title: Hachiman

text: In Shinto religion, he is mortally Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇, "Ōjin Tennō") by birth who reigned in the 3rd–4th century and the son of Empress Jingū (神功皇后, "Jingū-kōgō"), later became deified and identified by legend as ""Yahata-no-kami"" meaning "Kami of Eight Banners", referring to the eight heavenly banners that signaled the birth of the divine and deified emperor, and is also called Hondawake (誉田別命). His messenger is the dove, symbolizes both the bow and arrow found in samurai banners associated to him where he is called ""Yumiya Hachiman"" (弓矢八幡).


title: Hachiman

text: Since ancient times Hachiman has been worshiped by farmers as the god of agriculture and by fishermen, who hoped that he would fill their nets with many fish.


title: Hachiman

text: During the age of the samurai, descendants of both samurai clans, Seiwa Genji (清和源氏 "Seiwa Gen-ji", a line of the Minamoto clan descended from Emperor Seiwa) and Kanmu Taira (桓武平氏 "Kanmu Taira'u-ji/ Hei-shi/ Hei-ji", a line of the Taira clan descended from Emperor Kanmu) honored Hachiman, from which the tradition is laid nationwide where samurai clans (武家 ""buke"" in Japanese) honor Hachiman as the revered deity to them. His other roles include: to determine a samurai's fate whether they are in success or failure at battle, to control and protect martial arts, and to proclaim the victory of the army.


title: Hachiman

text: Although often called the god of war, he is more strictly defined as the tutelary god of warriors. He is also the divine protector of Japan, the Japanese people and the Imperial House.


title: Hachiman

text: In present form of Shinto, Hachiman is the divine spirit of Emperor Ōjin. Emperor Kinmei (欽明天皇, "Kinmei-tennō") in his Regnal Year 32 (571 AD) handed down that deified Emperor Ōjin was revealed for the first time to the land of Usa (宇佐の地) - present-day city of Usa, in Oita Prefecture, where he became the patron deity of this city, along with a lesser Shinto female deity "Himegami" (比売神) and the Emperor's mother, Empress Jingū, which the trio known as Hachiman Mikami (八幡三神) is enshrined.


title: Hachiman

text: Amongst the "Hachiman Mikami", there are many shrines that enshrines other figures apart from the trio, like Emperor Chūai (仲哀天皇, "Chūai-tennō") instead of Empress Jingū, the legendary hero and Shinto deity "Takenouchi no Sukune" or "Takeshiuchi no Sukune" (武内宿禰) and the female deity "Tamayori-hime" (玉依毘売命 or 玉依姫尊), where there is a dedicated prayer for safe childbirth in the Shinto shrine of Umi Hachimangū (宇美八幡宮) in Umi, Fukuoka prefecture.


title: Hachiman

text: The three "Munakata" goddesses (宗像三女神 "Munakata Sanjoshin") born from the divination ritual "Ukehi" or "Ukei" (宇気比, 誓約, 祈, 誓, 誓占, lit. "pledge divination") between the goddess Amaterasu and the god Susanoo - that is "Tagitsu-hime" (多岐津姫命), "Ichikishima-hime" (市杵嶋姫命) and "Tagairi-hime" (多紀理姫命) - is said where they descended from the heavens as the "Three Pillars of "Usanoshima" (宇佐嶋) of the ancient province of Tsukushi (筑紫)", located in a temple complex on Mt. Omotosan (御許山) in Usa.


title: Hachiman

text: The "Munakata" goddesses are thereby the matriarchs of an ancient tribe and clan "Munakata-shi" (宗像氏, 宗形氏) which fishermen worshipped collectively as a whole. It is thought that the worship of "Munakata" goddesses by the "Munakata" clan was due to Empress Jingū's success in the "Conquest of the Three Kingdoms (of Korea)" (三韓征伐 "Sankan Seipatsu"). Therefore, they are old Shinto folk deities (地主神 "jinushigami") before the presence of Hachiman.


title: Hachiman

text: "Himegami" (比売神) is thought to be the consort or aunt of Hachiman, whereas "Tamayori-hime" (玉依毘売命 or 玉依姫尊) possibly and perhaps as the mother viewed by opinion aforementioned. Since the description of Hachiman as the Emperor Ojin appeared in the "Digest Record of "Todai-ji Temple" (東大寺要録 "Tōdai-ji Yoroku")" and "Records of the Age of the Gods from the "Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine" (住吉大社神代記 "Sumiyoshi-Taisha Jindaiki"), the practice of merging Emperor Ōjin into Hachiman is estimated to have begun in the Nara Period or the Heian Period.


title: Hachiman

text: There are also different theories and opinions concerning the goddesses Amaterasu and "Kukuri-hime" (菊理媛神 or 菊理媛命, a Shinto goddess venerated as "Shirayama-hime" (白山比咩), in which both called the goddess "Himegami" "Himiko" (卑弥呼, or "Pimiko", also known as "Shin-gi Wa-ō" (親魏倭王, "Ruler of Wa, Friend of Wei"), a shamaness-queen of Yamatai-koku in Wakoku (倭国) around c. 170–248 AD.


title: Hachiman

text: Emperor Ojin was already destined to ascend the throne from the moment in the womb of his mother and Empress, is called "Emperor in the Womb", is based and interpreted sometimes in her belief as being the "mother deity" to the child-to-be who would be deified. The Three "Munakata" Goddesses, the Three "Sumiyoshi" Gods (住吉三神 "Sumiyoshi Sanjin") and the goddess Amaterasu who were revered by the tribal clan "Munakata-shi" due to their aid in the "Conquest of the Three Kingdoms (of Korea)" is also worshiped in various places. It is said by tradition in commemoration after the conquest, Empress Jingu set up eight big military flags on Tsushima (対馬) which then became the origin of the name ""Hirohatano Yahata Ōkami" (広幡乃八幡大神)""," also the origin of the name ""Yahata" (八幡)""" to the Empress' son, the then-emperor Ojin.


title: Hachiman

text: Since Hachiman was considered to be a divine spirit of the Emperor Ojin, he was placed as both the ancestor and "Kōso-shin" (皇祖神, "Imperial Ancestor Deity") of the Imperial Family of Japan. He was considered to be the guardian deity of the Imperial Household after the Grand Goddess "Amaterasu" written down in the "Chronicle of the "Jōkyū" Era" ("承久記 Jōkyūki") to the "Compilation of the Grand Goddess "Amaterasu" of Ise and "Hachiman Daibosatsu" on the Imperial Throne of Japan".


title: Hachiman

text: The founding of "Konda Hachiman-gū" (誉田八幡宮) Shrine at Habikino in Osaka Prefecture have been a long time linked with the connection to Emperor Ojin, therefore the Imperial Family also both revered the Usa Shrine (宇佐神宮 "Usa Jingū", also known as 宇佐八幡宮 "Usa Hachiman-gū") at Usa in Oita Prefecture, and the Iwashimizu Hachiman Shrine (石清水八幡宮 "Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū") at Yawata in Kyoto Prefecture, as the second ancestral shrine after the dominant Ise Grand Shrine (伊勢神宮 "Ise Jingū").


title: Hachiman

text: After the arrival of Buddhism in Japan, Hachiman became a syncretistic deity, fusing elements of the native "kami" worship with Buddhism ("shinbutsu-shūgō"). In the 8th century AD, he joined the Buddhist pantheon as where his "jinja" (神社 - Shinto shrines) "and jingu" (神宮 - Shinto shrine of the Imperial family) were incorporated to shrines in Buddhist temples (寺 "tera").


title: Hachiman

text: This transition happened when the Great Buddha of Tōdai-ji (東大寺, "Eastern Great Temple") was being built and recorded in the era of the "First Year of "Tenpyō-shōhō" (天平勝宝 "Heavenly Peace and Victorious Treasure")" under the reign of Emperor Kōken in 749 AD, an oracle was declared by Hachiman to a senior Shinto priest (禰宜 "negi") and nun from Usa Shrine to proceed to the capital (in Nara) that Hachiman would cooperate in the construction of a "Great Buddha" dedicated to him. From this recognition Hachiman was syncretised into Buddhism from early on.


title: Hachiman

text: Then in the "First Year of the Era of Ten'ō (天応)" under the reign of Emperor Kōnin in 781 AD, the Shinto imperial court granted the Shinto deity "Usa Hachiman" (Hachiman of Usa) with Buddhist deity "Hachiman Daibosatsu" as the guardian god for the spiritual protection of the state. As a result, the spread of worship to Hachiman is transferred and received to Buddhist temples or shrines throughout the country where the "theory of Shinto and Buddhist syncretism (本地垂迹 "Honji Suijaku")" is established, therefore considered Amitabha to be the Buddha manifestation of Hachiman. However, the Japanese Buddhist priest Nichiren (日蓮) of the Kamakura Period says he denies the theory and assumes the true form of "Hachiman Daibosatsu" is Shakyamuni Buddha (i.e. Gautama Buddha)"."


title: Hachiman

text: Thereafter in the Heian Period, veneration of Shinto shrines of Hachiman have been received and gathered throughout the nation by the samurai clans Seiwa of the Genji clan (清和源氏) and Kanmu of the Taira clan (桓武平氏). When the theory of syncretism has spread during this period, Hachiman is depicted to represent a Buddhist monk and is then called "Sogyō Hachiman" (僧形八幡神, "Buddhist Priest-Form Hachiman").


title: Hachiman

text: Because Emperor Ōjin was an ancestor of the Minamoto warrior clan, Hachiman became its . Minamoto no Yoshiie, upon coming of age at Iwashimizu Shrine in Kyoto, took the name "Hachiman Taro Yoshiie", and, through his military prowess and virtue as a leader, came to be regarded and respected as the ideal samurai through the ages. After Minamoto no Yoritomo became "shōgun" and established the Kamakura shogunate, Hachiman's popularity grew and he became by extension the protector of the warrior class that the shōgun had brought to power. For this reason, the "shintai" of a Hachiman shrine is usually a stirrup or a bow.


title: Hachiman

text: Following the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, the worship of Hachiman spread throughout Japan among not only samurai, but also the peasantry. There are now about 2,500 Shinto shrines dedicated to Hachiman, who has more shrines dedicated to him than any other deity except Inari. Usa Shrine in Usa, Ōita Prefecture is head shrine of all these shrines; other important Hachiman shrines are Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū, Hakozaki-gū and Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū.


