title: Haenel MK 556

text: A public document that the Ministry of Defence forwarded to the "Bundestag" Defence Committee on 26 October 2020 stated, that the ministry would partially restart the procurement process for the new standard assault rifle. No new technical investigations of the assault rifles offered by Heckler & Koch and C.G. Haenel are planned. Planned are a legal and economic assessment of the offers and how an initiated patent lawsuit between Heckler & Koch and C.G. Haenel at the Düsseldorf Regional Court might affect the offers.<ref name="EP 2 018 508 B1 / WO 2007/131781"></ref> For this the ministry will involve an external independent patent attorney as an expert to assess consequences regarding the award procedure. In order to avoid problems of this kind in the future, new examination mechanisms are to be introduced within the procurement office. The Ministry of Defence offered the "Bundestag" Defence Committee to further discuss the submitted document in detail.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: According to "Business Insider" on 28 October 2020, a final test report of the weapons tests states all weapons met the "Bundeswehr" technical requirements, but the HK416 was more accurate and less prone to failure than the MK 556 during the technical investigations. "Overall, it can be stated, that the weapons from Haenel still have potential for improving individual components" according to the confidential internal report. Without full access to the report, no well-founded technical conclusions can be drawn from this information regarding the tested weapons.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The "Bundestag" Defence Committee discussed the developments regarding a new G36 replacement decision in a meeting on 30 October 2020. The "Tagesschau" reported a serious allegation might have been discussed in the confidential meeting. After the submission of the final offers, the procurement office is said to have renegotiated with C.G. Haenel, which would be illegal. The procurement office can only ask questions if there are any ambiguities regarding received best and final offers. Queries that would change such offers are not allowed. The "Tagesschau" later on 30 October 2020 reported on German national television that the German Federal Defence Minister after the meeting, personally accompanied by senior civil servants, declined to comment on the new assault rifle topic and an independent advice commission should accompany further proceedings. On the same day after the meeting, "Der Spiegel" and the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" asserted the "Bundeswehr" has to wait years for a new assault rifle and that almost all "Bundestag" Defence Committee members fear that one of the two bidders will be expelled of the proceedings by a court because of the various allegations. In this case, neither the ministry nor the "Bundestag" could have influence on the selection of a new assault rifle for the "Bundeswehr". In November 2020 C.G. Haenel started lobbying towards "Bundestag" members to be awarded the contract. The "Südthüringer Zeitung" reported the Ministry of Defence, according to an internal crisis scenario, does not expect delivery of the first batch of new assault rifles until 2024 and expects the minister will personally decide in the coming months how to further proceed.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: According to German media on 1 March 2021, the Ministry of Defence informed the "Bundestag" Defence Committee they decided not to award the new assault rifle order to C.G. Haenel. The proceeding was justified with expert report indications of patent infringements at the detriment of Heckler & Koch and Magpul Industries. Regarding the prospective award revocation, it is expected C.G. Haenel will file a complaint at the procurement office and later take legal action that can lead to possible compensation payments.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The MK 556 is based on the AR-15 platform ergonomic architecture, but uses a short-stroke gas piston operating system (unlike the AR-15's piston-operated gas impingement system) with a user-adjustable gas system. With the help of the regulator, the gas system can be adjusted to function reliably with various propellant, projectile, fouling, operating environment and configuration specific pressure behavior. It features a firing pin safety to reduce the risk of slam-firing and the cold hammer forged barrel has a twist rate and features a standard A2-style flash suppressor at its muzzle end.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The MK 556 shares many features with the CAR 816 assault rifle, manufactured under licence by C.G. Haenel on behalf of its parent company, Caracal International, under the EDGE Group, as well as the Haenel CR 223 semi-automatic rifle, which is designed for use by civilians, police and law enforcement agencies alike. These rifles share a modular construction to simplify substitution of parts and are compatible with furniture and other accessories that conform to the AR-15/M16/M4 standard. The MK556 as well as the CR 223 are “over-the-beach” tested and certified, meaning that the rifle can be fired safely, as quickly as possible after being carried through water.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The MK 556 handguard features four STANAG 4694 NATO Accessory Rails that are backwards-compatible with the STANAG 2324/MIL-STD-1913 Picatinny rail. These allow for direct accessory attachment onto the rail mounting points, and can be removed without the usage of tools.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The shoulder stock or buttstock is a telescoping 6 position type stock which is adjustable for length of pull.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: A two-stage trigger with a pressure point that can be set at trigger pull is available for precision orientated users.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The fire and safety selector settings are marked with letters: "S"—safe (""Sicher""), "E"—semi-automatic fire (""Einzelfeuer"") and "F"—continuous fire (""Feuerstoß"").


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The three position fire selector can be ordered in 0°/60°/120° or – like in the M16 family of service rifles – 0°/90°/180° rotation between the settings.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The MK 556's basic version features rail mounted polymer flip up sights. The integrated rail on the upper receiver and its continuation on the handguard at the 12 o'clock position allows for the adaptation of various aiming optics.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The MK 556 features a Draft STANAG 4179 compliant magazine well and is fed with STANAG magazines with a standard capacity of 30 rounds. Other STANAG compatible box and drum magazines can be used.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The CR 223 is the civilian semi-automatic fire only variant of the MK 556 chambered for .223 Remington/5.56×45mm NATO.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The CR 300 is a semi-automatic fire only variant chambered for .300 AAC Blackout. This variant can be only be ordered with or barrels.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The CR 308 and CR 6,5 are enlarged semi-automatic fire only variants chambered for .308 Winchester and 6.5mm Creedmoor. These variants are heavier than the CR 223 and can be ordered with longer or barrels and a two-stage trigger.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The B&T 15 is a short-barreled rifle variant of the CR 223, manufactured by Brügger & Thomet. B&T plans to have the weapon ready for import into the United States by mid-2021.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The CR 223 Manipulation is a red coloured functional training rifle for safe manipulation instructioning that can not be fired.


title: Haenel MK 556

text: The CR 223 ÜB – Training rifle is a blue coloured training rifle that can only fire non-lethal marking simunition.


title: Significant other

text: The term significant other (SO) has different uses in psychology and in colloquial language. Colloquially, "significant other" is used as a gender-neutral term for a person's partner in an intimate relationship without disclosing or presuming anything about marital status, relationship status, gender identity, or sexual orientation. Synonyms with similar properties include: sweetheart, other half, better half, spouse, domestic partner, lover, soulmate, and life partner.


title: Significant other

text: In the United States, the term is sometimes used in invitations, such as to weddings and office parties. This use of the term has become common in the UK in correspondence from hospitals, e.g., "you may be accompanied for your appointment by a significant other."


title: Significant other

text: Its usage in psychology and sociology is very different from its colloquial use. In psychology, a significant other is any person who has great importance to an individual's life or well-being. In sociology, it describes any person or persons with a strong influence on an individual's self-concept. Although the influence of significant others on individuals was long theorized, the first actual measurements of the influence of significant others on individuals were made by Archie O. Haller, Edward L. Fink, and Joseph Woelfel at the University of Wisconsin.


title: Significant other

text: Haller, Fink, and Woelfel are associates of the Wisconsin model of status attainment. They surveyed 100 Wisconsin adolescents, measured their educational and occupational aspirations, and identified the set of other individuals who communicated with the students and served as examples for them. They then contacted the significant others directly and measured their expectations for the adolescent's educational and occupational attainments, and calculated the impact of these expectations on the aspirations of the students. Results of the research showed that the expectations of significant others were the single most potent influences on the students' own aspirations. This usage is synonymous with the term "relevant other" and can also be found in plural form, "significant others".


title: Significant other

text: In social psychology, a significant other is an "insulating person", uncle/aunt, grandparent, guardian or teacher – the person who guides and takes care of a child during primary socialization. The significant other protects, rewards, and punishes the child as a way of aiding the child's development. This usually takes about six or seven years, after which the significant other is no longer needed, and the child moves on to a general "other" which is not a real person, but an abstract notion of what society deems good or bad.


title: Significant other

text: The first known use of the terms "significant other person" and "significant other people" is by the U.S. psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan in the article "Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry" in the journal: "Psychiatry: Journal of the biology and pathology of interpersonal relations", published in 1940. The phrase was popularised in the United States by Armistead Maupin's 1987 book "Significant Others", and in the UK by the 1989 TV series "Only Fools and Horses", in which Derek Trotter uses the phrase a number of times when referring to his long-term partner Raquel Turner.


title: Richard Clayderman

text: Richard Clayderman (; born Philippe Pagès , 28 December 1953 in Paris) is a French pianist who has released numerous albums including the compositions of Paul de Senneville, Olivier Toussaint and Marc Minier, instrumental renditions of popular music, rearrangements of movie soundtracks, ethnic music, and easy-listening arrangements of popular works of classical music.


title: Richard Clayderman

text: At the age of twelve, he was accepted into the Conservatoire de Paris, where he won great acclaim in his later adolescent years. Financial difficulties, precipitated by his father's illness, forestalled a promising career as a classical pianist. In order to earn a living, he found work as a bank clerk and as an accompanist to contemporary bands. He accompanied French singers such as Johnny Hallyday, Thierry Le Luron, and Michel Sardou.


title: Richard Clayderman

text: In 1976, he was invited by Olivier Toussaint, a French record producer, and his partner Paul de Senneville, to record a gentle piano ballad. De Senneville had composed this ballad as a tribute to his baby daughter, Adeline. The 23-year-old Pagès was auditioned along with 20 other pianists and got the job. "He was an interesting musician with a soft touch and good technique", said Toussaint. "And he looked good, too."


title: Richard Clayderman

text: Pagès' name was changed to Richard Clayderman (he adopted his great-grandmother's last name to avoid mispronunciation of his real name outside France), and the single took off, selling 22 million copies in 38 countries. It was called "Ballade pour Adeline".


