title: Hydrogen economy

text: Hydrogen has one of the widest explosive/ignition mix range with air of all the gases with few exceptions such as acetylene, silane, and ethylene oxide. This means that whatever the mix proportion between air and hydrogen, when ignited in an enclosed space a hydrogen leak will most likely lead to an explosion, not a mere flame. This makes the use of hydrogen particularly dangerous in enclosed areas such as tunnels or underground parking. Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames burn in the ultraviolet color range and are nearly invisible to the naked eye, so a flame detector is needed to detect if a hydrogen leak is burning. Like natural gas, hydrogen is odorless and leaks cannot be detected by smell. This is the reason odorant chemical is injected into the natural gas to deliver the rotten-egg odor.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Hydrogen codes and standards are codes and standards for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, stationary fuel cell applications and portable fuel cell applications. There are codes and standards for the safe handling and storage of hydrogen, for example the standard for the installation of stationary fuel cell power systems from the National Fire Protection Association.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Codes and standards have repeatedly been identified as a major institutional barrier to deploying hydrogen technologies and developing a hydrogen economy. international standards are needed for the transport, storage and traceability of environmental impact.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: One of the measures on the roadmap is to implement higher safety standards like early leak detection with hydrogen sensors. The Canadian Hydrogen Safety Program concluded that hydrogen fueling is as safe as, or safer than, compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling. The European Commission has funded the first higher educational program in the world in hydrogen safety engineering at the University of Ulster. It is expected that the general public will be able to use hydrogen technologies in everyday life with at least the same level of safety and comfort as with today's fossil fuels.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Although much of an existing natural gas grid could be reused with 100% hydrogen, eliminating natural gas from a large area such as Britain would require huge investment. Switching from natural gas to low-carbon heating is more costly if the carbon costs of natural gas are not reflected in its price.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Power plant capacity that now goes unused at night could be used to produce green hydrogen, but this would not be enough; therefore turquoise hydrogen from non-polluting methane pyrolysis or blue hydrogen with carbon capture and storage is needed, possibly after autothermal reforming of methane rather than steam methane reforming.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: In Australia, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has invested $55 million in 28 hydrogen projects, from early stage research and development to early stage trials and deployments. The agency's stated goal is to produce hydrogen by electrolysis for $2 per kilogram, announced by Minister for Energy and Emissions Angus Taylor in a 2021 Low Emissions Technology Statement.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: In August 2021, Chris Jackson quit as chair of the UK Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association, a leading hydrogen industry association, claiming that UK and Norwegian oil companies had intentionally inflated their cost projections for blue hydrogen in order to maximize future technology support payments by the UK government.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Green hydrogen has become more common in France. A €150 million Green Hydrogen Plan was established in 2019, and it calls for building the infrastructure necessary to create, store, and distribute hydrogen as well as using the fuel to power local transportation systems like buses and trains. Corridor H2, a similar initiative, will create a network of hydrogen distribution facilities in Occitania along the route between the Mediterranean and the North Sea. The Corridor H2 project will get a €40 million loan from the EIB.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: The distribution of hydrogen for the purpose of transportation is being tested around the world, particularly in the US (California, Massachusetts), Canada, Japan, the EU (Portugal, Norway, Denmark, Germany), and Iceland.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Several domestic U.S. automobile have developed vehicles using hydrogen, such as GM and Toyota. However, as of February 2020, infrastructure for hydrogen was underdeveloped except in some parts of California. The United States have their own hydrogen policy. A joint venture between NREL and Xcel Energy is combining wind power and hydrogen power in the same way in Colorado. Hydro in Newfoundland and Labrador are converting the current wind-diesel Power System on the remote island of Ramea into a Wind-Hydrogen Hybrid Power Systems facility.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: A similar pilot project on Stuart Island uses solar power, instead of wind power, to generate electricity. When excess electricity is available after the batteries are fully charged, hydrogen is generated by electrolysis and stored for later production of electricity by fuel cell. The US also have a large natural gas pipeline system already in place.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Countries in the EU which have a relatively large natural gas pipeline system already in place include Belgium, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. In 2020, The EU launched its European Clean Hydrogen Alliance (ECHA).


title: Hydrogen economy

text: The UK started a fuel cell pilot program in January 2004, the program ran two Fuel cell buses on route 25 in London until December 2005, and switched to route RV1 until January 2007. The Hydrogen Expedition is currently working to create a hydrogen fuel cell-powered ship and using it to circumnavigate the globe, as a way to demonstrate the capability of hydrogen fuel cells. In August 2021 the UK Government claimed it was the first to have a Hydrogen Strategy and produced a document.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Western Australia's Department of Planning and Infrastructure operated three Daimler Chrysler Citaro fuel cell buses as part of its Sustainable Transport Energy for Perth Fuel Cells Bus Trial in Perth. The buses were operated by Path Transit on regular Transperth public bus routes. The trial began in September 2004 and concluded in September 2007. The buses' fuel cells used a proton exchange membrane system and were supplied with raw hydrogen from a BP refinery in Kwinana, south of Perth. The hydrogen was a byproduct of the refinery's industrial process. The buses were refueled at a station in the northern Perth suburb of Malaga.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Iceland has committed to becoming the world's first hydrogen economy by the year 2050. Iceland is in a unique position. Presently, it imports all the petroleum products necessary to power its automobiles and fishing fleet. Iceland has large geothermal resources, so much that the local price of electricity actually is "lower" than the price of the hydrocarbons that could be used to produce that electricity.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Iceland already converts its surplus electricity into exportable goods and hydrocarbon replacements. In 2002, it produced 2,000 tons of hydrogen gas by electrolysis, primarily for the production of ammonia (NH) for fertilizer. Ammonia is produced, transported, and used throughout the world, and 90% of the cost of ammonia is the cost of the energy to produce it.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Neither industry directly replaces hydrocarbons. Reykjavík, Iceland, had a small pilot fleet of city buses running on compressed hydrogen, and research on powering the nation's fishing fleet with hydrogen is under way (for example by companies as Icelandic New Energy). For more practical purposes, Iceland might process imported oil with hydrogen to extend it, rather than to replace it altogether.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: The Reykjavík buses are part of a larger program, HyFLEET:CUTE, operating hydrogen fueled buses in eight European cities. HyFLEET:CUTE buses were also operated in Beijing, China and Perth, Australia (see below). A pilot project demonstrating a hydrogen economy is operational on the Norwegian island of Utsira. The installation combines wind power and hydrogen power. In periods when there is surplus wind energy, the excess power is used for generating hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen is stored, and is available for power generation in periods when there is little wind.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: India is said to adopt hydrogen and H-CNG, due to several reasons, amongst which the fact that a national rollout of natural gas networks is already taking place and natural gas is already a major vehicle fuel. In addition, India suffers from extreme air pollution in urban areas. According to some estimates, nearly 80% of India's hydrogen is projected to be green, driven by cost declines and new production technologies.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Currently however, hydrogen energy is just at the Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) stage. As a result, the number of hydrogen stations may still be low, although much more are expected to be introduced soon.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: The Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization have signed a $40 million trust fund agreement in 2003 for the creation of the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (UNIDO-ICHET) in Istanbul, which started operation in 2004. A hydrogen forklift, a hydrogen cart and a mobile house powered by renewable energies are being demonstrated in UNIDO-ICHET's premises. An uninterruptible power supply system has been working since April 2009 in the headquarters of Istanbul Sea Buses company.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Another indicator of the presence of large natural gas infrastructures already in place in countries and in use by citizens is the number of natural gas vehicles present in the country. The countries with the largest amount of natural gas vehicles are (in order of magnitude):


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Iran, China, Pakistan, Argentina, India, Brasil, Italy, Colombia, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Bolivia, Armenia, Bangladesh, Egypt, Peru, Ukraine, United States. Natural gas vehicles can also be converted to run on hydrogen.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Some hospitals have installed combined electrolyser-storage-fuel cell units for local emergency power. These are advantageous for emergency use because of their low maintenance requirement and ease of location compared to internal combustion driven generators.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Also, in some private homes, fuel cell micro-CHP plants can be found, which can operate on hydrogen, or other fuels as natural gas or LPG. When running on natural gas, it relies on steam reforming of natural gas to convert the natural gas to hydrogen prior to use in the fuel cell. This hence still emits (see reaction) but (temporarily) running on this can be a good solution until the point where the hydrogen is starting to become distributed through the (natural gas) piping system.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: In October 2021, Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk and Andrew Forrest announced that Queensland will be home to the world's largest hydrogen plant.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Saudi Arabia as a part of the NEOM project, is looking to produce roughly 1.2 million tonnes of green ammonia a year, beginning production in 2025.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Hydrogen is simply a method to store and transmit energy. Energy development of various alternative energy transmission and storage scenarios which begin with hydrogen production, but do not use it for all parts of the store and transmission infrastructure, may be more economic, in both near and far term. These include:


title: Hydrogen economy

text: An alternative to gaseous hydrogen as an energy carrier is to bond it with nitrogen from the air to produce ammonia, which can be easily liquefied, transported, and used (directly or indirectly) as a clean and renewable fuel. For example, researchers at CSIRO in Australia in 2018 fuelled a Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo with hydrogen separated from ammonia using a membrane technology. Among disadvantages of ammonia as an energy carrier are its high toxicity, extremely low energy efficiency of NH3 production from N2 and H2, and poisoning of PEM Fuel Cells by traces of non-decomposed NH3 after NH3 to H2 conversion.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: Hybrid heat pumps (not to be confused with air water hybrids) also include a boiler which could run on methane or hydrogen, and could be a pathway to full decarbonisation of residential heating as the boiler would be used to top up the heating when the weather was very cold.


