title: The Sports Network

text: On September 10, 2010, Bell Canada announced plans to re-acquire 100% of CTVglobemedia's broadcasting arm, including its majority control of TSN. Under the deal, Woodbridge Company Limited, Torstar, and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan would together receive $1.3 billion in either cash or equity in BCE, while BCE would also assume $1.7 billion in debt (BCE's existing equity interest is $200 million, for a total transaction value of $3.2 billion). Woodbridge has since simultaneously regained majority control of "The Globe and Mail", with Bell retaining a 15% interest in December 2010. The deal closed on April 1, 2011, after the CRTC approved the sale on March 7, 2011 – the new company became known as Bell Media.


title: The Sports Network

text: After a longstanding speculation about TSN's interest in launching its own TSN-branded radio network (similarly to its U.S. counterpart), TSN entered radio broadcasting with the launch of the first TSN Radio station, a relaunch of AM station CHUM in Toronto on April 13, 2011. Bell Media's Bell Media Radio division already operated several sports radio stations elsewhere in Canada (most of which were branded as The Team, a name introduced by previous owner CHUM Limited in its own failed attempt at establishing a national sports radio network), it was reported that Bell could theoretically relaunch these other stations under the TSN Radio brand in the future.


title: The Sports Network

text: Also in 2011, TSN acquired broadcast rights to the new Winnipeg Jets. TSN would establish another part-time feed, TSN Jets, to broadcast the games. Additionally, co-owned CFRW would also gain radio rights to the new Jets. CFRW, along with Montreal station CKGM, also migrated to the TSN Radio brand on October 5, 2011. Additionally, Bell would also launch TSN Mobile TV, streaming versions of TSN and TSN2 offered through Bell Mobility's Mobile TV services.


title: The Sports Network

text: On December 9, 2011, the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan announced that it would sell its majority stake in Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment to two major telecommunications companies; Bell Canada (TSN's main parent company) and Rogers Communications (owners of the competing Sportsnet chain of sports channels) with a 37.5% share each (Larry Tanenbaum increased his ownership to a quarter of the company as well), in a deal expected to be valued at around $1.32 billion in total. The deal was completed in summer 2012, following the approval of Canada's Competition Bureau, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (with regards to MLSE's television channels), as well as the leagues for each of MLSE's main sports franchises. The deal was expected to have a major impact on future broadcast rights for MLSE's teams, including the Toronto Maple Leafs and Toronto Raptors, as their ownership of the teams will offer enhanced coverage for the team through new platforms such as mobile television.


title: The Sports Network

text: In March 2014, TSN launched its TV Everywhere service TSN Go, allowing subscribers to TSN on participating service providers to stream TSN networks online or through a mobile app. On launch, TSN Go was available exclusively to Bell Satellite TV and Rogers Cable subscribers. It has since been expanded to other providers, such as Shaw.


title: The Sports Network

text: Following the announcement of Bell and Rogers' acquisition of MLSE, concerns were again raised by critics, speculating that Bell Media could attempt to acquire full rights to the NHL after CBC's current contract with the league expires following the 2013–14 season – using their ownership of the Toronto Maple Leafs, the NHL's highest valued franchise, as an impetus for such a coup. Concerns were also raised that such an arrangement could prevent wireless service providers other than Bell and Rogers from accessing its content; the CRTC had ruled in favour of Telus in a decision requiring Bell and other media companies to allow other competing wireless providers access to its content, and not exclusively tie it to their own service (as they had attempted to do with TSN Mobile TV). However, in November 2013, Rogers Communications announced that it had reached a 12-year deal to become the sole national television rightsholder of the NHL, beginning in the 2014–15 season.


title: The Sports Network

text: Critics considered Rogers' move to be a major blow against Bell and TSN, showing concerns for how the network could sustain itself without what is considered a key property in Canadian sports broadcasting. However, they also acknowledged the network's continuing rights to IIHF hockey tournaments (including the popular World Junior Hockey Championships), the Canadian Football League (who renewed their contract with TSN without allowing any outside bidders in 2019 and whose current contract lasts through 2025), and TSN's growing regional NHL rights portfolio, including the Maple Leafs—which would, beginning in the same season, air 26 games on TSN per season. In a series of Twitter posts by TSN personality Bob McKenzie, he explained that even with the loss of national NHL rights, TSN's goal was to remain "THE source for all things hockey" through its analysis programs and regional coverage, and that this was not the first time that TSN had lost its cable rights to the NHL (having lost them to CTV Sportsnet for a period upon its launch in 1998).


title: The Sports Network

text: On May 6, 2014, TSN announced that it would launch three new channels—TSN3, TSN4, and TSN5, in September 2014 to coincide with the network's 30th anniversary. TSN president Stewart Johnston described the expansion as an "important evolution" for the network, as it would allow TSN to make more efficient use of its portfolio of sports properties: the network promoted that these new channels would allow TSN to broadcast a larger amount of ESPN content and live events, particularly including expanded coverage of major events (such as Grand Slam tennis, curling tournaments, and the NCAA basketball tournament) with multiple games occurring simultaneously. Although the expansion was discussed by TSN staff as early as 2012, critics considered the loss of NHL rights to Rogers (which had recently launched its seventh Sportsnet-branded television service with its acquisition of The Score, now Sportsnet 360) to be a catalyst for the move, as TSN attempts to defend its position as the largest specialty television service in Canada in terms of total revenue.


title: The Sports Network

text: The launch date of these new channels were pushed up to August 25, 2014, in order to allow multi-court coverage of the 2014 US Open tennis tournament, which began the same day. TSN also announced that it would use these new channels to house regional NHL games beginning in the 2014–15 season, featuring the Jets, Maple Leafs, and Ottawa Senators.


title: The Sports Network

text: On January 13, 2016, TSN announced that it would present its first telecast in 4K ultra high-definition—a Toronto Raptors basketball game—on January 20, 2016. It was followed by a slate of regional NHL games and other Raptors games in the format.


title: The Sports Network

text: On June 7, 2018, TSN announced that it would offer its channels as part of an over-the-top subscription service branded as "TSN Direct".


title: The Sports Network

text: As is permitted for all Category C sports services, the TSN licence is permitted to have multiple channels, and currently encompasses all of the channels listed in the table below. However, unlike premium services like The Movie Network, subscribers receiving one TSN channel are not necessarily automatically entitled to receive all additional channels, and in many cases they are (or previously were) only available by paying a separate charge to a service provider. For example, until 2013, Rogers Cable customers were required to subscribe to the HD Specialty Pack add-on in order to receive TSN HD (whereas most other HD simulcast channels were provided at no additional charge). On many providers including Rogers, TSN1, 3, 4 and 5 were included in a single package when those feeds launched, but TSN2 was provided only as part of a separate higher-tier package.


title: The Sports Network

text: On May 6, 2014, TSN announced plans to launch three additional multiplex channels, for a total of five 24-hour national channels. The existing "TSN" service was replaced by four regionally-focused channels (referred to as "feeds")—TSN1, 3, 4, and 5—similar to the Sportsnet regional channels. All five channels are available nationally, but on most local providers, the channel location previously occupied by TSN's primary service was filled by the appropriate regional feed. While major sports telecasts are simulcast across TSN1, 3, 4, and 5 to ensure national coverage, alternative studio shows and live events can also be split across the channels. The feeds carry a small amount of programming tailored towards their respective regions, including simulcasts of lunch-hour shows from TSN Radio stations in their relevant region, and regional NHL coverage. When TV listings and promotions make a reference to a program airing on "the TSN network" or simply "TSN" without disambiguation, it can normally be assumed that the program will be simulcast on TSN1, 3, 4 and 5.


title: The Sports Network

text: Their launch date was originally announced as September 1, 2014, to coincide with the 30th anniversary of TSN's launch, but was moved up to August 25 in order to accommodate multiple-court coverage throughout the 2014 US Open. Prior to the launch of the additional feeds, Bell executives stated that the expanded five-channel service would be offered for the same rate as was charged at the time for TSN and TSN2 together. Notwithstanding this claim, some providers, including Shaw Cable, have elected to charge extra for some of the new feeds. Most major Canadian television providers carried the new channels upon their launch, including Bell, Cogeco, Eastlink, MTS, SaskTel, Shaw, Source Cable, Rogers, and Telus.


title: The Sports Network

text: Videotron, a cable provider which primarily serves the province of Quebec, was a notable hold-out for the new feeds. On October 13, a "Monday Night Football" game was left unavailable in English (due to a rained out MLB playoff game, RDS2 was able to carry the game in French) to Videotron subscribers because TSN5—the only feed it carried—was airing a regional Ottawa Senators/Florida Panthers NHL game (a game which also attracted infamy for having the lowest attendance of any Panthers game in team history). On October 16, 2014, Videotron president Manon Brouillette responded to complaints by subscribers surrounding the incident, and confirmed that it had reached a deal in September to carry the new feeds; the addition of TSN1 to the lineup was accelerated to October 20, 2014, to ensure the availability of that week's "Monday Night Football" game, with the remainder added on October 29, 2014. On November 27, 2016, a one-time overflow channel was used to broadcast a regional Ottawa Senators game due to conflicts with the 104th Grey Cup (which featured the Ottawa RedBlacks, and was being simulcast across all TSN regional feeds).


title: The Sports Network

text: The current TSN feeds, and any programming unique to each feed as per TSN's current TV schedules (subject to pre-emption by either ESPN or TSN due to live events), is shown below.


title: The Sports Network

text: The other sports channels owned or managed by Bell Media and ESPN Inc., including ESPN Classic, the now-defunct WTSN and NHL Network, and the French-language Réseau des sports and related channels, operate or operated under separate licences.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN's flagship news program is "SportsCentre", a sports news program airing several times throughout the day. Formerly known as "SportsDesk", it was revamped to closer resemble ESPN's own "SportsCenter" (including the use of its theme music, logo, and opening) in the Fall of 2001 as part of a corporate restructuring, closer aligning itself with minority owner ESPN. In 2006, a new studio was built in preparation for its transition to high definition – becoming the first daily news program in Canada to be produced in HD beginning on September 25, 2006. Other original programs on TSN include the daily hockey news program "That's Hockey", "SportsCentre"-branded countdown shows, and the automotive newsmagazine "Motoring".