title: Richard Clayderman

text: Clayderman has recorded over 1,300 melodies and has created a new romantic style through a repertoire which combines his trademark originals with classics and pop standards. As of 2006, his record sales number at approximately 70 million, and has 267 gold and 70 platinum albums to his credit. He is popular in Asia and is noted by the "Guinness Book of World Records" as being "the most successful pianist in the world".


title: Randy Pausch

text: Randolph Frederick Pausch (October 23, 1960 – July 25, 2008) was an American educator, a professor of computer science, human–computer interaction, and design at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Pausch learned he had pancreatic cancer in September 2006. In August 2007, he was given a terminal diagnosis: "three to six months of good health left". He gave an upbeat lecture titled, "The Last Lecture: Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams" on September 18, 2007 at Carnegie Mellon, which became a popular YouTube video and led to other media appearances. He co-authored a book of the same name, "The Last Lecture", which became a "New York Times" best-seller.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Randolph Frederick Pausch was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and grew up in Columbia, Maryland. After graduating from Oakland Mills High School in Columbia, Pausch received his bachelor's degree in computer science from Brown University in May 1982 and his PhD in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in August 1988. While completing his doctoral studies, Pausch was briefly employed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and Adobe Systems.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Pausch was an assistant and associate professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science from 1988 until 1997. While there, in 1995, he completed sabbaticals at Walt Disney Imagineering and Electronic Arts (EA). In 1997, Pausch became Associate Professor of Computer Science, Human-Computer Interaction, and Design at Carnegie Mellon University. In 1998, he was a co-founder, along with Don Marinelli, of CMU's Entertainment Technology Center (ETC), and he began the Building Virtual Worlds course at CMU, which he taught for 10 years. He consulted with Google on user interface design and also consulted with PARC, Imagineering, and Media Metrix. Pausch is also the founder of the Alice software project. He received the National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award and was a Lilly Foundation Teaching Fellow. Pausch was the author or co-author of five books and over 70 articles.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Pausch received two awards from ACM in 2007 for his achievements in computing education: the Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award and the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education Award for Outstanding Contributions to Computer Science Education. He was also inducted as a Fellow of the ACM in 2007.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Pausch was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and underwent a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) on September 19, 2006, in an attempt to halt the disease. He was told in August 2007 to expect three to six months of good health remaining. He moved his family to Chesapeake, Virginia, to be close to his wife's family. On March 13, 2008, Pausch advocated for more federal funding for pancreatic cancer before the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies. In the week prior to his testimony, he had been hospitalized for needle aspiration of pleural effusion in his right lung.


title: Randy Pausch

text: On May 2, 2008, a positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed that he had tiny ( or less) metastases in his lungs and in some of the lymph nodes in his chest. He also had metastases in his peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities. On June 26, 2008, Pausch announced that he was considering halting chemotherapy due to its potential adverse side effects. He was, however, considering some immuno-therapy-based approaches. On July 24, on behalf of Pausch, a friend anonymously posted a message on Pausch's webpage stating that a biopsy had revealed that the cancer had progressed farther than recent PET scans showed, and that Pausch had "taken a step down" and was "much sicker than he had been". The friend also stated that Pausch had enrolled in a hospice program for end of life palliative care.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Pausch died from pancreatic cancer at his family's home in Chesapeake, Virginia, on July 25, 2008, at the age of 47. He is survived by his wife, Jai, and their three children, Dylan, Logan, and Chloe.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Pausch delivered his "Last Lecture", titled "Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams", at CMU on September 18, 2007. He gave an abridged version of his speech on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" in October 2007. The talk was modeled after an ongoing series of lectures where top academics are asked to think deeply about what matters to them, and then give a hypothetical "final talk", with a topic such as "what wisdom would you try to impart to the world if you knew it was your last chance?" Before speaking, Pausch received a long standing ovation from a large crowd of over 400 colleagues and students. When he motioned them to sit down, saying, "Make me earn it", someone in the audience shouted back, "You did!"


title: Randy Pausch

text: During the lecture, Pausch offered inspirational life lessons, and performed push-ups on stage. He also commented on the irony that the "Last Lecture" series had recently been renamed as "Journeys", saying, "I thought, damn, I finally nailed the venue and they renamed it." After Pausch finished his lecture, Steve Seabolt, on behalf of Electronic Arts—which is now collaborating with CMU in the development of Alice 3.0—pledged to honor Pausch by creating a memorial scholarship for women in computer science, in recognition of Pausch's support and mentoring of women in CS and engineering.


title: Randy Pausch

text: CMU president Jared Cohon spoke emotionally of Pausch's humanity and called his contributions to the university and to education "remarkable and stunning". He then announced that CMU will celebrate Pausch's impact on the world by building and naming after Pausch a raised pedestrian bridge to connect CMU's new Computer Science building and the Center for the Arts, symbolizing the way Pausch linked those two disciplines. Brown University professor Andries van Dam followed Pausch's last lecture with a tearful and impassioned speech praising him for his courage and leadership, calling him a role model.


title: Randy Pausch

text: The Randy Pausch Memorial Footbridge was dedicated on October 30, 2009, with Jai, Dylan, Logan, and Chloe Pausch cutting the ribbon.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Then-Disney-owned publisher Hyperion paid $6.7 million for the rights to publish a book about Pausch called "The Last Lecture", co-authored by Pausch and "Wall Street Journal" reporter Jeffrey Zaslow. The book became a "New York Times" best-seller on April 28, 2008. "The Last Lecture" expands on Pausch's speech. The book's first printing had 400,000 copies, and it has been translated into 46 languages. It has spent more than 85 weeks on the "New York Times" bestseller list, and there are now more than 4.5 million copies in print in the U.S. alone. Despite speculation that the book would be made into a movie, Pausch had denied these rumors, stating that "there's a reason to do the book, but if it's telling the story of the lecture in the medium of film, we already have that."


title: Randy Pausch

text: Pausch was named "Person of the Week" on ABC's World News with Charles Gibson on September 21, 2007. His "Last Lecture" attracted wide attention from the international media, became an Internet hit, and was viewed over a million times in the first month after its delivery. On October 22, 2007, Pausch appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" where he discussed his situation and summarized his "Last Lecture". On October 6, 2007, Pausch joined the Pittsburgh Steelers for the day during their regular practice, after the organization learned that one of his childhood dreams mentioned in his "Last Lecture" was to play in the NFL.


title: Randy Pausch

text: On April 9, 2008, the ABC network aired an hour-long Diane Sawyer feature on Pausch titled "The Last Lecture: A Love Story For Your Life". On July 29, 2008, ABC aired a follow-up to the Last Lecture special, remembering Pausch and his famous lecture.


title: Randy Pausch

text: Pausch gave a lecture about time management on November 27, 2007, at the University of Virginia, to an audience of over 850 people. In March 2008, Pausch appeared in a public service announcement video and testified before Congress in support of cancer research. On May 18, 2008, Pausch made a surprise return appearance at Carnegie Mellon, giving a speech at the commencement ceremony, as well as attending the School of Computer Science's diploma ceremony, and on May 19 Pausch appeared on the show "Good Morning America". His lecture, "Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams", was nominated at the 2007 YouTube Video Awards.