title: Hydrogen economy

text: although technically possible production of syngas from hydrogen and carbon-dioxide from bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) via the Sabatier reaction is limited by the amount of sustainable bioenergy available: therefore any bio-SNG made may be reserved for production of aviation biofuel.


title: Swahili people

text: The Swahili people () comprise mainly Bantu, Afro-Arab and Comorian ethnic groups inhabiting the Swahili coast, an area encompassing the Zanzibar archipelago and mainland Tanzania's seaboard, littoral Kenya, northern Mozambique, the Comoros Islands, southwestern Somalia and Northwest Madagascar. The original Swahili distinguished themselves from other Bantu peoples by self-identifying as Waungwana (the civilised ones). In certain regions (e.g. Lamu Island), this differentiation is even more stratified in terms of societal grouping and dialect, hinting to the historical processes by which the Swahili have coalesced over time. More recently, however, Swahili identity extends to any person of African descent who speaks Swahili as their first language, is Muslim and lives in a town on the main urban centres of most of modern-day Tanzania and coastal Kenya, northern Mozambique and the Comoros, through a process of swahilization.


title: Swahili people

text: The name "Swahili" originated as an exonym for the language derived from . Swahili people speak the Swahili language. Swahili people's endonym for themselves is Waungwana, which means "the civilized ones." Modern Standard Swahili is derived from the Kiunguja dialect of Zanzibar. Like many other world languages, Swahili has borrowed a large number of words from foreign languages, particularly administrative terms from Arabic, but also words from Portuguese, Hindi and German. Other, older dialects like Kimrima and Kitumbatu have far fewer Arabic loanwords, indicative of the language's fundamental Bantu nature. Kiswahili served as coastal East Africa's lingua franca and trade language from the ninth century onward. Zanzibari traders' intensive push into the African interior from the late eighteenth century induced the adoption of Swahili as a common language throughout much of East Africa. Thus, Kiswahili is the most spoken African language, used by far more than just the Waswahili themselves.


title: Swahili people

text: The Swahili people originate from Bantu inhabitants of the coast of Southeast Africa, in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. These Bantu-speaking agriculturalists settled the coast at the outset of the first millennium. Archaeological finds at Fukuchani, on the north-west coast of Zanzibar, indicate a settled agricultural and fishing community from the 6th century CE at the latest. The considerable amount of daub found indicates timber buildings, and shell beads, bead grinders, and iron slag have been found at the site. There is evidence for limited engagement in long-distance trade: a small amount of imported pottery has been found, less than 1% of total pottery finds, mostly from the Gulf and dated to the 5th to 8th century. The similarity to contemporary sites such as Mkokotoni and Dar es Salaam indicate a unified group of communities that developed into the first centre of coastal maritime culture. The coastal towns appear to have been engaged in Indian Ocean trade at this early period, and trade rapidly increased in importance and quantity between the mid-8th and the 11th century.


title: Swahili people

text: Some Swahili claim a Shirazi origin. This forms the basis of the Shirazi era origin myth that proliferated along the coast at the turn of the millennium. Modern academics reject the authenticity of the primarily Persian origin claim. They point to the relative rarity of Persian customs and speech, lack of documentary evidence of Shia Islam in the Muslim literature on the Swahili Coast, and instead a historic abundance of Sunni Arab-related evidence. The documentary evidence, like the archaeological, "for early Persian settlement is likewise completely lacking.". The most likely origin for the stories about the Shirazi is from Muslim inhabitants of the Lamu archipelago who moved south in the 10th and 11th centuries. They brought with them a coinage tradition and localized form of Islam. These Africans migrants seem to have developed a concept of Shirazi origin as they moved further southwards, near Malindi and Mombasa, along the Mrima coast. The longstanding trade connections with the Persian gulf gave credence to these myths. In addition, because most Muslim societies are patrilineal, one can claim distant identities through paternal lines despite phenotypic and somatic evidence to the contrary. The so-called Shirazi tradition represents the arrival of Islam in these eras, one reason it has proven so long lasting. Extant mosques and coins demonstrate that the "Shirazi" were not Middle Eastern immigrants, but northern Swahili Muslims. They moved south, founding mosques, introducing coinage and elaborately carved inscriptions and mihrabs. They should be interpreted as indigenous African Muslims who played the politics of the Middle East to their advantage. Some still use this foundation myth a millennium later to assert their authority, even though the myth's context has long been forgotten. The Shirazi legend took on new importance in the 19th century, during the period of Omani domination. Claims of Shirazi ancestry were used to distance locals from Arab newcomers, since Persians are not viewed as Arabs but still have an exemplary Islamic pedigree. The emphasis that the Shirazi came very long ago and intermarried with indigenous locals ties this claim to the creation of convincing indigenous narratives about Swahili heritage without divorcing it from the ideals of being a maritime-centred culture.


title: Swahili people

text: There are two main theories about the origins of the Shirazi subgroup of the Swahili people. One thesis based on oral tradition states that immigrants from the Shiraz region in southwestern Iran directly settled various mainland ports and islands on the eastern Africa seaboard beginning in the tenth century. By the time of the Persian settlement in the area, the earlier occupants had been displaced by incoming Bantu and Nilotic populations. More people from different parts of the Persian Gulf also continued to migrate to the Swahili coast over several centuries thereafter, and these formed the modern Shirazi. The second theory on Shirazi origins also posits that they came from Persia, but first settled in the Horn of Africa. In the twelfth century, as the gold trade with the distant entrepot of Sofala on the Mozambique seaboard grew, the settlers are then said to moved southwards to various coastal towns in Kenya, Tanzania, northern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean islands. By 1200 CE, they had established local sultanates and mercantile networks on the islands of Kilwa, Mafia and Comoros along the Swahili coast, and in northwestern Madagascar.


title: Swahili people

text: The modern Swahili people speak the Swahili language as a mother tongue, which belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. The language contains loan words from Arabic.


title: Swahili people

text: Islam established its presence on the Southeast African coast from around the 9th century, when Bantu traders settling on the coast tapped into the Indian Ocean trade networks. The Swahili people follow the Sunni denomination of Islam.


title: Swahili people

text: Large numbers of Swahili undertake the Hajj and Umrah from Tanzania, Kenya, and Mozambique. Traditional Islamic dress such as the jilbab and thob are also popular among the Swahili. The Swahili also are known for their use of divination, which has adopted some syncretic features from underlying traditional indigenous beliefs, they believe in djinn and many men wear protective amulets with verses from the Qu'ran.


title: Swahili people

text: Divination is practiced through Qur'anic readings. Often the diviner incorporates verses from the Qur'an into treatments for certain diseases. On occasion, he instructs a patient to soak a piece of paper containing verses of the Qur'an in water. With this ink infused water, literally containing the word of Allah, the patient will then wash his body or drink it to cure himself of his affliction. It is only prophets and teachers of Islam who are permitted to become medicine men among the Swahili.


title: Swahili people

text: The Swahili speak as their native tongue the Swahili language, which is a member of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo family. Its closest relatives include Comorian spoken on the Comoros Islands, and the Mijikenda language of the Mijikenda people in Kenya.


title: Swahili people

text: With its original speech community centred on Zanzibar and the coastal parts of Kenya and Tanzania, a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast, Swahili became the tongue of the urban class in the African Great Lakes region, and eventually went on to serve as a lingua franca during the post-colonial period.


title: Swahili people

text: In 2022, DNA was extracted from medieval and early modern coastal towns along the Swahili Coast. Before 1500 CE, the inhabitants carried both African, as well as Asia/Near-East ancestry which was mainly Persian-related. This is consistent with the narrative of the Kilwa Chronicle. After this time, Arabian ancestry becomes more prevalent, which correlates with the archaeological and historical record of interactions with Southern Arabia (Oman).


title: Swahili people

text: For centuries the Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean. The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between southeast, central and South Africa, and the outside world. Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 CE by early Roman writers who visited the Southeast African coast in the 1st century. Trade routes extended from Kenya to Tanzania into modern day Congo, along which goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders. Historical and archaeological records attest to Swahilis being prolific maritime merchants and sailors who sailed the Southeast African coastline to lands as far away as Arabia, Persia, Madagascar, India and even China. Chinese pottery and Arabian beads have been found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe. During the apogee of the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of revenue. Many captives of the Portuguese sold in Zanzibar ended up in Brazil, which was then a Portuguese colony. Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income. Fish is sold to their inland neighbours in exchange for products of the interior.


