title: Field ration

text: The Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) has introduced the "Ransum TNI" ("TNI ration", from Dutch "rantsoen") in the mid-1970s in order to standardize nutrition for soldiers in field. There are three types of ration and each daily ration consist of three menus (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), a pack of supplementary drinks, providing approximately in total. The main course are usually meat-based meals (fish, beef, chicken, etc.) with cooked rice. The supplementary drinks are instant coffee, powdered fruit juice or vitamin supply, tea bags and powdered milk . The rations should be heated for 10–15 minutes with the included portable stove and solid fuel tablets (for canned meals), or by submerging in boiling water (for meals packed in retort pouches). All products are made in Indonesia and manufactured according to Indonesian military standard.


title: Field ration

text: The Japan Self-Defense Forces utilize two types of combat rations, Type I combat ration (戦闘糧食 I型) and Type II combat ration (戦闘糧食 II型). The older Type I ration consists almost entirely of canned foods weighing a total of 780 g per meal; a normal three-day ration has up to 36 cans weighing more than 7 kilograms. Eight menus are available, based around a 400 g can of rice and 2–3 smaller supplemental cans. Typical contents include: rice (white rice, sekihan (rice with red beans), mixed rice with vegetables, or rice with mushrooms), a main meal can (chicken and vegetables, beef with vegetables, fish and vegetables, or hamburger patties), pickled vegetables (Takuan(yellow radish) or red cabbage) and sometimes a supplemental can (tuna in soy or beef in soy). In the latest type I combat rations, cans have been replaced by retort pouches.


title: Field ration

text: The newer, lighter Type II ration was originally intended to replace the Type I and consists of pre-cooked, ready-to-eat items in plastic-foil laminate retort pouches, packed in turn inside a drab green polyethylene meal bag. Each meal consists of two 200 g pouches of rice (white rice, rice with red beans, mixed rice with meat and vegetables, fried rice, curried rice pilaf, rice with green peas, or rice with wild herbs) plus 2–3 supplementary pouches. Main meal pouches contain: hamburger patties, frankfurters, beef curry, grilled chicken, Chinese meatballs, Sweet and Sour pork, grilled salmon, Yakitori chicken, mackerel in ginger sauce, chicken and vegetables, and tuna. Also included are pouches of pickled vegetables (yellow radish, red cabbage, Takana pickles, pickled hari-hari, or bamboo shoots) or salad (potato salad or tuna salad) and instant soup (Miso, Egg Drop, Wakame seaweed, or mushroom).


title: Field ration

text: The old model type I combat rations were supplied in cans, with one large can containing the rice portion and 2 or 3 smaller cans containing other portions.


title: Field ration

text: The new model type I combat ration is supplied in olive drab retort pouches and overwrapped in an olive drab bag.


title: Field ration

text: The Malaysian Army version of the 24-hour ration pack is intended to provide one man with sufficient food and supplements for one day. Most items are domestically procured and cater to local tastes and religious dietary requirements. The ration makes extensive use of commercially available canned and dehydrated items. Wherever possible, plastic-foil pouches are used instead of cans. The ration is supplemented with precooked or freeze-dried rice. Example menu C: Beef Kurma, Chicken Masak Merah, Fish Curry, and Sambal Shrimp; Bean Curd and Vegetable mix; long bean stew; canned pineapple and canned papaya; 2 packages of quick-cooking porridge (black bean porridge and flour porridge); military biscuits; jam; instant coffee; tea; instant milk powder; sugar; salt; vitamin tablets; matches; and napkins.


title: Field ration

text: The Chinese People's Liberation Army has introduced a new set of rations in 2018 consisting of pre-packaged single-person meals sealed in hard plastic retort pouches. The Chinese military rations are of two types: Instant Meal Individual (three-item menu) and Self-Heating Individual (twelve-item menu) (Type 13 and 09). A typical Chinese breakfast ration contains roughly and includes a compressed food packet, an energy bar, an egg roll with pork, pickled mustard tuber, and a powdered beverage pack. Each Self-Heating package comes with an insulated flameless heater that is activated by water.


title: Field ration

text: The Philippine Army formerly had a combat ration similar to those of the United States Army. Typically, they include a small can of sardines or tuna, instant noodles, crackers, instant coffee, a small packet of peanuts, ginger tea, and a biscuit or cookie. Chocolate manufactured for hot conditions are sometimes issued. Canned rice is also issued.


title: Field ration

text: In 2016, it was announced that the Armed Forces of the Philippines will get new "Ready-to-Eat" rations. They are packed in green plastic retort pouches and considered fit to eat for Muslim service members (halal). For example, Menu #2 has four packs of cooked rice, one tuna rice with sisig, one pack of chicken sausage with sauce, one pack of chicken lechon paksiw, one pack of powdered milk, one pack of 3-in-1 coffee, one pack of plain crackers, a spork and wet tissues.


title: Field ration

text: The Singapore Armed Forces issues three types of combat rations – Type M (Muslim), Type N (Non-Muslim), and Type V (Vegetarian). Each type comes in 4 or 5 different menus, packed in a heavy-duty green plastic bag similar to a US MRE bag, but measuring 205 mm x 190 mm x 115 mm (8" x 7.5" x 4.5") and weighing . Most items are retort-pouched (in the form of a watery paste and eaten straight from the pouch) and (except for the hot beverages) can be eaten without further preparation. The ration provides three meals and a variety of between-meal snacks, averaging per day. Each ration bag includes 2 retort-pouched main courses, a dessert, and an accessory pack containing 2 fruit bars, 4 packages of cookies, an envelope of isotonic drink mix powder, an envelope of instant flavored tea mix, a hot beverage (coffee, cocoa, or tea), an envelope of cereal mix, candy, matches, fuel tablets, and tissue paper. A package of instant noodles is provided with every meal pack, but is issued separately. Typical Type M (Menu #1): Rendang Mutton with rice; Tandoori Chicken with rice; Red Bean dessert. Typical Type N (Menu #5): Pasta Bolognese; Yellow Rice with Chicken; Barley Dessert with milk. Typical Type V (Menu #1): Mock Chicken Curry with rice; Vegetarian Fried Noodle; Green Bean dessert with coconut milk.


title: Field ration

text: The primary operational ration used in Sri Lanka is the "jungle ration," a 24-hour ration pack whose components are produced and assembled in Sri Lanka. It is issued to soldiers at the rate of one per soldier per day, and contains both food and sundry items designed to sustain troops where food storage and preparation facilities are not practical. All meals are precooked, requiring neither cooking nor preparation, and all items are packaged inside sealed plastic packages or lightweight aluminium cans. Precooked rice is included as part of every meal. Typical contents are: chicken curry with potatoes, vegetable curry, precooked rice, hard crackers, processed cheese, soup cubes, instant milk powder, orange drink powder, and dates or dried pineapple. A sundry pack containing tea bags, sugar, salt, glucose tablets, seasonings, matches, plastic bags, and toilet paper is included with every ration pack.


title: Field ration

text: The modern Korean army issues 2 types of field rations, Type I and Type II. Type I ration has ready-to-eat foods packed in foil-plastic trilaminate pouches, placed in turn inside a thin cardboard box. Typical contents include: 1 pouch (250 g) precooked white rice with meat and vegetables, plus a separate seasoning packet; 1 pouch (250 g) precooked rice with red beans; 1 packet (100 g) of 6 pork sausages in BBQ; 1 packet (100 g) kimchi; and 1 packet (50 g) cooked black beans. The Type II ration is a smaller, lighter, freeze-dried single-meal ration consisting of several small pouches packed inside a larger gray plastic pouch measuring 225 mm x 200 mm x 90 mm and weighing 278 g. Typical contents include: freeze dried rice (various flavors, usually with meat and vegetables included), a pouch of instant soup, flavored sesame oil, seasoning and spice packets, dried chives and chocolate.


title: Field ration

text: The ROC Armed Forces issues two types of field rations. One of them is called "field combat ration pack" (野戰口糧), which contains crackers, bakkwa, dry mango, nuts, chocolate paste, candy and energy drink. The other one is "field combat retort pouch" (野戰加熱式餐盒), which has 13 types of flavor in total.


title: Field ration

text: In the Vietnam War, the Viet Cong troops often brought dried cooked vegetable, bags of pork floss, some contained nutrition tabs, some ginger candy as their ration food. In modern Vietnam, the field ration is very popular with soldiers, sailors and travellers. Some popular field rations in Vietnam today are: the Army Field Ration BB107, the Paratrooper Dry Provision (for pilots) and the Chinese 3 star field ration that is contained in an iron box, easy to carry.


title: Field ration

text: The Ministry of Defense is also developing new MREs for the Special Operations Force as well as the Border Patrol Force. The new MREs are used in three main courses - breakfast, lunch and dinner. They mostly contain Vietnamese braised pork, meat stews, sticky rice, white rice, dried vegetables that can be heated with water, nutrition drinks, fruit juices, nutrition snacks, eateries (spoon, fork and straw), napkins and toothpicks.


title: Field ration

text: During peacekeeping operations in Lebanon, UN peacekeepers were reported to make use of a ration packaged similar to that of the U.S MRE designated the “Individual Food Ration” (French: Ration Alimentaire Individuelle). These rations are meant to be consumed over a period of 24 hours, and are notoriously difficult to acquire by civilians. There are 12 available menus in the form of 3 “Western” (Pasta with Beef and Chickpea Stew, Vegetables with Beef and Tomato and Cheese Pasta, Chilli Con Carne and Baked Beans), 3 Halal, 3 Kosher, 3 Vegetarian. Each ration also comes with both sweet and salty biscuits and an accessory pack containing fruit muesli, fruit jelly, fruit jam, dark chocolate, cheese spread, chewing gum, eight pouches of sugar, salt, pepper, ketchup and Mexican sauce. Another accessory pack with instant coffee, tea, an instant fruit drink and a hyperprotein drink is also included.


title: Field ration

text: NATO defines a "General Purpose Individual Operational Ration" as "A self-contained combat ration that provides adequate food for 24 hours for one person to maintain health, physical performance, and cognitive function under routine training or operational conditions. This ration is shelf stable and may require water to rehydrate some of the contents. The contents may be eaten hot or cold. General purpose individual operational rations are intended to be used during standard military operations in very broad but typically moderate operational conditions."