title: Randy Pausch

text: A devoted "Star Trek" fan, Pausch was invited by film director J. J. Abrams to film a role in "Star Trek". Abrams heard of Pausch's condition and sent a personal e-mail inviting Pausch to the set. Pausch accepted and traveled to Los Angeles, California, to shoot his scene. In addition to appearing in the film, he also has a line of dialogue at the beginning of the film ("Captain, we have visual.") and donated the $217.06 paycheck to charity.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Kieron Adrian Pollard (born 12 May 1987) is a retired trinidadian cricketer. He has captained the West Indies cricket team in limited overs cricket and Trinbago Knight Riders in CPL. He is a right arm medium - fast bowling all-rounder. During the 2009 Champions League, he was signed by both the Southern Redbacks and Somerset for their domestic Twenty20 campaigns. He was the joint highest paid player in the 2010 Indian Premier League, playing for Mumbai Indians.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In September 2019, He was named as the captain of the West Indies' One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) teams. In March 2020, He became the first cricketer to play in 500 Twenty20 matches. Markedly, his game suited for limited overs variety in which he has enjoyed a long international career, he has never played Test Cricket. In a match against Sri Lanka in March 2021, he hit six sixes in one over bowled by Akila Dananjaya and became the third batsman to do so in international cricket after Herschelle Gibbs and Yuvraj Singh.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In February 2022, in the second match against India, He became the first cricketer for the West Indies to play in 100 T20I matches.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: On 15 November 2022, Pollard announced retirement from IPL after playing for Mumbai Indians for 13 seasons. Now he is appointed as the batting coach for Mumbai Indians.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard was born in Tacarigua, Trinidad and Tobago, where he was raised, along with two younger sisters, in a poor home by his single mother. Speaking about it, Pollard reflects "it wasn't ideal getting up and your mum say 'We only have X of money'." After representing Trinidad and Tobago in the 2005 TCL Group West Indies Under-19 Challenge, he was selected as part of the West Indies Under-19 cricket team to tour Pakistan. Pollard top-scored for the West Indies in the first youth One Day International (ODI), scoring 53 runs off 49 balls. Pollard made another half-century in the second match, but didn't manage to make double figures in either of last two games. He was named in the West Indies squad for the 2006 U/19 Cricket World Cup, held in Sri Lanka, where he only managed to make 19–runs in his four innings, though he did manage to take two wickets in a defeat to Australia.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: During the 2006 English season, he went to England to play for Haxey CC in Lincolnshire; he played five games for the club before he was recalled by Trinidad and Tobago to play in the Stanford Twenty20. Pollard made his senior debut for Trinidad and Tobago in the twenty20 competition against the Cayman Islands in July 2006. He finished the tournament with a respectable return of six wickets, and starred in the semi-final against Nevis, scoring 83 runs off just 38 balls, an innings which included 7 sixes to book Trinidad and Tobago's place in the final. He made his first-class debut six months later against Barbados, and marked the occasion with a century. As in the Twenty20, his innings contained a large number of boundaries, with 86 of his 126 runs coming from either fours or sixes. A score of 46 not out on his List A debut ensured that Pollard was in the selector's minds for the upcoming World Cup, and he described it as "a dream come true" when he was selected in the provisional 30-man squad for the tournament. Pollard's "dream run" continued with half-centuries in both four-day and 50-over matches against Guyana, followed by his second first-class century, coming against the Leeward Islands. Against Jamaica, Pollard showed his bowling ability, claiming four wickets in his seven overs to claim his fifth man of the match award in his 15th senior match. Trinidad and Tobago remained unbeaten in the 2006–07 KFC Cup, beating Windward Islands in the final to claim the trophy. Pollard finished as the competition's leading run-scorer, making 261 runs from his seven innings at an average of over 40.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: The 2008–09 West Indies Cricket Board Cup saw an improvement in Pollard's bowling, as he claimed nine wickets in the competition with a bowling average of 14.22. An all-round performance against Jamaica in the semi-finals, in which he took three wickets and made 76, earned Trinidad and Tobago a place in the final, and Pollard the man of the match award.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In the 2009 Champions league T-20 for Trinidad & Tobago, Pollard hit 54 runs in just 18 balls in the 15th match against New South Wales in Hyderabad. This earned the man of the match award and his side a crucial win. His display of hitting was so impressive that NSW approached Pollard after the game and attempted to sign him for themselves.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard has also represented the South Australian Redbacks in the KFC Twenty20 Big Bash and Somerset County Cricket Club for the 2010 Friends Provident t20.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Although named in the provisional 30-man squad for the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, Pollard failed to make the cut for the tournament. The absence of Pollard and Lendl Simmons from the West Indies performance squad in 2007–08 was described as "baffling" by Tony Cozier, describing how the pair "had been seemingly identified as among those for the future but have quickly been shunted aside." Pollard was disappointing as Trinidad and Tobago won the 2007–08 Stanford Twenty20, averaging nine from his three innings.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard had a successful 2010 Friends Provident t20 for Somerset, helping them to the final of the competition on 14 August 2010. He scored 354 runs during the competition at 32.18 – the second highest Somerset batting average – including two half centuries at a strike rate of 175.24 runs per 100 balls. He also took 29 wickets at 15.10, second among all Somerset's bowlers. He took an impressive catch on the boundary in the semi final against Nottinghamshire, and then scored 22 from seven balls in the final match against Hampshire, including two sixes and a four, before Dominic Cork injured him with a bouncer that required hospital treatment.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: On the back of Pollard's domestic performance he was offered a central contract which he turned down because that would force him to be available for West Indies selection all the time and Pollard wanted to play Twenty20 cricket as well. Despite this his good performances meant that he was selected for the West Indies in the ODI and Twenty20 series against Sri Lanka as several high-profile names such as Denesh Ramdin and Ramnaresh Sarwan had been dropped.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard was recalled to the West Indies ODI squad for the series against Sri Lanka. The match was rained off after 18.2 overs of the West Indian run-chase with Pollard not required to bat. He retained his place in the squad for the home series against Australia, but after scores of 11 and 0 in the first two matches, he was dropped for the final three.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Despite his poor form in the previous season's Stanford Twenty20, Pollard was named as part of the initial 32-member Stanford Superstars Twenty20 squad. The squad would provide the starters for the US$20 million winner-takes-all match against England later in the year. After a series of practice matches, Pollard was included in the team for the warm-up match against his Trinidad and Tobago side, where he made 24 runs off 14 balls and claimed the wicket of captain Daren Ganga. He followed this up with a nine-ball 27 against Middlesex, including three consecutive sixes in the last over. In the final, Pollard claimed the wickets of Andrew Flintoff and Luke Wright to help limit England to a total of 99, which Super Stars openers Chris Gayle and Andre Fletcher chased down in 12.4 overs.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: After his impressive performance at Indian Premier League for the Mumbai Indians, the West Indian all-rounder was picked in the West Indian squad for 2010 ICC World Twenty20.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In May 2019, Cricket West Indies (CWI) named him as one of ten reserve players in the West Indies' squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. In December 2019, during the series against India, Pollard became the fourth batsman for the West Indies to score 1,000 runs in T20I cricket. On March 4, 2020, in the first T20I match against Sri Lanka, Pollard became the first cricketer to play in 500 Twenty20 matches. In the same match, Pollard also scored his 10,000th run in the format.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: On 3 March 2021, Kieron Pollard become only the second across T20 format and overall 3rd player after Herschelle Gibbs and Yuvraj Singh to hit 6-sixes in an over


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In September 2021, Pollard was named as the captain of the West Indies' squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: On 20 April 2022, Kieron Pollard announced his retirement on social media from all formats of international cricket during the 15th season of Indian Premier League.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard's impressive performance in the 2009 Champions League Twenty20 and the Big Bash led to him being one of the most sought after players at the 2010 IPL auction. After some aggressive bidding, the Chennai Super Kings, Kolkata Knight Riders, Mumbai Indians and Royal Challengers Bangalore all bid the maximum allowed; $750,000. A 'silent-tiebreaker' was won by the Mumbai Indians.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: On 15 November 2022, Pollard announced his retirement from IPL after playing for Mumbai Indians for 13 seasons. Now he is appointment as batting coach for Mumbai Indians.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Kieron Pollard made his debut for Mumbai Indians on 17 March 2010 against the Delhi Daredevils at Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi. It took a while for him to get off the blocks in his first season. He however proved his money's worth in the latter stages of the tournament with a blistering 13 ball 45 laced with 5 sixes and accounted for 2 run outs earning him his first MOTM performance.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: This was followed by a stellar performance against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in the semi final. Pollard smashed a quick fire 33* off 13 balls with 3 sixes and followed it up with 3 wickets and 1 run out. He was adjudged man of the match and his efforts propelled Mumbai Indians into the final for the first time where they eventually lost to the Chennai Super Kings.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In 2012 a sole Man of the match performance against Rajasthan Royals where he smashed a 33 ball 64 with 6 4s and 4 6s and followed it up with a career best 4-44in the 2nd innings.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard started the season strongly with a stellar knock of 57*off 38 balls with 5 sixes when Mumbai had lost early wickets and in the 2nd innings he picked up 1 wicket and a superb catch of MS Dhoni ensured Mumbai Indians victory. He was adjudged MOTM for his all round performance.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Against the Royal Challengers Bangalore he propelled Mumbai to a competitive score with a 16 ball-34.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Arguably one of Pollards best performances came against the Sunsrisers Hyderabad. With over 60 odd runs to chase in 4 overs pollard joined skipper Rohit Sharma and lit the Wankhede up with a splendid 66* off 27 balls. He hit 6 sixes in a span of 7 balls and led Mumbai to an emphatic victory.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard saved his best performance for the Final against Chennai. With Mumbai reeling at 52–4 Pollard fought back with a 60* off 32 balls to lead Mumbai to a competitive score of 148. In the 2nd innings he picked 1 wicket and Mumbai won their 1st IPL Title.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard smashed 78 off 48 balls whilst chasing against SRH but he was dismissed by Irfan Pathan in the last over and Mumbai eventually lost the match.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In the first game at Wankhede against Punjab Pollard chipped in with a crucial 28 off just 12 balls and helped Mumbai register their first win of the season.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: This can be rightly called as Pollard's best season till date. Similar to 2014 Mumbai had a forgettable start to the season managing only 1 win out of the first 6 matches.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard struck 70 runs off 48 balls with 7 boundaries and 5 sixes against Rajasthan but Mumbai lost the match. He followed it up with another 64 runs off just 34 balls smashing 5 sixes against Chennai but again Mumbai were unable to defend their total.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Chasing against the Delhi Daredevils Pollard joined Rayudu and smashed a quck-fire 26* off just 14 balls and ensured victory.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In the same week, he smashed 49 off just 24 balls with 6 sixes but Mumbai were unable to chase RCB's mammoth total.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In a must win game against Kolkata Pollard played a patient knock with Hardik Pandya and helped Mumbai reach 171.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Yusuf Pathan led the KKR chase with a brilliant half century and the equation was 12 runs required off the final over. Pollard with ball in his hand dismissed Pathan on the very first ball, conceded 6 runs in the next 2 balls but followed it up with 3 dot balls to help Mumbai to a crucial victory.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In the first qualifier at Wankhede against the Super Kings Pollard helped Mumbai post a massive total of 187 with 17 ball 41 with 5 sixes and helped Mumbai reach the final.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In the final against the same opposition at Eden Gardens, Pollard added 36 off just 18 balls and helped MI reach a massive total of 202.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Mumbai Indians defeated Chennai to win their 2nd IPL title. Pollard ended the tournament with 419 runs at SR of 163 and 28 sixes.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard did not have the best of IPL in this one. However he played a couple of crucial innings for his team, once again Mumbai Indians. In a low-scoring match against the Sunrisers Hyderabad, Mumbai were asked to bat first and had lost their top 3 inside the first 10 overs. From the 17th over onwards, Pollard started his massacre when he hit 4 sixes and 2 fours in that span to make a 46* off 26 balls, and get Mumbai a defendable total of 136, given their bowling. Mumbai bundled out Hyderabad for 96 runs where West Indian bowler Alzarri Joseph took 6 wickets for 12 runs in debut.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Then, in a match against Kings XI Punjab, wherein Punjab gave them a target of 198 in 20 overs. Mumbai did not have the best of starts with not even 70 runs on the board after 11 overs, at the loss of 4 wickets. Pollard then took it upon himself wherein he made 83 runs off just 31 balls, which included 10 sixes and 2 fours, and ensured Mumbai did not fall short of the target even after his dismissal.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In the final against CSK, he smashed a 41* of 25 deliveries, to ensure that Mumbai reached a somewhat respectable total of 149 in their allotted 20 overs. They ultimately won the tournament after a sensational final over spell by teammate Lasith Malinga, where he defended 9 runs of the final over, producing a wicket of the final delivery where 2 runs were required. He was named the ‘Super Striker of the match’.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In his 11th consecutive year playing for the Mumbai Indians, Pollard became the first player to represent the franchise in 150 matches. Pollard played a critical role in the team winning their 5th IPL title.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In November 2022, Pollard announced his retirement from IPL and subsequently became the batting coach of the same franchise, Mumbai Indians.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: Pollard was bought by Karachi Kings for US$140,000 in 2017 Pakistan Super League players draft. In a do or die match against Lahore Qalandars he scored 45 runs off 20 balls to help his team to stay in the tournament, later he was judged man of the match.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Toronto Nationals in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. He was the leading wicket-taker in the tournament for the Toronto Nationals, with five dismissals in six matches.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In October 2018, he was named in the squad for the Dhaka Dynamites team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League. In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Toronto Nationals franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament. In July 2020, he was named in the Trinbago Knight Riders squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League.


title: Kieron Pollard

text: In The Hundred, Pollard played for Welsh Fire. In April 2022, he was bought by the London Spirit for the 2022 season of The Hundred. Pollard will play the 2022 T20 Blast season for Surrey.


