title: Iatrogenesis

text: Iatrogenesis is the causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, or negligence. First used in this sense in 1924, the term was introduced to sociology in 1976 by Ivan Illich, alleging that industrialized societies impair quality of life by overmedicalizing life. Iatrogenesis may thus include mental suffering via medical beliefs or a practitioner's statements. Some iatrogenic events are obvious, like amputation of the wrong limb, whereas others, like drug interactions, can evade recognition. In a 2013 estimate, about 20 million negative effects from treatment had occurred globally. In 2013, an estimated 142,000 persons died from adverse effects of medical treatment, up from an estimated 94,000 in 1990.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Iatrogenic conditions need not result from medical errors, such as mistakes made in surgery, or the prescription or dispensing of the wrong therapy, such as a drug. In fact, intrinsic and sometimes adverse effects of a medical treatment are iatrogenic. For example, radiation therapy and chemotherapy—necessarily aggressive for therapeutic effect – frequently produce such iatrogenic effects as hair loss, hemolytic anemia, diabetes insipidus, vomiting, nausea, brain damage, lymphedema, infertility, etc. The loss of function resulting from the required removal of a diseased organ is iatrogenic, as in the case of diabetes consequential to the removal of all or part of the pancreas.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: The incidence of iatrogenesis may be misleading in some cases. For example, a ruptured aortic aneurysm is fatal in most cases; the survival rate for treatment of a ruptured aortic aneurysm is under 25%. Patients who die during or after an operation will still be considered iatrogenic deaths, but the procedure itself remains a better bet than the probability of death if left untreated.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Other situations may involve actual negligence or faulty procedures, such as when pharmacotherapists produce handwritten prescriptions for drugs.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Another situation may involve negligence where patients are brushed off and not given proper care due to providers holding prejudice for reasons such as sexual orientation, ethnicity, religion, immigration status, etc. This can cause patients to feel like they aren’t worthy of being treated which can cause deaths and mistrust between patients and providers which is dangerous. Mistrust between providers and patients is extremely harmful as this causes patients to not go in for treatment resulting in many more deaths.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: A very common iatrogenic effect is caused by drug interaction, i.e., when pharmacotherapists fail to check for all medications a patient is taking and prescribe new ones that interact agonistically or antagonistically (thereby potentiating or attenuating the intended therapeutic effect). Such situations can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Adverse reactions, such as allergic reactions to drugs, even when unexpected by pharmacotherapists, are also classified as iatrogenic.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is iatrogenic as well. Bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics have evolved in response to the over prescription of antibiotic drugs.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Certain drugs and vaccines are toxic in their own right in therapeutic doses because of their mechanism of action. Alkylating antineoplastic agents, for example, cause DNA damage, which is more harmful to cancer cells than regular cells. However, alkylation causes severe side-effects and is actually carcinogenic in its own right, with potential to lead to the development of secondary tumors. In a similar manner, arsenic-based medications like melarsoprol, used to treat trypanosomiasis, can cause arsenic poisoning.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Adverse effects can appear mechanically. The design of some surgical instruments may be decades old, hence certain adverse effects (such as tissue trauma) may never have been properly characterized.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: In psychiatry, iatrogenesis can occur due to misdiagnosis (including diagnosis with a false condition, as was the case of hystero-epilepsy). An example of a partially iatrogenic condition due to common misdiagnosis is bipolar disorder, especially in pediatric patients. Other conditions such as somatoform disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome are theorized to have significant sociocultural and iatrogenic components. Posttraumatic stress disorder is hypothesized to be prone to iatrogenic complications based on treatment modality. Even use of antipsychotic drugs leads to loss of brain mass.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: The psychiatric treatment of some conditions and populations, such as substance abuse are regarded as carrying risks for iatrogenesis. At the other end of the spectrum, dissociative identity disorder is considered by a minority of theorists to be a wholly iatrogenic disorder with the bulk of diagnoses arising from a tiny fraction of practitioners.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: The degree of association of any particular condition with iatrogenesis is unclear and in some cases controversial. The over-diagnosis of psychiatric conditions (with the assignment of mental illness terminology) may relate primarily to clinician dependence on subjective criteria. The assignment of pathological nomenclature is rarely a benign process and can easily rise to the level of emotional iatrogenesis, especially when no alternatives outside of the diagnostic naming process have been considered. Many former patients come to the conclusion that their difficulties are largely the result of the power relationships inherent in psychiatric treatment, which has led to the rise of the anti-psychiatry movement.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Meessen et al. used the term "iatrogenic poverty" to describe impoverishment induced by medical care. Impoverishment is described for households exposed to catastrophic health expenditure or to hardship financing. Every year, worldwide, over 100,000 households fall into poverty due to health care expenses. A study reported that in the United States in 2001, illness and medical debt caused half of all personal bankruptcies. Especially in countries in economic transition, the willingness to pay for health care is increasing, and the supply side does not stay behind and develops very fast. But the regulatory and protective capacity in those countries is often lagging behind. Patients easily fall into a vicious cycle of illness, ineffective therapies, consumption of savings, indebtedness, sale of productive assets, and eventually poverty.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: The 20th-century social critic Ivan Illich broadened the concept of medical iatrogenesis in his 1974 book "Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health" by defining it at three levels.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Globally it is estimated that 142,000 people died in 2013 from adverse effects of medical treatment, an increase of 51 percent from 94,000 in 1990. In the United States, estimated deaths per year include:


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Based on these figures, iatrogenesis may cause as many as 225,000 deaths per year in the United States (excluding recognizable error). An earlier Institute of Medicine report estimated 230,000 to 284,000 iatrogenic deaths annually.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: The term iatrogenesis means "brought forth by a healer", from the Greek ἰατρός ("iatros", "healer") and γένεσις ("genesis", "origin"); as such, in its earlier forms, it could refer to good or bad effects.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: Since at least the time of Hippocrates, people have recognized the potentially damaging effects of medical intervention. "First do no harm" ("primum non nocere") is a primary Hippocratic mandate in modern medical ethics. Iatrogenic illness or death caused purposefully or by avoidable error or negligence on the healer's part became a punishable offense in many civilizations.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: The transfer of pathogens from the autopsy room to maternity patients, leading to shocking historical mortality rates of puerperal fever (also known as "childbed fever") at maternity institutions in the 19th century, was a major iatrogenic catastrophe of the era. The infection mechanism was first identified by Ignaz Semmelweis.