title: Field ration

text: The shelf life of the ration from the time of delivery to the contracting authority must be at least 24 months at a storage temperature of 25 °C.


title: Field ration

text: NATO bases the nutritional content requirement on a reference soldier weighing , who on normal operations would have an energy expenditure of approximately 3,600 kcal per day. For combat operations, i.e., missions involving sustained, dismounted light-infantry or Special Forces operations energy expenditure is estimated to be 4,900 kcal per day, however this is seen to be a worst-case scenario. Operational individual rations are designed to be used for a period of 30 days after which supplements of fresh food be given and medical screening for nutritional deficiencies be increased.


title: Field ration

text: To avoid menu fatigue resulting from lack of variety in the ration, all 24-hour operational rations should, at a minimum, include:


title: Field ration

text: The 21-meal, 7-day menu cycle shall offer sufficient variety to at least allow a soldier to have two different meals each day for a period of 7 days, without repetition, although a breakfast meal and a variety of small snack and beverage items may be repeated. It is recommended that coffee and/or tea be provided for each meal.


title: Field ration

text: It is desirable that the main course components and hot beverages be provided with a heater to enable these components to be heated to at least 62 °C from an ambient temperature of 20 °C in maximum 12 minutes. However, main course components or entrées must be consumable without heating.


title: Field ration

text: It is desirable that all necessary equipment to heat and consume an individual ration be included in the ration pack. Every ration or meal shall contain at least a spoon, unless all food items are intended as eat-out-of-hand and do not require any eating utensils for consumption.


title: Field ration

text: Water treatment items are not required in the individual ration pack. If any water treatment items are included in the individual ration packs, their primary packaging should clearly mention that these items are for water treatment only (and not for direct consumption).


title: Field ration

text: Some rations include a separate bag intended for collection and disposal of packing materials or packaging waste generated from consuming/using the ration components. However, if no separate refuse bag is provided with the ration, some portion of the ration packaging shall be usable or easily adaptable as a means to collect miscellaneous packaging waste that is generated.


title: Field ration

text: Protective packaging of components or items in a ration that are typically in contact with the product or food items is referred to as primary packaging. Secondary packaging is that packaging which is outside the primary packaging layer and in the case of general purpose individual operational rations this packaging is used to group several primary packages together. Lastly, tertiary packaging is that used to support bulk storage, shipping, and handling of product in the distribution supply chain. Rations are grouped at this level in fibreboard boxes or cases and subsequently palletised as unit loads for ease and efficiency of handling and distribution.


title: Field ration

text: It is preferable that the packaging be easily opened without specific tools. If specific tools are required, they should be included in the ration pack, or alternatively a set should exist containing the ration pack and all necessary specific tools.


title: Field ration

text: Primary and/or secondary packaging should be waterproof. Secondary packaging should be insect resistant. Tertiary packaging must be water resistant.


title: Field ration

text: It is recommended that the rations be stacked on NATO type pallets (1200 x 1000 millimeters) for standardisation purposes. The minimum number of rations on a pallet position (i.e., on one single or on two stacked pallets) shall be 150 days of supply (DOS). The height and weight for a single pallet position, including the pallet(s), shall not exceed 2.2 meters and 1000 kg respectively. A pallet of rations must contain different menus.


title: Something Just Like This

text: "Something Just Like This" is a song by American electronic music duo The Chainsmokers and British rock band Coldplay. It was released on February 22, 2017, as the second single from The Chainsmokers debut album, "Memories...Do Not Open", and as the lead single from Coldplay's "Kaleidoscope EP". The song samples their 2015 hit single "Roses" featuring American songwriter Rozes.


title: Something Just Like This

text: The single reached the top ten of many charts around the world, including number 2 in the UK Singles Chart and the Australian ARIA chart, and number 3 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, and named one of the best songs of the year by "Uproxx".


title: Something Just Like This

text: In September 2016, the Chainsmokers shared three short clips of an upcoming song featuring vocals from Chris Martin. On February 22, 2017, Spotify prematurely posted a banner ad at the top of the site's home page with a Listen Now button.


title: Something Just Like This

text: On February 22, 2017, Coldplay premiered "Something Just Like This" with the Chainsmokers on stage at the Brit Awards at The O2 Arena in London, England. They then performed the song at the 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards at The Forum in Inglewood, California on March 5, 2017, and on their A Head Full of Dreams Tour since the Singapore show on March 31, 2017. It was performed again at the "One Love Manchester" benefit concert for the victims of the Manchester Arena bombing on June 4, 2017.


title: Something Just Like This

text: A lyric video was also released on February 22, 2017, on the Chainsmokers' Vevo channel. It has received over 2 billion views and is one of the 70 most viewed videos on YouTube. It was directed by James Zwadlo.


title: Something Just Like This

text: The song is written in the key of B minor and has a tempo of 103.156 beats per minute in common time. It follows a chord progression of G–A–Bm–A, and the vocals span two octaves, from G to G.


title: Something Just Like This

text: "Something Just Like This" debuted at number 56 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and soared to number five on its second week, becoming the Chainsmokers' third top five after "Don't Let Me Down" and "Closer". Meanwhile, it was Coldplay's second top five hit after "Viva la Vida", peaking at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 ever since. The song was also the sixth best-selling track of 2017 in the United States, with 1,348,000 copies sold. In the United Kingdom, "Something Just Like This" debuted at number 30 on 24 February 2017, reaching its number two peak position the following week, behind Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You". It spent nine consecutive weeks in the top 10 and became the ninth biggest song of the year in the country. The song also set a new record for most weeks atop "Billboard"'s Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart (79).


title: Something Just Like This

text: In 2018, The Piano Guys released a mashup on piano and cello called "Something Just Like Liszt", combining "Something Just Like This" with Franz Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2.


title: TKOR

text: TKOR (formerly known as The King of Random) is a YouTube channel created by Grant Thompson that conducts DIY projects and experiments, often involving large amounts of a single item. Thompson created the channel in 2012 and operated it until his death in 2019; the channel is now run by Thompson's friends and family and no longer has a DIY focus, but produces content such as "life hacks, experiments, and random weekend projects."


title: TKOR

text: The channel was originally hosted solely by Thompson, and then by sculptors Nate Bonham and Calli Gade, later joined by meteorologist Grace Dirig. Bonham and Gade have since been let go from TKOR citing creative differences with TKOR management and a downturn in viewership that began in 2021. The channel has 12.6 million subscribers. TKOR maintains three other channels: "2KOR", for behind-the-scenes and other content, "TKOR Shorts", for use of YouTube's "Shorts" feature, and "The King of Random en Español", for videos from the main channel translated into Spanish.


title: TKOR

text: At the age of 29, Grant Thompson, who was an airline pilot in Farmington, Utah, became deeply interested in studying the way things worked. Thompson began tinkering with things and doing random household projects in his spare time. Eventually, Thompson realized that his friends were becoming interested in his projects, and had the idea to film some of them and upload them to YouTube.


title: TKOR

text: In January 2010, he created a YouTube channel with the name "01032010814", the exact date and time Thompson created the channel. The second video he uploaded to the channel in 2010 was the start of his DIY and life hack videos.


title: TKOR

text: However, it was not until late 2011 that Thompson began actively pursuing the idea of creating a branded YouTube channel devoted to life hack videos. A few years prior, a friend of Thompson's had told him that he was the "King of Random" because of all of the random things he was always involved with. Thompson thought this would be a good name for his YouTube channel and started making plans to convert his existing channel to "The King of Random" in early 2012.


title: TKOR

text: The first video Thompson released under his newly named channel was published on September 6, 2012 and was titled "How to Make Slime (Ninja Turtle Ooze)".


title: TKOR

text: Prior to releasing his first King of Random video, Thompson had limited video editing experience. However, he was determined to create a channel with high quality content, and spent countless hours teaching himself how to film and edit his own videos.


title: TKOR

text: Due to the early success of his channel, Thompson realized that it had the potential to grow with a steady release of quality content. He quickly transformed his basement into a creation studio for many years worth of projects that he had ideas for. Thompson continued to produce his own videos for the first couple years of the channel, but due to growing popularity and success, Thompson began to hire additional help with the production side of the channel.


title: TKOR

text: The King of Random grew so quickly from its inception that Thompson was flying as an airline pilot less and less as time went on and ultimately retired from flying to focus solely on his YouTube channel.


title: TKOR

text: On September 9, 2017, the channel introduced Nate Bonham as co-host and he became the permanent host a few weeks later.


title: TKOR

text: On October 25, 2018, the channel introduced Calli Gade as co-host. Thompson reportedly stepped away to spend more time with family, but still owned the channel and was involved in its day-to-day operations until his death. Ownership of the channel passed to Thompson's wife Janae after his death in July 2019.


title: TKOR

text: In September 2020, the channel added Kennen Hutchison, Grace Dirig, and Kevin DeBruin as co-hosts. They acted as "secondary" hosts to Nate and Calli, with Nate, Calli, and one of the newer hosts in each video. On March 24, 2021, The King of Random Team created a second supporting channel, "2KOR" where they would post support experiments, reactions, behind-the-scenes, bloopers, and more.


title: TKOR

text: In early 2021, DeBruin and Hutchison stopped appearing on the channel. In a Reddit comment made by Bonham, he said DeBruin was unable to reach an agreement with the channel to continue appearing. In May 2021, the channel changed its name from "The King of Random" to "TKOR".


title: TKOR

text: Gade announced her departure from the channel on July 9, 2021. In her Twitch stream, Gade mentioned that it was not her choice to leave the channel. She also said, "It's really sad. I would've had stayed with TKOR for the rest of my life, but I understand that they got to move into a different direction and they've got to do what's best for them."


title: TKOR

text: The channel was then hosted solely by Bonham and Dirig. This was later corroborated by a Reddit post made by Thompson's widow Janae who also said Hutchinson would be returning to the channel's studio to film more videos once COVID-19 pandemic restrictions lifted.


title: TKOR

text: On November 15, 2021, TKOR released the first episode of their weekly podcast Random Theory. The podcast is hosted by Grace Dirig and Josh Alvey and explores scientific questions in a fun and engaging manner.