title: Hachiman

text: Hachiman's mon (emblem) is a "mitsudomoe", a round whirlpool or vortex with three heads swirling right or left. Many samurai clans used this "mon" as their own, including some that traced their ancestry back to the mortal enemy of the Minamoto, the Emperor Kanmu of the Taira clan (, "Kanmu Heishi").


title: Asha Sharath

text: Asha Sharath (born 19 July 1974) is an Indian actress and classical dancer, who predominantly works in Malayalam films and television shows and also has a few Tamil, Kannada and Telugu film credits.


title: Asha Sharath

text: Asha Sharath started her acting career through Malayalam television serials such as Jathaka Kathakal and Mikhayelinte Santhathikal. Kumkumapoovu made her popular. Her first feature film was "Friday". She has also appeared in "Karmayodha, Ardha Nari". Her role in "Drishyam" as an IPS officer was very well acclaimed.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: The eighth season of "American Idol" premiered on Tuesday, January 13, 2009, and concluded on May 20, 2009. Judges Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, and Randy Jackson continued to judge the show's contestants, along with Ryan Seacrest as host. The season introduced Kara DioGuardi as the fourth judge on the "Idol" panel. It was also Abdul's final season as a judge. Kris Allen, a native of Conway, Arkansas, was announced the winner of the competition on May 20, 2009, defeating runner-up Adam Lambert after nearly 100 million votes were cast. This was the second season where both of the final two contestants had been in the bottom three or two at least once before the finale, with the first being season three.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: The eighth season saw numerous changes to the format of the show. There were 36 semi-finalists instead of 24, and thirteen finalists instead of twelve, nine contestants chosen by the public and four by the judges in a wild card round. Another addition was the "save," which was used on the top seven results show to veto Matt Giraud's elimination.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Multiple contestants from this season were signed to record deals. This includes winner Kris Allen, who was then signed to 19 Entertainment/Jive Records, runner-up Adam Lambert, Danny Gokey, Allison Iraheta, Lil Rounds, Anoop Desai, Michael Sarver, and Mickey Guyton.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Several changes were planned for season eight. Fox Entertainment president Kevin Reilly stated that "Idol" would feature fewer "William Hung-like" contestants and "funny auditions," and would quickly move its focus to the potential singers during the earlier stages of the competition, thus moving the season at a faster pace. Mike Darnell, president of Fox's alternative programming, said the contestants would be more emotional and that viewers would learn more about them and their pasts than they had in the previous season.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge on the panel. She had previously collaborated with Celine Dion, Hilary Duff, Britney Spears, Enrique Iglesias, Leona Lewis and Christina Aguilera, and produced several Top 40 hits. As a songwriter, she had already worked with several American Idol alumni and winners, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, David Archuleta and David Cook. Meanwhile, Ken Warwick became the new executive producer, as Nigel Lythgoe had left the show to focus on "So You Think You Can Dance" and his new show with Simon Fuller, "Superstars of Dance".


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: "Idol Gives Back" was canceled for season 8, as the economic crisis and recession, left "Idol" officials uncomfortable asking financially struggling viewers to donate. The semifinals saw the biggest change as the wild card round returned for the first time since the third season. After voters picked three finalists from each of three groups of 12 semi-finalists, the judges selected eight of the previously eliminated 27 semifinalists to return and perform a song on the March 5, 2009, show. They were judged by the panel, instead of a vote by the viewers, with four advancing to the finals. Although the finals had been billed from the beginning of the season as a set of 12 contestants, the judges announced at the last minute that they would be advancing a fourth wild card/thirteenth contestant, Anoop Desai, as well. The eighth season also marked the first time that auditions were conducted outside the continental United States, when the show traveled to U.S. territory San Juan, Puerto Rico to screen potential contestants.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Another change in the "Idol" format is judges' save, an element previously used in France's "Nouvelle Star" ("French Idol"). The judges were given the power to exercise a veto on one eliminated contestant in the finals and spare them from elimination for that particular week. This can only be invoked up until the Final 5 (Final 6 for the thirteenth, fourteenth and seventeenth seasons.) The following week two contestants will be eliminated if the save is used because nobody is eliminated on the week that the save is used, except in eleventh and thirteenth seasons when only one contestant was eliminated. The save can only be used once per season and it must be unanimous. The new format change was revealed on March 11, 2009. The first recipient of the Judges' Save was Matt Giraud and the last when the show was on Fox was Qaasim Middleton. The twelfth season is the only season the judges' save was not used. Placings of the recipients have ranged from eighth place to runner-up. The judges' save retired after the fifteenth season, but returned in the seventeenth season (with the show airing on ABC), when the judges saved Laci Kaye Booth.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Contestants were required to be between the ages 16 and 28 on July 15, 2008, and eligible to work in the United States. Contestants were ineligible if they had previously reached the semifinal in Season 1-3 and 7, or the top 44 from season 4 and 5, or top 40 from season 6. They were also ineligible if they held then current recording or management contracts or if they were not U.S. citizens or landed immigrants (i.e. temporary residents).


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: One auditioner who received widespread publicity was Katrina Darrell, also known as "Bikini Girl", for auditioning in her bikini. She reached the Hollywood stage but was cut in the group round.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: For this season, the Hollywood round moved from the Orpheum Theatre to the Kodak Theatre, which was previously used for the finale in seasons 1 and 3–6. In addition, the Hollywood round was extended to two weeks.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: In the first round, the 147 contestants each sang a short solo a cappella performance of any song. The next round had the remaining 107 contestants performing in groups of three or four. Group rounds had returned since season 6. The 72 contestants that passed group day performed one more solo song, this time accompanied by a band, before being narrowed down to 54. The final 54 then went to the "judges' mansion" in Los Angeles for the final results, and the Top 36 were announced. Some contestants had a sing-off to determine who would enter the top 36. Lacey Brown, who lost in a sing-off with 9th placer Megan Joy, later made the following season's Top 12 where she became the first finalist voted out.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: The 36 contestants performed in three groups of twelve and sang songs that were "Billboard" Hot 100 hits. In each group, three people advanced to the next round via a public vote, while the next highest vote recipient of the remaining ten contestants in each group. Each week two males advanced however it was never revealed who was the highest voted and which advanced through the non-gender specific slot.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Due to the 2009 Speech to the Joint Session of the United States Congress that held on February 24, which falls on a Tuesday, the performance show was moved to Wednesday, February 25, and results on Thursday, February 26.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Following those nine singers advancing, judges pick eight of the remaining 27 semi-finalists to compete in the Wild Card round. Following another performance by each Wild Card contender, the judges selected four contestants to advance to the final group of 13.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Kris Allen (born June 21, 1985, in Jacksonville, Arkansas, 23 years old at the time of the show) is from Conway, Arkansas and auditioned in Louisville, Kentucky with Leon Russell's "A Song For You". Allen's interest in music began at an early age; he taught himself how to play guitar at the age of 13, as well as numerous other instruments. Prior to "Idol", he worked as a worship leader at New Life Church in Maumelle, Arkansas, and is a member of Chi Alpha Campus Ministries at the University of Central Arkansas, where he is a business major. Allen was announced the winner on May 20. He went on to release his first official single, "No Boundaries", which was written by Idol judge Kara DioGuardi. As a part of winning "Idol", Allen was signed by Jive Records and 19 Entertainment.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Adam Lambert (born January 29, 1982, in Indianapolis, Indiana, 26 years at the time of his audition) is from San Diego, California and auditioned in San Francisco, California with Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody". Lambert grew up in Rancho Peñasquitos, San Diego, California and attended Deer Canyon Elementary School, Mesa Verde Middle School, and Mt. Carmel High School, where he took part in theater and choir, and also performed with the school's jazz band. Lambert has been a stage actor since the age of ten, performing in such productions as "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" and "Wicked". He joined the band The Citizen Vein briefly. He also worked as a demo singer, and those recordings were released after his appearance on "Idol" in the album "Take One". Lambert roomed with Kris Allen during the show. Lambert was the runner-up. He was signed to RCA Records after the show and released his debut album "For Your Entertainment".


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Danny Gokey (born April 24, 1980, 28 years at the time of his audition) is from Milwaukee, Wisconsin and auditioned in Kansas City, Missouri. Gokey first began singing in church with his family, and has been a worship leader for his church in Milwaukee, Faith Builders International Ministries, for several years. Four weeks before Gokey auditioned for "American Idol", in July 2008, his wife Sophia underwent surgery due to congenital heart disease. She later died from complications regarding the extensive surgery. He was eliminated from the Top 3 on May 13, 2009.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Allison Iraheta (born April 27, 1992, in Glendale, California, 16 years at the time of her audition) is from Los Angeles and auditioned in San Francisco, California. Iraheta began singing at an early age, performing at small venues for her family and friends. In 2006, Iraheta won the Telemundo television series "Quinceañera", where she won $50,000 and a recording contract, where only the prize money was granted. She was eliminated from the Top 4 on May 6. In making the final she became the series' youngest finalist at sixteen and turned seventeen during the Top 5 week. Her debut album, "Just Like You", was released on December 1, 2009, with the single "Friday I'll Be Over U".


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Matt Giraud (born May 11, 1985, in Dearborn, Michigan, 23 years at his time of the show) is from Kalamazoo, Michigan and auditioned in Louisville, Kentucky with Gavin DeGraw's "I Don't Want to Be". Giraud grew up in Ypsilanti, Michigan, where he graduated from Lincoln High School in 2003. Initially eliminated from the Top 13, Giraud was chosen by the judges to rejoin the competition during the Wild Card round. Giraud was the lowest vote-getter during the Top 7, but was saved by the judges and eventually eliminated in Top 5. He released an album called "Perspective" in 2003 and another in 2006 called "Mind Body and Soul".