The Wild and Wonderful Whites of West Virginia is a 2009 documentary film directed by Julien Nitzberg, chronicling the White family of Boone County, West Virginia.


title: The Wild and Wonderful Whites of West Virginia

text: The film follows the White family over the course of a year in their daily life through first-person interviews. The film mentions the details of the death of patriarch Donald Ray "D. Ray" White, as well as his rise to stardom as one of the most famous mountain dancers of his time. The illness of his widow, Bertie Mae White, is documented throughout the course of the film. Locals consider Bertie Mae "The Miracle Woman" because of her lifelong dedication to raising abandoned children. Throughout the film, Bertie is seen supporting her family despite her intolerance of their dangerous and reckless behavior. The younger generations of Whites are followed to drug deals, criminal trials, hospital beds, and jail cells to recount the wild and outlandish events in their lives. A group of local professionals in Boone County act as a Greek chorus as they speak about the Whites, mostly criticizing their negative influence on the community.


text: Stemming from generations of coal miners working in risky job conditions, most of the White family possesses a fatalistic attitude and a lack of fear of death. Various members recall violent fights with neighbors, family members, and other locals. Other legal troubles include larceny, prescription fraud, shootings, armed robbery, forgery, stabbings, and child custody battles. D. Ray worked in the coal mines during the scrip payment era; Mamie explains how D. Ray's frustration with his employers' corrupt practices led him to "outsmarting the system." D. Ray legally signed each of his children up for "crazy checks" during their early adolescence. Mamie discloses to the audience that each month, she (and all the other offspring of D. Ray and Bertie Mae) receive social security checks monthly from the government due to their inability to hold employment because of alleged psychiatric disability.


title: Alexander Calvert

text: Alexander Calvert is a Canadian actor, best known for playing the role of Jack Kline on the CW show "Supernatural".


title: Alexander Calvert

text: A native of Vancouver, Calvert studied musical theatre and hip hop dancing until the age of 15, when he became interested in acting.


title: Alexander Calvert

text: He has appeared in several films and television series, including the Nickelodeon series "The Troop", "To Be Fat like Me", and "The Dead Zone", and was young Justin in "Kickin' It Old Skool". On July 17, 2015, it was announced that Calvert was cast as Lonnie Machin for season 4 of the CW's "Arrow".


title: Alexander Calvert

text: In 2017, Calvert was cast as Jack, the son of Lucifer in "Supernatural". He debuted in the season 12 finale, and has since been a regular cast member for seasons 13, 14 and 15.


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: Devoleena Bhattacharjee (born 22 August 1985) is an Indian television actress and trained Bharatanatyam dancer. She is known for playing Gopi Modi in StarPlus's long-running popular show "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya". She also participated in "Bigg Boss 13", "Bigg Boss 14" and "Bigg Boss 15".


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: Bhattacharjee was born on 22 August 1985 to an Assamese-Bengali family in Upper Assam. She lives in Gurugram with her mother and her younger brother.


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: She did her schooling from Godhula Brown Memorial English High School in Sivasagar, Assam and her higher studies from the National Institute of Fashion and Technology in New Delhi, India.


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: A trained Bharatnatyam dancer, Bhattacharjee initially worked as a jewellery designer in Gili India Ltd. in Mumbai and was first noticed when she auditioned for dance reality series "Dance India Dance 2". Her acting debut through NDTV Imagine's "Sawaare Sabke Sapne Preeto" occurred in 2011.


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: In June 2012, Bhattacharjee replaced Giaa Manek as the female lead Gopi Ahem Modi in Star Plus's "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya" which turned out to be her breakthrough. In 2014 and in 2016, she contemplated quitting the show due to the frequent time leaps, but continued the character before completing 5 years in June 2017. The same month, she underwent spinal surgery for an injury that took place on the show's set in 2013. "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya" ended on 23 July 2017.


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: Bhattacharjee next joined as a celebrity contestant in 13th season of the reality TV show "Bigg Boss" that started in the last week of September 2019. However two months later in November 2019, she exited the show citing medical issues.


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: In August 2020, it was announced that Bhattacharjee will reprise the role of Gopi Modi in the sequel of "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya", entitled "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2" that begun airing on 19 October 2020. She was seen in the first 31 episodes with the last episode was telecasted on 23 November 2020.


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: She entered Bigg Boss 14 as a proxy contestant for Eijaz Khan. She also later entered Bigg Boss 15 as a wild card contestant, thus making history for appearing as contestant in 3 different seasons of Bigg Boss alongside Rakhi Sawant and Rahul Mahajan.


title: Devoleena Bhattacharjee

text: In June 2022, just after her movie first second chance, she returned to "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2", to help Gehna resolve her family issues, and to celebrate her 10 year anniversary of being part of "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya".


title: Clock rate

text: In computing, the clock rate or clock speed typically refers to the frequency at which the clock generator of a processor can generate pulses, which are used to synchronize the operations of its components, and is used as an indicator of the processor's speed. It is measured in the SI unit of frequency hertz (Hz).


title: Clock rate

text: The clock rate of the first generation of computers was measured in hertz or kilohertz (kHz), the first personal computers (PCs) to arrive throughout the 1970s and 1980s had clock rates measured in megahertz (MHz), and in the 21st century the speed of modern CPUs is commonly advertised in gigahertz (GHz). This metric is most useful when comparing processors within the same family, holding constant other features that may affect performance.


title: Clock rate

text: Manufacturers of modern processors typically charge premium prices for processors that operate at higher clock rates, a practice called binning. For a given CPU, the clock rates are determined at the end of the manufacturing process through actual testing of each processor. Chip manufacturers publish a "maximum clock rate" specification, and they test chips before selling them to make sure they meet that specification, even when executing the most complicated instructions with the data patterns that take the longest to settle (testing at the temperature and voltage that runs the lowest performance). Processors successfully tested for compliance with a given set of standards may be labeled with a higher clock rate, e.g., 3.50 GHz, while those that fail the standards of the higher clock rate yet pass the standards of a lesser clock rate may be labeled with the lesser clock rate, e.g., 3.3 GHz, and sold at a lower price.


title: Clock rate

text: The clock rate of a CPU is normally determined by the frequency of an oscillator crystal. Typically a crystal oscillator produces a fixed sine wave—the frequency reference signal. Electronic circuitry translates that into a square wave at the same frequency for digital electronics applications (or, in using a CPU multiplier, some fixed multiple of the crystal reference frequency). The clock distribution network inside the CPU carries that clock signal to all the parts that need it. An A/D Converter has a "clock" pin driven by a similar system to set the sampling rate. With any particular CPU, replacing the crystal with another crystal that oscillates at half the frequency ("underclocking") will generally make the CPU run at half the performance and reduce waste heat produced by the CPU. Conversely, some people try to increase performance of a CPU by replacing the oscillator crystal with a higher frequency crystal ("overclocking"). However, the amount of overclocking is limited by the time for the CPU to settle after each pulse, and by the extra heat created.


title: Clock rate

text: After each clock pulse, the signal lines inside the CPU need time to settle to their new state. That is, every signal line must finish transitioning from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0. If the next clock pulse comes before that, the results will be incorrect. In the process of transitioning, some energy is wasted as heat (mostly inside the driving transistors). When executing complicated instructions that cause many transitions, the higher the clock rate the more heat produced. Transistors may be damaged by excessive heat.


title: Clock rate

text: The first fully mechanical analog computer, the Z1 operated clock frequency at 1 Hz (cycle per second) clock frequency and the first electromechanical general purpose computer, the Z3, operated at a frequency of about 5–10 Hz. The first electronic general purpose computer, the ENIAC, used a 100 kHz clock in its cycling unit. As each instruction took 20 cycles, it had an instruction rate of 5 kHz.


title: Clock rate

text: The first commercial PC, the Altair 8800 (by MITS), used an Intel 8080 CPU with a clock rate of 2 MHz (2 million cycles per second). The original IBM PC (c. 1981) had a clock rate of 4.77 MHz (4,772,727 cycles per second).


title: Clock rate

text: In 1992, both Hewlett-Packard and Digital Equipment Corporation broke the difficult 100 MHz limit with RISC techniques in the PA-7100 and AXP 21064 DEC Alpha respectively. In 1995, Intel's P5 Pentium chip ran at 100 MHz (100 million cycles per second). On March 6, 2000, AMD demonstrated passing the 1 GHz milestone a few days ahead of Intel shipping 1 GHz in systems. In 2002, an Intel Pentium 4 model was introduced as the first CPU with a clock rate of 3 GHz (three billion cycles per second corresponding to ~ 0.33 nanoseconds per cycle). Since then, the clock rate of production processors has increased much more slowly, with performance improvements coming from other design changes.


title: Clock rate

text: Set in 2011, the Guinness World Record for the highest CPU clock rate is 8.42938 GHz with an overclocked AMD FX-8150 Bulldozer-based chip in an LHe/LN2 cryobath, 5 GHz on air. This is surpassed by the CPU-Z overclocking record for the highest CPU clock rate at 8.79433 GHz with an AMD FX-8350 Piledriver-based chip bathed in LN2, achieved in November 2012. It is also surpassed by the slightly slower AMD FX-8370 overclocked to 8.72 GHz which tops of the HWBOT frequency rankings.