title: TKOR

text: On December 27th, 2021, Bonham, as well as the channel's primary cameraman and longest-tenured employee, were fired, leaving Dirig as the sole host. Bonham and Gade have since collaborated on several projects after both leaving TKOR.


title: TKOR

text: In January 2018, Thompson was charged with two counts of second-degree felony possession of an explosive device for allegedly conducting incendiary experiments in his backyard. Facing a maximum of 15 years in prison, Thompson agreed to a plea bargain deal. In exchange for dropping the charges to a suspended sentence of misdemeanor recklessness with an incendiary device charge, Thompson agreed to create two YouTube videos educating viewers about the "physical safety and/or the legal risks associated with experiments that could be dangerous".


title: TKOR

text: On July 29, 2019, Thompson died in a paraglider accident near Hurricane, Utah in Washington County, Utah. His family had reported him missing around 10:30 pm to the Washington County Sheriff's Office (WCSO) after he did not return from the trip that day. Officers used GPS to connect to a locator he carried with him; they found his body, along with a recording device. The case remains under investigation. In response to his death, the King of Random channel uploaded a video titled, "Grant Thompson, in Memoriam" to YouTube on July 30. The video is exactly one minute long, and is simply a picture of Thompson with the caption, "Grant Thompson, 1980–2019". YouTube also stated that they were "deeply saddened" to hear about Grant Thompson's "tragic loss".


title: TKOR

text: On August 1, a video titled, "Thank you, Grant" was uploaded to the channel, in which a somber Nate and Calli presented a montage of Thompson's various experiments, spliced with clips of him discussing how far the channel had come. In this video, Nate confirmed that the channel would be continuing to upload, stating it was what Thompson would have wanted. It was the first time either host had appeared in a video since Thompson's death three days before.


title: TKOR

text: On August 8, the channel posted a video titled, "A Tribute To Grant From Fellow Creators." It compiled tributes from other YouTube personalities, notably MatPat (Matthew Patrick) from the channel "The Game Theorists", Brian Brushwood from the channel The Modern Rogue, and Zack Nelson from the channel JerryRigEverything.


title: TKOR

text: Furthermore, on August 10, the channel posted a video titled, "To Grant, From the TKOR Team," which compiled short tributes from all of the channel staff, including Nate and Calli. This was the final memorial video; the channel has continued its normal upload schedule since. Thompson was also featured by PewDiePie on his own version of YouTube Rewind 2019.


title: TKOR

text: Thompson had been working on a book, "52 Random Weekend Projects," in the months prior to his death. The book was "almost finished" at the time of Thompson's death, and was completed by the production crew of the channel. The book contains 52 of Thompson's favorite projects done on the channel and was released on March 10, 2020.


title: River (TV series)

text: River is a six-part British television drama series, created and written by Abi Morgan and starring Stellan Skarsgård and Nicola Walker. It premiered on BBC One on 13 October 2015 and internationally on Netflix on 18 November 2015. The series is a police procedural. Detective Inspector John River is suffering from guilt over a recent loss.


title: River (TV series)

text: The series was commissioned by Charlotte Moore and Ben Stephenson. The executive producers are Jane Featherstone, Manda Levin, Abi Morgan and Lucy Richer. Filming began in London in October 2014. The series was made by Kudos and will be distributed globally by Shine International.


title: River (TV series)

text: Vicki Power of the "Daily Express" reported Skarsgård saying of his role as DI River, "There's not much research you can do because his condition doesn't really exist as we know it. It's a combination of problems, because he's not like people who hear voices – they're usually schizophrenic and lack empathy and he does not. But it doesn't make it less truthful. What attracted me to the script is that it didn't look like any other script I've ever read." Power added, "The series is the brainchild of Emmy-winner Abi Morgan, who wrote "The Hour" and "The Iron Lady". Abi freely admits she nicked the idea from the late Anthony Minghella, who directed the 1990 fantasy film "Truly, Madly, Deeply", in which a grieving woman's (Juliet Stevenson) dead boyfriend appears to come back to life".


title: River (TV series)

text: Describing how she addressed the subject of living with voices in your head, as River does, Morgan told the BBC, "I know from myself, I talk out loud. I've got children and they say to me 'mummy, you talk to yourself all the time'. I realised how much I do have other people in my head and what a comfort they are to me. It's not just about those who experience voices through mental health, it's the voices we carry from our past, our future or experiences, that we manifest and I hope that's something that an audience will identify with".


title: River (TV series)

text: Talking about recording the scenes involving manifests, Skarsgård said: "How we practically do it is we usually shoot the scene first with the actor who plays the manifest and then we shoot the same scene exactly the same way but without anybody there. It looks fantastic, because you walk around, you gesture and talk to somebody that isn't there and it's quite interesting visually. To me, I'm the kind of actor who doesn't want to act towards a mark beside the camera; I want the real actor to be there, and I feed so much off the other actors. So it's very unnatural to me to do it, but since we always do the scene with the actor first I have a very clear memory and then we do it with the real actor saying the lines, so I still get a response and it becomes more like playing a game of ping pong".


title: River (TV series)

text: The series used the song I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance) at the start and end of the first episode and at the end of the last episode.


title: River (TV series)

text: Filming took place across at least eight London Boroughs - Lambeth, Islington, Camden, Hackney, Southwark, Redbridge, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Lewisham.


title: River (TV series)

text: Notable roads, buildings and landmarks include Clerkenwell Road in Islington, Southwark Park, Globe Theatre and Millennium Bridge in Southwark, and Stratford International in Newham.


title: River (TV series)

text: After the first episode, Sam Wollaston wrote in "The Guardian": "It's more than just crime drama – it's about personal tragedy, demons; it's a study of loss and grief (which it shares with the greatest Nordic noir of them all: the first series of "The Killing"). It's also a study of that – killing – and why people do it. And why they did it – Mr Cream brings a historical perspective to it. And Abi Morgan, the creator of the series, brings a characteristic humanness to it all; it's as much about who the people are as about what they do to each other. Good enough for me."


title: River (TV series)

text: The first episode also impressed the "Daily Telegraph"s Tim Martin, who gave it a full five stars in his review and called it "superlatively creepy TV" and "a dense and thoughtful police procedural". Martin found that: "Much of the credit also belongs to Skarsgård […] His performance here was a revelation, switching in seconds from remoteness to fury, from twinkling avuncularity to withering scorn – and the emotional punch at the end of this episode, when River finally admitted the extent of his psychological distress, was the most moving thing I've seen on television for some time. Then he went home to find a dead man sitting on his bed. Personally, I can't wait for next week."


title: River (TV series)

text: Daisy Wyatt, in "The Independent", found the series "well-written and shot beautifully, but the criminal investigation is not the crux of the drama. River's mind becomes the crime scene as he struggles with psychotic hallucinations – or 'manifests' as he calls them – of past victims, namely colleague Detective Jackie 'Stevie' Stevenson, played by Walker."


title: River (TV series)

text: Reviewing Episode Two for "The Daily Telegraph", Gerard O'Donovan gave it 4 out of 5 stars, writing: "Two episodes in, "River" (BBC Two) is proving a most intriguing piece of television. It takes the shape – and tropes – of a standard police drama yet appears to be expanding, flowing even, into something quite different" and called Skarsgård "extraordinarily expressive." O'Donovan concluded that, ""River" – so far at least […] offers a richer emotional landscape than most crime drama on TV."


title: River (TV series)

text: The final episode earned a five-star review from "The Daily Telegraph"s Michael Hogan, who noted, "Skarsgård delivered a powerhouse performance: sad and soulful in one scene, sardonically spiky and manically energetic in the next." Hogan praised the production, writing: "This series was beautifully written by Abi Morgan, stylishly directed, and most of all, superbly acted." He concluded by saying, "I'm torn between wanting "River" to get recommissioned […] and wanting this series to stand alone as six near-perfect episodes. Creepy yet ultimately uplifting, "River" stands alongside "London Spy", "Humans" and "Wolf Hall" as one of the year's best home-grown TV dramas."


title: River (TV series)

text: For her role as DCI Chrissie Read, Lesley Manville earned a nomination for the 2016 BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: UniTeam Alliance

text: The UniTeam Alliance is an electoral alliance in the Philippines formed to support the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte in the 2022 presidential and vice-presidential elections and their allies in the 2022 Philippine general election. The alliance was formalized on November 29, 2021.


title: UniTeam Alliance

text: In addition, the alliance's senatorial slate features guest candidates from the Nacionalista Party, Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL), Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), PDP–Laban, and People's Reform Party (PRP). Except for the NPC, all of the aforementioned parties are allied with Marcos and Duterte.


title: UniTeam Alliance

text: Marcos and Duterte have endorsed the following candidates for the 2022 Philippine Senate election, thus who are part of their "senatorial slate":


title: Beau Travail

text: Beau Travail (, French for "good work") is a 1999 French film directed by Claire Denis that is loosely based on Herman Melville's 1888 novella "Billy Budd". The story is set in Djibouti, where the protagonists are soldiers in the French Foreign Legion. Parts of the soundtrack of the movie are from Benjamin Britten's 1951 opera based on the novella.


title: Beau Travail

text: Adjudant-Chef Galoup of the French Foreign Legion reflects on his life from his home Marseille. He recalls his time in Djibouti, where he led a section of men under the command of Commandant Bruno Forestier. Galoup admired and envied many of Forestier's qualities, including his clear affection from the men, and retains a wristband with Forestier's name. Galoup has a Djiboutian girlfriend, and they often go out dancing.


title: Beau Travail

text: One day, a Russian named Gilles Sentain joins Galoup's section. Galoup harbors an immediate and seemingly irrational suspicion towards Sentain, and vows to destroy him. When Sentain hands a canteen of water to another soldier who is being punished by being ordered to dig a large hole in the heat of the day, Galoup chastises Sentain and knocks the water from his hand. Sentain strikes Galoup, who retaliates by taking Sentain into the desert and ordering him to walk back to the base alone. However, Galoup had previously tampered with Sentain's compass, causing him to become lost and collapse from dehydration in the arid salt flats.