title: Iatrogenesis

text: With the development of scientific medicine in the 20th century, it could be expected that iatrogenic illness or death might be more easily avoided. Antiseptics, anesthesia, antibiotics, better surgical techniques, evidence-based protocols and best practices continue to be developed to decrease iatrogenic side effects and mortality.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: The Darkness is a first-person shooter video game developed by Starbreeze Studios and published by 2K Games for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game was released in 2007 in North America and Europe and it is based on "The Darkness" comic book series published by Top Cow Productions. A sequel titled "The Darkness II" was released in 2012.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: The player takes on the role of Jackie Estacado (Kirk Acevedo), with the story presented through narration by himself. On the evening of his 21st birthday, Jackie is targeted for assassination by his "Uncle" Paulie Franchetti (Dwight Schultz) out of sheer paranoia that Jackie is after his position as the Don. As night falls, the Darkness (Mike Patton) - an ancient demonic force which has inhabited Jackie's bloodline for generations - violently manifests and massacres his pursuers. With his new powers, Jackie gradually dismantles Paulie's drug and money laundering operations.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: In retaliation, Franchetti bombs St. Mary's Orphanage where Jackie grew up and has his main enforcer, Police Captain Eddie Shrote (Jim Mathers), kidnap Jackie's childhood girlfriend, Jenny Romano (Lauren Ambrose), and take her to the orphanage to use for bait. Jackie hastily searches the building for her while the Darkness taunts him with his memories. When he finally reaches them, the Darkness restrains him and he is forced to watch as Paulie murders Jenny. While Paulie and Eddie flee, a grief-stricken Jackie commits suicide.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: Jackie finds himself waking up in the Otherworld, a hellish landscape controlled by the Darkness resembling the trenches of World War I and inhabited by undead patchwork German and British soldiers at war as well as physical representations of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. There he meets his great-great-grandfather, Anthony "Tony" Estacado (Kirk Baltz), who explains that it was he who brought the Darkness into their family and that Jackie can be free of the curse by invading the Otherworld's innermost castle and facing the Darkness there.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: Once he recovers, Jackie determines that he must dispose of Eddie before he can face Paulie. After failing to kill him at his apartment, Jackie steals a briefcase containing illicit goods in his ownership from a Turkish bath that is used as a front by his corrupt police officers, which he rigs with an explosive. Jackie sets up a meeting with him at Trinity Church, but ends up being captured by his men following a shootout. After overhearing about a shipment of drugs that a Chicago mob is entrusting to Paulie to handle from one of his officers, Jackie triggers the explosive, killing Eddie and his men along with himself. Jackie re-awakes in the Otherworld and lays siege to the Darkness's castle with Tony's help. Tony is mortally wounded in the attack, but before he can tell Jackie the last steps needed to free himself from the Darkness, the spirit pulls him away.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: Jackie faces the Darkness and surprises it by willingly being taken by the Darkness's power, allowing him to fully control the spirit back in the real world. However, the Darkness tells him that while he has control now, each time Jackie takes a life, he will become more consumed by the Darkness. He lays an assault on the drug shipment, causing Paulie to flee to the safety of a lighthouse mansion for fear of retribution from the Chicago mob for his failure of protecting the drug shipment plus the fact that they see Paulie has become a liability due to his unstable nature and using his failure as pretext to get rid of him. Jackie takes advantage of a solar eclipse to raid the mansion and finally kill Paulie. The Darkness revels in Jackie's murderous spree, and fully envelops Jackie.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: In the epilogue, Jackie finds himself in a dream, lying on a park bench in Jenny's arms. Jenny explains that they are only allowed a few minutes to be together before they say goodbye to each other for the last time. Jackie tries to ask how, but Jenny just quiets him, allowing them to enjoy the last moments together before Jackie wakes back up with the screen fading to black.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: The game includes a range of modern-day weapons as well as the powers of the Darkness, which include summoning four imp-like creatures called "Darklings" that can attack foes, using "Dark" tentacles to impale foes or break down walls, using "Creeping Dark" tendrils that sneak along floors, walls and ceilings to take out foes from a distance, and creating a black hole that sucks anything nearby into it. The Darkness powers cannot be used in a well-lit area but can be used in darker areas and under total darkness; the player is able to shoot out lights to help increase the amount of dark energy available. Additionally, by letting the Darkness consume the hearts of its victims, the player can further increase the effects of the Darkness powers.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: Over the course of the game, Jackie comes into possession of Darkness guns that are more powerful than conventional weapons but consume Darkness energy in order to fire. The Darkness guns are dual wielded.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: The game has several levels based on New York City locales that players visit multiple times. A subway system allows the player to move between areas. While the main plot is primarily linear, requiring the player to visit each area in a certain order, the player can undertake side missions by speaking with non-player characters that wander the subway stations. Completing sub-missions earns the player a "collectible" phone number which can then be used at any phone to unlock additional game media; collectibles can also be found scattered throughout the level. The Otherworld levels feature collectibles in the form of unposted postal mail that the player can deliver when back in New York City in order to unlock the content.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: In the game, the film "To Kill a Mockingbird" is shown; the player is able to watch the entirety of the film if they remain motionless in that particular part of the game, while the character's girlfriend falls asleep by him. "Maximum PC" called the scene "the most authentic instance of romance ever conveyed in a videogame". Also included is the film "The Man with the Golden Arm", a full episode of "Flash Gordon", the film "The Street Fighter" with Sonny Chiba, and cartoon shorts of Popeye and Gabby.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: In March 2005, Majesco Entertainment obtained the publishing rights for the game, but later sold the rights in December that year due to financial troubles. 2K Games then obtained the publishing rights in March 2006, releasing the game in North America on June 25, 2007.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: To promote the game, a five-issue comic book mini-series retelling the game entitled "The Darkness: Level" by writers Paul Jenkins and David Wohl was released from December 2006 to June 2007. The mini-series was collected into a trade paperback in October 2007.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: "The Darkness" received "favorable" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. "Hyper"'s Daniel Wilks commended the game for its "brilliant storytelling, looking great and excellent level design". On the other hand, he criticised its "weak physics engine and some AI problems". "Famitsu" gave the former console version a score of two eights and two sevens for a total of 30 out of 40.


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: 411Mania gave the Xbox 360 version a score of 8.7 out of 10 and called it "the kind of shooter that I enjoy. It is built around more than just shooting. It gives you a wide range of powers with which to play. It gives you people to interact with. It gives you a story that is worth caring about. And it makes you feel as if you are The Darkness itself. However, because of the relative brevity of its content, some basic bugs and flaws that are still present, and the minor annoyances of the controls of Jackie's powers, it is far from perfect. This is pretty much a must play shooter, if not quite the classic I was hoping for". "The New York Times" gave the game a favorable review and said that "part of [the game's] charm is its wealth of extravagant, often irrelevant detail". "The A.V. Club" gave it a C and called it "an overreaching, frequently clumsy genre hybrid with moments of brilliance".


title: The Darkness (video game)

text: "The Darkness" has sold over a million units worldwide. The Media Development Authority of Singapore previously banned the game for excessive violence and religiously offensive expletives.


title: Nadech Kugimiya

text: Nadech Kugimiya (; born December 17, 1991) is a Thai actor and model. He is best known for his roles in "Duang Jai Akkanee" (2010), "Game Rai Game Rak" (2011), "Sunset at Chaophraya" (2013), "The Rising Sun Series" (2014), "Leh Lub Salub Rang" (2017), "The Crown Princess" (2018) and "The Con-Heartist" (2020).


title: Nadech Kugimiya

text: Nadech Kugimiya, birth name Chonlathit Yodprathum, was born on December 17, 1991 in Khon Kaen, Thailand. He is the adopted child of Sudarat Kugimiya (his biological aunt) and Yoshio Kugimiya. His biological mother is Thai and Sudarat's younger sister while his biological father is Austrian. His nickname "Barry" has evolved from his original nickname "Brand". He graduated from Rangsit University with a Bachelor's Degree in Communications, major in Film and Cinematography. He then graduated with a Master's Degree in May, 2020.


title: Nadech Kugimiya

text: Kugimiya started his modeling career at the age of 17. In 2010, he made his acting debut in a feature drama, starring in the lead role, in "Ngao Rak Luang Jai" as "Nawa Gamtornpuwanat". He gained immense popularity after he starred in "Duang Jai Akkanee" as "Fai Akkanee Adisuan" and in "Game Rai Game Rak" as "Saichon / Charles Makovich" alongside Urassaya Sperbund. He was also a member of the group "4+1 Channel 3 Superstar" with Mario Maurer, Prin Suparat, Pakorn Chatborirak, and Phupoom Pongpanu. He has an exclusive contract with Channel 3 (Thailand), with Suphachai Srivijit being his manager.


title: Nadech Kugimiya

text: He is one of the highest paid actors in Thailand. Kugimiya is also a very in-demand brand endorser; he has been dubbed "King of Presenters." He has endorsed numerous major brands including Shopee, OPPO, 7-Eleven, AIR ASIA, Daikin, and TrueMove H. He is also one of the most visible celebrities in television, print, and billboard advertisements.


title: Nadech Kugimiya

text: Kugimiya is considered one of the most decorated Thai actors. He has received more than 100 awards including the Best Actor award from the Suphannahong National Film Awards, Mekhala Awards, Nataraja Awards, and TV Gold Awards. Kugimiya frequently appears on the list of the most popular and influential people in Thailand.


title: London Business School

text: London Business School (LBS) is a business school and a constituent college of the federal University of London. LBS was founded in 1964 and awards post-graduate degrees (Master's degrees in management and finance, MBA and PhD). Its motto is "To have a profound impact on the way the world does business". LBS is consistently ranked amongst the world's best business schools.


title: London Business School

text: The main campus is located at Sussex Place in London, adjacent to Regent's Park. In 2012, the school acquired the Marylebone Town Hall and spent £60 million to refurbish it with the objective of expanding its teaching facilities by 70% - the new building is called The Sammy Ofer Centre. In 2017, it was announced that LBS had also acquired the site of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, who vacated the building in November 2019.


title: London Business School

text: London Business School was founded in 1964 under the name of the "'London Graduate School of Business Studies'," with Dr. Arthur Earle as Dean. In 1965, the school was registered as a company and was designated by the University of London as an institution having recognised teachers. In 1966, the first Executive Development Programme was launched, followed by the Senior Executive Programme. The same year, a full-time MSc degree was also launched, with Sheila Cross enrolling as the School's first female student. In 1968, the School inaugurated the Sloan Fellowship MSc programme, which was the first one outside of the US. 17 students were enrolled and the programme was funded by the Alfred P. Sloan foundation. The first doctoral programme was established in 1969 and in 1970 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II opened the School's Regent's Park campus. The first PhD was awarded in 1974, and that year women made up over 15% of the student body for the first time. In 1983, the first part-time MBA programme was held under the direction of Sir Andrew Likierman, a former Dean of the School. In 1986, the school officially became the "London Business School" and was incorporated by Royal Charter, which gave LBS the right to confer and grant degrees. In 1992, the School was given the Queen's Award for Export in recognition of providing educational services to managers and companies worldwide. The following year, the school started its first Masters in Finance programme and in 2001, the EMBA-Global degree programme in partnership with the Columbia Business School.


title: London Business School

text: In 2007 a new campus was opened in Dubai to offer both Executive MBA and Executive Education Programmes. In 2009, the school started two new programmes: The EMBA-Global Asia, in partnership with the University of Hong Kong and Columbia Business School, and the Masters in Management (MiM). In 2012, the school acquired Marylebone Town Hall and restored it with the objective of expanding its teaching facilities by 70 per cent. The building was renamed "The Sammy Ofer Centre" in honour of a generous donor, the Ofer Family, who made a gift for the development of the building, which was opened in 2017. In 2016, LBS launched a new programme, the Masters in Financial Analysis, aimed at recent graduates who wish to pursue a career in finance, and acquired the lease of the neighbouring building of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaenocologists, which it will occupy in 2020.


title: London Business School

text: With the objective of increasing its size, the school organised a £100 million funding campaign. By the beginning of 2016, it had raised £98 million, £40 million of which will be used to renovate the Marylebone Town Hall, with £28 million for research, £18 million in scholarships for students, £10 million to increase the school's endowment, and £4 million to improve technology across the school. By June 2016, the school had raised £125 million, including two £25 million gifts from alumni Jim Ratcliffe and Idan Ofer.


