title: Ian Schrager

text: In January 1977, Schrager and Rubell signed the lease for Studio 54, renting a space that had originally been the Gallo Opera House and last served as a CBS studio. Six weeks later, it opened. They drew on the venue's existing theatrical infrastructure to change the club's look and feel constantly, creating exciting sets that transformed the space. Multiple times each night, they dramatically reinvented the environment, size, and design of Studio 54. They often hosted special "one-night-only" theme parties, for which the club underwent complete metamorphosis with intricate sets and performance art.


title: Ian Schrager

text: In December 1978, Studio 54 was raided after Rubell had been quoted as saying that only the Mafia made more money than the club brought in. In June 1979, Rubell and Schrager were charged with tax evasion, obstruction of justice, and conspiracy for reportedly skimming nearly $2.5 million in unreported income from the club's receipts, in a system Rubell called "cash-in, cash-out and skim." Police reports state that cash and receipts were in the building and were hidden in the ceiling sections of Rubell's office, where both he and Schrager worked.


title: Ian Schrager

text: A second raid occurred in December 1979. The pair hired Roy Cohn to defend them, but on January 18, 1980, they were sentenced to three and a half years in prison and a $20,000 fine each for the tax evasion charge. On February 4, 1980, Rubell and Schrager went to prison, and Studio 54 was sold in November of that year for $4.75 million. On January 30, 1981, Rubell and Schrager were released from prison to a halfway house for two and a half months.


title: Ian Schrager

text: After Studio 54, Schrager and Rubell opened their next nightclub, Palladium, in the old Academy of Music building in New York City. They enlisted world-renowned Japanese architect Arata Isozaki to reimagine the old music hall into a nightclub, while still maintaining the space's integrity. Palladium was the first of its kind in that art was the focal point of the club's experience. He collaborated with artists Francesco Clemente, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Julian Schnabel, Kenny Scharf, and Keith Haring to create a curated environment. Large video installations lining the dance floor were "undeniably powerful" as part of the art and architecture; throughout the night, multiple dynamic installations were featured as the screens were raised and lowered like pieces of a stage set. Schrager recognized the power great architecture had to influence an environment; working with Arata was just the beginning of his dabbling in architecture. He has since worked with architects, artists and designers such as Philippe Starck, Herzog & de Meuron, Andree Putnam, Julian Schnabel and John Pawson, to name a few.


title: Ian Schrager

text: Turning their attention to hotels, they found that their "on the pulse," keen instincts for the mood and feel of popular culture gave them a unique perspective that would allow them to significantly impact the hospitality industry just as they had done with nightlife.


title: Ian Schrager

text: In 1984, Schrager and Rubell opened their first hotel, Morgans Hotel, named after John Pierpont (JP) Morgan's Morgan Library & Museum next-door. The instant hit introduced the boutique hotel category, becoming a "worldwide phenomenon."


title: Ian Schrager

text: Following the success of Morgans Hotel, they opened the well-received Royalton Hotel and Paramount Hotel, both designed by Philippe Starck. With these properties, Schrager introduced "lobby socializing" where the hotel lobby became a new kind of gathering place for hotel guests and New York City residents alike, and "cheap chic" was affordable luxury offered in a stylish, sophisticated environment.


title: Ian Schrager

text: Schrager is also credited with inventing the "urban resort" concept with his Delano Hotel in Miami and Mondrian Hotel in West Hollywood, also designed by Starck.


title: Ian Schrager

text: These were followed by the Hudson Hotel in New York, where he fully realized his concept "hotel as lifestyle" which he continued to refine, expanding to cities such as San Francisco with the Clift Hotel and London with St. Martins Lane Hotel and the Sanderson Hotel, all designed by the prolific Starck.


title: Ian Schrager

text: Schrager stayed in the hotel business and went solo after he lost his partner Steve Rubell, who died of early exposure to AIDS on July 25, 1989.


title: Ian Schrager

text: In June 2005, Schrager sold most of his stake in Morgans Hotel Group. Despite stepping down as chair and CEO, he retained $4 million in consultant pay and perks through end of 2007.


title: Ian Schrager

text: On Valentine's Day 2006, the namesake $MHG IPO'ed in a $360 million-target raise underwritten by Morgan Stanley, with Schrager cashing in his remaining 450,000 shares for another $9 million. Morgans Hotel Group was a publicly traded company on NASDAQ for over a decade.


title: Ian Schrager

text: The same year, he launched the Ian Schrager Company, which owns, develops and manages hotels, residential and mixed-use projects.


title: Ian Schrager

text: Since then, he has collaborated with Julian Schnabel to transform the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City (which he no longer owns).


title: Ian Schrager

text: Schrager has also built two residential properties: 40 Bond and 50 Gramercy Park North. 40 Bond was designed by Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron as their first residential project in America.


title: Ian Schrager

text: Schrager has a new hotel brand, Public. Schrager's Public Hotel Chicago opened in 2011. It was Schrager's first new project as an independent hotelier since 2005, after selling Morgans Hotel Group. Schrager later sold the Chicago hotel in 2016 to Gaw Capital Partners, based in Hong Kong. On June 7, 2017, Schrager opened the 367-room Public Hotel New York, at 215 Chrystie Street in the Bowery district. Public Hotel New York claims to have the fastest hotel wi-fi in New York City, which is free. The idea behind Public New York is "luxury for all," charging an inexpensive rate for quality and service. Most recently, it was chosen as the location for the afterparty for Garden of Turkish Delights, the first solo show in New York by esteemed Turkish artist, Sarp Yavuz, in cooperation with Trotter and Sholer, an emerging fine art gallery in NYC’s Lower East Side.


title: Ian Schrager

text: Schrager's latest venture is EDITION Hotels, a partnership with Marriott International, intending to create a new brand of hotel with about 100 properties to be located in cities throughout North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. EDITION currently has hotels in London, Miami Beach, New York City, Sanya (China), Barcelona, Bodrum, Shanghai, Abu Dhabi and West Hollywood. According to their website, new hotels are slated to open in Tokyo (two properties in Toranomon and Ginza), Reykjavik, Rome, Tampa, the Mexican Riviera, Las Vegas, Madrid, Bali, Dubai, Singapore, Milan, Doha, Nashville, Scottsdale and Kuala Lumpur.


title: Ian Schrager

text: On May 20, 2020, it was announced that the Times Square EDITION in New York City would be closing permanently on August 13 after only 1 year in operation after going into foreclosure in December 2019, with financial problems exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic on New York and the global travel industry. However, it reopened in June 2021.


title: Ian Schrager

text: Schrager married Rita Noroña, a Cuban ballet dancer, on Valentine's Day in 1994. They have two daughters, Sophia and Ava.


title: Ian Schrager

text: On November 15, 2008, he married Tania Wahlstedt (née Garcia-Stefanovich), a former ballerina with the New York City Ballet. She has two daughters, Amanda and Lili Wahlstedt, from a previous marriage. They have a son, Louis.


title: Ian Schrager

text: In June 2022, Schrager was recognized by the International Hospitality Institute on the Global 100 in Hospitality as one of the 100 Most Powerful People in Global Hospitality.


title: Álex Palou

text: Álex Palou Montalbo (; born 1 April 1997) is a Spanish racing driver who drives for Chip Ganassi Racing in the IndyCar Series, where he won the 2021 series championship. He is the first Spanish racing driver to win a National Championship in American open-wheel racing history and also the first Spaniard to win in the GP3 Series.


title: Álex Palou

text: Born in Sant Antoni de Vilamajor, spanish racer Palou began karting in 2003. His biggest karting achievement was the championship title in the WSK Euro Series in 2012.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou made his open-wheel racing debut, competing in the Euroformula Open Championship with Campos Racing in 2014. He bookended the season, winning the opening race at the Nürburgring and the final race at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. He also won a race at the Hungaroring to finish third in the series standings, missing out on the runner-up placing by just one point to Artur Janosz.


title: Álex Palou

text: In 2015, Palou graduated to the GP3 Series with Campos Racing. During the first half of the season, he suffered major reliability issues as well as some driving mistakes due to his lack of experience, but his results improved along the season and he closed the year with a victory at Abu Dhabi.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya of Spain, Palou qualified fourth for the first race, but he slipped the clutch at the start and lost any opportunity to fight for the points. He made another bad start at the second race.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Red Bull Ring of Austria, Palou had another bad weekend. Starting from third, he stalled the engine at the start. He later admitted he felt nervous after the mistakes from Barcelona and that that might have contributed to those new errors. He did not finish the second race because of a crash on the first lap.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Silverstone Circuit of England, a gear-box sensor failed when Palou was driving fifth. He was forced to retire and subsequently had to start the second race from the last place on the grid. He managed to overtake eleven cars, eight of them in the first lap, to finish 13th.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Hungaroring from Hungary, Palou started seventh and moved up to fifth until a car hit him from behind. He suffered a puncture and was forced to pit. Starting from the bottom of the grid for the second race, he wrapped up the weekend with an 18th-place finish.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Spa-Francorchamps Circuit from Belgium, Palou scored his first points in GP3 as the season passed its halfway point. Struggling with tyre wear and lack of speed, the Campos Racing driver finished in 7th place in the first race. He led most of the second race but eventually fell back to fifth because of the lack of top speed. He later argued that Esteban Ocon was scrapping 0,5 seconds per lap just in the first sector, where the Kemmel Straight was found.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza from Italy, Palou had another difficult weekend because of the lack of top speed. Using the same engine he raced in Belgium, he managed to finish seventh in the first race and subsequently started the second one from the front row. He made "The Great Mistake" (as he wrote in his column) when during the warm-up lap he spun at the main straight and nearly hit the wall. Although his car was not damaged, he fell back to tenth.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Sochi Autodrom from Russia, Palou received a new engine that solved the top speed problems he suffered in Belgium and Italy. Because of Carlos Sainz crash during Russian Grand Prix Free Practice 3, the first race of the weekend was moved to Sunday. Palou qualified just a tenth away from Pole Position and scored a provisional season-high in the first race when he crossed the line in fourth place. He immediately scored a provisional season high when he crossed the line in fourth place. He was ninth in the second one.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Bahrain International Circuit of Bahrain, Palou suffered yet again more reliability issues. He started from fourth, but during the warm-up lap a gas sensor failed and the car kept on accelerating when the driver lifted the throttle. He decided to enter the Pit-Lane and retire. Because of this, he started the second race from last place. He gained 14 positions, but ended up tenth and outside from the points.