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Anoop Desai (born December 20, 1986, in Cary, North Carolina, 22 years at the time of the show) is from Chapel Hill, North Carolina and auditioned in Kansas City, Missouri. Desai is an only child, whose father was born in India and mother was born in South Africa. He began his career as an actor for the television station WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina in a local television series entitled "CentralXpress.com", and played the character "Raj". Desai attended Carnage Middle School and Phillips Middle School, then later went on to attend East Chapel Hill High School, graduating in 2004. Desai's performance as a soloist on the song "She Has No Time" was included on the 2007 iteration of the annual BOCA (Best of College A Cappella) compilation album. Desai has credited his decision to audition for "American Idol" to the death of a friend, Eve Carson, who was murdered. Initially eliminated from the Top 13, he was chosen by the judges to rejoin the competition during the Wild Card round. His advancement to the finals made "Idol" history, making it a top 13.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Lil Rounds (born October 20, 1984, 24 years at the time of the show) is from Memphis, Tennessee and auditioned in Kansas City, Missouri with Stevie Wonder's "All I Do" . Shortly before her audition on "Idol", a tornado hit Memphis, forcing Rounds to temporarily live in a motel. Her grandfather once worked with the musician B.B. King. Her performance of Dolly Parton's "I Will Always Love You" in the Hollywood round impressed the judges; however, she failed to impress the judges in the finals and was eliminated in joint-seventh place with Anoop Desai.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Scott MacIntyre (born June 22, 1985, 23 years at the time of the show) is from Scottsdale, Arizona and auditioned in Phoenix, Arizona. MacIntyre is the first legally blind person to audition for "American Idol". MacIntyre began practicing music at the age of six. Home-schooled until the age of fourteen, he later attended Arizona State University's Barrett Honors College and Herberger College of the Arts soon afterwards. In 2005, "USA Today" named him one of its twenty College Academic All-Stars. He obtained his master's degree at Royal Holloway, University of London and the Royal College of Music, where he studied on a Marshall Scholarship. MacIntyre produced his first CD when he was eleven, and has recorded five more CDs since then. He was accepted to both Oxford University and Cambridge University for further graduate-level education.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Megan Joy (born September 18, 1985, 23 years at the time of the show) is a single mother from Sandy, Utah and auditioned in Salt Lake City, Utah with Helen Morgan's "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man". Initially eliminated from the Top 13, Joy was chosen by the judges to rejoin the competition during the Wild Card round. In high school, Joy unsuccessfully tried out for numerous performance groups, including choir, and never had any singing lessons before her audition on "Idol". Joy graduated from Taylorsville High School in Taylorsville, Utah in 2003. She has one son named Ryder.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Michael Sarver (born March 28, 1981, in Sulphur, Louisiana, 27 years at the time of the show) is from Jasper, Texas and auditioned in Phoenix, Arizona with Boyz II Men's "Thank You". Sarver, an oil rig worker, began singing at the age of twelve, and has written over 890 songs for himself since that time. Sarver graduated from Sulphur High School in 1998.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Alexis Grace (born August 14, 1987, 21 years at the time of the show) is from Memphis, Tennessee and auditioned in Louisville, Kentucky with Aretha Franklin's "Dr Feelgood". She gave birth to her daughter when she was nineteen. Grace began singing at an early age. She performed Aretha Franklin's "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" and Carrie Underwood's "Before He Cheats" in the Hollywood rounds.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Jorge Núñez (born October 1, 1987, in Cidra, Puerto Rico, 21 years at the time of the show) is from Carolina, Puerto Rico, and auditioned in San Juan, Puerto Rico. For the audition, he sang "My Way" in Spanish and Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World" in English. Núñez speaks three languages fluently, English, Spanish and French. After he sang during the third semi-finals week, many people were amazed by his big voice, including Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez, who had stated they wanted to perform with him. He performed Jon Secada's "Angel" during the Hollywood round. Of the Top 13, Núñez was the only contestant who auditioned in Puerto Rico. He was the eliminated from the Top 13 in the first week of the finals, along with Jasmine Murray.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Jasmine Murray (born March 14, 1992, in Columbus, Mississippi, 16 years old at the time of the show) is from Starkville, Mississippi and auditioned in Jacksonville, Florida. Initially eliminated from the Top 13, Murray was chosen by the judges to rejoin the competition during the Wild Card round. In addition to competing on "Idol", she competed in the Miss America's Outstanding Teen pageant in 2007. She was eliminated from the Top 13 in the first week of the finals, along with Jorge Núñez.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: There are 11 weeks of finals and 13 contestants compete and at least one finalist eliminated per week based on the American public's votes. New to this series is the "Judge's save", where the judges can veto the elimination for one contestant, making the week a non-elimination, but by doing so, the week after the save is used will become a double elimination. The first week of 'Top 13' is a double elimination, making it the first season in "American Idol" to have two double elimination weeks in the final phase.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: During the first week, Alexis Grace's phone number was temporarily replaced from 1-866-IDOLS-13 to 1-866-IDOLS-36 as the former number was not owned by the program (see telephone number controversy below).


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: This episode reran on June 29, 2009, in a tribute to the death of Michael Jackson on June 25. To date, this became the only episode of the show to by Fox. Cowell had originally hoped for Jackson to perform on the show as part of his comeback tour.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Contestants performed songs based on the country music concert, Grand Ole Opry, for this week. Country singer Randy Travis served as the guest mentor this week.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Smokey Robinson served as the guest mentor this week. The show aired on a Wednesday/Thursday, March 25 and 26, as the Tuesday was pre-empted by the White House Press Conference.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: The contestants sang one song from an entertainer. Entertainer and comedian Jamie Foxx served as the guest mentor this week.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: For the first time this season, each contestant performed two songs: a solo and one duet with a fellow contestant. Slash served as the guest mentor this week.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Each contestant sang three songs, chosen by the contestant, the mentor Fuller, and one song for their debut single, "No Boundaries".


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: In addition, songs are played during the elimination night to promote an artist, single, album, or the show itself. Included is a list of those songs with their "Billboard" Hot 100 and Hot Digital Songs reactions.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: "I'm Yours" (Jason Mraz) - Jason Mraz, Anoop Desai & Alexis Grace (the rest of the top 13 minus Kris & Adam joined at the end of the song)


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: "Glamorous" (Fergie) - Top 13 girls (Alison Iraheta, Lil Rounds, Megan Joy, Alexis Grace & Jasmine Murray)


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" (Rod Stewart) - Top 13 guys (Kris Allen, Adam Lambert, Danny Gokey, Matt Giraud, Annop Desai, Scott MacIntyre, Michael Sarver, Jorge Nunez)


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: "We Are the Champions" (Queen) - Queen, Kris Allen & Adam Lambert (later joined by the rest of the top 13)


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Joanna Pacitti, who was originally selected as a semi-finalist, created controversy due to her being previously signed to A&M and Geffen Records. Later, she was found to have been having a "private relationship" with 19 Management. She was later disqualified and replaced by Felicia Barton.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: In the Top 13, the expected phone number for contestant Alexis Grace, 1-866-IDOLS-13, was not owned by American Idol, but by a company called Intimate Encounters, who used it as a phone sex line. Although host Ryan Seacrest mentioned the replacement phone number, 1-866-IDOLS-36, several times, some commentators feared that the phone number confusion could lead to Grace being inadvertently voted off the show. However, Grace was not voted off that week.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: After the Top 11 program, Justin Guarini, while hosting "Idol Wrap" on TV Guide channel, asserted that the show's group performances were being lip-synced. Soon after Guarini's assertion was aired, a spokesperson for the producers of "American Idol" said, "The Idols don't lip-sync, period." The following day, the same spokesperson said that "due to extensive choreography and to balance their voices with open mics against a screaming audience, the Idols do sing along to their own prerecorded vocal track during the group performances only." The spokesperson maintained that the performers sing their solo songs live, but their performances available to download through iTunes are recorded prior to airing.


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Kris Allen's win over Adam Lambert resulted in controversy about the voting process, prompted by a claim that of the nearly 100 million votes cast, as many as "38 million" votes may have come from Arkansas, which was Kris's home state, despite the fact that the state only had a population of 2.86 million people at the time. Although the claim was later retracted, it resulted in allegations that AT&T may have influenced the results. Fox had previously denied these claims as baseless, stating that the network has no preference on who the winner might be. AT&T meanwhile said in a statement that the vote tally above was based on incorrect information and apologized by saying that "AT&T does not divulge or confirm how many votes were cast in any state." On May 27, 2009, the producers of the show stated that they "stand by the outcome" and are "absolutely certain" that "without a doubt Kris Allen is the American Idol."


title: American Idol (season 8)

text: Season eight was the top show for the 2008–09 broadcast primetime season and took the top two spots for its Tuesday and Wednesday episodes. The viewers number for the Wednesday episodes averaged 25.527 million, while the Tuesday episodes averaged 24.741 million. The ratings were down from season seven, with the finale dropping 13% in the 18–49 demo and 9% in total viewers number.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Gorakhnath (also known as Goraksanath, c. early 11th century) was a Hindu yogi, saint who was the influential founder of the Nath Hindu monastic movement in India He is considered one of the two notable disciples of Matsyendranath. His followers, found all over India, are called yogis, "Gorakhnathi", "Darshani" or "Kanphata".


title: Gorakhnath

text: He was one of nine saints also known as Navnath and is widely popular in Maharashtra, India. Hagiographies describe him as more than a human teacher and someone outside the laws of time who appeared on earth in different ages. Historians state Gorakhnath lived sometime during the first half of the 2nd millennium CE, but they disagree in which century. Estimates based on archaeology and text range from Briggs' 15th to 12th century to Grierson's estimate of the 14th century.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Gorakhnath is considered a "Maha-yogi" (or great yogi) in the Hindu tradition. He did not emphasise a specific metaphysical theory or a particular Truth, but emphasised that the search for Truth and the spiritual life is a valuable and normal goal of man. Gorakhnath championed Yoga, spiritual discipline and an ethical life of self-determination as a means to reaching samadhi and one's own spiritual truths.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Gorakhnath, his ideas and yogis have been highly popular in rural India, with monasteries and temples dedicated to him found in many states of India, particularly in the eponymous city of Gorakhpur.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Historians vary in their estimate on when Gorakhnath lived. Estimates based on archaeology and text range from Briggs' 11th to 12th century to Baba Farid documents and Jnanesvari manuscripts leading Abbott to connect Gorakhnath to the 13th century, to Grierson, who, relying on evidence discovered in Gujarat, suggests the 14th century. His influence is found in the numerous references to him in the poetry of Kabir and of Guru Nanak of Sikhism, which describe him as a very powerful leader with a large following, thereby suggesting he likely lived around the time these spiritual leaders lived in India.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Historical texts imply that Gorakhnath was originally a Buddhist in a region influenced by Shaivism, and he converted to Hinduism championing Shiva and Yoga. Gorakhnath led a life as a passionate exponent of ideas of Kumarila and Adi Shankara that championed the Yogic and Advaita Vedanta interpretation of the Upanishads. Gorakhnath considered the controversy between dualism and nondualism spiritual theories in medieval India as useless from practice point of view, he emphasised that the choice is of the yogi, that the spiritual discipline and practice by either path leads to "perfectly illumined samadhi state of the individual phenomenal consciousness", states Banerjea.