title: Clock rate

text: The highest base clock rate on a production processor is the IBM zEC12, clocked at 5.5 GHz, which was released in August 2012.


title: Clock rate

text: Engineers continue to find new ways to design CPUs that settle a little more quickly or use slightly less energy per transition, pushing back those limits, producing new CPUs that can run at slightly higher clock rates. The ultimate limits to energy per transition are explored in reversible computing.


title: Clock rate

text: The first fully reversible CPU, the Pendulum, was implemented using standard CMOS transistors in the late 1990s at MIT.


title: Clock rate

text: Engineers also continue to find new ways to design CPUs so that they complete more instructions per clock cycle, thus achieving a lower CPI (cycles or clock cycles per instruction) count, although they may run at the same or a lower clock rate as older CPUs. This is achieved through architectural techniques such as instruction pipelining and out-of-order execution which attempts to exploit instruction level parallelism in the code.


title: Clock rate

text: IBM is working on a 100 GHz CPU. In 2010, IBM demonstrated a graphene based transistor that can execute 100 billion cycles per second.


title: Clock rate

text: The clock rate of a CPU is most useful for providing comparisons between CPUs in the same family. The clock rate is only one of several factors that can influence performance when comparing processors in different families. For example, an IBM PC with an Intel 80486 CPU running at 50 MHz will be about twice as fast (internally only) as one with the same CPU and memory running at 25 MHz, while the same will not be true for MIPS R4000 running at the same clock rate as the two are different processors that implement different architectures and microarchitectures. Further, a "cumulative clock rate" measure is sometimes assumed by taking the total cores and multiplying by the total clock rate (e.g. dual core 2.8 GHz being considered processor cumulative 5.6 GHz). There are many other factors to consider when comparing the performance of CPUs, like the width of the CPU's data bus, the latency of the memory, and the cache architecture.


title: Clock rate

text: The clock rate alone is generally considered to be an inaccurate measure of performance when comparing different CPUs families. Software benchmarks are more useful. Clock rates can sometimes be misleading since the amount of work different CPUs can do in one cycle varies. For example, superscalar processors can execute more than one instruction per cycle (on average), yet it is not uncommon for them to do "less" in a clock cycle. In addition, subscalar CPUs or use of parallelism can also affect the performance of the computer regardless of clock rate.


title: Tarlac

text: Tarlac, officially the Province of Tarlac (; ; ; ; ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Tarlac. It is bounded on the north by the province of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija on the east, Zambales on the west and Pampanga in the south. The province comprises three congressional districts and is subdivided into 17 municipalities and one city, Tarlac City, which is the provincial capital.


title: Tarlac

text: The province is situated in the heartland of Luzon, in what is known as the Central Plain also spanning the neighbouring provinces of Pampanga, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija and Bulacan. Tarlac covers a total land area of .


title: Tarlac

text: Early in history, what came to be known as Valenzuela Ranch today was once a thickly-forested area, peopled by roving tribes of nomadic Aetas who are said to be the aboriginal settlers of the Philippines, and for a lengthy period, it was the remaining hinterland of Luzon's Central Plains. Today, Tarlac is the most multi-cultural of the provinces in the region for having a mixture of four distinct ethnic groups: the Kapampangans, the Pangasinans, the Ilocanos and the Tagalogs. It is also known for its fine food and vast sugar and rice plantations in Central Luzon.


title: Tarlac

text: Tarlac's name is a Hispanized derivation from a "talahib" weed called "Malatarlak", a Pangasinan term. Tarlac was originally divided into two parts: the southern division belonging to Pampanga and the northern division belonging to Pangasinan. It was the last province in Central Luzon to be organized under the Spanish colonial administration in 1874. Its nucleus were the towns of Concepcion, Capas, Bamban, Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac, Floridablanca, Victoria, and Tarlac which constituted a military comandancia. Some of these municipalities were returned to Pampanga but the rest were incorporated into the new province of Tarlac.


title: Tarlac

text: Unlike other provinces in Central Luzon, Tarlac was relatively free from revolts during the Spanish regime before the late 1800s rose. Only the rebellion started by Juan de la Cruz Palaris in Pangasinan spread to the northern portion of Tarlac.


title: Tarlac

text: During the Philippine Revolution of 1896, Tarlac was among the first eight provinces to rise against Spain, alongside neighbouring Pampanga. It became the new seat of the first Philippine Republic in March 1899 when General Emilio Aguinaldo abandoned the former capital, Malolos, Bulacan. This lasted only for a month before the seat was moved to Nueva Ecija in Aguinaldo's attempt to elude the pursuing Americans.


title: Tarlac

text: On October 23, 1899, Gregorio Aglipay, military vicar general of the revolutionary forces, called the Filipino clergy to a conference in Paniqui. There, they drafted the constitution of the Philippine Independent Church. They called for the Filipinization of the clergy, which eventually led to a separation from the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines.


title: Tarlac

text: Tarlac was captured by American forces in November 1899. A civil government was established in the province in 1901.


title: Tarlac

text: During World War II, Camp O'Donnell in Capas became the terminal point of the infamous Bataan Death March of Filipino and American soldiers who surrendered at Bataan on April 9, 1942. Many prisoners died of hunger, disease and/or execution. The general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was established from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the 3rd Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was founding again from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, and military stationed in the province of Tarlac and some parts in Central Luzon due to Japanese Occupation. Local troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army units has sending the clearing military operations in the province of Tarlac and Central Luzon from 1942 to 1945 and aided them by the recognized guerrilla groups including Hukbalahap Communist fighters and attacking Japanese Imperial forces. But in the aftermath, some local guerrilla resistance fighters and Hukbahalap groups are became retreating Imperial Japanese troops around the province and before the liberation from the Allied forces.


title: Tarlac

text: In early 1945, combined American and Filipino military forces with the recognized Aringay Command guerrillas liberated Camp O'Donnell. The raid in Capas resulted in the rescue of American, Filipino and other allied Prisoners of War.


title: Tarlac

text: From January 20, 1945, to August 15, 1945, Tarlac was recaptured by combined Filipino and American troops together with the recognized guerrilla fighters against the Japanese Imperial forces during the liberation and beginning for the Battle of Tarlac under the Luzon Campaign.


title: Tarlac

text: Recently, the Philippine Army has used Crow Valley in the borders of Barangay Patling and Santa Lucia in Capas, Tarlac as a testing ground for both Philippine forces and allies. Many of the Philippine military testings were done on March 17, 2006 most likely as a part of Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines.


title: Tarlac

text: The landlocked province is situated at the center of the central plains of Luzon, landlocked by four provinces: Pampanga on the south, Nueva Ecija on the east, Pangasinan on the north, and Zambales on the west. The province covers a total area of . Approximately 75% of the province is plains while the rest is hilly to slightly mountainous.


title: Tarlac

text: Eastern Tarlac is a plain, while Western Tarlac is hilly to slightly mountainous. Because of this, the province includes a large portion of mountains like Mt. Telakawa (Straw Hat Mountain), located at Capas, Tarlac. Mt. Bueno, Mt. Mor-Asia and Mt. Canouman are also located in Capas as well as Mt. Dalin. The other mountains are Mt. Dueg and Mt. Maasin, found in the municipality of San Clemente. Also noted are Mt. Damas of Camiling. A portion of Mount Pinatubo (whose summit crater rests in neighbouring Zambales) also rests in Bamban and Capas. The whole of Mayantoc and San Jose are mountainous so it is suitable for the highest natural resources and forest products in the province such as coal, iron, copper, temperate-climate fruits and vegetables, fire logs, sand, rocks and forest animals such as wild boar and deer. The main water sources for agriculture include the Tarlac River at Tarlac City, the Lucong and Parua rivers in Concepcion, Sacobia-Bamban River in Bamban and the Rio Chico in La Paz.


title: Tarlac

text: Tarlac is subdivided into 17 municipalities and 1 component city, all encompassed by three congressional districts. There are a total of 511 barangays comprising the province.


title: Tarlac

text: The 17 municipalities and 1 city of the province comprise a total of 511 barangays, with "Cristo Rey" in Capas as the most populous in 2010, and "Malonzo" in Bamban as the least.


title: Tarlac

text: Like the rest of Central Luzon, the province has three distinct seasons: summer from March to June, monsoon rain from July to early October, and monsoon winter from late October to February. Summer months, especially during May bring frequent, sometimes severe, thunderstorms with high winds, thunder, and hail. It is the coldest province in the region, with a yearly average of . Cold snap is not common, which gradually receives unusual average temperature of , while maximum daytime peaks . It is also the windiest province in the region during February and March due to its widely lowland altitude and extreme climate transition. The lowest temperature ever recorded is and the highest temperature at .


title: Tarlac

text: There are two predominant ethnic groups in the province: the Kapampangans that mainly predominate the province's southern portion and the Pangasinans that mainly predominate the province's northern portion. Both ethno-linguistic groups intermingle together in the provincial capital. The Tagalogs and Ilocanos constitute the rest of the provincial populace; Tagalogs arrived from Nueva Ecija and Bulacan, others from Zambales and Bataan.


title: Tarlac

text: Kapampangan and Pangasinan are mainly used throughout the entire province, as well as Ilocano and Tagalog. Ilocanos and Tagalogs however, speak their respective languages with a Kapampangan/Pangasinan accent, as descendants of Ilocanos and Tagalogs from the first generations who lived in the province learned Kapampangan and/or Pangasinan. As Tarlac is part of Central Luzon, Tagalog/Filipino is spoken as "lingua franca" between different languages. English is widely spoken and understood as well, especially in professional and educational establishments.