title: Swahili people

text: Although most Swahili live with living standards far below that of upper hierarchy of the wealthiest nations, the Swahili are generally considered a relatively economically powerful group due to their history of trade. They are comparatively well-off; According to the United Nations, the island of Zanzibar has a 25% higher per capita GDP than the rest of Tanzania. This economic influence has led to the continued spread of their culture and language throughout East Africa.


title: Swahili people

text: Thought by many early scholars to be essentially of Arabic or Persian style and origin, some contemporary academics are suggesting that archaeological, written, linguistic, and cultural evidence might suggest an African genesis which would be accompanied only later by an enduring Arabic and Islamic influences in the form of trade and an exchange of ideas. Upon visiting Kilwa in 1331, the great Berber explorer Ibn Battuta was impressed by the substantial beauty that he encountered there. He describes its inhabitants as "Zanj, jet-black in colour, and with tattoo marks on their faces", and notes that "Kilwa is a very fine and substantially built town, and all its buildings are of wood" (his description of Mombasa was essentially the same). Kimaryo points out that the distinctive tattoo marks are common among the Makonde. Architecture included arches, courtyards, isolated women's quarters, the mihrab, towers, and decorative elements on the buildings themselves. Many ruins may still be observed near the southern Kenyan port of Malindi in the Gede ruins ("the lost city of Gede/Gedi").


title: Being and Time

text: Being and Time () is the 1927 "magnum opus" of German philosopher Martin Heidegger and a key document of existentialism. "Being and Time" had a notable impact on subsequent philosophy, literary theory and many other fields. Though controversial, its stature in intellectual history has been compared with works by Kant and Hegel. The book attempts to revive ontology through an analysis of Dasein, or "being-in-the-world." It is also noted for an array of neologisms and complex language, as well as an extended treatment of "authenticity" as a means to grasp and confront the unique and finite possibilities of the individual.


title: Being and Time

text: Richard Wolin notes that the work "implicitly adopted the critique of mass society” epitomized earlier by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche. "Elitist complaints about the "dictatorship of public opinion" were common currency to the German mandarins of the twenties," according to J. Habermas (1989). Wolin writes that "Being and Time" is "suffused by a sensibility derived from secularized Protestantism” and its stress on original sin. The human condition is portrayed as "essentially a curse.” Wolin cites the work's extended emphasis on “emotionally laden concepts” like guilt, conscience, angst and death.


title: Being and Time

text: The book is likened to a secularized version of Martin Luther's project, which aimed to turn Christian theology back to an earlier and more “original” phase. Taking this view, John D. Caputo notes that Heidegger made a systematic study of Luther in the 1920s after training for 10 years as a Catholic theologian. Similarly, Hubert Dreyfus likens Division II of the volume to a secularized version of Kierkegaard's Christianity. Almost all central concepts of "Being and Time" are derived from Augustine, Luther, and Kierkegaard, according to Christian Lotz.


title: Being and Time

text: The critic George Steiner argues that "Being and Time" is a product of the crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat in World War I. In this respect Steiner compared it to Ernst Bloch's "The Spirit of Utopia" (1918), Oswald Spengler's "The Decline of the West" (1918), Franz Rosenzweig's "The Star of Redemption" (1921), Karl Barth's "The Epistle to the Romans" (1922), and Adolf Hitler's "Mein Kampf" (1925).


title: Being and Time

text: In terms of structure, "Being and Time" consists of the lengthy two-part introduction, followed by Division One, the "Preparatory Fundamental Analysis of Dasein," and Division Two, "Dasein and Temporality.” Heidegger originally planned to write a separate, second volume but quickly abandoned the project. The unwritten “second half” was to include a critique of Western philosophy.


title: Being and Time

text: "Being and Time" explicitly rejects Descartes' notion of the human being as a subjective spectator of objects, according to Marcella Horrigan-Kelly (et al.). The book instead holds that both subject and object are inseparable. In presenting the subject, "being" as inseparable from the objective "world," "Heidegger introduced the term “Dasein” (literally being there), intended to embody a ‘‘living being’’ through their activity of ‘’being there’ and “being in the world” (Horrigan-Kelly). Understood as a unitary phenomenon rather than a contingent, additive combination, being-in-the-world is an essential characteristic of Dasein, according to Michael Wheeler (2011).


title: Being and Time

text: Heidegger's account of Dasein passes through an analysis of "Angst," "the Nothing" and mortality, and of the structure of "Care" as such. He then defines "authenticity," as a means to grasp and confront the finite possibilities of Dasein. Moreover, Dasein is "the being that will give access to the question of the meaning of Being," according to Heidegger.


title: Being and Time

text: The work claims that ordinary and even mundane "being-in-the-world" provides "access to the meaning, or 'sense of being.' ["Sinn des Seins"]." This access via Dasein is also that "in terms of which something becomes intelligible as something." This meaning would then elucidate ordinary "prescientific" understanding, which precedes abstract ways of knowing, such as logic or theory.


title: Being and Time

text: Heidegger's concept of Being is metaphorical, according to Richard Rorty, who agrees with Heidegger that there is no "hidden power" called Being. Heidegger emphasizes that no particular understanding of Being (nor of Dasein) is to be valued over another, according to an account of Rorty's analysis by Edward Grippe. This supposed "non-linguistic, pre-cognitive access" to the meaning of Being didn't underscore any particular, preferred narrative.


title: Being and Time

text: Thomas Sheehan and Mark Wrathall each separately assert that commentators' emphasis on the term "Being" is misplaced, and that Heidegger's central focus was never on "Being" as such. Wrathall wrote (2011) that Heidegger's elaborate concept of "unconcealment" was his central, life-long focus, while Sheehan (2015) proposed that the philosopher's prime focus was on that which "brings about being as a givenness of entities.")


title: Being and Time

text: "Being and Time" actually offers "no sense of how we might answer the question of being as such," writes Simon Critchley in a nine-part blog commentary on the work for "The Guardian" (2009). The book instead provides "an answer to the question of what it means to be human" (Critchley). Nonetheless, Heidegger does present the concept: "'Being' is not something like a being but is rather "what determines beings as beings."


title: Being and Time

text: Heidegger believes that time finds its meaning in death, according to Michael Kelley. That is, time is understood only from a finite or mortal vantage. Dasein's fundamental characteristic and mode of "being-in-the-world" is temporal: Having been "thrown" into a world implies a "pastness" in its being. "The present is the nodal moment which makes past and future intelligible," writes Lilian Alweiss. Dasein occupies itself with the present tasks required by goals it has projected on the future.


title: Being and Time

text: Dasein as an intertwined subject/object cannot be separated from its objective "historicality," a concept Heidegger credits in the text to Wilhelm Dilthey. Dasein is "stretched along" temporally between birth and death, and thrown into its world; into its future "possibilities" which "Dasein" is charged with assuming. "Dasein's" access to this world and these possibilities is always via a history and a tradition—or "world historicality".


title: Being and Time

text: Heidegger's mentor Edmund Husserl developed a method of analysis called "phenomenological reduction" or "bracketing," that emphasized primordial experience as its key element. Husserl used this method to define the structures of consciousness and show how they are directed at both real and ideal objects within the world.


title: Being and Time

text: "Being and Time" employs this method but purportedly modifies Husserl's subjectivist tendencies. Whereas Husserl conceived humans as constituted by consciousness, Heidegger countered that consciousness is peripheral to Dasein, which cannot be reduced to consciousness. Consciousness is thus an "effect" rather than a determinant of existence. By shifting the priority from consciousness (psychology) to existence (ontology), Heidegger altered the subsequent direction of phenomenology.


title: Being and Time

text: But "Being and Time" misrepresented its phenomenology as a departure from methods established earlier by Husserl, according to Daniel O. Dahlstrom. In this vein, Robert J. Dostal asserts that "if we do not see how much it is the case that Husserlian phenomenology provides the framework for Heidegger's approach," then it's impossible to exactly understand "Being and Time".


title: Being and Time

text: On publication in 1927, "Being and Time" bore a dedication to Husserl, who beginning a decade earlier, championed Heidegger's work, and helped him secure the retiring Husserl's chair in Philosophy at the University of Freiburg in 1928. Because Husserl was Jewish, in 1941 Heidegger, then a member of the Nazi Party, agreed to remove the dedication from "Being and Time" (restored in 1953 edition).


title: Being and Time

text: "Being and Time" employed the "hermeneutic circle" as a method of analysis or structure for ideas. According to Susann M. Laverty (2003), Heidegger's circle moves from the parts of experience to the whole of experience and back and forth again and again to increase the depth of engagement and understanding. Laverty writes ( 1996), "This spiraling through a hermeneutic circle ends when one has reached a place of sensible meaning, free of inner contradictions, for the moment."