title: Álex Palou

text: At the Yas Marina Circuit from Abu Dhabi, Palou won his race in GP3 and became the first Spanish driver to ever get a victory in the series. After being eighth in the first race, he held Pole Position for the second one. Worried about tyre wear, he targeted for a podium finish. He held the lead at the start and slowly started to pull away from the field. He crossed the line with a 4.4-second margin to Carlin's Antonio Fuoco.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou continued to race for Campos Racing in his second season in GP3. He scored second place at the Silverstone sprint race and fifth place at the Yas Marina sprint race. He ranked 15th in the overall standings.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou also raced with Teo Martín Motorsport in three rounds of the 2017 World Series Formula V8 3.5 championship, where he won three poles and a race. This partial season earned him 10th in the championship. Palou finished 2017 with Campos Racing in two Formula 2 rounds, where he scored 5 points. Palou led the majority of the Jerez sprint race from the reverse grid pole, but ultimately, he could not hang on to the lead with his heavily worn tires and finished 8th. These two rounds finished Palou 21st in the championship.


title: Álex Palou

text: In 2018, Palou returned to Europe full-time for a full season with Hitech Bullfrog GP in the 2018 FIA Formula 3 European Championship. He scored 7 podiums and ended the year 7th in the championship.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou moved to Japan in 2017 to compete in Japanese Formula 3 for Threebond with Drago Corse. He won three races but finished the year third in the championship behind Mitsunori Takaboshi and Sho Tsuboi.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou moved back to Japan in 2019 to compete full-time with McLaren Customer Racing Japan in the Super GT GT300 class and TCS Nakajima Racing in Super Formula. In Super GT, Palou was partnered with 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Seiji Ara. As a team, they scored one podium at Autopolis but ultimately finished 15th in the championship. In Super Formula, Palou had far more success. He won at Fuji Speedway from pole position and, after qualifying on pole at the final round at Suzuka, he looked to be the championship favorite. A problem with the ventilation duct early in the race immensely slowed Palou's car down and he finished 19th in the race. This dropped him to 3rd in the championship in the end.


title: Álex Palou

text: On 19 December 2019, it was announced that Palou would move to the IndyCar Series for a rookie campaign with Dale Coyne Racing with Team Goh. His manager in the IndyCar series is former IndyCar driver Roger Yasukawa.


title: Álex Palou

text: In his first race for the team at the 2020 Genesys 300 at Texas Motor Speedway he was taken out by fellow rookie Rinus VeeKay. He took his first IndyCar podium at Road America.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou was signed by Chip Ganassi Racing to drive the No. 10 Honda for the 2021 IndyCar Series season. On 18 April 2021, Palou earned his maiden IndyCar Series victory in the season-opening race at Barber Motorsports Park. Palou started on pole for the first time in his IndyCar career at the first race of the season at Texas Motor Speedway, although his pole position was earned due to his early-season championship point lead after qualifying was canceled for the race due to inclement weather. Palou added another podium for the season at the GMR Grand Prix and then finished second in the 2021 Indianapolis 500 to Hélio Castroneves' record-tying fourth victory. Palou's finish in the 500 vaulted him into the points lead for the championship. For the rest of the season, only himself and Pato O'Ward would hold the points lead.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou then went on a run of podium finishes after the 500, although he briefly lost the points lead to O'Ward in Detroit by a single point. Palou finished third in the second race in Detroit, won at Road America after Josef Newgarden suffered a gearbox failure, and finished third at Mid Ohio to solidify his points lead in the championship over both Scott Dixon and O'Ward. This was despite suffering three engine change related penalties imposed on him by IndyCar. He gave up the points lead to O'Ward after he and Dixon were collected in an accident caused by Rinus VeeKay at Gateway but took it back after taking his first earned pole position and a third victory at Portland. After a second-place finish at Laguna Seca, Palou carried a thirty-five-point advantage over O'Ward heading into the final race of the season at Long Beach, with only himself, O'Ward, and Josef Newgarden still mathematically capable of winning the title. After O'Ward was knocked out in an accident on the first lap of the race Palou drove conservatively and finished in fourth place, winning his first IndyCar championship. He became the third Chip Ganassi Racing driver to win the IndyCar series championship after Dixon and Dario Franchitti and the first Honda driver other than Dixon to win an IndyCar championship in the Dallara DW12 and turbo V6 era of IndyCar racing. Palou also secured his first IndyCar track discipline championship in 2021, winning the Mario Andretti Cup as the season's highest-scoring driver on the road and street courses. For his Indianapolis Motor Speedway victory lap, he drove a chicken-themed limousine, in honor of his favorite after-victory meal of fried chicken.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou would start the 2022 season out with podiums at St. Petersburg, Long Beach, and Barber, outperforming his Chip Ganassi teammates and putting him in a strong early position to defend his title. The title would eventually be lost to Penske's Will Power, but Palou would still finish 5th (due to countback, as he tied Scott McLaughlin with 510 points) with a commanding win in the Laguna Seca finale to round out the year.


title: Álex Palou

text: On 12 July 2022, Chip Ganassi Racing sent a press release saying that they had extended the contract of Palou for the 2023 IndyCar season by exercising the option they held on his deal. Included in the press release was a quote attributed to Palou. Hours later, Palou, via a thread on Twitter denounced this press release, claimed that the quote attributed to him was created by the team (a practice common among IndyCar teams, according to "RACER.com"'s Marshall Pruett) and also not approved by him. He also stated that he had given Chip Ganassi Racing prior notice that he intended to leave the team after the 2022 season and join McLaren Racing's roster of drivers. Moments after these tweets, McLaren announced that they had signed Palou to a contract for 2023, though it was not specifically mentioned if Palou would drive for Arrow McLaren SP, McLaren's IndyCar operation. Chip Ganassi Racing responded to this by releasing a statement reiterating their claim to Palou's services. On 27 July 2022, Chip Ganassi Racing confirmed they had filed a civil lawsuit against Palou in Marion County, Indiana. On 14 September 2022, it was announced that an agreement had been reached by all parties that would see Palou continue with Chip Ganassi for the 2023 season, with McLaren signing him to test the MCL35M.


title: Álex Palou

text: In September 2022, McLaren announced that they had signed Palou to their "Testing of Previous Cars" program that would see him test the MCL35M, first at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya and later, in October, at the Red Bull Ring, both together with Pato O'Ward.


title: Álex Palou

text: Palou made his debut in free practice with McLaren at the 2022 United States Grand Prix. On his free practice debut, Palou called the F1 car "insane" and "capable of so much".


title: Álex Palou

text: On 1 December 2022, McLaren announced Palou as a reserve driver for the 2023 Formula One World Championship.


title: Browning Arms Company

text: Browning Arms Company (originally John Moses and Matthew Sandefur Browning Company) is an American marketer of firearms and fishing gear. The company was founded in Ogden, Utah, in 1878 by brothers John Moses Browning (1855–1926) and Matthew Sandefur Browning (1859–1923). The company offers a wide variety of firearms, including shotguns, rifles, and pistols. Other products include fishing rods and reels, gun safes, sport bows, knives and bicycles.


title: Browning Arms Company

text: Initially, the company marketed the sporting (non-military) designs of John Browning, one of the world's most influential and prolific firearms inventors. Nearly all of John Browning's innovative designs have been manufactured under license by other companies, including Winchester, Colt, Remington, FN Herstal, and Miroku. Browning is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of FN Herstal.


title: Browning Arms Company

text: Browning Arms Company is best known for the A-Bolt and X-Bolt bolt-action rifles, the BAR semi-automatic rifle, the BPR pump-action rifle, the BPS pump-action shotgun, the Auto-5 semi-automatic shotgun, and the Hi-Power pistol. Browning also manufactures a set of trap shotguns such as the 725 Pro Trap, Citori CX series, and the Cynergy series.


title: Browning Arms Company

text: The company's factory collection is owned by the Browning Firearms Museum at Union Station in Ogden, Utah.


title: Browning Arms Company

text: Browning introduced a line of hunting boots in 1968 and continued to design and manufacture footwear through outside vendors until 2001. In that year, Browning reached a license agreement with Connecticut-based H.H. Brown Shoe Company, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, to manufacture Browning Footwear.


title: Browning Arms Company

text: The product line included the John M. Browning collection, Field and Game series, and sporting and waterfowl lines. The line has grown to include kangaroo leather boots, rubber boots and waders, and upland game boots.


title: Browning Arms Company

text: In 1968, Browning introduced a line of cutlery in the form of three fixed-blade hunting knives and a folding knife designed by the custom knifemaker Gil Hibben. Over the years, the lineup has grown, and Browning has teamed up with other knifemakers such as Jerry Fisk, Bailey Bradshaw, John Fitch, Joseph Keeslar, and James Crowell of the American Bladesmith Society. In 2004 Browning partnered with several custom knifemakers to produce a series of "Living History Knives" honoring famous American generals and battles. The lineup included a Liberty Tree Knife made by Larry Harley; a Robert E. Lee Knife and an Alamo Knife honoring Jim Bowie designed by Jerry Fisk; an Ike Knife honoring Dwight David Eisenhower designed by Jim Crowell; and a Crazy Horse Knife by Brent Evans. Browning has recently partnered with big-game hunter, Russ Kommer as their knife designer.


title: Browning Arms Company

text: Browning was the make of pistol initially depicted in the Nazi propaganda play "Schlageter", from which the quote "when I hear the word culture, I reach for my gun", often associated with Nazi leaders, originates. The actual line from the play is slightly different: ""Wenn ich Kultur höre ... entsichere ich meinen Browning!"" "Whenever I hear of culture... I unlock my Browning!" (Act 1, Scene 1).