title: Tarlac

text: Spanish influence is very visible in the province as shown by religious adherence. Roman Catholicism is professed by 80%-83% of the population. Protestant groups are also present such as evangelicals forming 8% of the province population. The St. Michael Archangel Parish Church in Camiling was the oldest religious structure in the entire province until it was burned in 1997.


title: Tarlac

text: The economy of Tarlac is predominantly agricultural. It is among the biggest producers of rice and sugarcane (the principal crops) in Central Luzon. Other major crops are corn and coconuts, fruits (bananas, calamansi and mangoes) and vegetables (eggplants, garlic and onions).


title: Tarlac

text: Because the province is landlocked, its fish production is limited to fishpens, but it has vast river systems and irrigation. On the Zambales boundary to its west, forest land provides timber for the logging industry. Mineral reserves such as manganese and iron can also be found along the western section.


title: Tarlac

text: Tarlac has its own rice and corn mills, sawmills and logging outfits. It has three sugar-refining centrals and hosts many sugar products in Central Luzon, especially the Muscovado sugar of the municipality of Victoria. Other firms service agricultural needs such as fertilizers. Among its cottage industries, ceramics has become available because of the abundant supply of clay. Some of the major industries here involve making chicharon (pork skin chips) and iniruban in the municipality of Camiling and Ilang-Ilang products of Anao. Tilapia production is also improving in Tarlac, with an aim to make the province the second ""Tilapia Capital of Central Luzon"" after its mother province, Pampanga.


title: Tarlac

text: The province of Tarlac is composed of many religious groups, but it is predominantly Roman Catholic (79.55%).


title: Tarlac

text: According to 2010 Census, other prominent Christian groups include the Iglesia ni Cristo (7.43%), Aglipayan Church (2.24%), Evangelicals (1.97%), Jehovah’s Witness (0.64%) and many others.


title: Tarlac

text: "Belenismo sa Tarlac" was launched by Isabel Cojuangco-Suntay, sister of former Ambassador Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., to transform the province into the "Belén Capital of the Philippines". The Belen Festival began in September 2007, with the first Belen-making workshop conducted on December 16, 2007. Organizers have intended the festival to become an annual event in the province. Senator Loren Legarda led the awarding of the first Belen-making competition where Tarlac PNP Office Belen, built by at least 24 policemen, won the first prize.


title: Tarlac

text: Belenismo in Spanish means the art of making Belén, a representation of the Nativity scene in which the Holy Family (Joseph, Mary and the infant Jesus) is visited by the three wise men who came to the manger through the guidance of a star.


title: Tarlac

text: It is a festivity that is yearly celebrated in the town of Camiling during the last week of October. It is intended as a preparation for All Saints' Day and a Thanksgiving Celebration for the good harvest and for the good quality of meat products especially the "chicharon" or Bagnet. It also features the exotic and delicious rice cake "Iniruban", as called by Ilocanos. The festival's highlights are the street dancing competition, Miss Iniruban beauty pageant, and the municipality's agri-trade. It is the oldest cultural celebration in the province introduced in 2000.


title: Tarlac

text: The highest seat of political power of the province is located on a hill in Barangay San Vicente, Tarlac City. The present structure was finished in 1909. During the Japanese occupation, the provincial capitol was vacated and used as the provincial headquarters of the Imperial Army. The capitol suffered great damages during the Second World War, but afterwards, in 1946, the United States of America helped rebuild and improve its structure. Because of its historical background, the picture of the capitol façade appeared in the previous version of the 500 peso bill.


title: Michael Cassidy (actor)

text: Michael Cassidy (born March 20, 1983) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his role as Zach Stevens on "The O.C." and as Tyler Mitchell on the TBS comedy "Men at Work". He portrayed Jonathan Walsh on comedy "People of Earth "from the show's start in 2016 until its 2018 cancellation.


title: Michael Cassidy (actor)

text: Cassidy was born in Portland, Oregon. He graduated from La Salle High School in Milwaukie, Oregon, in 2001, and graduated from the Two-Year Conservatory program at The New Actors Workshop in New York City in 2003.


title: Michael Cassidy (actor)

text: Cassidy is perhaps best known for his role as Zach Stevens throughout the second season of the television series "The O.C."; his character had an on-again/off-again relationship with Summer Roberts. Cassidy also has a role in the movie "Zoom".


title: Michael Cassidy (actor)

text: Cassidy joined the cast of "Smallville", a television show based on the DC Comics' superhero Superman, in the series' seventh season, starring as the new editor of the Daily Planet, Grant Gabriel, a love interest of Lois Lane. In truth, he was Julian Luthor, the cloned and aged brother of Lex. In the episode "Persona," Cassidy's character was shot dead, marking the end of his character's saga. Cassidy later returned to the Superman franchise portraying Jimmy Olsen in the 2016 film "".


title: Michael Cassidy (actor)

text: He played Charlie Hogan, the best friend of Megan Smith (JoAnna Garcia) in the first fourteen episodes of the television show "Privileged".


title: Michael Cassidy (actor)

text: On February 27, 2015, Cassidy had joined NBC workplace comedy pilot, "Not Safe for Work", however, the pilot was passed on.


title: Michael Cassidy (actor)

text: Cassidy joined TBS pilot "People of Earth" opposite Wyatt Cenac. It was picked up for series on January 7, 2016. Cassidy played the charismatic and successful Jonathan Walsh, CEO of Walsh Media.


title: Michael Cassidy (actor)

text: In August 2006, Cassidy married girlfriend Laura Eichhorn, whom he met in high school. They have three children.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: Henrik Fisker (born 10 August 1963) is a Danish automotive designer and entrepreneur based in Los Angeles, California. He is best known for designing luxury cars including the BMW Z8, Aston Martin DB9, Aston Martin V8 Vantage, Fisker Karma, Galpin-Fisker Mustang Rocket, VLF Force 1 V10, VLF Destino V8, Fisker EMotion, Fisker Ocean, and Fisker Orbit. He also designed the Viking motorcycle and Benetti Fisker 50 superyacht, and is involved in the design of flexible solid-state battery technology. He is the founder of HF Design, co-founded VLF Automotive, founder and former CEO of Fisker Coachbuild, founder of Fisker Automotive, where he served as chairman and CEO until March 2013, and currently is the founder, chairman, and CEO of Fisker Inc.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: Fisker was born in Allerød, Denmark. As a young boy he became interested in cars after seeing a Maserati Bora on the highway, and soon started sketching designs in notebooks. He graduated with a degree in transportation design from the Art Center College of Design in Vevey, Switzerland, in 1989.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In 1989, Fisker began working at BMW Technik, the company's advanced design studio in Munich. His first project there was the E1 electric concept car. From 1992 to 1997, he refined the Z07 concept car, which would become the BMW Z8 roadster, produced from 1999 to 2003. The car combined design elements from the company's past with a modern look, paying homage to the iconic BMW 507 (produced from 1956 to 1959). Fisker also worked on the design of BMW's first SUV, the original X5, and a mid-size luxury crossover introduced in 1999.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: From 1999 to 2001, Fisker was the president and chief executive officer of Designworks, a BMW industrial design studio headquartered in Newbury Park, California.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: Fisker left BMW for the Ford Motor Company in 2001, where he served as design director at Aston Martin. He was in charge of the production design of the Aston Martin DB9 (in production from 2004 to 2016), bringing in elements from the history of Aston Martin cars. The DB9 was available as both a coupe and a convertible. Fisker also designed the Aston Martin V8 Vantage (in production from 2005 to the present). It was named the coolest car of the year and the best sounding car of the year by "Top Gear" in 2005. The Vantage is the best selling Aston Martin of all time. The extent of Fisker's involvement in designing both the DB9 and V8 Vantage has been disputed, however, with former director of design at Aston Martin Ian Callum saying the two cars were largely designed under his watch before Fisker joined the company.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: From September 2001 to August 2003, Fisker was creative director of Ingeni, Ford's London-based design and creativity center. In August 2003, he became the director of Ford's Global Advanced Design Studio in Irvine, California, where the Ford Shelby GR-1 was designed. In 2005, Fisker left Aston Martin and the Ford Motor Company.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In 2005, Fisker teamed up with Bernhard Koehler, a colleague from his days at BMW and Aston Martin, to start a new luxury car custom design firm, Fisker Coachbuild, based in Orange County, California. Coach-built (or custom-built) one-of-a-kind cars were extremely rare after the 1950s, primarily due to the difficulty and costliness created by strict Federal safety and pollution rules. With Fisker Coachbuild, Fisker planned a modern version of coachbuilding, dealing in runs of 150 cars. The company's first car was the Fisker Tramonto, a roadster with a re-bodied Mercedes-Benz SL55 AMG, with a longer hood line and slimmer rear. The company's second car was the Fisker Latigo CS, with a re-bodied BMW 645Ci coupe. Fewer than 15 of the vehicles were ever built.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In 2007, Tesla Motors hired Fisker to perform initial design work on the Tesla Model S electric sedan, which was introduced in 2012. That year, he also designed the body of the Artega GT two-door sports car, Artega Automobile's first model, which was produced between 2009 and 2012. It spawned the 2011 Artega SE, an electric sports car with an identical body.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In August 2007, Fisker and Quantum Technologies teamed up to launch the luxury electric car startup Fisker Automotive in Anaheim, California. The first car to be produced by Fisker Automotive was the Fisker Karma, a luxury plug-in hybrid sports sedan that was unveiled in a preproduction version in January 2008 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. At the auto show the following year, Fisker Automotive displayed the production version of the Karma. Fisker noted that the Karma would be the only car able to drive 50 miles on electric-only, and then proceed to drive as a regular car. At the 2009 auto show, Fisker also unveiled the company's second model, the Karma Sunset, a two-door retractable-hardtop convertible based on the regular Karma. It was designed as the world's first plug-in hybrid convertible, and Fisker Automotive's first roadster. The Fisker Surf, unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show, was designed as a four-door plug-in hybrid hatchback, a roomier version of the Fisker Karma. Like the Karma, it was able to operate in an energy-saving mode. Neither the Sunset or Surf have been produced.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In 2008, Fisker raised over $90 million from investors including venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and actor Leonardo DiCaprio. In September 2009, Fisker Automotive was awarded a $528 million loan guarantee by the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The automaker was one of four recipients of the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, to encourage the domestic manufacture of electric cars. The funds were to be used to develop the Karma, as well as an affordable family-size plug-in hybrid car. The loan facility was frozen at $192 million in February 2012, after the DOE claimed that Fisker missed its milestones. According to the DOE, the government recouped a total of approximately $53 million ($28 million from the company plus $25 million from the sale of the loan to Hybrid Technology, months before assets of Fisker Automotive were sold to Wanxiang for $149.2 million). In total, Fisker Automotive raised $1.2 billion in public and private funds.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: Fisker resigned as chairman from Fisker Automotive in March 2013, because of disagreements with management about business strategy. Later that year, the company declared voluntary bankruptcy. Assets of Fisker Automotive were sold at a bankruptcy auction in 2014 to Chinese automotive parts firm Wanxiang for $149.2 million. In September 2015, Fisker Automotive was renamed Karma Automotive. The Fisker Karma was renamed the Karma Revero in 2016. Fisker is not affiliated with Karma Automotive or its parent company Wanxiang.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In 2013, Fisker formed HF Design & Technology, a Los Angeles-based design house. That year, HF Design entered into a partnership with Lauge Jensen Motorcycles (owned by Lego heir Anders Kirk Johansen) to design a high-volume motorcycle. The design was completed in 2014.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In November 2014, Fisker made his return to car manufacturing with the Galpin-Fisker Mustang Rocket, a coachbuilt custom-bodied Mustang, fitted with a 725-horsepower V8 engine. It has a top speed of 200 mph and goes from 0 to 60 mph in 3.5 seconds. A collaboration between HF Design and Galpin Auto Sports (the largest Ford dealer in the US), the car debuted at the 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show. In 2017, it was renamed the VLF Rocket V8, reflecting the fact that it would be manufactured by Fisker's company VLF Automotive.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In 2015, Fisker's HF Design teamed with Benetti Yachts to create a series of superyachts named the Benetti Fisker 50, based on Fisker's exterior and interior designs, with the hull to be built of carbon fiber, using reclaimed wood and integrated solar panels, and onboard amenities to include a beach club, spa, bars, a pool and sunbathing areas on multiple decks. In April 2016, Fisker revealed a fuller view of the $37 million 50-meter (164-foot) superyacht designed in California and scheduled for production in Livorno, Italy. It has yet to be produced as of 2022.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In January 2016, Fisker formed VLF Automotive with manufacturer and former Boeing executive Gilbert Villarreal, and auto engineer and former General Motors executive Bob Lutz, to manufacture small-run handcrafted luxury cars. Based in Auburn Hills, Michigan, VLF is the successor to VL Automotive, which was launched in 2013 and led by Villarreal and Lutz. VLF unveiled the Force 1 V10 American supercar at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit on 12 January 2016. Fisker collaborated with Tudor Championship racing driver Ben Keating on the car, a re-engineered Dodge Viper SRT chassis with a new Fisker-designed body. Production began at VLF's Auburn Hills manufacturing facility in August 2016, with approximately 50 of the hand-built two-seaters scheduled to be manufactured. Fisker designed the F1 V10 Roadster, which has an all carbon fiber exterior and comes with a 745-horsepower V10 engine. According to VLF, it can reach a top speed of 210 mph and go from 0 to 60 mph in under 3 seconds. It debuted at the Shanghai Auto Show in April 2017.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In July 2016, Fisker expressed interest in designing a fully connected electric car with autonomous driving features and an aesthetically pleasing look. On 3 October 2016, Henrik Fisker launched Fisker Inc. The company's first vehicle, named the Fisker EMotion, is an all-electric sedan. Fisker Inc's long-range electric vehicles are targeting a minimum range of 400 miles per charge, which would be a far longer range than any electric vehicle to date. However, this date has been pushed back until at least 2024 for production of the EMotion. The car will be equipped with a solid-state battery being developed by Fisker Inc. (delayed until 2025).