title: London Business School

text: François Ortalo-Magné, the French-born former Dean of the Wisconsin School of Business, succeeded Sir Andrew Likierman as Dean in August 2017.


title: London Business School

text: LBS maintains a number of facilities, including a sports centre, restaurant, three cafes and a library, all dedicated for the exclusive use of its community. There is also a privately run pub, 'The Windsor Castle' attached to the campus. Most classrooms for the MBA are located in the Sainsbury Wing, the centre of the terrace, most of which are 100-student amphitheatre rooms.


title: London Business School

text: There is no accommodation on campus for students in full-time programmes, although there are rooms on-campus for visiting faculty and executive education participants. Most students choose to live in nearby private residential buildings or in students halls of residence such as the International Students House, London.


title: London Business School

text: LBS is expanding its campus in central London. The business school has redeveloped the Marylebone Town Hall into classrooms and offices at the Sammy Ofer Centre. It will further expand it in 2020 (see above).


title: London Business School

text: All candidates must take international exams related to their English abilities (TOEFL) or IELTS and mathematic/logical reasoning skills (GMAT or GRE). Candidates are also asked to write several essays (topics are related to the envisaged programmes). The recruitment process has two steps. The first one consists of sending an application with the following information:


title: London Business School

text: Once the application has been accepted, an examination is made by the selection committee. Candidates meeting the criteria of the school will be invited for an interview on campus in London. If this latter step is a success, the candidate receives an offer from LBS.


title: London Business School

text: The school's flagship programme is its full-time 15–21-month Master of Business Administration degree. MBA students take a prescribed set of core courses then choose from roughly 70 different electives. Class size has been around 400 students in every annual cohort. These are broken into 5 streams of approximately 80 students who take all core courses together. The admission process is highly competitive and selective.


title: London Business School

text: Beyond academics, the school puts an emphasis on personal and professional development including leadership, global awareness, and business skill building. These developments are facilitated via specialized workshops led by external consultants, students, and faculty. In addition to a range of elective courses at the London Business School, the school has partnerships with around 32 exchange schools around the world. Each academic year around 100 students spend a term at another leading business school.


title: London Business School

text: The MBA program at LBS is widely considered to be one of the top 10 in the world. In the Financial Times' 2015 Global MBA Rankings, LBS ranked 2nd in the world just behind Harvard Business School. In CNN Expansion's 2014 Global MBA Rankings, LBS ranked 5th in the world. In Business Insider's 2014 Global MBA Rankings, LBS ranked 9th in the world. In 2016, the school's MBA program was ranked No. 21 worldwide for social and environmental impact by "Corporate Knights" magazine.


title: London Business School

text: Within Europe, LBS consistently ranks as one of the top 2 programmes. In the 2014/2015 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report, the London Business School MBA Program ranked 1st among all one-year and two-year European MBA programs.


title: London Business School

text: Among non-U.S. two-year MBA programmes, LBS was ranked 1st by "Bloomberg BusinessWeek" in 2012, 3rd by "The Economist" in 2012, 1st by "Financial Times" in 2014 and 2012, and 1st by "Forbes" in 2011, 2012, and 2013.


title: London Business School

text: The MBA Programme has one of the world's largest international exchange programmes. Each year approximately 35 percent of second-year MBAs spend a term abroad at one of over 30 partner schools, including NYU Stern School of Business, IESE Business School, Booth School of Business of The University of Chicago, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, UCLA Anderson School of Management, the MIT Sloan School of Management, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, Columbia Business School, Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley, McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University, Indian School of Business among others.


title: London Business School

text: The school offers four Executive (part-time) MBA degrees, which are completed in 16–20 months. At an academic level, the school offers the same degree to both Executive (part-time) and full-time MBA students. The programmes involve very similar core courses to the full-time MBA, international field work and a wide range of elective courses. The course ends with a capstone together with company project or management report.


title: London Business School

text: The Sloan Fellowship was established in 1968 and is a master's degree programme designed for senior executives, accomplished professionals and entrepreneurs with significant experience of decision-making at strategic levels. The admission process is highly competitive and selective. On average, Sloan Fellows already have 15 years of management experience when being admitted to the programme. A typical class is highly diverse and includes attendees from 13 to 23 countries.


title: London Business School

text: This 12-month, full-time master's degree programme focuses on strategy, leadership and change, and globalisation. The Sloan programme is also offered at Stanford Graduate School of Business and the MIT Sloan School of Management.


title: London Business School

text: The school offers a Master's in Finance ("MiF") programme on both a part- and full-time basis. Around 120 students attend the full-time programme, while 60 attend the part-time degree. In 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2020 it was ranked in 1st place amongst Masters in Finance (post-experience) programmes in the world by the Financial Times.


title: London Business School

text: The Masters in Financial Analysis is the most recent programme offered by the London Business School, starting in September 2016 and consists of 12 months of courses. The programme targets recent graduates with less than a year of work experience who plan to start a career in finance, typically as an analyst in an investment bank or in consulting. The curriculum consists of 12 core courses based on 5 pillars (Accounting, Corporate Finance, Asset Management, Financial Markets, and Financial Econometrics). The 12 courses are:


title: London Business School

text: Students must also complete three electives of which a minimum of two must be related to finance. The programme includes a business immersion week within a company (Google, Deloitte, CNN, Accenture, Blackrock etc.) to work on case studies. Finally, students participate in a Field Trip (study trip) that lasts a week. This travel experience consists of many networking dinners, company visits, and company presentations. The following destinations are available: Silicon Valley, Paris, Milan and Munich, Mumbai and Bangalore, or Shanghai.


title: London Business School

text: The Masters in Management (MiM) is a one-year master's degree in management aimed at recent graduates who have less than one year of full-time postgraduate corporate work experience or less than two years of experience in a non-traditional business role.


title: London Business School

text: Students must also follow 2 electives and can choose among 30 different courses. The programme includes a business immersion week within a company (Google, Deloitte, CNN, Accenture, Blackrock etc.) to work on case studies. Finally, students have to participate in a Field Trip (study trip) that lasts a week. This travel experience consists of many networking dinners, company visits, and company presentations. The following destinations are available: Silicon Valley, Paris, Milan and Munich, Mumbai and Bangalore, or Shanghai.


title: London Business School

text: In 2018 & 2019 the programme was ranked 3rd in the world by the Financial Times, having been in the global top 10 since it became eligible for the ranking. The programme has a very good market placement. 96% of the 2015 graduates accepted an offer within three months of graduation. 40% work in consulting, 35% in finance and the rest in different industries. The most prestigious companies recruit on campus. The top 3 recruiters are the Boston Consulting Group (11 students hired in 2015), Goldman Sachs (8 students hired in 2015), and McKinsey & Company (7 students hired in 2015). Among the other companies that recruited 2 MiM students or more in 2015 are, for example, Oliver Wyman, Arthur D. Little, Deloitte, A.T. Kearney, and Bain & Company.


title: London Business School

text: The Global Masters in Management (Global MiM) is a two-year, full-time course starting in September 2015, where students attain two internationally recognized degrees: a Masters in Management (MiM) and a Masters in Science (MSc) in International Business. Year one takes place in London. Year two takes place in Shanghai.


title: London Business School

text: Delivered jointly by London Business School and the renowned Fudan School of Management in Shanghai, the Global MiM gives an unparalleled grounding in international business challenges preparing for the opportunities of tomorrow.


title: London Business School

text: About 10,000 executives attend the school's non-degree programmes each year. The school offers a portfolio of 31 Executive Education programmes in general management, strategy, leadership, marketing, human resources and finance.


title: London Business School

text: The school's 150 faculty work through 16 research centres or institutes. According to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the school had the joint highest percentage of world-leading research of any British higher education institution (along with the Courtauld Institute of Art) with 56% of research rated in the 4* category.


title: London Business School

text: The school offers a 5-year full-time PhD programme. It supports 60 fully funded PhD candidates in seven doctoral programmes: Accounting, Economics, Finance, Management Science & Operations, Marketing, Organisational Behaviour, and Strategic & International Management.


title: London Business School

text: There are over 70 student clubs at the school. These range from professional clubs such as consulting, entrepreneurship and energy clubs, to regional clubs including the Latin American and China club. There are also general interest and sporting clubs such as football, wine and cheese and the salsa club.


title: London Business School

text: The London Business School has 39,000 alumni in more than 150 countries. Many local clubs (Paris, New-York, Zurich etc.) organise recurrent events in their city.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: Lolo Ferrari (born Ève Valois; 9 February 1963 – 5 March 2000), was a French dancer, actress, and singer billed as "the woman with the largest breast implants in the world".


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: She entered the international limelight in 1995, appearing in the French "Guinness Book of World Records" in 1996 and 1999. Her death in 2000 was ruled a suicide, but suspicions remained that her husband may have been involved, though he was officially cleared in 2007.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: Born in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France, Ève Valois was raised in the resort town of La Baule on the Atlantic coast. She often talked about her unhappy childhood, with her father absent and her mother Catherine Valois (née Ferrari) disliking her. As a teenager, she obtained a few modelling jobs.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: In 1988, she married Éric Vigne, a former drug dealer 15 years her senior who had just been released from prison. She then started to work as a model with her husband as manager. She also worked as a prostitute, and her husband was arrested for being her pimp.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: Encouraged by Vigne, she underwent, beginning in 1990, numerous plastic surgery operations to create a bust (she was originally a 37-inch bust). She had 22 enlargements, which is a Guinness world record. The "Guinness Book of Records" (2003) indicates each of her breasts weighed and contained three litres of saline.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: She wore a specially engineered brassiere. Her brassiere measurements have been given by various sources as 58F, 54G, although these measurements appear false, as breasts of similar size have a bra size of around 36T or 36MMM. The breast implants themselves were reputed to be designed by an engineer who was involved with the design of the Boeing 747.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: In interviews, she said about her surgeries "All this stuff has been because I can't stand life. But it hasn't changed anything" and "I was frightened and I was ashamed; I wanted to change my face, my body, to transform myself. I wanted to die, really."


