title: Nina Kraviz

text: She took part in writing the music for the 2020 game "Cyberpunk 2077". She also voiced her cameo in the game itself, in Russian and English versions. In 2021 Nina Kraviz, along with other artists like Ben Sims, Oscar Mulero, and Marcel Dettmann participated in PX099: 100 Years Of Colombia: a techno compilation with tracks from the artists on the scene with the intention of raising awareness about Colombia’s social unrest.


title: Nina Kraviz

text: At the onset of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Kraviz posted a video of herself writing "PEACE!" in Russian on her Instagram page. The World Socialist Web Site wrote that Kraviz was banned from three world music festivals because she "has not been sufficiently vocal about opposing" the Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Butterfinger

text: Butterfinger is a candy bar manufactured by the Ferrero SpA, a subsidiary of Ferrero. It consists of a layered crisp peanut butter core covered in a chocolatey coating. Invented by Otto Schnering of the Curtiss Candy Company in 1923, the name of the candy was chosen by a popularity contest. In its early years, it was promoted by Shirley Temple in the 1934 film "Baby Take a Bow". Butterfinger was advertised by characters from an animated sketch series on Fox's "The Tracey Ullman Show" called "The Simpsons" beginning in 1988. The animated series became a smash hit for Fox, and its characters continued to represent the candy bar in commercial advertisements until 2001.


title: Butterfinger

text: Butterfingers were invented by Otto Schnering in 1923. Schnering had founded the Curtiss Candy Company near Chicago, Illinois, in 1922. The company held a public contest to choose the name of this candy. In an early marketing campaign, the company dropped Butterfinger and Baby Ruth candy bars from airplanes in cities across the United States as a publicity stunt that helped increase its popularity.


title: Butterfinger

text: In 1964, Standard Brands, Inc. purchased the Curtiss Candy Company. It then merged with Nabisco in 1981. RJR Nabisco was formed in 1985 by the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.


title: Butterfinger

text: In December 1988, RJR Nabisco was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. in what was, at the time, the largest leveraged buyout in history. In February 1990, Nestlé, a Swiss multinational food and beverage company, bought Baby Ruth and Butterfinger from RJR Nabisco. When measured by revenues, Nestlé is by far the largest food company in the world.


title: Butterfinger

text: Butterfinger was withdrawn from the market in Germany in 1999, because of consumer rejection when it was one of the first products to be identified as containing genetically modified ingredients (GMOs) from corn. Butterfinger sales ended after a successful campaign by Greenpeace pushed Nestlé to remove the product from German supermarkets.


title: Butterfinger

text: With sales in 2010 of $598 million, Butterfinger had become increasingly popular and was typically ranked as the eleventh most popular candy bar sold in the $17.68 billion United States chocolate confectionery market between 2007 and 2010.


title: Butterfinger

text: In January 2018, Nestlé announced plans to sell over twenty of its US confectionery brands (including Butterfinger) to Italian chocolatier Ferrero SpA, for $2.8 billion. The deal was finalized in March 2018, and the newly acquired brands were folded into the operations of the Ferrara Candy Company.


title: Butterfinger

text: Ferrero reformulated the Butterfinger in January 2019, with labels displaying "Improved Recipe". "Better" Butterfinger, as it is identified in advertising, uses larger runner peanuts in the bar's core that are roasted at the manufacturing plant. The new bar also uses a higher percentage of cocoa and milk in the chocolately coating and cuts ingredients such as the preservative TBHQ and hydrogenated oils.


title: Butterfinger

text: Representatives of the brand claimed that sales had "improved with the new recipe, specifically after posting a double-digit sales decline prior to the brand revamp." Some social media users have criticized the new recipe.


title: Butterfinger

text: Beginning in 1988, Butterfinger was advertised with "The Simpsons", including the advertisement "The Butterfinger Group", which notably featured the debut of "Simpsons" character Milhouse Van Houten. "The Simpsons" was immediately popular and boosted the candy's popularity. In 1992, the Simpsons began to appear in Butterfinger BB's commercials. The "Simpsons"-Butterfinger marketing was phased out by 2001 but brought back in 2010.


title: Butterfinger

text: Butterfinger campaigns include counting down the end of the world or BARmageddon, with evidence such as the first-ever, QR shaped crop circle in Kansas, a Butterfinger comedy-horror movie called “Butterfinger the 13th,” the first interactive digital graphic novel by a candy brand starring the Butterfinger Defense League, and several attention-grabbing April Fool's Day pranks, including the renaming of the candy bar to “The Finger.”


title: Butterfinger

text: On April 1, 2008, Nestlé launched an April Fool's Day prank in which they claimed that they had changed the name of the candy bar to "The Finger", citing consumer research that indicated that the original brand was "clumsy" and "awkward". The prank included a fake website promoting the change that featured a video press release. When the joke was revealed, the website redirected visitors to the fictitious "Butterfinger Comedy Network".


title: Butterfinger

text: In 2009, a new advertisement for Butterfinger was produced that appeared to be a homage to the earlier "The Simpsons" commercials. In February 2010, Butterfinger revived its "Nobody better lay a finger..." slogan as "Nobody's gonna lay a finger on my Butterfinger." A comedy horror film entitled "Butterfinger The 13th" was made to promote the product in October 2011.


title: Butterfinger

text: In April 2013, an official announcement via the Twitter account of "The Simpsons" stated that the "Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger" advertising campaign featuring Bart Simpson would be returning. In the opening sequence of "Treehouse of Horror XXVIII" (2017), the family appeared as candy in a bowl. Bart, a Butterfinger bar, tells his mother, Marge, a "Marge Bar", he is scared, and she comforts him by stating he's always the last to be taken.


title: Butterfinger

text: Butterfinger sponsored pro Freestyle Motocross rider Nate Adams as well as pro BMX rider Ryan Nyquist in 2003.


title: Butterfinger

text: A part of Edy's Fun Flavors line (branded as Dreyer's west of the Rocky Mountains and outside the United States). The product is vanilla ice cream with a peanut butter swirl and bits of the Butterfinger candy bar in it.


title: Butterfinger

text: Grocery store Kroger has a flavor in their "Jammed" line called Peanut Butter Candy Crunch that is a peanut-flavored frozen dairy dessert with Butterfinger chunks and a peanut butter swirl whose flavor resembles that of the Butterfinger candy bar.


title: Laetiporus

text: Laetiporus is a genus of edible mushrooms found throughout much of the world. Some species, especially "Laetiporus sulphureus", are commonly known as sulphur shelf, chicken of the woods, the chicken mushroom, or the chicken fungus because it is often described as tasting like and having a texture similar to that of chicken meat. The name "chicken of the woods" is not to be confused with another edible polypore, "Maitake" ("Grifola frondosa") known as "hen of the woods/rams head” or with "Lyophyllum decastes", known as the "fried chicken mushroom". The name "Laetiporus" means "with bright pores".


title: Laetiporus

text: Individual "shelves" range from across. These shelves are made up of many tiny tubular filaments (hyphae). The mushroom grows in large brackets – some have been found that weigh over 45 kg (100 pounds). It is most commonly found on wounds of trees, mostly oak, though it is also frequently found on eucalyptus, yew, sweet chestnut, and willow, as well as conifers in some species. "Laetiporus" species are parasitic and produce brown rot in the host on which they grow.


title: Laetiporus

text: Young fruiting bodies are characterized by a moist, rubbery, sulphur-yellow to orange body sometimes with bright orange tips. Older brackets become pale and brittle almost chalk-like, mildly pungent, and are often dotted with beetle or slug/woodlouse holes. Similar species include "Laetiporus gilbertsonii" (fluorescent pink, more amorphous) and "L. coniferica" (common in the western United States, especially on red fir trees). Edibility traits for the different species have not been well documented, although all are generally considered edible with caution.


title: Laetiporus

text: The sulphur shelf mushroom sometimes comes back year after year when the weather suits its sporulation preferences. From late spring to early autumn, the sulphur shelf thrives, making it a boon to mushroom hunters and a bane to those concerned about the health of their trees. This fungus causes a brown cubical rot and embrittlement which in later stages ends in the collapse of the host tree, as it can no longer flex and bend in the wind.


title: Laetiporus

text: Chicken of the woods is found growing on or at the base of dead or dying hardwood trees; most commonly on oak but also cherry or beech. It can also be found on dead conifer stumps. Chicken of the woods has been known to fruit on living trees as well. It typically grows from spring to early fall.


title: Laetiporus

text: Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA sequences from a variety of North American species have delineated five distinct clades within the core "Laetiporus" clade:


title: Laetiporus

text: In addition, phylogenetic clades have been identified from Japan, Hawaii, South America, Europe, and South Africa.


title: Laetiporus

text: The mushroom can be prepared in most ways that one can prepare chicken meat. It can also be used as a substitute for chicken in a vegetarian diet. Additionally, it can be frozen for long periods of time and retain its edibility. In certain parts of Germany and North America, it is considered a delicacy.


title: Laetiporus

text: In some cases eating the mushroom "causes mild reactions ... for example, "swollen lips" or in rare cases "nausea, vomiting, dizziness and disorientation" to those who are sensitive. This is believed to be due to a number of factors that include allergies to the mushroom's protein or toxins which are only somewhat stable at high temperatures. As such, many field guides request that those who eat "Laetiporus" exercise caution by only eating fresh, young brackets and begin with small quantities to see how well it sits in their stomach.


title: Laetiporus

text: "Laetiporus sulphureus" has a potent ability to inhibit staph bacteria ("Staphylococcus aureus"), as well as moderate ability to inhibit the growth of "Bacillus subtilis".


