title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: During the Silver Age, comic books frequently had several features, a form harkening back to the Golden Age when the first comics were anthologies. In 1968, Marvel graduated its double feature characters appearing in their anthologies to full-length stories in their own comic. But several of these characters could not sustain their own title and were cancelled. Marvel tried to create new double feature anthologies such as "Amazing Adventures" and "Astonishing Tales" which did not last as double feature comic books. A more enduring concept was that of the team-up book, either combining two characters, at least one of which was not popular enough to sustain its own title ("Green Lantern/Green Arrow"). Even DC combined two features in "Superboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes" and had team-up books ("The Brave and the Bold", "DC Comics Presents" and "World's Finest Comics"). Virtually all such books disappeared by the end of the period.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: Marvel and DC worked out several crossover titles the first of which was "Superman vs. The Amazing Spider-Man". This was followed by a second Superman and Spider-Man, "Batman vs. the Incredible Hulk" and the "X-Men vs The New Teen Titans". Another title, "The Avengers vs. the Justice League of America" was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by George Pérez with plotting by Roy Thomas, but was never published, reflecting the later animosity between the two companies. Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter was not pleased that DC wanted the fourth company crossover to include "The New Teen Titans", DC's best-selling title at the time, as he wanted the crossover to be the X-Men and the Legion of Super-Heroes. This led to Shooter's decision to stall and cancel the JLA/Avengers project.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: Beginning around 1970, Marvel introduced vast numbers of reprints into the market, which played a key role in their becoming the overall market leader among comic publishers. Suddenly many titles featured reprints: "X-Men", "Sgt. Fury", "Kid Colt, Outlaw", "Rawhide Kid", "Two-Gun Kid", "Outlaw Kid", "Jungle Action", "Special Marvel Edition" (the early issues), "War is Hell" (the early issues), "Creatures on the Loose", "Monsters on the Prowl" and "FEAR", to name just a few.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: In the mid-'70s, DC launched numerous new titles such as Jack Kirby's "New Gods" and Steve Ditko's "Shade, the Changing Man". Jenette Kahn would eventually take the helm of the company in 1976. The company followed this up in 1978 with the "DC Explosion" where the standard line of books increased in page count and 50 cent price. Many of these titles added backup features with various characters. However, DC greatly overestimated the appeal of so many new titles at once, sales dropped severely during the harsh 1978 winter and it nearly broke the company and the industry, including Charlton Comics; this event has been called the "DC Implosion".


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: Marvel eventually gained 50% of the market and Stan Lee handed control of the comic division to Jim Shooter while he worked with their growing animation spin-offs.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: As the Bronze Age began in the early 1970s, popularity shifted away from the established superhero genre towards comic book titles from which superheroes were absent altogether. These non-superhero comics were typically inspired by genres like Westerns or fantasy & pulp fiction. As previously noted, 1971's revised Comics Code left the horror genre ripe for development and several supernaturally-themed series resulted, such as the popular "The Tomb of Dracula", "Ghost Rider" and "Swamp Thing". In the science fiction genre, post-apocalyptic survival stories were an early trend, as evidenced by characters like "Deathlok", "Killraven" and "Kamandi". The long-running sci-fi/fantasy anthology comic magazine "Metal Hurlant" and its American counterpart "Heavy Metal" began publishing in the late '70s. Marvel's "Star Wars" series was very popular with a nine-year run.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: Other titles began from characters originally found in 20th century pulp magazines or novels. Noteworthy examples are the long running titles "Conan the Barbarian" and "Savage Sword of Conan" (the latter was published as a magazine, bypassing the Comics Code), as well as "Master of Kung-Fu". The early success of these titles soon led to more pulp character adaptations ("Doc Savage", "Kull", "The Shadow", "Justice, Inc.", "Tarzan"). During this period, Charlton, Western Publishing/Gold Key, Marvel and DC also regularly published official comic book adaptations for various projects, including popular films ("Planet of the Apes", "Godzilla", "Logan's Run", "Indiana Jones", "Jaws 2", "", "Star Wars"), TV shows ("The Six Million Dollar Man", "Lost in Space, The Man from Atlantis", "Battlestar Galactica", "Star Trek", "The A-Team", "Welcome Back Kotter"), toys ("", "Micronauts", "Transformers", "Rom", "Atari Force", "Thundercats"), and even public figures (Kiss, Pope John Paul II).


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: Though not necessarily "non-superhero", a few unconventional comic book series from the period featured one or more villains as their central character ("Super-Villain Team-Up", "Secret Society of Super Villains", "The Joker").


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: Archie Comics dominated the female market during this time with their characters, Betty and Veronica having some of the largest circulation of titular female characters. Several clones were attempted by Marvel and DC unsuccessfully. Several Archie titles examined socially relevant issues and introduced a few African-American characters. Archie largely switched to paperback digest format in the late 1980s.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: Children's comics were still popular with Disney reprints under the Gold Key label along with Harvey's stable of characters which grew in popularity. The latter included "Richie Rich", "Casper" and "Wendy", which eventually switched to digest format as well. Again Marvel and DC were unable to emulate their success with competing titles.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: An 'explicit content' market akin to the niche Underground Comix of the late '60s was ostensibly opened with the Franco-Belgian import "Heavy Metal Magazine". Marvel launched competing magazine titles of their own with "Conan the Barbarian" and "Epic Illustrated" which would eventually become its division of Direct Sales comics.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: The paper drives of World War II and a growing nostalgia among Baby-Boomers in the 1970s made comic books of the 1930s and 1940s extremely valuable. DC experimented with some large-size paperback books to reprint their Golden Age comics, create one-shot stories such as "Superman vs. Shazam" and "Superman vs. Muhammad Ali" as well as the early Marvel crossovers.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: The popularity of those early books also opened up a market for specialty shops. The existence of these shops made it possible for small-press publishers to reach an audience, and some comic book artists began self-publishing their own work. Notable titles of this type included Dave Sim's "Cerebus" and Wendy and Richard Pini's "Elfquest" series. Other small-press publishers came in to take advantage of this growing market: Pacific Comics introduced in 1981 a line of books by comic-book veterans such as Jack Kirby, Mike Grell and Sergio Aragonés, for which the artists retained copyright and shared in royalties.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: In 1978, Will Eisner published his "graphic novel" "A Contract With God", an attempt to produce a long-format story outside the traditional comic book genres. In the early 1980s Art Spiegelman and Françoise Mouly began publishing "Raw" magazine, which included the early serialization of Spiegelman's award-winning graphic novel "Maus".


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: Comics sold on newsstands were distributed on the basis that unsold copies were returned to the publisher. Comics sold to comic shops were sold on a no-return basis. This allowed small-press titles sold through the direct market to keep publishing costs down and increase profits, making viable titles that otherwise would have been unprofitable. Marvel and DC began taking advantage of this direct market themselves, publishing books and titles distributed only through comic book shops.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: This period is also marked by the cancellation of most titles in the genres of romance, western, and war stories that had been mainstays of comics production since the 1940s. Most anthologies, whether they presented feature characters or not, also disappeared. They had been used since the Golden Age to introduce new characters, to host characters that lost their own title or to feature several characters. This had the effect of standardizing the length of comics stories within a narrow range, so that multiple stand-alone stories would appear within a single issue. The underground comix of the 1960s counterculture continued, but contracted significantly and were ultimately subsumed into the emerging direct market.


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: One commonly used ending point for the Bronze Age is the 1985–1986 time frame. As with the Silver Age, the end of the Bronze Age relates to a number of trends and events that happened at around the same time. DC Comics published "Crisis on Infinite Earths," which overhauled the history of the DC Universe and several of the company's major characters, and revitalized sales for the company, again making it a serious market contender against Marvel. During this period Marvel published the crossover "Secret Wars", cancelled "Defenders" and "Power Man and Iron Fist", and launched the New Universe and "X-Factor" (an extension of the X-Men franchise).


title: Bronze Age of Comic Books

text: After the Bronze Age came the Modern Age of Comic Books, alternatively referred to as the Dark Age of Comic Books. According to Shawn O'Rourke of "PopMatters", the shift from the previous ages involved a "deconstructive and dystopian re-envisioning of iconic characters and the worlds that they live in", as typified by Frank Miller's "" (1986) and Alan Moore's and Dave Gibbons' "Watchmen" (1986–1987). Other features that define the era are an increase in adult-oriented content, the rise of the X-Men as Marvel Comics' "dominant intellectual property", and a reorganization of the industry's distribution system. These changes would also lead to the appearance of new independent comic book publishers in the early 1990s—such as Image Comics, with titles like "Spawn" and "Savage Dragon" which also boasted a darker, sarcastic and more mature approach to superhero storylines.


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: Shashank Khaitan is an Indian film writer, director, actor and producer who works in Hindi films. He is known for his association with Dharma Productions.


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: Khaitan made his directorial debut with "Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania" and went on to direct its spiritual sequel "Badrinath Ki Dulhania" (2017). His work on the latter earned him a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director. He also directed the romantic drama "Dhadak" (2018) and a segment of the anthology film "Ajeeb Daastaans" (2020). In 2019, he became a producer for Dharma Productions, his first production being "Good Newwz".


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: Khaitan was born in Calcutta and raised in Nashik, Bombay state, in a Marwari business family. Khaitan was initially more interested in sports, playing in cricket and tennis tournaments. At the age of 17, he decided to pursue a career in entertainment. He started off as a dance instructor. He soon moved to Mumbai. Khaitan joined Whistling Woods International Institute, a film institute started and supported by veteran filmmaker Subhash Ghai, to break into the film industry. He credits the institute with giving him the technical background. While at Whistling Woods, Khaitan worked on his first attempted film, "Sherwani Kahaan Hai", with some of his fellow students, but it was not successfully completed.


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: In 2008, Khaitan starred as Manohar in "Roorkee By-Pass", a 22-minute drama directed by Arundhati Sen Verma, and assisted on the set of Ghai's films "Black & White" and "Yuvvraaj". He also made a brief appearance in "Disney's ABCD 2", a sequel to the dance-drama "".