title: The Sports Network

text: In connection with ESPN's minority ownership in TSN, the network has a long-term agreement with ESPN International for the Canadian rights to ESPN original and studio programs, including "Pardon the Interruption", "Around the Horn", "Sunday NFL Countdown", "NFL Live", "Baseball Tonight", "ESPN FC", and ESPN Films documentaries including the "30 for 30" series, among others, though it does not always air these programs simultaneously with their U.S. broadcasts.


title: The Sports Network

text: In 2012, as part of promotion for the 100th Grey Cup, TSN produced its own anthology of documentary films, "Engraved on a Nation", focusing on stories related to the Grey Cup and CFL. In 2019, TSN revived the series with a second season, chronicling other major figures in Canadian sports.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN is a major broadcaster of ice hockey in Canada; it holds rights to Hockey Canada tournaments, which includes the Allan Cup, Centennial Cup, Telus Cup and Esso Cup, as well as IIHF tournaments such as the Men's and Women's World Championships, the IIHF World Junior Championships (a tournament whose profile was notably raised by TSN), and the IIHF World U18 Championship. In 2020, TSN renewed its contract with Hockey Canada through the 2033–34 season.


title: The Sports Network

text: On July 21, 2021, the Canadian Hockey League (CHL) announced that Bell Media would hold its national media rights package beginning in the 2021–22 season, with TSN holding rights to 30 regular-season games across the CHL's leagues per-season, as well as coverage of national events such as the Memorial Cup.


title: The Sports Network

text: From 1987 to 1998, and again from 2002 to 2014, TSN held national cable rights to broadcast the NHL in Canada. Under its most recent contract, TSN aired regular season games on weeknights and Sundays, including exclusivity on Wednesday nights, as well as various Stanley Cup playoffs games, as the league's secondary rightsholder after CBC Sports. Its most recent contract expired at the end of the 2013–14 NHL season (following the 2014 NHL Draft); Rogers Communications (owners of Sportsnet) secured a 12-year contract for sole national rights beginning with the following season. TSN's then-parent company CTVglobemedia attempted to strike a similar exclusive deal in 2006 ($1.4 billion over ten years), but was not successful.


title: The Sports Network

text: CTV acquired the rights to "The Hockey Theme", which has been the theme song of "Hockey Night in Canada" for 40 years, after the CBC decided not to renew its rights to the theme song in June 2008 amid a legal dispute with its composer, Dolores Claman. A reorchestrated version of the tune has been used for hockey broadcasts on TSN and RDS since fall 2008.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN has also occasionally broadcast the American Hockey League's Toronto Marlies games, which are simulcast from Leafs Nation Network; as with the Maple Leafs, the Marlies are owned by MLSE.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN was credited for breaking reports surrounding Hockey Canada's settlement of a 2018 sexual assault case.


title: The Sports Network

text: Since the 2008 season, TSN has been the exclusive broadcaster of the Canadian Football League, airing all of the league's games, including the season-ending Grey Cup. In November 2019, TSN and the CFL signed a six-year media rights extension, which was reported to expire in 2025.


title: The Sports Network

text: The channel also previously held rights to the country's university football playoff tournaments, including the Hardy Cup, Uteck Bowl, Mitchell Bowl and the Vanier Cup championship. The Hardy Cup coverage reverted to Shaw TV in 2014 while the Uteck, Mitchell and Vanier contests moved to Sportsnet, who acquired exclusive rights to CIS tournaments in May 2013.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN splits rights to the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Toronto Raptors with Sportsnet, by virtue of the league's Canadian media rights being managed by Raptors owner MLSE.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN alternated broadcasting the 2019 NBA Finals with Sportsnet, which featured the Toronto Raptors winning their first-ever NBA championship. TSN aired the series-clinching Game 6, which saw an average of 7.7 million viewers as the most-watched NBA telecast in Canadian history.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN acquired Canadian rights to Major League Soccer in 2011, airing 24 matches during the 2011 season that involved the league's Canadian clubs, Toronto FC and Vancouver Whitecaps FC. Its slate expanded to 30 games in 2012 with the debut of the Montreal Impact in the league. TSN's channels broadcast a package of other regular-season games, the MLS All-Star Game, MLS Cup Playoffs and the MLS Cup. In January 2014, TSN announced that it would take over broadcast rights to Whitecaps games beginning in the 2014 Major League Soccer season, under a separate deal.


title: The Sports Network

text: On October 27, 2011, Bell Media and TSN announced that they had secured broadcast rights for FIFA soccer tournaments from 2015 to 2022. The rights include the 2018 FIFA World Cup, 2022 FIFA World Cup, the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup hosted by Canada, 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN holds exclusive rights to Curling Canada's "Season of Champions" series through 2029, which includes Canada's women's and men's national championships, the Scotties Tournament of Hearts and Tim Hortons Brier, along with the World Curling Championships. It also organizes the Pinty's All-Star Curling Skins Game, an annual skins curling tournament.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN has hosted much of Canada's supplementary Olympic coverage, being the first pay television channel in the world to ever broadcast the Olympics with the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, and having been part of the CBC's coverage from 1998 to 2008. In 2010, TSN began to participate in CTV and Rogers' joint broadcast rights to the Olympic Games for 2010 and 2012. TSN continued to be a part of CBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics, but also in conjunction with Sportsnet (who participated in the CTV/Rogers coverage).


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN has also historically been a broadcaster for Major League Baseball in Canada, as its former parent company, Labatt, was also the owner of the Toronto Blue Jays. Under Rogers ownership, TSN continued to sub-license a package 25 of Blue Jays games per-season, with the rest of the games televised by the co-owned Sportsnet, who is also the primary rightsholder of Major League Baseball in Canada. In 2010, TSN traded its Blue Jays games to Sportsnet for rights to "ESPN Sunday Night Baseball". In 2014, TSN reached a deal directly with MLB International for Canadian rights to all of ESPN's MLB coverage, adding "Monday Night Baseball" and "Wednesday Night Baseball" beginning in the 2014 season.


title: The Sports Network

text: Along with its coverage of Canadian events, TSN also airs coverage of international sporting events (primarily American), often simulcast from other broadcasters.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN also currently airs Formula One, NASCAR Cup Series, and NASCAR Xfinity Series events (as of the 2016 season, coverage of F1 events is supplied from Sky Sports).


title: The Sports Network

text: As of the 2017 season, TSN serves as the exclusive cable rightsholder of the National Football League in Canada, alongside terrestrial rightsholder CTV, carrying all national game packages (including "Sunday Night Football", "Monday Night Football", and "Thursday Night Football"), as well as Sunday afternoon games. In 2022, the NFL renewed its contract with Bell under a multi-year deal, gaining exclusive Canadian rights to "Thursday Night Football" (as part of its move to Prime Video), and the expanded "Monday Night Football" schedule (including ESPN's NFL International Series game). TSN also carries ESPN's NFL studio programs, including "NFL Live", "Sunday NFL Countdown", and "Monday Night Countdown," while NFL RedZone is carried on TSN's streaming platforms.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN is the exclusive rightsholder in Canada for all four Tennis Grand Slams; in 2012, the channel signed multi-year extensions for the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon., followed by the US Open the following year. In 2016, TSN also re-gained rights to non-domestic ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and ATP World Tour 500 series events. In 2020, TSN also acquired rights to WTA Tour Premier 5 and Premier Mandatory events. Both exclude the National Bank Cup due to exclusive media and sponsorship rights held by Rogers Media and Sportsnet, sold separately from other events.


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN is also the rights holder for all four of golf's major championships – The Masters (first two rounds, and late-round coverage on CTV beginning 2016), US Open, British Open (late-round coverage in simulcast with NBC and CTV since 2016) and PGA Championship. In addition, it carries the Ryder Cup and Presidents Cup and simulcasts the RBC Canadian Open.


title: The Sports Network

text: On December 22, 2014, it was also announced that Bell Media had acquired Canadian rights to UFC mixed martial arts, beginning in 2015. TSN's networks air all major events, including PPV preliminaries, domestic "UFC Fight Night" events, and "The Ultimate Fighter". TSN also sub-licensed portions of its rights to fighting sports-oriented specialty channel Fight Network, which aired international "Fight Night" events and preliminaries for non-PPV events. The contract also includes French-language rights for RDS. The contract with Bell was renewed in December 2018; the Fight Network sub-licensing agreement was dropped, giving TSN rights to non-PPV preliminaries, and also adding "Dana White's Tuesday Night Contender Series". The renewal coincided with the assumption of U.S. rights to the UFC by minority partner ESPN.


title: The Sports Network

text: Through minority owner ESPN, TSN and RDS also hold exclusive Canadian broadcast rights to several other events which ESPN either owns outright, such as the X Games, or for which it owns the worldwide broadcast rights, such as the College Football Playoff, the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship (sublicensed from ESPN International since 2011), the World Series of Poker, and its boxing coverage.


title: The Sports Network

text: On December 19, 2014, Bell Media announced that it had acquired rights to the UEFA Champions League and Europa League for TSN and RDS beginning in 2015, with portions sub-licensed to beIN Sports. TSN lost Champions League and Europa League rights to DAZN after the 2017–18 season.


title: The Sports Network

text: In the 2014–15 season, TSN began to broadcast a package of NCAA Division I college hockey games including regular season games (mainly simulcast from regional sports networks) and the NCAA tournament and Frozen Four (whose rights are owned by ESPN).