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: Sterlin Harjo (born November 14, 1979) is an American filmmaker. He has directed three feature films, a feature documentary, and the FX comedy series "Reservation Dogs", all of them set in his home state of Oklahoma and concerned primarily with Native American people and content.


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: Harjo, a citizen of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma who also has Muscogee heritage, was born and raised in Holdenville, Oklahoma. He attended the University of Oklahoma, where he studied art and film.


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: In 2004, he received a fellowship from the Sundance Institute. His short film “Goodnight, Irene” premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival and received a special jury award at the Aspen Shortsfest. In 2006, he received a fellowship from the newly formed organization United States Artists.


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: Harjo's first feature film, "Four Sheets to the Wind", tells the story of a young Seminole man who travels from his small home town to Tulsa to visit his sister after the death of their father. The film premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, where it was nominated for the grand jury prize. Harjo was named best director at the 2007 American Indian Film Festival. The film's co-star Tamara Podemski won a Sundance special jury prize for her performance in the picture, and she was later nominated for best supporting actress at the 2007 Independent Spirit Awards.


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: Harjo's second feature, "Barking Water", premiered at the 2009 Sundance festival. It portrays a road trip by a dying man and his former lover across Oklahoma to see his daughter and granddaughter in Wewoka, the capital of the Seminole Nation. "Barking Water" was named best drama film at the 2009 American Indian Film Festival.


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: Harjo's first feature documentary, "This May Be the Last Time", is based on the story of Harjo's grandfather, who disappeared in 1962 in the Seminole County town of Sasakwa. It explores the subject of Creek Nation hymns and their connection to Scottish folk, gospel and rock music. The film premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and its distribution rights were subsequently acquired by AMC/Sundance Channel Global for the Sundance Channel. His third feature film, "Mekko", a thriller set in Tulsa, premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival in June 2015.


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: Harjo has also directed a number of short-form projects. His 2009 short film "Cepanvkuce Tutcenen" ("Three Little Boys") was part of the Embargo Collective project commissioned by the imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival. He has directed a series of shorts for This Land Press in Tulsa, where Harjo is the staff video director. He was a member of the 2010 Sundance shorts competition jury.


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: Harjo is a founding member of a five-member Native American comedy group, the 1491s. He is also one of the directors of the Cherokee Nation's monthly television news magazine, "Osiyo, Voices of the Cherokee People".


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: In 2021 FX released the first season of the groundbreaking Indigenous comedy series "Reservation Dogs". The series is executive produced, directed, and co-written by Harjo, with Taika Waititi co-writing and executive producing. On September 2, 2021, FX renewed the series for a second season. More recently, he had signed a new overall deal at FX. In 2022, "Reservation Dogs" was recognized at the 37th Annual Film Independent Spirit Awards as Best New Scripted Series, and Best Ensemble Cast in a New Scripted Series. The awards were presented series co-creator Waititi. At the Spirit Awards ceremony, actor Devery Jacobs said: “This prize is so much bigger than ourselves, just ourselves. Each of us come from different nations across Turtle Island who survived 500 years of colonization. And in the 100 years of film and TV, Reservation Dogs now marks the first project with all indigenous creatives at the helm.”


title: Sterlin Harjo

text: Harjo's was awarded the 2011 Tilghman Award from the Oklahoma Film Critics Circle and the Tulsa Library Trust's 2013 American Indian Writers Award.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable object shapes and materials.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of different temperature. Thermal insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced, creating a thermal break or thermal barrier, or thermal radiation is reflected rather than absorbed by the lower-temperature body.


title: Thermal insulation

text: The insulating capability of a material is measured as the inverse of thermal conductivity (k). Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability (resistance value). In thermal engineering, other important properties of insulating materials are product density (ρ) and specific heat capacity (c).


title: Thermal insulation

text: Thermal conductivity "k" is measured in watts-per-meter per kelvin (W·m·K or W/m/K). This is because heat transfer, measured as power, has been found to be (approximately) proportional to


title: Thermal insulation

text: Thermal conductivity depends on the material and for fluids, its temperature and pressure. For comparison purposes, conductivity under standard conditions (20 °C at 1 atm) is commonly used. For some materials, thermal conductivity may also depend upon the direction of heat transfer.


title: Thermal insulation

text: The act of insulation is accomplished by encasing an object in material with low thermal conductivity in high thickness. Decreasing the exposed surface area could also lower heat transfer, but this quantity is usually fixed by the geometry of the object to be insulated.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Multi-layer insulation is used where radiative loss dominates, or when the user is restricted in volume and weight of the insulation (e.g. emergency blanket, radiant barrier)


title: Thermal insulation

text: For insulated cylinders, a "critical radius" blanket must be reached. Before the critical radius is reached, any added insulation increases heat transfer. The convective thermal resistance is inversely proportional to the surface area and therefore the radius of the cylinder, while the thermal resistance of a cylindrical shell (the insulation layer) depends on the ratio between outside and inside radius, not on the radius itself. If the outside radius of a cylinder is increased by applying insulation, a fixed amount of conductive resistance (equal to 2×π×k×L(Tin-Tout)/ln(Rout/Rin)) is added. However, at the same time, the convective resistance is reduced. This implies that adding insulation below a certain critical radius actually increases the heat transfer. For insulated cylinders, the critical radius is given by the equation


title: Thermal insulation

text: This equation shows that the critical radius depends only on the heat transfer coefficient and the thermal conductivity of the insulation. If the radius of the insulated cylinder is smaller than the critical radius for insulation, the addition of any amount of insulation will increase heat transfer.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Gases possess poor thermal conduction properties compared to liquids and solids and thus make good insulation material if they can be trapped. In order to further augment the effectiveness of a gas (such as air), it may be disrupted into small cells, which cannot effectively transfer heat by natural convection. Convection involves a larger bulk flow of gas driven by buoyancy and temperature differences, and it does not work well in small cells where there is little density difference to drive it, and the high surface-to-volume ratios of the small cells retards gas flow in them by means of viscous drag.


title: Thermal insulation

text: In order to accomplish small gas cell formation in man-made thermal insulation, glass and polymer materials can be used to trap air in a foam-like structure. This principle is used industrially in building and piping insulation such as (glass wool), cellulose, rock wool, polystyrene foam (styrofoam), urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, and cork. Trapping air is also the principle in all highly insulating clothing materials such as wool, down feathers and fleece.


title: Thermal insulation

text: The air-trapping property is also the insulation principle employed by homeothermic animals to stay warm, for example down feathers, and insulating hair such as natural sheep's wool. In both cases the primary insulating material is air, and the polymer used for trapping the air is natural keratin protein.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Maintaining acceptable temperatures in buildings (by heating and cooling) uses a large proportion of global energy consumption. Building insulations also commonly use the principle of small trapped air-cells as explained above, e.g. fiberglass (specifically glass wool), cellulose, rock wool, polystyrene foam, urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, cork, etc. For a period of time, asbestos was also used, however, it caused health problems.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Window insulation film can be applied in weatherization applications to reduce incoming thermal radiation in summer and loss in winter.


title: Thermal insulation

text: In industry, energy has to be expended to raise, lower, or maintain the temperature of objects or process fluids. If these are not insulated, this increases the energy requirements of a process, and therefore the cost and environmental impact.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Space heating and cooling systems distribute heat throughout buildings by means of pipes or ductwork. Insulating these pipes using pipe insulation reduces energy into unoccupied rooms and prevents condensation from occurring on cold and chilled pipework.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Pipe insulation is also used on water supply pipework to help delay pipe freezing for an acceptable length of time.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Thermal insulation has been found to improve the thermal emittance of passive radiative cooling surfaces by increasing the surface's ability to lower temperatures below ambient under direct solar intensity. Different materials may be used for thermal insulation, including polyethylene aerogels that reduce solar absorption and parasitic heat gain which may improve the emitter's performance by over 20%. Other aerogels also exhibited strong thermal insulation performance for radiative cooling surfaces, including a silica-alumina nanofibrous aerogel.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Launch and re-entry place severe mechanical stresses on spacecraft, so the strength of an insulator is critically important (as seen by the failure of insulating tiles on the Space Shuttle Columbia, which caused the shuttle airframe to overheat and break apart during reentry, killing the astronauts on board). Re-entry through the atmosphere generates very high temperatures due to compression of the air at high speeds. Insulators must meet demanding physical properties beyond their thermal transfer retardant properties. Examples of insulation used on spacecraft include reinforced carbon-carbon composite nose cone and silica fiber tiles of the Space Shuttle. See also Insulative paint.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Internal combustion engines produce a lot of heat during their combustion cycle. This can have a negative effect when it reaches various heat-sensitive components such as sensors, batteries, and starter motors. As a result, thermal insulation is necessary to prevent the heat from the exhaust from reaching these components.


title: Thermal insulation

text: It is important to note that the factors influencing performance may vary over time as material ages or environmental conditions change.


title: Thermal insulation

text: Industry standards are often rules of thumb, developed over many years, that offset many conflicting goals: what people will pay for, manufacturing cost, local climate, traditional building practices, and varying standards of comfort. Both heat transfer and layer analysis may be performed in large industrial applications, but in household situations (appliances and building insulation), airtightness is the key in reducing heat transfer due to air leakage (forced or natural convection). Once airtightness is achieved, it has often been sufficient to choose the thickness of the insulating layer based on rules of thumb. Diminishing returns are achieved with each successive doubling of the insulating layer.


title: Thermal insulation

text: It can be shown that for some systems, there is a minimum insulation thickness required for an improvement to be realized.