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: Khaitan made his directional debut with the romantic comedy "Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania". His initial plan with "Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania" was to make it a story of two con artists, similar to "Bunty Aur Babli" but the script eventually became a story of flirtatious Punjabi boy who engages in a romantic affair with an engaged Punjabi woman. After finishing the first draft of his script, then with the title "Humpty Sharma Di Love Story", Khaitan sent it to Dharma Productions which approved producing it with a first time writer-director at the helm. Khaitan cited "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (DDLJ) and "Casablanca" as inspiration for his script, and the film itself pays homage to "DDLJ" as well as "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai". The film was released on 11 July 2014 to positive critical reception and earned over worldwide.


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: Khaitan's next director venture was the romantic comedy "Badrinath Ki Dulhania" (2017)which reunited hm with Bhatt and Dhawan. It tells the story of an independent young woman (Bhatt) who refuses to conform to patriarchal expectations from her chauvinistic fiancée (Dhawan). Rachel Saltz of "The New York Times" took note of the film's statement on gender equality. The film proved to be commercial successes, earning over at the box office. It earned him a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: in 2017, Khaitan co-wrote the screenplay and dialogue for the Hindi adaptation of John Green's 2012 novel "The Fault in Our Stars" with the intent to direct it for Dharma Productions with Janhvi Kapoor and Ishaan Khatter as leads. However, after the production house opted out of the film, he eventually went on to direct them instead in "Dhadak", a remake of Marathi film "Sairat" (2016) which released the following year. While "Dhadak" received negative reviews from film critics for glossing over the subject of caste-based discrimination and for being a poor remake of the original, it emerged as a commercial success with worldwide earnings of over .


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: Khaitan turned producer for Dharma Productions with the comedy "Good Newwz" (2019), which emerged as one of highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2019 and the horror thriller "" (2020). In 2021, he directed a segment titled "Majnu" in the Netflix anthology "Ajeeb Daastaans".


title: Shashank Khaitan

text: Khaitan has completed working on the Vicky Kaushal, Kiara Advani and Bhumi Pednekar starter, a comedy thriller titled "Govinda Naam Mera" which is set to release on 10 June 2022. His next directorial project, "Bedhadak", has also been announced. A film that he will also write and produce.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Jelena Janković (, ; born 28 February 1985) is a Serbian former tennis player. A former world No. 1, Janković reached the top ranking before her career-best major performance, a runner-up finish at the 2008 US Open. Janković won 15 WTA Tour singles titles and two doubles titles, with career highlights that include winning the 2007 Wimbledon mixed-doubles title partnering Jamie Murray.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković was born in Belgrade, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as the third child of Veselin and Snežana, both economists. She has two brothers, Marko and Stefan. She is a student at the Megatrend University in Belgrade, studying economics. However, she has put her course of study on indefinite hold as she continues to pursue her tennis career. Janković learned her first tennis skills at the Tennis Club 'Red Star'.


title: Jelena Janković

text: She later trained at the Tennis Academy of Nick Bollettieri. As a junior, she won the 2001 Australian Open and reached junior no. 1 in the world. In 2001, she started to play on the WTA Tour; she reached the second round at her first tournament at the Indian Wells Open.


title: Jelena Janković

text: She was ranked world No. 1 for 17 consecutive weeks until she was overtaken by Serena Williams on 2 February 2009. She was the year-end world No. 1 in 2008, the first player in the history of the WTA Tour to do this without winning a Grand Slam title.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković has reached the singles final of the US Open and the singles semifinals of the Australian Open and the French Open. In 2007, she became the first female Serbian player to win a Grand Slam title when she won the Wimbledon mixed doubles title with British partner Jamie Murray.


title: Jelena Janković

text: In October 2003, Janković entered the top 100 at No. 90 for the first time, after winning her first ITF title in Dubai. Three months later, Janković garnered her first top-10 win against Elena Dementieva in the first round of the 2004 Australian Open. In May, Janković won her first WTA title, a Tier V event, in Budapest, defeating Martina Suchá in the final. Following her win in Budapest, she reached No. 51 in the world. Elsewhere in her 2004 season, she defeated top-20 players Nadia Petrova (twice), Vera Zvonareva, Patty Schnyder, Elena Dementieva and Paola Suárez. Janković finished 2004 ranked no. 28 in the world.


title: Jelena Janković

text: In March, at Dubai, she advanced to the final following Serena Williams's retirement in the semifinal. Janković then lost in the final to Lindsay Davenport in three sets. She made her first Tier I semifinal in Berlin, losing to Nadia Petrova. In June, she reached her first grass-court final at Birmingham, but lost to Maria Sharapova. In October, Janković reached her third final of the year in Seoul, ranked No. 17 in the world, her highest ranking at that time, losing to 16-year-old Nicole Vaidišová in straight sets. Her ranking at the end of the season eclipsed her 2004 record at No. 22.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković lost in the second round of the Australian Open to world No. 188 Olga Savchuk. That was the first of ten straight losses, not winning a match from late January into early May. She later said this run caused her to consider quitting tennis. Janković ended her losing streak by beating world No. 17, Elena Likhovtseva in the first round of the Italian Open in Rome, before eventually losing to Venus Williams in three sets in the quarterfinals. At the French Open, Janković reached the third round for the first time, where she lost to world No. 1, Amélie Mauresmo.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At Wimbledon, Janković defeated sixth-seeded and defending champion Venus Williams in the third round in three sets. Competing in the fourth round of a Grand Slam event for the first time, she lost to ninth-seeded Anastasia Myskina. In August, Janković reached her fifth career final and first of the year at the JPMorgan Chase Open in Los Angeles, defeating Serena Williams (ranked world no. 108 at the time after a lengthy injury lay-off) in the semifinals, before losing to third-seeded Elena Dementieva in the final. The US Open saw Janković defeat world No. 10, Vaidišová in the third round, world No. 7 and former champion Svetlana Kuznetsova in the fourth round, and world No. 5, Dementieva in her first Grand Slam quarterfinal. In the semifinals, Janković lost to world No. 2, Justine Henin in three sets, after Janković had led 6–4, 4–2. Janković argued with the chair umpire, when the umpire refused to offer an opinion as to whether a service call had been correct, suggesting that Janković use one of her electronic challenges. Janković then lost ten consecutive games.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković continued her strong form in the aftermath of the US Open. Of the six tournaments she played during the remainder of the year, she reached the quarterfinals at five. This included a run to the semifinals at the China Open in Beijing, defeating world No. 7, Nadia Petrova in the quarterfinals, before losing to world No. 1, Mauresmo, in a third set tiebreak. Janković finished the year at a career-high ranking of world No. 12.


title: Jelena Janković

text: To begin the year, Janković won the second title of her career at the ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, defeating Vera Zvonareva in the final. The following week, at the Medibank International in Sydney, Janković defeated world No. 7 and former No. 1, Martina Hingis and top-seeded Amélie Mauresmo on the way to the final, where she lost to Kim Clijsters after serving for the match. Janković's strong start to the year meant that some considered her a title threat at the Australian Open; however, she was eliminated in the fourth round by the eventual champion Serena Williams, who was ranked 81st in the world at the time. Because of her results at these tournaments, her ranking rose to world No. 10, the first time she had been included in the top 10.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković reached two semifinals in the Middle East in the spring, retiring against Mauresmo due to an ankle injury at the Dubai Tennis Championships, and losing in three sets to Justine Henin at the Qatar Total Open in Doha. Janković rebounded in the clay-court season, defeating Venus Williams on a third set tiebreak in the semifinals of the Family Circle Cup in Charleston, South Carolina. She went on to defeat Dinara Safina in the final to win the first Tier I title of her career. On European red clay, after losing to world No. 1 Henin in three sets both in the semifinals of the J&S Cup in Warsaw and the quarterfinals of the German Open (failing to hold a 4–0 lead in the third set in the latter), Janković won her second career Tier I title at the Italian Open, defeating second-seeded Svetlana Kuznetsova in the final. This results meant she entered the top 5 in the world rankings for the first time. Janković was the fourth seed at the French Open and one of the favorites for the title. After registering her third consecutive victory over Venus Williams in the third round, she went on to reach the semifinals of a Grand Slam for the second time in her career, but lost there to eventual champion Henin. This improved her ranking to a new career-high of world No. 3.


title: Jelena Janković

text: On grass, Janković captured the DFS Classic title in Birmingham, beating top-seeded Maria Sharapova in the final. Sharapova led 3–0 in the third set, before Janković rallied to win the match. The next week, Janković reached the final of the Ordina Open in the Netherlands and became the first player since Chris Evert in 1974 to win 50 matches in the first half of a year. Janković, suffering from a hamstring injury, lost the final to Anna Chakvetadze. At Wimbledon, Janković was the third seed, but lost in the fourth round to the surprise eventual finalist Marion Bartoli. In the mixed doubles competition at Wimbledon, Janković teamed with doubles specialist Jamie Murray to win the title in three sets by beating the fifth-seeded team, Jonas Björkman and Alicia Molik.


title: Jelena Janković

text: During the North American summer hard-court season, Janković reached the semifinals of the East West Bank Classic in Carson, California, but lost there to fellow Serb Ana Ivanovic, having held two match points in the final set. The following week, Janković reached the final of the Tier I Canadian Open in Toronto, where she lost to Henin on Henin's sixth match point. Janković had leads in the first and second sets, but was unable to maintain her lead. At the US Open, Janković lost to Venus Williams in the quarterfinals.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković's form tailed off following the US Open. At the Commonwealth Bank Tennis Classic in Bali, Janković was upset in the quarterfinals by former world No. 1, Lindsay Davenport, in Davenport's first singles tournament since giving birth. The following week at the China Open in Beijing, Janković defeated Davenport, but lost in the final to Hungarian teenager Ágnes Szávay, after Janković had a match point in the second set. Janković finished the year on a six-match losing streak, losing all three of her round-robin matches on her debut at the year-end WTA Tour Championships in Madrid. She finished the year ranked world No. 3. At the end of the year she had won 72 matches in a solar year, a true record of the WTA.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković had successful nose surgery immediately after Madrid to correct a breathing problem. The surgery prevented her from practicing for three weeks.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković lost in the semifinals of the Australian Open to eventual champion Maria Sharapova in straight sets, having defeated defending champion Serena Williams en route. In March at the Tier I Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, Janković lost in the semifinals to Ana Ivanovic. The following fortnight, Janković reached her first final of the year at the Miami Open, losing to Serena Williams in three sets.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković started the clay-court season by losing in the quarterfinals of both the Family Circle Cup in Charleston and the German Ope] in Berlin. Janković then successfully defended her Tier I Internazionali BNL d'Italia title in Rome, after defeating Venus Williams in three sets in the quarterfinals, receiving a walkover from the injured Sharapova in the semifinals, and defeating French teenager Alizé Cornet in the final. This was Janković's first singles title of the year. She went into the French Open among the favorites, following the sudden retirement of four-time champion Justine Henin.