title: Henrik Fisker

text: In September 2018, Fisker announced the development of Fisker Inc.'s mass-market all-electric SUV. In 2017, Fisker Inc. announced that it had filed patents on flexible solid-state battery designs. A prototype of the battery debuted at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2018. In October 2018, Fisker announced new funding for battery development through Caterpillar Venture Capital. The solid-state batteries are intended to deliver longer vehicle range and faster charging times. In 2018, Fisker was named to the board of directors of First Cobalt, a North American cobalt refinery that produces battery materials.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: On July 8, 2020, Fisker announced the completion of a $50 million Series C financing round funded by Moore Strategic Ventures, the private investment arm of Louis Bacon. On July 13, 2020, Fisker announced that Fisker Inc. would offer an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange through a merger with special-purpose acquisition company Spartan Energy Acquisition Corp., which is backed by private equity firm Apollo Global Management. The deal values Fisker Inc at US$2.9 billion, with an IPO share price of $10. On October 30, 2020, Fisker Inc. officially closed its merger with Spartan Energy Acquisition Corp. The company is now publicly listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker (NYSE:FSR). Henrik Fisker will continue to serve as the CEO and Chairman of the merged company. On June 28, 2021, Fisker stock was added to the Russell 3000 Index.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: On 14 April 2008, Tesla Motors filed a lawsuit against Fisker Coachbuild, Fisker and Koehler, contending that they had fraudulently agreed to a design contract in 2007 only to gain access to confidential information, before announcing a competing vehicle, the Fisker Karma. Both the Tesla and Fisker vehicles in question were designed as serial hybrid cars, with a gas engine powering a generator that charges a battery to power the electric motor, and both were initially planned for delivery in 2010. The lawsuit sought to prevent Fisker from using Tesla design documents, along with a return of the money from the Tesla contract, plus punitive damages. Fisker filed for arbitration in May 2008. An arbitrator ruled in their favor in November 2008, finding "overwhelming" evidence showing that Fisker did not do anything wrong. Subsequently, Tesla was ordered to pay $1.14 million in legal fees and costs to Fisker.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: Following his resignation from Fisker Automotive in March 2013, Fisker voluntarily testified on 24 April 2013, at a congressional hearing led by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee on the Department of Energy's $192 million disbursement to Fisker Automotive through the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program. Fisker Automotive had failed earlier that week to meet the deadline for repayment on the loan, which was originally approved as a $529 million loan guarantee.


title: Henrik Fisker

text: On 4 January 2016, Fisker filed a suit against Aston Martin and three of its executives for $100 million in damages for civil extortion, claiming that his former employer was trying to prevent him from unveiling his new luxury sports car hybrid, the VLF Force 1 V10, at the 2016 North American International Auto Show. The complaint claimed that after Fisker released a single pen-on-paper sketch of the Force 1 in December 2015, he received a letter from Aston Martin claiming the design was too similar to their DB10 and demanding that he either change the design or not display the car at the auto show. Aston Martin had previously sued Fisker in 2015 over his car design for the Thunderbolt. That case was settled after Fisker agreed not to move forward with the vehicle. Following the January 2016 auto show debut of the Force 1, it was clear that the vehicle was not similar to the DB10. Aston Martin subsequently stopped threatening to interfere with the development of the Force 1, and the matter was resolved in April 2016.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau of Bavaria (or Isabelle; also Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; c. 1370 – September 1435) was Queen of France from 1385 to 1422. She was born into the House of Wittelsbach as the only daughter of Duke Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Taddea Visconti of Milan. At age 15 or 16, Isabeau was sent to France to marry the young King Charles VI; the couple wed three days after their first meeting.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau was honored in 1389 with a lavish coronation ceremony and entry into Paris. In 1392, Charles suffered the first attack of what was to become a lifelong and progressive mental illness, resulting in periodic withdrawal from government. The episodes occurred with increasing frequency, leaving a court both divided by political factions and steeped in social extravagances. A 1393 masque for one of Isabeau's ladies-in-waiting—an event later known as "Bal des Ardents"—ended in disaster with the King almost burning to death. Although the King demanded Isabeau's removal from his presence during his illness, he consistently allowed her to act on his behalf. In this way she became regent to the Dauphin of France (heir apparent), and sat on the regency council, allowing far more power than was usual for a medieval queen.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Charles' illness created a power vacuum that eventually led to the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War between supporters of his brother, Duke Louis I of Orléans, and the royal dukes of Burgundy. Isabeau shifted allegiances as she chose the most favorable paths for the heir to the throne. When she followed the Armagnacs, the Burgundians accused her of adultery with Louis of Orléans; when she sided with the Burgundians, the Armagnacs removed her from Paris and she was imprisoned. In 1407, John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, assassinated Orléans, sparking hostilities between the factions. The war ended soon after Isabeau's eldest son, Charles, had John the Fearless assassinated in 1419—an act that saw him disinherited. Isabeau attended the 1420 signing of the Treaty of Troyes, which decided that the English king should inherit the French crown after the death of her husband, Charles VI. She lived in English-occupied Paris until her death in 1435.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau was popularly seen as a spendthrift and irresponsible philanderess. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries historians re-examined the extensive chronicles of her lifetime, concluding that many unflattering elements of her reputation were unearned and stemmed from factionalism and propaganda.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau's parents were Duke Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Taddea Visconti, whom he married for a 100,000 ducat dowry. She was most likely born in Munich, where she was baptized as Elisabeth at the Church of Our Lady. She was great-granddaughter to the Wittelsbach Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV. During this period, Bavaria was counted among the most powerful German states and was divided between members of the House of Wittelsbach.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau's uncle, Duke Frederick of Bavaria-Landshut, suggested in 1383 that she be considered as a bride to King Charles VI of France. The match was proposed again at the lavish Burgundian double wedding in Cambrai in April 1385—John the Fearless and his sister Margaret of Burgundy married Margaret and William of Bavaria-Straubing, respectively. Charles, then 17, rode in the tourneys at the wedding. He was an attractive, physically fit young man, who enjoyed jousting and hunting and was excited to be married.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Charles VI's uncle, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, thought the proposed marriage ideal to build an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and against the English. Isabeau's father agreed reluctantly and sent her to France with his brother, her uncle, on the pretext of taking a pilgrimage to Amiens. He was adamant that she was not to know she was being sent to France to be examined as a prospective bride for Charles and refused permission for her to be examined in the nude, customary at the time. According to the contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart, Isabeau was 13 or 14 when the match was proposed and about 16 at the time of the marriage in 1385, suggesting a birth date of around 1370.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Before her presentation to Charles, Isabeau visited Hainaut for about a month, staying with her granduncle Duke Albert I, Count of Holland and ruler of some of Bavaria-Straubing. Albert's wife, Margaret of Brieg, replaced Isabeau's Bavarian style of dress, deemed unsuitable as French courtly attire, and taught her etiquette suitable to the French court. She learned quickly, suggestive of an intelligent and quick-witted character. On 13 July 1385, she traveled to Amiens to be presented to Charles.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Froissart writes of the meeting in his "Chronicles", saying that Isabeau stood motionless while being inspected, exhibiting perfect behavior by the standards of her time. Arrangements were made for the two to be married in Arras, but on the first meeting Charles felt "happiness and love enter his heart, for he saw that she was beautiful and young, and thus he greatly desired to gaze at her and possess her". She did not yet speak French and may not have reflected the idealized beauty of the period, perhaps inheriting her mother's dark Italian features, then unfashionable, but Charles most certainly approved of her because the couple were married three days later. Froissart documented the royal wedding, joking about the lascivious guests at the feast and the "hot young couple".