title: Sachin Shroff

text: Sachin Shroff (born 17 December) is a businessman and TV personality. He is an actor, anchor and dancer.


title: Sachin Shroff

text: He played Gyan in "Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai" and Arjun in "Naaginn". Other appearances include "Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka", "", "Naam Gum Jayegaa", "Shagun", Vishwaas and "Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah".


title: Sachin Shroff

text: Sachin Shroff married television actress Juhi Parmar on 15 February 2009 at a palace in Jaipur. The couple have a daughter, Samaira Shroff, born on 27 January 2013.


title: Sachin Shroff

text: In early January 2018, Parmar confirmed that they had filed for divorce, which was finalised in July 2018. Parmar was granted custody of their daughter.


title: Charles Albright

text: Charles Frederick Albright (August 10, 1933 – August 22, 2020) also known as The Eyeball Killer, was an American murderer from Dallas, Texas, who was convicted of killing one woman and suspected of killing two others in 1991. He was incarcerated in the John Montford Psychiatric Unit in Lubbock, Texas.


title: Charles Albright

text: Born in Amarillo, Texas, Albright was adopted from an orphanage by Delle and Fred Albright. His adoptive mother, who was a schoolteacher, was very strict and overprotective of him. She accelerated his education and helped him skip two grades.


title: Charles Albright

text: When he got his first gun as a teenager, he killed small animals with it. His mother would help him stuff them, due to his interest in becoming a taxidermist.


title: Charles Albright

text: At age 13, he was already a petty thief and was arrested for aggravated assault. At age 15, he graduated from high school and enrolled at North Texas University. He expressed an interest in training as a medical doctor and a surgeon. He undertook pre-med training but failed to complete it. At age 16, the police caught him with some stolen petty cash, along with two handguns and a rifle. He spent a year in jail.


title: Charles Albright

text: After his release from jail, he attended Arkansas State Teachers College and majored in pre-med studies. After being found with stolen items, he was expelled from the college but was not prosecuted.


title: Charles Albright

text: Apparently unfazed, he falsified a degree. He stole documents and forged signatures, giving himself fictitious bachelor's and master's degrees. He married his college girlfriend, and they had a daughter. He continued to forge checks. He was caught in this deception while he was teaching at a high school and was placed on probation. In 1965, he and his wife separated, divorcing in 1974.


title: Charles Albright

text: He was then caught stealing hundreds of dollars' worth of merchandise from a hardware store and received a two-year prison sentence. He served less than six months before being released.


title: Charles Albright

text: During this time he began to befriend and gain the trust of his neighbors. He was even asked by local residents to babysit their children.


title: Charles Albright

text: In 1981, while visiting some friends, he sexually molested their 14-year-old daughter. He was prosecuted, pled guilty, and received probation. He later claimed that he was innocent but had pled guilty to avoid "a hassle."


title: Charles Albright

text: In 1985 in Arkansas, Albright met a woman named Dixie. He invited her to live with him. Soon she was paying his bills and supporting him. He delivered newspapers in the early morning, apparently to visit prostitutes without arousing Dixie's suspicion.


title: Charles Albright

text: While incarcerated, Albright died at the West Texas Regional Medical Facility in Lubbock, Texas, in August 2020.


title: Charles Albright

text: Mary Lou Pratt, 33, a Caucasian well-known sex worker in the Oak Cliff neighbourhood of Dallas, was found dead, wearing only a t-shirt and bra. She had been shot in the back of the head with a .44-caliber gun, as well as being badly beaten. The medical examiner reported that the killer had removed both of her eyes with surgical precision and had apparently taken them with him.


title: Charles Albright

text: Susan Beth Peterson, 27, a Caucasian sex worker, was found on the same street Mary Pratt was found on, just outside the Dallas city limits near the DeSoto city limits. She was nearly nude and had been shot three times: in the top of her head, in her left breast, and in the back of her head. The medical examiner found that her eyes had been removed as well. At this point, the investigators realized they were looking for a "repeater."


title: Charles Albright

text: Shirley Williams, an African-American sex worker, was found dead, lying near an elementary school. A waitress found Williams' nude body propped up against a curb. Her eyes had been removed, just like the previous two victims. She had facial bruises and a broken nose, and had been shot in the face and through the top of her head. A medical examiner's field agent pulled back her eyelids and discovered that her eyes were missing.


title: Charles Albright

text: On March 23, 1991, Albright was arrested and charged with three counts of murder. His trial began on December 13, 1991. The evidence was mostly circumstantial. Hairs found at the Williams murder site matched Albright's hair.


title: Charles Albright

text: On December 18, 1991, the jury deliberated and found him guilty only of the murder of Shirley Williams.


title: Charles Albright

text: The May 1993 Texas Monthly magazine article, “See No Evil” asked the question 'How does a perfect gentleman become a vicious murderer?'


title: Charles Albright

text: The Eyeball Killer was authored by John Matthews (the Dallas police officer who with his partner Regina Smith was instrumental in identifying Albright as the murderer) and newspaper journalist Christine Wicker.


title: Charles Albright

text: The American documentary series "Forensic Files" documents the Albright case in the episode titled "See No Evil", originally aired June 14, 2001.


title: Charles Albright

text: The Home Box Office (HBO) television network released Albright's story sub-titled ""The Collector"" on the Autopsy series under episode 5; ""Autopsy 5: Dead Men Do Tell Tales"", aired 1998.


title: Charles Albright

text: The Investigation Discovery network reported the manhunt for Albright in the "Evil, I" episode ""Eyes Are My Prize"", which aired on August 27, 2013.


title: Charles Albright

text: On October 20, 2016, the true crime podcast "My Favorite Murder" discussed the case on its 39th episode "Kind of Loco."


title: Charles Albright

text: The Oxygen Network aired "Mark of a Killer: "An Eye for Murder"" about the case on February 10, 2019.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: Rizin Fighting Federation (Rizin FF or Rizin) is a Japanese mixed martial arts organization created in 2015 by the former Pride Fighting Championships and Dream Stage Entertainment president Nobuyuki Sakakibara.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: Rizin was founded to be the spiritual successor of Pride FC and DREAM, the organization carries much of the philosophy and ambition of its two predecessors: its events are promoted as larger-than-life events with elaborate opening ceremonies and fighter entrances, its matches are fought in a roped ring and it has a more permissive ruleset compared to the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, inherited from Pride and DREAM. The organization also promotes "Grand Prix", single-elimination tournaments where fighters have to fight multiple opponents in the same night. Rizin is considered Japan's top MMA promotion.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: The promotion's name is a combination of "Raijin", the Japanese god of lightning; the word "rising", meaning "to prosper and thrive"; and the letter, 'Z', meaning "ultimate".


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: In 1997, PRIDE Fighting Championships was founded in Japan, promoted by Dream Stage Entertainment. The organization quickly rose up to become the world's most popular MMA promotion and helped to popularize the sport in Japan and in the world. Its events were broadcast to millions through free-to-air and pay-per-view television, and it filled sport stadiums with hundreds of thousands of spectators. PRIDE differentiated itself from the UFC with its focus on spectacle and entertainment, as well a more permissive ruleset. By 2007, however, Pride closed its doors due a scandal showing its ties to the Yakuza causing a financial crisis in the company. DSE was bought by Zuffa—UFC's holding company—which initially promised to keep the event running, but eventually cancelled the plans, laid off most of the staff and just absorbed Pride's best fighters. As a response, most of DSE's former staff, fighters and executives joined Fighting and Entertainment Group, the promoters of K-1, to organize a successor, which became known as DREAM. However, FEG eventually had its own financial issues and went bankrupt in 2012, as a result. DREAM was defunct.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: Three years after DREAM folded, rumors began circulating that Pride and Dream founder Nobuyuki Sakakibara would return to the industry after an interview with Bellator MMA President Scott Coker was released.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: On September 19, 2015 during , it was announced that Sakakibara had signed former Pride Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko to headline a New Year's Eve Show in Tokyo for his new MMA promotion. Sakakibara held a press conference on October 8, 2015 with Nobuhiko Takada and other former Pride FC employees to formally announce the launch of Rizin Fighting Federation. Initial signees included Kazushi Sakuraba, Shinya Aoki, as well as female competitors Gabi Garcia and RENA.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: A Grand Prix tournament was announced (held at 100 kg or roughly 220 lbs), with champions and competitors from Bellator, KSW, Jungle Fight, BAMMA, and King of Kings. Most notably, King Mo was announced to represent Bellator in the tournament. The 8-man bracket was officially finalized on November 30, 2015, with other bouts also being announced shortly thereafter. Kron Gracie (whose father Rickson competed at the inaugural PRIDE event) was announced to participate against Asen Yamamoto. Amongst the veterans in the Japanese scene, Tsuyoshi Kosaka would face James Thompson, and Akebono Tarō would face Bob Sapp.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: Initial plans were to do at least four events per year, as opposed to the more frequent scheduling of other promotions, in order to build up the excitement and anticipation. Rizin's presentation is modeled after major sporting events, such as the UEFA Champions League and FIFA World Cup.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: In 2018, it was announced that the main event for the traditional new years eve card (Rizin 14) was going to be a boxing match between Floyd Mayweather and undefeated Japanese kickboxer Tenshin Nasukawa. The match ended up with Nasukawa knocked out two minutes into the first round.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: In November 11, 2021 Rizin broke the tradition of PRIDE and DREAM by for the first time holding an event in a cage instead of the traditional roped ring at the Rizin Trigger 1st event.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: Rizin's inaugural event was broadcast in North America on Spike TV. Other broadcasters have included SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation, Fuji Television, Fox Sports Brazil, Kix and Match TV. From 2017 to 2019, Rizin events have been streaming on FITE TV in North America and Europe. As of RIZIN 26, they have been streaming on LIVENow. Starting with RIZIN.38, RIZIN returned to FITE.TV.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: The rules in Rizin FF have been adopted from Pride FC with some slight modifications over the years. Like Pride and Dream, Rizin rules highly differ from the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: 1. Rizin single matches – These are three rounds in length. Prior to May 2018, the first round spanned ten minutes, while the final two rounds lasted five minutes each. Since then matches have been three rounds of five minutes each.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: 2. Rizin tournament matches – These are three rounds in length, with each round lasting five minutes.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: Although not outlined in the RIZIN rules, scorecards published on the JMOC website suggest that damage, aggressiveness and generalship are scored 50, 30 and 20 points respectively. Where the fighter has not fulfilled the element, they are given a score of zero - there are no in-betweens.