title: Being and Time

text: The hermeneutic circle and certain theories concerning history in "Being and Time" are acknowledged within the text to rely on the writings of Wilhelm Dilthey. The technique was later employed in the writings of Jürgen Habermas, per "Influence and reception" below.


title: Being and Time

text: In "Being and Time" Heidegger briefly refutes the philosophy of René Descartes (in an exercise he called "destructuring"), but the second volume, intended as a "Destruktion" of Western philosophy, was never written. Heidegger sought to explain how theoretical knowledge came to be seen, incorrectly in his view, as fundamental to being. This explanation takes the form of a destructuring ("Destruktion") of the philosophical tradition, an interpretative strategy that reveals the fundamental experience of being hidden within the theoretical attitude of the metaphysics of presence.


title: Being and Time

text: In later works, while becoming less systematic and more obscure than in "Being and Time", Heidegger turns to the exegesis of historical texts, especially those of Presocratic philosophers, but also of Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, Plato, Nietzsche, and Hölderlin, among others.


title: Being and Time

text: Upon its publication, reviewers credited Heidegger with "brilliance" and "genius". The book was later seen as the "most influential version of existential philosophy."


title: Being and Time

text: Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism (of 1943) has been described as merely "a version of "Being and Time"". The work also influenced other philosophers of Sartre's generation, and exerted a notable influence on French philosophy.


title: Being and Time

text: Heidegger's work influenced the output of the Frankfurt School including Jürgen Habermas's hermeneutics and Herbert Marcuse's early and abortive attempt to develop "Heideggerian Marxism."


title: Being and Time

text: Paul Celan, in his essays on poetic theory, incorporated some of Heidegger's ideas. "Being and Time" also separately influenced Alain Badiou's work "Being and Event" (1988). and also separately, the enactivist approach to cognition theory.


title: Being and Time

text: Bertrand Russell dismissed Being and Time ("One cannot help suspecting that language is here running riot"). The analytic philosopher A. J. Ayer called Heidegger a charlatan. But the American philosopher Richard Rorty ranked Heidegger among the important philosophers of the twentieth century, including John Dewey and Wittgenstein.


title: Being and Time

text: The conservative British writer Roger Scruton called (2002) "Being and Time" a "description of a private spiritual journey" rather than genuine philosophy. But Stephen Houlgate (1999) compares Heidegger's achievements in "Being and Time" to those of Kant and Hegel. Simon Critchley writes (2009) that it is impossible to understand developments in continental philosophy after Heidegger without understanding "Being and Time".


title: Being and Time

text: "Being and Time" is the major achievement of Heidegger's early career, but he produced other important works during this period:


title: Being and Time

text: Although Heidegger did not complete the project outlined in "Being and Time", later works explicitly addressed the themes and concepts of "Being and Time". Most important among the works which do so are the following:


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Bradford Jay Raffensperger (born May 18, 1955) is an American politician, businessman, and civil engineer, serving as the Secretary of State of Georgia since 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the Georgia House of Representatives, representing District 50.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger rose to national prominence in the aftermath of the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in which incumbent President Donald Trump lost. Trump refused to accept defeat, made false claims of fraud, and launched an unsuccessful protracted campaign to overturn the election results. As part of this campaign, Trump made a recorded phone call on January 2, 2021, in which he attempted to persuade Raffensperger to change the election results in Georgia in Trump's favor. Raffensperger refused to do this, and claimed that the outgoing president's claims were based on falsehoods.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger was reelected in the 2022 Georgia Secretary of State election, after defeating Trump-backed Jody Hice in the Republican primary and Democratic challenger Bee Nguyen in the general election.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger earned a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Western Ontario and a Master of Business Administration from Georgia State University.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger is the CEO of Tendon Systems, LLC, a contracting and engineering firm that operates in Columbus, Georgia, and Forsyth County, Georgia. He amassed a net worth of $26.5 million from his work in the private sector.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger is a lifelong Republican. He served on the Post 2 seat of the Johns Creek City Council from 2012 to 2014. He replaced Dan McCabe on the City Council. He resigned in November 2014 to run for the special election to represent the 50th district in the Georgia House, and was succeeded by Chris Coughlin.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger subsequently won his bid to the Georgia House in 2015, succeeding Lynne Riley. In the state House, Raffensperger sponsored legislation to bar county officials from personally profiting from tax liens. Previously, the Fulton County tax commissioner personally collected fees from tax liens and sales of tax liens to private collection companies, allowing him to amass $200,000 over a four-year period. The legislation ended this self-enrichment practice. Raffensperger also sponsored a measure to amend the Georgia state constitution to allow the re-creation of a county that previously existed but had later merged with another county; the measure would allow northern Fulton County to split off to form Milton County.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger ran for the Secretary of State of Georgia in the 2018 election. The Secretary of State in Georgia oversees elections and is chairman of the state election board. The Secretary of State also oversees business registration and occupational licensing.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: In the Republican Party primary, Raffensperger faced former Alpharetta mayor David Belle Isle, state Representative Buzz Brockway, and state representative Josh McKoon. In the primary, Raffensperger came in first place and Belle Isle came in second place; because no candidate obtained a majority, the race for the Republican nomination went to a primary runoff, which Raffensperger won. During his campaign, Raffensperger "said he would reduce government bureaucracy, support voter ID laws and push for verifiable paper ballots when Georgia replaces its electronic voting machines."


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: In the November 6, 2018, general election, Raffensperger finished with the most votes, leading Democrat John Barrow by less than one percent. He defeated Barrow in a runoff election on December 4, 2018.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: In 2019, Raffensperger fought 2018 Democratic gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams, the former minority leader of the Georgia House of Representatives, as she contested his action to remove 300,000 names from the voter registration rolls, and he won the case. In 2021, he removed over 100,000 additional names from the Georgia rolls, depending in part on data received from ERIC, the national Electronic Registration Information Center.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: The Georgia Association of Latino Elected Officials (GALEO) and other civil rights groups sued Raffensberger's Office and the Gwinnett County elections board in federal court, arguing that the county's mailing of mail-in ballot applications printed only in English should also have been sent in the Spanish language to registered voters in Gwinnett County because of its large Spanish-speaking population. The suit was dismissed in October 2020 by U.S. District Judge William M. Ray II, who ruled that the plaintiffs lacked standing and the English-only mailings did not violate the Voting Rights Act. The number of Latinos eligible to vote in Georgia has expanded and turnout percentage has increased since 2016, exceeding countrywide participation rates of that ethnicity said Jerry Gonzalez, GALEO's executive director. Latinos are 5 percent of Georgia's electorate, with about 377,000 Latinos eligible to vote, and about 250,000 registered.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: In 2020, the Georgia presidential primaries, originally set for March 24, were moved to May 19 (the date for non-presidential primaries in Georgia), due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Later, Raffensperger further postponed the Georgia primaries to June 9 due to the coronavirus crisis. During the 2020 Georgia elections, Raffensperger sought to prevent Georgia polling places from printing paper backups of voter registration and absentee voting information in case polling places would struggle to use voter check-in tablets, called Poll Pads, which had been problematic in Georgia's primary elections in June 2020. The tablets had caused long lines at polling places. Voting rights groups had requested paper backups to prevent a risk of chaos on election day in case the tablets failed. The voting rights groups sued Raffensperger in federal court; they obtained an order from a district judge ordering Georgia election officials to prepare such paper backups, but this order was blocked by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: To protect voting rights during the pandemic, Raffensperger directed the mailing of absentee (mail-in) ballot applications to all of Georgia's 6.9 million active registered voters for the state's June 2020 primary. After David Ralston, the Republican speaker of the state House, said that expanded use of mail-in voting would "be extremely devastating to Republicans and conservatives in Georgia," Republicans on a Georgia state House committee advanced legislation to block election officials from sending mail-in ballot request forms to voters ahead of elections. Raffensperger pushed back on the proposal, saying: "By a wide margin, voters on both sides of the political spectrum agree that sending absentee applications to all active voters was the safest and best thing our office could do to protect our voters at the peak of COVID-19. Some seem to be saying that our office should have ignored the wave of absentee voting that was clearly coming." After encountering opposition, the proposed ban died in the Georgia General Assembly.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger did not send out mail-in ballot applications to every active registered voter in Georgia for the November 2020 general election, citing the cost of a mass mailing. Rather, Raffensperger created an online portal for Georgia voters to request absentee ballots. He encouraged voters to take advantage of in-person early voting and mail-in voting.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: The November 2020 general election in Georgia went smoothly, avoiding the problems that had plagued the primary election in June; Raffensperger credited the successful process to the record numbers of voters who cast ballots before Election Day, either by mail or during Georgia's three-week period of in-person early voting. Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden became president-elect, defeating incumbent Donald Trump, and Democrats made gains in Georgia, with Biden winning the state, the first time since 1992 that a Democratic presidential nominee had won Georgia.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: After the election, Raffensperger's fellow Republicans, Georgia's U.S. Senators David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler issued a joint statement accusing Raffensperger of unspecified "failures" and calling for him to resign. Perdue and Loeffler offered no evidence in support of their claims, which they made after pressure from Trump, who had promoted conspiracy theories about the election and falsely claimed it was rigged. State elections officials and other Republican leaders noted that there was no evidence of wrongdoing in connection with the election. Both Perdue and Loeffler were up for re-election but failed to achieve a majority of the vote, triggering a runoff election in Georgia against their Democratic opponents, which took place on January 5, 2021, and determined party control of the Senate. Raffensperger rejected the calls for his resignation, saying, "As a Republican, I am concerned about Republicans keeping the U.S. Senate. I recommend that Senators Loeffler and Perdue start focusing on that." Raffensperger added, "If I was Senator Perdue, I'd be irritated I was in a runoff. And both Senators and I are all unhappy with the potential outcome for our President."