title: Browning Arms Company

text: Browning is the sponsor of the hunting show "Goin' Country" hosted by Kristy Lee Cook, which the Versus channel aired before it became the NBC Sports Network. The relationship between Cook and Browning started after she wore a Browning hat on "American Idol".


title: Browning Arms Company

text: A Browning shotgun appears in the Turnpike Troubadours song "The Housefire" and "The Bird Hunters". The latter specifies that the gun was manufactured in Belgium.


title: Shefali Jariwala

text: Shefali Jariwala (born 15 December 1982), better known as the "Kaanta Laga Girl", is an Indian actress and model who has appeared in several Hindi music videos, reality shows and a Kannada film. She became noted when she appeared in the famous music video "Kaanta Laga" and played Bijli in the film "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" with Akshay Kumar and Salman Khan. Later, she participated in the dance reality shows "Nach Baliye 5" and "Nach Baliye 7" along with Parag Tyagi. In 2018, she played the female lead in ALT Balaji's web series "Baby Come Naa" opposite Shreyas Talpade. In 2019, she participated in the controversial reality show "Bigg Boss 13".


title: Shefali Jariwala

text: Shefali Jariwala was married to musician Harmeet Singh from Meet Brothers in 2004. The couple divorced in 2009 where Shefali pressed charges against Harmeet. Later, she married actor Parag Tyagi in 2015. Shefali Jariwala is a graduate with degree in Computer Applications.


title: Shefali Jariwala

text: Shefali became famous for appearing in a song in the 2002 video album "Kaanta Laga". Due to the popularity of the song, she became known as "The Thong Girl". After "Kaanta Laga" she appeared few other music albums. She also had a presence in the movie Mujhse Shaadi Karogi.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop (styled TOKYOPOP; formerly known as Mixx Entertainment) is an American distributor, licensor and publisher of anime, manga, manhwa and Western manga-style works. The German publishing division produces German translations of licensed Japanese properties and original English-language manga, as well as original German-language manga. Tokyopop's US publishing division publishes works in English. Tokyopop has its US headquarters near Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California. Its parent company's offices are in Tokyo, Japan and its sister company's office is in Hamburg, Germany.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop was founded in 1997 by Stuart J. Levy. In the late 1990s, the company's headquarters were in Los Angeles.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokoypop published a manga magazine called MixxZine which serialized four classic manga including Sailor Moon, Magic Knight Rayearth, Parasyte, and Ice Blade. Eventually, MixxZine became an Asian pop culture publication entitled Tokyopop Magazine. Additionally, the company published a manga and tech magazine entitled Smile Magazine.


title: Tokyopop

text: Cultural anthropologist Rachel Thorn praised Stu Levy for opening up an untapped market for animation with the publication of "Sailor Moon" and other. Before "Sailor Moon", the belief among entertainment executives was that "girls don't watch cartoons." Due to "Sailor Moon’s" immense popularity, Tokyopop discontinued the serial from its magazines, and released it separately as its first manga graphic novel. They engineered prominent book distribution via retail stores, standardized book trim size, created a basic industry-wide rating system, and developed the first-ever retail manga displays and introduced the world of graphic novels to an audience of teenage girls. Also, together with Diamond, Tokyopop offered retailers free spinner rack displays for Tokyopop manga, thereby increasing the visibility of the medium in bookstores.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop also licensed and distributed Japanese anime. In 1996, Mixx Entertainment acquired the rights to the anime biopic of Japanese poet Kenji Miyazawa, and Stu Levy produced and directed the English version of the anime film, entitled "Spring and Chaos." The film was directed and scripted by Shoji Kawamori, who created Super Dimensional Fortress Macross and The Vision of Escaflowne. Taste of Cinema ranked "Spring and Chaos" thirteenth in its list of Top "25 Weird Animated Movies That Are Worth Your Time." From 2000 to 2004, Tokyopop released multiple film and television projects such as "Street Fury", which Stu Levy created, "GTO" (English version for Showtime TV), "Rave Master" (English version for Cartoon Network's Toonami), and "" (English version for Cartoon Network's Adult Swim.) Tokyopop also released English version DVDs for: "Initial D", "Marmalade Boy", "Saint Tail", "", "Vampire Princess Miyu", "", "FMW", "High School Ghostbusters."


title: Tokyopop

text: In 2002, Tokyopop launched its line of "100% Authentic Manga", which was printed in the original Japanese right-to-left format and included the original Japanese printed sound effects.


title: Tokyopop

text: In Japan, most published manga is written to read from right to left, but when an English translation was published in the U.S., however, the common practice was to use computer-reversed or mirror images that allowed the books to read from left to right. As a result, this distorted the artwork. Tokyopop's decision to use the original right-to-left format allowed the artwork to keep its original form and also enabled Tokyopop to release most graphic novel series on a frequency three-to-six times faster than the industry standard at the time. Tokyopop volumes hit the shelves monthly, bi-monthly or quarterly versus the six months or longer typical of competitors. It also allowed Tokyopop to sell books for an industry-leading price point of $9.99 per book, at a time when most competitors charged $12.99 to $16.99 per book.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop was the first U.S. publisher to adopt such a sweeping policy. While some Japanese manga artists had required that the English versions of their manga be published from right to left, Tokyopop was the first American publisher to unilaterally announce that it would maintain the original format for all of its future manga titles.


title: Tokyopop

text: An "authentic manga" how-to guide was included in each graphic novel to keep readers from accidentally reading the final page first, and the authentic manga also featured special packaging.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop launched their Global Manga publishing program in 2003 via the introduction of its "Rising Stars of Manga" talent competition. The competition called for American manga artists to submit 15–25 page English-language stories of any genre. The top 10 entries, as judged by Tokyopop editors, received cash prizes (between $500 – $2500) and were published in an anthology of the winning works. The grand prize winners were also given the chance to pitch full-length manga projects to Tokyopop for a chance to become professional manga-ka.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop launched its first "Rising Stars of Manga" contest on August 15, 2002 and ended it on December 16, 2002, with more than five hundred American artists submitting their 15–25 page, English-language stories.


title: Tokyopop

text: The 5th Rising Stars of Manga competition added the People's Choice award, where the top-20 finalists had their entire entries judged by the fans on the Tokyopop website. “We are really pleased to open up the Rising Stars judging to the fans," commented Tokyopop editor Rob Valois. "Since so many people have been vocal on the message boards and at industry conventions, we’re offering them all a chance to shape the future of manga. I’m personally excited to see how the fans’ favorite will compare to our own."


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop held eight Rising Stars of Manga competitions between 2002 and 2008, as well as one in the UK in 2005.


title: Tokyopop

text: Several "Rising Stars of Manga" winners went on to publish full-length graphic novels with Tokyopop, including Josh Elder with "Mail Order Ninja", M. Alice LeGrow with "Bizenghast", Mike Schwark and Ron Kaulfersch with "Van Von Hunter," Lindsay Cibos and Jared Hodges with "Peach Fuzz," Wes Abbot with "Dogby Walks Alone", Felipe Smith with "MBQ," Nathan Maurer with "Atomic King Daidogan,".


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop became one of the biggest manga publishers outside Japan, and as such, was attributed with popularizing manga in the United States. By 2004, it boasted the largest market share of manga sales in the U.S., reaching as high as 50% of manga exports to the United States, according to Nissei Weekly.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop was also instrumental in the introduction of manhwa to western audiences. Brad Brooks and Tim Pilcher, authors of "The Essential Guide to World Comics. London", said that Tokyopop "published many Korean artists' work, possibly without Western fans even realizing the strips don't come from Japan. Series like "King of Hell" by Kim Jae-hwan and Ra In-soo, and the Gothic vampire tale "Model" by Lee So-young are both Korean, but could easily be mistaken for manga." In 2005, Tokyopop began a new, free publication called "Manga" (originally "Takuhai") to feature their latest releases.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop secured newspaper distribution in the form of Sunday comics, featuring its titles Princess Ai, Mail Order Ninja, Peach Fuzz, and Van Von Hunter.


title: Tokyopop

text: In March 2006, Tokyopop and HarperCollins Publishers announced a co-publishing agreement in which the sale and distribution rights of some Tokyopop manga and books, under this co-publishing license, would be transferred to HarperCollins in mid-June 2006. The agreement enabled Tokyopop to produce original English-language (OEL) manga adaptations of HarperCollins' books. Meg Cabot's books were the first to be adapted into the manga format, along with the "Warriors" series by Erin Hunter. The first line of Tokyopop-HarperCollins OEL manga was released in 2007 with the goal of publishing up to 24 titles each year.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop entered a licensing arrangement with Kaplan, a leading provider of educational and training services in 2007, to help students study vocabulary words in preparation for the SATs.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop has released several series based on American games, films, and characters, such as "Warcraft", the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series, and Jim Henson films. They released the first volume of a series based on the "" video game in April 2008.


title: Tokyopop

text: TOKYOPOP pioneered the Cine-Manga format, which took popular animated and live-action series and films and turned them into colored print editions. Titles included popular Nickelodeon cartoon series like Avatar: The Last Airbender and Spongebob Squarepants. As well as franchises such as Star Wars, Akira, Lizzie McGuire, Card Captor Sakura, Kim Possible, Family Guy, Hannah Montana, amongst many others.


title: Tokyopop

text: In June 2008, Tokyopop announced that it was being restructured, with its name being changed to Tokyopop Group, a holding group for several new subsidiaries. The Tokyopop operations in the United States were split into two subsidiaries: Tokyopop, Inc., and Tokyopop Media. Tokyopop, Inc. consisted of the company's existing publications business, while Tokyopop Media focused on the company's digital and comics-to-film works. Tokyopop Media managed the Tokyopop website, which continued to promote its publications. According to representative Mike Kiley, the divisions would allow the company to "set things up in ways that would very clearly and definitively allow those businesses to focus on what they need to do to succeed. The goals in each company are different and the achievement of those goals is more realistic, more possible if everyone working in each of those companies is very clearly focused."