title: Jelena Janković

text: However, she lost to compatriot and eventual champion Ivanovic after leading by a break in the third set. Janković was the only player to win a set against Ivanovic during the entire tournament. This marked Janković's fourth defeat in four career Grand Slam semifinals. She would have become the world No. 1 had she reached the final. However, she did reach a new career-high of world No. 2 in the week following the tournament.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At Wimbledon, Janković injured her knee during her third-round match against Caroline Wozniacki. Although she won that match, it visibly hindered her during her fourth-round loss to Tamarine Tanasugarn. Janković would have become the world no. 1 had she reached the semifinals of the tournament. However, she lost to Tamarine Tanasugarn in the fourth round. Janković squandered two further opportunities to immediately take the world no. 1 position with losses in the semifinals of the East West Bank Classic in Los Angeles to Dinara Safina and the quarterfinals of the Rogers Cup in Montreal, to Dominika Cibulková. Janković did eventually replace Ivanovic as the world No. 1 on 11 August 2008. She was the 18th woman to have been ranked world No. 1 by the Women's Tennis Association, but the first woman to have done so without ever having reached a Grand Slam final and only the third woman (the others being Amélie Mauresmo and Kim Clijsters) to have become world No. 1 without first winning a Grand Slam title.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković's reign as the world No. 1 lasted only one week, after she lost in the quarterfinals of the Beijing Olympics to eventual silver-medalist Safina. This meant Ivanovic reclaimed the world No. 1 position. Janković was the second seed at the US Open, where she defeated Olympic gold-medalist Elena Dementieva in the semifinals to reach her first Grand Slam final. There, she lost to fourth-seeded Serena Williams. Janković would have reclaimed the world No. 1 position if she had won the event.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković became the world no. 1 again during the fall in the midst of winning three consecutive tournaments. At the China Open, Janković defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova in two sets to win the title. The following week, Janković played in the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart, where she defeated Venus Williams in the semifinals and Nadia Petrova in the final. In the Kremlin Cup in Moscow, Janković defeated defending champion Dementieva in the semifinals before triumphing against Vera Zvonareva in the final for her third title in three weeks, the first time for a player on the WTA Tour to do so since 2005.


title: Jelena Janković

text: As the top seed at the year-end 2008 WTA Tour Championships held in Doha, Janković won two of her three round-robin matches, including only the second win of her career over Ivanovic. However, she lost in the semifinals, to eventual champion Venus Williams and ended the year as world No. 1. In all, Janković lost to eventual champions at six tournaments (including three Grand Slam tournaments) during the season. Janković was later named the ITF World Champion for her performance in 2008. She won four titles during the season, the most of anyone on the tour along with Serena Williams and Safina. The Olympic Committee of Serbia declared her the best sportswoman for the second year in a row.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković was seeded first at the Australian Open in Melbourne. She lost to 16th-seeded Marion Bartoli in the fourth round. Bartoli hit 34 winners, compared to Janković's 17 and won 81 percent of her first serve points, compared to Janković's 56 percent. Janković lost her world No. 1 ranking to Serena Williams as a result. Her next WTA event was the Open GDF Suez tournament in Paris. Janković beat Francesca Schiavone, Li Na and fifth-seeded Alizé Cornet but then lost to Amélie Mauresmo in the semifinals.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković was upset by Kaia Kanepi in the third round of Doha in straight sets, in what she called "the worst match of my career." She was the second-seeded player at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, losing in the second round to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. After the match she conceded that she has been struggling with her confidence, saying "I need a lot of work." Janković then lost in the second round of the Sony Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne to Gisela Dulko after Janković failed to hold leads of 5–2 in the second set and 5–2 in the tiebreaker.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Beginning her spring clay-court season at the Andalucia Tennis Experience in Marbella, Janković defeated fifth-seeded Spaniard Carla Suárez Navarro in three sets for her first title of 2009.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković beat Anabel Medina Garrigues in the Fed Cup play-offs against Spain to bring the Serbian team into the World Group for the first time. The previous day, Janković and Ana Ivanovic had won their single matches.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković was the defending champion at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart and Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, but lost in the quarterfinals. Seeded fourth at the inaugural Madrid Open, she advanced to the quarterfinals once again, but was defeated by Patty Schnyder.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Seeded fifth at the French Open, she lost to Sorana Cîrstea of Romania in the fourth round despite serving for the match in the third set at 5–4.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, Janković defeated Victoria Azarenka and Elena Dementieva (saving four match points). In the final, Janković won her second title of the year, defeating world No. 1, Dinara Safina. With the win, her ranking also went back to world No. 4. Despite her good form leading up to the US Open, Janković's inconsistency continued, as she suffered a shock second-round defeat by Yaroslava Shvedova despite having match points in the third-set tie-break. Her ranking went down to world No. 8.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the Pan Pacific Open seeded seventh, Janković defeated Marion Bartoli in the quarterfinals and Li Na in the semifinals. She faced Maria Sharapova in the final and retired while behind 5–2 because of an arm injury. Janković received a first-round bye in Beijing. She lost her opening match to home favorite Peng Shuai.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the WTA Tour Championships Janković lost her first match to Azarenka but bounced back defeating Safina and Wozniacki to clinch the first berth in her group. In her second year-end championship semifinal she lost to Venus Williams in three sets. She ended the year ranked No. 8 and with a 46–19 record.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the Australian Open, Janković, seeded eighth, lost to 31st seed Alona Bondarenko in the third round. Next, Janković represented Serbia in the 2010 Fed Cup. In her first match, she rallied from 4–6, 1–4 down to defeat Alisa Kleybanova, then defeated reigning French Open champion Svetlana Kuznetsova. In the deciding doubles match, she partnered with Ana Ivanovic but fell to Kuznetsova and Kleybanova. Her next scheduled tournament was the Dubai Tennis Championships where she lost to Vera Zvonareva in the third round. She traveled to Indian Wells for the BNP Paribas Open. At the tournament, she was seeded sixth and defeated Caroline Wozniacki to take her 12th title. Janković's next tournament was the Sony Ericsson Open, where she was seeded seventh. In the fourth round, she lost to Samantha Stosur, ending her eight-match winning streak.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the Fed Cup qualifying, Janković defeated Slovakia's Magdaléna Rybáriková in her first singles match, but fell to Hantuchová in her second. Janković and Bojana Jovanovski then fell to Rybáriková and Hantuchová in the deciding doubles match. Janković was the fourth seed at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix. She lost against Justine Henin in the quarterfinals for the tenth time in a row. Janković was the seventh seed at the Italian Open. In the quarterfinals she handed Venus Williams the heaviest loss in her career, surrendering only one game. She then beat reigning world No. 1, Serena Williams in the semifinals, after saving a match point. She became one of the few women to defeat both Williams sisters in the same tournament and the first player who beat both sisters in less than 24 hours in one tournament. However, she lost to unseeded María José Martínez Sánchez in the final. Nevertheless, her ranking increased to world No. 4. Janković lost in the quarterfinals of the Madrid Open to eventual champion Aravane Rezaï. Janković's next tournament was French Open, where she was seeded fourth. She lost in the semifinals to Samantha Stosur. Two weeks later, her ranking increased to world No. 3.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković, struggling with injuries, played in the Wimbledon Championships and eventually retired against eventual finalist Vera Zvonareva in the fourth round. Regardless, her ranking increased to world No. 2. Janković lost in the early rounds at both the Western & Southern Open and Rogers Cup, despite being the top seed in each (and defending champion in Cincinnati). Janković then traveled to New York to play in the US Open, where she was seeded fourth. She was defeated by Kaia Kanepi in the third round. In the China Open she fell in the third round against fellow Serbian player Bojana Jovanovski. Janković's final event of the year was the Tour Championships, where she qualified for the fourth consecutive year, as the sixth seed. After losing her opening match to Zvonareva, Janković reportedly collapsed in the locker room, yet still came out to play Clijsters the next day and lost. She lost her third and final group match to Azerenka, bringing an end to her 2010 season.


title: Jelena Janković

text: On 30 November Janković played a humanitarian match in Pionir Hall. Revenue from tickets was intended to help elementary school in Kraljevo damaged by an earthquake.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the start of the year, Janković announced her decision to work with Andrei Pavel on a trial basis.