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: After the breast enlargements, she adopted the stage name "Lolo", from a French slang word for breasts, along with "Ferrari" as a last name, and made a few pornographic films. Use of the Ferrari name (which she justified as it was her maternal grandfather's surname) led to lengthy trademark infringement court battles with the Italian Ferrari automobile company when she tried to market a line of underwear called Ferrari Underwear and a Lolo Ferrari doll.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: In an effort to promote herself, she went with her husband to the Cannes Film Festival in 1995. She won the "European large breasts championship" there, became a favorite of photographers, and entered the international limelight.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: She appeared in the Belgian film "Camping Cosmos" by Jan Bucquoy and producer Francis De Smet. She caused a sensation at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival with the presentation of the movie during a remake of the boxing match in "Camping Cosmos" between the European champion and the former opponent of Muhammad Ali (Jean-Pierre Coopman).


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: She used her newly won publicity to obtain a regular role on the British Channel 4 television show "Eurotrash". The media hype led to appearances on other European shows and work in cabaret shows doing a song and striptease act. Hoping to launch a pop music career, she recorded two singles, titled "Airbag Generation" and "Set Me Free", as well as two more singles, a Euro disco cabaret song called "Dance Dance Dance", and a cover of Thelma Houston's Euro disco hit, "Don't Leave Me This Way". Neither of the latter two songs was given a commercial release.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: On the morning of 5 March 2000, at the age of 37, Ferrari was found dead, of undetermined causes, by her husband at her home in Grasse in the Alpes-Maritimes département on the French Riviera. The original autopsy determined that she had died of an overdose of antidepressants and tranquilizers. She had been depressed and her death was ruled a suicide. Her parents suspected that her husband was involved, and a second autopsy was approved two years later. This second autopsy found that mechanically-induced suffocation could not be ruled out. Her widower was suspected of causing her death, was arrested, and spent 13 months in prison. After a second medical analysis, he was finally cleared of the charges in 2007.


title: Lolo Ferrari

text: When Channel 4 broadcast Ferrari's obituary on "Eurotrash", it was transmitted with straight dubbing as a mark of respect (normally, "Eurotrash"s dubbing is exaggerated to emphasise the humour); it ended with a caption stating "Lola Ferrari 1970–2000"; an error, given that her year of birth was actually 1963. In 2005, the station broadcast a documentary about her life, with interviews of her, her husband, her mother and her plastic surgeon.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Anthem is a dystopian fiction novella by Russian-American writer Ayn Rand, written in 1937 and first published in 1938 in the United Kingdom. The story takes place at an unspecified future date when mankind has entered another Dark Age. Technological advancement is now carefully planned and the concept of individuality has been eliminated. A young man known as Equality 7-2521 rebels by doing secret scientific research. When his activity is discovered, he flees into the wilderness with the girl he loves. Together they plan to establish a new society based on rediscovered individualism.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Rand originally conceived of the story as a play, then decided to write for magazine publication. At her agent's suggestion, she submitted it to book publishers. The novella was first published by Cassell in England. It was published in the United States only after Rand's next novel, "The Fountainhead", became a best seller. Rand revised the text for the US edition published in 1946.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Equality 7-2521, a 21-year-old man writing by candlelight in a tunnel under the earth, tells the story of his life up to that point. He exclusively uses plural pronouns ("we", "our", "they") to refer to himself and others. He was raised like all children in his society, away from his parents in collective homes: the Home of Infants from birth until five years old, then the Home of Students from five to fifteen. He believes he has a "curse" that makes him learn quickly and ask many questions. He excels at the Science of Things and dreams of becoming a Scholar, but when the Council of Vocations assigns his Life Mandate at fifteen, he is assigned to be a Street Sweeper.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Equality 7-2521 accepts his street sweeping assignment as penance for his Transgression of Preference in secretly desiring to be a Scholar. He works with the handicapped Union 5-3992 and International 4-8818, the latter of whom is Equality's only friend (which is another Transgression of Preference, because all are supposedly equal in their society). Despite International's protests that any exploration unauthorized by a Council is forbidden, Equality explores an underground tunnel near the City Theatre tent, and finds metal tracks. Equality believes the tunnel is from the Unmentionable Times of the distant past. He begins sneaking away from his community at night to use the tunnel as a laboratory for scientific experiments, using garbage he has taken from the Home of the Scholars. He is using stolen paper from the Home of the Clerks to write his journal, by candlelight, using candles stolen from the larder at the Home of the Street Sweepers.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: While cleaning a road at the edge of the City, Equality meets Liberty 5-3000, a 17-year-old Peasant girl who works in the fields. He commits another transgression by thinking constantly of her, instead of waiting to be assigned a woman at the annual Time of Mating, in which men aged twenty and over, and females of eighteen and over, are assigned to each other solely for breeding. She has dark eyes and golden hair, and he names her "The Golden One". When he speaks to her, he discovers that she also thinks of him. He reveals his secret name for her, and Liberty tells Equality she has named him "The Unconquered".


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Continuing his scientific work, Equality rediscovers electricity. In the ruins of the tunnel, he finds a glass box with wires that gives off light when he passes electricity through it. He decides to take his discovery to the World Council of Scholars; he thinks such a great gift to mankind will outweigh his many transgressions and lead to him being made a Scholar. However, one night, his absence from the Home of the Street Sweepers is noticed. He is whipped and held in the Palace of Corrective Detention. The night before the World Council of Scholars is set to meet, he easily escapes; there are no guards because no one has ever attempted escape before. The next day, he presents his work to the World Council of Scholars. Horrified that he has done unauthorized research, they assail him as a "wretch" and a "gutter cleaner" and say he must be punished. They want to destroy his discovery so it will not disrupt the plans of the World Council and the Department of Candles. Equality seizes the box, cursing the council before fleeing into the Uncharted Forest that lies outside the City.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: In the forest, Equality sees himself as damned for having left his fellow men, but he enjoys his freedom. No one will pursue him into this forbidden place. He only misses Liberty. On his second day of living in the forest, Liberty appears; she followed him into the forest and vows to stay with him forever. They live together in the forest and try to express their love for one another, but they lack the words to speak of love as individuals.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: They find a house from the Unmentionable Times in the mountains and decide to live in it. While reading books from the house's library, Equality discovers the word "I" and tells Liberty about it. Her first words to him are, “I love you.” Having rediscovered individuality, they give themselves new names from the books: Equality becomes "Prometheus" and Liberty becomes "Gaea". Months later, Gaea is pregnant with Prometheus' child. Prometheus wonders how men in the past could have given up their individuality; he plans a future in which they will regain it.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Ayn Rand initially conceived "Anthem" as a play when she was a teenager living in Soviet Russia. After migrating to the United States, Rand didn't think of writing "Anthem", but reconsidered after reading a short story in "The Saturday Evening Post" set in the future. Seeing that mainstream magazines would publish speculative fiction, she decided to try submitting "Anthem" to them. She wrote the story in the summer of 1937, while taking a break from research she was doing for her next novel, "The Fountainhead".


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Rand's working title was "Ego". Leonard Peikoff explains the meaning behind this title: "[Rand] is (implicitly) upholding the central principles of her philosophy and of her heroes: reason, values, volition, individualism." Thinking that the original title was too blunt, unemotional, and would give away too much of the theme, Rand changed the title to "Anthem". "The present novel, in Miss Rand's mind, was from the outset an ode to man's ego. It was not difficult, therefore, to change the working title: to move from 'ego' to 'ode' or 'anthem', leaving the object celebrated by the ode to be discovered by the reader."


title: Anthem (novella)

text: There are similarities between "Anthem" and the 1921 novel "We" by Yevgeny Zamyatin, another author who had lived in communist Russia. These include:


title: Anthem (novella)

text: There are also a number of differences between the two stories. For example, the society of "We" is in no scientific or technological decay, featuring X-rays, airplanes, microphones, and so on. In contrast, the people of "Anthem" believe that the world is flat and the sun revolves around it, and that bleeding people is a decent form of medicine. The similarities have led to speculation about whether Rand's story was directly influenced by Zamyatin's. However, there is little evidence that Rand was influenced by or even read Zamyatin's work, and she never mentioned it in discussions of her life in Russia.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Initially, Rand planned on publishing "Anthem" as a magazine story or serial, but her agent encouraged her to publish it as a book. She submitted it simultaneously to Macmillan Publishers in America and Cassell in England. Both had handled her previous novel, "We the Living". Cassell agreed to publish "Anthem", but Macmillan declined it. According to Peikoff, "[Macmillan's] comment was: the author does not understand socialism." Another American publisher also turned it down, and Rand's agent was unable to sell it as a magazine serial. Cassell published it in England in 1938.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: After the success of "The Fountainhead", a revised edition of "Anthem" was published in the US in 1946 by Pamphleteers, Inc., a small libertarian-oriented publishing house owned by Rand's friends Leonard Read and William C. Mullendore. A 50th Anniversary Edition was published in 1995, including an appendix which reproduces the Cassell edition with Rand's handwritten editorial changes.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Since its publication in 1946, the revised version of "Anthem" has sold more than 3.5 million copies.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: The original UK edition received mostly positive reviews; several praised Rand's imagination and her support of individualism. In "The Sunday Times", reviewer Dilys Powell complimented its "simplicity and sincerity". Anti-communist journalist Malcolm Muggeridge gave a mixed review in "The Daily Telegraph", saying it had appeal, but its dystopia was not believable. A short review by Maurice Richardson in "The Observer" said it was "highly unconvincing, in spite of some extremely eloquent writing".