title: Beau Travail

text: Sentain is ultimately found and rescued by locals, but never returns to the base and is presumed to have deserted. His compass is later found by the legionnaires at a local sale of salt-encrusted novelties, and is believed to prove Sentain is dead. On the assumption that Galoup has either killed or attempted to kill Sentain, Galoup is sent back to France by Forestier for a court martial, ending his career in the Foreign Legion. He makes his bed in the immaculate military manner, then lies on top clutching a pistol, and reads aloud the phrase tattooed on his chest: "" ("Serve the good cause then die"). The film ends with Galoup at a night club in Djibouti, engaging in a lively acrobatic solo dance to "The Rhythm of the Night".


title: Beau Travail

text: In an interview, Denis said, "One of the cast had actually been in the Legion, so we took all their real exercises and did them together every day, to concentrate the actors as a group. We never said we were going to choreograph the film. But afterwards, when we started shooting, using Britten's music, those exercises became like a dance."


title: Beau Travail

text: The film was highly acclaimed in the United States, topping the "Village Voice"'s Film Critics' Poll in 2000, with Claire Denis also placing at #2 for best director. Jonathan Rosenbaum of the "Chicago Reader" rated it a "masterpiece," giving it the paper's highest rating of four stars. Charles Taylor of "Salon.com" wrote that ""Beau Travail" is the most extreme example of [Denis'] talent, baffling and exhilarating. I don't know when I've seen a movie that is in so many ways foreign to what draws me to movies and still felt under a spell." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave it the magazine's highest rating, calling it "unique and unforgettable." J. Hoberman of the "Village Voice" wrote that the film is "so tactile in its cinematography, inventive in its camera placement, and sensuous in its editing that the purposefully oblique and languid narrative is all but eclipsed." Film scholar Erika Balsom wrote that the ending sequence "is perhaps the best ending of any film, ever," explaining that "Galoup finds a rhythm of life that follows none of the patterns of colonial, patriarchal power the film so skilfully traces and complicates...he inhabits a utopia of movement without rules"


title: Beau Travail

text: The review aggregator website, Metacritic, gave the film a score of 91/100 based on 20 reviews, which they characterized as "universal acclaim." Rotten Tomatoes, another aggregator, reports an 86% approval rating based on 43 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.8/10. The site's consensus reads: ""Beau Travail" finds director Claire Denis drawing on classic literature to construct a modern tragedy fueled by timeless desires".


title: Neck ring

text: Neck rings, or neck-rings, are any form of stiff jewellery worn as an ornament around the neck of an individual, as opposed to a loose necklace. Many cultures and periods have made neck rings, with both males and females wearing them at various times.


title: Neck ring

text: Of the two most notable types, one is the torc, an often heavy and valuable ornament normally open at the throat. These were worn by various early cultures but are especially associated with the ancient Celts of the European Iron Age, where they were evidently a key indicator of wealth and status, mostly worn by men.


title: Neck ring

text: In a few African and Asian cultures, neck rings are worn usually to create the appearance that the neck has been stretched.


title: Neck ring

text: The custom of wearing neck rings is related to an ideal of beauty: an elongated neck. Neck rings push the clavicle and ribs down. The neck stretching is mostly illusory: the weight of the rings twists the collarbone and eventually the upper ribs at an angle 45 degrees lower than what is natural, causing the illusion of an elongated neck. The vertebrae do not elongate, though the space between them may increase as the intervertebral discs absorb liquid.


title: Neck ring

text: The custom requires that the girls who wear the neck rings start before puberty, in order to get the body used to them. These heavy coils can weigh as much as .


title: Neck ring

text: Tourism is often considered to encourage the use of neck rings in Myanmar, as they are a popular attraction for tourists.


title: Neck ring

text: "Padaung" (Kayan Lahwi) women of the Kayan people begin to wear neck coils from as young as age two. The length of the coil is gradually increased to as much as twenty turns. The weight of the coils will eventually place sufficient pressure on the clavicles (collarbone) to cause them to deform and create an impression of a longer neck.


title: Neck ring

text: Small Kayan girls may wear brass collars from the age of two to five years old, as it is more comfortable to deform the collarbone and upper ribs slowly. The alternative, an accelerated process at around the age of twelve, when girls first begin to compete for the attention of boys, is painful. Marco Polo first described the practice to Western culture in c. 1300. Refugee practitioners in Thailand were first accessible to tourists in 1984.


title: Neck ring

text: The South Ndebele peoples of Africa also wear neck rings as part of their traditional dress and as a sign of wealth and status. Only married women are allowed to wear the rings, called "dzilla". Metal rings are also worn on different parts of the body, not just the neck. Traditionally these rings are given to a wife by her husband, and not removed until the husband's death; however, these rings are individual and do not function as a body modification. The rings are usually made of copper or brass, usually stacked in multiples of 3.


title: Private Lives (TV series)

text: Private Lives () is a South Korean television series starring Seohyun, Go Kyung-pyo, Kim Hyo-jin, Kim Young-min, and Tae Won-seok. It aired on JTBC from October 7 to November 26, 2020 and is available for streaming worldwide on Netflix.


title: Private Lives (TV series)

text: The drama revolves around a group of swindlers who stumbles upon secret information that could harm the nation. Using their skills and conning techniques, they go up against a huge conglomerate to reveal a major “private life”.


title: Private Lives (TV series)

text: The series marks Go Kyung-pyo's first acting role since his military discharge in January 2020 as well as Kim Hyo-jin's small screen comeback after 8 years.


title: Private Lives (TV series)

text: The first script reading took place in April 2020 at JTBC Building in Sangam-dong, Seoul, South Korea.


title: Private Lives (TV series)

text: The series was originally scheduled to premiere on September 16, 2020 but it was postponed to October 7 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Psilocybe azurescens

text: Psilocybe azurescens is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose main active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. It is among the most potent of the tryptamine-bearing mushrooms, containing up to 1.8% psilocybin, 0.5% psilocin, and 0.4% baeocystin by dry weight, averaging to about 1.1% psilocybin and 0.15% psilocin. It belongs to the family Hymenogastraceae in the order Agaricales.


title: Psilocybe azurescens

text: "P. azurescens" occurs naturally along a small area of the West Coast of the United States, including in parts of Oregon and California. It has been regularly found as far south as Depoe Bay, Oregon, and as far north as Grays Harbor County, Washington. Its primary locations are clustered around the Columbia River Delta: the first type collections were made in Hammond, Oregon, near Astoria. It is also quite prevalent north of the Columbia River in Washington, from Long Beach north to Westport. Some feral specimens have also been reported in Stuttgart, Germany. While infrequent, the mushroom can sometimes be found around decaying wood in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, which decriminalized psilocybin in 2020. Ilwaco, Washington also has a large population, but harvesting is a potential misdemeanor that is enforced by local law enforcement agencies.


title: Psilocybe azurescens

text: The species' preferred environment ranges from caespitose (growing in tight, separated clusters) to gregarious on deciduous wood-chips and/or in sandy soils rich in lignicolous (woody) debris. The mushroom has an affinity for coastal dune grasses. In aspect it generates an extensive, dense, and tenacious mycelial mat ("collyboid"). "P. azurescens" causes the whitening of wood. Fruitings begin in late September and continue until "late December and early January", according to mycologist Paul Stamets. "Psilocybe azurescens" has been cultivated in many countries including Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and its native United States (especially in California, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Washington, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania).


title: Psilocybe azurescens

text: Possession and/or cultivation of this species is illegal in a number of countries, including in the United States under federal law. However, the state of Oregon and the cities of Seattle, Washington; Denver, Colorado; Oakland, California; Santa Cruz, California; and Ann Arbor, Michigan have decriminalized possession of personal amounts of psilocybin mushrooms. It is considered a Class A Drug in New Zealand.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: "De Brevitate Vitae" (Latin for "On the Shortness of Life"), more commonly known as "Gaudeamus igitur" ("So Let Us Rejoice") or just "Gaudeamus", is a popular academic commercium song in many European countries, mainly sung or performed at university and high-school graduation ceremonies. Despite its use as a formal graduation hymn, it is a jocular, light-hearted composition that pokes fun at university life. The song is thought to originate in a Latin manuscript from 1287. It is in the tradition of "carpe diem" ("seize the day") with its exhortations to enjoy life. It was known as a beer-drinking song in many early universities and is the official song of many schools, colleges, universities, institutions, student societies and is the official anthem of the International University Sports Federation.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: The lyrics reflect an endorsement of the bacchanalian mayhem of student life while simultaneously retaining the grim knowledge that one day we will all die. The song contains humorous and ironic references to sex and death, and many versions have appeared following efforts to bowdlerise this song for performance in public ceremonies. In private, students will typically sing ribald words.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: The song is sometimes known by its opening words, "Gaudeamus igitur" or simply "Gaudeamus". In the UK, it is sometimes affectionately known as "The Gaudie". The centuries of use have given rise to numerous slightly different versions.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: The proposition that the lyrics originate in 1287 is based on a manuscript held in the "Bibliothèque nationale de France" in Paris. A poem starting with the words "Subscribere proposui" ("I have suggested signing (it)") has two verses that closely resemble the later "Gaudeamus igitur" verses, although neither the first verse nor the actual words "Gaudeamus igitur" appear. The music accompanying this poem bears no relation to the melody which is now associated with it. A German translation of these verses was made in about 1717 and published in 1730 without music. A Latin version in a handwritten student songbook, dating from some time between 1723 and 1750, is preserved in the Berlin State Library (formerly located at Marburg); however, this differs considerably from the modern text. The current Latin lyrics with a German translation were published by Halle in 1781 in "Studentenlieder" ("Students' Songs") written by Christian Wilhelm Kindleben (1748-1785), who admitted to making important changes to the text.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: Below is Kindleben's 1781 Latin version, with two translations to English (one anonymous, and another by Tr. J. Mark Sugars, 1997). The New-Latin word "Antiburschius" refers to opponents of the 19th-century politically active German student fraternities. The letters 'j' and 'u' used in some modern transcriptions do not occur in classical Latin.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: The first appearance in print of the present melody was in "Lieder für Freunde der Geselligen Freude" ("Songs for Friends of Convivial Joy"), published in Leipzig in 1782, together with Kindleben's German lyrics; however, the tune was evidently well known before this date. The first publication of the present Latin text together with the present melody was probably in Ignaz Walter's 1797 operatic setting of "Doktor Faust". It is also heard in Berlioz' Damnation of Faust.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: Johannes Brahms quoted the melody in the final section of his "Academic Festival Overture", in a fortissimo rendition performed by the full orchestra.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: Sigmund Romberg used it in the operetta "The Student Prince", which is set at the University of Heidelberg.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: It is quoted in Johann Strauss II's "Studenten-Polka" (Française, Op.263), first performed at the students' ball at the Redoutensaal on 24 February 1862.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: The tune is quoted, along with other student songs, in the overture of Franz von Suppé's 1863 operetta "Flotte Burschen", the action being once again set at the University of Heidelberg.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: Basing it on the original melody, Franz Liszt has composed the Gaudeamus igitur—Paraphrase and later (1870) the Gaudeamus igitur—Humoreske.


