title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: During his short-lived recovery in the 1390s, Charles made arrangements for Isabeau to be "principal guardian of the Dauphin", their son, until he reached 13 years of age, giving her additional political power on the regency council. Charles appointed Isabeau co-guardian of their children in 1393, a position shared with the royal dukes and her brother, Louis of Bavaria, while he gave Orléans full power of the regency. In appointing Isabeau, Charles acted under laws enacted by his father, Charles V, which gave the Queen full power to protect and educate the heir to the throne. These appointments separated power between Orléans and the royal uncles, increasing ill-will among the factions. The following year, as Charles' bouts of illness became more severe and prolonged, Isabeau became the leader of the regency council, giving her power over the royal dukes and the Constable of France, while at the same time making her vulnerable to attack from various court factions.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: During Charles' illness, Orléans became financially powerful as the official tax collector, and in the following decade Isabeau and Orléans agreed to raise the level of taxation. In 1401, during one of the King's absences, Orléans installed his own men to collect royal revenues, angering Philip the Bold who in retaliation raised an army, threatening to enter Paris with 600 men-at-arms and 60 knights. At that time Isabeau intervened between Orléans and Burgundy, preventing bloodshed and the outbreak of civil war.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Charles trusted Isabeau enough by 1402 to allow her to arbitrate the growing dispute between the Orléanists and Burgundians, and he turned control of the treasury over to her. After Philip the Bold died in 1404 and his son John the Fearless became Duke of Burgundy, the new duke continued the political strife in an attempt to gain access to the royal treasury for Burgundian interests. Orléans and the royal dukes thought John was usurping power for his own interests and Isabeau, at that time, aligned herself with Orléans to protect the interests of the crown and her children. Furthermore, she distrusted John the Fearless who she thought overstepped himself in rank—he was cousin to the King, whereas Orléans was Charles' brother.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Rumors that Isabeau and Orléans were lovers began to circulate, a relationship that was considered incestuous. Whether the two were intimate has been questioned by contemporary historians, including Gibbons who believes the rumor may have been planted as propaganda against Isabeau as retaliation against tax increases she and Orléans ordered in 1405. An Augustinian friar, Jacques Legrand, preached a long sermon to the court denouncing excess and depravity, in particular mentioning Isabeau and her fashions—with exposed necks, shoulders and décolletage. The monk presented his sermon as allegory so as not to offend Isabeau overtly, but he cast her and her ladies-in-waiting as "furious, vengeful characters". He said to Isabeau, "If you don't believe me, go out into the city disguised as a poor woman, and you will hear what everyone is saying." Thus he accused Isabeau as having lost touch with the commoners and the court with its subjects. At about the same time, a satirical political pamphlet called "Songe Veritable", now considered by historians to be pro-Burgundian propaganda, was released and widely distributed in Paris. The pamphlet hinted at the Queen's relations with Orléans.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: John the Fearless accused Isabeau and Orléans of fiscal mismanagement and again demanded money for himself, in recompense for the loss of royal revenues after his father's death; an estimated half of Philip the Bold's revenues had come from the French treasury. John raised a force of 1,000 knights and entered Paris in 1405. Orléans hastily retreated with Isabeau to the fortified castle of Melun, with her household and children a day or so behind. John immediately left in pursuit, intercepting the party of chaperones and royal children. He took possession of the Dauphin, and returned him to Paris under control of Burgundian forces; however, the boy's uncle, the duke of Berry, quickly took control of the child at the orders of the Royal Council. At that time, Charles was lucid for about a month and able to help with the crisis. The incident, that came to be known as the "enlèvement of the dauphin", almost caused full-scale war, but it was averted. Orléans quickly raised an army while John encouraged Parisians to revolt. They refused, claiming loyalty to the King and his son; Berry was made captain general of Paris and the city's gates were locked. In October, Isabeau became active in mediating the dispute in response to a letter from Christine de Pizan and an ordinance from the Royal Council.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In 1407, John the Fearless ordered Orléans' assassination. On 23 November, hired killers attacked the duke as he returned to his Paris residence, cut off his hand holding the horse's reins, and "hacked [him] to death with swords, axes, and wooden clubs". His body was left in a gutter. John first denied involvement in the assassination, but quickly admitted that the act was done for the Queen's honor, claiming he acted to "avenge" the monarchy of the alleged adultery between Isabeau and Orléans. His royal uncles, shocked at his confession, forced him to leave Paris while the Royal Council attempted a reconciliation between the Houses of Burgundy and Orléans.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In March 1408, Jean Petit presented a lengthy and well-attended justification at the royal palace before a large courtly audience. Petit argued convincingly that in the King's absence Orléans became a tyrant, practiced sorcery and necromancy, was driven by greed, and had planned to commit fratricide at the "Bal des Ardents". John should be exonerated, Petit argued, because he had defended the King and monarchy by assassinating Orléans. Charles, "insane during the oration", was convinced by Petit's argument and pardoned John the Fearless, only to rescind the pardon in September.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Violence again broke out after the assassination; Isabeau had troops patrol Paris and, to protect the Dauphin Louis, Duke of Guyenne, she again left the city for Melun. In August she staged an entry to Paris for the Dauphin, and early in the new year, Charles signed an ordinance giving the 13-year-old the power to rule in the Queen's absence. During these years, Isabeau's greatest concern was the Dauphin's safety as she prepared him to take up the duties of the King; she formed alliances to further those aims. At this point, the Queen and her influence were still crucial to the power struggle. Physical control of Isabeau and her children became important to both parties and she was frequently forced to change sides, for which she was criticized and called unstable. She joined the Burgundians from 1409 to 1413, then switched sides to form an alliance with the Orléanists from 1413 to 1415.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: At the Peace of Chartres in March 1409, John the Fearless was reinstated to the Royal Council after a public reconciliation with Orléans' son, Charles, Duke of Orléans, at Chartres Cathedral, although the feuding continued. In December that year, Isabeau bestowed the "tutelle" (guardianship of the Dauphin) upon John the Fearless, made him the master of Paris, and allowed him to mentor the Dauphin, after he had Jehan de Montagu, Grand Master of the King's household, executed. At that point, the Duke essentially controlled the Dauphin and Paris and was popular in the city because of his opposition to taxes levied by Isabeau and Orléans. Isabeau's actions with respect to John the Fearless angered the Armagnacs, who in the fall of 1410 marched to Paris to "rescue" the Dauphin from the Duke's influence. At that time, members of the University of Paris, Jean Gerson in particular, proposed that all feuding members of the Royal Council step down and be immediately removed from power.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: To defuse tension with the Burgundians, a second double marriage was arranged in 1409. Isabeau's daughter Michelle married Philip the Good, son of John the Fearless; Isabeau's son, the Dauphin Louis, married John's daughter Margaret. Before the wedding, Isabeau negotiated a treaty with John the Fearless in which she clearly defined family hierarchy and her position in relation to the throne.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Despite Isabeau's efforts to keep the peace, the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War broke out in 1411. John gained the upper hand during the first year, but the Dauphin began to build a power base; Christine de Pizan wrote of him that he was the savior of France. Still only 15, he lacked the power or backing to defeat John, who fomented revolt in Paris. In retaliation against the actions of John the Fearless, Charles of Orléans denied funds from the royal treasury to all members of the royal family. In 1414, instead of allowing her son, then 17, to lead, Isabeau allied herself with Charles of Orléans. The Dauphin, in return, changed allegiance and joined John, which Isabeau considered unwise and dangerous. The result was continued civil war in Paris. Parisian commoners joined forces with John the Fearless in the Cabochien Revolt, and at the height of the revolt, a group of butchers entered Isabeau's home in search of traitors, arresting and taking away up to 15 of her ladies-in-waiting. In his chronicles, Pintoin wrote that Isabeau was firmly allied with the Orléanists and the 60,000 Armagnacs who invaded Paris and Picardy.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: King Henry V of England took advantage of the internal strife in France, invading the northwest coast, and in 1415, he delivered a crushing defeat to the French at Agincourt. Nearly an entire generation of military leaders died or were taken prisoner in a single day. John, still feuding with the royal family and the Armagnacs, remained neutral as Henry V went on to conquer towns in northern France.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In December 1415, Dauphin Louis died suddenly at age 18 of illness, leaving Isabeau's political status unclear. Her 17-year-old fourth-born son, John of Touraine, now the Dauphin, had been raised since childhood in the household of Duke William II of Bavaria in Hainaut. Married to Countess Jacqueline of Hainaut, Dauphin John was a Burgundian sympathizer. William of Bavaria refused to send him to Paris during a period of upheaval as Burgundians plundered the city and Parisians revolted against another wave of tax increases initiated by Count Bernard VII of Armagnac; in a period of lucidity, Charles had raised the Count to be the Constable of France. Isabeau attempted to intervene by arranging a meeting with Jacqueline in 1416, but Armagnac refused to allow Isabeau to reconcile with the House of Burgundy, while William II continued to prevent the young Dauphin from entering Paris.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In 1417, Henry V invaded Normandy with 40,000 men. Later that year, in April, Dauphin John died and another shift in power occurred when Isabeau's sixth and last son, Charles, age 14, became Dauphin. He was betrothed to Armagnac's daughter Marie of Anjou and favored the Armagnacs. At that time, Armagnac imprisoned Isabeau in Tours, confiscating her personal property (clothing, jewels and money), dismantling her household, and separating her from the younger children as well as her ladies-in-waiting. She secured her freedom in November with the help of the Duke of Burgundy. Accounts of her release vary: Monstrelet writes that Burgundy "delivered" her to Troyes, and Pintoin that the Duke negotiated Isabeau's release to gain control of her authority. Isabeau maintained her alliance with Burgundy from that period until the Treaty of Troyes in 1420.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau at first assumed the role of sole regent but in January 1418 yielded her position to John the Fearless. Together Isabeau and John abolished parliament ("Chambre des comptes") and turned to securing control of Paris and the King. John took control of Paris by force on 28 May 1418, slaughtering Armagnacs. The Dauphin fled the city. According to Pintoin's chronicle, the Dauphin refused Isabeau's invitation to join her in an entry to Paris. She entered the city with John on 14 July.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Shortly after he assumed the title of Dauphin, Charles negotiated a truce with John in Pouilly. Charles then requested a private meeting with John, on 10 September 1419 at a bridge in Montereau, promising his personal guarantee of protection. The meeting, however, was a ploy to assassinate John, whom Charles "hacked to death" on the bridge. His father, King Charles, immediately disinherited his son. The civil war ended after John's death. The Dauphin's actions fueled more rumor about his legitimacy, and his disinheritance set the stage for the Treaty of Troyes.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: By 1419, Henry V had occupied much of Normandy and demanded an oath of allegiance from the residents. The new Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, allied with the English, putting enormous pressure on France and Isabeau, who remained loyal to the King. In 1420, Henry sent an emissary to confer with the Queen, after which, according to Adams, Isabeau "ceded to what must have been a persuasively posed argument by Henry V's messenger". France had effectively been left without an heir to the throne, even before the Treaty of Troyes. Charles VI had disinherited the Dauphin, whom he considered responsible for "breaking the peace for his involvement in the assassination of the duke of Burgundy"; he wrote in 1420 of the Dauphin that he had "rendered himself unworthy to succeed to the throne or any other title". Charles of Orléans, next in line as heir under Salic law, had been taken prisoner at the Battle of Agincourt and was kept in captivity in London.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In the absence of an official heir to the throne, Isabeau accompanied King Charles to sign the Treaty of Troyes in May 1420; Gibbons writes that the treaty "only confirmed [the Dauphin's] outlaw status". The King's illness prevented him from appearing at the signing of the treaty, forcing Isabeau to stand in for him, which according to Gibbons gave her "perpetual responsibility in having sworn away France". For many centuries, Isabeau stood accused of relinquishing the crown because of the Treaty. Under the terms of the Treaty, Charles remained as King of France but Henry V, who married Charles' and Isabeau's daughter, Catherine, kept control of the territories he conquered in Normandy, would govern France with the Duke of Burgundy, and was to be Charles' successor. Isabeau was to live in English-controlled Paris.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Charles VI died in October 1422. As Henry V had died earlier the same year, his infant son by Catherine, Henry VI, was proclaimed King of France, according to the terms of the Treaty of Troyes, with the Duke of Bedford acting as regent. Rumors circulated about Isabeau again; some chronicles describe her living in a "degraded state". According to Tuchman, Isabeau had a farmhouse built in St. Ouen where she looked after livestock, and in her later years, during a lucid episode, Charles arrested one of her lovers whom he tortured, then drowned in the Seine. Desmond Seward writes it was the disinherited Dauphin who had the man killed. Described as a former lover of Isabeau as well as a "poisoner and wife-murderer", Charles kept him as a favorite at his court until ordering his drowning.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Rumors about Isabeau's promiscuity flourished, which Adams attributes to English propaganda intended to secure England's grasp on the throne. An allegorical pamphlet, called "Pastorelet", was published in the mid-1420s painting Isabeau and Orleans as lovers. During the same period, Isabeau was contrasted with Joan of Arc, considered virginally pure, in the allegedly popular saying "Even as France had been lost by a woman it would be saved by a woman". Adams writes that Joan of Arc has been attributed with the words "France, having been lost by a woman, would be restored by a virgin", but neither saying can be substantiated by contemporary documentation or chronicles.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In 1429, when Isabeau lived in English-occupied Paris, the accusation was again put forth that Charles VII was not the son of Charles VI. At that time, with two contenders for the French throne—the young Henry VI and disinherited Charles—this could have been propaganda to prop up the English claim. Furthermore, gossip spread that Joan of Arc was Isabeau and Orleans' illegitimate daughter—a rumor Gibbons finds improbable because Joan of Arc almost certainly was not born for some years after Orléans' assassination. Stories circulated that the dauphins were murdered, and attempts were made to poison the other children, all of which added to Isabeau's reputation of one of history's great villains.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau was removed from political influence and retired to live in the Hôtel Saint-Pol with her brother's second wife, Catherine of Alençon. She was accompanied by her ladies-in-waiting Amelie von Orthenburg and Madame de Moy, the latter of whom had traveled from Germany and had stayed with her as "dame d'honneur" since 1409. Isabeau possibly died there in late September 1435. Her death and funeral were documented by Jean Chartier (member of St Denis Abbey), who may well have been an eyewitness.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau was dismissed by historians in the past as a wanton, weak and indecisive leader. Modern historians now see her as taking an unusually active leadership role for a queen of her period, forced to take responsibility as a direct result of Charles' illness. Her critics accepted skewed interpretations of her role in the negotiations with England, resulting in the Treaty of Troyes, and in the rumors of her marital infidelity with Orléans. Gibbons writes that a queen's duty was to secure the succession to the crown and look after her husband; historians described Isabeau as having failed in both respects. Gibbons goes on to say that even her physical appearance is uncertain; depictions of her vary depending on whether she was to be portrayed as good or evil.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Rumored to be a bad mother, she was accused of "incest, moral corruption, treason, avarice and profligacy ... political aspirations and involvements". Adams writes that historians reassessed her reputation in the late 20th century, exonerating her of many of the accusations, seen particularly in Gibbons' scholarship. Furthermore, Adams admits she believed the allegations against Isabeau until she delved into contemporary chronicles: there she found little evidence against the Queen except that many of the rumors came from only a few passages, and in particular from Pintoin's pro-Burgundian writing.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: After the onset of the King's illness, a common belief was that Charles' mental illness and inability to rule were due to Isabeau's witchcraft; as early as the 1380s, rumors spread that the court was steeped in sorcery. In 1397 Orléans' wife, Valentina Visconti, was forced to leave Paris because she was accused of using magic. The court of the "mad king" attracted magicians with promises of cures who were often used as political tools by the various factions. Lists of people accused of bewitching Charles were compiled, with Isabeau and Orléans both listed.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: The accusations of adultery were rampant. According to Pintoin's chronicle, "[Orléans] clung a bit too closely to his sister-in-law, the young and pretty Isabeau of Bavaria, the queen. This ardent brunette was twenty-two; her husband was insane and her seductive brother-in-law loved to dance, beyond that we can imagine all sorts of things". Pintoin said of the Queen and Orléans that they neglected Charles, behaved scandalously and "lived on the delights of the flesh", spending large amounts of money on court entertainment. The alleged affair, however, is based on a single paragraph from Pintoin's chronicles, according to Adams, and is no longer considered proof.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau was accused of indulging in extravagant and expensive fashions, jewel-laden dresses and elaborate braided hairstyles coiled into tall shells, covered with wide double hennins that, reportedly, required widened doorways to pass through. In 1406, a pro-Burgundian satirical pamphlet in verse allegory listed Isabeau's supposed lovers. She was accused of leading France into a civil war because of her inability to support a single faction; she was described as an "empty headed" German; of her children, it was said that she "took pleasure in a new pregnancy only insofar as it offered her new gifts"; and her political mistakes were attributed to her being fat.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries, historians characterized Isabeau as "an adulterous, luxurious, meddlesome, scheming, and spendthrift queen", overlooking her political achievements and influence. A popular book written by Louise de Karalio (1758–1822) about the "bad" French queens prior to Marie Antoinette is, according to Adams, where "Isabeau's black legend attains its full expression in a violent attack on the French royalty in general and queens in particular." Karalio wrote: "Isabeau was raised by the furies to bring about the ruin of the state and to sell it to its enemies; Isabeau of Bavaria appeared, and her marriage, celebrated in Amiens on 17 July 1385, would be regarded as the most horrifying moment in our history". Isabeau was painted as Orléans' passionate lover, and the inspiration for the Marquis de Sade's unpublished 1813 novel "Histoire secrète d'Isabelle de Bavière, reine de France", about which Adams writes, "submitting the queen to his ideology of gallantry, [the Marquis de Sade] gives her rapaciousness a cold and calculating violence ... a woman who carefully manages her greed for maximum gratification." She goes on to say that de Sade admitted to "being perfectly aware that the charges against the queen are without ground."