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Reviewing the 1953 American first hardcover edition for a genre audience, Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas were unsympathetic. Saying that "Rand implies that a sinister conspiracy of purveyors of brotherhood has prevented its American publication until now", they ironically concluded, "One can only regret that the conspiracy finally broke down." (Caxton Press offered this first U.S. edition in boards in 1953, while the pulp magazine "Famous Fantastic Mysteries" included reprints of both Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" and "Anthem" in the magazine's final, June 1953 issue.)


title: Anthem (novella)

text: The Libertarian Futurist Society awarded "Anthem" its Hall of Fame Award in 1987. In 2014, "Anthem" was nominated for a Retrospective Hugo Award for "Best Novella".


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Following the release of "Anthem" in the United States, Rand explored opportunities for having it adapted to other media. She had discussions about potential film, opera, and ballet adaptations, but these projects were never realized. In 1946, Rand wrote to Walt Disney that if a screen adaptation were possible, "I would like to see it done in stylized drawings, rather than with living actors."


title: Anthem (novella)

text: In 1950, a radio adaptation was done for "The Freedom Story", a weekly radio program produced by Spiritual Mobilization, a Christian libertarian group.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: In 2011, it was released as an unabridged audiobook by ABN, the narration by Jason McCoy described as 'stirring and evocative'.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: In 1991, Michael Paxton wrote, directed, and co-produced a stage adaptation of "Anthem", which appeared at the Lex Theater in Hollywood. The book was adapted into a stage play in 2013 by Jeff Britting, the department manager of the Ayn Rand Archives at the Ayn Rand Institute. First performed in Denver, it opened Off-Broadway in September 2013 at the Jerome Robbins Theater. "The New York Times" review stated, "For a play that celebrates the individual, "Anthem" sure doesn’t trust its audience. Instead of illustrating ideas, this sporadically interesting show too often delivers exposition, desperate to overexplain rather than risk a moment of misunderstanding." The novella also inspired a spoof rock musical, premiering Off-Broadway at the Lynn Redgrave Theatre in May 2014. The cast included Randy Jones of The Village People, Jason Gotay, Jenna Leigh Green, Remy Zaken, and Ashley Kate Adams. The review in "The New York Times" criticized the acting of the leads, but called the show "exuberant" and better than a straight adaptation.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: In 2011, "Anthem" was adapted into a graphic novel by Charles Santino, with artwork by Joe Staton. In 2018, a second graphic novel adaptation was produced, unrelated to the 2011 adaptation, adapted by Jennifer Grossman and Dan Parsons.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: The work has inspired many musical pieces, including full-length albums. According to Enzo Stuarti, Pat Boone composed the music and his friend Frank Lovejoy wrote the lyrics of "The Exodus Song", featured in the album "Stuarti Arrives at Carnegie Hall". The song begins with a line right out of "Anthem". In another point of the song it reads: "...I guard my treasures: my thought, my will, my land, and my freedom. And the greatest of these is freedom." In "Anthem", it reads: "...I guard my treasures: my thought, my will, my land, my freedom. And the greatest of these is freedom." A memo to Rand dated May 4, 1964, mentions the unauthorized adaptation, but there is no indication that she took any legal action.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Robert Silverberg's 1971 novel "A Time of Changes" also depicts a society where "I" is a forbidden word and where the protagonist rebels against this prohibition. In a 2009 preface to a reprint edition of his novel, Silverberg said he had read "Anthem" in 1953, but had long forgotten it when he wrote "A Time of Changes". He was surprised to see the similarities when he rediscovered Rand's story, but said overall the two books are very different.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: "Anthem" is also credited by Neil Peart for influencing Rush's "2112" with strong parallels to the plot, structure, and theme of "Anthem". Peart has said that although he read "Anthem", he was not consciously thinking of the story when he wrote the song; however when he recognized there were similarities, he gave credit to "the genius of Ayn Rand" in the liner notes. The band also released a song called "Anthem" on their "Fly by Night" album, and their Canadian record label (co-founded by Rush manager Ray Danniels) is Anthem Records.


title: Anthem (novella)

text: Among Rand's works, "Anthem" is one of the most commonly assigned as secondary school reading. The Ayn Rand Institute provides free copies of the novel for use in schools, and holds an annual "Anthem" essay contest for students.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: Forza Horizon 2 is a 2014 racing video game developed for Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox 360 consoles. It is the sequel to 2012's "Forza Horizon" and the seventh instalment in the "Forza" series. The Xbox One version of the game was developed by Playground Games, the team behind the original "Forza Horizon", while Sumo Digital developed the version for Xbox 360, with "Forza" series developer Turn 10 Studios supporting both builds. The Xbox 360 version is also the final "Forza" game released for the platform. The game received positive reviews from critics and a sequel, "Forza Horizon 3", was released on 27 September 2016.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: "Forza Horizon 2" is a racing video game, featuring an open world environment. The player participates in the Horizon Festival, a fictional racing competition set within Southern France and Northern Italy. The game has approximately three times more drivable area than that of its predecessor "Forza Horizon", with events set in Provence, Liguria and Côte d'Azur (Nice) along with scaled down towns of Sisteron and Saint-Martin-du-Var. There is a small part of the map that includes parts of the Amalfi Coast and a fictional town called "Castelletto" which consists of features from the town of Amalfi. There is also some small features in the map like the golf course, the docks (which are only accessible in the Xbox One version of the game) and aerodrome. Players can explore the expansive map, taking part in races and special events in order to advance through the game. Events can take place at day or night, and a dynamic weather system was added for the first time in a "Forza"-series game.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: Among new features in the game are "Bucket Lists", three groups of timed challenges for the player to complete, similar to the 1000 Club in "Forza Horizon". They can be completed in solo or co-op mode (when a player goes to the online version of the map, they can be completed with a random person or invited friend). These challenges are continuously updated to provide new challenges throughout the map. "Car Meets" are an online mode where players can meet up online and compare their cars, similar to "Forzavista" mode in "Forza Motorsport 5". Players are also able to interact with each other in Car Meets, including sharing tuning setups and liveries. In the online version of the game, races such as circuits, sprints, and cross country are playable against other players, along with other game types such as Infected and King.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: The standalone expansion of the game based on "The Fast and the Furious" franchise, "Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious", added nitrous oxide boosts to the "Forza" series. Unlike other racing games however, nitrous can only be used during most of the game's events, and only replenishes at the very start of said events. On the Xbox 360, it's only used in drag races.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: "Forza Horizon 2" is the second game in the series to be developed principally by a studio other than "Forza Motorsport" developer Turn 10 Studios. Playground Games, the lead developer for "Forza Horizon", focused on the Xbox One version, using the graphics engine from "Forza Motorsport 5" as their starting point. While the engine is capable of displaying content 1080p and 60 frames-per-second, the game was locked at 1080p and 30 frames-per-second, which was deemed necessary because of the game's open-world nature. According to creative director Ralph Fulton, "one of the big technical challenges that we had to face was making sure that we could stream in a world that is next-gen beautiful, but fast enough to keep up with the fastest car."


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: Sumo Digital took the lead for the Xbox 360 version, starting from the original "Forza Horizon" graphics engine. As with the original game, Turn 10 Studios provided support to the primary developers. The Xbox 360 version does not include the weather system such as rain or "drivatar" A.I. found in the more-powerful Xbox One version, and also omits tuning and the free-roam open-world (as very few barriers can be broken through and crossed), with Playground Games calling the two versions "different games".


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: On 22 July 2014, Turn 10 Studios revealed the first 100 of over 200 cars to be featured in the open world game, from exotics, rally cars, trucks, hot hatches, among others. Many cars from the "Forza" series return, including many cars from the original "Horizon" game. The list includes the 2014 Lamborghini Huracán LP610-4 and Veneno, the McLaren P1, the LaFerrari, the Agera, and the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport. Another new car that they had released was the Ford Capri RS3100 which is a barn find. All ten barn finds can be found off-road, usually in hidden places.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: When choosing the locale for "Forza Horizon 2", the developers investigated over 30 locations around the world, including California and Australia, ultimately choosing Southern Europe. Creative director Ralph Fulton cited Europe's "fantastic driving roads, amazing environmental diversity, and just stunning vistas that you really want to explore" as some of the major points in selecting it for "Horizon 2". Fulton also noted that most of the recent open-world driving games were set in North America and that Southern Europe "just felt fresh, it felt different, it felt new, and it was a gimme for us".