title: Jelena Janković

text: She began 2011 by falling in the first round to France's Aravane Rezaï in three sets at the Medibank International Sydney. Her poor form continued at the Australian Open, losing in the second round against Peng Shuai. Janković reached the semifinals of the Dubai Tennis Championships, beating fourth seed Samantha Stosur but losing to Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinal, Wozniacki's first win in five attempts against Janković. Up next for Janković was the Qatar Ladies Open. She reached the semifinals again, losing to Vera Zvonareva in three sets. The Russian had then beaten the Serb in their last five meetings. She then reached the final of the Monterrey Open, where she was defeated by Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova despite being up a set. Indian Wells Open was next for Janković, where she was the defending champion. She was defeated by Ana Ivanovic in the fourth round. Janković's next tournament was the Sony Ericsson Open where she lost to Andrea Petkovic in the quarterfinals.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković's next tournament was Family Circle Cup in Charleston where she lost in the semifinals to world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki. She then played in the Fed Cup against Slovakia, beating Daniela Hantuchová and winning an epic doubles match with Aleksandra Krunić against Hantuchová and Magdaléna Rybáriková, saving three match points. With this, Serbia was placed in World Group I again. At Italian Open, Janković lost to world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki in the quarterfinals for the third time in a row. Her ranking dropped to No. 10, the lowest it had been since the beginning of 2007. Janković was the tenth seed at the French Open. In the fourth round, Janković fell to fifth seed and defending champion Francesca Schiavone. As a result, she dropped out of top 10 for the first time since early 2007.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković was the 15th seed at the Wimbledon Championships, but lost to María José Martínez Sánchez in the first round, her first opening-round exit in a Grand Slam since the 2005 French Open.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković was seeded 13th at the Western & Southern Open, where she lost in the final to Maria Sharapova in three sets. She reached the third round at the US Open, losing to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. She reached the semifinals of the Generali Ladies Linz tournament, falling to Petra Kvitová.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković began 2012 at the Brisbane International, losing to Francesca Schiavone in the quarterfinals. She then lost in the second round of the Apia International to third seed Victoria Azarenka. At the Australian Open, Janković was defeated by Caroline Wozniacki in the fourth round.


title: Jelena Janković

text: She played the Dubai Duty Free Open and advanced to the semifinals without dropping a set, where she was beaten by the in form Agnieszka Radwańska. She reached the semis in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, before losing to fifth seed Petra Martić in three sets. Janković lost her next three matches in Indian Wells, Miami, and in Charleston to Venus Williams.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković reached the E-boks Sony Ericsson Open in Copenhagen semifinals before losing to second seed Angelique Kerber. In the Fed Cup semifinals against Russia in Moscow, Janković defeated Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Svetlana Kuznetsova. She then lost four of her next five matches, being defeated in the opening rounds of the Mutua Madrid Open, the Italian Open and in Brussels before a second-round loss at the French Open to young American Varvara Lepchenko.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković turned her fortunes around by reaching the finals of Aegon Classic 2012, losing to Melanie Oudin. However, she lost in the opening round of Wimbledon to unseeded former world No. 1, Kim Clijsters. It was the second year in a row that Janković lost in the opening round of Wimbledon. Janković lost in the opening round of the Olympic tennis tournament to eventual gold medallist Serena Williams.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković reached the final of Dallas and the third round of the US Open, but was defeated by second seed Agnieszka Radwańska.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the Australian Open, Janković lost in the third round to compatriot and former world No. 1 Ana Ivanovic. In February, Janković won her first title in three years at Bogotá, defeating Paula Ormaechea in straight sets. Janković made an early exit from Indian Wells the following week, losing to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the second round. However, she managed to reach the semifinals at Miami, losing to Maria Sharapova in straight sets. The run in Miami returned Janković to the world's top 20 for the first time in almost one year.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković then reached the final of the Family Circle Cup, losing there to defending champion and world No. 1 Serena Williams. At Stuttgart, Janković upset Samantha Stosur in the first round, before losing to Sabine Lisicki in the second. Janković lost in the first round of Madrid Open to Chanelle Scheepers. She made it to the quarterfinal at Internazionali BNL d'Italia where she was defeated by Simona Halep after she missed two matchpoints. At the French Open Janković made it to the quarterfinals but lost to Sharapova in three sets. She also played at Nürnberger Versicherungscup where she was defeated by Andrea Petkovic in the semifinals.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At Wimbledon Championships, she lost in the second round of singles to Vesna Dolonc but made it to the quarterfinal of doubles (in pair with Mirjana Lučić-Baroni) where they lost to eventual champions Hsieh Su-wei and Peng Shuai. Janković kicked off her US hard-court season in Carlsbad, where she was upset in the second round by Urszula Radwańska in three sets. She also competed in the doubles tournament with Katarina Srebotnik and lost in the semifinals. This propelled her to a career high in doubles, No. 38, seven years after her last career high. She then competed at Toronto, and lost to eventual finalist Sorana Cîrstea in the third round. Janković again partnered Srebotnik in the doubles. The unseeded pair won the tournament. This marks Janković's second career doubles title, her 1st title in Birmingham in 2006. This result will further increase her doubles ranking to a career high, No. 25. At the Western & Southern Open, Janković defeated four top-25 players en route to the semifinals: Sabine Lisicki, Ekaterina Makarova, Sloane Stephens, and Roberta Vinci. She then lost to world No. 2, Victoria Azarenka in three tough sets. This result means that Janković clinches the 9th seed at the US Open, after the retirement of Marion Bartoli and withdrawal of Maria Sharapova. And as a top 10 seed at a Grand Slam for the first time since 2011 French Open, Janković made it to the round of 16 for the first time at the US Open since her run to the final in 2008 after beating Madison Keys, Alisa Kleybanova, and Kurumi Nara, all in straight sets. She was defeated in the fourth round by a peak form Li Na. As a result, Janković was back into the top 10 singles rankings for the first time since June 2011.


title: Jelena Janković

text: During the Asian hard court season Janković performed well. She reached the 1/16 round at the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, where she was defeated by later declared Newcomer of the year Eugenie Bouchard. At the China Open in Beijing, she reached the final for the first time since 2008, defeating Tokyo champion Petra Kvitová en route. Furthermore, for the first time since 2009, Janković won more than 40 matches in a year. After this result she will be world No. 8. This strong Asian run also meant that Janković is the seventh qualifier for the year-end championships at Istanbul. She made the semifinals at the WTA Championships, defeating world No. 2, Victoria Azarenka, in straight sets along the way, finishing 2013 with a three-set loss to eventual champion and year-end number one, Serena Williams. Janković finished the season in the top 10 for the first time since 2010 at No. 8.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković kicked off 2014 at the premier-level event Brisbane International as the number four seed. She beat former Roland Garros champion Francesca Schiavone, Elina Svitolina, and world No. 9, Angelique Kerber, to reach the semifinals where she lost to world No. 2, Victoria Azarenka, in three sets. This was the first time she made it to the semifinals of an Australian Open warm up tournament since 2007. Seeded fourth at the Sydney International, Janković was upset in the first round by Ekaterina Makarova in straight sets. Her next stop was the Australian Open. She defeated three Japanese players consecutively, Misaki Doi, Ayumi Morita, and Kurumi Nara, to reach the fourth round that set up a rematch against up and Simona Halep, where Janković lost in three sets. Her next set of tournaments were during the Middle-Eastern hard court swing at Doha and Dubai. She made it to the semifinals in Doha, beating Karin Knapp, Alisa Kleybanova, and Petra Kvitová, dropping less than four games in each match. She lost to Angelique Kerber in a second set tiebreak. In Dubai, Janković defeated Maryna Zanevska and Lucie Šafářová, both in straight sets, before falling to Serena Williams in the quarterfinals.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković played the two Premier Mandatory events during the North American hard-court swing at Indian Wells and Miami. At Indian Wells, she defeated Yvonne Meusburger, Magdaléna Rybáriková, and Caroline Wozniacki in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals against Agnieszka Radwańska. In the third and deciding set, Janković came back from a 0–4 deficit, leveling the match at 4–4. Despite having game points in the following two games, she lost the match, 5–7, 6–2, 4–6. She suffered a shocking opening round exit in Miami against Varvara Lepchenko, serving for the match at 5–1 in the third set. She lost the match 3–6, 6–2, 6–7.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Her clay court season started in Charleston, where she was the second seed and defending finalist. She made it to the quarterfinals, defeating Lauren Davis and Ajla Tomljanović. She lost to Eugenie Bouchard in three sets, continuing her three-set misery for 2014. On the red clay at Bogotá, Janković made it to the finals, where she failed to defend her title against Caroline Garcia. She lost in straight sets. At the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, she reached the semifinals after recording wins over Mona Barthel, Flavia Pennetta and Alisa Kleybanova. She then lost to compatriot Ana Ivanovic. Janković lost in the second round at Madrid to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. She did well at the Italian Open in Rome where she reached the semifinals, losing to Errani. She defeated Pennetta and third seed Agnieszka Radwańska en route. At Roland Garros, Janković was seeded sixth and she reached the fourth round where she lost to Errani again.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković had a dismal grass court season. She lost her opening matches at Eastbourne and Wimbledon to Madison Keys and Kaia Kanepi respectively. In August, she participated in Montreal as the seventh seed. She had a first-round bye and faced Sloane Stephens in her opener. She won in three tight sets. In the third round, she lost to rising American CoCo Vandeweghe in another tight three-set match. At the 2014 Western & Southern Open, she was the 8th seed and received a first round bye. She defeated Annika Beck in the second round and then defeated Sloane Stephens for a spot in the quarterfinals. In the last eight, she lost to Serena again. Janković reached the 4th round at the US Open where she lost to Belinda Bencic in straight sets. Janković fell out of the top 10 after the US Open concluded.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković then travelled to Tokyo for the Pan Pacific Open. She was the fourth seed and received a first round bye. She lost to Garbiñe Muguruza in her opening match. At the inaugural Wuhan Open, Janković the tenth seed defeated Christina McHale in the first round. In her following match, she faced Vandeweghe but retired in the first set while trailing 1–4 with a back problem. In Beijing, Janković was the defending finalist but fell in three sets to Alizé Cornet in the opening round. Her last tournament of the season was the inaugural Tianjin Open where she was the top seed. She overcame Alla Kudryavtseva in the first round. She then lost to Zheng Saisai.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković began 2015 at the Brisbane International. Seeded sixth, she lost in the first round to Ajla Tomljanovic. She then admitted that she had recently thought to end her career because of a back injury. Also, she added that she lost a lot of muscle mass, had not done any activity in past two months and that she needs time to get back in normal form. Bad results continued in January, including a first-round loss at the Australian Open to Timea Bacsinszky. She had never lost her opener in Melbourne prior to this.