title: Gorakhnath

text: The hagiography on Gorakhnath describe him to have appeared on earth several times. The legends do not provide a time or place where he was born, and consider him to be superhuman. North Indian hagiographies suggest he originated from northwest India (Punjab, with some mentioning Peshawar). Other hagiographies on Gorakhnath in Bengal and Bihar suggest he originated from eastern region of India (Assam).


title: Gorakhnath

text: These hagiographies are inconsistent, and offer varying records of the spiritual descent of Gorakhnath. All name Adinath and Matsyendranath as two teachers preceding him in the succession. Though one account lists five gurus preceding Adinath and another lists six teachers between Matsyendranath and Gorakhnath, current tradition has Adinath identified with Lord Shiva as the direct teacher of Matsyendranath, who was himself the direct teacher of Gorakhnath.


title: Gorakhnath

text: The legends in the Nath tradition assert that he travelled widely across the Indian subcontinent, and accounts about him are found in some form in most regions of the Indian subcontinent including Nepal, Tibet, Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kabul, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Assam, Sikkim, Tripura, Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Kathiawar(Gujarat), Kutch, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and even Sri Lanka.


title: Gorakhnath

text: The Nath tradition states that its traditions existed before Gorakhnath, but the movement's greatest expansion happened under the guidance and inspiration of Gorakhnath. He produced a number of writings and even today is considered the greatest of the Naths. It has been purported that Gorakhnath wrote the first books on Laya yoga. In India there are many caves, many with temples built over them, where it is said that Gorakhnath spent time in meditation. According to Bhagawan Nityananda, the samadhi shrine (tomb) of Gorakhnath is at Nath Mandir near the Vajreshwari temple about one kilometre from Ganeshpuri, Maharashtra, India. According to legends Gorakhnath and Matsyendranath did penance in Kadri Temple at Mangalore, Karnataka. They are also instrumental in laying Shivlingam at Kadri and Dharmasthala.


title: Gorakhnath

text: The temple of "Gorakhnath" is also situated on hill called Garbhagiri near Vambori, Tal Rahuri; Dist Ahmednagar. There is also a famous temple of Gorakhnath in the state of Odisha.


title: Gorakhnath

text: The Gorakhnath Math is a monastery of the Nath monastic group named after the medieval saint, Gorakhnath (c. 11th century), of the Nath sampradaya. The math and town of Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is named after him. The monastery and the temple perform various cultural and social activities and serve as the cultural hub of the city. The monastery also publishes texts on the philosophy of Gorakhnath.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Some scholars associate the origins of Hatha yoga with the Nath yogis, in particular Gorakhnath and his guru Matsyendranath. According to British indologist James Mallinson, this association is false. In his view, the origins of hatha yoga should be associated with the Dashanami Sampradaya of Advaita Vedanta (Hinduism), the mystical figure of Dattatreya, and the Rāmānandīs.


title: Gorakhnath

text: While the origins of Hatha yoga are disputed, according to Guy Beck, a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Yoga and music, "the connections between Goraknath, the Kanphatas and Hatha yoga are beyond question".


title: Gorakhnath

text: According to Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, a professor in Asian languages and cultures, the Gorakhnath orders were operating free community kitchens in Punjab before Guru Nanak founded Sikhism. Gorakhnath shrines have continued to operate a "langar" and provide a free meal to pilgrims who visit.


title: Gorakhnath

text: The Gurkhas of Nepal take their name from this saint. Gorkha, a historical district of Nepal, is named after him.


title: Gorakhnath

text: There is a cave with his paduka (footprints) and an idol of him. Every year on the day of Baisakh Purnima there is a great celebration in Gorkha at his cave, called Rot Mahotsav; it has been celebrated for the last seven hundred years.


title: Gorakhnath

text: A legend asserts, state William Northey and John Morris, that a disciple of Machendra by name Gorakhnath, once visited Nepal and retired to a little hill near Deo Patan. There he meditated in an unmovable state for twelve years. The locals built a temple in his honour there, and it has since been remembered with.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Korakkar is one among the 18 Siddhars and also known as Goraknath amongst Navanathar. Agattiyar and Bogar were his gurus. His Jeeva samadhi temple is in Vadukupoigainallur of Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. According to one account, he spent a portion of his growing-up years in the Velliangiri Mountains in Coimbatore.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Other sanctums related with Korakkar are Perur, Thiruchendur and Triconamalli. Korakkar caves are found in Chaturagiri and Kolli Hills. Like other siddhas, Korakkar has written songs on Medicine, Philosophy, and Alchemy.


title: Gorakhnath

text: The Bengali Community located in these states and neighbouring country of Bangladesh have a sizeable number of Yogi Brahmins (also called Rudraja Brahmins/ Yogi Nath) who have taken their name from this saint.


title: Gorakhnath

text: Romola Butalia, an Indian writer of Yoga history, lists the works attributed to Gorakhnath as including the "Gorakṣaśataka", "Goraksha Samhita", "Goraksha Gita", "Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati", "Yoga Martanda", "Yoga Siddhanta Paddhati", "Yogabīja", "Yogacintamani".


title: Gorakhnath

text: The "Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati" is a Hatha Yoga Sanskrit text attributed to Gorakhnath by the Nath tradition. According to Feuerstein (1991: p. 105), it is "one of the earliest hatha yoga scriptures, the "Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati", contains many verses that describe the avadhuta" (liberated) yogi.


title: Gorakhnath

text: The "Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati" text is based on an advaita (nonduality) framework, where the yogi sees "himself in all beings, and all in himself" including the identity of the individual soul (Atman) with the universal (Brahman). This idea appears in the text in various forms, such as the following:


title: Royal Canin

text: Royal Canin is a French manufacturer of cat and dog food. A subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated, the company also undertakes research into the formulation and testing of breed and symptom specific nutritional requirements of dogs and cats.


title: Royal Canin

text: The company was established by French veterinary surgeon Jean Cathary, after he successfully treated a number of skin and coat conditions in pets by feeding them a cereal-based diet he prepared in his garage. After importing an extruder from the United States, the company was the first to manufacture dry pet food in France. Aimed primarily at breeders, production steadily increased and distribution extended further into the European market. Royal Canin was sold to the Guyomarc'h Group in 1972, and underwent a further period of expansion, especially in the area of research and development, before being purchased by the Paribas Bank in 1990. The company was floated on the French stock exchange but removed later after it was sold to Mars, Incorporated in 2001.


title: Royal Canin

text: The company was established by the French veterinary surgeon Jean Cathary in 1968. He had a veterinary practice in a village in the Gard region of France and was concerned many people's pets were being presented with a variety of health problems, especially skin and coat conditions. Convinced the cause was dietary, Cathary devised a cereal–based recipe, which he prepared in an oven in his garage.


title: Royal Canin

text: The diet successfully alleviated the problems pets were presented with, so in 1968, Cathary registered the food with the trademark “Royal Canin”. He closed his veterinary practice to concentrate on manufacturing and distributing the feed. An extruder was imported from the U.S. and Royal Canin became the first manufacturer of dry pet food in France and the first European company to use an extruder. The target market was primarily breeders and German Shepherd associations; television advertising was used to promote the product, something which was not being undertaken by competitors.


title: Royal Canin

text: Production steadily increased and in 1970, the company was incorporated as "Royal Canin S. A."; a larger factory was opened in Aimargues and began distribution throughout Europe. Forty staff were employed in the annual production of five–thousand five hundred tons of feed. A subsidiary, Royal Canin Iberica, was established in Spain. In March 1972, Cathary sold the company to the Guyomarc'h Group, a much larger, family-run animal feed business founded by Jean Guyomarc’h in 1954, which specialised in livestock feed.


title: Royal Canin

text: The period under the ownership of Guyomarc'h saw a marked expansion of the company, particularly in the area of research and development. A dedicated research centre was opened in Saint-Nolff, Brittany, during 1973. Over the ten years up to 1982 additional subsidiaries were also set up in other European countries. These included Italy, Sweden, Belgium, Spain, Germany and Denmark. Another factory was built in northern France to service sales in the countries of the north of Europe.


title: Royal Canin

text: The Guyomarc'h group of companies was purchased by the Paribas Bank in 1990. Royal Canin recorded a loss in 1993; the following year the Guyomarc'h group was divided into four separate businesses, one of which remained as Royal Canin. The bank wished to sell Royal Canin but its chairman managed to persuade it to list it on the Paris stock exchange instead, which took place in 1997. Forty–three percent of the company was floated on the stock market and it raised the company's valuation to four and half billion francs. The additional revenue raised provided the funding to buy Crown Pet Foods in 1999 and the James Wellbeloved brand in 2000.


title: Royal Canin

text: The bank sold its holding in the company to Mars, Incorporated in July 2001 for in excess of one and a half billion euros. The majority of this payment, almost ninety–three percent, was for "goodwill". The European Commission only agreed to the takeover by Mars if Royal Canin disposed of some assets to Agrolimen, a Spanish company. Royal Canin was removed from the stock exchange listing after the take over by Mars.


title: Royal Canin

text: In March 2004, Royal Canin acquired the US and Canadian veterinary-grade food brands IVD, Medi–Cal and Techni–Cal from Del Monte Foods for $82.5 million.


title: Royal Canin

text: The company was one of the many brands affected by the 2007 pet food recalls. As at 30 April 2012, the FDA had reported no subsequent Class I, II, or III recalls by Royal Canin.