title: Gaudeamus igitur

text: Modern version is rearrangement for male chorus with piano accompaniment, by Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1874) (TH 187 ; ČW 413).


title: Hulchul (2004 film)

text: Hulchul () is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language romantic action comedy drama film directed by Priyadarshan. The film is a remake of the 1991 Malayalam film "Godfather". The film stars Akshaye Khanna, Kareena Kapoor, Sunil Shetty, Jackie Shroff, Arshad Warsi, Amrish Puri, Paresh Rawal, Arbaaz Khan, Shakti Kapoor, Farha Naaz, and Laxmi.


title: Hulchul (2004 film)

text: Angar Chand has a rich lifestyle in a small Indian town with his wife and four sons. The eldest son Balram falls for Dhamini, who reciprocates his feelings. Though her mother Laxmi opposes this, Angar wants their wedding. Dhamini's dad Sanjeev in anger accidentally kills Angar's wife Parvati. Dhamini is forcefully married off to Kashinath Pathak. Enraged, Angar kills Sanjeev and is jailed for 14 years.


title: Hulchul (2004 film)

text: Bailed, Angar returns home to declare women won't be allowed in his property, posting a sign on the front gate and forbidding his sons to ever marry.


title: Hulchul (2004 film)

text: Dhamini's daughter Anjali is in college with Jai, Angar's youngest son. Angar learns Anjali will marry the state's Home Minister. Still having a grudge, he breaks the wedding by political pressure. Anjali and Jai seek revenge but eventually fall in love. Angar's second son Kishan turns out leading a dual life; he is married to dance teacher Gopi since 7 years and has 2 children. Angar finds out and kicks Kishan and Jai out as Jai supports him. Laxmi fixes Anjali's marriage with her lawyer's son Sattu with the help of Angaar Chand, so Jai that will not enter the wedding.


title: Hulchul (2004 film)

text: On the wedding day, Jai enters the venue by help from Veeru (Laxmi's son), knocks Sattu unconscious and dresses as the groom. He goes through marriage rituals but reveals himself at end of the ceremony, finally marrying Anjali. She asks Laxmi to end the feud. Jai asks Angar to forgive him, who leaves and contemplates all his sons' actions. Anjali and Gopi are finally welcomed into the family, with the four sons.


title: Hulchul (2004 film)

text: According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 10,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fourteenth highest-selling. The song "Rafta Rafta" is a Hindi remake of the song "Aasai Aasai" with a slight change in tune from the 2003 Tamil film Dhool, another film where the music was composed by Vidyasagar. The song 'Ishq Mein Pyaar Mein' is also a remake of the Tamil song "Thaamara poovukku" from the 1995 Tamil film "Pasumpon", which also had music by Vidyasagar. The lyrics are penned by Sameer.


title: Hulchul (2004 film)

text: It received generally positive reviews, who appreciated the performances of cast, humor, and cinematography, but criticized for its screenplay, narration, cliched plot, and running time.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: "Brown Sugar" is a song recorded by the English rock band the Rolling Stones. Written primarily by Mick Jagger, it is the opening track and lead single from their album "Sticky Fingers" (1971). It became a number one hit in both the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it charted at number two. In the United States, "Billboard" ranked it as the number 18 song for 1971. "Rolling Stone" ranked it number 495 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010 and number 490 in 2004 and at number five on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: Though credited to Jagger–Richards, "Brown Sugar" was primarily the work of Jagger, who wrote it sometime during the filming of "Ned Kelly" in 1969. According to Marsha Hunt, Jagger's girlfriend and the mother of his first child Karis, he wrote the song with her in mind. Former Ikette Claudia Lennear disputes this claim, saying that it was written about her. In 2014, Lennear told "The Times" that she is the subject of the song because she was dating Jagger when it was written. Bill Wyman stated in his book "Rolling with the Stones" (2002) that the lyrics were partially inspired by Lennear.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: "Brown Sugar" was recorded over a three-day period at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama, from 2 to 4 December 1969. The song was not released until over a year later due to legal wranglings with the band's former label. At the request of guitarist Mick Taylor (who had joined the band as Brian Jones' replacement in July 1969), the Stones debuted the number live during the infamous concert at the Altamont Speedway on 6 December 1969.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: In the liner notes to the compilation album "" (1993), Jagger says, "The lyric was all to do with the dual combination of drugs and girls. This song was a very instant thing, a definite high point".


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: "Brown Sugar" can be seen as a commentary on the history, morality, and dynamics of white-male-on-black-female sex, and how power and status has influenced it—particularly in Western culture. In a December 1995 "Rolling Stone" interview, Jagger spoke at length about the song, its inspiration, and its success, and credited himself with its lyrics. Keith Richards also credits Jagger with the song in his autobiography. Jagger attributed the success of the song to a "good groove". After noting that the lyrics could mean so many lewd subjects, he again noted that the combination of those subjects, the lyrical ambiguity was partially why the song was considered successful. He noted, "That makes it... the whole mess thrown in. God knows what I'm on about on that song. It's such a mishmash. All the nasty subjects in one go... I never would write that song now." When interviewer Jann Wenner asked him why, Jagger replied, "I would probably censor myself. I'd think, 'Oh God, I can't. I've got to stop. I can't just write raw like that.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: An alternative version was recorded on 18 December 1970 at Olympic Studios in London during a birthday party for Richards and Bobby Keys. It features appearances by Al Kooper on piano, and Eric Clapton on slide guitar. The alternative version, which had previously been available only on bootleg recordings, was released in June 2015 on the Deluxe and Super Deluxe editions of the reissued "Sticky Fingers" album.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: "Brown Sugar" was released in April 1971 as the first single from the album. While the US single featured only "Bitch" as the B-side, the British release also featured a live rendition of Chuck Berry's "Let It Rock", recorded at the University of Leeds during the 1971 tour of the United Kingdom.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: The song is also the first single released on Rolling Stones Records (catalogue number RS-19100) and is one of two The Rolling Stones songs (along with "Wild Horses") licensed to both the band and former manager Allen Klein (a result of various business disagreements), resulting in its inclusion on the compilation album "Hot Rocks 1964–1971". "Brown Sugar" is also included on the most significant latter-day The Rolling Stones compilations, "", "Forty Licks", and "GRRR!".


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: To promote the song, The Rolling Stones performed on "Top of the Pops" with the performance taped sometime around late March 1971, and being shown on 15 April and 6 May. They performed "Brown Sugar", "Wild Horses", and "Bitch" for the show's segment dedicated to albums, which was shown on 22 April 1971; due to BBC practices at the time, the performances were erased and all that remains is "Brown Sugar". Saxophone player Trevor Lawrence mimes to Bobby Keys' actual solo.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: In the United Kingdom, the single was originally issued in mono using a now-rarely heard bespoke mono mix. This mono mix has never been featured on any compilation.


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: The song was performed routinely during The Rolling Stones' 1970 European Tour, occupying a prominent spot near the end of the set list even though audiences were unfamiliar with it. The band opened the shows of their infamous 1972 American Tour with "Brown Sugar", and it has since become a Stones concert staple. However, in more recent times, Jagger has changed some of the more controversial lyrics when performing the song live. For example, the first verse line "I hear him whip the women just around midnight" has been replaced with the more simple "you should have heard him just around midnight."


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: Writing for "Sounds" in 1971, Penny Valentine praised "Brown Sugar", stating that it was her "choice as the best track". "Cash Box" described the song as returning to "the fresh blues sound of the team's pre-Satanic days" with a "sax break, gritty wailing and the unique stones rhythm work." Writing for "The Rag", rock critic Mike Saunders found the single to be the "only especially noteworthy" track of "Sticky Fingers" (1971).


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: The lyrical subject matter has often been a point of interest and controversy. Described by rock critic Robert Christgau as "a rocker so compelling that it discourages exegesis", the song's popularity has often overshadowed its provocative lyrics, which explore a number of controversial subjects, including slavery, interracial sex, cunnilingus, and drug use. Fifty years later, critic Tom Taylor concludes that the song "does not offer one considered thought to the subject matter that it sings of..." and "the atrocity of the slave trade, rape and the unimaginable suffering therein should not be adorned with gyrating, glib lyrics, guitar solos and no redeeming features in the way of discerned appraisal."


title: Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones song)

text: Little Richard recorded a rendition of "Brown Sugar" for his album "The King of Rock and Roll", released in 1971.


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: Rosetta LeNoire (born Rosetta Olive Burton; August 8, 1911 – March 17, 2002) was an American stage, film, and television actress. She was known to contemporary audiences for her work in television. She had regular roles on such series as "Gimme a Break!" and "Amen", and is likely best-known for her role as Estelle "Mother" Winslow on "Family Matters". In 1999, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: Lenoire was born in Harlem, New York City, as the eldest of 5 children to Harold Burton, who was from Dominica, and Nymarie Edith Jacques Helwig, of Jamaica in the West Indies. As a young girl, LeNoire suffered from rickets, which her godfather Bill "Bojangles" Robinson helped her overcome by teaching her to dance. Stage theater was her first love, and LeNoire performed in the Federal Theater Project's "Bassa Moona" and was cast as a witch in Orson Welles' 1936 production of "Macbeth".