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Like many of the Valois, Isabeau was an appreciative art collector. She loved jewels and was responsible for the commissions of particularly lavish pieces of "ronde-bosse" — a newly developed technique of making enamel-covered gold pieces. Documentation suggests she commissioned several fine pieces of "tableaux d'or" from Parisian goldsmiths.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: In 1404, Isabeau gave Charles a spectacular "ronde-bosse", known as the "Little Golden Horse Shrine", (or "Goldenes Rössl"), now held in a convent church in Altötting, Bavaria. Contemporary documents identify the statuette as a New Year's gift—an "étrennes"—a Roman custom Charles revived to establish rank and alliances during the period of factionalism and war. With the exception of manuscripts, the Little Golden Horse is the single surviving documented "étrennes" of the period. Weighing , the gold piece is encrusted with rubies, sapphires and pearls. It depicts Charles kneeling on a platform above a double set of stairs, presenting himself to the Virgin Mary and child Jesus, who are attended by John the Evangelist and John the Baptist. A jewel encrusted trellis or bower is above; beneath stands a squire holding the golden horse. Isabeau also exchanged New Year's gifts with the Duke of Berry; one extant piece is the "ronde-bosse" statuette Saint Catherine.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Medieval author Christine de Pizan solicited the Queen's patronage at least three times. In 1402, she sent a compilation of her literary argument "Querelle du Roman de la Rose"—in which she questions the concept of courtly love—with a letter exclaiming "I am firmly convinced the feminine cause is worthy of defense. This I do here and have done with my other works." In 1410 and again in 1411, Pizan solicited the Queen, presenting her in 1414 an illuminated copy of her works. In "The Book of the City of Ladies", Pizan praised Isabeau lavishly, and again in the illuminated collection, "The Letter of Othea", which scholar Karen Green believes for de Pizan is "the culmination of fifteen years of service during which Christine formulated an ideology that supported Isabeau's right to rule as regent in this time of crisis."