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: The Playground Games audio team recorded exhaust, intake, supercharger, and turbocharger sounds on real cars, and each sound is independent and modeled separately. To create loops through the rev range, they paired the sounds to each rotation of the engine. The mix of intake or exhaust notes depends on the camera position inside or outside the car. The team used the increased power of the Xbox One to playback assets of higher quality and loop length. They recorded environmental sounds like raindrops hitting the car, skidding on wet and dry surfaces, and debris kick-up.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: On 27 August 2014, Microsoft announced that a demo version of the game would be made available on Xbox One on 16 September 2014. On the day of the demo release, Microsoft confirmed that the game had been declared gold, indicating it was being prepared for duplication and release. The standard "10th Anniversary Edition" of the Xbox One version (consisting of the base game and the 10th Anniversary Car Pack) was given to Xbox Live Gold members for free throughout August 2018 as part of Microsoft's Games with Gold program. "Forza Horizon 2" and its downloadable content were delisted on 1 October 2018. Those who already own it can still download and play the game and its DLC.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: On 16 December 2014, Microsoft launched "Storm Island", an expansion pack for the Xbox One edition of the game. Storm Island adds, along with the new setting and associated tracks, five new event types, an expansion of the game engine's weather system, five new vehicles and an additional barn-find car. On 25 February 2015, Microsoft announced "Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious", a standalone expansion to promote the release of "Furious 7". It was released on 27 March 2015. The expansion added music from "Furious 7", composed by Brian Tyler, exclusively for the Showcase events. Actor Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges who played Tej in the Fast & Furious series was also featured in the game with his voiceover. In June 2015, Microsoft announced a new Porsche expansion pack for the game that was released on 9 June 2015. The expansion, which was authorized by Electronic Arts, the then-license-holder for Porsche vehicles in video games, adds ten vehicles, such as the 944, 911 GT3 RS, the Macan Turbo and the Cayman GTS. The expansion also adds new Bucket List items, new Rivals events and 15 new achievements based around the Porsche models.


title: Forza Horizon 2

text: The Xbox One version of "Forza Horizon 2" received highly positive reviews. It received an aggregated score of 86.25% on GameRankings based on 53 reviews and 86/100 on Metacritic based on 82 reviews. Writing for IGN, Luke Reilly said that the game had "comprehensively updated" the standards for open-world racing games and that it was ""Test Drive Unlimited", "PGR", "Smuggler’s Run", and "Forza Motorsport" all crammed into a T-shirt cannon and fired into your face". Conversely, Polygon's Arthur Gies, while giving the game a positive review, said that the track design in "Forza Horizon 2" "can't compete" with the licensed tracks used in "Forza Motorsport 5". Jonathan Leack of CraveOnline called the game "racing paradise" and "a highly enjoyable destination for anyone willing to buckle up behind a wheel". Leack also compared the two separate versions of the game and discovered a number of differences. As an example, when players are given the option to choose their first car at the start of the game, the Xbox 360 version uses a graphic interface, while the Xbox One version lets the players choose the cars in-world. Calling the Xbox One version a "system-seller" and "a good time to invest in next-gen", Leack said that Sumo Digital "has done a fantastic job" with the Xbox 360 version and that it was "one of the best-looking racing games on the platform".


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) is a major British theatre company, based in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. The company employs over 1,000 staff and produces around 20 productions a year. The RSC plays regularly in London, Stratford-upon-Avon, and on tour across the UK and internationally.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The company's home is in Stratford-upon-Avon, where it has redeveloped its Royal Shakespeare and Swan theatres as part of a £112.8-million "Transformation" project. The theatres re-opened in November 2010, having closed in 2007. The new buildings attracted 18,000 visitors within the first week and received a positive media response both upon opening, and following the first full Shakespeare performances. Performances in Stratford-upon-Avon continued throughout the Transformation project at the temporary Courtyard Theatre.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: As well as the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries, the RSC produces new work from living artists and develops creative links with theatre-makers from around the world, as well as working with teachers to inspire a lifelong love of William Shakespeare in young people and running events for everyone to explore and participate in its work.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The RSC celebrated its fiftieth birthday season from April–December 2011, with two companies of actors presenting the first productions designed specifically for the new Royal Shakespeare and Swan Theatre stages. The 2011-season began with performances of "Macbeth" and a re-imagined lost play "The History of Cardenio". The fiftieth birthday season also featured "The Merchant of Venice" with Sir Patrick Stewart and revivals of some of the RSC's greatest plays, including a new staging of "Marat/Sade". For the London 2012 Festival as part of the Cultural Olympiad, the RSC produced the "World Shakespeare Festival", featuring artists from across the world performing in venues around the UK. In 2013, the company began live screenings of its Shakespeare productions – called Live from Stratford-upon-Avon – which are screened around the world. In 2016, the company collaborated with Intel and The Imaginarium Studios to stage "The Tempest", bringing performance capture to the Royal Shakespeare Theatre for the first time.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: There have been theatrical performances in Stratford-upon-Avon since at least Shakespeare's day, though the first recorded performance of a play written by Shakespeare himself was in 1746 when Parson Joseph Greene, master of Stratford Grammar School, organised a charitable production to fund the restoration of Shakespeare's funerary monument. John Ward's Birmingham-based company, the Warwickshire Company of Comedians, agreed to perform it. A surviving copy of the playbill records that the company performed "Othello". The first building erected to commemorate Shakespeare was David Garrick's Jubilee Pavilion in 1769, and there have been at least 17 buildings used to perform Shakespeare's plays since.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The first permanent commemorative building to Shakespeare's works in the town was a theatre built in 1827, in the gardens of New Place, but has long since been demolished. The RSC's history began with the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, which was the brainchild of a local brewer, Charles Edward Flower. He donated a site by the River Avon and in 1875 launched an international campaign to build a theatre in the town of Shakespeare's birth. The theatre, a Victorian-Gothic building seating just over 700 people, opened on 23 April 1879, with a performance of "Much Ado About Nothing", a title which gave ammunition to several critics.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The Memorial, a red brick Gothic cathedral, designed by "Dodgshun and Unsworth" of Westminster, was unkindly described by Bernard Shaw as "an admirable building, adaptable to every purpose except that of a theatre." From 1919, under the direction of William Bridges-Adams and after a slow start, its resident New Shakespeare Company became one of the most prestigious in Britain. The theatre received a Royal Charter of Incorporation in 1925, which gave it status.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: On the afternoon of 6 March 1926, when a new season was about to commence rehearsals, smoke was seen. Fire broke out, and the mass of half-timbering chosen to ornament the interior provided dry tinder. By the following morning the theatre was a blackened shell. The company transferred its Shakespeare festivals to a converted local cinema. Fund-raising began for the rebuilding of the theatre, with generous donations arriving from philanthropists in America.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In January 1928, following an open competition, 29-year-old Elisabeth Scott was unanimously appointed architect for the new theatre which became the first important work erected in the United Kingdom from the designs of a female architect. George Bernard Shaw commented that her design was the only one that showed any theatre sense. Her modernist plans for an art deco structure came under fire from many directions but the new building was opened triumphantly on William Shakespeare's birthday, 23 April 1932. Later it came under the direction of Sir Barry Jackson in 1945, Anthony Quayle from 1948 to 1956 and Glen Byam Shaw 1957–1959, with an impressive roll-call of actors. Scott's building, with some minor adjustments to the stage, remained in constant use until 2007 when it was closed for a major refit of the interior.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: 1974 – The Other Place opened, created from a prefabricated former store/rehearsal room in Stratford.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: September 2004 – The vision for the renewal of the Royal Shakespeare Theatre transformation is announced.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In 1959, while still the director-designate of the Memorial Theatre, Peter Hall announced that the formation of a permanent company would be a primary objective. David Addenbrooke wrote of Hall's belief that Shakespeare, more than any other dramatist, needed a 'style', a tradition and unity of direction and acting. On 14 January 1960, Hall's first policy statement as director also proposed the acquisition of a second theatre, in London, to be used as a city outlet for selected Stratford productions. The RSC was formally established on 20 March 1961 with the royal announcement that the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre would henceforth be known as the Royal Shakespeare Theatre and the company as the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The critic Michael Billington, summarising these events, wrote: "In 1960 the twenty-nine-year-old Peter Hall formally took charge at Stratford-upon-Avon and set about turning a star-laden, six-month Shakespeare festival into a monumental, year-round operation built around a permanent company, a London base and contemporary work from home and abroad. Looking back, it is difficult to realise just how radical Hall's dream was at the time; or indeed how much opposition there was to the creation of what became officially known in March 1961 as the Royal Shakespeare Company."


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: John Barton had been appointed associate director in January 1960, and was followed in 1962 by Michel Saint-Denis, Peter Brook and Clifford Williams who joined the company as resident directors. John Bury was appointed head of design in 1964. The repertoire was also widened to take in modern work and classics other than Shakespeare.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In 1962, strong opposition to the establishment of a London base for the RSC came from the Royal National Theatre which – led by Viscount Chandos and Laurence Olivier – wished to be the sole subsidised company operating in London. Following a deal with Prince Littler, managing director of Associated Theatre Properties, the RSC established the Aldwych Theatre as its London base for productions transferred from Stratford to London, its stage redesigned to match the RST's apron stage.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: Twenty years later, in the summer of 1982, the company took up London residence in both the Barbican Theatre and The Pit studio space in the Barbican Centre under the auspices of the City of London. The RSC was closely involved in the design of these two venues. In 2002 it left the Barbican after a series of allegedly poor seasons, partly because the then artistic director Adrian Noble wanted to develop the company's touring performances. His decision means the company has no regular London home.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The RSC had first tackled its need for a small auditorium in 1971. At the insistence of Sir Trevor Nunn (who had taken over as artistic director in 1968), the company hired The Place off the Euston Road in London and constructed its own theatre space for an audience of 330, seated on raked wooden benches. Two seasons of plays were staged in 1972 and 1973, none suitable for the Aldwych. In December 1973 Buzz Goodbody, the company's first female director, drew up a plan for what would become The Other Place studio theatre in Stratford, designed by Michael Reardon to seat 140 people, which opened to a first and highly successful season in 1974. The name chosen for the new studio space was favoured within the company because it implied an alternative theatre, but also because it is a quotation from "Hamlet".