title: Rizin Fighting Federation

text: The division champions include only linear and true champions. Interim champions who have never become linear champions will be listed as interim champions. Fighters with multiple title reigns in a specific division will also be counted once. Runners-up are not included in tournaments champions.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Vladimir John Ondrasik III (born January 7, 1965), also known by his stage name Five for Fighting, is an American singer-songwriter and pianist. He is best known for his piano-based soft rock ballads, such as the top 40 hits "Superman (It's Not Easy)" (2001), "100 Years" (2003) "The Riddle" (2006). He also had a string of moderate hits on the adult contemporary charts in the late 2000s and into the 2010s, including "World" (2006) and "Chances" (2009).


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik has recorded six studio albums, one EP, and several live albums as Five for Fighting. Ondrasik's song "Superman" was nominated for a Grammy in 2002. The singer has had songs featured in 350 films, TV shows and advertisements.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik was born in Los Angeles, California, a child of a musical family. He is of Slovak descent. His mother was a piano teacher who taught at John F. Kennedy High School in Granada Hills, Los Angeles, where he graduated. He learned the piano as a child. In his teens, he learned to play the guitar and started to write music. While he also learned to sing opera briefly, he soon decided that he would like to be a singer and songwriter.


title: Five for Fighting

text: While in college, Ondrasik continued to pursue music in his spare time. He graduated from UCLA with a degree in applied science and mathematics.


title: Five for Fighting

text: After graduating from UCLA in 1988, Ondrasik became associated with the glam metal scene. He befriended Whitesnake bassist Rudy Sarzo and later formed a hair metal band with Scott St. Clair Sheets, best known for his work with Pat Benatar, called John Scott. Ondrasik later described the band's genre as "pop metal", comparing their sound to Bon Jovi. John Scott signed a management deal in the early 1990s, but any hopes of mainstream success were shattered with the rise of grunge and the decline of the hair metal genre.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Although John Scott did not release a studio album at the time, three songs co-written by Sheets and Ondrasik later appeared on a 1997 arena rock album from Sheets' band, St. Clair, which also featured Sarzo. Ondrasik did not perform on the album, but received writing credits for "After the Fire", "Shadow of Myself", and "Turn the Wheel". Sheets and Ondrasik would collaborate again much later, in 2008, when Ondrasik provided vocals for Sheets' song "Fly Me Away".


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik spent the early 1990s playing singer-songwriter gigs around Los Angeles. He signed with a music publisher, Carla Berkowitz, who discovered him in a bar on Melrose and Vine. Ondrasik and Berkowitz later married.


title: Five for Fighting

text: In 1995, Ondrasik signed with EMI Records. He adopted Five for Fighting as a "band name" that same year at the request of EMI executives, who found Ondrasik's name difficult to pronounce. "Five for Fighting" is an ice hockey expression that means a five-minute major penalty for participating in a fight. Ondrasik is a lifelong fan of the National Hockey League's Los Angeles Kings.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Five for Fighting's first album, "Message for Albert", was released by EMI in March 1997. However, EMI Records' American division closed that June. Although the album itself had already been released, there were no singles from "Message". "Bella's Birthday Cake" was intended as the lead single, judging by the existence of radio promos and demos featuring the song. The song "Ocean" appears alongside "Bella's Birthday Cake" on some promotional cassettes, suggesting it was viewed as a potential second single.


title: Five for Fighting

text: AllMusic called "Message for Albert" "intelligent and well-crafted", concluding that it was "a promising debut that sadly lost its shot when EMI spontaneously combusted after the record's release."


title: Five for Fighting

text: Five for Fighting left EMI in the aftermath and recorded demos of "Easy Tonight" and "Jainy", both of which were re-recorded for 2000's "America Town" album. Capitol Records later re-released "Message" after the success of "America Town".


title: Five for Fighting

text: Aware Records' Mark Cunningham made initial contact with Ondrasik. Cunningham then passed Ondrasik's demos to the label's new A&R Steve Smith. After a discussion with Aware head Gregg Latterman, Smith met with Ondrasik and set up a deal in partnership with Columbia Records.


title: Five for Fighting

text: His second album, "America Town", was released on September 26, 2000. In addition to 10 all-new songs, "America Town" included two re-recorded songs from the ill-fated "Message for Albert" album ("The Last Great American" and "Love Song"). "Easy Tonight" became the album's lead single in 2000. It received moderate airplay and peaked at 26 on the Adult Top 40.


title: Five for Fighting

text: The second single, "Superman (It's Not Easy)", was a commercial success, reaching number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and number 1 on the Adult Top 40. The song became an anthem after the September 11 attacks and Ondrasik performed the song at The Concert for New York City on October 20, 2001. "Superman" was nominated for a Grammy in 2002.


title: Five for Fighting

text: After the success of "Superman", two more songs were released as singles – the title track "America Town" and "Something About You" in 2002 and 2003, respectively – but neither song charted. While "America Town" did not reach the top 50 of the "Billboard" 200 chart, the album eventually was certified Platinum.


title: Five for Fighting

text: His third album, "The Battle for Everything", debuted at number 20 on "Billboard" 200 chart in February 2004. Some versions of the album were paired with a bonus CD, a five-song EP called "2 + 2 Makes 5". "Battle" included the single "100 Years", which reached number one on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart and stayed at number one for 12 non-consecutive weeks. "Devil in the Wishing Well" was the album's second single, reaching number 23 on the Adult Top 40. A third single, a cover of "Silent Night" from the "2 + 2 Makes 5" EP, reached number 2 on the US Adult Contemporary charts.


title: Five for Fighting

text: "The Battle for Everything" was certified Platinum by the RIAA, making it Five for Fighting's second straight Platinum-selling album. It received mixed reviews from critics, with AllMusic praising the record's "nice craftsmanship" and noting that it was "one of the more interesting, detailed" records in its genre. However, AllMusic was critical of the "pompous narcissism" of the lyrics, calling Ondrasik "deadly serious". Todd Goldstein of PopMatters also criticized the album's "pomposity", but enjoyed "Angels and Girlfriends" for its "unexpected chord changes" and "uncharacteristically quirky" lyrics. He singled out "The Taste" for its surprising energy, writing that during "the only pure guitar-rocking song among the twelve midtempo ballads, John Ondrasik "screams". It's a raucous, Howlin' Pelle Almqvist moment of sheer unselfconscious exuberance." Another writer said Ondrasik seemed like a "contradictory figure" for his blend of romanticism and irreverence on "The Battle for Everything": "There's '100 Years,' the first single, a meditation on the poetry of time passing. But then there's 'The Taste,' whose delicate opening gets pulverized by slashing electric guitar and a raw, screaming vocal." According to Ondrasik, when recording "Battle", he and producer Bill Bottrell "were ambitious to the point of absurdity. If we wanted drama, we'd get a thirty-piece orchestra. If we wanted a rock edge, we went after it with reckless abandonment."


title: Five for Fighting

text: Two years later, the album "Two Lights" was released; this became his first career top 10 album, debuting at number eight on the "Billboard" 200 chart in August 2006. Its first single, "The Riddle", became Ondrasik's third career top 40 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 40. It reached number three on AC charts and number seven on Hot AC charts. The second single, "World", reached number 14 on Hot AC charts and the music video has been used to raise funds for various charities and as a theme for NASA's International Space Station (see Philanthropy below).


title: Five for Fighting

text: Five for Fighting released three live albums in 2007: "Rhapsody Originals" in January, "iTunes Exclusive" in June, and "Back Country" in October.


title: Five for Fighting

text: His fifth studio album, titled Slice, was released on October 13, 2009, and appeared on the iTunes top 10 albums on the first day. The album was produced by Gregg Wattenberg ("Superman", "100 Years"). Academy Award-winning composer Stephen Schwartz, who penned the songs for musicals such as Wicked, Godspell and Pippin, co-wrote the title track, as well as the track "Above the Timberline". On July 21, 2009, the first single from Slice, called "Chances", was released for digital download. "Chances" was featured during the end credits of the hit film "The Blind Side". "Chances" reached number 11 on the Hot AC radio chart.


title: Five for Fighting

text: On May 27, 2010, Ondrasik announced that he had left Columbia Records and his album "Slice" would be re-released on Wind-up Records along with the song "Slice" being released as a single in July 2010.


title: Five for Fighting

text: On February 20, 2011, Five for Fighting performed at the 2011 NHL Heritage Classic in Calgary, with the Calgary Flames facing off against the Montreal Canadiens.


title: Five for Fighting

text: A compilation album called "The Very Best of Five for Fighting" was released in 2011. It featured 14 songs in chronological order of their recording, beginning with "Bella's Birthday Cake" from 1997 and ending with 2010's "Slice".