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Isabeau showed great piety, essential for a queen of her period. During her lifetime, and in her will, she bequeathed property and personal possessions to Notre Dame, St. Denis, and the convent in Poissy.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: The birth of each of Isabeau's 12 children is well chronicled; even the decoration schemes of the rooms in which she gave birth are described. She had six sons and six daughters. The first son, born in 1386, died as an infant and the last, Philip, born in 1407, lived a single day. Three others died young with only her youngest son, Charles VII, living to adulthood. Five of the six daughters survived; four were married and one, Marie (1393–1438), was sent at age four to be raised in a convent, where she became prioress.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Her first son, Charles (b. 1386), the first Dauphin, died in infancy. A daughter, Joan, born two years later, lived until 1390. The second daughter, Isabella (1389-1409) was married at age seven to Richard II of England and after his death to Charles, Duke of Orléans. The third daughter, another Joan (1391–1433), who lived to age 42, married John VI, Duke of Brittany. The fourth daughter, Michelle (1395–1422), first wife to Philip the Good, died childless at age 27. Catherine of Valois, Queen of England (1401–1438), married Henry V of England; on his death she took Sir Owen Tudor as her second husband.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: Of her remaining sons, the second Dauphin was another Charles (1392–1401), who died at age eight of a "wasting illness". Louis, Duke of Guyenne (1397-1415), was the third Dauphin, married to Margaret of Nevers, who died at age 18. John, Duke of Touraine (1398-1417), the fourth Dauphin, the first husband of Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, died without issue, also at the age of 18. The fifth Dauphin, yet another Charles (1403-1461), became King Charles VII of France after his father's death. He was married to Marie of Anjou. Her last son, Philip, died in infancy in the year 1407.


title: Isabeau of Bavaria

text: According to modern historians, Isabeau stayed in close proximity to the children during their childhood, had them travel with her, bought them gifts, wrote letters, bought devotional texts, and arranged for her daughters to be educated. She resisted separation and reacted against having her sons sent to other households to live (as was the custom at the time). Pintoin records that she was dismayed at the marriage contract that stipulated her third surviving son, John, be sent to live in Hainaut. She maintained relationships with her daughters after their marriages, writing letters to them frequently. She sent them out of Paris during an outbreak of plague, staying behind herself with the youngest infant, John, too young to travel. The Celestines allowed "whenever and as often as she liked, she and her children could enter the monastery and church ... their vineyards and gardens, both for devotion and for entertainment and pleasure of herself and her children."