title: Royal Canin

text: By 2008, as much as eighty percent of Royal Canin's one and a half billion euro revenue was generated from sales outside France. The number of staff employed worldwide was around four thousand five hundred.


title: Royal Canin

text: Royal Canin bases the production of its feeds on scientific research and set up its first research centre in St-Nolff in 1973; a subsequent research centre was established in Missouri in the late 1980s, and a research facility was also opened in Brazil. Products are tested on a "focus group" of 80 cats and 250 dogs. Daniel Cloche was one of the scientists who first worked at the company's French research facility and was described as "one of the pioneers in researching bone–related disorders and diseases among dogs". Research indicated bone problems in large dogs could be dietary, so different recipes were developed to specifically address this. In 1980, Royal Canin brought out a new feed called AGR, especially for puppies categorised as large breeds. At that time, the company also turned its attention towards producing cat foods to suit specific dietary requirements.


title: Royal Canin

text: Henri Lagarde was chairman of the company during the 1990s, and drove the implementation three core policies. Firstly, the physiology and biology of pets should be studied to increase the company's knowledge base. Secondly, all products had to address specific needs; this was further endorsed by the Research and Development section having mandatory instructions that "no veterinarian or university should be able to refute any of Royal Canin's nutritional arguments". Finally, animals and their nutritional requirements were to be treated with "knowledge and respect" rather than being humanised. The company theme became "knowledge and respect".


title: Royal Canin

text: With the help of academics, the company also produces encyclopedias about dog and cat breeds, which have been translated into fifteen languages. There are also books on breeding, nutrition and publications aimed at breeders and veterinary surgeons. Royal Canin also published the scientific quarterly titled "FOCUS" which was circulated to in excess of seventy thousand veterinarians worldwide in eleven different languages. "FOCUS" is now called "Veterinary Focus" magazine. This is in addition to the one thousand four hundred fifty veterinary literatures produced for the Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition.


title: Royal Canin

text: In 1994, Lagarde was determined the company should be seen as dealing with "specialists". He insisted that the word "traditional" must never be used and the word was removed from every document and company computer file being replaced by "specialist" instead.


title: Royal Canin

text: There are teams of trained veterinary technicians to help and advise breeders and other professionals. The company coined a new description for its teams of trained sales staff as "cynotechnicians", who were already well established and passionate about the canine world; some were show judges or had gained an international reputation for their breeding skills. The company also sponsors and participates in thousands of cat and dog shows each year. The company withdrew from sponsoring the UK Contest of Champions event in 2009 but was quoted as stating it was increasing its sponsorship of dog shows.


title: Royal Canin

text: In 2013, Four Paws, an international animal welfare group, accused Royal Canin of sponsoring events that included illegal bear-baiting in Ukraine. The company confirmed the allegations and promised to take action to put an end to its sponsorship of such events. Subsequently, the company made a commitment to support the rescue of bears used and began negotiations with the group to determine a detailed project plan.


title: Royal Canin

text: Royal Canin's head office is in Aimargues, southern France. There are twelve production facilities worldwide, in addition to Aimargues including at Cambrai in northern France; Johannesburg, South Africa; Descalvado, Brazil; and González Catán, near Buenos Aires, Argentina.


title: Royal Canin

text: The plant located in Rolla, Missouri, produces only dry pet feeds. Royal Canin was fined for "violating the Clean Water Act" in 2005 at this site.


title: Royal Canin

text: In 2004, production facilities at Dmitrov, near Moscow, Russia, opened. Royal Canin committed twelve million euros in the construction of the factory and anticipated annual production of twenty–two thousand tons a year.


title: Royal Canin

text: The Polish government announced construction was to start in February 2006 on a fifty million euro factory in Niepołomice, Poland, which would provide employment for in excess of one hundred fifty staff. At the time of the announcement, it was described as "the ninth and most modern of all of those which belong to the company"; this was because of the laboratory that was to be included in the design.


title: Royal Canin

text: The company's first UK facility, at Castle Cary, near Bristol, opened in December 2007, two years later than expected. Annual production was expected to be two thousand tons, employing eighty staff. Although objections were raised by some local residents, others welcomed the facility. The Environment Agency received complaints of an "unbearable smell" after production started. The company installed carbon filters and a new condenser at a cost of a million pounds in attempts to address the problem.


title: Royal Canin

text: In 2008, the company invested seventy–three million dollars in the construction of a factory at Guelph, Ontario, Canada.


title: Royal Canin

text: A factory at North Sioux City, South Dakota, USA, was originally purchased by Mars in 2007 and worked under the Mars Petcare brand. This was then re-branded to Royal Canin in 2011, where it manufactures both wet and dry pet food.


title: Royal Canin

text: Royal Canin's twelfth production facility was fully built at the end of 2009 and is located in Shanghai, China.


title: Royal Canin

text: 2016 saw the addition of Fremont, Nebraska and in 2017 Lebanon, Tennessee. A new plant has been opened in 2017 in South Korea in Gimje, North Jeolla Province.


title: Uniform convergence

text: In the mathematical field of analysis, uniform convergence is a mode of convergence of functions stronger than pointwise convergence. A sequence of functions formula_1 converges uniformly to a limiting function formula_2 on a set formula_3 if, given any arbitrarily small positive number formula_4, a number formula_5 can be found such that each of the functions formula_6 differs from formula_2 by no more than formula_4 "at every point" formula_9 "in" formula_3. Described in an informal way, if formula_11 converges to formula_2 uniformly, then the rate at which formula_13 approaches formula_14 is "uniform" throughout its domain in the following sense: in order to guarantee that formula_13 falls within a certain distance formula_4 of formula_14, we do not need to know the value of formula_18 in question — there can be found a single value of formula_19 "independent of formula_9", such that choosing formula_21 will ensure that formula_13 is within formula_4 of formula_14 "for all formula_18". In contrast, pointwise convergence of formula_11 to formula_2 merely guarantees that for any formula_18 given in advance, we can find formula_29 (formula_5 can depend on the value of "formula_9") so that, "for that particular" "formula_9", formula_13 falls within formula_4 of formula_14 whenever formula_21.


title: Uniform convergence

text: The difference between uniform convergence and pointwise convergence was not fully appreciated early in the history of calculus, leading to instances of faulty reasoning. The concept, which was first formalized by Karl Weierstrass, is important because several properties of the functions formula_11, such as continuity, Riemann integrability, and, with additional hypotheses, differentiability, are transferred to the limit formula_2 if the convergence is uniform, but not necessarily if the convergence is not uniform.


title: Uniform convergence

text: In 1821 Augustin-Louis Cauchy published a proof that a convergent sum of continuous functions is always continuous, to which Niels Henrik Abel in 1826 found purported counterexamples in the context of Fourier series, arguing that Cauchy's proof had to be incorrect. Completely standard notions of convergence did not exist at the time, and Cauchy handled convergence using infinitesimal methods. When put into the modern language, what Cauchy proved is that a uniformly convergent sequence of continuous functions has a continuous limit. The failure of a merely pointwise-convergent limit of continuous functions to converge to a continuous function illustrates the importance of distinguishing between different types of convergence when handling sequences of functions.


title: Uniform convergence

text: The term uniform convergence was probably first used by Christoph Gudermann, in an 1838 paper on elliptic functions, where he employed the phrase "convergence in a uniform way" when the "mode of convergence" of a series formula_39 is independent of the variables formula_40 and formula_41 While he thought it a "remarkable fact" when a series converged in this way, he did not give a formal definition, nor use the property in any of his proofs.


title: Uniform convergence

text: Later Gudermann's pupil Karl Weierstrass, who attended his course on elliptic functions in 1839–1840, coined the term "gleichmäßig konvergent" () which he used in his 1841 paper "Zur Theorie der Potenzreihen", published in 1894. Independently, similar concepts were articulated by Philipp Ludwig von Seidel and George Gabriel Stokes. G. H. Hardy compares the three definitions in his paper "Sir George Stokes and the concept of uniform convergence" and remarks: "Weierstrass's discovery was the earliest, and he alone fully realized its far-reaching importance as one of the fundamental ideas of analysis."


title: Uniform convergence

text: Under the influence of Weierstrass and Bernhard Riemann this concept and related questions were intensely studied at the end of the 19th century by Hermann Hankel, Paul du Bois-Reymond, Ulisse Dini, Cesare Arzelà and others.


title: Uniform convergence

text: We first define uniform convergence for real-valued functions, although the concept is readily generalized to functions mapping to metric spaces and, more generally, uniform spaces (see below).


title: Uniform convergence

text: Suppose formula_3 is a set and formula_43 is a sequence of real-valued functions on it. We say the sequence formula_43 is uniformly convergent on formula_3 with limit formula_46 if for every formula_47 there exists a natural number formula_5 such that for all formula_49 and for all formula_50


title: Uniform convergence

text: The notation for uniform convergence of formula_11 to formula_2 is not quite standardized and different authors have used a variety of symbols, including (in roughly decreasing order of popularity):


title: Uniform convergence

text: to indicate that convergence is uniform. (In contrast, the expression formula_56 on formula_3 without an adverb is taken to mean pointwise convergence on formula_3: for all formula_59, formula_60 as formula_61.)


title: Uniform convergence

text: Since formula_62 is a complete metric space, the Cauchy criterion can be used to give an equivalent alternative formulation for uniform convergence: formula_63 converges uniformly on formula_3 (in the previous sense) if and only if for every formula_65, there exists a natural number formula_5 such that


title: Uniform convergence

text: then formula_69 converges to formula_2 uniformly if and only if formula_71 as formula_61. Thus, we can characterize uniform convergence of formula_43 on formula_3 as (simple) convergence of formula_43 in the function space formula_76 with respect to the "uniform metric" (also called the supremum metric), defined by


title: Uniform convergence

text: The sequence formula_43 is said to be locally uniformly convergent with limit formula_2 if formula_81 is a metric space and for every formula_18, there exists an formula_83 such that formula_1 converges uniformly on formula_85 It is clear that uniform convergence implies local uniform convergence, which implies pointwise convergence.


title: Uniform convergence

text: Intuitively, a sequence of functions formula_11 converges uniformly to formula_2 if, given an arbitrarily small formula_88, we can find an formula_89 so that the functions formula_11 with formula_91 all fall within a "tube" of width formula_92 centered around formula_2 (i.e., between formula_94 and formula_95) for the "entire domain" of the function.