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: She appeared in a 1939 production of "The Hot Mikado", starring Robinson, in which she played "Little Maid From School" Peep-Bo. She also appeared onstage, mostly as a singer and dancer, in "I Had a Ball", "Bassa Moona", "Marching with Jimmy", "Janie", "Decision", "Three's a Family", "Destry Rides Again", and the Off Broadway "Double Entry" (two one-act musicals showcasing Lenoire: "The Bible Salesman," with a pre-"SNL" Garrett Morris, and "The Oldest Trick in the World" with Jane Connell).


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: LeNoire championed the cause of racial equity for more than 70 years. Her efforts profoundly influenced the New York theater community. In 1968, using her own savings, LeNoire founded the AMAS Repertory Theatre Company, an interracial theatre dedicated to multi-ethnic productions in New York City.


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: With this company, LeNoire created an artistic community where members' individual skills were recognized without regard to race, creed, color, religion, or national origin. She became a successful and groundbreaking Broadway producer.


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: The Actors' Equity Association awarded her the first award for helping contribute to the diversification of theatre casting; in 1988, the award was named the Rosetta LeNoire Award.


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: Amas Repertory Theatre provided a nurturing atmosphere for actors, and a community performing arts center. Throughout its history, many of the company's productions garnered reviews in "The New York Times". The long-running theater's cramped headquarters were originally located at 1 East 104th Street, in the uptown neighborhood known as East Harlem. The theater continues today as Amas Musical Theatre, now located midtown on West 52nd Street above "Jersey Boys", and carries on LeNoire's dream of diversity in the creative and theatrical arts. Since its inception, Amas has produced over 60 original musicals. Many of them have gone on to Broadway, including "Bubbling Brown Sugar", which received a Tony Award nomination in 1976 for Best Musical.


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: On March 17, 2002, LeNoire died at Holy Name Hospital in Teaneck, New Jersey of complications from diabetes, but an article in "TV Guide" reported that she died of pneumonia. A resident of the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey, she was 90 years old at the time of her death. A Catholic, she was funeralized at St. Frances of Rome Catholic Church in the Bronx.


title: Rosetta LeNoire

text: The Rosie Award, named for Rosetta LeNoire, "is given to individuals who demonstrate extraordinary accomplishment and dedication in the theatrical arts and to corporations that work to promote opportunity and diversity", with past honorees including Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee, Geoffrey Holder and Carmen de Lavallade, Leslie Uggams, Maurice Hines, Phylicia Rashad, Woodie King Jr., Dionne Warwick, and George C. Wolfe.


title: Legend of Fei

text: Legend of Fei (有翡) is a 2020 Chinese historical drama based on Priest's novel "Bandits (有匪)". It was directed by Wu Jingyuan and stars Zhao Liying as Zhou Fei and Wang Yibo as Xie Yun. The series tells the growth story of the female warrior Zhou Fei through her adventure with itinerant poet and traveler Xie Yun, in a time when the influence and power of the martial arts world is on decline and in turmoil because a great secret, which has been buried for twenty years, is about to be uncovered. The storyline is unique as it is oriented towards the female standpoint in martial arts world, which has typically empowered the male characters.


title: Legend of Fei

text: The show was premiered on the Hubei TV Channel on December 15, 2020, and then was exclusively broadcast on Tencent Video and WeTV on December 16 of the same year. For standard account on Tencent Video, the show aired one episode daily at 20:00 CST from Monday through Sunday, from December 16, 2020 to February 03, 2021.


title: Legend of Fei

text: Many years ago, there was chaos in the realm of Jianghu. A famous swordsman named Li Zheng (Hu Bing) established the 48 Strongholds to fight against the evils and protect the commons, but after his death, the popular Jianghu sects lost prominence. Li Zheng's daughter Li Jinrong (Che Xiao) took over the sects and married Zhou Yitang (Zong Fengyan). Their daughter, Zhou Fei (Zhao Liying) grew up in a safe but isolated home. Sick of being confined to the place of her birth, Zhou Fei longed to escape and made repeated efforts to get away. But her life took a great turn when she almost drowned while saving her cousin and was only saved by a free-spirited young martial arts master named Xie Yun (Wang Yibo). Their special relationship started from then. They decided to hone their fighting skills together when meeting again after Zhou Fei gained permission to descend the mountains and go on a mission. While fighting against Disha Manor and other evil forces, the relationship between Zhou Fei and Xie Yun started to develop. With new martial arts masters met along the way, they began to unearth secrets, including that of Xie Yun’s true identity and the treasure that had been hidden for several years by the previous dynasty.


title: Legend of Fei

text: On China Tencent Video platform, "Legend of Fei" reached a record of over 130 million views within only the first 8 hours of release and 4 billion views in just over 1 month. When the drama series ended in February 2021, although all the episodes except the first two had already been locked by Tencent, the number of views still achieved a record of 5.12 billion on the exclusive domestic platform. "Legend of Fei" is also popular overseas, gaining Top 1 spot on WeTV Thailand and WeTV Philippines after only 1 week of simultaneous release.


title: Sridevi filmography

text: Sridevi (born Shree Amma Yanger Ayyapan; 13 August 1963 24 February 2018) was an Indian actress and film producer, who primarily worked in Telugu, Tamil and Hindi language films- in addition to few in Malayalam as well as in Kannada too. Her acting career started in South Indian Cinema at the age of 4, with the Tamil film "Kandan Karunai". She then made her early transition to adult roles by the age of 13 with "Moondru Mudichu". Due to her immense popularity and pan-Indian appeal, she was often cited as the first female superstar of Indian Cinema. Sridevi's performances in films in a variety of genres had earned her praise and awards. During her career, she won 6 Filmfare Awards: 3 in Hindi, 2 in Tamil and 1 in Telugu. Her 15-year-long comeback was the awaited film, "English Vinglish" (2012). After "English Vinglish," Sridevi worked in her last Tamil film "Puli" in 2015 (which was also her comeback to Kollywood industry after a long gap of 30 years) and her last Hindi film as "Mom" in 2017 (which was the latter's 300th major final appearance). She received the National Film Award for Best Actress for "Mom". Sridevi's last role was a brief cameo appearance in "Zero"- 10 months released in December 2018, after her untimely demise the same year. Sridevi has overall featured in 92 Telugu films, 73 Tamil films, 72 Hindi films, 25 Malayalam films and 5 Kannada films- which total up to 271 films along with a couple of cameo appearances in her 50-year long & illustrious career. This included one Hindi T.V serial too as Malini Iyer (2004), which also marked her comeback to television after 7 years since her sabbatical from film acting in 1997 (post her marriage and further family concentration).


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: Robert St Clair Grant (14 April 19328 November 2003) was an English actor, comedian and writer, best known for playing bus conductor Jack Harper in the television sitcom "On the Buses", as well as its film spin-offs and stage version.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: Grant was born in Hammersmith, West London, on 14April 1932, the son of Albert George Grant (19091985) and Florence (19092001), . He was educated at Aldenham School.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: Grant trained as an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, working in his spare time as a frozen food salesman and also (coincidentally, in view of his later career) as a bus driver. After doing national service in the Royal Artillery, he made his stage debut in 1952 as Sydney in "Worm's Eye View" at the Court Royal, Horsham. In 1954, he married Jean Hyett; the marriage would end in divorce.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: Grant's first London appearance was in "The Good Soldier Schweik" at the Duke of York's Theatre in 1956, and he spent several years at the Theatre Royal Stratford East before getting the lead role in the musical "Blitz!" at the Adelphi Theatre in the West End for two years. In 1962, he married for the second time, to Christine Sally Kemp; they later divorced. In 1964, he appeared at the Piccadilly Theatre in "Instant Marriage", a musical farce, for which he wrote the book and lyrics, with music by Laurie Holloway.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: Grant had by now started to make film appearances, including "Sparrows Can't Sing" (1963), and the film version of "Till Death Us Do Part" (1969). He returned to the Theatre Royal, Stratford, in 1967, and starred in the satirical play "" as George Brown, the Foreign Secretary in Harold Wilson's Labour government; this play later transferred to the West End. After George Brown's resignation from the Government on 15March 1968, the character of George Brown was switched with Barbara Castle, as the plot required a cabinet minister.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: In January of that year Grant appeared as The Major in a six-part radio comedy drama "The 17-Jewelled Shockproof Swiss-Made Bomb", featuring Peter Coke. It was written by Roy Clarke and produced by Alan Ayckbourn. It was transmitted on the BBC Light Programme.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: Grant played the bus conductor Jack Harper in the television sitcom "On the Buses", which ran for 74 episodes between 1969 and 1973; he co-wrote 11 episodes, and one special, with co-star Stephen Lewis (who played Blakey, the Inspector). It was an instant success with the viewers, and led to three feature films "On the Buses" (1971), "Mutiny on the Buses" (1972) and "Holiday on the Buses" (1973). He was in a relationship with guest star Gaye Brown, until he broke up with her to date (and eventually marry) Kim Benwell. The series was the peak of his career; when Grant married for the third time in 1971, there were huge crowds outside the register office, and the couple had to abandon their hired Rolls-Royce and walk to the reception. A double-decker bus had been provided for the guests, but they had to walk as well.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: When "On the Buses" finished, Grant found himself heavily typecast as Jack Harper and struggled to get other parts. He toured Australia in the farce "No Sex Please, We're British", and continued to appear in musicals and pantomimes. In 1975, he wrote and starred in a one-off pilot "Milk-O" alongside his "On the Buses" co-star Anna Karen, an attempt to reinvigorate his career by means of a similar character, a milkman who spent his time fighting off amorous housewives he was delivering to. However, this did not lead to a series, and Grant never acted for television again. In 1981, he appeared in a touring production of the once-controversial revue "Oh! Calcutta!", accompanied by a chorus line of naked men and women less than half his age.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: In 1980, Grant played the title role in John Arden's BBC radio adaptation of "Don Quixote", with Bernard Cribbins as Sancho Panza. In 1986, he played a cockney detective inspector in "The Red Telephone Box", a comedy thriller by Ken Whitmore on BBC Radio 4. On stage he later played Autolycus in Shakespeare's "The Winter's Tale" for the Birmingham Repertory Theatre.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: In the 1980s, he suffered from depression, bipolar disorder and other mental health problems, because of a lack of work and his considerable debts. This eventually led to a suicide attempt. In 1987, he disappeared from his home in Leicestershire for five days; it later emerged that he had taken the ferry to Dublin intending to kill himself. "I was in a horrible state", Grant said during an interview with Pamela Armstrong after the event, "I just had to get out of the house. I left the house and thumbed a lift to Melton Mowbray, and then got a train to Birmingham New Street where I sat sobbing in a station buffet. Everyone ignored me. Normally I get asked in the street something like 'When you back on telly then?', but not this time".