title: Tokyopop

text: During the restructure, Tokyopop laid off 39 positions, equating to 35%–40% of its American workforce. Most of the positions cut were those involved in the direct publication of its books which resulted in a scale back of publication output from Tokyopop, Inc. Tokyopop reported that it would be cutting the volumes released per year by approximately 50%, to an average of 20–22 volumes per month.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop's Japan division was also to be split, with one unit operating under Tokyopop Media and the other becoming a subsidiary under the overall Tokyopop Group. In response to Tokyopop's restructuring, declining sales, and losing 20% of its manga market share, Tokyopop UK cut its publication release schedule from approximately 25 volumes a month to 20.


title: Tokyopop

text: In December 2008, citing "dramatically low sales" in the publishing industry as a whole, Tokyopop, Inc., laid off eight more employees, including three editors, and noted that the company would have to rearrange some of its upcoming publication schedules.


title: Tokyopop

text: Licenses from the Japanese manga publisher Kodansha, historically, were a large part of Tokyopop's catalog. In the years leading up to 2009, the number of Kodansha titles licensed by Tokyopop decreased. The final new Kodansha title was "Tokko" by Tohru Fujisawa, and the final batch of volumes of Kodansha titles appeared around March 2009. Around that time Kodansha began to consistently give licenses to its manga to competitor Del Rey Manga. Deb Aoki of About.com said "Well, more or less. You get the idea. If you're the type who reads the tea leaves of the manga publishing biz, you kinda sensed that things weren't quite the same as they used to be."


title: Tokyopop

text: On August 31, 2009, Tokyopop announced Kodansha was allowing all of its licensing agreements with the North American and German divisions of Tokyopop to expire for reasons unknown. Due to this loss in licensing, Tokyopop was forced to leave several Kodansha series unfinished, including the popular "Rave Master", "Initial D", "GetBackers", and "Life" series. It would be unable to reprint any previously published volumes, rendering all Kodansha-owned Tokyopop releases out-of-print.


title: Tokyopop

text: Several other titles licensed and published by Tokyopop, including best sellers "Cardcaptor Sakura", "Chobits", "Clover", and "Magic Knight Rayearth", were reacquired by Dark Horse Comics, though two other titles Kodansha licensed to Dark Horse had since transferred to Random House by then. "Samurai Deeper Kyo" was relicensed by competitor Del Rey Manga, a division of Random House, which published the remaining volumes of the series.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop said that it expected the loss of the licenses to have minimal impact on the company economically due to its diversification of their holdings over the last few years, though they acknowledged the loss would hurt fans of the ongoing series who face uncertainty about the completion of those titles from other companies. ICv2 reported that Tokyopop would continue to publish light novels from Kodansha and that Kodansha appeared to be planning to publish its own titles through its partnership with Random House.


title: Tokyopop

text: In February 2011, the president and chief operating officer, John Parker, resigned from the company and took the position of vice president of business development for Diamond. This came shortly after Diamond became Tokyopop's new distributor, taking the business from HarperCollins. Tokyopop did not name a replacement for Parker. Parker's departure left only three remaining executives: the founder and CEO, Stuart Levy; Publisher, Mike Kiley; and Vice President of Inventory, Victor Chin.


title: Tokyopop

text: On March 1, Tokyopop continued to lay off workers, removing many high-profile employees such as long-time manga editors Lilian Diaz-Przyhyl and Troy Lewter. Tokyopop's management also eliminated the position of director of sales operations. In an interview with ICv2, Stuart Levy revealed that the layoffs were due to Borders Group, Tokyopop's largest customer, filing bankruptcy in March 2011, no longer carrying Tokyopop stock, and not paying debts that the company owed to Tokyopop.


title: Tokyopop

text: On April 15, 2011, Tokyopop announced that it would close its Los Angeles, CA–based North American publishing operations on May 31, 2011. According to the release, Tokyopop's film and television projects, as well as European publishing operations and global rights sales, would not be closing. The UK branch would cease to operate after May 31 due to their reliance on the importing of the North American branch's product. Stuart Levy, Tokyopop's founder, released a personal statement reaffirming Tokyopop's role in introducing manga to the mainstream North American audience and thanking fans, creators, and employees for their dedication. On May 24, Tokyopop stated that the manga they licensed would revert to their original owners, who may license the titles to other companies.


title: Tokyopop

text: In October 2011, Tokyopop's official Twitter account released a message stating that its "ultimate goal is to start publishing manga again."


title: Tokyopop

text: On December 10, 2012, Tokyopop's website relaunched with a letter from management stating that the company was down to a few select employees who were starting a 'new incarnation' of the company. Partnered with 'Right Stuf on Demand', they began offering ebooks of various titles for which they retained the rights.


title: Tokyopop

text: Luckily new technologies that have only very recently become practical are enabling us to re-emerge. Conventional publishing has irrevocably changed, and it is impractical for all but the largest and most established companies to pursue publishing as it has gone on for centuries. But by embracing ebook and print-on-demand technologies, we believe we can move forward and continue to produce some amazing manga as well as bring you Asian Pop Culture in many forms.


title: Tokyopop

text: Digital technology has transformed many industries including publishing. This hit TOKYOPOP very hard since we didn't have ebook rights to most of our series (except OEL). Unfortunately our Japanese licensors did not move fast enough to provide a legitimate alternative to piracy, and piracy shows no mercy. As a result, TOKYOPOP had to shut down its LA office and the licenses to Japanese titles expired, reverting to the Japanese licensors.


title: Tokyopop

text: What that means is TOKYOPOP is evolving as a company. I know many fans would prefer us to return to being a manga publisher like we were for most of our history. However, manga will never disappear – we will do what we can to deliver manga. I plan on experimenting with new ways to bring you Asian pop culture. Please keep an open mind – and give feedback (not just negative when you don't like something but also positive when you like something) so we can tweak our approach.


title: Tokyopop

text: Throughout the publishing closure, Tokyopop Media remained open for business, continuing its efforts to produce film and TV adaptations of Tokyopop's manga, as well as reinvigorating the Tokyopop YouTube channel, launching several original web series and adding trailers for Japanese film and TV. In 2013, Tokyopop partnered with MondoMedia to release an animated short film based on the Tokyopop manga "Riding Shotgun", which was directed by Michael Davis and starred the voices of Yuri Lowenthal and Jessy Schram. The short film garnered over a million views in its first month, and led to an IndieGoGo campaign to finance a full animated series.


title: Tokyopop

text: In 2015, at Anime Expo and San Diego Comic-Con, Tokyopop announced that it would be relaunching its publishing operations in North America in 2016 and hinted that its first major licensor would be Disney.


title: Tokyopop

text: In January 2018, Tokyopop announced the release dates for three new properties: "Konohana Kitan", "", and "Hanger". Additionally, TOKYOPOP initiated "International Woman of Manga" to showcase non-Japanese female manga writers with the publication of five titles: "Ocean of Secrets", "Goldfisch", "Kamo", "Undead Messiah", and "Sword Princess Amaltea". Tokyopop's "Nightmare Before Christmas: Zero's Journey" was nominated for two 2018 Diamond GEM awards in the categories "2018 Best All Ages Series" and "2018 Licensed TP or HC of the Year".


title: Tokyopop

text: In 2021, Cracker Barrel Old Country Store restaurants agreed to sell specific Tokyopop Manga by offering Disney’s The Nightmare Before Christmas adaptation by Jun Asuka in its North American in-store gift shops.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop's European entity is located in Hamburg, Germany and publishes both print and digital titles across a range of content and formats. In 2021, Tokyopop GmbH was one of Germany's Top 100 publishing companies. The first manga and manhwa by Tokyopop Germany were published in November 2004, and the first anime in the fall of 2005. In 2006, Tokyopop GmbH entered a "strategic partnership" with the Japanese publisher Shueisha, allowing them to publish popular titles such as "Death Note" and "Bleach". The company has also released a number of original German-language manga, including "Gothic Sports", winner of a 2007 Sondermann award. Tokyopop GmbH continues to operate as a publisher of German-language manga for the international market after the closure of the US publishing office.


title: Tokyopop

text: In addition to publishing popular manga titles, Tokyopop GmbH also expanded the market by producing new and exciting cross-media content, including licensing popular video game franchises such as "Assassin's Creed" and "Zelda" and bestselling novels such as James Patterson and "Warriors". In 2013, the company launched a prestige project called Manga Library, which adapted classic literary novels into manga.


title: Tokyopop

text: According to GFK Entertainment, as of 2014 in the core segment of manga, Tokyopop GmbH is currently the second largest provider, with a market share of 27%. Additionally, in the last two years, Tokyopop GmbH had the fastest growth rate out of the big three manga suppliers in the German market, with a growth rate of 29% in 2014. This compares with Egmont Ehapa at 6.5% and Carlsen Verlag at 1.8%.


title: Tokyopop

text: In 2004, Tokyopop set up a division in the United Kingdom based in London that mainly imported books from its original American counterpart and distributed them to bookstores in both the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Tokyopop released an anime collection in both countries in late 2006, including titles such as "Initial D" and "Great Teacher Onizuka". "Vampire Princess Miyu" was released on DVD by MVM Entertainment and the Toonami television channel aired the first half of "Rave Master" in early 2005. It was announced on the official Tokyopop Facebook page that because the British division mainly imported the North American branch's translated titles, it would become defunct with the only open branch being the German division.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop distributed some of its titles to Australia and New Zealand via Madman Entertainment/Funtastic and in Greece, Tokyopop properties were licensed by Anubis Comics. Tokyopop partnered with IDW International in February 2018 to license its original intellectual property (IP) and manga in overseas markets.


title: Tokyopop

text: Blu Manga is an imprint under which Tokyopop published "shōnen-ai" and "yaoi" manga titles. The imprint was launched in 2005. Initially, the company denied that it owned Blu, stating that it was only distributing for another company. The company released no editor names, nor company contact info out of fear there would be backlash and hate mail from "moral crusaders". In 2006, Tokyopop confirmed Blu was their own imprint. Blu Manga considered that their "non-girly" branding had enabled the imprint, in a genre stereotypically created by women for women, to reach out to a male and gay audience. Early titles published by BLU were "Earthian", "Love Mode", and "Shinobu Kokoro".