title: Five for Fighting

text: Five for Fighting's sixth studio album, "Bookmarks", was released in 2013, peaking at 54 on the Billboard 200. "What If" was the album's lead single and it reached 29 and 28 on the Adult Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, respectively.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik wrote and recorded the original song "All for One" for the one hundredth episode of the television series "Hawaii Five-0". The song was released as a single on November 7, 2014, the same date the episode aired. His song "100 Years" was featured in the final scene of the final episode of the TV series "JAG".


title: Five for Fighting

text: On September 12, 2016, Five for Fighting released the single "Born to Win". The song debuted during the opening montage of the season eight finale of "American Ninja Warrior".


title: Five for Fighting

text: Five for Fighting performed as part of the Lincoln Center Series, American Songbook, in February 2017. He also performed his song "All for One" at the National Memorial Day Concert on the steps of the Capitol in 2017. He performed "Superman" during the National Memorial Day parade the next day.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik is the featured artist in season three of the CBS drama "Code Black", contributing his take on Gary Go's "Open Arms" in episode one. He also appears on screen performing the song. His song "Superman (It's Not Easy)" performed by Briana Lee was featured in the season three finale.


title: Five for Fighting

text: In 2018, Ondrasik recorded a song entitled "The Song of Innocents" for the end credits of the film "".


title: Five for Fighting

text: In 2020, Ondrasik re-recorded an unplugged version of "All for One" that was featured in the series finale of Hawaii 5–0. He also released a demo from 2006 called "China on the Horizon", a song speaking to the geopolitical threat of China. In June 2020 Ondrasik released a cover version of "Amazing Grace" which he performed live on the BYUTV show "Grace Notes".


title: Five for Fighting

text: On September 13, 2021, Ondrasik recorded "Blood on My Hands", a song critical of the withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan. Ondrasik wrote of the song:


title: Five for Fighting

text: On the day 13 of our soldiers and over 60 Afghans were killed by a suicide bomber I sat down to write this song. After our last soldier left Afghanistan, I received a call from a friend organizing rescue evacs of "AM-CITS" and SIV holders. It was a highly emotional call and moment of clarity. Private citizens now had the burden of risking their lives to rescue Americans and Afghan allies that our government left behind. America has broken her promise, but these brave Americans have not.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Like so many of you, I am inspired and in awe of President Zelensky, his wife Olena, and the Ukrainian people. Their courage and determination in the face of the Russian onslaught gives hope and fortitude to all freedom loving people. In Zelensky I sense we are witnessing a modern day, Winston Churchill. It may make you ask yourself; Can One Man Save The World?


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik performed Can One Man Save the World on July 9, 2022 in Kyiv, Ukraine with the Ukraianian Orchestra. Ondrasik said


title: Five for Fighting

text: I was honored to perform my new Ukraine tribute song Can One Man Save the World? with the Ukrainian Orchestra in the ruins of the Antonov Airport—in front of the Ukrainians’ beloved Mriya, the world’s largest cargo plane that Russia destroyed at the outset of the war. In sharing this musical collaboration on such hallowed ground, I saw firsthand the fortitude and grace of the Ukrainian people, who whether playing a violin or driving a tank, will not be deterred by Putin’s atrocities and aggressions.”


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik has been variously compared to other piano singer-songwriters like Elton John, Billy Joel, Dave Matthews, and Ben Folds, albeit "while still maintaining a harder rock edge exclusive to Five For Fighting." His more heartland rock-oriented tracks have been compared to those of Bruce Springsteen and Tom Petty. Ondrasik lists Queen (and Freddie Mercury in particular), Steve Perry, Stevie Wonder, Elton John, Billy Joel, and Prince among his musical influences.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik makes heavy use of falsetto vocals in his music, with "Variety" describing this as "a pleasant two-tone voice -- a tenor for setting up a situation and a higher register for driving a point home". In addition to piano, Ondrasik plays the harmonica and acoustic guitar. He also plays electric guitar on studio recordings of some songs. While Five for Fighting's singles prominently feature piano, his early albums contain songs with traditional hard rock influences ("Happy" on "Message for Albert", "Boat Parade" on "America Town", "The Taste" on "The Battle for Everything", and others). Grunge influences can also be heard in earlier albums, such as in "Wise Man" on "Message for Albert", "Michael Jordan" on "America Town", and a non-album song called "Big Cities". Accordingly, Ondrasik has acknowledged Nirvana as one of his influences.


title: Five for Fighting

text: On his style at the turn of the millennium, when "Superman" became his first mainstream hit, Ondrasik said, "I kind of fancy myself as a rocker and a rock guy and here was this ballad." Even though the song was softer than his style at the time, Ondrasik is "so grateful that I had that chance to be heard with that song. It will always be my first born."


title: Five for Fighting

text: Five for Fighting's live performances take a variety of forms: sometimes Ondrasik appears alone, switching between acoustic guitar and piano. Five for Fighting sometimes appears with touring musicians on bass, electric guitar, and drums. Five for Fighting also began playing orchestral shows in the early 2010s, often accompanied by a string quartet; Ondrasik has also appeared with the backing of full symphony orchestras for these shows. He often covers songs like "American Pie", "Rocket Man", "Message in a Bottle", and "Bohemian Rhapsody" at the end of live performances. Five for Fighting has released a steady stream of live recordings since 2007, including six live albums and EPs.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Referring to Five for Fighting's success in the 2000s, AllMusic called Ondrasik "one of the decade's leading balladeers". Five for Fighting has released two Platinum-selling albums, "America Town" and "The Battle for Everything", and received one Grammy nomination.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Five for Fighting was a nominee for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist at the 2003 American Music Awards.


title: Five for Fighting

text: In 2012, Ondrasik became active on the public speaking circuit. Presenting on themes of creativity, entrepreneurship, and collaboration, Ondrasik uses his music, life as a musician and working in the family business to highlight his message. He has presented at TEDx, The Salk Institute, American Cancer Society, and Virgin Unite amongst others.


title: Five for Fighting

text: In the spring of 2007, Ondrasik created his first video charity website, launching his whatkindofworlddoyouwant.com/ The website allowed fans to upload videos answering the central question, "What Kind of World Do You Want?" (taken from his hit song "World"). The site raised over $250,000 for Augie's Quest, Autism Speaks, Fisher House Foundation, Save the Children, and Operation Homefront.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik, under the auspices of the United Service Organizations (USO), performed for service members on a USO/Armed Forces Entertainment tour of Guantánamo Bay and other bases in Cuba in February and March 2007. He followed up with another USO tour in November 2007 of Japan, Guam and Hawaii. "I am struck by the sacrifices the troops and their families make for our way of life and I felt it was important to show my support", says Ondrasik.


title: Five for Fighting

text: In November 2007, Ondrasik coordinated the release of 13 free songs for US military members called "CD for the Troops". There have been five CDs for the troops and over one million copies given away. The songs donated included tracks from Billy Joel, Jewel and Sarah McLachlan. Subsequent volumes became available in 2008 (including songs by Gretchen Wilson, Keith Urban and Trace Adkins), 2009 (an album of comedy tracks with material from comedians such as Chris Rock, Ray Romano and Adam Sandler), 2010 (featuring songs by Matchbox 20, Brandi Carlile, Ingrid Michaelson, and Gavin DeGraw), and 2011 (artists including Sara Bareilles, Mayday Parade and REO Speedwagon).


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik has also performed on the annual "Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon" and has done various events for the Muscular Dystrophy Association and Augie's Quest, raising awareness and funds for ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease).


title: Five for Fighting

text: In 2008, he got involved in the musical movement of spreading awareness about current slavery and human trafficking by performing a live version of "World" for the rockumentary, "Call + Response".


title: Five for Fighting

text: The song "What If" was used in the tenth-anniversary campaign of Richard Branson's non-profit, Virgin Unite.


title: Five for Fighting

text: The singer received a special fatherhood award from the National Fatherhood Initiative's 2009 Military Fatherhood Award Ceremony. He received the International SPA Association's Humanitarian Award in 2016.


title: Five for Fighting

text: In 2022 the singer launched a docu-series called Meet the Heroes interviewing Americans involved with the Afghan withdrawal. The first episode featured Michael Waltz


title: Five for Fighting

text: In February 2022 Ondrasik joined Tom Morello, Victoria Williams, Beth Hart, and others on the song God Help Us Now about Afghan girls suffering in Afghanistan.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik currently lives with his wife and their two children near Los Angeles, California. He is an avid hockey and basketball fan, supporting the L.A. Kings and Lakers. He has been a contributing writer for both "Sports Illustrated" and the official L.A. Kings and is often featured on radio and TV interviews. He has performed on "SportsCenter", at the 2002 NHL All-Star Game, 9/11/11 Jets v. Cowboys Halftime, 2011 Heritage Classic, 2011 Carrier Classic, 2014 Stadium Series in Los Angeles, and performed "100 Years" during Landon Donovan's last game of the LA Galaxy.


title: Five for Fighting

text: When not songwriting or composing, he is involved in his family’s shopping cart manufacturing business Precision Wire Products, based in Commerce, California.