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In August 1976, Nunn staged "Macbeth" with a minimalist set at The Other Place, playing for 2 hours 15 minutes without an interval. The small, nearly round stage focused attention on the psychological dynamics of the characters. Both Ian McKellen in the title role and Judi Dench as Lady Macbeth received exceptionally favourable reviews. The production transferred to London, opening at the Donmar Warehouse in September 1977 before its further transfer to the larger Young Vic venue for a two-month season. It was also recorded for transmission by Thames Television. In 2004, members of the RSC voted Dench's performance the greatest by an actress in the history of the company.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: Summing up this triumphant period, The Guardian critic Michael Billington later wrote: "[In 1977] the RSC struck gold. This was, in fact, the perihelion of Trevor Nunn's ten-year reign as the company's sole Artistic Director and Chief Executive (in 1978 he began to share power with Terry Hands). In London, the company opened a new studio space at the Donmar Warehouse with plays by Barker, Taylor, Bond and Brecht. Its Aldwych repertory combined the usual Stratford transfers with Nichol's "Privates on Parade", Ibsen's "Pillars of the Community" and Brecht's "The Days of the Commune". At the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Terry Hands and actor Alan Howard had a marathon year working on "Henry V", a virtually uncut, "Henry VI, part 1", "Henry VI, part 2" and "Henry VI, part 3" and "Coriolanus". And the action at The Other Place included Jonson, Ford, Musset, Gems and Rudkin. No other company in the world could match that output for quantity and quality".


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: Nunn and Hands were joint artistic directors of the RSC when the company opened The Swan, its third theatre in Stratford. The Swan Theatre, also designed by Michael Reardon, has a deep thrust stage and a galleried, intimate 450-capacity auditorium. The space was to be dedicated to playing the works of Shakespeare's contemporaries, the works of European writers and the occasional work of Shakespeare. The theatre was launched on 8 May 1986 with a production of "The Two Noble Kinsmen" by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher (not published until 1634 and thought to be Shakespeare's last work for the stage). It was directed by Barry Kyle.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The RSC's costume department is 'the largest in-house costume-making workshop in British theatre' and 'world-renowned'. In 2021, the RSC raised over £8 million for a project to update the costume and prop department. Alistair McArthur, head of costume, called the old working space "Dickensian" and added, “If we knew there was rain coming we’d have to clear everything off the table the night before.”


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The prop-makers design and make many of their own props for the many productions. A 'Prop Shop' in Stratford-upon-Avon is the studio in which most of the props are made.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: Nunn (who had been appointed to follow Hall's tenure at the National Theatre in 1968) ceded his RSC executive directorship in 1986 to his co-artistic director Terry Hands, who bore the brunt of media hostility during a difficult few years for the company. Hands took the decision to suspend the RSC's residency at The Barbican Theatre and The Pit during the winter season of 1990–91, thus vacating the capital for the first time in 30 years. This was seen as essential if the RSC was to secure an increase in subsidy from the Arts Council.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: Shortly after that decision Adrian Noble returned to the RSC to take over from Hands as artistic director and chief executive. The company had serious funding problems. Noble's decision to sever all RSC connections with the Barbican Centre, funded by the Corporation of the City of London, was widely condemned, and towards the end of his tenure things began to go terribly wrong, partly through his pursuit and support of the so-called Project Fleet, a radical scheme aimed at rescuing the RSC from its financial crisis by replacing the Royal Shakespeare Theatre with a crowd-pleasing 'Shakespeare Village' and streamlining the company's performance structure and ensemble principle.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: None of Noble's plans came to fruition. He left the job, an unhappy man, in March 2003. Michael Boyd then assumed control of the RSC, now burdened with a deficit of £2.8 million. By a combination of artistic excellence and quiet husbandry, including a year-long Complete Works of Shakespeare Festival (begun in April 2006 in collaboration with other theatre companies) plus a financially successful London season at the Novello Theatre in 2006, Boyd slowly rebuilt the company's fortunes and reputation


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In 2007 he launched the long-awaited Stratford theatre redevelopments, including construction of the temporary Courtyard Theatre while work was in progress, designed to house his RSC Histories cycle before its transfer to the Roundhouse in London in 2008. Talking of these achievements with typical modesty he told the "Evening Standard" in December 2007 ('The Man Who Remade the RSC'): "There was a bit of gardening to do, but we are now beginning to show signs of walking the walk." 'The Histories' ensemble went on to win three Olivier awards in 2009. In addition, that same year the RSC commissioned a completely new edition of Shakespeare's First Folio, titled "William Shakespeare Complete Works" and published by Modern Library.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: To provide balance, Simon Trowbridge in "A Royal Shakespeare Company Book", published in 2017, is highly critical of aspects of the Boyd years, including his decision to redevelop the Royal Shakespeare Theatre as a second Swan Theatre.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In March 2008, the RSC launched a manifesto 'Stand up for Shakespeare', a campaign to promote a positive experience of Shakespeare for children and young people. The tenets of this manifesto, "Do It on Your Feet, See It Live, Start It Earlier" form the basis of the work of the Education department.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In summer 2011 the company undertook a residency in Park Avenue Armory, New York, running a series of performances and an accompanying education programme in partnership with the NYC Department of Education.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In 2012, the RSC produced the World Shakespeare Festival, a celebration of 'Shakespeare as the world's playwright' working with UK and international arts organisations, and including the Globe to Globe Festival by Shakespeare's Globe. The same year, planning permission was granted by Stratford District Council to reinstate The Other Place. Funding for the new theatre came from a £3 million grant from the Arts Council England, raised through the National Lottery. Funding was also received from the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, The Backstage Trust, and from public donations; this is the final phase of the Transformation project.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: Live from Stratford-upon-Avon, a new project to broadcast the company's productions in cinemas around the world and stream them into schools was announced in May 2013. The project began with Shakespeare's "Richard II", starring David Tennant, in November 2013, and followed up with "Henry IV" parts 1 and 2 and "The Two Gentlemen of Verona" in 2014.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In February 2016, Artistic Director Gregory Doran's productions of "Henry IV Part I" and "Henry IV Part II", and "Henry V" went on tour in Shanghai, Beijing and Hong Kong as part of the King & Country Tour. The same year, the Royal Shakespeare Company also opened their first permanent exhibition, entitled The Play's The Thing.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: On 23 April 2016, the RSC performed a one night extravaganza, called ‘Shakespeare Live!’. Broadcast on BBC Two from the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, it marked the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's Death. It involved a collection of Shakespeare scenes and monologues with appearances from David Tennant, Catherine Tate, Dame Judi Dench, Benedict Cumberbatch and even one from Prince Charles.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In June 2019, the actor Mark Rylance resigned from the RSC over its sponsorship deal with oil company BP.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In October 2019, the RSC announced that it would be ending its partnership with BP at the end of year following criticism of its association with the oil company. A week before, school students threatened to boycott the theatre company if it did not sever links with the firm. A spokesperson for the RSC explained that "Young people are now saying clearly to us that the BP sponsorship is putting a barrier between them and their wish to engage with the RSC".


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: In February 2021, the RSC announced five new members to its board of trustees: Andrew Miller, Amanda Parker, Winsome Pinnock, Justine Themen and Ayanna Thompson.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: It was announced that Daniel Evans and Tamara Harvey will become joint Artistic Directors from June 2023.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The Courtyard Theatre was built as a temporary replacement for The Other Place theatre to house the Company's work when the RST and Swan were closed for the Transformation project. It provided a full-scale working prototype for the new RST's auditorium, seating 1,045 people around a thrust stage. It was also used in 2012 for productions in the World Shakespeare Festival including "Much Ado About Nothing" in an Indian setting. The Courtyard Theatre was replaced by The Other Place, which was reinstated as a 200-seat studio theatre in 2016. In July 2021, a temporary 500-seat outdoor theatre was built in the Swan Gardens named the Lydia & Manfred Gorvy Garden Theatre. The theatre was built due to the COVID-19 pandemic to allow productions to return following the Government guidance, beginning with Phillip Breen's production of "The Comedy of Errors" running during summer 2021.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The company's London presence has included tenancies of the Aldwych Theatre, The Place in Duke's Road, Euston, the Donmar Warehouse in Covent Garden, the Barbican Theatre and The Pit at the Barbican Centre in the City of London. There have also been seasons at The Mermaid Theatre, the Almeida Theatre (1988 and 1989), the Roundhouse in Camden, the Young Vic, the Playhouse Theatre, the Novello Theatre and the Gielgud Theatre.


title: Royal Shakespeare Company

text: The Theatre Royal in Newcastle upon Tyne is the third home of the Royal Shakespeare Company, alongside Stratford-upon-Avon and London.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Cobb County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia, located in the Atlanta metropolitan area in the north central portion of the state. As of 2020 Census, the population was 766,149. Its county seat and largest city is Marietta.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Along with several adjoining counties, Cobb County was created on December 3, 1832, by the Georgia General Assembly from the large Cherokee County territory—land northwest of the Chattahoochee River which the state acquired from the Cherokee Nation and redistributed to settlers via lottery, following the passage of the federal Indian Removal Act. The county was named for Thomas Willis Cobb, a U.S. representative and senator from Georgia. It is believed that Marietta was named for his wife, Mary.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Cobb County is included in the Atlanta metropolitan area and is situated immediately to the northwest of Atlanta's city limits.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Its Cumberland District, an edge city, has over of office space. Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves have played at Truist Park in Cumberland since 2017.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: In 2003, the U.S. Census Bureau ranked Cobb County as the most educated in the state of Georgia and 12th-most in the United States. It has ranked among the top 100 highest-income counties in the United States. In October 2017, Cobb was ranked as the "Least Obese County in Georgia".