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Under pressure from fellow Republicans, Raffensperger ordered a statewide hand recount/audit of all 5 million votes in the Georgia presidential race, in which Biden led Trump by approximately 14,000 votes. Critics, including the voting rights group Coalition for Good Governance, described Raffensperger's decision to go forward with the hand recount being motivated by the political pressure he had received from Trump, and said it was not contemplated by Georgia law. Raffensperger denied this, although he did say that fellow Republicans were pressuring him to find ways to exclude legal ballots. Raffensperger said that South Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham pressured him in a call to throw out postal ballots favoring Biden. Though Graham denied the allegations, a separate Republican election official who was also present in the call, Gabriel Sterling, confirmed Raffensperger's statement. Doug Collins, a Republican congressman from Georgia who lost his race and oversaw Trump's efforts in Georgia, falsely claimed fraud in the Georgia election, prompting Raffensperger, typically known for his mild manner, to call Collins a "liar" and "charlatan" for his rhetoric. The hand recount reaffirmed Biden's victory, with Biden receiving 2.47 million votes and Trump receiving 2.46 million votes, a margin of 12,670 votes (0.25%). On November 20, Raffensperger certified the final vote totals, and Georgia Governor Brian Kemp issued the formal certification of the state's slate of electors. Trump continued to promote false claims about the electoral process after certification; some Trump supporters harassed or threatened Raffensperger, his wife, and Raffensperger aide Sterling, the state voting system implementation manager, including death threats. Sterling publicly called on Trump to condemn the acts and "Stop inspiring people to commit potential acts of violence."


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: In March 2021, the Republican-controlled state legislature passed a bill, which was signed into law by Kemp, that removed the position of state election board chair from the Georgia Secretary of State's duties. The law handed control of the state election board chair to the state legislature.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: A recording of an hour-long phone call between President Donald Trump and Raffensperger on January 2, 2021, was obtained by "The Washington Post" and released the following day. On the call, Trump pressured Raffensperger to change the election results for the state of Georgia to make him the winner; Trump told Raffensperger, "I just want to find 11,780 votes." Raffensperger repeatedly rebuffed Trump's attempts to pressure him.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: After the taped call was published, Democratic congressional leaders, asked the FBI to investigate the call and probe whether Trump had "engaged in solicitation of, or conspiracy to commit, a number of election crimes." Journalist Carl Bernstein, who in 1972 broke the Watergate scandal with Bob Woodward leading to the resignation of President Richard Nixon, called the Trump–Raffensperger scandal "far worse than Watergate" and said that in any other presidency it would result in impeachment, conviction, and bipartisan demands for the president's resignation. In an interview, Raffensperger said that Trump "did most of the talking" on the call and noted that Trump's voter fraud allegations were "just plain wrong". In a letter to Congress on January 6, 2021, Raffensperger gave a point-by-point refutation of Trump's false election claims.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: While some House Republicans tried to defend Trump's Georgia call, Democrats began drafting a censure resolution. On January 6, 2021, days after the call, a pro-Trump mob attacked the Capitol while the Congress was counting the electoral votes to formalize Biden's victory. After the attack, the U.S. House of Representatives impeached Trump for incitement of insurrection. The article of impeachment adopted by the House notes the Raffensperger call, stating: "President Trump's conduct on January 6, 2021, followed his prior efforts to subvert and obstruct the certification of the results of the 2020 Presidential election. Those prior efforts included a phone call on January 2, 2021, during which President Trump urged the secretary of state of Georgia, Brad Raffensperger, to 'find' enough votes to overturn the Georgia Presidential election results and threatened Secretary Raffensperger if he failed to do so."


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger testified in public hearings before the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack on June 21, 2022.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger was reelected to a second term in 2022. Trump had endorsed a primary challenger Jody Hice, a supporter of his election fraud claims. Facing punitive opposition by the former president, death threats, harassment, and having to confront misinformation and lies asserted by an opponent, Raffensperger explained his motivation to run for reelection: "If the good walk off the field and leave the field to the bad, then the bad wins."


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger fended off his primary challengers, ultimately winning the 50% of the votes needed to avoid a runoff. He defeated the Democratic Party nominee, Democratic state representative Bee Nguyen, in the November general election.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger and his wife, Tricia, have three children and two grandchildren. Raffensperger is a member of the North Point Community Church.