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik's first car was a 1965 Ford Mustang that he painted purple due to his affinity for Prince. Ondrasik later restored the car to its original powder blue color scheme. He still owns the car and wrote a song about it called "65 Mustang", which appears on the "Two Lights" album. The car also appears in the music video for "The Riddle" and on the cover art for "Chances".


title: Five for Fighting

text: Ondrasik is an Independent voter. He was a registered Republican prior to 2016. He has described himself as fiscally conservative.


title: Five for Fighting

text: His year of birth has been subject to some confusion, with Encyclopedia.com listing his birth year as 1968 instead of 1965. A 2001 "Los Angeles Times" article refers to him being 33 at the time rather than 36. A March 2002 interview from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette gives his age as 33 at the time rather than 37. However, Ondrasik himself has implied that the 1965 date is the correct one, such as in 2020 when he referred to recently turning 55.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: 6th of October (; ) is a city in Giza Governorate, a satellite town and part of the urban area of Cairo, Egypt, 32 km (20 miles) outside the city. It has a population ranging between some 185,000 in the city to an estimated 500,000 inhabitants in the wider area.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: 6th of October was the capital of the now defunct 6th of October Governorate. A new city in the desert, it hosts Egyptian students and students from various countries, such as the Persian Gulf, Jordan, Nigeria, Cameroon, Syria, Iraq, and the Palestinian territories, who study at its private universities.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: The settlement was established in 1979 by the 504th presidential decree of Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat. It is from the great pyramids of Giza and from downtown Cairo. The city has a total area of and, eventually, is expected to have 6 million inhabitants, although there are many unoccupied or incomplete buildings.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: It was announced as the capital of the 6th of October Governorate in April 2008. Following the governorate's dissolution in April 2011, in the wake of the Egyptian revolution, it was reincorporated into the Giza Governorate, to which it had originally belonged.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: The city's name commemorates the commencement of the 1973 Arab–Israeli War on October 6, 1973, the same date chosen as Egypt's Armed Forces Day.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh). Its climate is very similar to Giza and Cairo, owing to its proximity to them


title: 6th of October (city)

text: 6th of October is the headquarters of the Confederation of African Football. It hosts Egypt's Smart Village, the technology park and regional hub for many companies in the IT and financial sectors.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: 6th of October City has one of the largest industrial zones in Egypt, on which the entire city was established. The industrial zone provides jobs for employees within the city as well as from other parts of Giza. It is accompanied by a banking sector that groups branches of all banks in Egypt in an area that is close to the industrial area to serve the needs of the industry and residents.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: 6th of October Airport is used for the transport of products and materials to and from the city. The city also houses four industrial zones.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: There are seven private universities in 6th of October City, including two private medical schools at Misr University for Science and Technology and October 6 University.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: The city is served by many mosques, the largest being El Hosary Mosque on El Tahrir St. built in the honour of an eminent Egyptian Qari, Mahmoud Khalil Al-Hussary.


title: 6th of October (city)

text: There are several churches in 6th of October city. The most famous of them is Redeem Christian Church of God(RCCG).


title: Consent of the governed

text: In political philosophy, the phrase consent of the governed refers to the idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is justified and lawful only when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised. This theory of consent is historically contrasted to the divine right of kings and had often been invoked against the legitimacy of colonialism. Article 21 of the United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government".


title: Consent of the governed

text: Perhaps the earliest utterance of consent of the governed appears in the writings of Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar Duns Scotus, who proposed this in his work "Ordinatio" in the 1290s. Scotus's lengthy writing in theology have largely overshadowed this notable contribution that he made to early political theory. It is believed these writings influenced Declaration of Arbroath in 1320


title: Consent of the governed

text: In his 1937 book "A History of Political Theory", George Sabine collected the views of many political theorists on consent of the governed. He notes the idea mentioned in 1433 by Nicholas of Cusa in "De Concordantia Catholica". In 1579 an influential Huguenot tract "Vindiciae contra tyrannos" was published which Sabine paraphrases: "The people lay down the conditions which the king is bound to fulfill. Hence they are bound to obedience only conditionally, namely, upon receiving the protection of just and lawful government…the power of the ruler is delegated by the people and continues only with their consent." In England, the Levellers also held to this principle of government.


title: Consent of the governed

text: Sabine revived the concept from its status as a political myth after Hume, by referring to Thomas Hill Green. Green wrote that government required "will not force" for administration. As put by Sabine,


title: Consent of the governed

text: Consent of the governed, within the social liberalism of T. H. Green, was also described by Paul Harris:


title: Consent of the governed

text: Using thinking similar to that of John Locke, the founders of the United States believed in a state built upon the consent of "free and equal" citizens; a state otherwise conceived would lack legitimacy and rational-legal authority. This was expressed, among other places, in the 2nd paragraph of the Declaration of Independence (emphasis added):


title: Consent of the governed

text: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the , --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.


title: Consent of the governed

text: However the "consent of the governed" was flawed in that it was limited to propertied white men only.


title: Consent of the governed

text: In the earlier Virginia Declaration of Rights, especially Section 6, quoted below, Founding Father George Mason wrote:


title: Consent of the governed

text: That elections of members to serve as representatives of the people, in assembly, ought to be free; and that all men, having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with, the attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed or deprived of their property for public uses without their own consent, or that of their representatives so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not, in like manner, assented, for the public good."


title: Consent of the governed

text: Although the Continental Congress at the outset of the American Revolution had no explicit legal authority to govern, it was delegated by the states with all the functions of a national government, such as appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, raising armies, appointing generals, obtaining loans from Europe, issuing paper money (i.e. " continentals"), and disbursing funds. The Congress had no authority to levy taxes, and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests. According to the "Cyclopædia of Political Science". New York: Maynard, Merrill, and Co., 1899, commenting on the source of the Congress' power:


title: Consent of the governed

text: The appointment of the delegates to both these congresses was generally by popular conventions, though in some instances by state assemblies. But in neither case can the appointing body be considered the original depositary of the power by which the delegates acted; for the conventions were either self-appointed "committees of safety" or hastily assembled popular gatherings, including but a small fraction of the population to be represented, and the state assemblies had no right to surrender to another body one atom of the power which had been granted to them or to create a new power which should govern the people without their will. The source of the powers of congress is to be sought solely in the acquiescence of the people, without which every congressional resolution, with or without the benediction of popular conventions or state legislatures, would have been a mere "brutum fulmen"; and, as the congress unquestionably exercised national powers, operating over the whole country, the conclusion is inevitable that the will of the whole people is the source of the national government in the United States, even from its first imperfect appearance in the second continental congress...


title: Consent of the governed

text: A key question is whether the unanimous consent of the governed is required; if so, this would imply the right of secession for those who do not want to be governed by a particular collective. All democratic governments today allow decisions to be made even over the dissent of a minority of voters which, in some theorists' view, calls into question whether said governments can rightfully claim, in all circumstances, to act with the consent of the governed.


title: Consent of the governed

text: The theory of hypothetical consent of the governed holds that one's obligation to obey government depends on whether the government is such that one "ought" to consent to it, or whether the people, if placed in a state of nature without government, would agree to said government. This theory has been rejected by some scholars, who argue that since government itself can commit aggression, creating a government to safeguard the people from aggression would be similar to the people, if given the choice of what animals to be attacked by, trading "polecats and foxes for a lion", a trade that they would not make.


title: Consent of the governed

text: According to the propagandist Edward Bernays when discussing public relations techniques that were described in his essay and book "The Engineering of Consent" (1955), the public may be manipulated by its subconscious desires to render votes to a political candidate. Consent thus obtained undermines the legitimacy of government. Bernays claimed that "the basic principle involved is simple but important: If the opinions of the public are to control the government, these opinions must not be controlled by the government."


title: Consent of the governed

text: Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky in their book, "Manufacturing Consent" (1988), advanced a propaganda model for the news media in the United States in which coverage of current events was skewed by corporations and the state in order to manufacture the consent of the governed.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: Henry DeWitt Carey II (January 16, 1878 – September 21, 1947) was an American actor and one of silent film's earliest superstars, usually cast as a Western hero. One of his best known performances is as the president of the United States Senate in the drama film "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (1939), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He was the father of Harry Carey Jr., who was also a prominent actor.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: Carey was born in the Bronx, New York, a son of Henry DeWitt Carey (a newspaper source gives the actor's name as "Harry DeWitt Carey II"). a prominent lawyer and judge of the New York Supreme Court, and his wife Ella J. (Ludlum). He grew up on City Island, Bronx.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: Carey was a cowboy, railway superintendent, author, lawyer and playwright. He attended Hamilton Military Academy, then studied law at New York University.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: When a boating accident led to pneumonia, he wrote a play, "Montana", while recuperating and toured the country performing in it for three years. His play was very successful, but Carey lost it all when his next play was a failure. In 1911, his friend Henry B. Walthall introduced him to director D.W. Griffith, with whom Carey would make many films.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: Carey first appeared in a film in 1908. He was contracted to make four films—not only acting but also doing his own stunt work. He is best remembered as one of the first stars of the Western film genre.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: In 1909, Carey began working for the Biograph Company. In 1911, he was signed by D.W. Griffith. His first film for Griffith was "The Sorrowful Shore", a sea story.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: One of his most popular roles was as the good-hearted outlaw Cheyenne Harry. The Cheyenne Harry franchise spanned two decades, from "A Knight of the Range" (1916) to "Aces Wild" (1936). Carey starred in director John Ford's first feature film, "Straight Shooting" (1917).