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: Grant started to write his first note to Kim, intending her to receive it after he had killed himself. "Tears streamed down my face as I wrote", he recalled. After hours of pounding the streets of Birmingham, Grant instead caught the ferry to Dublin, "It was a horrible night on that boat", he continued. "I'd been to Dublin before and it seemed such a nice place. I wanted to end it all, either by jumping in the River Liffey or ironically under a bus." Grant stayed at a guesthouse in Dublin to think things over. He called Kim, but there was no answer; she was at the time filming an appeal to find him. On the strength of the appeal, Grant eventually returned to England, where his absence had caused a small stir, which allowed him to gain a few more acting jobs.


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: In 1990, it was announced that "On the Buses" would be revived as a new show called "Back on the Buses", and the entire cast, including Grant, Reg Varney, Stephen Lewis, Doris Hare, Michael Robbins and Anna Karen would appear on "Wogan". "Back on the Buses" eventually fell through when funding from STV was not forthcoming. The project was to have been backed by STV's executive producer Bryan Izzard who had produced seven episodes of the series and the final spin-off film, "Holiday on the Buses".


title: Bob Grant (actor)

text: A further long gap in employment led to another suicide attempt in 1995, this time by carbon monoxide poisoning. Grant was discovered just in time, slumped over the steering wheel of his car, which was filled with exhaust fumes, and admitted to hospital for treatment. He and Kim took a holiday in Goa in India to recover and on their return, it seemed things were finally going right again. They moved to a small cottage in Church End Twyning, about a mile south of Twyning, near Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire with the ambition of making a fresh start. Grant lived very reclusively and neighbours would only see him when he was trimming his hedge. His last acting role was in "Funny Money" at Devonshire Park Theatre from July 1998. His "new life" did not last, as once more substantial bills continued to arrive and work did not. In despair, Grant made a third and final suicide attempt in 2003. This time he succeeded, dying in his fume-filled car in his garage with a hose attached to the exhaust pipe, and was found dead soon after.


title: Oyster card

text: The Oyster card is a payment method for public transport in London (and certain areas around it) in England, United Kingdom. A standard Oyster card is a blue credit-card-sized stored-value contactless smart card. It is promoted by Transport for London (TfL) and can be used on travel modes across London including London Buses, London Underground, the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), London Overground, Tramlink, some river boat services, and most National Rail services within the London fare zones. Since its introduction in June 2003, more than 86 million cards have been used.


title: Oyster card

text: Oyster cards can hold period tickets; travel permits and; most commonly, credit for travel ("Pay as you go"), which must be added to the card before travel. Passengers touch it on an electronic reader when entering and leaving the transport system in order to validate it and deduct funds from the stored credit. Cards may be "topped-up" by continuous payment authority, by online purchase, at credit card terminals or by cash, the last two methods at stations or ticket offices. The card is designed to reduce the number of transactions at ticket offices and the number of paper tickets. Usage is encouraged by offering substantially cheaper fares than with cash though the acceptance of cash is being phased out. On London buses, cash is no longer accepted.


title: Oyster card

text: The card was first issued to the public on 30 June 2003, with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2012, over 43 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on public transport in London were made using the card.


title: Oyster card

text: From September 2007 to 2010, the Oyster card functionality was experimented on Barclaycard contactless bank cards. Since 2014, the use of Oyster cards has been supplemented by contactless credit and debit cards as part of TfL's "Future Ticketing Programme". TfL was one of the first public transport providers in the world to accept payment by contactless bank cards, after, in Europe, the tramways and bus of Nice on 21 May 2010 either with NFC bank card or smartphone, and the widespread adoption of contactless in London has been credited to this. TfL is now one of Europe's largest contactless merchants, with around 1 in 10 contactless transactions in the UK taking place on the TfL network.


title: Oyster card

text: Early electronic smartcard ticket technology was developed in the 1980s, and the first smartcard was tested by London Transport on bus route 212 from Chingford to Walthamstow in 1992. The trial showed that the technology was possible and that it would reduce boarding times. In February 1994, the "Smartcard" or "Smart Photocard" was launched and trialled in Harrow on 21 routes. Advertised as "the new passport to Harrow’s buses", the trial was the largest of its kind in the world, costing £2 million and resulting in almost 18,000 photocards issued to the Harrow public. It lasted until December 1995 and was a success, proving that it reduces boarding times, is easy to use, and is able to record entry and exit stops and calculate the corresponding fare fee, i.e. pay as you go.


title: Oyster card

text: However, the Upass smartcard of the South Korean capital Seoul would eventually be the first in the world to roll out this sort of technology, at the end of 1995, eight years before London would as the "Oyster card". In the UK, the first smartcard publicly rolled out was the BusCard in the city of Nottingham in 2000.


title: Oyster card

text: The Oyster card was set up under a Private Finance Initiative (PFI) contract between Transport for London (TfL) and TranSys, a consortium of suppliers that included EDS and Cubic Transportation Systems (responsible for day-to-day management) and Fujitsu and WS Atkins (shareholders with no active involvement). The £100 million contract was signed in 1998 for a term of 17 years until 2015 at a total cost of £1.1 billion.


title: Oyster card

text: In August 2008, TfL decided to exercise a break option in the contract to terminate it in 2010, five years early. This followed a number of technical failures. TfL stated that the contractual break was to reduce costs, not connected to the system failures. In November 2008 a new contract was announced between TfL and Cubic and EDS for two of the original consortium shareholders to run the system from 2010 until 2013.


title: Oyster card

text: The Oyster name was agreed on after a lengthy period of research managed by TranSys and agreed by TfL. Two other names were considered and "Oyster" was chosen as a fresh approach that was not directly linked to transport, ticketing or London. Other proposed names were "Pulse" and "Gem". According to Andrew McCrum, now of Appella brand name consultants, who was brought in to find a name by Saatchi and Saatchi Design (contracted by TranSys), "Oyster was conceived ... because of the metaphorical implications of security and value in the hard bivalve shell and the concealed pearl. Its associations with London through Thames estuary oyster beds and the major relevance of the popular idiom "the world is your oyster" were also significant factors in its selection".


title: Oyster card

text: The intellectual property rights to the Oyster brand originally belonged to TranSys. Following the renegotiation of the operating contract in 2008, TfL sought to retain the right to use the Oyster brand after the termination of its partnership with Transys, eventually acquiring the rights to the brand in 2010 at a cost of £1 million.


title: Oyster card

text: The Oyster card has a claimed proximity range of about 80 mm (3 inches). The card operates as a RFID system and is compatible with ISO/IEC 14443 types A and B. Oyster readers can also read other types of cards including Cubic Transportation Systems' Go cards. From its inception until January 2010, Oyster cards were based on NXP/Philips' MIFARE Classic 1k chips provided by Giesecke & Devrient, Gemalto and SchlumbergerSema. All new Oyster cards have used MIFARE DESFire EV1 chips since December 2009. From February 2010, MIFARE Classic-based Oyster cards were no longer issued. MIFARE DESFire cards are now widely used as transport smartcards.


title: Oyster card

text: MIFARE Classic chips, on which the original Oyster card was based, are hard-wired logic smartcards, meaning that they have limited computing power designed for a specific task. The MIFARE DESFire chips used on the new Oyster card are CPUs with much more sophisticated security features and more complex computation power. They are activated only when they are in an electromagnetic field compatible with ISO/IEC 14443 type A, provided by Oyster readers. The readers read information from the cards, calculate whether to allow travel, assess any fare payable and write back information to the card. Some basic information about the MIFARE Classic or MIFARE DESFire chip can be read by any ISO/IEC 14443 type A compatible reader, but Oyster-specific information cannot be read without access to the encryption used for the Oyster system. While it has been suggested that a good reader could read personal details from a distance, there has been no evidence of anyone being able to decrypt Oyster information. By design the cards do not carry any personal information. Aluminium shielding has been suggested to prevent any personal data from being read.


title: Oyster card

text: Oyster uses a distributed settlement framework. All transactions are settled between the card and reader alone. Readers transmit the transactions to the back office in batches but there is no need for this to be done in real time. The back office acts mainly as a record of transactions that have been completed between cards and readers. This provides a high degree of resilience.


title: Oyster card

text: In 2008, a fashion caught on for removing the RFID chip from Oyster cards and attaching it to wrist watches and bracelets. This allowed commuters to pass through the gates by "swiping" their hand without the need to take out a proper card. Although the RFID chips were charged in the normal way and no fare evasion was involved, TfL disapproved of the practice and threatened to fine anyone not carrying a full undamaged card, although it is not clear what the actual offence would be, were a case to be brought.


title: Oyster card

text: The Oyster system is based on a closed, proprietary architecture from Cubic Transportation Systems. The card readers were developed entirely by Cubic, whereas development of the back office systems was started by Fujitsu and completed by Cubic. The system has the capability to interface with equipment or services provided by other suppliers. The Oyster website is not part of the closed system but interfaces with it. Similarly, Oyster readers are now embedded into ticket machines produced by Shere and Scheidt and Bachmann on the national rail network.


title: Oyster card

text: In early 2007, TfL and Deloitte worked to migrate the on-line payment systems to a more open architecture, using a number of open source components such as Linux, to resolve issues of lock-in costs, updates, incorporation of new security standards of PCI DSS, non-scalability, low and inconsistent quality of service, and slower response time to business changes.


title: Oyster card

text: Oyster cards can be registered or protected for loss or theft. Full registration can be done at a London Underground station, an Oyster Ticket Stop (shop) or a Travel Information Centre: an Oyster registration form must be filled in (either at time of purchase or subsequently). Registration enables the customer to buy any product for the card and to have an after-sales service, and it protects against theft or loss. The customer has to supply a Security Answer: either their mother's maiden name, memorable date or memorable place.


title: Oyster card

text: All adult Oyster cards purchased online or by phone are fully registered. (This does not include Visitor Oyster cards.)