title: The Sports Network

text: TSN previously aired WWE's flagship show, "Raw", for over a decade. Though broadcast live, the show occasionally had been censored live for extremely violent scenes (such as when female wrestlers or characters were assaulted by male wrestlers) to meet Canadian broadcast standards, with repeat broadcasts often more heavily edited. The final episode of "Raw" on TSN aired on July 31, 2006, after which, rival network The Score (now known as Sportsnet 360) picked up the rights.


title: The Sports Network

text: In 2019, TSN acquired broadcast rights to All Elite Wrestling's flagship show, "", marking the return of professional wrestling to the network. The show is broadcast in simulcast with TNT in the United States (subject to pre-emption in the event of conflicts with other programming). On August 9, 2021, PWInsider reported that TSN will stream "AEW Rampage" online in simulcast with the U.S through its website and TSN Direct.


title: Dassault Falcon 50

text: The Dassault Falcon 50 is a French super-midsize, long-range business jet, featuring a trijet layout with an S-duct air intake for the central engine. It has the same fuselage cross-section and similar capacity as the earlier twin-engined Falcon 20, but was a new design that is area ruled and includes a more advanced wing design.


title: Dassault Falcon 50

text: The first prototype flew on 7 November 1976, with French airworthiness certification on 27 February 1979, followed by U.S. Federal Aviation Administration certification on 7 March 1979. Dassault developed a maritime surveillance and environmental protection version as the Gardian 50.


title: Dassault Falcon 50

text: The Falcon 50 was later updated as the Falcon 50EX, the first of which flew in 1996, and the last of which was delivered in 2008. The Falcon 50EX features improved engines and other enhancements to give further range improvements to an already long-range jet. The Falcon 50EX designation applies to serial numbers 253–352, which marks the end of the production line for the Falcon 50/50EX.


title: Dassault Falcon 50

text: Successors to the Falcon 50 are the Falcon 7X and the Falcon 900 featuring a larger fuselage and the same three-engine arrangement. Dassault announced in January 2008 what is essentially a replacement aircraft for the Falcon 50, codenamed the "SMS" (Super Mid Size). The basic design process, including engine selection, was supposed to be completed by early 2009. However, in a June 2009 press conference, CEO Charles Edelstenne said that all design choices had been reopened and the goal was extended to the end of the year.


title: Dassault Falcon 50

text: Dassault and Aviation Partners Inc. have developed and certified High Mach blended winglets for the Falcon 50 & 50EX as a retrofit kit.


title: Dassault Falcon 50

text: By 2018, Falcon 50s from the mid-late 1980s were priced at $0.879 to $1.6 million while 1998-2003 Falcon 50EXs can be had for $2.95 to $3.95 million.


title: Marvel Animation

text: Marvel Animation, Inc. is an American animation production company. The Marvel Studios subsidiary was incorporated on January 25, 2008 to direct Marvel's efforts in animation and home entertainment markets. The incorporated Marvel Animation included then ongoing animation efforts by Marvel Studios with Lionsgate and Nickelodeon. Marvel Animation operates under Marvel Studios, a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, a division of The Walt Disney Company.


title: Marvel Animation

text: Marvel Comics Group first entered the animated field through licensing to Grantray-Lawrence Animation for "The Marvel Super Heroes" anthology series in 1966. Marvel worked with Grantray-Lawrence, Hanna-Barbera, and DePatie–Freleng Enterprises on other animated series until 1980.


title: Marvel Animation

text: In 1980, Cadence Industries would purchase the remainder of DePatie–Freleng Enterprises to form Marvel Productions. Marvel Productions was merged into New World Entertainment's operations with the Marvel Entertainment Group's sale to Andrews Group, a Perlman corporation, in 1989. Marvel Productions became New World Animation by 1993.


title: Marvel Animation

text: Marvel Entertainment Group then set up a division, Marvel Films, to work with New World Entertainment's New World Family Filmworks, Inc., both under Avi Arad as president. Marvel Films Animation was set up and produced only a single show, "Spider-Man" in 1994. During this time, New World Animation and Saban Entertainment produced additional shows, with Saban eventually taking over production.


title: Marvel Animation

text: In August 1996, Marvel Entertainment Group decided to incorporate Marvel Films as Marvel Studios with the sale of New World Communications Group, Inc., Marvel's fellow Andrews Group subsidiary in film and television stations, funded with a sale of Toy Biz stock. In July 1996, Fox Children's Network secured rights from Marvel Entertainment Group for "Captain America", "Daredevil", "Silver Surfer," and additional characters to be developed into four series and 52 episodes over seven years.


title: Marvel Animation

text: In 2004, Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Comics' new parent corporation, struck a deal with Lions Gate Entertainment to produce a series of eight direct-to-video animated movies under the name of Marvel Animated Features in conjunction with Marvel Studios, Marvel's direct film subsidiary. Eric Rollman was hired by Marvel as Executive Vice President, Home Entertainment & TV Production for Marvel Studios to oversee the deal with Lionsgate.


title: Marvel Animation

text: Marvel Animation was incorporated in January 2008 to direct Marvel's efforts in animation and home entertainment markets including then animation efforts with Lionsgate and Nickelodeon. Marvel Entertainment named Eric Rollman as president of the company in April 2008, and reporting to Simon Philips, president of Marvel Entertainment International.


title: Marvel Animation

text: In early 2009, a home distribution deal for "The Super Hero Squad Show" was inked with Shout! Factory. In April 2009, the Marvel Knights Animation series was announced to be under development with Shout! Factory developing hybrid comic animation DVD series by converting existing material. On December 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company purchased Marvel Animation with parent company Marvel Studios as part of the Marvel Entertainment group for $4 billion. Both Marvel and Disney have stated that the merger will not affect any preexisting deals with Lionsgate or other production companies for the time being, although Disney said they will consider distributing future Marvel Animation projects with their own studios once the current deals expire.


title: Marvel Animation

text: With the creation of the Marvel Television division in June 2010 within Marvel Studios, Marvel Animation will operate under Marvel TV's direction. In July 2010, Marvel entered into Superhero Anime Partners with Madhouse and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan to develop and produce the "Marvel Anime" project that took famous Marvel characters and reintroduced them for a Japanese audience in four 12-part television series which aired on Animax in Japan and G4 in the United States.


title: Marvel Animation

text: In 2012, Marvel established its Marvel Animation Studios based in Glendale, California under Senior Vice President Eric Radomski. On April 1, Disney XD launched a block called "Marvel Universe", with the premiere of "Ultimate Spider-Man", followed by the returning "". The block is a result of Disney's 2009 Marvel acquisition. In June, Walt Disney Animation Studios announced they were in development with Marvel to make a film of Big Hero 6.


title: Marvel Animation

text: At San Diego Comic-Con in July, Marvel Television announced a second "season" of Marvel Knights Animation with Shout Factory and the involved titles. Following up on early anime productions in the Superhero Anime Partners, Marvel has re-partnered with Madhouse and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan as SH DTV Partners for a direct to video anime feature film, "". Also in October, Marvel Animation Studios announced its first DTV production, a direct to video film, "", to be released in 2013.


title: Marvel Animation

text: Marvel announced in May 2013, that the new shows, "Avengers Assemble" and "Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.", would be shown on Disney XD as part of the "Marvel Universe" block and would be a part of the same fictional universe. In October, Marvel announced that Disney Japan was producing a new anime television show with Toei Animation called "" to be aired on April 2, 2014 on TV Tokyo and other TXN stations.


title: Marvel Animation

text: A "Guardians of the Galaxy" animated series was officially announced in October 2014, with production set to begin for a 2015 release on Disney XD. In August 2015, Marvel Studios was integrated into the Walt Disney Studios, while Marvel Television and Animation were left under Marvel Entertainment and Perlmutter's control. Marvel announced a new anime television series titled, "Marvel Future Avengers", that is set to be broadcast in mid-2017 on the Disney satellite channel, Dlife.


title: Marvel Animation

text: Marvel Entertainment announced a new pre-school franchise, Marvel Super Hero Adventures, in September 2017 consisting of a 10 short-form episodes animated series along with publishing and merchandise during "Marvel Mania" October. In the publishing field, Marvel Press issuing early reader chapter books in September, and of course, from Marvel Comics, a five-issue miniseries in April 2018. Super Hero Adventures has Spider-Man teaming with another Marvel hero. The animated episodes lasting 3-and-a-half minutes aired on Disney Channel's Disney Junior block followed by Disney Junior channel then Marvel HQ YouTube channel and DisneyNOW app.


title: Marvel Animation

text: On December 7, 2017, Marvel announced its Marvel Rising franchise focusing on new characters as youngsters starting with animation in 2018 with Ghost-Spider, a renamed Spider-Gwen, shorts and an animated film, "".


title: Marvel Animation

text: Marvel Animation's first full-length series for Disney Junior, "Marvel's Spidey and His Amazing Friends" was announced at D23 Expo. This series primary stars Spider-Man, Ghost-Spider and Miles Morales, another Spider-Man and is scheduled to premiere in summer 2021.


title: Marvel Animation

text: In October 2019, Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige was given the title of Chief Creative Officer, Marvel, and will oversee the creative direction of Marvel Television and Marvel Family Entertainment (animation), with both being returned to being under the Marvel Studios banner. With the December 2019 announcement of the closure of its parent unit, Marvel Television, also came news that TV and animation executives at vice president level and above would be let go. This announcement included Cort Lane, senior vice president of Marvel Animation & Family Entertainment. He would leave in January 2020, and be replaced.


title: Marvel Animation

text: In 2023, Marvel Animation will release "Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur", its first collaboration with Disney Television Animation. The studio is also expected to work with Disney TVA on future Marvel adaptations.


title: Marvel Animation

text: Note: All Marvel Animated Features films that have been released or announced have been produced by MLG Productions, Marvel & Lionsgate's subsidiary group, and have been released direct-to-video by Lionsgate. The contract Marvel had with Lionsgate was for eight films, all of which have been released as of 2011.


title: Marvel Animation

text: Marvel Knights Animation is a hybrid comic-animation series. Episodes have been released on iTunes digitally and physically through Shout! Factory on DVD.


title: Frank Finlay

text: Francis Finlay, (6 August 1926 – 30 January 2016) was an English stage, film and television actor, Oscar-nominated for a supporting role as Iago in Laurence Olivier's 1965 film adaptation of "Othello".


title: Frank Finlay

text: In 1983, Finlay was directed by Italian filmmaker Tinto Brass in the erotic classic "The Key", with Stefania Sandrelli.


title: Frank Finlay

text: His first leading television role came in 1971 in "Casanova". This led to appearances on "The Morecambe and Wise Show". He also appeared in the drama "Bouquet of Barbed Wire".