title: Uniform convergence

text: Note that interchanging the order of quantifiers in the definition of uniform convergence by moving "for all formula_18" in front of "there exists a natural number formula_5" results in a definition of pointwise convergence of the sequence. To make this difference explicit, in the case of uniform convergence, formula_19 can only depend on formula_4, and the choice of formula_5 has to work for all formula_18, for a specific value of formula_4 that is given. In contrast, in the case of pointwise convergence, formula_103 may depend on both formula_4 and formula_9, and the choice of formula_5 only has to work for the specific values of formula_4 and formula_9 that are given. Thus uniform convergence implies pointwise convergence, however the converse is not true, as the example in the section below illustrates.


title: Uniform convergence

text: One may straightforwardly extend the concept to functions "E" → "M", where ("M", "d") is a metric space, by replacing formula_109 with formula_110.


title: Uniform convergence

text: The most general setting is the uniform convergence of nets of functions "E" → "X", where "X" is a uniform space. We say that the net formula_111 "converges uniformly" with limit "f" : "E" → "X" if and only if for every entourage "V" in "X", there exists an formula_112, such that for every "x" in "E" and every formula_113, formula_114 is in "V". In this situation, uniform limit of continuous functions remains continuous.


title: Uniform convergence

text: Uniform convergence admits a simplified definition in a hyperreal setting. Thus, a sequence formula_11 converges to "f" uniformly if for all "x" in the domain of formula_116 and all infinite "n", formula_117 is infinitely close to formula_118 (see microcontinuity for a similar definition of uniform continuity).


title: Uniform convergence

text: For formula_119, a basic example of uniform convergence can be illustrated as follows: the sequence formula_120 converges uniformly, while formula_121 does not. Specifically, assume formula_122. Each function formula_120 is less than or equal to formula_124 when formula_125, regardless of the value of formula_9. On the other hand, formula_121 is only less than or equal to formula_124 at ever increasing values of formula_129 when values of formula_9 are selected closer and closer to 1 (explained more in depth further below).


title: Uniform convergence

text: Given a topological space "X", we can equip the space of bounded real or complex-valued functions over "X" with the uniform norm topology, with the uniform metric defined by


title: Uniform convergence

text: is a classic example of a sequence of functions that converges to a function formula_2 pointwise but not uniformly. To show this, we first observe that the pointwise limit of formula_1 as formula_61 is the function formula_2, given by


title: Uniform convergence

text: "Pointwise convergence:" Convergence is trivial for formula_140 and formula_141, since formula_142 and formula_143, for all formula_129. For formula_145 and given formula_88, we can ensure that formula_147 whenever formula_21 by choosing formula_149 (here the upper square brackets indicate rounding up, see ceiling function). Hence, formula_56 pointwise for all formula_151. Note that the choice of formula_5 depends on the value of formula_4 and formula_9. Moreover, for a fixed choice of formula_4, formula_5 (which cannot be defined to be smaller) grows without bound as formula_9 approaches 1. These observations preclude the possibility of uniform convergence.


title: Uniform convergence

text: "Non-uniformity of convergence:" The convergence is not uniform, because we can find an formula_88 so that no matter how large we choose formula_159 there will be values of formula_160 and formula_49 such that formula_162 To see this, first observe that regardless of how large formula_129 becomes, there is always an formula_164 such that formula_165 Thus, if we choose formula_166 we can never find an formula_5 such that formula_147 for all formula_151 and formula_21. Explicitly, whatever candidate we choose for formula_5, consider the value of formula_172 at formula_173. Since


title: Uniform convergence

text: the candidate fails because we have found an example of an formula_151 that "escaped" our attempt to "confine" each formula_176 to within formula_4 of formula_178 for all formula_151. In fact, it is easy to see that


title: Uniform convergence

text: In this example one can easily see that pointwise convergence does not preserve differentiability or continuity. While each function of the sequence is smooth, that is to say that for all "n", formula_183, the limit formula_184 is not even continuous.


title: Uniform convergence

text: The series expansion of the exponential function can be shown to be uniformly convergent on any bounded subset formula_185 using the Weierstrass M-test.


title: Uniform convergence

text: Theorem (Weierstrass M-test). "Let formula_1 be a sequence of functions formula_187 and let formula_188 be a sequence of positive real numbers such that formula_189 for all formula_18 and formula_191 If formula_192 converges, then formula_193 converges uniformly on formula_3."


title: Uniform convergence

text: Any bounded subset is a subset of some disc formula_196 of radius formula_197 centered on the origin in the complex plane. The Weierstrass M-test requires us to find an upper bound formula_198 on the terms of the series, with formula_198 independent of the position in the disc:


title: Uniform convergence

text: If formula_203 is convergent, then the M-test asserts that the original series is uniformly convergent.


title: Uniform convergence

text: which means the series over formula_198 is convergent. Thus the original series converges uniformly for all formula_206 and since formula_207, the series is also uniformly convergent on formula_208


title: Uniform convergence

text: If formula_3 and formula_216 are topological spaces, then it makes sense to talk about the continuity of the functions formula_217. If we further assume that formula_216 is a metric space, then (uniform) convergence of the formula_11 to formula_2 is also well defined. The following result states that continuity is preserved by uniform convergence:


title: Uniform convergence

text: This theorem is proved by the " trick", and is the archetypal example of this trick: to prove a given inequality (), one uses the definitions of continuity and uniform convergence to produce 3 inequalities (), and then combines them via the triangle inequality to produce the desired inequality.


title: Uniform convergence

text: This theorem is an important one in the history of real and Fourier analysis, since many 18th century mathematicians had the intuitive understanding that a sequence of continuous functions always converges to a continuous function. The image above shows a counterexample, and many discontinuous functions could, in fact, be written as a Fourier series of continuous functions. The erroneous claim that the pointwise limit of a sequence of continuous functions is continuous (originally stated in terms of convergent series of continuous functions) is infamously known as "Cauchy's wrong theorem". The uniform limit theorem shows that a stronger form of convergence, uniform convergence, is needed to ensure the preservation of continuity in the limit function.


title: Uniform convergence

text: More precisely, this theorem states that the uniform limit of "uniformly continuous" functions is uniformly continuous; for a locally compact space, continuity is equivalent to local uniform continuity, and thus the uniform limit of continuous functions is continuous.


title: Uniform convergence

text: If formula_209 is an interval and all the functions formula_11 are differentiable and converge to a limit formula_2, it is often desirable to determine the derivative function formula_224 by taking the limit of the sequence formula_225. This is however in general not possible: even if the convergence is uniform, the limit function need not be differentiable (not even if the sequence consists of everywhere-analytic functions, see Weierstrass function), and even if it is differentiable, the derivative of the limit function need not be equal to the limit of the derivatives. Consider for instance formula_226 with uniform limit formula_227. Clearly, formula_224 is also identically zero. However, the derivatives of the sequence of functions are given by formula_229 and the sequence formula_225 does not converge to formula_231 or even to any function at all. In order to ensure a connection between the limit of a sequence of differentiable functions and the limit of the sequence of derivatives, the uniform convergence of the sequence of derivatives plus the convergence of the sequence of functions at at least one point is required:


title: Uniform convergence

text: Similarly, one often wants to exchange integrals and limit processes. For the Riemann integral, this can be done if uniform convergence is assumed:


title: Uniform convergence

text: In fact, for a uniformly convergent family of bounded functions on an interval, the upper and lower Riemann integrals converge to the upper and lower Riemann integrals of the limit function. This follows because, for "n" sufficiently large, the graph of formula_11 is within of the graph of "f", and so the upper sum and lower sum of formula_11 are each within formula_251 of the value of the upper and lower sums of formula_2, respectively.


title: Uniform convergence

text: Much stronger theorems in this respect, which require not much more than pointwise convergence, can be obtained if one abandons the Riemann integral and uses the Lebesgue integral instead.


title: Uniform convergence

text: Using Morera's Theorem, one can show that if a sequence of analytic functions converges uniformly in a region S of the complex plane, then the limit is analytic in S. This example demonstrates that complex functions are more well-behaved than real functions, since the uniform limit of analytic functions on a real interval need not even be differentiable (see Weierstrass function).


title: Uniform convergence

text: Let "x" be contained in the set "E" and each "f" be continuous at "x". If formula_254 converges uniformly on "E" then "f" is continuous at "x" in "E". Suppose that formula_255 and each "f" is integrable on "E". If formula_253 converges uniformly on "E" then "f" is integrable on "E" and the series of integrals of "f" is equal to integral of the series of f.


title: Uniform convergence

text: If the domain of the functions is a measure space "E" then the related notion of almost uniform convergence can be defined. We say a sequence of functions formula_1 converges almost uniformly on "E" if for every formula_258 there exists a measurable set formula_259 with measure less than formula_260 such that the sequence of functions formula_1 converges uniformly on formula_262. In other words, almost uniform convergence means there are sets of arbitrarily small measure for which the sequence of functions converges uniformly on their complement.


title: Uniform convergence

text: Note that almost uniform convergence of a sequence does not mean that the sequence converges uniformly almost everywhere as might be inferred from the name. However, Egorov's theorem does guarantee that on a finite measure space, a sequence of functions that converges almost everywhere also converges almost uniformly on the same set.


title: New Urbanism

text: New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has gradually influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies. New Urbanism attempts to address the ills associated with urban sprawl and post-Second World War suburban development.


title: New Urbanism

text: New Urbanism is strongly influenced by urban design practices that were prominent until the rise of the automobile prior to World War II; it encompasses ten basic principles such as traditional neighborhood development (TND) and transit-oriented development (TOD). These ideas can all be circled back to two concepts: building a sense of community and the development of ecological practices.


title: New Urbanism

text: The organizing body for New Urbanism is the Congress for the New Urbanism, founded in 1993. Its foundational text is the "Charter of the New Urbanism", which begins:


title: New Urbanism

text: New Urbanists support regional planning for open space; context-appropriate architecture and planning; adequate provision of infrastructure such as sporting facilities, libraries and community centres; and the balanced development of jobs and housing. They believe their strategies can reduce traffic congestion by encouraging the population to ride bikes, walk, or take the train. They also hope that this set up will increase the supply of affordable housing and rein in suburban sprawl. The "Charter of the New Urbanism" also covers issues such as historic preservation, safe streets, green building, and the re-development of brownfield land. The ten Principles of Intelligent Urbanism also phrase guidelines for New Urbanist approaches.