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Charles seemingly loved his young wife, lavishing gifts on her. On the occasion of their first New Year in 1386, he gave her a red velvet palfrey saddle, trimmed with copper and decorated with an intertwined K and E (for "Karol and Elisabeth"), and he continued to give her gifts of rings, tableware and clothing. The uncles too, apparently, were pleased with the match, which contemporary chroniclers, notably Froissart and Michel Pintoin (the Monk of St. Denis), describe similarly as a match rooted in desire and based on her beauty. The day after the wedding, Charles went on a military campaign against the English, and Isabeau went to Creil to live with his step great-grandmother Queen Dowager Blanche, who taught her courtly traditions. In September she took up residence at the Château de Vincennes, where in the early years of their marriage Charles frequently joined her, and which became her favorite home.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau's coronation was celebrated on 23 August 1389 with a lavish ceremonial entry into Paris. Her second cousin and sister-in-law Valentina Visconti, who had married her own cousin Louis of Orléans (Charles' younger brother) two years earlier by proxy and papal dispensation, arrived in style, escorted across the Alps from Milan by 1,300 knights carrying personal luxuries such as books and a harp. The noblewomen in the coronation procession were dressed in lavish costumes with thread-of-gold embroidery, and rode in litters escorted by knights. Philip the Bold wore a doublet embroidered with 40 sheep and 40 swans, each decorated with a bell made of pearls.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: The procession lasted from morning to night. The streets were lined with tableaux vivants displaying scenes from the Crusades, Deësis and the Gates of Paradise. More than a thousand burghers stood along the route; those on one side were dressed in green facing, those on the opposite in red. The procession began at the Porte de St. Denis and passed under a canopy of sky-blue cloth beneath which children dressed as angels sang, winding into the Rue Saint-Denis before arriving at the Notre Dame for the coronation ceremony. As Tuchman describes the event, "So many wonders were to be seen and admired that it was evening before the procession crossed the bridge leading to Notre Dame and the climactic display."


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: As Isabeau crossed the Grand Pont to Notre Dame, a person dressed as an angel descended from the church by mechanical means and "passed through an opening of the hangings of blue taffeta with golden fleurs-des-lis, which covered the bridge, and put a crown on her head." The angel was then pulled back up into the church. An acrobat carrying two candles walked along a rope suspended from the spires of the cathedral to the tallest house in the city.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: After Isabeau's crowning, the procession made its way back from the cathedral along a route lit by 500 candles. They were greeted by a royal feast and a progression of narrative pageants, complete with a depiction of the Fall of Troy. Isabeau, seven months pregnant, nearly fainted from heat on the first of the five days of festivities. To pay for the extravagant event, taxes were raised in Paris two months later.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Charles suffered the first of what was to become a lifelong series of bouts of insanity in 1392 when, on a hot August day outside Le Mans, he attacked his household knights, including his brother Orléans, killing four men. After the attack he fell into a coma that lasted four days. Few believed he would recover; his uncles, the dukes of Burgundy and Berry, took advantage of his illness and quickly seized power, re-establishing themselves as regents and dissolving the Marmouset council.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: The King's sudden onset of insanity was seen by some as a sign of divine anger and punishment, and by others as the result of magic. Modern historians speculate that he may have suffered from the onset of paranoid schizophrenia. The comatose king was returned to Le Mans, where Guillaume de Harsigny—a venerated and well-educated 92-year-old physician—was summoned to treat him. Charles regained consciousness and his fever subsided; he was gradually returned to Paris in September.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: The physician recommended a program of amusements. A member of the court suggested that Charles surprise Isabeau and the other ladies by joining a group of courtiers who would disguise themselves as wild men and invade the masquerade celebrating the remarriage of Isabeau's lady-in-waiting, Catherine de Fastaverin. This came to be known as the "Bal des Ardents". Charles was almost killed and four of the dancers burned to death, when a spark from a torch brought by Orléans lit one of the dancer's costumes. The disaster undermined confidence in Charles' capacity to rule. Parisians considered it proof of courtly decadence and threatened to rebel against the more powerful members of the nobility. The public's outrage forced the King and Orléans, whom a contemporary chronicler accused of attempted regicide and sorcery, into offering penance for the event.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Charles suffered a second and more prolonged attack of insanity the following June; it removed him for about six months and set a pattern that would hold for the next three decades as his condition deteriorated. Froissart described the bouts of illness as so severe that the King was "far out of the way; no medicine could help him", although he had recovered from the first attack within months. For the first 20 years of his illness he sustained periods of lucidity, enough that he continued to rule. Suggestions were made to replace him with a regent, although there was uncertainty and debate as to whether a regency could assume the full role of a living monarch. When he was incapable of ruling, his brother Orléans, and their cousin John the Fearless, the new Duke of Burgundy, were chief among those who sought to take control of the government.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: When Charles became ill in the 1390s, Isabeau was 22; she had three children and had already lost two infants. During the worst of his illness Charles was unable to recognize her and caused her great distress by demanding her removal when she entered his chamber. The Monk of St Denis wrote in his chronicle, "What distressed her above all was to see how on all occasions ... the king repulsed her, whispering to his people, 'Who is this woman obstructing my view? Find out what she wants and stop her from annoying and bothering me. As his illness worsened at the turn of the century, she was accused of abandoning him, particularly when she moved her residence to the Hôtel Barbette. Historian Rachel Gibbons speculates that Isabeau wanted to distance herself from her husband and his illness, writing, "it would be unjust to blame her if she did not want to live with a madman."


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Since the King often did not recognize her during his psychotic episodes and was upset by her presence, it was eventually deemed advisable to provide him with a mistress, Odette de Champdivers, the daughter of a horse-dealer; according to Tuchman, Odette is said to have resembled Isabeau and was called "the little Queen". She had probably assumed this role by 1405 with Isabeau's consent, but during his remissions the King still had sexual relations with his wife, whose last pregnancy occurred in 1407. Records show that Isabeau was in the King's chamber on 23 November 1407, the night of Orléans' assassination, and again in 1408.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Charles' bouts of illness continued unabated until his death. The two may have still felt mutual affection, and Isabeau exchanged gifts and letters with him during his periods of lucidity, but distanced herself during the prolonged attacks of insanity. Historian Tracy Adams writes that Isabeau's attachment and loyalty is evident in the great efforts she made to retain the crown for his heirs in the ensuing decades.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau's life is well documented, most likely because Charles' illness placed her in an unusual position of power. Nevertheless, not much is known about her personal characteristics, and historians even disagree about her appearance. She is variously described as "small and brunette" or "tall and blonde". The contemporaneous evidence is contradictory: chroniclers said of her either that she was "beautiful and hypnotic, or so obese through dropsy that she was crippled." Despite living in France after her marriage, she spoke with a heavy German accent that never diminished, which Tuchman describes as giving her an "alien" cast at the French court.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Adams describes Isabeau as a talented diplomat who navigated court politics with ease, grace and charisma. Charles had been crowned in 1387, aged 20, attaining sole control of the monarchy. His first acts included the dismissal of his uncles and the reinstatement of the so-called Marmousets—a group of councilors to his father, Charles V—and he gave Orléans more responsibility. Some years later, after Charles' first attack of illness, tensions mounted between Orléans and the royal uncles—Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy; John, Duke of Berry; and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon. Forced to assume a greater role in maintaining peace amidst the growing power struggle, which was to persist for many years, Isabeau succeeded in her role as peacekeeper among the various court factions.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: As early as the late 1380s and early 1390s, Isabeau demonstrated that she possessed diplomatic influence when the Florentine delegation requested her political intervention in the Gian Galeazzo Visconti affair. Orléans and the Duke of Burgundy were in the pro-Visconti faction while the anti-Visconti faction included Isabeau, her brother, Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria, and John III, Count of Armagnac. At that time Isabeau lacked the political power to effect change. Some years later, however, at the 1396 wedding of her seven-year-old daughter, Isabella, to Richard II of England (an event at which Charles attacked a herald for wearing Galeazzo's livery), Isabeau successfully negotiated an alliance between France and Florence with Florentine ambassador Buonaccorso Pitti.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In the 1390s Jean Gerson of the University of Paris formed a council to eliminate the Western Schism, and in recognition of her negotiating skills he placed Isabeau on the council. The French wanted both the Avignon and Roman popes to abdicate in favor of a single papacy in Rome; Clement VII in Avignon welcomed Isabeau's presence given her record as an effective mediator. However, the effort faded when Clement VII died.