The Royal Canadian Navy contributed 121 vessels to the armada, including destroyers, frigates, corvettes, landing ships, minesweepers and torpedo boats. Four Canadian Tribal-class destroyers were in the Royal Navy's 10th Destroyer Flotilla, which joined other RN units in keeping the English Channel near Normandy clear of German naval units. Naval Force J had begun intense training for the invasion with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in February 1944, with a full-scale simulation of the invasion carried out on 4 May in Exercise Fabius. On D-Day itself, Force J, commanded from , was to bombard German defensive positions along the landing zone with everything from heavy-calibre cruiser guns to self-propelled artillery attached to landing craft. According to Canadian Army Historian C. P. Stacey, a light bombardment of the landing zone would commence "30 minutes before H Hour and continue for 15 minutes; heavy bombing would then begin on the flanks of the divisional attack, lasting until H Hour". Additional cover would be provided by Royal and Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons both before and on D-Day. A successful surprise invasion required total air superiority over the English Channel and Normandy. In the months preceding D-Day, the RAF Second Tactical Air Force attacked airfields, coastal garrisons, radar, railway lines and transport routes in order to soften the beach defences, as well as prevent the German Luftwaffe from mounting a serious challenge to air superiority over Normandy. By dawn, on 6 June, the RAF tactical air forces had 2,434 fighter and fighter-bomber aircraft with approximately 700 light and medium bombers to support them.


title: Juno Beach

text: The operational plan for Juno was divided into two main sectors: Mike (west) and Nan (east). Mike Sector would be attacked by the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, with the Royal Winnipeg Rifles, The Canadian Scottish Regiment and the 1st Hussars in support. The 7th Brigade was to take Courseulles and drive inland. Nan Sector would be assaulted by the Regina Rifle Regiment of 7th Brigade, as well as the North Shore Regiment and the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada of the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade, while tanks of the Fort Garry Horse provided armoured support; a squadron of specialized Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) from the British 79th Armoured Division would land on each beach sector as well. The 8th Brigade was to capture Bernières and the western edge of Saint-Aubin, then push south into Normandy. The operational plan also called for the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and the Sherbrooke Fusiliers to be deployed to Juno as reinforcements within 4 to 6 hours of the initial assault. By nightfall of D-Day, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was slated to have captured the high ground west of Caen, the Bayeux–Caen railway line, and the seaside towns of Courseulles, Bernières, Saint-Aubin and Bény-sur-Mer.


title: Juno Beach

text: Air attacks on Normandy's coastal defences began in earnest on 5 June at 23:30, with RAF Bomber Command units targeting the primary coastal defences. The attack continued until 05:15, with of bombs dropped by 1,136 sorties; this marked the largest attack by Bomber Command in terms of tonnage up to that point in the war. Initial attacks on the Atlantic Wall proved ineffective, with poor weather and visibility making it difficult to accurately hit the bunkers and turrets. The bombing left the defences on Omaha, Gold and Juno virtually intact, yet did not damage Allied landing craft in the Channel (as many planners had feared it would). The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) sent 230 bombers to bomb targets on Juno during this raid, yet damage was limited.


title: Juno Beach

text: As the Americans began their own bombing runs against Omaha and Utah to the west, the Anglo-Canadian naval forces began their counter-battery fire, seeking to knock out German shore batteries and bunkers. The British had attached the cruisers and to Force J to serve as heavy support. "Belfast" commenced bombardment of the Atlantic Wall at 05:30 and "Diadem" at 05:52 on 6 June. The naval gunfire proved more effective than the aerial bombardment; the battery at Longues was the only one to return fire, and was quickly destroyed by the light cruiser . Indeed, most of the gun batteries at Juno were incomplete on D-Day, and did not possess sufficient protection or communication measures to accurately return fire on Force J. The Bény-sur-Mer battery was neutralized by "Diadem" shortly after she opened fire.


title: Juno Beach

text: At 06:10, the 11 destroyers of Force J moved shoreward to begin bombardment, hoping to damage light gun emplacements and prevent the German 716th from mobilizing and moving across the beach. They were supplemented by additional raids by medium bombers and fighter-bombers of the RAF and USAAF, which dropped an additional 2,796 tons of ordnance on the five landing zones. While the medium bombers proved inaccurate, the Hawker Typhoon fighter-bombers proved more effective at attacking coastal defences. As the bombing runs continued to hit Juno, the destroyers and landing craft moved towards the beach and began close-range saturation bombardment. In addition to the destroyers of Force J—two Canadian, eight British, one French—bombardment was also provided by converted LCTs fitted with guns. Smaller, light-gunned landing craft were able to get closer to the beach and use their 6-pounder guns against German defensive positions. Additional firepower was provided by eight landing craft fitted with over 1,000 high-explosive rockets and 24 LCTs, each carrying four M7 Priest self-propelled guns. These field regiments, while still seaborne, were to fire heavy concentrations of high explosive and smoke shells against the four main "resistance nests" in "Mike" and "Nan" sectors, beginning half an hour before H Hour. Forward observation and fire control officers in the leading assault waves were to make the necessary adjustments to this neutralizing fire during the assault.


title: Juno Beach

text: The bombardment was scheduled to cease immediately before the assault companies deployed on Juno, but due to heavy seas, the landing was delayed by ten minutes, to 07:45 in Mike sector and 07:55 in Nan Sector. This was at a slightly higher tide, closer to the beach obstacles and mines. The LCTs carrying the field artillery were forced to adjust course to avoid landing too early; the LCTs carrying DD tanks were forced to break off their advance. The seas proved too rough to launch the DD tanks, so they were ordered to deploy from the LCTs several hundred yards out from the beach.


title: Juno Beach

text: Though the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade was scheduled to land on Mike Sector at 07:35, rough seas and poor craft co-ordination pushed this time back by ten minutes. Two assault companies of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles, one assault company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment, and one squadron of the 1st Hussars were to land on "Mike Red" and also on "Mike Green", while the Regina Rifle Regiment, supported by a second squadron of the 1st Hussars, landed on "Nan Green" sector. The first Winnipegs touched down at 07:49, with the remaining assault companies deploying within seven minutes. The LCAs carrying "B" Company craft were engaged while about 700 yards from shore. Disembarkation had to be done under direct fire and, in consequence, heavy casualties were sustained by this company while landing. The strongpoint in this area consisted of three casemates and twelve machine-gun emplacements. This left the infantry the grim prospect of clearing it by direct assault. "B" company was unable to advance further without armoured support. The Hussars' "A" Squadron launched from the beach, but would not be fully deployed until a full six minutes after the Winnipegs were ashore. To their west, "D" Company faced less defensive fire, as it was clear of the strongpoint. The company easily cleared the beach, and went through the barbed wire with light casualties. "A" platoon of the 6th Field Company Royal Canadian Engineers was redirected to clear the minefields facing "D" Company, given that the flail tanks had yet to land. On the far right, "C" Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment landed with little opposition, and discovered that their objective—a 75 mm gun emplacement—had been destroyed by naval gunfire.