title: Brad Raffensperger

text: Raffensperger has four siblings. Donald Trump has falsely claimed that Raffensperger has a brother, Ron, who "works for China", but Raffensperger's only brother is not named Ron and does not work for or in China. There is a Huawei executive named Ron Raffensperger, but they are not related.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Dennis Hauger (; born 17 March 2003) is a Norwegian racing driver set to compete in the 2023 FIA Formula 2 Championship with MP Motorsport. He is a member of the Red Bull Junior Team and the 2021 FIA Formula 3 champion. He also won the 2019 Italian F4 Championship with Van Amersfoort Racing.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Hauger was born in Oslo and raised in Aurskog. His parents bought him a quad bike when he was two, and he started driving cross bikes at the age of four. He began his karting career at the age of five, winning his first race at the age of eight. After finishing 62 out of 70 national races on the podium the Norwegian moved into international competition in 2014. That year Hauger claimed the ROK International title in the Mini category and followed it up the following year by claiming Mini category titles in the Vega Winter Trophy, the Italian CSAI Karting Championship and the WSK Champions Cup and Super Masters championships. In 2017, Hauger became the youngest ever champion to claim the DKM junior title and repeated this feat the following year to become the youngest DKM champion, until Harry Thompson claimed the title in 2018.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: In October 2017, Hauger and fellow Red Bull junior Jack Doohan were signed by the TRS Arden Junior Team to contest the 2018 F4 British Championship. Claiming four victories, Hauger ended the season fourth in the overall standings, but missed out on the Junior Championship to Doohan.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: The following year, Hauger remained at Formula 4 level, but switched to Van Amersfoort Racing to contest the ADAC and Italian F4 championships. In the ADAC championship, Hauger claimed six victories, including one at the Formula One support race at the Hockenheimring, and finished as championship runner-up to Théo Pourchaire by only seven points.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Over in the Italian championship, Hauger scored twelve victories, including a weekend grand slam in the season finale at Monza, and sealed the title with a round to spare, being over 130 points ahead of fellow F1 junior drivers Gianluca Petecof of Ferrari and Paul Aron of Mercedes. His performances also helped Van Amersfoort Racing to win the team championship.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: In August 2019, Motopark announced Hauger would make his debut in the championship at Silverstone replacing Liam Lawson, having had to wait a round due to clashes with ADAC Formula 4 at the Red Bull Ring. The race weekend saw Hauger take a sixth-place finish in the first race and a fifth-place finish in the second race.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: In October 2019, Hauger partook in the second and third days of post-season testing in Valencia with Hitech Grand Prix. In January 2020, Red Bull confirmed Hauger would race with the British outfit in the upcoming season together with fellow Red Bull junior Liam Lawson and Renault junior Max Fewtrell. Hauger's first FIA Formula 3 points came at the Hungaroring, where he finished eighth in the first race. This put him on reverse-grid pole position for the second race. He led much of the race but dropped back when the track began to dry, finishing third to claim his maiden FIA Formula 3 podium finish. Despite this result, Hauger would fail to score points at any of the remaining races, eventually finishing 17th in the championship with 14 points.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: In the post-season test at Catalunya, Hauger joined reigning team champions Prema Racing and consistently ran in the top ten across both testing days with a best placed finish of third in both afternoon sessions. Later that month, the Italian outfit once again fielded Hauger in the second post-season test at Jerez.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: In December, Prema confirmed Hauger would race with them in the 2021 season, partnering Olli Caldwell and Ferrari Driver Academy member Arthur Leclerc. He scored his first pole position in the category at the first weekend in Barcelona, beating former British F4 rival Jack Doohan. Hauger fought for the lead of Race 2 with Matteo Nannini, however the two collided, breaking Hauger's front wing and dropping him to the back. He led the entirety of Race 3 to claim his first FIA Formula 3 race victory, and ended the first round leading the championship by two points over teammate Caldwell. Hauger took consecutive second-place finishes at the Circuit Paul Ricard before taking pole position at the Red Bull Ring and finishing all three races on the podium, including a victory in Race 1 after starting 12th. After the third round, his championship lead had extended to a margin of 41 points, and Hauger extended that gap to 63 points after winning a wet-weather race at the Hungaroring. Following a round at Spa-Francorchamps in which the Norwegian only scored six points however, his title rival Jack Doohan was able to bridge the gap between the two going into the penultimate round of the season. Hauger lost a chance at a podium finish three laps from the end of race two at Zandvoort due to a collision with Ido Cohen, but he was able to bounce back in the final race, extending his gap once again with his fourth win of the year. In the first race of the final round at the Sochi Autodrom, the Norwegian came up from fourth on the grid to take second, thus becoming the 2021 Formula 3 Champion with two races to spare. After the race, he stated that he had "started questioning [himself]" the previous season, but that his doubts were eradicated following his move to Prema.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Following the season finale, Hauger drove an F3 development car in a tyre test in Barcelona, completing 123 laps on a dry track, with the goals of the session being to make racing in F3 more demanding, as well as developing the tyres to help the teams for the following season.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Having tested with the team at the end of 2021, Hauger announced on 14 January that he would be partnering Jehan Daruvala at Prema Racing in Formula 2. He had a shaky start in the first round in Bahrain, finishing just out of the points in 9th place in the Sprint Race. In the Feature Race, he was running in 9th place before retiring following a pit stop blunder which caused his front left tire to detach and roll down the pit lane. In Jeddah's Sprint Race, Hauger started on reverse grid pole before a Safety Car communication confusion saw him served a 10-second stop-and-go penalty. He finished in 16th place. For the Feature Race, he scored his first points of the season after finishing sixth.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Hauger's Imola weekend was bittersweet; he scored his maiden Formula 2 podium after finishing 3rd in the Sprint Race, but was involved in an early collision with Jack Doohan that saw his Feature Race over after 3 turns. His weekend in Barcelona was uneventful; he qualified 14th and finished 12th in the Sprint Race and 13th in the Feature Race. He bounced back for a strong showing in Monaco. He qualified 9th after several grid penalties being applied for other drivers. He started second on reverse grid for the Sprint Race and led from start to finish to score his maiden F2 victory. In the Feature Race, he made up 4 places at the start to 5th position. His race was slightly compromised by a Safety Car and he finished in 7th.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Hauger secured his best qualifying yet in Baku with third position. He crashed out of the Sprint Race when he suffered a huge lock up and ran nose first into the wall, but he redeemed himself by winning his first Feature Race the next day. He qualified 12th in Silverstone and finished in 15th place in the Sprint Race. He retired in the Feature Race after a collision with Roy Nissany. In Austria, he qualified in 15th position, but managed to finish 9th in the Sprint Race. He began the Feature Race on slick tyres which saw him pass multiple drivers who were on wets as the track dried; he eventually finished fourth after a string of drivers received penalties.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Hauger's qualifying woes continued in France when a fuel pump failure prevented him from putting in more laps, as a result, he qualified 18th. He finished 12th and 16th in the Sprint and Feature races respectively. He qualified eighth in Hungary which saw him start third on reverse grid for the Sprint Race, but was involved in a collision with Logan Sargeant which saw his race over at Turn 1. He finished 19th in the Feature Race after massive tyre degradation which saw him pit twice. In Spa, his practice was cut short after an oil leak. He later qualified 11th. During the Sprint Race, he took a gamble to pit for soft tyres during a Safety Car and finished 10th. After he incurred two five-second penalties, he classified as 12th in the Feature Race.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Hauger had a successful weekend at Zandvoort, where he qualified seventh and finished third and fourth in the Sprint and Feature Races respectively. He had a poor qualifying in Monza, but had the pace to make up 10 places to finish ninth, as well as earn a fastest lap in the Sprint Race. In the Feature Race, he made up 15 places to finish fourth in an incident-packed race. He also had to serve a drive-through penalty in the early part of the race for his team's failure to fit his wheels at the three minute signal before the start. In the final race weekend of the season in Abu Dhabi, he put on a strong showing by qualifying seventh on the grid. He finished fourth in the Sprint and Feature Races respectively, and ended the 2022 season in 10th place overall.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Hauger has carried a lucky amulet, which he received from his grandmother, around his neck since he started competing in international karting competitions.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.


title: Dennis Hauger

text: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.<br>


title: Clint Capela

text: Clint N'Dumba Capela (born May 18, 1994) is a Swiss professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is the Hawks' franchise leader in career field-goal percentage, having led the NBA in the same field during the 2017–18 season. He is the highest-earning team athlete in Switzerland's history.


title: Clint Capela

text: Capela was born in Geneva, Switzerland, to an Angolan father and Congolese mother. His parents separated a few months after his birth, leaving his mother to raise him and his brothers by herself. As a child, at first he liked soccer. He was raised partly in foster care. Because he was as a 13-year-old, his brother suggested he switch sports. After meeting Swiss basketball icon Thabo Sefolosha, Capela became more and more fascinated with basketball. At 15 years old, he was spotted at the European Junior Championships with the Swiss team and joined the Chalon-sur-Saône training center, INSEP, in France.


title: Clint Capela

text: On April 12, 2014, Capela represented the World Team at the 2014 Nike Hoop Summit. Later that month, he declared for the 2014 NBA draft. In May 2014, he was named the Best Young Player and Most Improved Player of the 2013–14 LNB Pro A season.


title: Clint Capela

text: On June 26, 2014, Capela was selected with the 25th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets. On July 25, 2014, he signed with the Rockets. On March 30, 2015, Capela scored his first NBA points, finishing the game with eight points and nine rebounds in a 99–96 loss to the Toronto Raptors. On April 13, he had a season-best game for the Rockets with 10 points and five rebounds in a win over the Charlotte Hornets. During his rookie season, he had multiple assignments with the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League. Capela took a step forward in the postseason, when he saw minutes in place of the injured Donatas Motiejūnas. He appeared in more playoff games (17) than regular season contests in 2014–15 and averaged 3.4 points in 7.5 minutes per postseason game.


title: Clint Capela

text: In his second season, on November 6, 2015, Capela recorded his first career double-double with then career highs of 13 points and 12 rebounds as a starter in a 116–110 win over the Sacramento Kings. On November 29, in an overtime win over the New York Knicks, Capela recorded his third double-double over a span of four games, including a career-high 18 points. During the 2016 NBA All-Star Weekend, Capela competed for the World Team in the Rising Stars Challenge. On April 13, in the Rockets' season finale, Capela recorded a career-high 17 rebounds in a 116–81 win over Sacramento.


title: Clint Capela

text: On November 19, 2016, Capela scored a career-high 20 points in a 111–102 win over the Utah Jazz. On November 27, 2016, he set a new career high with 21 points against the Portland Trail Blazers. On December 19, 2016, he was ruled out for six weeks after suffering a broken fibula. He returned to action on January 17, 2017, against the Miami Heat after missing 15 games; he started the game against Miami but was scoreless in nine minutes.


title: Clint Capela

text: On October 18, 2017, Capela had 22 points and matched his career high with 17 rebounds in a 105–100 win over the Sacramento Kings. On December 11, 2017, he had a career-high 28 points in a 130–123 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. By Christmas, Capela had accumulated 16 double-doubles in 28 games and ranked first in the NBA in field goal percentage. On February 9, 2018, he recorded 23 points and a career-high 25 rebounds in a 130–104 win over the Denver Nuggets, earning his first 20-point, 20-rebound game of his career. He became the youngest Rocket to have at least 23 points and 25 rebounds in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon had 30 points and 25 rebounds against the Knicks on February 14, 1985. Capela was runner-up for the NBA Most Improved Player Award in 2017–18 after averaging career highs of 13.9 points, 10.8 rebounds, and 1.85 blocks. He led the league in field goal percentage (.652) while ranking eighth in rebounding and second in blocks. In Game 5 of the Rockets' first-round playoff series against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Capela had 26 points and 15 rebounds in a 122–104 series-clinching win.


title: Clint Capela

text: After the 2017–18 season, Capela became a restricted free agent. On July 27, 2018, he signed a five-year, $90 million extension with the Rockets. On November 5, in a 98–94 win over the Indiana Pacers, Capela had 18 points and 10 rebounds for his sixth consecutive double-double, a career best. On December 22, he had 21 points and a season-high 23 rebounds in a 108–101 win over the San Antonio Spurs. On December 25, he had 16 points and tied a season high with 23 rebounds in a 113–109 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder. On January 7, he scored a career-high 31 points in a 125–113 win over the Denver Nuggets. On January 14, he was ruled out for four to six weeks with a right thumb injury that he suffered the previous night against the Orlando Magic. He returned to action on February 21 against the Los Angeles Lakers after missing 15 games. In March 2019, he had a career-best streak (12) of games with at least 10 rebounds.