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Cobb county was one of nine Georgia counties carved out of the disputed territory of the Cherokee Nation in 1832. It was the 81st county in Georgia and named for Judge Thomas Willis Cobb, who served as a U.S. Senator, state representative, and superior court judge. It is believed that the county seat of Marietta was named for Judge Cobb's wife, Mary.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: The state started acquiring right-of-way for the Western & Atlantic Railroad in 1836. A train began running between Marietta and Marthasville (now Atlanta) in 1845.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: During the American Civil War, some Confederate troops were trained at a camp in Big Shanty (now Kennesaw), where the Andrews Raid occurred, starting the Great Locomotive Chase. There were battles of New Hope Church May 25, 1864, Pickett's Mill May 27, and Dallas May 28. These were followed by the prolonged series of battles through most of June 1864 until very early July: the Battle of Marietta and the Battle of Noonday Creek. c


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: The Battle of Allatoona Pass on October 5, 1864, occurred as Sherman was starting his march through Georgia. Union forces burnt most houses and confiscated or burnt crops.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain June 27, 1864, was the site of the only major Confederate victory in General William T. Sherman's invasion of Georgia. Despite the victory, Union forces outflanked the Confederates.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: In 1915, Leo Frank, the Jewish supervisor of an Atlanta pencil factory who was convicted of murdering one of his workers, thirteen-year-old Mary Phagan, was kidnapped from his jail cell and brought to Frey's Gin, two miles (3 km) east of Marietta, where he was lynched.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Cotton farming in the area peaked from the 1890s through the 1920s. Low prices during the Great Depression resulted in the cessation of cotton farming throughout Cobb County. The price of cotton went from 16¢ per pound (35¢/kg) in 1920 to 9½¢ (21¢/kg) in 1930. This resulted in a cotton bust for the county, which had stopped growing the product but was milling it. This bust was in turn, followed by the Great Depression. To help combat the bust, the state started work on a road in 1922 that would later become U.S. 41, later replaced by Cobb Parkway in the late 1940s and early 1950s.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: In 1942, Bell Aircraft opened a Marietta plant to manufacture B-29 bombers and Marietta Army Airfield was founded. Both were closed after World War II, but reopened during the Korean War, when the air field was acquired by the Air Force, renamed Dobbins AFB, and the plant by Lockheed. During the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Lockheed Marietta was the leading manufacturer of military transport planes, including the C-130 Hercules and the C-5 Galaxy. "In Cobb County and other sprawling Cold War suburbs from Orange County to Norfolk/Hampton Roads, the direct link between federal defense spending and local economic prosperity structured a bipartisan political culture of hawkish conservatism and material self-interest on issues of national security."


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: When county home rule was enacted statewide by amendment to the Georgia state constitution in the early 1960s, Ernest W. Barrett became the first chairman of the new county commission. The county courthouse, built in 1888, was demolished, spurring a law that now prevents counties from doing so without a referendum.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Cobb transformed from rural to suburban, as integration spurred white flight from the city of Atlanta, which by 1970 was majority-African-American. Real-estate booms drew rural white southerners and Rust Belt transplants, both groups mostly first-generation white-collar workers. Cobb County was the home of former segregationist and Georgia governor Lester Maddox (1966–71). In 1975, Cobb voters elected John Birch Society leader Larry McDonald to Congress, running in opposition to desegregation busing. A conservative Democrat, McDonald called for investigations into alleged plots by the Rockefellers and the Soviet Union to impose "socialist-one-world-government" and co-founded the Western Goals Foundation. In 1983, McDonald died aboard Korean Air Lines Flight 007, shot down by a Soviet fighter jet over restricted airspace. I-75 through the county is now named for him.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: In 1990, Republican Congressmen Newt Gingrich became Representative of a new district centered around Cobb County. In 1994, as Republicans took control of the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in almost fifty years, Gingrich became Speaker of the House, thrusting Cobb County into the national spotlight.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: In 1993, county commissioners passed a resolution condemning homosexuality and cut off funding for the arts after complaints about a community theater. After protests from gay rights organizations, organizers of the 1996 Summer Olympics pulled events out of Cobb County, including the Olympic Torch Relay. The county's inns were nevertheless filled at 100% of capacity for two months during the event.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: In the 1990s and 2000s, Cobb's demographics changed. As Atlanta's gentrification reversed decades of white flight, middle-class African-Americans and Russian, Bosnian, Chinese, Indian, Brazilian, Mexican and Central American immigrants moved to older suburbs in south and southwest Cobb. In 2010, African-American Democrat David Scott was elected to Georgia's 13th congressional district, which included many of those suburbs. Cobb became the first Georgia county to participate in the Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g) enabling local law officers to enforce immigration law.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.4%) is water. The county is located in the upper Piedmont region of the state, with a few mountains located within the county, considered to be part of the southernmost extensions of the Appalachian Mountains.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: The county is divided between two major basins. Most runoff flows into the Middle Chattahoochee-Lake Harding and Upper Chattahoochee River sub-basins of the ACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin) along the southeastern border, directly via Willeo Creek, Sope Creek (Sewell Creek), Rottenwood Creek (Powers Creek, Poorhouse Creek, Poplar Creek), Nickajack Creek and others. The large Sweetwater Creek is the other major stream, carrying the waters of Noses Creek (Ward Creek, Olley Creek, Mud Creek), Powder Springs Creek (Rakestraw Creek, Mill Creek) and others into the Chattahoochee. A ridge from Lost Mountain in the west, to Kennesaw Mountain in the north-central, to Sweat Mountain in the extreme northeast, divides the far north-northwest of the county into the Etowah River sub-basin of the ACT River Basin (Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin), which includes Lake Allatoona. Noonday Creek (Little Noonday Creek) flows northward into the lake, as does Allatoona Creek, which forms a major arm of the lake. Proctor Creek forms the much older Lake Acworth, which in turn empties directly into Lake Allatoona under the Lake Acworth Drive (Georgia 92) bridge. North Cobb is in the Coosa River basin.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Despite the lack of a grid system of city blocks though the county, all street addresses have their numeric origin at the southwest corner of the town square in Marietta.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Originally in area code 404, the county was moved into area code 770 in 1995, and overlaid by area code 678 in 1998. Prior to 1995, those with phones tied to the Woodstock telephone exchange (prefixes 924, 926, 928, later 516 and 591) could also call the Canton exchange (479, later 445, then 704) as a local call. This became moot, along with other dual-zone exchanges in metro Atlanta, when the exurban exchanges (including Canton) were fully made a part of what was already the world's largest toll-free calling zone. It is a zone spanning , with four active telephone area codes, and local calling extending into portions of two others.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Cobb's FIPS county code is 13067. Because the National Weather Service has not subdivided the county, its WRSAME code is 013067, for receiving targeted weather warnings from NOAA Weather Radio. The county is primarily within the broadcast range of one weather radio station: KEC80, on 162.550 MHz, transmitted to all of metro Atlanta and broadcast from NWSFO Peachtree City. The secondary station is the much newer WWH23 on 162.425 from Buchanan, which also transmits warnings for Cobb but has reception mainly in the western part of the county.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 766,149 people, 286,952 households, and 191,533 families residing in the county.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 688,078 people, 260,056 households, and 175,357 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 286,490 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 62.21% white, 24.96% black or African American, 4.46% Asian, 0.34% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 5.28% from other races, and 2.71% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 12.26% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 10.4% were German, 10.0% were English, 9.3% were Irish, and 8.6% were American.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Of the 260,056 households, 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.6% were non-families, and 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.17. The median age was 35.4 years.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: The median income for a household in the county was $65,522 and the median income for a family was $78,920. Males had a median income of $55,200 versus $43,367 for females. The per capita income for the county was $33,110. About 7.6% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: As of 2000, there were 697,553 people, 248,303 households, and 169,178 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 261,659 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county in 2000 72.4% White, 18.8% Black, 0.3% Native American, 3.06% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 5.3% from other races, and 1.87% from two or more races. 7.73% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: There were 248,303 households, out of which 35.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.30% were married couples living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.20% were non-families. 23.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.25.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.10% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 36.50% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 6.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.90 males.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: As of 2007, the median income was $70,472. The per capita income for the county was $32,740. About 6.0% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Cobb County maintains the Cobb County Public Library System. The libraries provide resources such as books, videos, internet access, printing, and computer classes. The libraries in the CCPLS are:


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Under Georgia's home rule provision, county governments have free rein to legislate on all matters within the county, provided that such legislation does not conflict with state or federal laws or constitutions.


title: Cobb County, Georgia

text: Cobb County is governed by a five-member board of commissioners, which has both legislative and executive authority within the county. The chairman of the board is elected county-wide. The other four commissioners are elected from single-member districts. The board hires a county manager who oversees day-to-day operations of the county's executive departments.