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: American country singer Carrie Underwood has released nine studio albums, one greatest hits album, and 29 singles. Underwood rose to fame after winning the fourth season of "American Idol" in 2005. Her debut album, "Some Hearts", was released in 2005 and is the fastest-selling debut country album in Nielsen SoundScan history. It also became the best-selling solo female country debut in Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) history, as well as the top-selling debut album of any "American Idol" contestant in the United States.


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: Her second album, "Carnival Ride", was released in 2007 and debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 charts. During the first week, it sold 527,000 copies, which at the time was the best sales week by a female solo country artist since Shania Twain's "Greatest Hits" sold 530,000 copies in its first week back in 2004. The album has since been certified 4× Platinum.


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: Underwood released her third studio album, "Play On", on November 3, 2009. It debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart and the all-genre "Billboard" 200. It features the number one singles "Cowboy Casanova", "Temporary Home", and "Undo It", as well as the number two single, "Mama's Song". The album has since been certified 3× Platinum in the US, Platinum in Canada, and Gold in Australia. In June 2011, the album re-entered the Australian Albums Chart for both the ARIA National Top 50 and the Country Top 20 albums at number 14 and number one, respectively, giving Underwood her first number one album in Australia. The album was eventually certified Gold in Australia.


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: On May 1, 2012, Underwood released her fourth album, "Blown Away". In the United States, it sold 267,000 albums in its first week and debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 and the Top Country Albums charts. It debuted at number one in Canada's Top 200 all-genre albums chart and Top 100 Country albums chart, being immediately certified Gold. The album also debuted at number one on Australia's Top 20 Country Albums and number four on the all-genre Top 50 Albums. The album has been certified 2× Platinum in the United States and Canada.


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: On December 9, 2014, Underwood released her first greatest hits album, "". The compilation debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 and at number one on the Top Country Albums charts, and set several records upon release, including having the biggest sales debut for a hits collection in any genre of music in more than six years and the biggest first-week sales for a female hits album in any genre in over nine years. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 16, 2015.


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: Underwood's fifth studio album, "Storyteller" was released on October 23, 2015. The album debuted at number 2 on the "Billboard" 200. This made Underwood the only country artist to have his or her first five studio albums debut at number one or number two on the "Billboard" 200 chart. It also debuted atop the Top Country Albums chart, earning Underwood another record as the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on that chart. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 24, 2016.


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: Underwood released her sixth studio album, "Cry Pretty", on September 14, 2018. The album debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 chart, making Underwood the first woman to have four number one country albums on that chart. It sold 266,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, out of which 251,000 copies were pure sales, giving Underwood the largest sales week for a female artist in 2018.


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: On September 25, 2020, Underwood released her seventh studio album and first Christmas album, "My Gift". The album debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Top Christian Albums chart, Top Holiday Albums chart and Top Country Albums chart, setting the record as the first artist to score eight consecutive number one debuts on the latter chart. The album debuted at number eight on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart with 43,000 units and later peaked at number five.


title: Carrie Underwood discography

text: Throughout her career, Underwood has sold 66 million albums worldwide. In the United States, she remains the best-selling album artist from "American Idol" franchise with a total of 16.3 million albums sold. She is the top country artist and the fifth highest-certified female artist on the RIAA Top Artists (Digital Singles) Ranking. She is also the fourth biggest album seller among artists who have debuted the past 13 years. Underwood has accumulated over 85 "Billboard" number-ones. She has had 16 singles top the "Billboard" Country Airplay, and 14 singles top the Hot Country Songs. Underwood has the longest streak of top 10 promoted singles from a career's start on the Hot Country Songs chart at 27.


title: Chagatai language

text: Chagatai (چغتای, "Čaġatāy"), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic ("Čaġatāy türkīsi"), is an extinct Turkic literary language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia and remained the shared literary language there until the early 20th century. It was used across a wide geographic area including parts of modern-day Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Literary Chagatai is the predecessor of the modern Karluk branch of Turkic languages, which include Uzbek and Uyghur. Turkmen, which is not within the Karluk branch but in the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages, had been heavily influenced by Chagatai for centuries.


title: Chagatai language

text: Chagatai literature is still studied in modern Uzbekistan, where the language is seen as the predecessor and the direct ancestor of modern Uzbek and the literature is regarded as part of the national heritage of Uzbekistan.


title: Chagatai language

text: The word "Chagatai" relates to the Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680s), a descendant empire of the Mongol Empire left to Genghis Khan's second son, Chagatai Khan. Many of the Turkic peoples, who were the speakers of this language, claimed political descent from Chagatai Khanate.


title: Chagatai language

text: As part of the preparation for the 1924 establishment of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan, Chagatai was officially renamed "Old Uzbek", which Edward A. Allworth argued "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as Ali-Shir Nava'i an Uzbek identity. It was also referred to as "Turki" or "Sart" in Russian colonial sources. In China, it is sometimes called "ancient Uyghur".


title: Chagatai language

text: Chagatai is a Turkic language that was developed in the late 15th century. It belongs to the Karluk branch of the Turkic language family. It is descended from Middle Turkic, which served as a lingua franca in Central Asia, with a strong infusion of Arabic and Persian words and turns of phrase.


title: Chagatai language

text: The first period is a transitional phase characterized by the retention of archaic forms; the second phase starts with the publication of Ali-Shir Nava'i's first Divan and is the highpoint of Chagatai literature, followed by the third phase, which is characterized by two bifurcating developments. One is the preservation of the classical Chagatai language of Nava'i, the other trend is the increasing influence of the dialects of the local spoken languages.


title: Chagatai language

text: Uzbek and Uyghur are the two modern languages that descended from and are the closest to Chagatai. Uzbeks regard Chagatai as the origin of their language and consider the Chagatai literature as part of their heritage. In 1921 in Uzbekistan, then a part of the Soviet Union, Chagatai was initially planned to be instated as the national and governmental language of the Uzbek S.S.R., however, when it became evident that the language was too archaic for that purpose, it was replaced by a new literary language based on series of Uzbek dialects.


title: Chagatai language

text: "Ethnologue" records the use of the word "Chagatai" in Afghanistan to describe the "Tekke" dialect of Turkmen. Up to and including the eighteenth century, Chagatai was the main literary language in Turkmenistan as well as most of Central Asia. While it had some influence on Turkmen, the two languages belong to different branches of the Turkic language family.