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay was born in Farnworth, Lancashire, the son of Josiah Finlay, and Margaret Finlay. He was educated at St Gregory the Great School, but left at 14 to train as a butcher at Toppings, gaining a City and Guilds Diploma in the trade.


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay made his first stage appearances at the local Farnworth Little Theatre, in plays that included Peter Blackmore's "Miranda" in 1951. The current Little Theatre president, also in the cast of that "Miranda" production, remembers him as a perfectionist in his craft. He also played in repertory, initially in Scotland, before winning a scholarship to RADA in London.


title: Frank Finlay

text: There followed several parts in productions at the Royal Court Theatre, such as the Arnold Wesker trilogy. He became particularly associated with the National Theatre, especially during the years when Laurence Olivier was director. Playing Iago opposite Olivier's title character in John Dexter's 1965 production of "Othello", and the film adaptation of that production (also 1965), Finlay's performance left theatre critics unmoved, but he later received high praise for the film version and gained an Academy Award nomination. The critic John Simon wrote that the close-ups in the film allowed Finlay to give a more subtle and effective performance than he had done on stage.


title: Frank Finlay

text: At the Chichester Festival Theatre, Finlay played roles ranging from the First Gravedigger in "Hamlet" to Josef Frank in "Weapons of Happiness". He also appeared in "The Party", "Plunder", "Saint Joan", "Hobson's Choice", "Amadeus" (as Salieri), "Much Ado About Nothing" (as Dogberry), "The Dutch Courtesan", "The Crucible", "Mother Courage", and "Juno and the Paycock".


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay made appearances on Broadway, in "Epitaph for George Dillon" (1958–1959), and in the National Theatre and Broadway productions of "Filumena" opposite Joan Plowright in 1980. Between November 1988 and April 1989, Finlay toured Australia, performing in Jeffrey Archer's "Beyond Reasonable Doubt" at theatres in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.


title: Frank Finlay

text: One of his earliest television roles was in the family space adventure serial "Target Luna" (1960), as journalist Conway Henderson. Finlay's first major television success was as Jean Valjean in the BBC's 1967 ten-part adaptation of Victor Hugo's "Les Misérables". He played the title role of Dennis Potter's BBC 2 series "Casanova" (1971). Following this, he portrayed Adolf Hitler in "The Death of Adolf Hitler" (1972) for London Weekend Television.


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay portrayed Richard Roundtree's nemesis, Amafi, in the film "Shaft in Africa" (1973), before playing Porthos for director Richard Lester in "The Three Musketeers" (also 1973), "The Four Musketeers" (1975) and "The Return of the Musketeers" (1989). He appeared in several additional films, including "The Wild Geese" (1978) and "The Key" by Tinto Brass.


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay starred as the father in the once-controversial "Bouquet of Barbed Wire" (1976), and its sequel "Another Bouquet" (1977), and he was reunited with his "Bouquet of Barbed Wire" co-star, Susan Penhaligon, when he played Professor Van Helsing in the BBC's "Count Dracula" (also 1977), with Louis Jourdan. He appeared in two Sherlock Holmes films as Lestrade, solving the Jack the Ripper murders ("A Study in Terror", 1965, and "Murder by Decree", 1979). He also played a role as the primary antagonist in an adaptation of "The Golden Pince-Nez" of the Granada Television series of "Sherlock Holmes" starring Jeremy Brett, in which his son Daniel played a minor role as well. Finlay appeared on American television in "A Christmas Carol" (1984) playing Marley's Ghost opposite George C. Scott's Ebenezer Scrooge. He also guest-starred as a farcical witch-smeller in an episode of "The Black Adder" ("Witchsmeller Pursuivant", 1983), opposite Rowan Atkinson.


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay played Sancho Panza opposite Rex Harrison's Don Quixote in the 1973 British made-for-television film "The Adventures of Don Quixote", for which he won a BAFTA award. He won another BAFTA award that year for his performance as Voltaire in the BBC TV production of "Candide".


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay played the role of Justice Peter Mahon in the award-winning New Zealand television serial "" (1988). In the Roman Polanski film "The Pianist" (2002), he took on the part of Adrien Brody's father. He starred alongside Pete Postlethwaite and Geraldine James in the BBC drama series "The Sins" in 2000, playing the funeral director "Uncle" Irwin Green. He appeared in the TV series "Life Begins" (2004–2006) and as Jane Tennison's father in the last two stories of "Prime Suspect" (2006 and 2007). In 2007, he guest-starred in the "Doctor Who" audio adventure "100". Finlay appeared in November 2008 in the eleventh episode of the BBC drama series "Merlin", as "Anhora, Keeper of the Unicorns".


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay met his future wife Doreen Shepherd when both belonged to Farnworth Little Theatre. They and three children, Stephen, Cathy, and Daniel, lived in Shepperton, Middlesex. She died in 2005 aged 79. As a Roman Catholic, Finlay became a member of the British Catholic Stage Guild (now the Catholic Association of Performing Arts).


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the New Year's Honours of 1984 and an honorary doctor of the University of Bolton in 2009.


title: Frank Finlay

text: Finlay died on 30 January 2016 at his home in Weybridge, Surrey, England, aged 89, from heart failure.


title: Cefazolin

text: Cefazolin, also known as cefazoline and cephazolin, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used to treat cellulitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, and biliary tract infections. It is also used to prevent group B streptococcal disease around the time of delivery and before surgery. It is typically given by injection into a muscle or vein.


title: Cefazolin

text: Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, yeast infections, and allergic reactions. It is not recommended in people who have a history of anaphylaxis to penicillin. It is relatively safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Cefazolin is in the first-generation cephalosporin class of medication and works by interfering with the bacteria's cell wall.


title: Cefazolin

text: Cefazolin was patented in 1967 and came into commercial use in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.


title: Cefazolin

text: Cefazolin is used in a variety of infections provided that susceptible organisms are involved. It is indicated for use in the following infections:


title: Cefazolin

text: It can also be used peri-operatively to prevent infections post-surgery, and is often the preferred drug for surgical prophylaxis.


title: Cefazolin

text: There is no penetration into the central nervous system and therefore cefazolin is not effective in treating meningitis.


title: Cefazolin

text: Cefazolin has been shown to be effective in treating methicillin-susceptible "Staphylococcus aureus" (MSSA) but does not work in cases of methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA). In many instances of staphylococcal infections, such as bacteremia, cefazolin is an alternative to penicillin in patients who are allergic to penicillin. However, there is still potential for a reaction to occur with cefazolin and other cephalosporins in patients allergic to penicillin. Resistance to cefazolin is seen in several species of bacteria, such as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia, in which case different generations of cephalosporins may be more effective. Cefazolin does not fight against Enterococcus, anaerobic bacteria or atypical bacteria among others.


title: Cefazolin

text: As a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, cefazolin and other first-generation antibiotics are very active against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria. Their broad spectrum of activity can be attributed to their improved stability to many bacterial beta-lactamases compared to penicillins.


title: Cefazolin

text: Cefazolin is pregnancy category B, indicating general safety for use in pregnancy. Caution should be used in breastfeeding as a small amount of cefazolin enters the breast milk. Cefazolin can be used prophylactically against perinatal Group B streptococcal infection (GBS). Although penicillin and ampicillin are the standard of care for GBS prophylaxis, penicillin-allergic women with no history of anaphylaxis can be given cefazolin instead. These patients should be closely monitored as there is a small chance of an allergic reaction due to the similar structure of the antibiotics.


title: Cefazolin

text: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed in clinical trials comparing elderly and younger subjects, however the trials could not eliminate the possibility that some older individuals may have a higher level of sensitivity.


title: Cefazolin

text: People with kidney disease and those on hemodialysis may need the dose adjusted. Cefazolin levels are not significantly affected by liver disease.


title: Cefazolin

text: As with other antibiotics, cefazolin may interact with other medications being taken. Some important drugs that may interact with cefazolin such as probenecid.


title: Cefazolin

text: Patients with penicillin allergies could experience a potential reaction to cefazolin and other cephalosporins. As with other antibiotics, patients experiencing watery and/or bloody stools occurring up to three months following therapy should contact their prescriber.


title: Cefazolin

text: Like those of several other cephalosporins, the chemical structure of cefazolin contains an N-methylthiodiazole (NMTD or 1-MTD) side-chain. As the antibiotic is broken down in the body, it releases free NMTD, which can cause hypoprothrombinemia (likely due to inhibition of the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase) and a reaction with ethanol similar to that produced by disulfiram (Antabuse), due to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Those with an allergy to penicillin may develop a cross sensitivity to cefazolin.


title: Cefazolin

text: Cefazolin inhibits cell wall biosynthesis by binding penicillin-binding proteins which stops peptidoglycan synthesis. Penicillin-binding proteins are bacterial proteins that help to catalyze the last stages of peptidoglycan synthesis, which is needed to maintain the cell wall. They remove the D-alanine from the precursor of the peptidoglycan. The lack of synthesis causes the bacteria to lyse because they also continually break down their cell walls. Cefazolin is bactericidal, meaning it kills the bacteria rather than inhibiting their growth.