title: Tokyopop

text: Fans critical of possible mishandling of the "Initial D" property voiced concerns regarding "editorial changes" in the language localization of the manga and anime. The changes included renaming of several characters and the removal of one character's involvement in enjo kōsai, a practice in Japan where younger women are paid to provide older men with companionship. In a letter sent to Anime News Network, Tokyopop responded to the criticisms, noting that they felt the edits were necessary because they were marketing the series to a younger target audience than it was originally designed for in Japan. In an interview by Anime News Network, Tokyopop staff stated they also felt that the series would reach a larger audience if it had a broader American appeal.


title: Tokyopop

text: The company alleviated some of the concerns by noting that the anime series would receive an "unedited, subtitled, Japanese language" DVD release. The manga series remained edited except for the first volume, which was accidentally printed before the editing decisions were made.


title: Tokyopop

text: In 2005, Tokyopop partnered with mainstream teen magazine CosmoGirl to serialize a manga entitled "The Adventures of CG!," drawn by Svetlana Chmakova.


title: Tokyopop

text: The company published books for younger children including picture books based on Japanese character Stray Sheep.


title: Tokyopop

text: In 2020, Tokyopop introduced a new Inclusive Romance manga lineup, with a focus on providing BL/Yaoi manga, GL/Yuri manga, and male/female romance manga under the same imprint.


title: Tokyopop

text: Tokyopop has licensed several Disney manga titles and series in the US, including Nightmare Before Christmas, Descendants, Kilala Princess and Donald Duck Visits Japan.


title: Dawes (band)

text: Dawes is an American folk rock band from Los Angeles, California, composed of brothers Taylor (guitars and vocals) and Griffin Goldsmith (drums), along with Wylie Gelber (bass) and Lee Pardini (keyboards).


title: Dawes (band)

text: Dawes was formed from the band Simon Dawes after the departure of co-songwriter Blake Mills, subsequently abandoning a post-punk sound in favor of folk rock. Dawes has been described as having a Laurel Canyon sound derived from artists such as Crosby, Stills, and Nash, Joni Mitchell and Neil Young.


title: Dawes (band)

text: At the invitation of producer Jonathan Wilson, the band joined a local informal jam session that included Conor Oberst, The Black Crowes's Chris Robinson, and Benmont Tench. The band recorded their debut album, "North Hills", in Laurel Canyon in a live setting to analog tape, resulting in a sound that "Rolling Stone" magazine called "authentically vintage". Wilco multi-instrumentalist Pat Sansone is also credited with appearing on the release.


title: Dawes (band)

text: The band made their television debut on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" on April 14, 2010. Dawes released their second album, "Nothing Is Wrong", on June 7, 2011, and toured the US co-headlining with Blitzen Trapper. Original keyboardist Tay Strathairn did not appear on "Nothing Is Wrong" due to other commitments and was temporarily replaced by Alex Casnoff. Strathairn returned to the band in late 2010. Dawes played alongside Jackson Browne at the Occupy Wall Street event in Zuccotti Park, on December 1, 2011. The band also appeared as themselves on the February 7, 2012 episode of the NBC television series "Parenthood".


title: Dawes (band)

text: In February 2013, the band released the single "From a Window Seat" from the 2013 album "Stories Don't End" on Red General Catalog and their own Hub Records.


title: Dawes (band)

text: The song "Just Beneath the Surface" from "Stories Don't End" was featured in the episode "Independent Movie" of the animated series "American Dad!"


title: Dawes (band)

text: On April 22, 2015, Dawes performed on "The Late Show with David Letterman", paying tribute to Warren Zevon with their cover of "Desparados Under the Eaves". They also performed the song "Things Happen" on the show.


title: Dawes (band)

text: Duane Betts joined the band as a member of their touring ensemble in June 2015, performing as an auxiliary guitarist. Taylor and Duane alternated playing lead guitar on songs. The band's fourth album, "All Your Favorite Bands", was released on June 2, 2015. Three months later, the departure of keyboardist Tay Strathairn was announced in a Facebook post. Lee Pardini began playing keyboards on the band's winter 2015/2016 tour and became a permanent member of the band in July 2016. Betts also left the touring ensemble, and was replaced by guitarist Trevor Menear.


title: Dawes (band)

text: Dawes' fifth album, "We're All Gonna Die", was released on September 16, 2016, on HUB Records. The record marked a distinct change of style, building on the band's previous Laurel Canyon folk rock sound with a sonic twist, adding in more synthesized keyboard sounds, heavier bass, and an overall different sound for the group (while still staying true to their roots). "We're All Gonna Die" was produced by former founding member of Simon Dawes, Blake Mills. In November 2016, they announced their "An Evening with Dawes" tour, which began in January 2017. The "Evening With" tour is distinct from past tours because, instead of having an opening act, they perform 2–3 hour shows with a small intermission.


title: Dawes (band)

text: "Passwords", Dawes' sixth studio album, released on June 22, 2018. The album saw the return of producer Jonathan Wilson, and is "for and about the modern age: the relationships that fill it, the politics that divide it, and the small victories and big losses that give it shape." The band launched a marketing campaign for the album that encouraged fans to search for "passwords" posted throughout the Internet. Once a password was found, it could be entered onto a page of the band's official website where each part of the password represented a musical note. When entered correctly, these musical notes played various musical refrains from Dawes songs and unlocked exclusive content, including the singles "Never Gonna Say Goodbye" and "Telescope," as well as a Spotify playlist curated by Griffin Goldsmith. In 2020, the members of Dawes played a few shows with Phil Lesh of the Grateful Dead after connecting through Jason Crosby.


title: Dawes (band)

text: On July 22, 2020, Dawes announced their seventh studio album, "Good Luck With Whatever", released on October 2 via Rounder Records. In conjunction with the announcement, the band released their first single from the album, "Who Do You Think You're Talking To?"


title: Dawes (band)

text: On May 6, 2022, Dawes announced their eighth album, "Misadventures of Doomscroller". It was released July 22 via Rounder Records. The first single was "Someone Else's Cafe / Doomscroller Tries to Relax."


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the exclusionary rule, which prevents prosecutors from using evidence in court that was obtained by violating the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, applies not only to the federal government but also to the U.S. state governments. The Supreme Court accomplished this by use of a principle known as selective incorporation; in "Mapp" this involved the incorporation of the provisions, as interpreted by the Court, of the Fourth Amendment which is applicable only to actions of the federal government into the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause which is applicable to actions of the states.


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ..." Until the early 20th century, Americans' only legal remedy in cases where law enforcement officers violated the Fourth Amendment was a private lawsuit against the officers involved, either in trespass to recover damages or in replevin to recover their seized goods or property. This changed in 1914, when the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled in "Weeks v. United States" that any evidence obtained by federal law enforcement officers in violation of the Fourth Amendment could not be used in federal criminal proceedings. In an opinion written by Justice William R. Day, the Court reasoned that the Supreme Court had a constitutional duty to ensure federal courts excluded illegally obtained evidence:


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Over the next several decades, the Court generally held that this "exclusionary rule" only applied to cases in which federal law enforcement officers, not state officers, were involved in the illegal searches and seizures. In 1949, the Court confronted the issue of the exclusionary rule's application to states in the case of "Wolf v. Colorado". The "Wolf" Court surveyed existing U.S. states and found that although 17 states had adopted the exclusionary rule of "Weeks" in their own state law, 30 others had rejected it. It therefore concluded that it was not a "departure from basic standards" of due process to allow states to introduce illegally obtained evidence in state trials.


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: For the next 12 years, the Supreme Court only applied the exclusionary rule to evidence obtained by state officers for use in state court prosecutions when the state officers used coercion, violence, or brutality. For example, in the 1952 case "Rochin v. California", the Court required a California state court to exclude evidence that state officers had illegally obtained, but only because the officers had used "conduct that shocks the conscience"specifically, they had a doctor give the suspect an emetic to force him to vomit up capsules he had swallowed.


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Dollree "Dolly" Mapp was a young woman involved in the illegal gambling operations of mobster and racketeer Shondor Birns, who dominated organized crime in Cleveland, Ohio in the 1940s and 1950s. On May 23, 1957, Cleveland police received an anonymous tip that a man named Virgil Ogletree might be found at Mapp's house, along with illegal betting slips and equipment employed in a "numbers game" set up by Mapp's boyfriend. Ogletree was involved in the Cleveland illegal betting world, centered on the city's Short Vincent. He was wanted for questioning in the bombing of rival gambling racketeer (and future boxing promoter) Don King's home three days earlier. Three policemen went to Mapp's home and asked for permission to enter, but Mapp, after consulting her lawyer by telephone, refused to admit them without a search warrant. Two officers left, and one remained, watching the house from across the street.


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Three hours later, more police officers arrived and knocked on the door. When Mapp did not answer, they forced the door open. Mapp asked to see their search warrant and was shown a piece of paper which she snatched away from an officer, putting it inside her dress. The officers struggled with Mapp and recovered the piece of paper which was not seen by her or her lawyers again, and was not introduced as evidence in any of the ensuing court proceedings. As the search of Mapp's second-floor, two-bedroom apartment began, police handcuffed her for being belligerent. The police searched the house thoroughly and discovered Ogletree, who was subsequently cleared on the bombing charge, hiding in the apartment of the downstairs tenant. In the search of Mapp's apartment and in a footlocker in the basement of the house, the police found betting slips. They also found a pistol and several pornographic books and pictures, which Mapp said a previous tenant had left behind. The police arrested Mapp and charged her with a misdemeanor count of possessing numbers-game paraphernalia, but she was acquitted.


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Several months later, after Mapp refused to testify against Birns and his associates at their trial for the attempted shakedown of King, she was prosecuted for possession of the pornographic books. Mapp was found guilty at trial of "knowingly having had in her possession and under her control certain lewd and lascivious books, pictures, and photographs in violation of 2905.34 of Ohio's Revised Code", and sentenced to one to seven years in prison. Mapp was convicted even though prosecutors were unable to produce a valid search warrant. She appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio, which affirmed her conviction because even though the search warrant's validity was doubtful and the police's search of her home was illegal, the police officers had not used brutal force against her, and so under the Supreme Court's precedents in "Wolf" and "Rochin" the exclusionary rule did not have to apply. Mapp then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear her case.