title: Chagatai language

text: The most famous of the Chagatai poets is Ali-Shir Nava'i, who – among his other works – wrote "Muhakamat al-Lughatayn", a detailed comparison of the Chagatai and Persian languages, in which he argued for the superiority of the former for literary purposes. His fame is attested by the fact that Chagatai is sometimes called "Nava'i's language". Among prose works, Timur's biography is written in Chagatai, as is the famous "Baburnama" (or "Tuska Babure") of Babur, the Timurid founder of the Mughal Empire. A "Divan" attributed to Kamran Mirza is written in Persian and Chagatai, and one of Bairam Khan's "Divans" was written in the Chagatai language.


title: Chagatai language

text: The following is a prime example of the 16th-century literary Chagatai Turkic, employed by Babur in one of his ruba'is.


title: Chagatai language

text: Uzbek ruler Muhammad Shaybani Khan wrote a prose essay called "Risale-yi maarif-i Shayibani" in the Central Asian Turkic - Chagatai language in 1507 shortly after his capture of Khorasan and is dedicated to his son, Muhammad Timur (the manuscript is kept in Istanbul) The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work: "Bahr ul-Khudo", written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508 is located in London


title: Chagatai language

text: Important writings in Chagatai from the period between the 17th and 18th centuries include those of Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur: "Shajara-i Tarākima" (Genealogy of the Turkmens) and "Shajara-i Turk" (Genealogy of the Turks). In the second half of the 18th century, Turkmen poet Magtymguly Pyragy also introduced the use of the classical Chagatai into Turkmen literature as a literary language, incorporating many Turkmen linguistic features.


title: Chagatai language

text: Bukharan ruler Subhan Quli Khan (1680-1702) was the author of a work on medicine "Subkhankuli's revival of medicine" ("Ihya at-tibb Subhani") which was written in the Central Asian Turkic language (Chaghatay) and is devoted to the description of diseases, their recognition and treatment. One of the manuscript lists is kept in the library in Budapest.


title: Chagatai language

text: Prominent 19th-century Khivan writers include Shermuhammad Munis and his nephew Muhammad Riza Agahi. Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva also wrote ghazals. Musa Sayrami's "Tārīkh-i amniyya", completed in 1903, and its revised version "Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi", completed in 1908, represent the best sources on the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in Xinjiang.


title: Chagatai language

text: Chagatai has been a literary language and is written with a variation of the Perso-Arabic alphabet. This variation is known as Kona Yëziq, (). It saw usage for Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uyghur, and Uzbek.


title: Chagatai language

text: The letters ف، ع، ظ، ط، ض، ص، ژ، ذ، خ، ح، ث، ء are only used in loanwords and don't represent any additional phonemes.


title: Chagatai language

text: For Kazakh and Kyrgyz, letters in parenthesis () indicate a modern borrowed pronunciation from Tatar and Russian that is not consistent with historic Kazakh and Kyrgyz treatments of these letters.


title: Chagatai language

text: Many orthographies, particularly that of Turkic languages, are based on Kona Yëziq. Examples include the alphabets of South Azerbaijani, Qashqai, Chaharmahali, Khorasani, Uyghur, Äynu, and Khalaj. Virtually all other Turkic languages have a history of being written with an alphabet descended from Kona Yëziq, however, due to various writing reforms conducted by Turkey and the Soviet Union, many of these languages now are written in either the Latin script or the Cyrillic script.


title: Chagatai language

text: The Qing dynasty commissioned dictionaries on the major languages of China which included Chagatai Turki, such as the Pentaglot Dictionary.


title: 2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

text: Elections to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly were held on 28 November 2018 to elect members of the 230 constituencies in Madhya Pradesh. It is believed that the election was a direct political battle between the BJP and the INC. One of the main centers of attraction was the contest between Congress heavy-weight Arun Yadav and the then Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan. While the Shivraj Singh Chouhan government had tried to win for consecutive 4th term, the INC fought for winning the state after 2003. The election led to a hung assembly, with the INC emerging as the single largest party and the BJP winning the popular vote.


text: Most exit polls predicted a "tight finish" between the BJP and the INC. According to Poll of Polls, There was a little edge to BJP over INC, however, No party got the majority to form the Government.


text: The election led to a hung assembly, with the INC emerging as the largest party, with 114 seats, but failing to win a majority. The seat and vote share was as follows -:


text: The counting of votes started on 11 December 2018, results were fluctuating throughout the day. On 12 December 2018 final figure of the result was declared. The INC became the single largest party with 114 seats. BJP won 109 seats. INC claimed support of Samajwadi Party's 1 MLA, Bahujan Samaj Party's 2 MLA and 4 Independent MLA . Due to no majority Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Chief Minister Of Madhya Pradesh resigned on 12 December 2018. Kamal Nath took oath on 17 December 2018 as new Chief Minister Of Madhya Pradesh and with this, INC came back to the power in State after 15 years.


text: However, after the resignation of 22 sitting MLAs from the INC, Kamal Nath resigned on 20 March 2020 and subsequently Shivraj Singh Chouhan of the BJP returned as the CM again on 23 March 2020.


title: Adobe Dreamweaver

text: Adobe Dreamweaver is a proprietary web development tool from Adobe Inc. It was created by Macromedia in 1997 and developed by them until Macromedia was acquired by Adobe Systems in 2005.


title: Adobe Dreamweaver

text: Following Adobe's acquisition of the Macromedia product suite, releases of Dreamweaver subsequent to version 8.0 have been more compliant with W3C standards. Recent versions have improved support for Web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, and various server-side scripting languages and frameworks including ASP (ASP JavaScript, ASP VBScript, ASP.NET C#, ASP.NET VB), ColdFusion, Scriptlet, and PHP.


title: Adobe Dreamweaver

text: Adobe Dreamweaver CC is a web design and an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) application that is used to develop and design websites. Dreamweaver includes a code editor that supports syntax highlighting, code completion, real-time syntax checking, and code introspection for generating code hints to assist the user in writing code.


title: Adobe Dreamweaver

text: Dreamweaver, like other HTML editors, edits files locally then uploads them to the remote web server using FTP, SFTP, or WebDAV. Dreamweaver CS4 supports the Subversion (SVN) version control system.


title: Adobe Dreamweaver

text: Adobe Dreamweaver CS6 is available in the following languages: Brazilian Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean (Windows only), Polish, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish.


title: Adobe Dreamweaver

text: The older Adobe Dreamweaver CS3 also features a Middle Eastern version that allows typing Arabic, Persian, Urdu, or Hebrew text (written from right to left) within the code view. Whether the text is fully Middle Eastern (written from right to left) or includes both English and Middle Eastern text (written left to right and right to left), it will be displayed properly.


title: Kate O'Mara

text: Kate O'Mara (born Francesca Meredith Carroll; 10 August 1939 – 30 March 2014) was an English film, stage and television actress, and writer. O'Mara made her stage debut in a 1963 production of "The Merchant of Venice". Her other stage roles included Elvira in "Blithe Spirit" (1974), Lady Macbeth in "Macbeth" (1982), Cleopatra in "Antony & Cleopatra" (1982), Goneril in "King Lear" (1987) and Marlene Dietrich in "Lunch with Marlene" (2008).