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: Carey's rugged frame and craggy features were well suited to westerns and outdoor adventures. When sound films arrived, Carey displayed an assured, gritty baritone voice that suited his rough-hewn screen personality. He was the logical choice for the title role in MGM's outdoor jungle epic "Trader Horn". By this time Carey, already in his fifties, was too mature for most leading roles, and the only starring roles that he was offered were in low-budget westerns and serials. He soon settled into a comfortable career as a solid, memorable character actor; he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the President of the Senate in the 1939 film "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington". Among his other notable later roles were that of Master Sergeant Robert White, crew chief of the bomber "Mary Ann" in the 1943 Howard Hawks film "Air Force" and Mr. Melville, the cattle buyer, in Hawks's "Red River". Carey made his Broadway stage debut in 1940, in "Heavenly Express" with John Garfield.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: Carey married at least twice and possibly a third time. Census records for 1910 indicate he had a wife named Clare E. Carey. Some references state that he was also married to an actress named Fern Foster.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: His last marriage was in 1920 to actress Olive Fuller Golden, "daughter of John Fuller Golden, one of the greatest of the vaudevillians." Harry and Olive were together until his death in 1947. They purchased a 1,000-acre ranch in Saugus, California, north of Los Angeles, which was later turned into Tesoro Adobe Historic Park in 2005.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: The Careys had a son, Harry Carey, Jr., and a daughter, Ella "Cappy" Carey. Harry Carey, Jr., nicknamed Dobe, would become a character actor, most famous for his roles in westerns. Father and son both appear (albeit in different scenes) in the 1948 film "Red River", and mother and son are both featured in 1956's "The Searchers".


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: A long-time cigar smoker, Harry Carey died in 1947 at the age of 69 from coronary thrombosis, which is believed to have been aggravated by a bite from a black widow spider a month earlier. However, more reliable sources refute the arachnid anecdote listed in contemporary Associated Press reports. Carey's son blamed a combination of emphysema and cancer in his 1994 memoir "Company of Heroes: My Life As an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company". In "Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford", author Scott Eyman states that lung cancer was the cause of death. He was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the family mausoleum in the Bronx, New York.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: For his contributions to the film industry, Harry Carey has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1521 Vine Street. The star was dedicated February 8, 1960.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: In the 1948 John Ford film, "3 Godfathers", Carey is remembered at the beginning of the film and dubbed "Bright Star of the early western sky..."


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: As an homage to him, John Wayne held his right elbow with his left hand in the closing shot of "The Searchers", imitating a stance Carey himself often used in his films. According to Wayne, both he and Carey's widow Olive (who costarred in the film) wept when the scene was finished.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: In 1976, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.


title: Harry Carey (actor)

text: In 1987, his name was emblazoned along the Walk of the Western Stars on Main Street in Old Town Newhall in Santa Clarita, California. (His son, Harry Carey Jr., was also honored in 2005.)


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg ( – 8 February 1772) was Princess of Wales by marriage to Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son and heir apparent of King George II. She never became queen consort, as Frederick predeceased his father in 1751. Augusta's eldest son succeeded her father-in-law as King George III in 1760. After her spouse died, Augusta was presumptive regent of Great Britain in the event of a regency until her son reached majority in 1756.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Princess Augusta was born in Gotha to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1676–1732) and Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst (1679–1740). Her paternal grandfather was Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, eldest surviving son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: In 1736, it was proposed that she marry 29-year-old Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George II of Great Britain and his queen consort Caroline of Ansbach. Originally, Frederick was intended to marry the eldest daughter of the King of Prussia. A marriage alliance between Great Britain and Prussia had been an ambition for many years. However, when George II suggested that his eldest son would marry the eldest (unmarried) daughter of the King of Prussia, while his second (unmarried) daughter would marry the eldest son of the Prussian king, the King of Prussia demanded that his eldest son should likewise marry the eldest (unmarried) daughter of the King of Great Britain, and George II refused to agree to this demand.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Around the time the Prussian plan was cancelled, there were rumours that Frederick might marry Lady Diana Spencer, granddaughter of the Duchess of Marlborough, and that such a marriage had been proposed when he visited the duchess's lodge at Richmond. Queen Caroline felt a need to arrange a marriage for her son quickly, in order to preempt any possibility of such a mésalliance. She therefore suggested to the king that, when he next visited Hanover, he should also visit Saxe-Gotha and view the princesses there. The king did so, and informed the queen that he considered Augusta suitable. When the matter was broached with Frederick, he simply replied that he would accept any bride his father decided was suitable for him. His attitude arose from a desire to obtain an additional allowance from Parliament to be financially independent of his father.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Augusta did not speak French or English, and it was suggested that she be given lessons before the wedding, but her mother did not consider it necessary as the British royal family were from Germany. She arrived in Britain, speaking virtually no English, for a wedding ceremony which took place almost immediately, on 8 May 1736, at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Augusta of Saxe-Gotha left Hellevoetsluis 17 April 1736 and arrived at Greenwich on the royal yacht "William and Mary" on the 25th, where she was welcomed by her groom. On 27 April 1736, she was escorted to St James's Palace, London, where she met the rest of the royal family, followed by the wedding ceremony at the Royal Chapel. When she was introduced to the royal family, she made a favourable impression on the king and queen by throwing herself on the floor before them in a gesture of submission.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: During the first year of marriage, Augusta could be seen playing with her doll in the windows of her residence, until her sister-in-law, Princess Caroline, told her to stop. Frederick took advantage of her inexperience when he had his then lover, Lady Archibald Hamilton, employed as her lady of the bedchamber after convincing her that there was no truth in the rumour of his affair. Augusta and Frederick had nine children, the last born after Frederick's death.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Frederick once stated that he would never allow himself to be influenced by his consort as his father was, and he thus never made Augusta his confidante. He did, however, instruct her to act in accordance with his wishes in his feud with his parents, and on several occasions, Frederick reportedly instructed her to snub them.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: When she attended the service of the German Lutheran Chapel, for example, which was also attended by the queen, Frederick instructed Augusta to make sure she always arrived after the queen, so that she would be forced to push in front of the queen to reach her place. This eventually made the queen insist that Augusta should be directed to her place by another entrance, which in turn caused Frederick to instruct Augusta to refuse to enter the Chapel if the queen had arrived before her.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: When Augusta's first pregnancy was announced, the queen stated that she would be sure to witness the birth, to be assured that the pregnancy was indeed genuine. She reportedly wished the succession to pass to her second son. The birth of their first daughter, Princess Augusta, on 31 July 1737, took place at St James's after the Princess of Wales was forced by Frederick to travel from Hampton Court Palace while in labour, in order to prevent his hated parents from being present at the birth. The delivery was traumatic: St James palace was not ready to receive them, no bed was prepared, no sheets could be found, and Augusta was forced to give birth on a tablecloth.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Queen Caroline once said of her daughter-in-law and the inconveniences she had inflicted on her: "Poor creature, were she to spit in my face, I should only pity her for being under such a fool's direction, and wipe it off."


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: The circumstances of the birth of Princess Augusta led to a dispute between the Prince and Princess of Wales and the king and queen, who were not reconciled until public opinion during the Jacobite rebellion in 1745 pressured them to. After the reconciliation, the couple became less isolated from high society, allowing courtiers to appear at both courts without giving offence. Augusta made a good impression in society life, where she was described as pretty, elegant, and a gracious hostess. On some occasions, the children of Augusta were made to give amateur theater performances for their guests, notably on 4 January 1749, when George, Augusta, Elizabeth, Edward and some of their playmates acted in the tragedy of "Cato".


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: On 31 March 1751, Frederick unexpectedly died, making Augusta a widow. Dr. Doran described her at the death of her spouse: "She had, throughout her married life exhibited much mental superiority, with great kindness of disposition, and that under circumstances of great difficulty, and sometimes of a character to inflict vexation on the calmest nature. [...] She was then the mother of eight children, expecting shortly to be the mother of a ninth, and she was brought reluctantly to knowledge that their father was no more. It was six in the morning before her attendants could persuade her to retire to bed; but she arose again at eight, and then, with less thought for her grief than anxiety for the honour of him whose death was the cause of it, she proceeded to the Prince's room, and burned the whole of his private papers. By this the world lost some rare supplementary chapters to a Chronique Scandaleuse!"


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: The king reportedly did not show much feeling upon the death of his son and the funeral was simple. On receiving the king's condolences, Augusta replied that she placed herself and her children upon his mercy and protection, and he was evidently touched by her widowhood and minor children, and was willing to show them consideration. Following Frederick's death, her role as mother of the heir-apparent to the throne became a more prominent one, and she was named prospective regent by the king and the parliament, should the king die during the minority of her eldest son, the Prince of Wales. This caused a controversy and opposition from Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, who had expected to be given that role instead.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: During the remaining years of the reign of George II, Augusta chose to live in seclusion with her children, devoting herself to their care. The few occasions when she did appear in public, the king gave her the same ceremonial role and honours previously given to the queen, and she was honored the same way by the public as well as the court.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: However, Augusta suffered a loss of popularity as a widow. She was to be criticised for her manner of raising her children, as she isolated them from the outside world into a secluded family environment, seldom meeting people outside the family. Shortly after being widowed, she began to be influenced by John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, her son's tutor, and rumours spread that they were having an affair. This was due to her being adamant that Bute was visiting her, and not her son, during his back door visits to tutor the prince. Both were pilloried in the press.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: As her eldest son came of age, the king attempted to arrange a marriage. His favoured choice was a princess of Brunswick-Wolffenbüttel or a princess of Prussia, but Augusta refused, favouring a member of her own family, the House of Saxe-Gotha.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: On 25 October 1760, her son succeeded his grandfather as George III. The year after his succession, he married Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Her relationship with her daughter-in-law was not a good one. Augusta reportedly made it difficult for Charlotte to establish social contacts by referring to court etiquette. Furthermore, she initially appointed a large part of Charlotte's court staff, several of whom were suspected of reporting to Augusta about Charlotte's behaviour. When Charlotte turned to her German companions for friends, she was criticised by Augusta for keeping favourites, notably her close confidant Juliane von Schwellenberg.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Augusta had an acknowledged political influence upon her son, who "strove to follow the counsels she gave", and in which he trusted. Reportedly, she was in turn influenced by Lord Bute, who was appointed prime minister with her support in 1762. His appointment caused a serious crisis and exposed both Augusta and Bute to such public hostility that Bute had to resign from his post the following year. Thackeray described the public sentiments and the circulating rumours: "Bute was hated with a rage there have been few examples in English history. He was the butt for everybody's abuse; for Wilkes, for Churchill's slashing satire, for the hooting of the mob who roasted his booth, his emblem, in a thousand bonfires; that hated him because he was a favourite and a Scotsman, calling him Mortimer, Lothario, and I known not what names, and accusing his royal mistress of all kinds of names – the grave, lean, demure, elderly woman, who, I dare say, was quite as good as her neighbours. Chatham lent the aide of his great malice to influence the popular sentiment against her. He assailed, in the House of Lords, 'The secret influence, more mighty than the throne itself, which betrayed and dogged every administration'. The most furious pamphlets echoed the cry 'Impeach the King's mother', was scribbled over every wall at the Court end of the town".