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: On June 19, 1961, the Supreme Court issued a 6–3 decision in favor of Mapp that overturned her conviction and held that the exclusionary rule applies to American states as well as the federal government.


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Six justices formed the majority and joined an opinion written by justice Tom C. Clark. The Court observed that of the 30 U.S. states that had rejected the exclusionary rule at the time of "Wolf v. Colorado" in 1949, more than half had adopted at least a partial form of it in the intervening 12 years. Regarding its statements in "Wolf" that other preexisting remedies, like private lawsuits and good oversight of police forces, would be enough to enforce the Fourth Amendment, the Court said that experience had shown that "such remedies have been worthless and futile".


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: The Court then overruled "Wolf" and ruled that "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by that same authority, inadmissible in a state court." Justice Clark stated that without the exclusionary rule, the Fourth Amendment's protections against unreasonable searches and seizures would be merely "a form of words" that would be "valueless and undeserving of mention in a perpetual charter of inestimable human liberties". And because prior cases had ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Fourth Amendment against the states, the Court held that this reasoning applied equally to federal and state criminal proceedings. In a frequently quoted passage, the Court wrote:


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Clark concluded the Court's opinion by reiterating how the "ignoble shortcut" around the Fourth Amendment that "Wolf" had left open to state law enforcement officers had "tend[ed] to destroy the entire system of constitutional restraints on which the liberties of the people rest," and reversed the Supreme Court of Ohio's judgment against Dolly Mapp.


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Justice Hugo Black joined the majority opinion, but also wrote a concurring opinion in which he stated that although he thought that the Fourth Amendment alone was not enough to justify the exclusionary rule, when the Fourth Amendment's protections were combined with the Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination, a resulting "constitutional basis emerges which not only justifies but actually requires the exclusionary rule."


title: Mapp v. Ohio

text: Three justices dissented from the Court's decision and joined an opinion written by Justice John Marshall Harlan II. Harlan wrote that the Court should not have reached the Fourth Amendment issues in the case because Mapp's conviction and the subsequent arguments at her appeals had focused on the legality of Ohio's anti-pornography laws, and not on the police officers' warrantless search of her home. Harlan wrote that the Court's decision in "Wolf" should be upheld per the principle of "stare decisis", and that it did not require the entirety of the Fourth Amendment to be enforced against the states, but rather only the "principle of privacy which is at the core of the Fourth Amendment."


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Akbar Oluwakemi-Idowu Gbaja-Biamila (born May 6, 1979) is a former professional American football player in the National Football League (NFL) who is a commentator and co-host on the "American Ninja Warrior" television series. He is the former sports analyst for the NFL Network, as well as one of the co-hosts of "The Talk" on CBS.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Gbaja-Biamila grew up in the Crenshaw district of Los Angeles with his mother and father, both of whom were born and raised in Nigeria, and his six siblings. Among his siblings is former Green Bay Packers defensive end Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Before starting his professional career, Gbaja-Biamila played college football at San Diego State University. He was signed by the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2003. Gbaja-Biamila played for two other teams, the San Diego Chargers and Miami Dolphins.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Gbaja-Biamila currently co-hosts "The Talk" on CBS, as well as "American Ninja Warrior" on NBC, as well as the Universal Kids spin off show, "American Ninja Warrior Junior".


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Gbaja-Biamila was born in Los Angeles, California to Nigerian immigrant parents. He is one of seven children.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: He attended Crenshaw High School in South Los Angeles, where he was a star basketball player on teams which were part of the Willie West Jr. coaching era. He and his teammates won back-to-back City and State Championships in 1996 and 1997. Gbaja-Biamila moved to play football during his senior year. He was an all-league and all-conference choice. He was also named team’s defensive lineman of the year, compiling 11 sacks and 74 tackles in his senior campaign.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: In his senior year, Gbaja-Biamila received scholarship offers from University of Oregon, University of California, Berkeley, San Diego State, Fresno State, and Colorado State. He chose to go to San Diego State University, where his older brother also attended. Gbaja-Biamila was all-Mountain West Conference in 2002. He joined the group Athletes For Education, an outreach group that sent players to go into communities to work with young people on developing their life skills. He graduated with a degree in communication and new media studies, before completing a certified entrepreneurship program at the Wharton School of Business in 2005.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Gbaja-Biamila went undrafted in the 2003 NFL Draft and later signed with the Oakland Raiders as a free agent. He made the team out of training camp and played in 13 of the team's 16 regular season games. He recorded seven tackles (four solo) on the season, with his first and only sack of the season coming against Daunte Culpepper, then with the Minnesota Vikings.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: In 2004, Gbaja-Biamila split time between defensive end and linebacker, occasionally filling in for players such as Travian Smith and Tyler Brayton. He appeared in 14 games for the Raiders during the regular season and was inactive for two games. He accumulated a career-high 14 tackles (11 solo) and added a sack on the year. That sack came against Brad Johnson and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, while he recorded a season-high three tackles in games against the Denver Broncos and Jacksonville Jaguars. Gbaja-Biamila also recovered a blocked punt against the Carolina Panthers which led to a Raiders touchdown.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Battling injuries during the 2005 training camp, Gbaja-Biamila was released by the Raiders on September 3. He had a workout with the Green Bay Packers two days later, but he was not signed and spent the season out of football.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Gbaja-Biamila returned to the NFL in 2006 after being signed by the San Diego Chargers on January 12. The fit was a good one for him, who as slightly undersized yet quick defensive end was a perfect fit for the 3-4 defense employed by then-defensive coordinator Wade Phillips and the Chargers.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: On February 6, 2007, it was announced that Gbaja-Biamila had been signed to a future contract worth $7.4 million with the Miami Dolphins. The move reunited him with new Dolphins head coach Cam Cameron, who was offensive coordinator in San Diego the season before when Gbaja-Biamila was a member of the Chargers. On September 11, 2007, he was released by the Dolphins. He spent the season out of football.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Gbaja-Biamila briefly returned to the Raiders in 2008, but did not appear in a game and was released before the start of the season.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: In 2005, Gbaja-Biamila was selected as one of the NFL’s first athletes into their Broadcast Boot Camp, held in Mount Laurel, N.J., and designed to give 20 players a short and rigorous look into the skills needed to embark on a broadcast or journalism career after their playing careers. He also took advantage of some time between playing stints to volunteer at KSWB, the NBC affiliate in San Diego, and ended up as the co-host for "Football Night in San Diego". He hosted the show for two and a half seasons (2006–2008) before getting one last shot in the NFL with the Miami Dolphins.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: With his playing career over, Akbar turned his focus to the broadcast booth in addition to his philanthropic work, serving as an analyst for the Mtn. Network and CBS Sports Network for two years, while also taking voice and acting classes. He also founded Rush The Passer, a year-round athletic, academic and life skills program for youth in Southern California.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: In 2010 he was approached by reality producer Mark Burnett to be part of a three-man athlete team for his latest project on ABC, "Expedition Impossible". His team "The Football Players" finished in 4th place on the show. That role, and the exposure that came with it, helped further Akbar’s exposure.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: , he has joined the NFL Network as a member of the "NFL Fantasy Live" cast of hosts. In 2013, he became a co-host alongside Matt Iseman for "American Ninja Warrior" being broadcast on G4, Esquire Network, and NBC. Akbar is also the co-host of "Team Ninja Warrior" alongside Iseman, a spin-off of "American Ninja Warrior" that debuted on Esquire Network in 2016, and "American Ninja Warrior Junior" with Iseman on Universal Kids in 2018. Akbar and Iseman provide their voices as themselves in "".


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: On May 10, 2018, Gbaja-Biamila threw out the first pitch at Citizens Bank Park prior to a game between the San Francisco Giants and Philadelphia Phillies which was widely seen as being among the worst.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: On September 2, 2021, it was announced that Akbar Gbaja-Biamila would join "The Talk" as a permanent co-host, and the second full-time male co-host on the show. Gbaja-Biamila appeared as a guest co-host on multiple episodes in June and July.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Akbar’s full name is Akbar Olúwakẹ́mi Ìdòwú Gbàjà-Bíàmílà. Akbar is Arabic and means "greatest." His middle and last names are of the Yoruba language. The middle names, “Olúwakẹ́mi” means "God takes care of me" and “Ìdòwú” is a name given to a child born after twins. (One of his older brothers is Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila who was also a pro football player.) Their last name, Gbàjà-Bíàmílà, or Gbaja-Biamila means "One who, while fighting, pretends to be separating a fight." This name comes from his paternal great-great-grandfather who was tall and was the village moderator in his Nigerian village.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: He is of Nigerian and Yoruba ancestry. Both of his parents were Muslim, until his mother converted to Christianity. While he was raised under a Sunni Muslim household, he converted to Christianity while in college. In 2000, his father, Mustapha, was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In 2002, his mother, Bolatito, died in a car crash. While a member of the Chargers in 2006, Akbar routinely drove back-and-forth from San Diego to Los Angeles to spend time with his father. Akbar has four children.