title: Kate O'Mara

text: In the cinema, O'Mara acted in two 1970 Hammer Horror films: "The Vampire Lovers" and "The Horror of Frankenstein". On BBC television, she had regular roles in "The Brothers" (1975–1976), "Triangle" (1981–1982) and "Howards' Way" (1989–1990), and portrayed "Doctor Who" villain the Rani three times (1985–1993). She also appeared as Jackie Stone in two episodes of the sitcom "Absolutely Fabulous" (1995–2003). On American television, she played Caress Morell, the scheming sister of Alexis Colby in the primetime soap opera "Dynasty" (1986).


title: Kate O'Mara

text: O'Mara was born to John F. Carroll, an RAF flying instructor, and actress Hazel Bainbridge (born Edith Marion Bainbridge; 25 January 1910 – 7 January 1998). Her younger sister is actress Belinda Carroll. After boarding school she attended art school before becoming a full-time actress. O'Mara made her stage debut in a production of "The Merchant of Venice" in 1963, although her first film role was some years earlier (under the name Merrie Carroll) in "Home and Away" (1956) with Jack Warner, as her father, and Kathleen Harrison.


title: Kate O'Mara

text: Her earliest television appearances, in the 1960s, included guest roles in "Danger Man", "Adam Adamant Lives!", "The Saint", "Z-Cars" and "The Avengers". In 1970, she appeared in two Hammer Studio horror films: "The Vampire Lovers" and "The Horror of Frankenstein". In the former, she had an erotically charged scene with Ingrid Pitt, in which O'Mara was meant to be seduced; the two women were left laughing on set, however, as Pitt's fangs kept falling into O'Mara's cleavage. O'Mara's work in "The Vampire Lovers" impressed Hammer enough for them to offer her a contract, which she turned down, fearful of being typecast.


title: Kate O'Mara

text: Her first major TV role was as Julia Main, wife of the main protagonist in the ITV series "The Main Chance" (1969). She had a regular role in the BBC drama series "The Brothers" (1975–1976) as Jane Maxwell, and in the early 1980s, O'Mara starred in the BBC soap opera "Triangle" (1981–1982), sometimes counted among the worst television series ever made. She played the villainous Rani in "Doctor Who" in two serials, "The Mark of the Rani" (1985) and "Time and the Rani" (1987), and also in the "Doctor Who" 30th anniversary spoof "Dimensions in Time" (1993), part of the "Children in Need" charity event.


title: Kate O'Mara

text: Between these appearances in "Doctor Who", she auditioned for the role of Sable Colby on the American primetime soap "The Colbys", a spin-off of the American prime time soap opera "Dynasty". Eventually, O'Mara declined the role since she was under contract with London stage play "Light Up the Sky" at the Old Vic Theatre, and the role went to Stephanie Beacham. Shortly after, she was offered the part of Caress Morell on "Dynasty". As the sister of Alexis Colby (Joan Collins), O'Mara appeared in 17 episodes of the sixth season and 4 episodes of the seventh during 1986. "We had a tremendous bitchy tension between us", the actress recalled about performing opposite Collins. “My character Caress was like an annoying little mosquito who just kept coming back and biting her.” O'Mara disliked living in California, preferring the change of seasons in Britain, and to her relief was released from her five-year contract after Collins told the producers that having two brunettes in the series was a bad idea. After returning to the UK, she was cast as another scheming villain, Laura Wilde, in the BBC soap "Howards' Way" (1989–1990).


title: Kate O'Mara

text: O'Mara spoke on several occasions about her experience with the casting couch. On an episode of "The Word" in 1994, O'Mara claimed that American producer Judd Bernard pulled down her panties during a hotel-room audition for the Elvis Presley vehicle "Double Trouble". In her autobiography "Vamp Until Ready: A Life Laid Bare", O'Mara described this incident and "many other close encounters with... this very unpleasant and humiliating procedure", including with a well-known television casting director, the boss of Associated Television at ATV Elstree Studios, and the director of "Great Catherine".


title: Kate O'Mara

text: O'Mara continued to make television appearances throughout the 1990s, including "Cluedo" (1990), and playing Jackie Stone (Patsy's older sister) in two episodes of "Absolutely Fabulous" (1995–2003). In 2001, she had a recurring role in the ITV prison drama series "Bad Girls" before appearing in the short-lived revival of the soap opera "Crossroads". She continued to perform on stage and in March 2008 she played Marlene Dietrich in a stage play entitled "Lunch with Marlene". From August to November 2008, she played Mrs Cheveley in Oscar Wilde's stage play "An Ideal Husband" directed by Peter Hall and produced by Bill Kenwright. She performed in radio and audio plays. In 2000 she reprised her role as the Rani in the BBV audio play "The Rani Reaps the Whirlwind", and in 2006 she made a guest appearance in the radio comedy series "Nebulous".


title: Kate O'Mara

text: O'Mara was married twice, first to Jeremy Young in 1971; the couple divorced in 1976. In 1993, she married Richard Willis, but the marriage was dissolved in 1996. She had two sons, Dickon Young (1964–2012) and Christopher Linde (born 1965), both from previous relationships, although Dickon took his stepfather's surname. She gave up Linde for adoption and he was named by his adoptive parents, Derek and Joy Linde.


title: Kate O'Mara

text: Christopher, from whom the actress was long estranged, was born from her relationship with actor David Orchard.


title: Kate O'Mara

text: Dickon, whose biological father was reportedly actor Ian Cullen, was a stage manager for the Royal Shakespeare Company before setting up his own company building tree-houses in the mid-1990s. He was found hanged, a presumed suicide, at the family home in Long Marston, Warwickshire, on 31 December 2012, after previous suicide attempts. O'Mara was in hospital with pneumonia at the time of her son's death and his body was not discovered for three weeks.


title: Kate O'Mara

text: O'Mara wrote four books, two novels ("When She Was Bad" () and "Good Time Girl" ()), and two autobiographical books, "Vamp Until Ready" () and "Game Plan: A Woman's Survival Kit" ().


title: Kate O'Mara

text: Speaking about her bouts of depression, later in her life, O'Mara said: "... I've since learnt a cure for depression: listening to J.S. Bach and reading P.G. Wodehouse. This got me through the break-up of my second marriage 17 years ago. The great thing about Wodehouse is that his books are full of romantic problems and yet so hilarious that it puts things in perspective ... I'm not frightened of dying, but I love the countryside so much and I'm going to miss it. I'd like to be out in the wind and the trees for ever."


title: Kate O'Mara

text: O'Mara died on 30 March 2014 in a Sussex nursing home, aged 74, from ovarian cancer. She left a £350,000 estate, bequeathing £10,000 to the Actors’ Benevolent Fund and, after the funeral and legal fees, the remainder to her younger sister Belinda Carroll, a former actress.


title: Scalability

text: Scalability is the property of a system to handle a growing amount of work by adding resources to the system.


title: Scalability

text: In an economic context, a scalable business model implies that a company can increase sales given increased resources. For example, a package delivery system is scalable because more packages can be delivered by adding more delivery vehicles. However, if all packages had to first pass through a single warehouse for sorting, the system would not be as scalable, because one warehouse can handle only a limited number of packages.


title: Scalability

text: In computing, scalability is a characteristic of computers, networks, algorithms, networking protocols, programs and applications. An example is a search engine, which must support increasing numbers of users, and the number of topics it indexes. Webscale is a computer architectural approach that brings the capabilities of large-scale cloud computing companies into enterprise data centers.