title: New Urbanism

text: Architecturally, New Urbanist developments are often accompanied by New Classical, postmodern, or vernacular styles, although that is not always the case. The movement's principles are reflected in the field of Complementary architecture.


title: New Urbanism

text: Until the mid 20th century, cities were generally organized into and developed around mixed-use walkable neighborhoods. For most of human history this meant a city that was entirely walkable, although with the development of mass transit the reach of the city extended outward along transit lines, allowing for the growth of new pedestrian communities such as streetcar suburbs. But with the advent of cheap automobiles and favorable government policies, attention began to shift away from cities and towards ways of growth more focused on the needs of the car.


title: New Urbanism

text: Specifically, after World War II urban planning largely centered around the use of municipal zoning ordinances to segregate residential from commercial and industrial development, and focused on the construction of low-density single-family detached houses as the preferred housing format for the growing middle class. The physical separation of where people live from where they work, shop and frequently spend their recreational time, together with low housing density, which often drastically reduced population density relative to historical norms, made automobiles indispensable for practical transportation and contributed to the emergence of a culture of automobile dependency.


title: New Urbanism

text: This new system of development, with its rigorous separation of uses, arose after World War II and became known as "conventional suburban development" or pejoratively as urban sprawl. The majority of U.S. citizens now live in suburban communities built in the last fifty years, and automobile use per capita has soared.


title: New Urbanism

text: Although New Urbanism as an organized movement would only arise later, a number of activists and thinkers soon began to criticize the modernist planning techniques being put into practice. Social philosopher and historian Lewis Mumford criticized the "anti-urban" development of post-war America. "The Death and Life of Great American Cities," written by Jane Jacobs in the early 1960s, called for planners to reconsider the single-use housing projects, large car-dependent thoroughfares, and segregated commercial centers that had become the "norm". In the 1960s, architect François Spoerry developed the concept of "soft architecture" that he applied to Port Grimaud, a new marina in the south of France. The success of this project had a considerable influence and led to many new projects of soft architecture like Port Liberté in New Jersey or Le Plessis-Robinson in France.


title: New Urbanism

text: Rooted in these early dissenters, the ideas behind New Urbanism began to solidify in the 1970s and 80s with the urban visions and theoretical models for the reconstruction of the "European" city proposed by architect Léon Krier, and the pattern language theories of Christopher Alexander. The term "new urbanism" itself started being used in this context in the mid-1980s, but it wasn't until the early 1990s that it was commonly written as a proper noun capitalized.


title: New Urbanism

text: In 1991, the Local Government Commission, a private nonprofit group in Sacramento, California, invited architects Peter Calthorpe, Michael Corbett, Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Moule, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Stefanos Polyzoides, and Daniel Solomon to develop a set of community principles for land use planning. Named the "Ahwahnee Principles" (after Yosemite National Park's Ahwahnee Hotel), the commission presented the principles to about one hundred government officials in the fall of 1991, at its first Yosemite Conference for Local Elected Officials.


title: New Urbanism

text: Calthorpe, Duany, Moule, Plater-Zyberk, Polyzoides, and Solomon founded the Chicago-based Congress for the New Urbanism in 1993. The CNU has grown to more than three thousand members, and is the leading international organization promoting New Urbanist design principles. It holds annual Congresses in various U.S. cities.


title: New Urbanism

text: In 2009, co-founders Elizabeth Moule, Hank Dittmar, and Stefanos Polyzoides authored the Canons of Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism to clarify and detail the relationship between New Urbanism and sustainability. The Canons are "a set of operating principles for human settlement that reestablish the relationship between the art of building, the making of community, and the conservation of our natural world". They promote the use of passive heating and cooling solutions, the use of locally obtained materials, and in general, a "culture of permanence".


title: New Urbanism

text: New Urbanism is a broad movement that spans a number of different disciplines and geographic scales. And while the conventional approach to growth remains dominant, New Urbanist principles have become increasingly influential in the fields of planning, architecture, and public policy.


title: New Urbanism

text: Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, two of the founders of the Congress for the New Urbanism, observed mixed-use streetscapes with corner shops, front porches, and a diversity of well-crafted housing while living in one of the Victorian neighborhoods of New Haven, Connecticut. They and their colleagues observed patterns including the following:


title: New Urbanism

text: Several terms are viewed either as synonymous, included in, or overlapping with the New Urbanism. The terms Neotraditional Development or Traditional Neighborhood Development are often associated with the New Urbanism. These terms generally refer to complete New Towns or new neighborhoods, often built in traditional architectural styles, as opposed to smaller infill and redevelopment projects. The term Traditional Urbanism has also been used to describe the New Urbanism by those who object to the "new" moniker. The term "Walkable Urbanism" was proposed as an alternative term by developer and professor Christopher Leinberger. Many debate whether Smart Growth and the New Urbanism are the same or whether substantive differences exist between the two; overlap exists in membership and content between the two movements. Placemaking is another term that is often used to signify New Urbanist efforts or those of like-minded groups. The term Transit-Oriented Development is sometimes cited as being coined by prominent New Urbanist Peter Calthorpe and is heavily promoted by New Urbanists. The term sustainable development is sometimes associated with the New Urbanism as there has been an increasing focus on the environmental benefits of New Urbanism associated with the rise of the term sustainability in the 2000s, however, this has caused some confusion as the term is also used by the United Nations and Agenda 21 to include human development issues (e.g., developing country) that exceed the scope of land development intended to be addressed by the New Urbanism or Sustainable Urbanism. The term "livability" or "livable communities" was popular under the Obama administration, though it dates back at least to the mid-1990s when the term was used by the Local Government Commission.


title: New Urbanism

text: Planning magazine discussed the proliferation of "urbanisms" in an article in 2011 titled "A Short Guide to 60 of the Newest Urbanisms". Several New Urbanists have popularized terminology under the umbrella of the New Urbanism including Sustainable Urbanism and Tactical Urbanism (of which Guerrilla Urbanism can be viewed as a subset). The term Tactical Urbanism was coined by Frenchman Michel de Certau in 1968 and revived in 2011 by New Urbanist Mike Lydon and the co-authors of the Tactical Urbanism Guide. In 2011 Andres Duany authored a book that used the term Agrarian Urbanism to describe an agriculturally-focused subset of New Urbanist town design. In 2013 a group of New Urbanists led by CNU co-founder Andres Duany began a research project under the banner of Lean Urbanism which purported to provide a bridge between Tactical Urbanism and the New Urbanism.


title: New Urbanism

text: Other terms have surfaced in reaction to the New Urbanism intended to provide a contrast, alternative to, or a refinement of the New Urbanism. Some of these terms include Everyday Urbanism by Harvard Professor Margaret Crawford, John Chase, and John Kaliski, Ecological Urbanism, and True Urbanism by architect Bernard Zyscovich. Landscape urbanism was popularized by Charles Waldheim who explicitly defined it as in opposition to the New Urbanism in his lectures at Harvard University. "Landscape Urbanism and its Discontents", edited by Andres Duany and Emily Talen, specifically addressed the tension between these two views of urbanism.


title: New Urbanism

text: The primary organization promoting the New Urbanism in the United States is the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU). The Congress for the New Urbanism is the leading organization promoting walkable, mixed-use neighborhood development, sustainable communities and healthier living conditions. CNU members promote the principles of CNU's Charter and the hallmarks of New Urbanism, including:


title: New Urbanism

text: The CNU has met annually since 1993 when they held their first general meeting in Alexandria, Virginia, with approximately one hundred attendees. By 2008 the Congress was drawing two to three thousand attendees to the annual meetings.


title: New Urbanism

text: The CNU began forming local and regional chapters circa 2004 with the founding of the New England and Florida Chapters. By 2011 there were 16 official chapters and interest groups for 7 more. , Canada hosts two full CNU Chapters, one in Ontario (CNU Ontario), and one in British Columbia (Cascadia) which also includes a portion of the north-west US states.


title: New Urbanism

text: While the CNU has international participation in Canada, sister organizations have been formed in other areas of the world including the Council for European Urbanism (CEU), the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (MIU) and the Australian Council for the New Urbanism.


title: New Urbanism

text: By 2002 chapters of Students for the New Urbanism began appearing at universities including the Savannah College of Art and Design, University of Georgia, University of Notre Dame, and the University of Miami. In 2003, a group of younger professionals and students met at the 11th Congress in Washington, D.C. and began developing a "Manifesto of the Next Generation of New Urbanists". The Next Generation of New Urbanists held their first major session the following year at the 12th meeting of the CNU in Chicago in 2004. The group has continued meeting annually with a focus on young professionals, students, new member issues, and ensuring the flow of fresh ideas and diverse viewpoints within the New Urbanism and the CNU. Spinoff projects of the Next Generation of the New Urbanists include the Living Urbanism publication first published in 2008 and the first Tactical Urbanism Guide.


title: New Urbanism

text: The CNU has spawned publications and research groups. Publications include the "New Urban News" and the "New Town Paper". Research groups have formed independent nonprofits to research individual topics such as the Form-Based Codes Institute, The National Charrette Institute and the Center for Applied Transect Studies.


title: New Urbanism

text: In the United Kingdom New Urbanist and European urbanism principles are practised and taught by The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment.


title: New Urbanism

text: Around the world, other organisations promote New Urbanism as part of their remit, such as INTBAU, A Vision of Europe, Council for European Urbanism, and others.


title: New Urbanism

text: The CNU and other national organizations have also formed partnerships with like-minded groups. Organizations under the banner of Smart Growth also often work with the Congress for the New Urbanism. In addition the CNU has formed partnerships on specific projects such as working with the United States Green Building Council and the Natural Resources Defense Council to develop the LEED for Neighborhood Development standards, and with the Institute of Transportation Engineers to develop a Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS) Design manual.