title: Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

text: Gbaja-Biamila currently serves as a board member for the Asomugha Foundation, an organization aimed at creating better educational opportunities for impoverished communities. Akbar also serves on the board of the Michael J. Fox Foundation, which raises millions of dollars for Parkinson’s research.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: Abdul Hamid al-Dbeibeh ( also spelled Dbeibah; born 13 February 1959) is a Libyan politician and businessman who is the prime minister of Libya under the Government of National Unity (GNU) in Tripoli. Dbeibeh was appointed on 15 February 2021 through the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum, and he was expected to hold the office until elections on 24 December 2021, which were later postponed.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: Dbeibeh was born on February 13, 1959, in the western city of Misrata. Dbeibeh claimed to have earned a Master's degree in civil engineering from the University of Toronto in 1992; however, the university has denied Dbeibeh's claims. The information was published days prior to December 24, 2021 Libyan elections, thus allowing for controversy over the Presidential candidate's false claims and fabrications in relation to his educational career. Under Libyan electoral law, candidates are required to have a university degree from an accredited university.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: Dbeibeh returned to Misrata during a construction boom, gaining the trust of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, who appointed him as the head of Libyan Investment and Development Company (LIDCO), a major construction firm responsible for some of the country's biggest public works projects, including the construction of 1,000 housing units in the leader's hometown of Sirte. After Gaddafi’s fall in 2011, he was sanctioned for corruption by Libya’s new transitional government.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: In 2020, he founded Libya al-Mustakbal (Libya Future) Movement. Dbeibeh has been described as an independent. Al-Dabaiba campaigned jointly on the presidential ticket with Mohamed al-Menfi and Musa Al-Koni as vice president. Al-Dabaiba's government is the first unified government since 2014.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: Dbeibeh was elected as Prime Minister of Libya to lead a temporary unified executive in February 2021. Dbeibeh's list obtained 39 votes, five more than that of Aguila Saleh Issa and Fathi Bashagha. Dbeibeh faced accusations that he had attempted to bribe some of the delegates at the LPDF via his cousin, the wealthy businessman Ali al-Dbeibeh. The list including Aguila Saleh and Fathi Bashagha was perceived to be favoured by the United States of America. The US ambassador denied any attempt to influence the electoral process.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: Dbeibeh was required under the agreements made by the LPDF to nominate a cabinet of ministers and propose the selection to the House of Representatives (HoR) for a vote of confidence by 26 February 2021, which was expected to establish the Government of National Unity.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: His position has been contested since 10 February 2022, after Fathi Bashagha was selected too as prime minister by the Libyan House of Representatives. However, Dbeibeh rejected Bashagha's appointment as prime minister, stating that he will only hand power after a national election. Khalifa Haftar and his Libya National Army welcomed Bashagha's appointment. On 10 February 2022, he survived an assassination attempt when assailants fired bullets into his car. According to a government source close to him, he was unharmed amid intense factional wrangling for government control. The United Nations continues to recognize Dbeibeh as interim prime minister.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: He is the cousin and brother in law of Ali Ibrahim Dabaiba, previously the head of state-owned development contractor LIDCO, who was in 2012 on a list of sanctioned officials, subject of an Interpol red notice and arrested in 2014. He is estimated to have embezzled as much as $7 billion at 2011 rates from contracts LIDCO had issued under his leadership, per Suisse secrets.


title: Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh

text: Wolfgang Pusztai, a former Austrian diplomat based in Libya, said that Dbeibeh's reputation was contentious for the prime ministership, since he was alleged to be involved in "corruption, money laundering, financing of the Muslim Brotherhood, vote buying". Pusztai felt that the truth of the claims was irrelevant to the political situation of 2021, since it was the perceptions that counted.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: Jeremy Charles Shockey (born August 18, 1980) is a former American football tight end. He played college football at the University of Miami and was drafted by the New York Giants in the first round of the 2002 NFL Draft.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: The winner of the first-ever Diet Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year Award in 2002, Shockey earned four Pro Bowl selections in his career and won the Super Bowl with the Giants in Super Bowl XLII and the Saints in Super Bowl XLIV.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: Shockey was born August 18, 1980, in Ada, Oklahoma. A 1999 graduate of Ada High School, Shockey lettered all four seasons, playing mostly at wide receiver and outside linebacker. As a senior he caught 50 passes for 1,108 yards and five touchdowns. He also returned four punts for touchdowns and was named to Oklahoma's All-District, All-County, and All-State teams. Playing in the State Semi-final game of his senior year, he caught eight passes for 206 yards, but his team lost in an upset to Chickasha High School. He also played basketball and was an honor roll student.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: After high school, Shockey briefly attended Northeastern Oklahoma A&M, where he wore #80, in the hopes of being recruited by the University of Arizona. While there, however, Arizona wasn’t interested and Shockey eventually earned a scholarship to and attended the University of Miami, where he was part of the school's long tradition of star tight ends. As a Hurricane, Shockey first rose to national attention as a sophomore in Miami's 2000 game versus rival Florida State, catching what proved to be the game-winning touchdown pass with :46 remaining in the fourth quarter as # 7 Miami defeated the then-top ranked Seminoles, 27–24. The Hurricanes went 11–1 and Shockey received first-team All-Big East honors from the league's coaches, "The Sporting News", and "College Football News".


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: In 2001, Shockey was an integral member of the national championship Miami team. Shockey led the team with 45 receptions and had 604 yards receiving and eight touchdowns (including bowl statistics). He was one of three finalists for the Mackey Award, and was named a first-team All-American by CNNSI, and a second-team All-American by the Associated Press, CBS Sportsline, and ABC Sports. Having reached the status of national champion and All-American, Shockey declared himself eligible for the NFL Draft following the 2001 season.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: Shockey was interviewed about his time at the University of Miami for the documentary "The U", which premiered December 12, 2009, on ESPN. He also appeared in the documentary's sequel, "The U Part 2".


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: Shockey was selected 14th in the first round of the 2002 NFL Draft by the New York Giants. He quickly thrived in the NFL, receiving the inaugural Diet Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year award, and being named to the Pro Bowl in four of his first five seasons (2002, 2003, 2005, and 2006). He was one of the focal points in the Giants offensive passing attack.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: Shockey signed a five-year contract extension with the Giants on October 12, 2005, making him the highest paid tight end in professional football. The contract had Shockey earning $26.38 million through 2011. Shockey turned in another strong performance during the 2006 season, catching 66 passes for 623 yards and tying a career-high with seven touchdown receptions. For his efforts, Shockey was named to the Pro Bowl.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: Possessing great athletic abilities to run routes and make crucial blocks, Shockey is equally known for his sometimes brash comments on other players and the media and for his antics off the field. During week 3 of the 2006 NFL season, he commented on a loss against Seattle by saying "We got outplayed, and we got outcoached. Write that down." Shockey apologized for the comment after speaking with head coach Tom Coughlin.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: On December 16, 2007, in week 15 of the season, while playing the Washington Redskins, Shockey suffered a fractured fibula and damage to his ankle. He underwent surgery, and would be out for the rest of the 2007 season. Kevin Boss then took over Shockey's spot as the starting tight end.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: After Shockey's season-ending injury, the Giants went on to win the NFC title and beat the previously undefeated New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII. The Giants' success even without Shockey sparked immediate speculation that the team would be better without the often vocal and increasingly injured tight end. Shockey declined to participate in several Giants team celebrations, including a White House tribute for the new Super Bowl champions and the team's blue carpet ring ceremony. Rumors surfaced before the 2008 NFL Draft that the Giants were looking to trade Shockey.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: After the draft came and went without such a trade, the team stated it planned to keep Shockey a Giant. But it was obvious that Shockey was upset during the team's minicamp in June. While teammates practiced, Shockey stayed in the locker room, much to the dismay of head coach Tom Coughlin. There also was a report that Shockey and general manager Jerry Reese got into a shouting argument during the camp.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: On July 21, 2008, the Giants agreed to trade Shockey to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for second and fifth-round picks in the 2009 NFL Draft. He attempted to start the relationship with his new team on a good note, telling the "Associated Press" shortly after that trade, "The Saints have a lot of weapons, starting with Drew Brees, and I look forward to joining my teammates at training camp. This will be a fun year."


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: In his first game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he had 6 receptions for 54 yards. After three games with the Saints, Shockey had a sports hernia and sat for 5 weeks. Shockey was a minor factor for the Saints during the 2008 NFL Season, in which he caught 50 passes for a career low 483 yards and a career low 0 touchdowns.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: In 2009, Shockey became an important offensive weapon for the Saints, catching 48 passes for 569 yards and averaging close to 12 yards per reception. Throughout the season, Shockey was again plagued with injuries. Despite an injured knee, Shockey caught a pass for a touchdown in the Saints' playoff victory over the Arizona Cardinals. In Super Bowl XLIV, Shockey caught the go-ahead touchdown pass from Drew Brees. Shockey got his second championship title as the Saints won their first Super Bowl in franchise history by defeating the Indianapolis Colts 31–17.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: March 3, 2011, Shockey signed with the Panthers for a 1 year $4 Million deal, $1 Million guaranteed. Along side Greg Olsen, who was traded to Carolina from Chicago, they created a great dynamic duo for the young rookie Quarterback Cam Newton. The 2 Tight End Offense help Cam Newton record a record breaking 4,051 passing yards and put Carolina as a Top 10 Offense. Shockey played 15 games, catching 37 passes for 455 yards, averaging 12.3 yards per reception and 4 touchdowns.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: Shockey has a large tattoo on his right biceps that incorporates American symbols such as the stars and stripes of the United States flag and a bald eagle. Describing the tattoo, Shockey stated: "It speaks for itself. I'm proud to live in this country, to have the right to express anything you want... I'm very American." The tattoo took 21 hours over three days to complete.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: While playing for the Giants, Shockey lived in West New York, New Jersey, across the Hudson River from Midtown Manhattan. While playing for the New Orleans Saints, Shockey spent his off-seasons living in Miami Beach, Florida.


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: In January 2013, Shockey filed for divorce after being married eight months to Daniela Cortazar-Shockey in Miami claiming the marriage was "irretrievably broken."