title: Scalability

text: The Incident Command System (ICS) is used by emergency response agencies in the United States. ICS can scale resource coordination from a single-engine roadside brushfire to an interstate wildfire. The first resource on scene establishes command, with authority to order resources and delegate responsibility (managing five to seven officers, who will again delegate to up to seven, and on as the incident grows). As an incident expands, more senior officers assume command.


title: Scalability

text: Scaling horizontally (out/in) means adding more nodes to (or removing nodes from) a system, such as adding a new computer to a distributed software application. An example might involve scaling out from one web server to three. High-performance computing applications, such as seismic analysis and biotechnology, scale workloads horizontally to support tasks that once would have required expensive supercomputers. Other workloads, such as large social networks, exceed the capacity of the largest supercomputer and can only be handled by scalable systems. Exploiting this scalability requires software for efficient resource management and maintenance.


title: Scalability

text: Scaling vertically (up/down) means adding resources to (or removing resources from) a single node, typically involving the addition of CPUs, memory or storage to a single computer.


title: Scalability

text: Larger numbers of elements increases management complexity, more sophisticated programming to allocate tasks among resources and handle issues such as throughput and latency across nodes, while some applications do not scale horizontally.


title: Scalability

text: Network function virtualization defines these terms differently: scaling out/in is the ability to scale by adding/removing resource instances (e.g., virtual machine), whereas scaling up/down is the ability to scale by changing allocated resources (e.g., memory/CPU/storage capacity).


title: Scalability

text: Scalability for databases requires that the database system be able to perform additional work given greater hardware resources, such as additional servers, processors, memory and storage. Workloads have continued to grow and demands on databases have followed suit.


title: Scalability

text: Algorithmic innovations have include row-level locking and table and index partitioning. Architectural innovations include shared-nothing and shared-everything architectures for managing multi-server configurations.


title: Scalability

text: In the context of scale-out data storage, scalability is defined as the maximum storage cluster size which guarantees full data consistency, meaning there is only ever one valid version of stored data in the whole cluster, independently from the number of redundant physical data copies. Clusters which provide "lazy" redundancy by updating copies in an asynchronous fashion are called 'eventually consistent'. This type of scale-out design is suitable when availability and responsiveness are rated higher than consistency, which is true for many web file-hosting services or web caches ("if you want the latest version, wait some seconds for it to propagate"). For all classical transaction-oriented applications, this design should be avoided.


title: Scalability

text: Many open-source and even commercial scale-out storage clusters, especially those built on top of standard PC hardware and networks, provide eventual consistency only. Idem some NoSQL databases like CouchDB and others mentioned above. Write operations invalidate other copies, but often don't wait for their acknowledgements. Read operations typically don't check every redundant copy prior to answering, potentially missing the preceding write operation. The large amount of metadata signal traffic would require specialized hardware and short distances to be handled with acceptable performance (i.e., act like a non-clustered storage device or database).


title: Scalability

text: It is often advised to focus system design on hardware scalability rather than on capacity. It is typically cheaper to add a new node to a system in order to achieve improved performance than to partake in performance tuning to improve the capacity that each node can handle. But this approach can have diminishing returns (as discussed in performance engineering). For example: suppose 70% of a program can be sped up if parallelized and run on multiple CPUs instead of one. If formula_1 is the fraction of a calculation that is sequential, and formula_2 is the fraction that can be parallelized, the maximum speedup that can be achieved by using P processors is given according to Amdahl's Law:


title: Scalability

text: Doubling the processing power has only sped up the process by roughly one-fifth. If the whole problem was parallelizable, the speed would also double. Therefore, throwing in more hardware is not necessarily the optimal approach.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: Airbourne are an Australian hard rock band formed in Warrnambool, Victoria in late 2003. Founding members are Joel O'Keeffe on lead vocals and lead guitar, his younger brother Ryan O'Keeffe on drums and David Roads on rhythm guitar and backing vocals. They were joined by Justin Street on bass guitar and backing vocals in mid-2004. Roads amicably left in 2017, Mathew Harrison joined in 2018 and after a short tenure was replaced by Jarrad Morrice on rhythm guitar and backing vocals in 2022.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: The band's debut album, "Runnin' Wild" (2007) peaked in the top 30 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It appeared on the United Kingdom Albums Chart and United States "Billboard" 200. By August 2013, it was certified with a silver award by BPI. Their second album, "No Guts. No Glory." (2010) reached the top 20 on the ARIA Chart, top 40 in the UK, top 5 in Germany and also appeared on the "Billboard" 200. Their third studio album, "Black Dog Barking" (2013) also reached top 5 in Germany. In 2016, Airbourne released their fourth album, "Breakin' Outta Hell", which peaked at No. 3 in Germany. "Boneshaker" (2019), the band's fifth studio album, appeared in the German top 10.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: Airbourne formed as a hard rock band (initially styled as Airborne) in late 2001 in the Victorian city of Warrnambool by Joel O'Keeffe (born ) on lead vocals and lead guitar and his younger brother Ryan (born ) on drums. Joel had played guitar since the age of 11 and Ryan got his first drum kit four years later also at the age of 11. At 17-years-old Joel provided guitar for his father Dennis' vocal performance in January 2000, with his mother Anne on bodhran and vocals, and uncle Colin on tin whistle and vocals.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: Airborne initially performed as a three-piece with an unnamed bass guitarist. Joel met David Roads (born c. 1983) when the two worked at the Hotel Warrnambool. The pair brought their guitars to work and, after their shifts, jammed on song ideas. Roads was asked to join the group on rhythm guitar and they rehearsed at the O'Keeffes' home. In November 2002 Warrnambool City Council and Arts Victoria released a Various Artists' CD album, "Hard Wired: Youth Compilation Album". Airborne provided two tracks, "Rock 'n' Roll" and "Give It all You've Got", which were recorded at Motherlode Studios, Warrnambool earlier in the year. The CD was given away to local students as well as 300 additional copies provided, "to help further the careers of the eight bands... [get them] airplay and gigs outside Warrnambool."


title: Airbourne (band)

text: Adam Jacobson joined on bass guitar early in 2003 and they played regular gigs at the local Criterion Hotel. In March of that year, as Airborne, the four-piece – Jacobson, the O'Keeffe brothers and Roads – won a statewide band competition, Push-On, in Melbourne. Their early material was influenced by Australian rock artists AC/DC, the Angels, Billy Thorpe and Rose Tattoo. "Classic Rock" magazine's reviewer described how they are, "shamelessly derivative and gloriously entertaining." As Airbourne, they recorded an eight-track extended play (EP), "Ready to Rock", which appeared in July 2004 via Field Man Australia, an independent self-funded release. Recorded at Hot House Studios with the band producing while Frank mastered it at Moose Mastering, Richmond for Sik Kitty Production. It was only sold at gigs and by 2017 became, "highly collectable." Pedro B of "Sputnikmusic" rated it at 3.0 out-of 5, "A valiant first effort by a very young band, but marred by cheesy lyrics, repetition and excessive adherence to source material."