title: Clint Capela

text: On February 5, 2020, Houston traded Capela and Nenê to the Atlanta Hawks and received Robert Covington and Jordan Bell in a four-team, 12-player trade.


title: Clint Capela

text: On December 28, 2020, Capela made his Hawks debut, putting up seven points, nine rebounds, and two blocks in a 128–120 win against the Detroit Pistons. On January 22, 2021, Capela recorded his first career triple-double with 13 points, 19 rebounds, and 10 blocks in a 116–98 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.


title: Clint Capela

text: In August 2013, Capela debuted for the Swiss national basketball team at the FIBA EuroBasket 2015 qualification rounds.


title: Al Hayba

text: Al Hayba () is an Arabic drama television series directed by Samer Al Barkawi and produced by Ziad El Khatib It has 5 seasons; and Taim Hasan, named "Jabal Sheikh Al Jabal" is the lead character in all 5 seasons. The series first aired on Middle East Broadcasting Center (MBC) to the Arab world on 27 May 2017. As an Arab Ramadan series, the drama is released during the month of Ramadan. Season 2 was released on MBC in May 2018. Netflix picked up season 1 and provided English, Chinese, Hebrew, French, Spanish, Turkish and Greek dubbing.


title: Al Hayba

text: The series is set in a fictional village of "Hayba" which is the origin place of the Sheikh Al Jabal Clan.


title: Al Hayba

text: The story follows the members of a fictional Arab family, Sheikh Al Jabal, that controls all the smuggling routes between Lebanon and Syria. The family has an ongoing historic feud with another powerful family, the Saeed clan in the village of Hayba. The two families constantly struggle against one another, along with internal strife. However, with stories that never end and wounds that never heal, how this family will survive in this lawless village? The story develops over the 5 seasons with new characters and enemies entering the line.


title: Al Hayba

text: In 2017, Sabbah Brothers announced that the 1st season of Al Hayba was successfully received in the MENA region, reaching 116.7 million viewers. Fadi Ismail, MBC group drama director, comments "The plot was also tied to a feudal culture, which has emotional resonance throughout the region."


title: Al Hayba

text: In 2018, a lawsuit was filed against the show, alleging that it promoted stereotypes of Baalbek as criminal, including widespread drug use and violence. In response, Cedars Art Production referenced the show's disclaimer that all details are fictional. Viewers have linked the show's fictional setting to Baalbeck due to proximity to the Syrian border, use of regional dialect, and history of familial conflicts.


title: Al Hayba

text: Lead actress in season 3, Cyrine Abdelnour's character Noor Rahme is a TV presenter with a politically powerful friend of benefit who helped her gain publicity and this created controversy as the public where saying that this promotes the idea that Lebanese TV presenters all use powerful figures to get publicity. Cyrine Abdelnour later said that this isn't the case.


title: Al Hayba

text: Lead actress in season 1, Nadine Nassib Njeim turned down the season 2 contract due to lack of her role's prominence and described the show as a predominantly male story.


title: Al Hayba

text: Critics claim that an episode in which actor Taim Hasan's character beats his wife Sumaya, played by Nicole Saba, normalizes domestic violence.


title: Al Hayba

text: The events of season 1 take place after the second season chronologically. Season 1 follows the story of Alia (played by Nadine Nassib Njeim), an Arab woman that lives in Canada with her son Joe (Jabal Jr), and her husband Adel. Adel was born to the infamous crime family of Sheikh Al Jabal. Adel passes away in Canada and based on his wishes is brought to Hayba for burial. Adel's family are of the prominent Sheikh Al Jabal clan located in Hayba. When Alia meets her deceased husband's family they want to keep her child with them. Her mother-in-law stipulates that she can only stay with her son if she marries her eldest son, Jabal Sr (played by Taim Hasan), Alia's deceased husband's brother. Alia lodges a complaint against the family at the Canadian embassy. Through a series of events, Alia falls in love with Jabal Senior who has many enemies that he, Alia, and his family must face. The season ends with Jabal publicly executing the eldest son of the rival family (Saeed clan) after causing trouble and leading the police to the village of Hayba, all leading up to the events of the third season.


title: Al Hayba

text: This season is set a year before Season 1. Jabal's father (Sultan Sheikh Al Jabal) and his brother (Adel Sheikh Al Jabal - Alia's husband) are still alive. His paternal uncle Ghazi Sheikh Al Jabal (Schahin's father) is not imprisoned. The season provides context for the feudal and interfamilial strife in season 1. After the assassination of Sultan Sheikh Al Jabal on Jabal's wedding day to Maryam (Valerie Abou Chacra) Jabal thinks that the Saeeds set the assassination plan so his brother Adel assassinated Suleiman Saeed, the head of the Saeed clan. The families ignite a bloody war against each other, which ended with a truce on the condition that Jabal marries Suleiman Saeed's daughter, Sumaya (Nicole Saba). Maryam is devastated and decides to go abroad. Jabal got caught on smuggling and served 2 years in prison. After escaping from prison and returning to Hayba, the village is controlled by Nazem Aali that controls all rackets, arms smuggling, and prostitution in Hayba. Jabal tries to bring Hayba back to the old happy village and he succeeded for most parties. Schahin discovers the identity of Sultan's hitman and discovers that Nazem was behind the conspiracy not Suleiman. Haulo, Nazem's man that is in charge of the criminal activities of the Aali clan is killed by Jabal after lots of struggle. With Nazem's Empire collapsed, Hayba gets back to the hands of Jabal.


title: Al Hayba

text: This season is set after season 1, after Schahin is shot and everyone thinks he is dead however Asaad realises he is alive and takes him to a hospital in Beirut with Jabal in secrecy. Jabal then spends his time in Beirut and he meets Noor, (played by Cyrine Abdelnour) a well known presenter. They both live on the same floor of the apartment building and they begin to fall deeply in love with each other. Ali (played by Said Serhan), who is the son of Asaad comes back to Hayba as a part of the Sheik Al Jabals and he falls in love with the new maid, Marwa, who had previously came to Jabals house after her husband had died (as Marwa's husband was one of Jabal's men). Ghazi Sheikh Al Jabal is released from prison and vet himself as the head of the Sheikh Al Jabal Clan and also as the head of the Hayba Mafia. Ghazi attempts to kill Sekher, Jabal's brother, as he thinks that Schahin (who is his son) has died. Then, Schahin appears and the whole Hayba knows that he has survived. Schahin marries Muna, Jabals sister. Tharwat, Noor's friend of benefit was a barrier to Jabal to get to Noor, and Ghazi was more like an enemy than an uncle. Then Zaidan's right hand man that wants to control Hayba with Jabal's uncle, Jamal Emran. With Jabal surrounded by traitors and enemies, Jabal attempts to kill them all, and he does. Jabal marries Noor after a lot of obstacles tried to stop them. In the final episode of the series Jabal is shot inside Asaad's car with Noor and his son, Sultan. Jabal survives but Noor and his son die.


title: Al Hayba

text: In 2019, Season 4 (The Response) of Al Hayba was announced, starring Taim Hassan as Jabal Sheikh al Jabal, Dima Kandalaft, as Rania Emran and Adel Karam as Nemr Saeed.


title: Al Hayba

text: In 2020, Season 5 was announced to be the final season of Al Hayba, starring Taim Hassan as Jabal Sheikh al Jabal and Aimée Sayah as Sara.


title: Pvris

text: Pvris (pronounced "Paris" and stylized PVRIS) is an American pop rock act formed by multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, and producer Lyndsey Gunnulfsen. Over her decade-long career, Gunnulfsen has released three studio LPs: "White Noise" in November 2014 featuring the hits "You and I", and "My House", "All We Know of Heaven, All We Need of Hell" in 2017 featuring "What's Wrong", and "Use Me" in 2020 featuring "Hallucinations". In 2021, Pvris released their latest single via Warner Records.


title: Pvris

text: The band was formed in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 2009 under the name Operation Guillotine. They were originally a metalcore band, consisting of five members, with Kyle Anthony performing lead vocals. Their line-up soon changed to vocalist/guitarist Lynn Gunn (born Lyndsey Gunnulfsen), guitarist Alex Babinski, bassist Brian Macdonald, and drummer Brad Griffin. On March 26, 2013, Pvris released their self-titled EP. The sound was described as post-hardcore. They played sporadic shows through the Spring, including a mini-tour with Love, Robot.


title: Pvris

text: During the summer of 2013, the band played a week on Ernie Ball's Battle of the Bands stage at Warped Tour after winning a contest. On July 18, it was announced that they had signed with Tragic Hero Records, though it was short-lived. It was also during this time, on July 26, that the band officially changed their name from 'Paris' to 'Pvris', citing legal reasons. The band went on The Rise Up Tour supporting A Skylit Drive in September and October. Shortly after the end of the tour, they parted ways with their drummer Brad Griffin, and continued as a trio. Pvris began teasing fans that they would soon be hitting the studio to write and record new material around this time. That recording process began in December when Pvris entered the studio with Blake Harnage of Versa. On February 7, 2014, they officially announced that they were a part of an Acoustic 4 Way Split with A Loss For Words, Wind in Sails and After Tonight which was set to release on April 1, 2014. Coinciding with the release of their Acoustic EP, Pvris joined A Loss For Words, Veara, City Lights, and Moms on the fifth anniversary of The Kids Can't Lose Tour from March 29, 2014, to April 13, 2014.