title: Jelena Janković

text: She won her first match of 2015 in Dubai, defeating Tímea Babos in three sets. In the second round she lost to Garbiñe Muguruza and dropped out of the top 20 as a result. The following week in Doha, Janković reached the second round after beating Zheng Saisai. She faced top seed Petra Kvitová for a place in the quarterfinals but retired midway due to right hip injury.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Despite coming to North America with 2–4 season record, Janković made the final at the BNP Paribas Open, beating reigning Australian Open semifinalist Madison Keys, Belinda Bencic and Sabine Lisicki en route. In the final where she faced Simona Halep, she managed to take the first set and serve for the match, but came up short. As a result, Janković returned to the top 20. In Miami, Janković fell in her opening match for the second straight year when she was defeated by Victoria Azarenka.


title: Jelena Janković

text: In April at the Family Circle Cup, Janković made the third round, conceding a walkover to Danka Kovinic due to an injury. The following month at the Italian Open, Janković overcame Camila Giorgi and Magdaléna Rybáriková to set up a third round clash with Kvitová for a place in the last eight but was defeated by the fourth seeded Czech in straight sets. Janković then played in Strasbourg where she reached the quarterfinals but was forced to retire against Sloane Stephens. Janković then suffered her second consecutive opening round at a Grand Slam when she fell to qualifier Sesil Karatantcheva in straight sets at the French Open.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković's grass court season began in 's-Hertogenbosch where she was the second seed. She routinely advanced to the semifinals where she faced Bencic but lost in straight sets. At the Aegon Classic, Janković defeated Tereza Smitková and Casey Dellacqua to advance to the third round. She lost to eventual champion Angelique Kerber. Janković won first two matches in three-setters at the Wimbledon Championships and then made the biggest upset during the tournament by taking out the defending champion and world No. 2 Kvitová in the third round, having lost their two previous matches this year. She fought back from a set and a break down to prevail. Her win granted her a place in the fourth round, where she lost to Agnieszka Radwańska. It was the first time since 2010 that Janković made the second week and won consecutive matches at Wimbledon; her performance also made 2015 the first year since 2007 that Janković won more than 5 grass court matches.


title: Jelena Janković

text: After losing in the first round of the Istanbul Open to Urszula Radwańska, Janković won the WTA 125K title in Nanchang by defeating Chang Kai-chen. She did not drop a set throughout the tournament. This tournament revitalized her career and opened her path to a successful Chinese hard court season, right after the second round of the Rogers Cup and an excellent semifinal in Cincinnati after beating Madison Keys and eight-seeded Karolína Plíšková en route. Janković then suffered a shocking loss to wildcard Océane Dodin in the first round of the US Open.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković completed a great Asian swing and confirmed her excellent results in China by winning her 14th career title in Guangzhou, her first since 2013. She saved match point in the semifinals against Yanina Wickmayer, before losing just two games in the final against Denisa Allertová. At the Wuhan Open, Janković defeated Heather Watson in the first round in three sets. She faced sixth seed Angelique Kerber in the second round but lost in three sets. Janković won her third title of the season (and milestone 15th career WTA title) at Hong Kong by battling past Venus Williams in the semifinals in a tight two sets win. Janković then hung tough against world No. 9 and top-seeded Angelique Kerber (Janković's third top-ten win of the year), coming back from a set down to capture the title with a three-set victory.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković started her 2016 season in Brisbane, but lost in the first round against recent US Open finalist and eighth seed Roberta Vinci in three sets despite being up a set. She then traveled to Sydney and won her first-round match against CoCo Vandeweghe in straight sets. However, she fell to Sara Errani in two tie-break sets in the second round despite being up 5–1 in the second set. Seeded nineteenth at the Australian Open, Janković won her first-round match against Polona Hercog. She suffered a second-round upset at the hands of Laura Siegemund.


title: Jelena Janković

text: During the Fed Cup tie versus Spain, Janković lost both of her matches to Carla Suárez Navarro and Garbiñe Muguruza. Serbia ended up losing 0–4. At the Dubai Tennis Championships, Janković upset fifth seed Belinda Bencic in the first round to get her first top-10 win of the season. However, she lost in the second round to Andrea Petkovic. Seeded fourteenth at the Qatar Total Open, Janković was tested by qualifier Jana Čepelová in the first round but managed to win in three sets. She exited the tournament after losing to Monica Niculescu in the second round. Janković then went to the BNP Paribas Open having to defend finalist points from the previous year. Seeded nineteenth, she received a bye into the second round and beat Carina Witthöft in straight sets. Janković then dominated CoCo Vandeweghe in her third-round match; she only conceded one game. She then lost to third seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the fourth round. Seeded eighteenth at the Miami Open, Janković withdrew from her second round match against qualifier Magda Linette due to a right shoulder injury.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Her clay-court season didn't open so well as she was forced to withdraw from the Volvo Car Open because of the right shoulder injury she sustained in Miami. Janković returned to action at the Mutua Madrid Open. She lost in the first round to Sorana Cîrstea. At the Italian Open, Janković was defeated in the first round by Eugenie Bouchard. Seeded twenty-third at the French Open, Janković lost in the first round to Tatjana Maria.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković opened her grass-court season at the Ricoh Open. Seeded second, she was defeated in the second round by Evgeniya Rodina. Seeded second at the first edition of the Mallorca Open, Janković reached the semifinal round where she lost to Anastasija Sevastova. Seeded twenty-second at the Wimbledon Championships, Janković lost in a second round thriller to qualifier Marina Erakovic.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Seeded second at the first edition of the Ladies Championship Gstaad, Janković suffered a first-round upset at the hands of world no. 797 Rebeka Masarova. As the top seed at the Brasil Tennis Cup, Janković fell in the second round to Ana Bogdan.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Ranked forty at the US Open, Janković lost in the second round to eleventh seed Carla Suárez Navarro.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Seeded second and last year champion at the Guangzhou International Women's Open, Janković again reached the final but lost to Lesia Tsurenko. At the Wuhan Open, Janković upset second seed Garbiñe Muguruza in her second-round match. She was then defeated in the third round by Barbora Strýcová. In Beijing at the China Open, Janković lost in the first round to Kristina Mladenovic. Seeded seventh and the defending champion at the Hong Kong Tennis Open, Janković was defeated in her semifinal match by fifth seed Caroline Wozniacki. Janković played her final tournament of the season at the Kremlin Cup. She lost in the second round to seventh seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković started her season at the Shenzhen Open where she lost in the first round to second seed Simona Halep. Next, she progressed to Hobart where she suffered a tough first-round defeat to third seed and eventual finalist Monica Niculescu. Conveniently, Janković gave, arguably, her best performance of the year at the Australian Open. She beat twenty-sixth seed Laura Siegemund and Julia Görges in her first two rounds. In the third round, she faced eighth seed and longtime rival Svetlana Kuznetsova. Kuznetsova ended up outlasting Janković in the third set 9–7 in what is currently the third-longest main draw match in Australian Open history.


title: Jelena Janković

text: As the eighth seed at the Taiwan Open, Janković was stunned by Kurumi Nara in the first round, despite having taken the first set. Janković found herself needing to qualify for the main draw at the Qatar Total Open, and she did so successfully. However, she was defeated in the first round by Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. The following week, Janković played at the Dubai Tennis Championships. She lost in the first round to German wildcard Mona Barthel. In March, Janković competed at the BNP Paribas Open. She defeated American wildcard Irina Falconi in the first round. In the second round, she was up against twelfth seed and rival Venus Williams. Janković raced to a one-set lead and appeared on course to the third round when Williams began finding her range. Janković squandered match points before losing a second set tiebreak and, eventually, the match. As a result, Janković's singles ranking dropped to 54. This loss would tie up the rivalry between Janković and the seven-time Grand Slam champion at seven wins apiece. Janković started the second leg of the Sunshine Swing in Miami with a first-round loss in a third set tiebreak to Yaroslava Shvedova.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković began her clay-court season in Charleston at the Volvo Car Open. She defeated Ekaterina Alexandrova in the first round. She was defeated in the second round by sixth seed Sam Stosur. In Prague at the J&T Banka Prague Open, Janković lost in the first round to eventual finalist Kristýna Plíšková. At the Mutua Madrid Open, Janković was defeated in the first round by fourth seed and last year finalist Dominika Cibulková. Playing her final tournament before the French Open at the Italian Open, Janković lost in the second round to Julia Görges. Ranked sixty-three at the French Open, Janković was defeated in the first round by qualifier Richèl Hogenkamp.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković had a very poor grass-court season. She suffered a first-round loss at the Ricoh Open to qualifier Petra Krejsová. At the Mallorca Open, Janković was defeated in the first round by third seed and defending champion Caroline Garcia. Ranked sixty-seven at the Wimbledon Championships, Janković lost in round one to ninth seed Agnieszka Radwańska.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Seeded sixth at the Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open, Janković was defeated in the second round by Chinese qualifier Lu Jingjing.


title: Jelena Janković

text: In Washington, D.C. at the Citi Open, Janković retired in the third set of her first-round encounter with fifth seed Océane Dodin due to back pain. At the US Open, Janković lost in the first round to thirteenth seed Petra Kvitová.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković underwent back surgery in October; she has not played another tournament since then. She ended the year ranked 153, her worst ranking since January 2003.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Due to her back surgery in October 2017, Janković missed the entire 2018 and 2019 seasons. She also underwent eye surgery in May 2018, further delaying any comeback plans. For the first time since 2001, she was unranked in the WTA singles rankings.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković did not participate in any WTA tournaments prior to the suspension of the tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Janković announced on Instagram that she would participate in an exhibition tournament in Belgrade, partnering with Novak Djokovic in a mixed doubles match. This was her first tennis match since September 2017. After the match, Janković admitted that she still was uncertain about a possible comeback on the professional tour. Janković eventually announced her retirement in July 2022.