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: In 2002, Shockey said in a radio interview that he hoped there were no gay players in the NFL. "If I knew there was a gay guy on my college football team, I probably wouldn't, you know, stand for it," he told Howard Stern, adding, "I think, you know, they're going to be in the shower with us and stuff, so I don't think that's gonna work. That's not gonna work, you know?" He later told the "New York Daily News", "I guess I do regret saying it. I didn't think anyone was going to make a big deal out of it. I'm not prejudiced against anybody's beliefs or what they do in their off time. I do regret saying something like that. Whatever I did to offend people, I apologize. I'm not prejudiced in any way."


title: Jeremy Shockey

text: A year later, "New York" magazine reported that he had mocked then-Dallas Cowboys coach Bill Parcells as a "homo", a comment he later denied making. A Giants team spokesman later claimed Shockey had been quoting a friend.


title: Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

text: The Lucasian Chair of Mathematics () is a mathematics professorship in the University of Cambridge, England; its holder is known as the Lucasian Professor. The post was founded in 1663 by Henry Lucas, who was Cambridge University's Member of Parliament in 1639–1640, and it was officially established by King Charles II on 18 January 1664. It was described by "The Daily Telegraph" as one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world. Since its establishment, the professorship has been held by Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage, George Stokes, Joseph Larmor, Paul Dirac, and Stephen Hawking.


title: Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

text: Henry Lucas, in his will, bequeathed his library of 4,000 volumes to the university and left instructions for the purchase of land whose yielding should provide £100 a year for the founding of a professorship.


title: Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

text: Babbage applied for the vacancy in 1826, after Turton, but Airy was appointed. William Whewell (who considered applying, but preferred both Herschel and Babbage to himself) remarked that he would be the best professor, but that the heads of the colleges would not see that. Nonetheless, Babbage was appointed when the chair became free again two years later.


title: Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

text: The previous holder of the post was theoretical physicist Michael Green who was a fellow in Clare Hall. He was appointed in October 2009, succeeding Stephen Hawking, who himself retired in September 2009, in the year of his 67th birthday, as required by the university. Green holds the position of Emeritus Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.


title: Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

text: In the of the science-fiction television series "", one of the main characters, the android Data, holds the Lucasian Chair in the late 24th century, albeit in an alternate reality.


title: Master of Engineering

text: A Master of Engineering (abbreviated MEng, M.E. or M.Eng.) is either an academic or professional master's degree in the field of engineering.


title: Master of Engineering

text: In Australia, the Master of Engineering degree is a research degree requiring completion of a thesis. Like the Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.), it is considered a lesser degree than Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). It is not to be confused with Master of Engineering Science, Master of Engineering Studies or Master of Professional Engineering which are coursework master's degrees. Exceptions are Monash University which awards a Master of Engineering Science by either research or coursework, the University of Melbourne which offers a Master of Engineering by coursework, and the University of Tasmania which offer a Master of Engineering Science by research.


title: Master of Engineering

text: There are two distinct degrees in Finland, a taught university degree ("diplomi-insinööri") and a polytechnic master's degree's ("insinööri (ylempi AMK)"). While the former is translated as "Master of Science in Technology", the term "Master of Engineering" is predominantly used by Universities of Applied Sciences, which offer master's degree programs to holders of polytechnic bachelor's degrees ("insinööri (amk)"). As European Bologna process directs, in order to get an M.Eng. degree, B.Eng. engineers have to additionally study full-time one or two years and finalize a Master's thesis. Most of the M.Eng. degree programs are taught in Finnish, but some Swedish and English language programs also exist.


title: Master of Engineering

text: In Germany, the local engineer's degrees (Diplomingenieur (Dipl.-Ing.), a first degree after five years of study at a university and Dipl.-Ing. (FH), the engineering degree offered by Fachhochschulen after four years of study) were abolished in most universities and "Fachhochschulen" in 2010 and were replaced by postgraduate master's degrees (M.Sc. and M.Eng.).


title: Master of Engineering

text: The first Master of Engineering courses were introduced in Germany in 2000 as result of the Bologna process. This type of master's degree is usually offered by "Fachhochschulen" (Universities of Applied Sciences) and a few smaller German universities and is typically a two-year program (fachhochschulen and universities) with application-oriented coursework and an applied or research thesis.


title: Master of Engineering

text: The entry requirement is the successful completion of a bachelor's degree or an equivalent from before the Bologna process, with good marks.


title: Master of Engineering

text: The nine leading German technical universities (Group of TU9), like most European universities of technology, prefer awarding the Master of Science degree for completing engineering science studies in a master's program.


title: Master of Engineering

text: In New Zealand, the Master of Engineering degree is generally a research based degree requiring completion of a thesis in key universities (University of Auckland, University of Canterbury, etc.). Similar to the UK's Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) in engineering or technology, it is considered a lesser degree than Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and a higher degree than a coursework master. It is not to be confused with Master of Engineering Studies which is coursework master's degree.


title: Master of Engineering

text: In Auckland University of Technology (AUT), this degree can be achieved either by completing a thesis (research pathway) or a combination of coursework and research project (coursework pathway).


title: Master of Engineering

text: FIIT STU Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) accreditation for two master's degree study programs: Intelligent Software Systems (combined fields of study Software Engineering – major and Artificial Intelligence – secondary) and Internet Technologies (in the field of study Computing Engineering); three bachelor's degree study programs and two doctoral degree study programs.


title: Master of Engineering

text: In the United Kingdom, the degree of Master of Engineering (MEng) is the highest award for undergraduate studies in engineering. It is the standard university-level qualification taken by people wishing to become chartered engineers registered with the Engineering Council (EngC). The MEng degree represents the minimum educational standard required to become a chartered engineer, but there are other equally satisfactory ways to demonstrate this standard such as the completion of a BEng Honours and a subsequent postgraduate diploma, MA or MSc or through experiential learning. The UK MEng (undergraduate degree) is typically equivalent to the European "Diplom Ingenieur" (Dipl.-Ing.) and degrees.


title: Master of Engineering

text: Universities are free to set their own entry requirements. Some universities, such as Oxford, Cambridge and some courses at Imperial only admit students to study for the MEng degree. (Their courses usually allow a student to leave with a bachelor's degree after three years. More information on which courses are accredited by the Engineering Council for registration as a Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer can be found at https://www.engc.org.uk/education-skills/accreditation-of-higher-education-programmes/) Other universities, such as the University of Greenwich, University of Surrey, Coventry University, Brunel University and Swansea University, admit students to read for BEng Honours and MEng courses and allow students to change between the two during the early years of the course. The Open University offers the MEng degree as a postgraduate qualification but requires students to complete its course within four years of completing a BEng Honours degree.


title: Master of Engineering

text: Requirements for professional registration as an Incorporated Engineer or a Chartered Engineer is based on a standard of professional competence and commitment, as set out in the professional standard UK-SPEC. Individuals generally develop these through education and working experience.


title: Master of Engineering

text: Since its introduction, the MEng has become the degree of choice for most undergraduate engineers, as was intended. The most common exception to this is international students who, because of the substantially higher fees they are charged, sometimes opt to take the tradition BEng/B.Sc. route where that is available. Most of the engineering institutions have now made an MEng the minimum academic standard necessary to become a Chartered Engineer. Students who graduated before the changes in the rules will still be allowed to use their bachelor's degree for this purpose and those who have earned a bachelor's degree since the changes can usually take some additional courses (known as 'further learning') over time to reach an equivalent standard to the MEng Some older universities such as Durham allow students to obtain the BEng degree after the third year before continuing on to the fourth year.


title: Master of Engineering

text: In the United States, the Master of Engineering degree is generally a professional degree offered as a coursework-based alternative to the traditional research-based Master of Science. It is typically a two-year program, entered after the completion of a 4-year bachelor's degree and many universities allow students to choose between the Master of Engineering and the Master of Science.


title: Master of Engineering

text: The Master of Engineering degree is offered at many leading universities in the United States on either a full-time and part-time (weekends or evenings) basis and is considered a terminal degree in the field of engineering.


title: Master of Engineering

text: Some M.Eng. degree programs require a scholarly project in addition to coursework. They require additional courses beyond those required for Master of Science students in order to better prepare students for professional careers. Some of them highly encourage students to participate in collaborative consulting projects. These courses may include topics such as business fundamentals, management and leadership.


title: Hira Mani

text: Hira Salman ("née" Saleem; born 27 February 1989), known as Hira Mani, is a Pakistani television actress, singer, presenter and former video jockey. She starred as lead in several hit series, including "Jab We Wed" (2014), "Preet Na Kariyo Koi" (2015), "Sun Yaara" (2016) "Yaqeen Ka Safar" (2017), "Thays" (2018), "Do Bol" (2019), "Ghalati" (2020), "Kashf" (2020), "Yun Tu Hai Pyar Bohut" (2021) and "Mein Hari Piya" (2021).


title: Hira Mani

text: Hira married fellow actor Salman Saqib Sheikh (Mani) at the age of 19. Their marriage ceremony took place on 18 April 2008. They frequently work together in most of their projects. The couple have two sons; Muzammil (born in 2009) and Ibrahim (born in 2014). In May 2021, Hira was robbed outside her home, the video of which went viral.


title: Hira Mani

text: Hira started her career as a video jockey before moving on to hosting. She co-hosted the show "Hum 2 Hamara Show" on Hum TV with Mani which earned her critical recognition and they both followed it with the "Hira Mani Show (2010)". Hira made her acting debut along with her husband Mani in ARY Digital's "Meri Teri Kahani" (2012). The show was inspired by the American series "Curb Your Enthusiasm." Both (Mani and Hira) appeared as fictionalized versions of themselves. She then appeared as Heer in "Jab We Wed" (2013) and as Hareem in "Firaaq" (2013). In 2015, she portrayed the role of Shagufta in Hum TV's "Preet Na Kariyo Koi" opposite Ahsan Khan. She received critical praise for portraying an emotionally intense character in the serial. She later appeared as a guest in "Mr. Shamim" (2016) "and Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain 2" (2016).


title: Teen Wolf: The Movie

text: Teen Wolf: The Movie is an upcoming American supernatural thriller teen drama film directed by Russell Mulcahy and written by Jeff Davis. The film is a continuation of the MTV series "Teen Wolf" and features most of the cast reprising their roles, including Tyler Posey, Crystal Reed, Tyler Hoechlin, Holland Roden, Colton Haynes, Shelley Hennig, Dylan Sprayberry, Linden Ashby, Melissa Ponzio, and JR Bourne. It follows werewolf Scott McCall (Posey) as he protects his California town from a new threat.


title: Teen Wolf: The Movie

text: The film is scheduled to be released on Paramount+ on January 26, 2023. It will also serve as a starting point for an upcoming unrelated television series, "Wolf Pack", based on a novel by Edo van Belkom.


title: Teen Wolf: The Movie

text: In September 2021, it was announced that a reunion film for 2011 "Teen Wolf" television series had been ordered by Paramount+, with Jeff Davis returning as a screenwriter and executive producer for the film. The majority of the original cast members will reprise their roles, although cast members Dylan O'Brien, Arden Cho, and Cody Christian declined to return. "Teen Wolf" episode director Russell Mulcahy returned to direct the film.