title: New Urbanism

text: The New Urbanism Film Festival was held in 2013 and 2014 in Los Angeles to highlight films and short films about the New Urbanism and related topics. The 2011 film "Urbanized" by Gary Hustwit featured then CNU Board Chair Ellen Dunham-Jones and other urban thinkers on the international story of urbanization including the New Urbanist efforts in the United States.


title: New Urbanism

text: The 2004 documentary "The End of Suburbia: Oil Depletion and the Collapse of the American Dream" argues that the depletion of oil will result in the demise of the sprawl-type development.


title: New Urbanism

text: New Urbanism has drawn both praise and criticism from all parts of the political spectrum. It has been criticized both for being a social engineering scheme and for failing to address social equity and for both restricting private enterprise and for being a deregulatory force in support of private sector developers.


title: New Urbanism

text: Journalist Alex Marshall has decried New Urbanism as essentially a marketing scheme that repackages conventional suburban sprawl behind a façade of nostalgic imagery and empty, aspirational slogans. In a 1996 article in "Metropolis" magazine, Marshall denounced New Urbanism as "a grand fraud". The attack continued in numerous articles, including an opinion column in "The Washington Post" in September of the same year, and in Marshall's first book, "How Cities Work: Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken".


title: New Urbanism

text: Critics have asserted that the effectiveness claimed for the New Urbanist solution of mixed income developments lacks statistical evidence. Independent studies have supported the idea of addressing poverty through mixed-income developments, but the argument that New Urbanism produces such diversity has been challenged from findings from one community in Canada.


title: New Urbanism

text: Some parties have criticized the New Urbanism for being too accommodating of motor vehicles and not going far enough to promote cleaner modes of travelling such as walking, cycling, and public transport. The Charter of the New Urbanism states that "communities should be designed for the pedestrian and transit as well as the car". Some critics suggest that communities should exclude the car altogether in favor of car-free developments. Steve Melia proposes the idea of "filtered permeability" (see Permeability (spatial and transport planning)) which increases the connectivity of the pedestrian and cycling network resulting in a time and convenience advantage over drivers while still limiting the connectivity of the vehicular network and thus maintaining the safety benefits of cul de sacs and horseshoe loops in resistance to property crime.


title: New Urbanism

text: In response to critiques of a lack of evidence for the New Urbanism's claimed environmental benefits, a rating system for neighborhood environmental design, LEED-ND, was developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), to quantify the sustainability of New Urbanist neighborhood design. New Urbanist and board member of CNU Doug Farr has taken a step further and coined Sustainable Urbanism, which combines New Urbanism and LEED-ND to create walkable, transit-served urbanism with high performance buildings and infrastructure.


title: New Urbanism

text: Criticizing the lack of evidence for low greenhouse gas emissions results, Susan Subak has pointed out that while New Urbanism emphasizes walkability and building variety, it is the scale of dwellings, especially the absence of large houses that may determine successful, low carbon outcomes at the community level.


title: New Urbanism

text: New Urbanism has been criticized for being a form of centrally planned, large-scale development, "instead of allowing the initiative for construction to be taken by the final users themselves". It has been criticized for asserting universal principles of design instead of attending to local conditions.


title: New Urbanism

text: New Urbanism is having a growing influence on how and where metropolitan regions choose to grow. At least fourteen large-scale planning initiatives are based on the principles of linking transportation and land-use policies, and using the neighborhood as the fundamental building block of a region. Miami, Florida has adopted the most ambitious New Urbanist-based zoning code reform yet undertaken by a major U.S. city.


title: New Urbanism

text: More than six hundred new towns, villages, and neighborhoods, following New Urbanist principles, have been planned or are currently under construction in the U.S. Hundreds of new, small-scale, urban and suburban infill projects are under way to reestablish walkable streets and blocks. In Maryland and several other states, New Urbanist principles are an integral part of "smart growth" legislation.


title: New Urbanism

text: In the mid-1990s, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) adopted the principles of the New Urbanism in its multibillion-dollar program to rebuild public housing projects nationwide. New Urbanists have planned and developed hundreds of projects in infill locations. Most were driven by the private sector, but many, including HUD projects, used public money.


title: New Urbanism

text: Founded in the mid-1990s, Prospect New Town is Colorado's first full-scale New Urbanist community. Developer Kiki Wallace worked the firm of Duany Plater Zyberk & Company to develop the neighborhood that was formerly his family's tree farm. Currently in its final phase of development, the neighborhood is intended to have a population of approximately 2,000 people in 585 units on 340 lots. The development includes a town center interwoven into the center of the residential area, with businesses ranging from restaurants to professional offices. The streets are oriented to maximize the view of the mountains, and the traditional town center is no more than five minutes on foot from any place in the neighborhood.


title: New Urbanism

text: In 2010, University Place in Memphis, Tennessee became the second only U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) LEED certified neighborhood. LEED ND (neighborhood development) standards integrates principles of smart growth, urbanism, and green building and were developed through a collaboration between USGBC, Congress for the New Urbanism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council. University Place, developed by McCormack Baron Salazar, is a 405-unit, , mixed-income, mixed use, multigenerational, HOPE VI grant community that revitalized the severely distressed Lamar Terrace public housing site.


title: New Urbanism

text: The Cotton District in Starkville, Mississippi was the first New Urbanist development, begun in 1968 long before the New Urbanism movement was organized. The District borders Mississippi State University, and consists mostly of residential rental units for college students along with restaurants, bars and retail. The Cotton District got its name because it is built in the vicinity of an old cotton mill.


title: New Urbanism

text: Seaside, Florida, the first fully New Urbanist town, began development in 1981 on of Florida Panhandle coastline. It was featured on the cover of the "Atlantic Monthly" in 1988, when only a few streets were completed, and it has become internationally famous for its architecture, as well as the quality of its streets and public spaces.


title: New Urbanism

text: Seaside is now a tourist destination, and it appeared in the film "The Truman Show" (1998). Lots sold for US$15,000 in the early 1980s. Slightly over a decade later, in the mid-1990s, the price had escalated to about US$200,000. Today, most lots sell for more than $1 million, and some houses top $5 million.


title: New Urbanism

text: The Mueller Community is located on the site of the former Robert Mueller Municipal Airport in Austin, Texas, which closed in 1999. Per the developer, the value of the Mueller development upon completion will be $1.3 billion, and will comprise of non-residential development, of retail space, 4,600 homes, and of open space. An estimated 10,000 permanent jobs within the development will have been created by the time it is complete. The Mueller Community also has more electric cars per capita than any other neighborhood in the United States – a fact partially attributable to an incentive program.


title: New Urbanism

text: The site of the former Stapleton International Airport in Denver and Aurora, Colorado, closed in 1995, is now being redeveloped by Forest City Enterprises. Stapleton is expected to be home to at least 30,000 residents, six schools, and of retail. Construction began in 2001. Northfield Stapleton, one of the development's major retail centers, recently opened.


title: New Urbanism

text: In 1997, San Antonio, Texas, as part of a new master plan, created new regulations called the Unified Development Code (UDC), largely influenced by New Urbanism. One feature of the UDC is six unique land development patterns that can be applied to certain districts: Conservation Development; Commercial Center Development; Office or Institutional Campus Development; Commercial Retrofit Development; Tradition Neighborhood Development; and Transit Oriented Development. Each district has specific standards and design regulations. The six development patterns were created to reflect existing development patterns.


title: New Urbanism

text: Mountain House, one of the latest New Urbanist projects in the United States, is a new town located near Tracy, California. Construction started in 2001. Mountain House will consist of 12 villages, each with its own elementary school, park, and commercial area. In addition, a future train station, transit center, and bus system are planned for Mountain House.


title: New Urbanism

text: Mesa del Sol, New Mexico—the largest New Urbanist project in the United States—was designed by architect Peter Calthorpe, and is being developed by Forest City Enterprises. Mesa del Sol may take five decades to reach full build-out, at which time it should have: 38,000 residential units, housing a population of 100,000; a industrial office park; four town centers; an urban center; and a downtown that would provide a twin city within Albuquerque.


title: New Urbanism

text: Located in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, I'On is a traditional neighborhood development, mixed with a new urbanism styled architecture, reflecting on the building designs of the nearby downtown areas of Charleston, South Carolina. Founded on April 30, 1995, I'On was designed by the town planning firms of Dover, Kohl & Partners and Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company, and currently holds over 750 single family homes. Features of the community include extensive sidewalks, shared public greens and parks, trails, and a grid of narrow, traffic calming streets. Most homes are required to have a front porch of not less than in depth. Floor heights of , raised foundations, and smaller lot sizes give the community a dense, vertical feel.


title: New Urbanism

text: Haile Plantation, Florida, is a 2,600-household, development of regional impact southwest of the city of Gainesville, within Alachua County. Haile Village Center is a traditional neighborhood center within the development. It was originally started in 1978 and completed in 2007. In addition to the 2,600 homes the neighborhood consists of two merchant centers (one a New England narrow street village and the other a chain grocery strip mall), as well as two public elementary schools and an 18-hole golf course.


title: New Urbanism

text: In June 1996, the Walt Disney Company unveiled its town of Celebration, near Orlando, Florida. Celebration opened its downtown in October 1996, relying heavily on the experiences of Seaside, whose downtown was nearly complete. Disney shuns the label New Urbanism, calling Celebration simply a "town".


title: New Urbanism

text: Celebration's Downtown has become one of the area's most popular tourist destinations making the community a showcase for New Urbanism as a prime example of the creation of a "sense of place".


title: New Urbanism

text: The construction of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County, New Jersey has spurred transit-oriented development. In Jersey City, at least three projects are planned to transform brownfield sites, two of which have required remediation of toxic waste by previous owners:


title: New Urbanism

text: The sparsely developed agricultural Township of Chesterfield in New Jersey covers approximately and has made farmland preservation a priority since the 1970s. Chesterfield has permanently preserved more than of farmland through state and county programs and a township-wide transfer of development credits program that directs future growth to a designated "receiving area" known as Old York Village. Old York Village is a neo-traditional, new urbanism town on incorporating a variety of housing types, neighborhood commercial facilities, a new elementary school, civic uses, and active and passive open space areas with preserved agricultural land surrounding the planned village. Construction began in the early 2000s and a significant percentage of the community is now complete. Old York Village was the winner of the American Planning Association National Outstanding Planning Award in 2004.