title: Jelena Janković

text: A prominent rivalry in women's tennis was the one between Janković and fellow Fed Cup teammate and Serbian compatriot Ana Ivanovic. They have met 12 times, with Ivanovic leading 9–3 overall. Seven of their eleven meetings have come at important stages of tournaments, while two have come at Grand Slam tournaments; Janković trails in both categories 1–6 and 0–2 respectively. Both players were touted as future top players following their breakthrough in 2007 and 2008, however, both have since underperformed on the WTA Tour and dropped out of the Top 10 in contrasting circumstances. Matches between Janković and Ivanovic are often given the nickname "The Battle of Serbia". Since the end of 2008, both have struggled at the Grand Slams, with Janković only being able to reach the semi-finals of the 2010 French Open and the quarter-finals of the 2013 French Open and Ivanovic the quarter-finals of the 2012 US Open and 2014 Australian Open, and the semi-finals of the 2015 French Open.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Their most important meeting to date was in the semifinals of the 2008 French Open; the match was one of historic proportions as it would decide which of the two would become the first Serbian player, male or female, to gain the world No. 1 ranking. In a match that lasted three sets and saw one player try to gain authority over the other, Ivanovic prevailed; the result saw Ivanovic claim the world No. 1 ranking for the first time, however Janković would herself claim the ranking later that year.


title: Jelena Janković

text: The pair were involved in a long-running feud in early 2010, arising from Ivanovic's decision not to play in Serbia's Fed Cup World Group play-off against Slovakia due to her poor form at the time. They met in a controversial encounter at the Madrid Premier Mandatory tournament in May that year, in which Janković appeared to criticise and imitate Ivanovic's fist-pumping habit following a three-set victory. It was only Janković's third (and most recent to date) victory against Ivanovic, after previously winning in 2006 and 2008.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At Indian Wells in 2011, Janković was the defending champion, but Ivanovic defeated her in the fourth round, ending her title defence. That would be their last meeting in a WTA Tour match until the 2013 Australian Open, where Ivanovic prevailed in the third round. Their most recent meeting was in the semi-finals of the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in 2014 with Janković losing again in straight sets.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Jelena Janković and Vera Zvonareva have met 14 times with Zvonareva leading their head-to-head 8–6. Their first meeting was in 2005 with Zvonareva winning a second round match in Rome.


title: Jelena Janković

text: They met six times in 2008 with Janković winning four of the six meetings, including three consecutive times in three consecutive tournaments during the fall. The third match in this streak was the final of the Kremlin Cup, which was the third consecutive title won by Janković in a stretch which also included titles in Beijing and Stuttgart. Janković had defeated Zvonareva on her way to the two titles which preceded the Kremlin Cup. However, Zvonareva would defeat Janković at the WTA Tour Championships later that year; this would be the start of an ongoing five-match winning streak against Janković.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Their only meeting at a Grand Slam tournament was at Wimbledon in 2010, in the tournament's fourth round. Zvonareva won, reaching her first quarter-finals of the grass court Major (and eventually went on to reach the final), after Janković retired whilst trailing in the second set.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Their most recent meeting was at the Qatar Ladies Open in 2011 with Zvonareva winning in three sets. It was her fifth straight victory over Janković, dating back to 2008.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Jelena Janković and Venus Williams have met fourteen times and each player has won seven times. Janković leads 4–2 on clay courts and 1–0 on grass, whilst Venus leads 4–1 on hard. Their rivalry is one of the most competitive and even in women's tennis. Only three of their matches have been decided in straight sets: their first meeting in the quarter-finals of the 2005 East of the West Bank Classic, which Venus won; the second was in the quarter-finals of the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia which Janković won with 6–0, 6–1; this was the worst ever defeat in Venus Williams' entire career, and their third and most recent meeting in the second round of the 2012 Family Circle Cup, which Venus won in straight sets.


title: Jelena Janković

text: They have met three times in Grand Slam tournaments. Janković caused an upset at Wimbledon in 2006 where she defeated the defending champion in the third round, winning in three sets. They met twice at the Majors in 2007, Janković winning at the French Open, and Williams winning at the US Open in 2007. Both matches required a third set.


title: Jelena Janković

text: They have also met twice at the WTA Tour Championships, both times in the semifinals with Williams winning in three sets on both occasions. Their most recent meeting transpired in the 2017 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, California. Janković appeared on her way to victory in this second round meeting at 6–1, 4–1 up before Williams came racing back to win a 2nd set tiebreak and force a decider, which she proceeded to win 6–1 en route to the quarterfinals.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković and Serena Williams have met 14 times, with Serena leading 10–4 overall. Their first seven matches and the last match were on hardcourts, which Serena leads 7–3. The eighth and tenth match were on clay and the ninth was on grass.


title: Jelena Janković

text: In 2004, they played their first match in San Diego; Serena won in three sets. The second match was at the 2005 Dubai Tennis Championships semifinal, with Janković causing an upset (Serena was world No. 4). When Janković was leading 6–0, 4–3, Serena retired. She is one of nine players who won a 6–0 set against Serena. The others are Venus Williams, Alexia Dechaume-Balleret, Mary Joe Fernández, Justine Henin, Patty Schnyder, Anabel Medina Garrigues, Simona Halep, and Johanna Konta.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković won at the LA Women's Tennis Championships in 2006 in straight sets, and Serena won at the Australian Open in 2007. At the Australian Open in 2008 quarterfinal, Janković won in two sets.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the 2008 Sony Ericsson Open, Miami, they met in a final for the first time. Serena won in three sets. They played again in the final, and again in USA – at the US Open in 2008. Serena won in two sets. In the second set Janković had 5–3 and three consecutive set points on Serena serve. Later, when she was serving for the set at 5–4, she missed one more set point. However, Serena saved all set points and won four games in a row for US Open title.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Two years later, in the semifinal of the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia Janković won in three sets, saving match point in doing so and coming back from 5–2 down in the final set tie-break. In the quarter-final she had defeated Venus Williams, becoming the only woman to defeat both of the Williams sisters in a 24-hour period. Their opening round match at the Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics was their first and only match on grass. Janković wasn't seeded and Serena won in two sets before going on to win the gold medal.


title: Jelena Janković

text: At the final of the 2013 Family Circle Cup, Charleston, Serena won in three sets. Again in 2013, at China Open, they met in the final and Serena won in two sets. At WTA Championships Serena won their semifinal match after losing second set convincingly, 6–2.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Their most recent meeting occurred in the quarterfinal of the 2014 Western & Southern Open, where Serena won in straight sets. Serena improved to 6–0 record since it was 4–4.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Jelena Janković and Justine Henin met ten times over a span of six years with Henin prevailing each time. They never met on carpet or grass. Five of their matches were on clay and five on hard courts. Six of their matches went three sets. The majority (7) of their matches occurred during the 2007 season. They met twice in Grand Slams (2006 U.S. Open semifinals, 2007 French Open semifinals) as well as the round-robin stage of the 2007 tour championships. Despite their lopsided head-to-head results, their matches were always highly competitive.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Jelena Janković is a defensive baseliner, and is often regarded as a counterpuncher. Janković is known for being able to slide effectively on all surfaces. Janković has very consistent groundstrokes and prefers to go down the line more often than crosscourt. Her biggest weapons are her two-handed backhand, especially down the line, and the drop shot. She also has a decent forehand. Her net game has improved as a result of additional doubles play, meaning that she is now able to hit effective drive, drop and swinging volleys. Her main weakness is her serve. She likes to spin it in on the first and second serve which can lead to her getting broken many times in matches. Her weakest surface is considered grass and her best surface is fast hard courts, where she can use her defensive skills and speed to win matches. However, given the fact that six of her fifteen titles have come on clay, this could also be considered her best surface. One of the most high-profile achievements of her career occurred on grass in the third round of the 2015 Wimbledon Championships, when she defeated Petra Kvitová, the defending champion, a two-time Wimbledon title holder, then-no. 2 in the world (when Janković had dropped to world no. 30), and the only player who had defeated Serena Williams that year. Janković's ups and downs are often caused by her fragile mindset (see US Open 2006 vs Henin), and they have resulted in her being nicknamed 'Queen Chaos.'


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković was the subject of the 2008 autobiographical documentary, "Jelenin svet (Jelena's World)," featuring Justine Henin, Svetlana Kuznetsova, Ana Ivanovic, Elena Dementieva, Anna Chakvetadze and other notable players.


title: Jelena Janković

text: On 5 December 2007, Janković became a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia, for Children's Fund. "I am happy to have become a UNICEF ambassador for Serbia. This is a great honour for me and I will try to justify the role that has been given to me", she said. Janković is the second Serbian tennis star to have volunteered to help promote the rights of children and collect funds for UNICEF after Ana Ivanovic became an ambassador in September.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković is a cousin of Serbian singer Dijana Janković, internationally better known as Didi J. On 6 April 2021, Janković gave birth to a baby girl in Belgrade, Serbia.


title: Jelena Janković

text: Janković is currently sponsored by Italian sportswear company Fila. Previously, Janković had endorsed Anta and Reebok sportswear, and had her own line with them for her tournament wear. Janković also has an endorsement with Prince Sports: in her early career until 2007, she played with the original Prince O3 Red; from 2008 to 2010 she used the Prince O3 SpeedPort Pro White; from 2011 to 2013 Janković played with different types of racquets and in 2012 and 2013 she chose blacked out ones; since January 2014 Janković has been playing with the Prince O3 Red LS.


title: Hacked (film)

text: Hacked is a 2020 Indian psychological thriller film co-written & directed by Vikram Bhatt and produced by Krishna Bhatt, Amar Thakkar and Jatin Sethi under their banner Loneranger Productions. The film stars Hina Khan, Rohan Shah & Mohit Malhotra in lead roles and Sid Makkar in a supporting role. The story revolves about a boy's love for an older girl and how it turns into an obsession By Hacking her Life


title: Hacked (film)

text: Principal photography commenced in August 2019. The film was theatrically released in India on 7 February 2020.


title: Hacked (film)

text: Post theatrical release, it released digitally on Zee5 app, trended for consecutive 4 months and fetched millions of views.