title: Pvris

text: When the band went into the studio their sound changed drastically, incorporating pop and electronic elements into their music. Gunn claimed this incorporation was done subconsciously. In June 2014 it was announced the band had signed to Rise and Velocity. A music video was released for "St. Patrick" on June 24, and the song was also released as a single on the same day. The track peaked at number 4 on the Kerrang! Rock Chart, spending over fifteen weeks in the top 20. In an interview with The Huffington Post Gunn elaborated on the excitement that came with being able to release new music to the public. "We've been waiting over six months to release anything... It feels incredible to finally unleash it to the world. So many more people are into it than we even imagined!" The band played two weeks on the Battle of the Bands stage at Warped Tour. During their time spent on Warped Tour The Huffington Post released a second article listing them as one of "18 Artists You Need To Know Halfway Through 2014". "Lynn Gunn is a force that cannot be denied, redolently poignant in both her most excitable and serene vocalizations. The first female-led signing of Rise Records, a label that has almost implausibly made metalcore music equally accessible and desirable, the label may have just made its smartest acquisition yet."


title: Pvris

text: The band supported Mayday Parade in October and November on their The Honeymoon Tour. In early September, the band supported Emarosa on the Up Close and Personal tour. Pvris also joined the Ice Grills 2014 Tour in Japan from September 16, 2014, to September 21, 2014. The tour featured Lyndsey and Brian playing with A Loss For Words, State Champs, as well as Pvris providing acoustic support. On September 22, 2014, Pvris announced their debut album "White Noise" due for release on November 4, 2014. The following day, Pvris released a music video for "My House". On October 6, 2014, Pvris released "The Empty Room Sessions" of My House. On October 16, 2014, Pvris released the self-titled track "White Noise" off of their upcoming debut album. On November 10, 2014, it was announced that Pvris would be supporting Pierce the Veil and Sleeping with Sirens on the second leg of their World Tour, and Mallory Knox will also be supporting them. The tour runs from January 23 to March 4, starting in San Diego and ending in Oklahoma City. On March 25, 2015, Pvris released the official video for 'White Noise'.


title: Pvris

text: On June 11, 2015, Pvris won the Relentless Kerrang! Awards 2015 for Best International Newcomer. On June 22, 2015, Pvris released their cover of "Chandelier" by Sia off "Punk Goes Pop 6"'s deluxe edition. On July 2, 2015, Pvris released the official music video for "Holy". On July 21, 2015, Pvris released the official music video for "Fire". The following day, at the Alternative Press Music Awards, they took home the award for Breakthrough Band. The band supported Bring Me the Horizon in the U.S. in October, then supported them the following month in the UK. In February and March, the band supported Fall Out Boy on their tour of the U.S. On January 5, 2016, Pvris made their network television debut by performing "My House" and "White Noise" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.


title: Pvris

text: On February 17, 2016, the band premiered a new song, titled "You and I" on Radio 104.5. The song was released on February 22, along with a music video, and is featured on a deluxe edition of "White Noise", released April 22. The deluxe album also included a stripped version of "You and I", as well as a new track "Empty".


title: Pvris

text: On May 11, 2016, Pvris set out on their first American headlining tour, which wrapped up on June 10. It was announced that the band will be playing at Chicago's Lollapolooza for the first time on July 29, 2016.


title: Pvris

text: On July 27, 2016, Lynn Gunn posted a photo on her Twitter showing 45 songs that had been written for album 2. Pvris played their last show of 2016 at Summer Sonic Osaka on August 21. After this they went to the city of Utica in upstate New York to record their second album in a supposedly haunted church turned record studio. On February 13, 2017, Pvris confirmed on a post on their Facebook page that album 2 was done being recorded. On February 17, 2017, Pvris updated all of their social media platforms with a new theme as well as a post with the Roman numerals "II XX XVII" or 2 20 17. On February 20 they announced a small European tour. Lynn Gunn then proceeded to tweet out, "Oh my loves, can't you see? The new era has just begun." She also confirmed that fans would get to hear some new songs on the European tour.


title: Pvris

text: On April 30, 2017, Pvris premiered their new single "Heaven" from their upcoming album on BBC's Radio 1 Rock Show. On May 1, "All We Know of Heaven, All We Need of Hell" was announced for release on August 4. On May 4 and 5, 2017, Pvris performed in London as a part of their European tour and previewed the song "Half" for the first time as a part of their new album. On June 13, Pvris premiered their latest single "What's Wrong" on Annie Mac's BBC Radio 1 show as another addition to the AWKOHAWNOH album.


title: Pvris

text: The band signed to Reprise/Warner Records after being with Rise, and on July 12, 2019, they released a new single "Death of Me", and an accompanying music video, as their lead single from their EP, "Hallucinations". The track debuted at number 1 on the Kerrang Rock Chart.


title: Pvris

text: On August 16, 2019 the band released the song/video "Hallucinations" as their second single, which saw the band continue their progression towards a more dance/EDM influenced sound. In the week leading up to the release of the single, the band sent exclusive vinyl copies of the single to their fans. Frontwoman Lynn Gunn later stated on Twitter that those vinyls were a limited edition of only 500 copies. The track saw commercial and critical success, charting for several weeks on Billboard's Alternative Airplay charts, peaking at No. 35.


title: Pvris

text: On October 19, 2019, they announced on social media that a five-track EP, "Hallucinations", would be released on October 25, 2019. On January 8, 2020 it was announced that they would join Halsey on her Manic World Tour, which ended up being postponed indefinitely due to COVID-19.


title: Pvris

text: On March 4, 2020, through some teasing links via their social media channels, they announced their third album, "Use Me". On March 4, 2020 the band released "Dead Weight" as the first single from "Use Me", and announced a May 1 release date for the album. "Dead Weight" premiered on Annie Mac's BBC Radio 1 show as the "Hottest Record in the World". K. Flay collaborated on the single, which was described as dark pop. The music video for "Dead Weight" was filmed in Milan, Italy. On April 8, 2020, the band announced that the release of "Use Me" had been delayed to July 10, 2020, and on July 2 the band announced a further delay to August 28, 2020. A deluxe edition of the album was released on October 22, 2020.


title: Pvris

text: On August 26, 2020, the band announced that guitarist Alex Babinski was no longer in the band due to sexual misconduct allegations. Babinski released a statement shortly after, strongly denying the allegations while stating he would take legal action, but stated that he understood the decision made by Gunn and MacDonald.


title: Pvris

text: In late July, Pvris began teasing their forthcoming single with a cryptic website sweatblvvdtears.com, containing ten Roman numerals that incrementally revealed symbols and clues pertaining to the song and its release. On July 28, the single artwork was revealed at the Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris, France, ahead of the single's official release on July 30. The music video, directed by Katharine White in Los Angeles, premiered on August 5 via YouTube.


title: Pvris

text: On October 10, 2022, Pvris began teasing their next single on Twitter. Each day leading up to the release of the song on October 20, 2022, the band has posted a link to pre-save the single on different music platforms.


title: Pvris

text: AllMusic biographer wrote in 2015 that the group "blend[s] dreamy electronica with dark, beat-heavy rock". Rob Sayce of "Rock Sound" described their sound as a combined mixture of "dark electro-pop and stadium-sized rock". "Metro" described them as an alternative rock act that fused "electro-pop backdrops with rhythm-driven dark rock music". Their debut EP has been described as post-hardcore. "White Noise" has been described as electropop, pop, post-hardcore, psychedelic, and synth-pop. Their 2019 EP "Hallucinations" has been described as EDM, alternative rock, alt-pop, pop rock, electronic rock, and synth-pop.


title: Simon Schama

text: Sir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University.


title: Simon Schama

text: He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.


title: Simon Schama

text: In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a fellow and director of studies in history at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution. He also worked at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS) in Paris.


title: Simon Schama

text: At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.


title: Simon Schama

text: His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.


title: Simon Schama

text: In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture.


title: Simon Schama

text: "Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.


title: Simon Schama

text: In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.


title: Simon Schama

text: It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.


title: Simon Schama

text: Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.


title: Simon Schama

text: In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.


title: Simon Schama

text: In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.


title: Simon Schama

text: In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.


title: Simon Schama

text: In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.


title: Simon Schama

text: In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."


title: Simon Schama

text: In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.


title: Simon Schama

text: In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.


title: Simon Schama

text: In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.


title: Simon Schama

text: In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its purported "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."


title: Simon Schama

text: In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."


title: Simon Schama

text: Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.