title: Cefazolin

text: Other trade names include: Cefacidal, Cefamezin, Cefrina, Elzogram, Faxilen, Gramaxin, Kefol, Kefzol, Kefzolan, Kezolin, Novaporin, Reflin, Zinol, and Zolicef.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: Franklin Resources, Inc. is an American multinational holding company that, together with its subsidiaries, is referred to as Franklin Templeton; it is a global investment firm founded in New York City in 1947 as Franklin Distributors, Inc. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol BEN, in honor of Benjamin Franklin, for whom the company is named, and who was admired by founder Rupert Johnson Sr. In 1973, the company's headquarters moved from New York to San Mateo, California. As of October 12, 2020, Franklin Templeton held US$1.4 trillion in assets under management (AUM) on behalf of private, professional and institutional investors.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: The company was founded in 1947 in New York by Rupert H. Johnson Sr., who ran a successful retail brokerage firm from an office on Wall Street. He named the company for American polymath Benjamin Franklin because Franklin espoused frugality and prudence when it came to saving and investing. The company's first line of mutual funds, Franklin Custodian Funds, was a series of conservatively managed equity and bond funds designed to appeal to most investors.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: After Rupert Sr. retired, his son, Charles B. Johnson (Charlie), took over as president and chief executive officer in 1957 at age 24. At that time, the funds had total assets under management of US$2.5 million. Rupert Johnson, Jr., Charlie's brother, joined the company in 1965.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: Franklin went public in 1971. In 1973, the company acquired Winfield & Company, a San Mateo, California-based investment firm, and moved Franklin's offices from New York to California. The combined organization had close to US$250 million in assets under management and approximately 60 employees. In 1979, Franklin Money Fund began a growth surge that made it Franklin's first billion-dollar fund and launched the company's significant asset growth in the 1980s.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: Starting in 1980, the company's total assets under management doubled (or nearly doubled) every year for the next six years. The company's stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 1986. In the same year, the company opened its first office outside North America in Taiwan. In 1988, Franklin acquired L.F. Rothschild Fund Management Company. Assets under management for Franklin grew from just over US$2 billion in 1982 to more than US$40 billion in 1989 (the crash of 1987 had little impact on Franklin's income and bond funds).


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In October 1992, Franklin acquired Templeton, Galbraith & Hansberger Ltd. for a reported cost of $913 million, leading to the common name Franklin Templeton. Mutual fund pioneer Sir John Templeton was the owner of Templeton, Galbraith & Hansberger Ltd together with his son Dr. John Templeton and John Galbraith who together owned 70% of the firm.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In November 1996, Heine Securities Corporation, known for the Mutual Series of funds, merged into the Franklin Templeton complex. In October 2000, Franklin acquired Bissett Funds to increase its Canadian presence, and Bissett remains a key brand from Franklin in the Canadian market. The Fiduciary Trust Company was acquired by Franklin Templeton in April 2001.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: Fiduciary Trust Company International, a member of the Franklin family, maintained an office of over 650 employees in Two World Trade Center at the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001. 87 employees died in the collapse.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: The firm has specialized expertise across a full range of asset classes. It offers products under the Franklin, Templeton, Mutual Series and Fiduciary brand names, among others. Like other large investment companies, the firm offers a wide variety of funds but is traditionally best known for bond funds under the Franklin brand, international funds under the Templeton brand, and value funds under the Mutual Series brand.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In April 2007, Franklin Resources was 445th in the Fortune 500, and 7th overall among securities companies. The same month, "USA Today" listed BEN stock as the top stock pick for the last 25 years based on returns, claiming it is up 64,224% since 1982. As of July 31, 2008, Franklin Resources, Inc. managed over $570 billion in total assets worldwide. In February 2009, "Barron's Magazine" called Franklin Templeton "King of the Decade" among fund families over the ten-year period ending in 2008.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In 2013, Charles Johnson retired as chairman and his son Greg Johnson became chairman of the board, CEO and president.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In 2020, Jennifer M. Johnson became CEO and President of the firm and Greg Johnson became Executive Chairman.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In July 2020, Franklin Templeton acquired Legg Mason, Inc. and its multiple specialist investment managers, establishing Franklin Templeton as one of the world's largest independent, specialized global investment managers with a combined $1.4 trillion in assets under management (AUM) across one of the broadest ranges of high-quality investment teams in the industry. The combined footprint significantly deepens Franklin Templeton's presence in key geographies and creates an expansive investment platform that is well balanced between institutional and retail client AUM.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In November 2021, Franklin Templeton announced its acquisition of Lexington Partners in a $1.75billion cash deal. The acquisition completed in April 2022.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In January 2022, Franklin Templeton acquired O'Shaughnessy Asset Management, an asset management firm founded by James O'Shaughnessy.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: On May 31, 2022 it was announced that BNY Mellon Investment Management would sell Alcentra to Franklin Templeton and the transaction was completed on 1 November 2022.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: Franklin Templeton has 455 open-ended mutual funds and seven closed-end funds. Included in these are 27 state and federal tax-free income funds, an area of investment pioneered by Franklin.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: Prominent funds include the Templeton Growth Fund, Inc. (opened 1954), the Mutual Shares fund (opened 1949), and the Mutual Discovery Fund (opened 1992) and the Templeton Growth (Euro) Fund.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: The Franklin Income Fund (FKINX) is a mutual fund in Morningstar's "conservative allocation" category and "large/value" style box. The fund was created in 1948 and has paid uninterrupted dividends for 60 years. The Franklin Income Fund is constructed primarily of dividend-paying stocks and bonds (2%).


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: Franklin Templeton launched its first exchange-traded fund (ETF) in 2013. This included 55 active, smart beta and passively managed ETFs in the U.S, with US$9.7 billion in assets under management in 2021.


title: Franklin Templeton Investments

text: In 2021, Franklin Templeton launched the first "tokenised" US mutual fund as a pilotit uses a blockchain to process transactions and record share ownership. The technology is provided by the Stellar network and Blockchain Administrator, a Delaware company. The OnChain US Government Money Fund pilot started with $1.4M of seed money and investment from employees. The automated administration can trade around the clock and removes the need for brokerages, which should result in a "highly significant decrease in fees". However, the fund actually has a high level of costs because of its small size and the fact that, as a pilot, it is maintaining traditional records in parallel.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: Falaknuma is a palace in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It originally belonged to the Paigah family, and was later owned by the Nizam of Hyderabad. It is on a hillock and covers a area in Falaknuma, from Charminar.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: It was built by Nawab Sir Viqar-ul-Umra, Prime Minister of Hyderabad and the uncle & brother-in-law of the sixth Nizam. "Falak-numa" means "Like the Sky" or "Mirror of Sky" in Urdu.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: An English architect William Ward Marret designed the palace. Sir Vicar's monogram "VO" is on the furniture, walls and ceiling of the palace. It is made completely with Italian marble with stained-glass windows and covers an area of .


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: The palace was built in the shape of a scorpion with two stings spread out as wings in the north. The middle part is occupied by the main building and the kitchen, "Gol Bangla", "Zenana Mehal", and harem quarters stretch to the south. The Nawab was an avid traveller, and his influences show in the architecture, which combines Italian and Tudor influences.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: Sir Viqar-ul-Umra, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad, after a visit to Europe, decided to build a European styled residence for himself. The foundation stone for the construction was laid by Sir Vicar on 3 March 1884. It took nine years to complete the construction and furnish the palace. Sir Vicar moved into the "Gol Bangla" and "Zanana Mahel" of the Falaknuma Palace in December 1890 and closely monitored the finishing work at the "Mardana" portion.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: He used the palace as his private residence until the palace was handed over to the 6th Nizam of Hyderabad around 1897–1898.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: The palace was built and furnished at a cost of , which necessitated borrowing money from the Bank of Bengal. In the spring of 1897, the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan was invited to stay at the palace. He extended his stay to a week, then a fortnight, and then a month, which prompted Sir Viqar to offer it to him. The Nizam accepted but paid some of the value of the palace; the Paigah family maintains that around was paid.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: The Nizam used the palace as a guest house for the royal guests visiting the kingdom of Hyderabad. The list of royal visitors included King George V, Queen Mary, Edward VIII and Tsar Nicholas II. The palace fell into disuse after the 1950s. The last important guest was the President of India, Rajendra Prasad, in 1951.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: The palace was then restored after being leased by the Taj Group of Hotels. The restoration, which began in 2000, took ten years, and was managed by Princess Esra, the first wife of Mukarram Jah. Now, the hotel is again used to host guests in Hyderabad, such as Aga Khan IV, Ivanka Trump and Narendra Modi.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: One of the highlights of the palace is the state reception room, where the ceiling is decorated with frescoes. The ballroom contains a two-ton manually operated organ said to be the only one of its kind in the world The palace has 60 rooms and 22 halls. It has considerable collections of the Nizam's artifacts including paintings, statues, furniture, manuscripts, books, an extensive jade collection, and Venetian chandeliers.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: It has a library with a carved walnut roof, a replica of the one at Windsor Castle. The library houses more than five thousand books. It has an extensive collection of English, Urdu and Persian books as well as copies of the Quran, and rare first editions.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: The dining hall can seat 101 guests. The chairs are made of carved rosewood with green leather upholstery.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: Burroughs and Watts from England designed two identical billiards tables, one of which is in Buckingham Palace and the other in the palace's billiards room.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: The palace was the private property of the Nizam family, and not normally open to the public, until 2000.


title: Falaknuma Palace

text: In 2000, Taj Hotels started renovating and restoring the palace. The renovated hotel was opened in November 2010.


title: Public good (economics)

text: In economics, a public good (also referred to as a social good or collective good) is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous. For such goods, users cannot be barred from accessing or using them for failing to pay for them. Also, use by one person neither prevents access of other people nor does it reduce availability to others. Therefore, the good can be used simultaneously by more than one person. This is in contrast to a common good, such as wild fish stocks in the ocean, which is non-excludable but rivalrous to a certain degree. If too many fish were harvested, the stocks would deplete, limiting the access of fish for others. A public good must be valuable to more than one user, otherwise, the fact that it can be used simultaneously by more than one person would be economically irrelevant.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Capital goods may be used to produce public goods or services that are "...typically provided on a large scale to many consumers." Unlike other types of economic goods, public goods are described as “non-rivalrous” or “non-exclusive,” and use by one person neither prevents access of other people nor does it reduce availability to others. Similarly, using capital goods to produce public goods may result in the creation of new capital goods. In some cases, public goods or services are considered "...insufficiently profitable to be provided by the private sector... (and), in the absence of government provision, these goods or services would be produced in relatively small quantities or, perhaps, not at all."