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: When the King had a first, temporary, bout of mental illness in 1765, Augusta and Lord Bute kept Queen Charlotte unaware of the situation. The Regency Bill of 1765 stated that if the King should become permanently unable to rule, Charlotte was to become Regent. Augusta was suggested as regent, but there was fierce opposition to her appointment, as there were concerns of the influence of Lord Bute in her potential regency, and fears that should she become regent, Bute would de facto rule as "King".


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: In 1769, the spouse of her daughter Caroline Matilda, Christian VII of Denmark, visited Great Britain. During his visit, Augusta, upon the initiative of Caroline Matilda, asked him publicly during a dinner to reinstate Louise von Plessen, a favourite of Caroline Matilda whom Christian had fired, to her position. He answered that he had made a sacred vow never to do so, but that if Caroline Matilda preferred von Plessen's company over his, so be it. In the end, Louise von Plessen was not reinstated, and Augusta apparently asked Caroline Matilda not to press the matter and to show more affection to Christian.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: In 1770, rumours about Caroline Matilda, the queen of Denmark, began to circulate. In particular these concerned the mental state of her spouse as well as the fall of prime minister Bernstorff, in which Caroline Matilda was rumoured to have participated. When Augusta visited her eldest daughter in Brunswick that year, she also took the opportunity to see Caroline Matilda, who received her in breeches, which at that time was regarded as scandalous. Upon Augusta's lamentations, her daughter answered: "Pray, madam, allow me to govern my own kingdom as I please!"


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

text: Princess Augusta enlarged and greatly extended Kew Gardens after her husband's death. Sir William Chambers built several garden structures for her. One of these, the lofty Great Pagoda built in 1761, still remains.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Black Oak Arkansas is an American Southern rock band named after the band's hometown of Black Oak, Arkansas. The band reached the height of its fame in the 1970s charting ten albums according to Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Their style is punctuated by multiple guitar players and the raspy voice and on-stage antics of vocalist Jim "Dandy" Mangrum.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Black Oak Arkansas, originally named "The Knowbody Else," was formed in 1963 by some "high school pals" living in the area around Black Oak, Arkansas. Original members included Ronnie "Chicky Hawk" Smith (vocals), Rickie Lee (alternately "Risky" or "Ricochet") Reynolds (guitar), Stanley "Goober Grin" Knight (guitar), Harvey "Burley" Jett (guitar), Pat "Dirty" Daugherty (bass), and Wayne "Squeezebox" Evans (drums). At some point the band and Ronnie "Chicky Hawk" Smith agreed that a mutual friend named James "Jim Dandy" Mangrum would make a better front man, while Smith agreed that he himself would make a better stage production manager.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: The band's first PA system was stolen from Monette High School. The group then cleaned out an old galvanized grain bin on the edge of town and began blasting out ear-piercing sounds that echoed their special blend of music that came from rock, gospel, country and blues influences. Members of the group were subsequently charged in absentia with grand larceny and sentenced to 26 years at the Tucker Prison Farm, a sentence that was later suspended. This led to their retreat to the hills of rural north-central Arkansas where they lived off the land and refined their musical style. They also lived in Long Beach, Mississippi, and played at the local Lobe theater/dance hall and the short-lived venue, "The Black Rainbow." Some of their influences during this time were the Beatles and the Byrds.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: The Knowbody Else moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 1969 and signed a record deal with Stax Records. Their self-titled debut album (Hip Records #HIS-7003 [a subsidiary of Stax]) was largely ignored by the public. During this time the band became interested in psychedelia and Eastern spiritualism which, combined with their Southern Baptist upbringing, contributed to their sound.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: After several trips to Los Angeles, California, in 1970, the band was signed by Atco Records (whose parent label, Atlantic Records, once had a partnership with Stax) and rechristened Black Oak Arkansas. Their self-titled debut album "Black Oak Arkansas" was released in 1971. The record featured enduring BOA classics such as "Hot and Nasty", "Lord Have Mercy On My Soul", "Uncle Lijiah" (written in pseudo-tribute to Harvey Jett's real-life great uncle) and "When Electricity Came To Arkansas", which was accused by fundamentalist religious groups of containing backward-masked "Satanic messages" (possibly from a live performance of the song in which Mangrum utters "dog si eh" and "natas" three times). The band toured extensively, gaining a reputation as a premier live act throughout the early 1970s all across America, and later even in Europe. "Keep the Faith" followed in 1972, featuring the manic concert staple "Fever in My Mind". Drummer Wayne Evans left the band and was replaced by journeyman drummer Tommy Aldridge on BOA's next release "If an Angel Came to See You, Would You Make Her Feel at Home?", which featured another enduring BOA concert favorite, "Mutants of the Monster" and expanded on the group's eclectic musical style.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: In 1973, Black Oak Arkansas released their fourth LP, "Raunch 'n' Roll Live", and took the rather unorthodox tack of including previously unreleased new songs on their first live concert album like "Gigolo", "Gettin' Kinda Cocky", as well as two more BOA classics: "Hot Rod", which features Dandy's sly double-entendre lyrics, and "Up", which spotlights Aldridge's marathon drum solo, a portion of which he played with his bare hands. The four new songs were originally recorded and intended to be included on the follow-up studio album to "If an Angel Came to See You ...", but when Atco Records realized the band's true strong suit was their concert act, the live album resulted. "Raunch 'n' Roll Live" was re-issued in 2007 by Rhino Records as a 2-CD set containing both concerts that the original vinyl album was culled from. The band's fifth album, "High on the Hog", also released in 1973, ended up being the high point of BOA's career, peaking at number 52 on the Billboard albums chart. Ruby Starr also toured intermittently with Black Oak during this period, and her raspy voice can be heard on the group's remake of LaVern Baker's 1957 hit "Jim Dandy (To The Rescue)", which reached number 25 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Baker's song was recorded at the suggestion of Elvis Presley, when he invited BOA to Graceland.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: The band was riding high on the concert trail as well by this time, headlining large venues like Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium and Charlotte Motor Speedway, and the Royal Albert Hall in London, England. Black Oak Arkansas also played at the California Jam festival in Ontario, California on April 6, 1974. The concert attracted over 200,000 fans, and BOA appeared alongside Black Sabbath; Eagles; Emerson, Lake & Palmer; Deep Purple; Earth, Wind & Fire; Seals and Crofts; and Rare Earth. Portions of the show were telecast on ABC Television in the US, exposing the band to a wider audience.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: The follow-up to "High on the Hog", 1974's "Street Party" (featuring "Son of a Gun", "Hey Ya'll" and "Dixie", as well as a cover of the Motown classic "Dancing in the Street"), may have failed to maintain the momentum, but another 1974 release entitled "Early Times", a shelved Stax recording by The Knowbody Else (now released on the back of their success and under the BOA banner), made up for lost time. Guitarist Harvey Jett left the band after "Street Party" and was replaced by Jimmy "Soybean" Henderson in 1975 and he debuted on the band's final studio album for Atco Records, "Ain't Life Grand". This album included a snarly remake of George Harrison's Beatles classic "Taxman", as well as new originals like "Fancy Nancy", "Rebel", "Good Stuff", "Cryin' Shame", and "Let Life Be Good to You". The band signed a contract with MCA and promptly released "X-Rated" later in 1975, which marked the beginning of Black Oak Arkansas's decline. In 1976, they released two fairly nondescript and unsuccessful albums for MCA, "Balls of Fire" and "10 Yr Overnight Success", the latter as a five-piece band with the departure of Rickie Reynolds, who was more or less replaced on tour by keyboardist Marius Penczner during this period. Also in 1976, Atco released a final BOA contractual-obligation album, the poorly-recorded but high-spirited "Live! Mutha", recorded on Mother's Day, 1975, in Long Beach, California. This recording saw a reappearance of Ruby Starr.


title: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Following continued diminishing returns of the band's record sales (yet while still remaining a consistent concert draw), Mangrum dropped "Arkansas" from the group's name (in an attempt to downplay their Southern-ness) and replaced everyone except Henderson and even altering his own vocal style in an attempt to sound more mainstream (and ostensibly impress music critics in the process). The other members of the "Black Oak" lineup were Greg Reding (guitar and keyboards), Jack Holder (guitar), Andy Tanas (bass), and Joel Williams (drums). Black Oak released two albums on the struggling Capricorn Records, "Race with the Devil" in 1977 and "I'd Rather Be Sailing" the following year. Neither album sold well. In 1978, guitarist Shawn Lane joined the band at age 14 and toured with the band for four years.