title: Oyster card

text: Oyster cards obtained at stations or shops cannot be fully registered online. However, cards can be "protected" online by setting up an Oyster online account and linking the card to that account. This allows for a full protection against theft or loss, but the Oyster card will be able to hold only 7-day season tickets and pay-as-you-go.


title: Oyster card

text: Visitor Oyster cards can be obtained from Visit Britain outlets around the world, and from other transport operators, such as EasyJet and Gatwick Express, and online and from any ticket office. However, these limited-functionality cards cannot be registered. A £5 deposit is required which will be refunded in cash upon return of the card. Any remaining credit on the card is refundable as well.


title: Oyster card

text: increased to £5 for a refundable Oyster card in January 2011. The deposit and any unused credit is refundable by posting the card to TfL; however, refunds are paid only by pounds sterling cheque, bank transfer to a UK bank account, credit to another Oyster card, or a TfL web account voucher, and refunds of over £15 require the customer to provide proof of identity and address. Refunds of up to £10 in credit plus the deposit may be claimed at London Underground ticket machines, which will pay the refund in cash. Even though the £5 deposit is officially for the card itself, the ticket machine has no facility for relieving the customer of the card who departs the transaction still in possession of a (now useless) Oyster card. On cards issued since February 2020, the £5 deposit has become a card fee and will be repaid as credit to the card on the first transaction made more than a year after issue; it is no longer repayable. This is to encourage retention of cards.


title: Oyster card

text: A registration form can be obtained at or after the time of purchase, which if not completed restricts the Oyster card to Pay-as-you-go and weekly tickets.


title: Oyster card

text: Ticket vending machines on most National Rail stations will top-up Oyster cards and sell tickets that can be loaded on to Oyster. New Oyster cards are not available at most National Rail stations and termini. At several main line termini, TfL runs Travel Information Centres, which do sell Oyster.


title: Oyster card

text: Touch-screen ticket machines report the last eight journeys and last top-up amount. The same information is available as a print-out from ticket offices, and also on board London Buses by request. The balance is displayed on some Underground barriers at the end of journeys that have caused a debit from the balance, and can also be requested at newsagents and National Rail stations that provide a top-up facility.


title: Oyster card

text: A complete 8-week 'touch' history can be requested from TfL: for registered and protected Oyster cards, TfL can provide the history for the previous 8 weeks, but no further back.


title: Oyster card

text: Travellers touch the card on a distinctive yellow circular reader (a Tri-Reader, developed by Cubic Transportation Systems) on the automated barriers at London Underground stations to 'touch in' and 'touch out' at the start and end of a journey. Physical contact is not necessary, but the range of the reader is only a few millimetres. Tram stops have readers on the platforms, and buses also have readers on the driver/conductor's ticket machine, and on these modes passengers must touch their card to the reader at the start of their journey only. Most Docklands Light Railway stations and occasionally London Underground stations such as at Waterloo (for the Waterloo & City line) do not have automatic barriers; hence, passengers must touch their card on a reader at both the beginning and end of their journey if they wish to avoid being charged the maximum fare for an unresolved journey. Such a step is not needed if transferring between trains within a station.


title: Oyster card

text: Oyster cards can be used to store season tickets of both travelcards and bus passes (of one week or more), and a Pay-as-you-go balance.


title: Oyster card

text: An Oyster card can hold up to three season tickets at the same time. Season tickets are Bus & Tram Passes or Travelcards lasting 7 days, 1 month, or any duration up to one year (annual).


title: Oyster card

text: There is no essential difference in validity or cost between a 7-day, monthly or longer period Travelcard on Oyster and one on a traditional paper ticket; they are valid on all Underground, Overground, DLR, bus, tram and national rail services within the zones purchased. See the main article for a fuller explanation of Travelcards. Tube, DLR and London Overground Travelcards may be used on buses in all zones. Trams may also be used if the travelcard includes Zones 3, 4, 5 or 6.


title: Oyster card

text: Although TfL asks all Oyster users to tap their card at entry/exit points of their journey, in practice Travelcard holders only need to "touch in" and "touch out" to operate ticket barriers or because they intend to travel outside the zones for which their Travelcard is valid. As long as the Travelcard holder stays within their permitted zones no fare will be deducted from the pay-as-you-go funds on the card. The Oyster system checks that the Travelcard is valid in the zones it is being used in.


title: Oyster card

text: If users travel outside the valid zones of their Travelcard (but within Oyster payment zones), any remaining fare due may be deducted from their pay-as-you-go funds (see below for how this is calculated). From 22 May 2011, "Oyster Extension Permits" (OEPs) were no longer required. Before that date, users who travelled outside the zones of their Travelcard, and whose journey involved the use of a National Rail service, were required to set an OEP on their Oyster card before travelling, to ensure that they paid for the extra-zonal journey.


title: Oyster card

text: Oyster card Travelcards can be renewed at the normal sales points and ticket machines at London Underground or London Overground stations, Oyster Ticket Stop agents, or some National Rail stations. Travelcards can also be renewed online via the Oystercard website, or by telephone sales from TfL; users must then nominate a Tube or overground station where they will tap their card in order to charge the card with the funds or season ticket purchased. Alternatively a user can choose to automatically add either £20 or £40 every time the balance on the card falls below £20. Online purchases can be collected at any Oyster touch point (including buses) 30 minutes after purchase; the previous requirement to nominate a station at which to collect the top-up and wait until the next day has been removed.


title: Oyster card

text: In addition to holding Travelcards and bus passes, Oyster cards can also be used as stored-value cards, holding electronic funds of money. Amounts are deducted from the card each time it is used, and the funds can be "recharged" when required. The maximum value that an Oyster card may hold is £90. This system is known as "pay as you go" (abbreviated PAYG), because instead of holding a season ticket, the user only pays at the point of use.


title: Oyster card

text: When Oyster cards were introduced, the PAYG system was initially named "pre pay", and this name is still sometimes used by National Rail. TfL officially refers to the system as "pay as you go" in all publicity.


title: Oyster card

text: The validity of PAYG has a more complex history as it has only been gradually accepted by transport operators independent of TfL. Additionally, the use of PAYG differs across the various modes of transport in London, and passengers are sometimes required to follow different procedures to pay for their journey correctly.


title: Oyster card

text: It is possible to have a negative pay-as-you-go balance after completing a journey, but this will prevent the card from being used (even if it is loaded with a valid Travelcard) until the card is topped up.


title: Oyster card

text: In 2009, TfL introduced a new type of Oyster card validator, distinguished from the standard yellow validators by having a pink-coloured reader. They do not deduct funds, but are used at peripheral interchange points to confirm journey details. Oyster pay-as-you-go users travelling between two points without passing through Zone 1 are eligible for a lower fare, and from 6 September 2009 can confirm their route by touching their Oyster cards on the pink validators when they change trains, allowing them to be charged the appropriate fare without paying for Zone 1 travel. The pink validators are located at 16 interchange stations.


title: Oyster card

text: An example journey would be Watford Junction to Richmond, which costs £5.00 peak and £3.10 off-peak when travelling via Zone 1. If travelling on a route outside Zone 1 via , the fares are £4.10 and £1.80 respectively, which can be charged correctly if the Oyster card is validated at the pink validator when changing trains at Willesden Junction.


title: Oyster card

text: Oyster card pay-as-you-go users must "touch in" at the start of a journey by London Underground or DLR, and "touch out" again at the end. The Oyster card readers automatically calculate the correct fare based on the start and end points of the journey and deduct that fare from the Oyster card. Pay-as-you-go funds are also used to cover any additional fares due from season ticket holders who have travelled outside the valid zones of their season ticket (see Travelcards above).


title: Oyster card

text: Passengers enter or exit most London Underground stations through ticket barriers which are operated by scanning an Oyster card or inserting a valid ticket. Some tube stations (such as those at National Rail interchanges) and DLR stations have standalone validators with no barriers. In both instances, pay-as-you-go users are required to touch in and out.


title: Oyster card

text: London Overground services are operated by Arriva on behalf of TfL and Oyster pay-as-you-go users use their cards in the same way as on Underground journeys, touching their card on a card reader at the entry and exit points of their journey to calculate the fare due.


title: Oyster card

text: Users must touch the Oyster card only once at the point of boarding: as London buses have a flat fare of £1.65 (which allows for unlimited bus journeys within 62 minutes from the point of touching in), there is no need to calculate an end point of the journey.


title: Oyster card

text: In July 2016, cash became a deprecated form of payment for travel on London Buses, with TfL heavily promoting the use of a contactless card or Oyster card. All major contactless cards are accepted which carry the 'contactless symbol', however tourists are advised to check with their bank before travel for validity details.


title: Oyster card

text: As London buses do not accept cash payments, TfL introduced a "one more journey" incentive on Oyster cards. This meant that customers are able to take a bus if their cards have £0 or more. Doing so may result in a negative balance, but the card can be topped up at a later date. When using the 'one more journey' feature, customers receive an emergency fare advice slip to acknowledge that the Oyster 'One More Journey' feature has been used and to remind them that their card needs to be topped up before another journey can be made. It is estimated that by eliminating cash from buses, TfL will save £103m by the year 2023, which will be reinvested into the capital.


title: Oyster card

text: Some London bus routes cross outside the Greater London boundary before reaching their terminus. Pay-as-you-go users are permitted to travel the full length of these route on buses operated as part of the London Bus network, even to destinations some distance outside Greater London.


title: Oyster card

text: London's trams operate on the same fare structure as buses; the rules are similar, and users with pre-pay must touch the Oyster card only once at the point of boarding. Users with Travelcards valid for the Tramlink zones need not touch in unless travelling to with a Travelcard not valid in zone 3.


title: Oyster card

text: A more complex arrangement exists at Wimbledon station; tram passengers starting their journey there must pass through ticket gates in order to reach the tram platform, and therefore need to touch their Oyster card to open the barriers. They must then touch their Oyster card once again on the card reader on the Tramlink platform to confirm their journey as a tram passenger. Tram passengers arriving in Wimbledon must not touch out on the card reader on the Tramlink platform, but must touch-out to exit via the station gates. If the card is touched on the platform, the touch-out at the gate would be seen as a touch-in and cause the maximum fare to be charged to the card.