title: Public good (economics)

text: Public goods include knowledge, official statistics, national security, common languages, law enforcement, public parks, free roads, television and radio broadcasts. Additionally, flood control systems, lighthouses, and street lighting are also common social goods. Collective goods that are spread all over the face of the earth may be referred to as global public goods. This is not limited to physical book literature, but also media, pictures and videos. For instance, knowledge is well shared globally. Information about men, women and youth health awareness, environmental issues, and maintaining biodiversity is common knowledge that every individual in the society can get without necessarily preventing others access. Also, sharing and interpreting contemporary history with a cultural lexicon, particularly about protected cultural heritage sites and monuments are other sources of knowledge that the people can freely access.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Public goods problems are often closely related to the "free-rider" problem, in which people not paying for the good may continue to access it. Thus, the good may be under-produced, overused or degraded. Public goods may also become subject to restrictions on access and may then be considered to be club goods; exclusion mechanisms include toll roads, congestion pricing, and pay television with an encoded signal that can be decrypted only by paid subscribers.


title: Public good (economics)

text: There is a good deal of debate and literature on how to measure the significance of public goods problems in an economy, and to identify the best remedies.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Paul A. Samuelson is usually credited as the economist who articulated the modern theory of public goods in a mathematical formalism, building on earlier work of Wicksell and Lindahl. In his classic 1954 paper "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure", he defined a public good, or as he called it in the paper a "collective consumption good", as follows:[goods] which all enjoy in common in the sense that each individual's consumption of such a good leads to no subtractions from any other individual's consumption of that good...A Lindahl tax is a type of taxation brought forward by Erik Lindahl, an economist from Sweden in 1919. His idea was to tax individuals, for the provision of a public good, according to the marginal benefit they receive. Public goods are costly and eventually someone needs to pay the cost. It is difficult to determine how much each person should pay. So, Lindahl developed a theory of how the expense of public utilities needs to be settled. His argument was that people would pay for the public goods according to the way they benefit from the good. The more a person benefits from these goods, the higher the amount they pay. People are more willing to pay for goods that they value. Taxes are needed to fund public goods and people are willing to bear the burden of taxes. Additionally, the theory dwells on people's willingness to pay for the public good. From the fact that public goods are paid through taxation according to the Lindahl idea, the basic duty of the organization that should provide the people with this services and products is the government. The services and public utility in most cases are part of the many governmental activities that government engage purely for the satisfaction of the public and not generation of profits. In the introductory section of his book, "Public Good Theories of the Nonprofit Sector," Bruce R. Kingma stated that; In the Weisbrod model nonprofit organizations satisfy a demand for public goods, which is left unfilled by government provision. The government satisfies the demand of the median voters and therefore provides a level of the public good less than some citizens'-with a level of demand greater than the median voter's-desire. This unfilled demand for the public good is satisfied by nonprofit organizations. These nonprofit organizations are financed by the donations of citizens who want to increase the output of the public good.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Non-rivalrous: accessible by all while one's usage of the product does not affect the availability for subsequent use.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Non-excludability: that is, it is impossible to exclude any individuals from consuming the good. Pay walls and memberships are common ways to create excludability.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Pure public: when a good exhibits the two traits, non-rivalry and non-excludability, it is referred to as the pure public good. Pure public goods are rare.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Impure public goods: the goods that satisfy the two public good conditions ("non-rivalry" and "non-excludability") only to a certain extent or only some of the time.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Private good: The opposite of a public good which does not possess these properties. A loaf of bread, for example, is a private good; its owner can exclude others from using it, and once it has been consumed, it cannot be used by others.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Common-pool resource":" A good that is rivalrous but "non-excludable". Such goods raise similar issues to public goods: the mirror to the "public goods problem" for this case is the 'tragedy of the commons', where the unfettered access to a good sometimes results in the overconsumption and thus depletion of that resource. For example, it is so difficult to enforce restrictions on deep-sea fishing that the world's fish stocks can be seen as a non-excludable resource, but one which is finite and diminishing.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Mixed good: final goods that are intrinsically private but that are produced by the individual consumer by means of private and public good inputs. The benefits enjoyed from such a good for any one individual may depend on the consumption of others, as in the cases of a crowded road or a congested national park.


title: Public good (economics)

text: The definition of non-excludability states that it is impossible to exclude individuals from consumption. Technology now allows radio or TV broadcasts to be encrypted such that persons without a special decoder are excluded from the broadcast. Many forms of information goods have characteristics of public goods. For example, a poem can be read by many people without reducing the consumption of that good by others; in this sense, it is non-rivalrous. Similarly, the information in most patents can be used by any party without reducing consumption of that good by others. Official statistics provide a clear example of information goods that are public goods, since they are created to be non-excludable. Creative works may be excludable in some circumstances, however: the individual who wrote the poem may decline to share it with others by not publishing it. Copyrights and patents both encourage the creation of such non-rival goods by providing temporary monopolies, or, in the terminology of public goods, providing a legal mechanism to enforce excludability for a limited period of time. For public goods, the "lost revenue" of the producer of the good is not part of the definition: a public good is a good whose consumption does not reduce any other's consumption of that good. Public goods also incorporate private goods, which makes it challenging to define what is private or public. For instance, you may think that the community soccer field is a public good. However, you need to bring your own cleats and ball to be able to play. There is also a rental fee that you would have to pay for you to be able to occupy that space. It is a mixed case of public and private goods.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Debate has been generated among economists whether such a category of "public goods" exists. Steven Shavell has suggested the following:


title: Public good (economics)

text: when professional economists talk about public goods they do "not" mean that there are a general category of goods that share the same economic characteristics, manifest the same dysfunctions, and that may thus benefit from pretty similar corrective solutions...there is merely an infinite series of particular problems (some of overproduction, some of underproduction, and so on), each with a particular solution that cannot be deduced from the theory, but that instead would depend on local empirical factors.


title: Public good (economics)

text: There is a common misconception that public goods are goods provided by the public sector. Although it is often the case that government is involved in producing public goods, this is not always true. Public goods may be "naturally" available, or they may be produced by private individuals, by firms, or by non-state groups, called collective action.


title: Public good (economics)

text: The theoretical concept of public goods does not distinguish geographic region in regards to how a good may be produced or consumed. However, some theorists, such as Inge Kaul, use the term "global public good" for a public good which is non-rivalrous and non-excludable throughout the whole world, as opposed to a public good which exists in just one national area. Knowledge has been argued as an example of a global public good, but also as a commons, the knowledge commons.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Graphically, non-rivalry means that if each of several individuals has a demand curve for a public good, then the individual demand curves are summed vertically to get the aggregate demand curve for the public good. This is in contrast to the procedure for deriving the aggregate demand for a private good, where individual demands are summed horizontally.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Some writers have used the term "public good" to refer only to non-excludable "pure public goods" and refer to excludable public goods as "club goods".


title: Public good (economics)

text: Digital public goods include software, data sets, AI models, standards and content that are open source.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Use of the term “digital public good” appears as early as April, 2017 when Nicholas Gruen wrote Building the Public Goods of the Twenty-First Century, and has gained popularity with the growing recognition of the potential for new technologies to be implemented at scale to effectively serve people. Digital technologies have also been identified by countries, NGOs and private sector entities as a means to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).


title: Public good (economics)

text: A digital public good is defined by the UN Secretary-General's Roadmap for Digital Cooperation, as: “open source software, open data, open AI models, open standards and open content that adhere to privacy and other applicable laws and best practices, do no harm, and help attain the SDGs.”


title: Public good (economics)

text: Public goods are not restricted to human beings. It is one aspect of the study of cooperation in biology.


title: Public good (economics)

text: The free rider problem is a primary issue in collective decision-making. An example is that some firms in a particular industry will choose not to participate in a lobby whose purpose is to affect government policies that could benefit the industry, under the assumption that there are enough participants to result in a favourable outcome without them. The free rider problem is also a form of market failure, in which market-like behavior of individual gain-seeking does not produce economically efficient results. The production of public goods results in positive externalities which are not remunerated. If private organizations do not reap all the benefits of a public good which they have produced, their incentives to produce it voluntarily might be insufficient. Consumers can take advantage of public goods without contributing sufficiently to their creation. This is called the free rider problem, or occasionally, the "easy rider problem". If too many consumers decide to "free-ride", private costs exceed private benefits and the incentive to provide the good or service through the market disappears. The market thus fails to provide a good or service for which there is a need.


title: Public good (economics)

text: The free rider problem depends on a conception of the human being as "homo economicus": purely rational and also purely selfish—extremely individualistic, considering only those benefits and costs that directly affect him or her. Public goods give such a person an incentive to be a free rider.


title: Public good (economics)

text: For example, consider national defence, a standard example of a pure public good. Suppose "homo economicus" thinks about exerting some extra effort to defend the nation. The benefits to the individual of this effort would be very low, since the benefits would be distributed among all of the millions of other people in the country. There is also a very high possibility that he or she could get injured or killed during the course of his or her military service. On the other hand, the free rider knows that he or she cannot be excluded from the benefits of national defense, regardless of whether he or she contributes to it. There is also no way that these benefits can be split up and distributed as individual parcels to people. The free rider would not voluntarily exert any extra effort, unless there is some inherent pleasure or material reward for doing so (for example, money paid by the government, as with an all-volunteer army or mercenaries).