title: Hacked (film)

text: Sameera "Sam" Khanna works at a magazine company; she has a neighbor, a 19-years old cute and innocent looking hacker Vivek Tiwari who has a crush on her. Sam has a fragile and intimate relationship with her boyfriend, a film actor named Om Kapoor, as he reciprocates feelings whenever he likes. On Sam's birthday party at her apartment where all her friends and colleagues are invited, she is broken when Om doesn't attend the party. Vivek helps clean her flat, and Sam suddenly breaks down and reveals everything about her and Om's relationship to Vivek in a drunken state. Vivek tries to console her, and in the process, Sam kisses him. Vivek then reciprocates, and they have passionate sex. The next morning, Sam wakes up and is shocked to see Vivek sleeping next to her. Om rings the doorbell, and Sam gets worried. Vivek says it's okay, to which Sam says she will talk to him later.


title: Hacked (film)

text: Sam is still thinking about the previous night in the office meeting, to which her boss shouts at her for being absent-minded in the forum. Vivek, who is outside, hears this and, in response, gets food for Sam and sends everyone else for lunch. Sam is disturbed and warns Vivek that whatever happened the previous night was a mistake, and warns him from interfering in her personal life. The next day, however, Sam sees that she cannot enter her office when her boss informs her that some personal files of the company have been hacked from her laptop. Confused, Sam receives a call from Vivek, who reveals that he hacked Sam's laptop and leaked the company's files to teach Sam's boss a lesson. Vivek had previously hacked into the police records and uploaded a mobile vendor's name as most wanted because he refused to repair Sam's phone. Sam calls Vivek to a cafe and asks him to revert what he has done. Vivek reveals that he loves her and can do anything for her, in response to which Sam slaps him in front of everyone and warns him to stay away from her. Vivek gets enraged at the incident. He makes the tech experts at Sam's company believe that Sam leaked the files, which gets her fired. Om takes Sam to vacation in Goa for Sam to be relaxed again. Vivek captures images of Sam and Om getting intimate and leaks them on to the internet. Om publicly denies their relationship, which leaves Sam heartbroken. Sam agrees to remove the life support of her dying mother as she had no chance of living. Along with her neighbor Rohan Mehra, she then lodges a complaint against Vivek for his activities.


title: Hacked (film)

text: The police arrest Vivek in front of his grandmother. He is then sent for interrogation, but in the process, threatens a police officer by hacking into his phone and tells him he will reveal the secret of his adultery to his wife. The officer is forced to leave Vivek, who later hacks Sam's Facebook (or Facelook as per the pronunciation in the film), Instagram (or Insta-frame as per the pronunciation in the film) and Twitter account(s) and put on a post saying that her life is not going well and she is depressed. Enraged, Rohan goes over to Vivek's house and beats him up. In the series of incidents that follow, Sam finds out that Rohan was her childhood friend. Sam feels suspicious about Vivek's maid as she has an expensive Yves Saint Laurent bag and also knew that Vivek was not rich enough to buy that bag. Sam encounters the maid, Riya, who explains to Sam that Vivek is actually a shameless and cruel person who used to stalk her, and when she rejected his love, Vivek threatened to release some of her secrets on the internet, which could ruin her life. Vivek forced Riya to come to his house to work as a maid so that no one would feel suspicious. She also says that he had ruined a Sheetal's life like this, which caused her to commit suicide and make Vivek drop out of college.


title: Hacked (film)

text: Vivek kills his grandmother after she threatens him with exposing his true nature because he dropped out of college and has been lying to his family for months. In the end, Sam manages to make a plan and takes revenge by killing him just after he wipes all the evidence which would prove that Sam was with him. With no evidence to prove who killed Vivek, the case is closed. Sam is shown walking out of the office with Rohan, seemingly indicating that Sam has started a new life.


title: Hacked (film)

text: The film's music is composed by Arko, Jeet Gannguli, Chirantan Bhatt, Sunny and Inder Bawra and Amjad Nadeem Aamir, with lyrics written by Arko, Amjad Nadeem, Shakeel Azmi, Manoj Yadav and Kumaar.


title: Dexter King

text: Dexter Scott King (born January 30, 1961) is an American civil rights activist and the second son of civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King. King is also the brother of Martin Luther King III, Bernice King, and Yolanda King.


title: Dexter King

text: King was born in 30 January 1961 at Hughes-Spaulding Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia and named after the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, where his father was pastor before moving to the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. His eldest sister Yolanda watched after him. He was seven years old when his father was assassinated. King and his siblings were assured an education thanks to the help of Harry Belafonte, who set up a trust fund for them years prior to their father's death. King attended the Democratic National Convention in 1972, which led him to gain an interest in politics.


title: Dexter King

text: Dexter Scott King went to Spring Street Elementary School, in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia. He attended with his brother "Marty" and his sister Yolanda. Dexter, and his siblings, did not return to Spring Street Elementary for the Fall semester of 1968, following the assassination of their father on April 4, 1968.


title: Dexter King

text: King then attended Frederick Douglass Highschool, in South West Atlanta, Georgia, where he played trumpet in the school band.


title: Dexter King

text: Following his graduation from Douglass Highschool, King enrolled in Morehouse College, in Atlanta, Georgia, his late father's alma mater. He studied business administration, but did not graduate. He later became an actor and documentary filmmaker.


title: Dexter King

text: King splits his time between Atlanta, Georgia, where he serves as chairman of the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change, and Malibu, California.


title: Dexter King

text: In May 1989, King's mother named the twenty-eight-year-old as her successor as president of the King Center. Before his mother's choice, King openly expressed interest in changing the King Center into "a West Point of nonviolent training". Dexter Scott King served as president of the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change, but resigned only four months after taking the office after a dispute with her. He resumed the position in 1994, but the King Center's influence was sharply reduced by then. As President, he cut the number of staff from 70 to 14 and shut down a child care center among a shift from conventional activities to prioritizing preserving his father's legacy. Reflecting, King admitted that the time was not right since he was "probably moving faster than the board was ready to".


title: Dexter King

text: On August 28, 2013, he attended the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington, the event at which his father delivered his I Have a Dream speech.


title: Dexter King

text: Dexter Scott King portrayed his father and Civil rights movement activist Martin Luther King Jr. in the 2002 American television movie "The Rosa Parks Story", and even voiced his father's 34-year-old self in the 1999 educational film, "Our Friend, Martin".


title: Dexter King

text: In 1997, 29 years after Martin Luther King Jr.'s death, Dexter met with James Earl Ray, the man imprisoned for his father's 1968 murder. When confronting him, King asked Ray, "I just want to ask you, for the record, um, did you kill my father?" Ray replied, "No-no I didn't." King then told Ray that he along with the rest of the King family believed him. King and Ray had then discussed the latter's health and the actions of J. Edgar Hoover. King also told him that his family believed in his testament of innocence and were seeking to help him. The two spoke privately after 25 minutes with reporters, and King asserted to reporters that he did not know who killed his father and that this uncertainty was the cause of their request for a new trial. As he asserted that he did not believe Ray had any role in his father's death, he brought up evidence taken from the scene such as the murder weapon and concluded that Ray would not have disposed of it near the scene of the crime, calling his belief as having been in his "gut".


title: Dexter King

text: At a 1999 press conference, Dexter was subsequently asked by a reporter, "there are many people out there who feel that as long as these conspirators remain nameless and faceless there is no true closure, and no justice". He replied:


title: Dexter King

text: No, he (Loyd Jowers) named the shooter. The shooter was the Memphis Police Department Officer, Lt. Earl Clark who he named as the killer. Once again, beyond that you had credible witnesses that named members of a Special Forces team who didn't have to act because the contract killer succeeded, with plausible denial, a Mafia contracted killer.


title: Dexter King

text: His belief towards a conspiracy extended to President Lyndon B. Johnson. He believed that with the evidence he was shown, there would be difficulty "for something of that magnitude to occur on his watch and he not be privy to it". King pursued Andrew Young to get him involved, and Young changed his position on the assassination of his father after being visited by Dexter in the spring of 1997. His position had always been "that it didn't matter who killed Dr. King but what killed him".


title: Dexter King

text: Dexter charged "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" with "viciously attacking" his family after the newspaper printed a claim by a German television program that his sister Bernice wanted $4,000 or $5,000 for a ten-minute interview, which King denied.


title: Dexter King

text: Dexter's elder sister, Yolanda, collapsed at the home of his best friend, Philip Madison Jones, on May 15, 2007. King called his aunt Christine King Ferris and reported that he had tried to save her, but was not successful and was transporting her to the hospital. She could not be revived and died at the age of 51. Her family believes she had a heart condition. Dexter spoke to her just an hour before her death, and did not think much of it when she told him she was tired due to her "hectic" schedule. In regards to his sister's passing and the role she had played in his life, King statedShe gave me permission. She allowed me to give myself permission to be me".


title: Dexter King

text: It was reported in the Atlanta-Journal Constitution that in July 2013, Dexter married his fiancée Leah Weber in a private ceremony in California.


title: Dexter King

text: On July 11, 2008, Dexter King was sued by his sister Bernice Albertine King and brother Martin Luther King III; in addition, he was sued by Bernice King on behalf of the estate of Coretta King. The lawsuit alleged that Dexter improperly took funds from their parents' estate. On August 18, 2008, Dexter filed a countersuit stating his siblings had "breached their fiduciary and personal duties to the King Center in Atlanta and [their] father’s estate, misused assets belonging to the center, and kept money that should have been channeled back into the center and the estate".


title: Dexter King

text: These lawsuits were filed in Fulton County, Georgia Superior Court and were settled out of court in October 2009. In 2010, the three supported that year's census, seemingly indicating they had reaffirmed their relationships since the dispute.


title: Right-to-left script

text: In a script (commonly shortened to right to left or abbreviated RTL, RL-TB or R2L), writing starts from the right of the page and continues to the left, proceeding from top to bottom for new lines. Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Kashmiri and Sindhi are the most widespread R2L writing systems in modern times.


title: Right-to-left script

text: "Right-to-left" can also refer to (TB-RL or vertical) scripts of tradition, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, though in modern times they are also commonly written (with lines going from top to bottom). Books designed for predominantly vertical TBRL text open in the same direction as those for RTL horizontal text: the spine is on the right and pages are numbered from right to left.