title: Public good (economics)

text: The free-riding problem is even more complicated than it was thought to be until recently. Any time non-excludability results in failure to pay the true marginal value (often called the "demand revelation problem"), it will also result in failure to generate proper income levels, since households will not give up valuable leisure if they cannot individually increment a good. This implies that, for public goods without strong special interest support, under-provision is likely since cost-benefit analysis is being conducted at the wrong income levels, and all of the un-generated income would have been spent on the public good, apart from general equilibrium considerations.


title: Public good (economics)

text: In the case of information goods, an inventor of a new product may benefit all of society, but hardly anyone is willing to pay for the invention if they can benefit from it for free. In the case of an information good, however, because of its characteristics of non-excludability and also because of almost zero reproduction costs, commoditization is difficult and not always efficient even from a neoclassical economic point of view.


title: Public good (economics)

text: The Pareto optimal provision of a public good in a society occurs when the sum of the marginal valuations of the public good (taken across all individuals) is equal to the marginal cost of providing that public good. These marginal valuations are, formally, marginal rates of substitution relative to some reference private good, and the marginal cost is a marginal rate of transformation that describes how much of that private good it costs to produce an incremental unit of the public good. This contrasts to the Pareto optimality condition of private goods, which equates each consumer's valuation of the private good to its marginal cost of production.


title: Public good (economics)

text: For an example, consider a community of just two consumers and the government is considering whether or not to build a public park. One person is prepared to pay up to $200 for its use, while the other is willing to pay up to $100. The total value to the two individuals of having the park is $300. If it can be produced for $225, there is a $75 surplus to maintaining the park, since it provides services that the community values at $300 at a cost of only $225.


title: Public good (economics)

text: The classical theory of public goods defines efficiency under idealized conditions of complete information, a situation already acknowledged in Wicksell (1896). Samuelson emphasized that this poses problems for the efficient provision of public goods in practice and the assessment of an efficient Lindahl tax to finance public goods, because individuals have incentives to underreport how much they value public goods. Subsequent work, especially in mechanism design and the theory of public finance developed how valuations and costs could actually be elicited in practical conditions of incomplete information, using devices such as the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism. Thus, deeper analysis of problems of public goods motivated much work that is at the heart of modern economic theory.


title: Public good (economics)

text: The basic theory of public goods as discussed above begins with situations where the level of a public good (e.g., quality of the air) is equally experienced by everyone. However, in many important situations of interest, the incidence of benefits and costs is not so simple. For example, when people keep an office clean or monitor a neighborhood for signs of trouble, the benefits of that effort accrue to some people (those in their "neighborhoods") more than to others. The overlapping structure of these neighborhoods is often modeled as a network. (When neighborhoods are totally separate, i.e., non-overlapping, the standard model is the Tiebout model.)


title: Public good (economics)

text: An example of locally public good that could help everyone, even ones not from the neighborhood, is a bus. Let's say you are a college student who is visiting their friend who goes to school in another city. You get to benefit from this services just like everyone that resides and goes to school in said city. There is also a correlation of benefit and cost that you are now a part of. You are benefiting by not having to walk to your destination and taking a bus instead. However, others might prefer to walk so they do not become a part of the problem, which is pollution due to gas given out by auto mobiles.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Recently, economists have developed the theory of local public goods with overlapping neighborhoods, or "public goods in networks": both their efficient provision, and how much can be provided voluntarily in a non-cooperative equilibrium. When it comes to socially efficient provision, networks that are more dense or close-knit in terms of how much people can benefit each other have more scope for improving on an inefficient status quo. On the other hand, voluntary provision is typically below the efficient level, and equilibrium outcomes tend to involve strong specialization, with a few individuals contributing heavily and their neighbors free-riding on those contributions.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Economic theorists such as Oliver Hart (1995) have emphasized that ownership matters for investment incentives when contracts are incomplete. The incomplete contracting paradigm has been applied to public goods by Besley and Ghatak (2001). They consider the government and a non-governmental organization (NGO) who can both make investments to provide a public good. Besley and Ghatak argue that the party who has a larger valuation of the public good should be the owner, regardless of whether the government or the NGO has a better investment technology. This result contrasts with the case of private goods studied by Hart (1995), where the party with the better investment technology should be the owner. However, it has been shown that the investment technology may matter also in the public-good case when a party is indispensable or when there are bargaining frictions between the government and the NGO. Halonen-Akatwijuka and Pafilis (2020) have demonstrated that Besley and Ghatak's results are not robust when there is a long-term relationship, such that the parties interact repeatedly. Moreover, Schmitz (2021) has shown that when the parties have private information about their valuations of the public good, then the investment technology can be an important determinant of the optimal ownership structure.


title: Public good (economics)

text: Generally speaking, these are items that are neither excludable nor rival in nature. Roads are a good illustration of this. Once they have been made available, the vast majority of people can make use of them, such as those who have a driving license. Other than toll roads, there is no charge to use roads so it is non excludable in nature. However, when you utilize a road, the amount of advantage that others can receive is limited to a certain extent, as a result of increasing traffic congestion. Therefore, the utility you get from roads is rival in the sense that your enjoyment of a road can reduce someone else's enjoyment. Education is another example of a quasi-public good. Different degrees of schooling require distinct classifications. While elementary and secondary education are considered meritocracies, higher education is better regarded as a quasi-public utility. In comparison, knowledge is frequently referred to as a global public good(Chattopadhyay, 2012).


title: Dave Bickler

text: David Bickler (born March 31, 1953) is an American singer and musician, best known as the lead singer for the rock band Survivor from 1978 until 1983, most notably on the #1 U.S. hit "Eye of the Tiger". In addition to his wide vocal range, his trademark look included a beret. Bickler would go on to provide the vocals in advertisements, including Bud Light's "Real Men of Genius" TV and radio commercials.


title: Dave Bickler

text: Bickler was born in North Dakota, moved to Willmar, Minnesota, and then graduated from Benet Academy in Lisle, Illinois. His career began in 1968 as one of two lead singers and a musician in the early 1970s American rock group Jamestown Massacre. The group's single "Summer Sun" was a Billboard Top 100 and Easy Listening chart entry in the summer of 1972. Bickler met Jim Peterik while doing commercial jingles in the mid-1970s, leading to their future partnership in the band Survivor.


title: Dave Bickler

text: On February 2, 2012, he appeared on "The Colbert Report" singing a passage from "Newt Gingrich's" book "A Nation Like No Other" to the tune of "Eye of the Tiger".


title: Dave Bickler

text: In 2009, Dave Bickler posted several new songs he was writing and recording for a future solo project via his Twitter account and website. On September 28, 2018, he released his debut solo album, "Darklight".


title: Dave Bickler

text: In October 2017, Bickler appeared at Rockingham Festival at the Nottingham Trent University, UK. In 2018, he joined Jim Peterik on stage to perform Caught in the Game, Rebel Girl, and Eye of the Tiger.


title: Dave Bickler

text: On May 17, 2021, Bickler performed on the Late Show with Stephen Colbert singing about a fugitive tiger in Houston to the tune of "Eye of the Tiger".


title: Dave Bickler

text: Bickler is best known as an original member of Survivor from 1978 to 1983. He rejoined with co-founders Frankie Sullivan and Jim Peterik in 1993, staying until early 2000. He was a part of the group for their first four albums: "Survivor", "Premonition", "Eye of The Tiger", and "Caught in the Game". Although primarily serving as the band's lead vocalist during this time, he is also credited with playing keyboards on Survivor's first two albums (including being the sole keyboardist on their debut album, before rhythm guitarist Jim Peterik began to take over the role on "Premonition", although future releases would see Peterik replaced in-studio by session musicians).


title: Dave Bickler

text: Survivor experienced their big breakthrough in 1982, when they were asked by Sylvester Stallone to provide the theme song for his movie "Rocky III". The song, "Eye of the Tiger", soon turned into one of the biggest hits of the band's career. It had an enormous impact on the "Billboard" charts, soaring to #1 for six weeks. The song won the band a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal, was voted "Best New Song" by the People's Choice Awards and received an Academy Award nomination. Thanks to the song's success and another Top 20 single, "American Heartbeat", the album "Eye of the Tiger" peaked at #2 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The song remains popular today. It came in at #18 on the Top 100 Singles chart in "Billboard"s 100th Anniversary issue and it is well over the 300,000 mark on the iTunes Store, where it once held #9 on their "Top Soundtrack" chart.


title: Dave Bickler

text: Bickler also can be heard on other Survivor singles including "Somewhere in America", "Rebel Girl", "Poor Man's Son", "Summer Nights", "The One That Really Matters", "American Heartbeat", "Caught in the Game" and "Ever Since the World Began" (later re-recorded by Bickler's successor in Survivor, Jimi Jamison, as a solo single for the "Lock Up" film soundtrack).


title: Dave Bickler

text: Bickler left the band in late 1983 after he developed polyps on his vocal cords and required surgery and voice rest, a condition that would take a year and a half to recuperate from. After leaving Survivor, Bickler continued recording with other groups in the Chicago area and doing commercial jingles and ads.


title: Dave Bickler

text: Bickler rejoined Survivor in early 1993 as lead vocalist for a "Greatest Hits" album on Scotti Bros. featuring two new songs "You Know Who You Are" and "Hungry Years" (the latter of which he co-wrote). Bickler recorded new music with the band in hopes of a new album, but ongoing lawsuits and trademark ownership issues with his initial successor in the band, Jimi Jamison halted the release.


title: Dave Bickler

text: Bickler was fired in early 2000 after a brief string of tour dates. On April 1, 2000, it was announced that for the second time Jimi Jamison was the new lead singer of Survivor.


title: Dave Bickler

text: Bickler is credited with co-writing two songs on the Survivor album "Reach" with Frankie Sullivan: "I Don't" and "One More Chance".


title: Dave Bickler

text: In 2013, it was announced on Survivor's official media sources that guitarist Frankie Sullivan had reunited the current Survivor line-up with Dave Bickler again, with the band planning to have their two most well-known vocalists together for the next tour, Dave Bickler and Jimi Jamison. Following a year of touring together with Bickler in this lineup, Jamison died of a hemorrhagic brain stroke on September 1, 2014.


title: Dave Bickler

text: Since 2000, Bickler has continued his venture in recording commercials and video advertisements. His singing is featured in the successful Budweiser Light "Real American Heroes" and "Real Men of Genius" ad campaign (the decision to change the campaign from Heroes to Genius was made after 9/11) singing plaintively in counterpoint to the wry commentary of voice actor Peter Stacker. Over 100 of these commercials have been recorded and broadcast on sports radio stations and events for over ten years. A handful of CDs from the Bud Light ads have been released and sold over 100,000 copies in its first three weeks of release. The release according to 'Pop Culture Tonight: with Patrick Phillips' February 2016 interview with Dave Bickler, sold 400,000 copies.


title: Allan McGregor

text: Allan James McGregor (born 31 January 1982) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Scottish Premiership club Rangers. McGregor has also previously played for St Johnstone, Dunfermline Athletic, Turkish team Beşiktaş, English club Hull City, Welsh side Cardiff City and the Scotland national team.


title: Allan McGregor

text: A product of the Hutchison Vale youth football club in Edinburgh, McGregor made his first team debut for Rangers in February 2002 in a Scottish Cup match against Forfar Athletic. He was later loaned out to St Johnstone and Dunfermline Athletic, before becoming a regular Rangers first team player at the start of the 2006–07 season. McGregor made over 200 appearances for Rangers, winning 11 major honours in the process, including a hat-trick of league titles in 2009, 2010 and 2011, three Scottish Cups and five Scottish League Cups.


title: Allan McGregor

text: Following the liquidation of Rangers in 2012, McGregor exercised his legal rights to become a free agent. He then signed a two-year contract with Beşiktaş. After one season in Turkey, McGregor moved to Hull City. In May 2018, McGregor signed a two-year contract with Rangers.


title: Allan McGregor

text: McGregor made his full international debut for Scotland in May 2007. He was suspended for two weeks by his club, and the Scottish Football Association said that McGregor would never play for Scotland again, after multiple breaches of squad discipline following Scotland's 3–0 defeat to the Netherlands on 28 March 2009. The following year, this ban from international football was overturned by Scotland manager Craig Levein. He made 42 appearances for Scotland in total, and announced his retirement from international play in March 2019.


title: Allan McGregor

text: McGregor signed for Rangers on 14 July 1998. His early career suffered a setback when he injured his wrist during a youth match followed by a broken hand that kept him out of action for nearly a year and stunted his development. However, upon returning from the injury he became a regular in the reserve team.


title: Allan McGregor

text: He made his first team debut in February 2002 in a Scottish Cup match against Forfar Athletic and his Scottish Premier League debut against Aberdeen aged 20. McGregor did not play a single minute of competitive football during the 2002–03 season, being an unused substitute in every match of Rangers' Treble success. The following season, McGregor made six appearances, twice in the Scottish League Cup and four times in the league.


title: Allan McGregor

text: In the 2004–05 season McGregor was loaned to Scottish Football League club St Johnstone, making his debut in a Scottish Challenge Cup match against Alloa Athletic. McGregor featured consistently for St Johnstone and kept six consecutive clean sheets for the club. While playing on loan, McGregor was named SFL Player of the Month for December 2004. He made 24 appearances in total for the club and kept 11 clean sheets. Upon returning to Rangers in January 2005, McGregor became the number one goalkeeper at the club after an injury to first choice Stefan Klos. He played consistently for Rangers, however, the then manager Alex McLeish signed Dutch keeper Ronald Waterreus on deadline day in January 2005, a move which angered McGregor.


title: Allan McGregor

text: For the 2005–06 season, Rangers retained Waterreus and Klos, leaving McGregor as third choice. Dunfermline Athletic took advantage of this situation and signed McGregor on loan for the season. He made his debut in a 3–2 league defeat to Kilmarnock. He played in the 2006 Scottish League Cup Final defeat to Celtic and made 31 appearances in all competitions, keeping seven clean sheets.


title: Allan McGregor

text: With the arrival of Frenchman Paul Le Guen as manager at Rangers, McGregor was made third choice goalkeeper behind Letizi and Klos. A bizarre pre-season cycling injury to Stefan Klos meant that McGregor started the 2006–07 season as back-up to Lionel Letizi. When Letizi was himself injured, McGregor started the next match for Rangers, a 2–2 draw away to Kilmarnock. McGregor was then awarded the man of the match award for his performance in Rangers Uefa Cup qualifying match against Molde. He went on to be awarded the Scottish Premier League Player of the Month for September and was then rewarded with a new contract. Despite his performances Le Guen still considered McGregor to be the second choice goalkeeper. McGregor was dropped when Letizi returned from injury. When Letizi was injured again, McGregor returned in goal and was confirmed as first choice by Le Guen even after Letizi returned from injury.


title: Allan McGregor

text: Later in the 2006–07 season McGregor was sent off during Rangers' UEFA Cup match at Ibrox against Israeli side Hapoel Tel Aviv, which they won 4–0. After Barry Ferguson's second goal, Italian referee Matteo Trefoloni gave a straight red card to McGregor for allegedly headbutting Hapoel substitute Luciano De Bruno. The incident was not caught on television cameras and McGregor denied headbutting De Bruno. However, he was given a two-match ban, which was reduced to one game on appeal. At the end of his first season as first choice keeper, he was voted by his Rangers teammates as the "Player's Player of the Year". In September 2007 McGregor signed a new four-year contract with Rangers.


title: Allan McGregor

text: He continued to be Rangers' number one the following season, despite the arrival and subsequent departure of former Manchester United goalkeeper Roy Carroll. Rangers progressed to the quarter-finals of the 2008 UEFA Cup after putting out SV Werder Bremen in the fourth round. McGregor's display in the second-leg of the tie drew praise from the manager. He made his 100th appearance for Rangers in a league match against Hibernian in March 2008. In the 2008 Scottish League Cup Final the match finished 2–2 after extra time and went to penalty kicks. McGregor saved two penalties and Rangers went on to win the shoot-out and the League Cup. In the third Old Firm League match of the 2007–08 season McGregor saved a penalty while limping with an injury when the scores were tied at 1–1. McGregor had to be substituted shortly after and didn't play again that season through injury, missing out on both the 2008 Scottish Cup Final and Rangers European run to the 2008 UEFA Cup Final.


title: Allan McGregor

text: McGregor signed another new contract in June 2008, keeping him at the club until 2013 and was worth £5 million. In the opening game of the 2008–09 season McGregor saved a penalty in the match against Falkirk, Rangers went on to win 1–0. McGregor captained the club for the first Scottish Premier League match of the 2008–09 season against Falkirk due to the absences of captain Barry Ferguson and senior players David Weir and Carlos Cuéllar. McGregor was a regular in the side, up until the "Boozegate scandal" which saw himself and Ferguson dropped by both club and country and was replaced as the Rangers number one by Neil Alexander. He played his last game of that season on 21 March, a 2–2 draw at home to Hearts. McGregor played 27 league matches in the 2008–09 season and picked up an SPL winners medal.


title: Allan McGregor

text: In the 2009–10 season McGregor was reinstated as the number one goalkeeper for Rangers and made 46 appearances in all competitions, picking up winners medals in the Scottish League Cup and the SPL championship. Although McGregor was preferred as first choice in League, Europe and Scottish Cup matches the manager Walter Smith decided to let Neil Alexander play all of the League Cup matches, a decision which continued the following season.


title: Allan McGregor

text: In October 2010 McGregor was given a one match retrospective ban by the SFA for kicking out at Aberdeen player Chris Maguire even though no contact was made. In April of season 2010–11 McGregor saved a penalty against Hamilton in a match that Rangers went on to win 1–0. McGregor was praised for his performances in the second half of the 2010–11 season winning the SPL player of the month award for April. This included 5 clean sheets in the month including a man of the match performance in the final Old Firm game of the season where he saved a penalty with 8 minutes of the game remaining. Rangers went on to win the SPL championship for the third consecutive time by one point. McGregor kept 22 clean sheets for Rangers in 36 SPL matches during season 2010–11 and signaled his intention to sign a new contract once the season was finished.


title: Allan McGregor

text: On 4 July 2011, it was announced by Rangers that McGregor had signed a new six-year contract with the club. McGregor started the first nine matches for Rangers in season 2011–12 conceding only one goal domestically in the season opener against Hearts. In the first Old Firm game of the season McGregor was criticised for making a bad mistake which gifted a goal to Celtic just before half time which made the score 2–1 in Celtic's favour. Rangers however went on to win the match 4–2. McGregor was praised by his manager Ally McCoist for preventing Rangers conceding a goal in their 1–0 victory over Hibernian in October 2011.


title: Allan McGregor

text: Rangers entered administration in February 2012. After its creditors rejected a CVA in June 2012, the company was liquidated. The administrator sold the assets, including player contracts, to a new Rangers company set up by Charles Green. McGregor made a legal objection (under the "TUPE" regulations) to his contract being transferred to the new company, and became a free agent.


title: Allan McGregor

text: On 26 July 2012, McGregor joined Turkish club Beşiktaş on a two-year contract, after undergoing a medical in Istanbul. A first team regular, McGregor helped Beşiktaş to a third-placed finish in the Turkish Süper Lig.


title: Allan McGregor

text: On 2 July 2013, McGregor signed for Hull City for £1.5 million, signing a three-year contract. He made his debut on the first day of the 2013–14 season in a 2–0 loss away at Chelsea. Five minutes into his debut, McGregor conceded a penalty, mistiming a punch and subsequently hitting Fernando Torres in the head. He made up for it however, as he saved the resulting penalty from Frank Lampard. In the 25th minute, Lampard got the better of him, scoring a free-kick from 30 yards. On 17 May 2014, he played in the 2014 FA Cup Final against Arsenal, in which Hull City lost 3–2.