title: Right-to-left script

text: These scripts can be contrasted with many common modern writing systems, where writing starts from the left of the page and continues to the right.


title: Right-to-left script

text: The Arabic script is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right.


title: Right-to-left script

text: Arabic, Hebrew and Persian are the most widespread RTL writing systems in modern times. As usage of the Arabic script spread, the repertoire of 28 characters used to write the Arabic language was supplemented to accommodate the sounds of many other languages such as Kashmiri, Pashto, etc. While the Hebrew alphabet is used to write the Hebrew language, it is also used to write other Jewish languages such as Yiddish and Judaeo-Spanish.


title: Right-to-left script

text: Syriac and Mandaean (Mandaic) scripts are derived from Aramaic and are written RTL. Samaritan is similar, but developed from Proto-Hebrew rather than Aramaic. Many other ancient and historic scripts derived from Aramaic inherited its right-to-left direction.


title: Right-to-left script

text: Several languages have both Arabic RTL and non-Arabic LTR writing systems. For example, Sindhi is commonly written in Arabic and Devanagari scripts, and a number of others have been used. Kurdish may be written in Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic or Armenian script.


title: Right-to-left script

text: Thaana appeared around 1600 CE. Most modern scripts are LTR, but N'Ko (1949), Mende Kikakui (19th century), Adlam (1980s) and Hanifi Rohingya (1980s) were created in modern times and are RTL.


title: Right-to-left script

text: Ancient examples of text using alphabets such as Phoenician, Greek, or Old Italic may exist variously in left-to-right, right-to-left, or boustrophedon order; therefore, it is not always possible to classify some ancient writing systems as purely RTL or LTR.


title: Right-to-left script

text: Right-to-left, top-to-bottom text is supported in common computer software. Often, this support must be explicitly enabled. Right-to-left text can be mixed with left-to-right text in bi-directional text.


title: Quarterstaff

text: A quarterstaff (plural quarterstaffs or quarterstaves), also short staff or simply staff is a traditional European pole weapon, which was especially prominent in England during the Early Modern period.


title: Quarterstaff

text: The term is generally accepted to refer to a shaft of hardwood from long, sometimes with a metal tip, ferrule, or spike at one or both ends.


title: Quarterstaff

text: The term "short staff" compares this to the "long staff" based on the pike with a length in excess of . The height of the staff should be around the same as the user plus their hand set upright on their head (approximately ).


title: Quarterstaff

text: The "quarter" possibly refers to the means of production, the staff being made from quartersawn hardwood (as opposed to a staff of lower quality made from conventionally sawn lumber or from a tree branch).


title: Quarterstaff

text: The possibility that the name derives from the way the staff is held, the right hand grasping it one-quarter of the distance from the lower end, is suggested in Encyclopædia Britannica. While this interpretation may have given rise to such positions in 19th-century manuals, it probably arose by popular etymology. The Oxford English Dictionary, in support of its explanation of the "quarter" in origin referring to the way the staff was made, points to an early attestation of the term, dated to 1590,


title: Quarterstaff

text: George Silver, an English fencer who wrote two books (1599, 1605) including lengthy sections on staff fighting does not use the term "quarterstaff", but instead calls it a "short staff" (as opposed to the "long staff"). Joseph Swetnam, writing in 1615, distinguishes between the "quarterstaff" of in length and the "long staff" of .


title: Quarterstaff

text: The oldest surviving English work giving technical information on staff combat dates from the 15th century – it is a brief listing of "strokes of the 2-hand staff", which shares terminology with the preceding "strokes of the 2-hand sword" in the same manuscript.


title: Quarterstaff

text: George Silver (1599) explains techniques of short-staff combat and states that the use of other polearms and the two-handed sword are based on the same method. Later authors on the subject included Joseph Swetnam, Zachary Wylde, and Donald McBane. Silver, Swetnam, and Wylde all agreed that the staff was among the best, if not the very best, of all hand weapons.


title: Quarterstaff

text: Richard Peeke, in 1625, and Zachary Wylde, in 1711, refer to the quarterstaff as a national English weapon.


title: Quarterstaff

text: A modified version of quarterstaff fencing, employing bamboo or ash staves and protective equipment adapted from fencing, boxing, and cricket was revived as a sport in some London fencing schools and at the Aldershot Military Training School during the later 19th century. Works on this style were published by Thomas McCarthy and by Allanson-Winn and Phillips-Wolley.


title: Quarterstaff

text: An informal tradition (or sporadic series of revivals) based on the late-19th century style persisted in England throughout the early-mid 20th century, being particularly associated with military and fencing exhibitions and with the Boy Scout movement.


title: Quarterstaff

text: Paulus Hector Mair in his martial arts compendium of the mid-16th century, details techniques of fighting with the staff in the German school of fencing of the Renaissance.


title: Quarterstaff

text: There is some variation as to the proper way to hold a quarterstaff. According to the 16th to 18th century writings of Silver, Swetnam and Wylde, the quarterstaff is held with the back hand at the butt end of the staff and the other hand about above it. According to the 14th to 16th century writings of Johannes Liechtenauer and Paulus Hector Mair, the quarterstaff is held with the back hand a hand's breadth from the butt end of the staff, and the other hand up to the middle of the staff. This is likely because of the transition of techniques from quarterstaves to polearms in Mair's compendium.


title: Quarterstaff

text: Of these the low guard is considered the central guard. Blows were primarily delivered downwards either directly or at angles. Parries of blows to the legs were done either by lifting the leg away from the line of attack or by thrusting one end of the staff into the ground and releasing the foremost hand which was in danger of being struck. Thrusts (called "darts" by Wylde) were often performed with the release of the forward hand and a step with the forward leg like a fencing lunge, stretching forward the back hand as far as possible. Longer thrusts were delivered with a full step forward with the back leg accompanying the back hand. It was recommended that when delivering a blow that at the end of it the back leg and foot should be compassed about so as to fall roughly into a line with the front foot and the point of the weapon. The same circling round of the back leg was applied to parries also. Singularly among the three authors, Swetnam recommends preference of thrusting over striking. Silver and Wylde describe striking and thrusting as equally valid attacks.


title: Quarterstaff

text: The position with one hand held at the quarter and the other at the middle of the staff is not found in these early modern manuals, but it is described in the quarterstaff manuals published in the late 19th century, e.g. McCarthy (1883): "both hands should be apart, and the same distance from each end".


title: Quarterstaff

text: The quarterstaff is also mentioned in England's legend of Robin Hood. In ballads and tales of the famed yeoman, the quarterstaff is often mentioned. For example, in "Robin Hood and the Tinker" and several other tales, the quarterstaff is the weapon in hand as the two engage in a duel, as the Tinker was apparently sent to bring Robin Hood to justice at the hands of the Sheriff of Nottingham. This implies that the quarterstaff was in use before and during the 16th to 18th centuries, as the tale of Robin Hood is mostly written of during that time frame.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: Rich Froning Jr. (born July 21, 1987) is an American professional CrossFit athlete known for his achievements participating in the CrossFit Games. He became the first person to win the title of "Fittest Man on Earth" four times with his first-place finish in the 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014 CrossFit Games. In 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022 he led a team from CrossFit Mayhem to the first-place finish in the Team category in the CrossFit Games.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: In addition to making a living off of CrossFit, Froning has won over $1,050,000 in prize money from winning the CrossFit Games four times. Additionally, he has accumulated significant sponsorships from brands like Reebok, Oakley, and Rogue Fitness. In early 2015, Reebok released a shoe designed, in part, by Froning.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: Froning owns and operates the affiliate gym CrossFit Mayhem, located in Cookeville, Tennessee, and is a member of the CrossFit Level 1 Seminar Staff.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: Froning was born in Mount Clemens, Michigan. He moved to Cookeville, Tennessee, where he currently resides. There he attended Cookeville High School where he played baseball and was an all-district, all-region second baseman. He also participated in football. Upon graduating in 2005, Froning received a baseball scholarship to Walters State Community College. Soon after, Froning decided to end his baseball career, and began working at the Cookeville Fire Department, while continuing his studies at Tennessee Technological University. Froning was introduced to CrossFit by one his professors at Tennessee Tech in 2009, and he soon developed a passion for CrossFit and started doing CrossFit workouts in his barn. In 2010, he began coaching and competing.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: Froning has competed at the CrossFit Games since 2010. Froning qualified for the 2010 Southeast Regional competition through the Sectional Qualifiers, a precursor to the online-based Open. Froning won the Regional, thereby qualifying for the fourth CrossFit Games at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: At the 2010 Games, Froning earned five top 5 finishes including two event wins, and never dropped below 19th. He was leading heading into the final event, however the rope climb portion of the final event exposed "a chink in his armor" in terms of technique. Froning did not know how to wrap his legs and feet around the rope, so he was forced to attempt the rope climbs only using his arms. Fatigued, Froning fell from the rope multiple times. His 12th-place finish on the final event opened up the space necessary for Graham Holmberg to move up to the top spot. The 2010 Games podium had Holmberg in first, Froning in second, and Chris Spealler in third.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: In 2011, Froning had a poor start at the Games in the Beach event that featured the first ever ocean swim, but performed consistently well in most of the other events, winning three events, including the event that featured rope-climbing, and placed second in three further events. He topped the leaderboard with nearly a hundred points better than second place Josh Bridges, thereby winning his first CrossFit Games title.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: Froning followed the 2011 Games win by winning every stage of the 2012-2014 Games season including the worldwide Open, Regionals, and the Games. That winning streak lasted until he retired from Individual Competition.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: In the 2012 Games, Froning won three of the events (Chipper, Elizabeth, and Isabel), beating second-place Matt Chan to win again this year. Both Froning and the winner of the women's competition Annie Thorisdottir were the first athletes to win the CrossFit Games twice.


title: Rich Froning Jr.

text: In 2013, Froning again started poorly in the swimming event, finishing in 30th place. However, he performed well in the most of the other events, and won the last three. He topped the leaderboard, beating Jason Khalipa to win for the third time, thereby becoming the first ever three time winner of the Games.