title: Airbourne (band)

text: By the time the EP was issued Jacobson had been replaced by Justin Street (born c. 1986) on bass guitar. Ryan had met Street while stumbling home drunk from a party. In early 2005, the band relocated to Melbourne. Their talent manager, Gregg Donovan, handled the negotiations with four major record labels before they signed a five album record contract "for a seven-figure deal" with Capitol Records/EMI Music Australia in October. Initially the members shared a house, where they "lived off bare essentials like cans of baked beans and things like that. We played one gig a month. It was hard in the early days, building yourself up." The group supported Mötley Crüe, Motörhead, Iron Maiden and the Rolling Stones, as well as performing at summer music festivals.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: In 2006 Airbourne travelled to the United States to work on their first studio album, "Runnin' Wild", with producer Bob Marlette (Ozzy Osbourne, Alice Cooper). "Runnin' Wild" was released in Australia on 23 June 2007. Three singles were issued from the album, "Runnin' Wild" (May), "Too Much, Too Young, Too Fast" (June), a playable track on "Guitar Hero World Tour"; and "Diamond in the Rough" (September). In February Capitol Records culled 70% of their artist roster including cancelling their contract with Airbourne, but the album was still issued in Australia via EMI. In June the band signed with Roadrunner Records for international distribution.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: The album peaked at No. 21 on the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia, top 40 on New Zealand's RIANZ Albums Chart and appeared on charts in Austria, Switzerland and France. The group signed a publishing deal in May 2007 with Artwerk Publishing, a joint venture between Nettwerk and EA Games, where the group "will be featured in multiple global EA games later this year." "the.Dwarf.com.au"s Andrea Batz reviewed the album, "If AC/DC had a son it would be called Airbourne with a little doubt thrown in if the milkman was Iron Maiden!" Batz expanded, "A definite no-holds-barred feast of wreckless, yet well-organised rocker's bliss. Neat and tidy, simple and clean yet filthy, dirty, sexy and gritty. A formula that has evaded artists for quite some time."


title: Airbourne (band)

text: During late 2007 the group toured the US supporting Kid Rock and Korn. In September 2007 they issued a five-track live EP, "Live at the Playroom". At the ARIA Music Awards of 2007 they were nominated for Best Rock Album and Breakthrough Artist – Album for "Runnin' Wild". It was issued in North America, Europe and Japan in January 2008, after which Airbourne relocated to the US. The album reached the Top 100 on the UK Albums Chart and appeared on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: In a September 2008 interview with Axl Rosenburg and Vince Neilstein of "MetalSucks", Joel discussed comparisons with AC/DC, "whoever you are when you come out, especially if you're from Australia and you sound like we do, you're going to get compared to anyone who is out there. It doesn't matter who you are, you are going to get compared to somebody. To be compared to the best rock and roll band in the business, who are still going today and are about to release another album, there is no higher compliment..." In November at the Astoria in London, Dan Hawkins (Stone Gods/The Darkness) joined Airbourne on stage to play the AC/DC song, "Whole Lotta Rosie".


title: Airbourne (band)

text: Roads confirmed that in January 2009 Airbourne would enter the studio to begin recording their second album, "No Guts. No Glory." In the 17 January issue of "Kerrang!" magazine, Joel revealed they had written tracks in the Criterion Hotel, "We're getting all our gear plugged in and getting set for Aussie pub rock written in an Aussie rock pub!" The album was produced by Johnny K, mixed by Mike Fraser, and was released on 8 March 2010 in the UK, Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. The album reached the top 20 on the ARIA Albums Chart, and top 20 in Austria, New Zealand, Finland, Greece, Sweden and Switzerland, while in Germany it peaked at No. 4.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: In the US it appeared on 20 April 2010. "Born to Kill", was first played live at the Logan Campbell Centre, Auckland, New Zealand in October 2009. In January 2010, another new song, "No Way But the Hard Way", was played on the BBC Radio 1's "Rock Show". On 9 February it was available on iTunes, as the first single from the album. In the UK "No Guts. No Glory." reached No. 31, while on the US "Billboard" 200 it peaked in the top 100. At the 2010 ARIA Music Awards it was nominated for Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album. The band supported Iron Maiden on the UK leg of that group's Final Frontier World Tour from 20 July 2011 starting at Glasgow SECC Arena and ending at Cardiff Motorpoint Arena on 1 August 2011.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: From mid-2011 the band started working on their third studio album, "Black Dog Barking". It was recorded at Van Howes Studio, Los Angeles, and The Armoury, Vancouver with Brian Howes producing and was released on 21 May 2013 via Roadrunner. The cover artwork was by Australian artists The Sharp Brothers, who had provided cover artwork for "No Guts. No Glory." According to Roads, the title has "Black Dog" as a metaphor for the band's ability to break the rules, especially not to care for dB limits. It was their second album to get into the top 5 in Germany and peaked in top 20 in Australia, Austria, New Zealand, Sweden and Switzerland.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: Review aggregator, Metacritic rated "Black Dog Barking" at 76/100 with a summary, "generally favorable reviews." "Guardian Australia"s Dom Lawson gave it four-out-of-five stars and explained they show, "[an] electrifying verve with which they attack their joyously simplistic songs... the ageless and tireless uniformity of the band's approach that makes this an honest and brazen delight." "Kerrang!"s reviewer observed, "Very they come a school uniform away from impersonating their forefathers." Angus Young told that publication, "I really like Airbourne." "Black Dog Barking" was nominated for another ARIA Award for Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album in 2013. At the end of that year Airbourne toured Europe, supported – amongst others – by the Swedish band Corroded.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: Joel revealed in November 2014 that the band were writing songs for their fourth studio album, "Breakin' Outta Hell". In January of the following year, they signed for a worldwide deal with Spinefarm Records. "Breakin' Outta Hell" was released on 23 September 2016, which was recorded at Sing Sing Studios, Melbourne with Marlette producing again. Metacritic's score of 80/100 indicated, "generally favorable reviews" with Ian Fortnam of "Classic Rock" observing, "each track's feral combination of barbed-wire riffs, alcohol-numbed throat savagery, crotch-level bass and propulsive, pounding beats, your better judgement simply rolls its eyes as your feet drag you helpless to the dance floor."


title: Airbourne (band)

text: The album is the group's highest charting in various countries: Australia at No. 13, Austria at No. 3, Germany at No. 3, Switzerland at No. 4 and UK at No. 9. It was also nominated for Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album at the ARIA Music Awards of 2017. The title track was issued as a single on 8 July 2016.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: On 7 April 2017, it was announced via the band's Facebook page that founding rhythm guitarist David Roads would be leaving the band to work in his family business. Joel later explained, that after his years with the group "[he] was having a hard time out on the road, but he loved the fans, though – he loved playing. So now he's back on the farm [working in his family business] and he's happy as hell." Matt "Harri" Harrison (ex-Palace of the King) replaced Roads on rhythm guitar and backing vocals. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of "Runnin' Wild", the group issued a compilation album, "Diamond Cuts: The B-Sides", in September 2017. Two previously unreleased tracks, "Heavy Weight Lover" and "Money", were added. An associated box set of 4×CDs and a DVD, "Diamond Cuts", was also released.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: From March 2019 the band were recording their fifth studio album, "Boneshaker", at RCA Studio A in Nashville, Tennessee with production by Dave Cobb. It was released on 25 October 2019, which reached top 10 in Germany and Switzerland, and top 20 in Australia and Austria. "Hysteria Magazine"s Kris Peters observed, "[they] have served up another meat and potatoes take on their beloved genre, following their now sacred formula of no ballads, no acoustic guitars and no keyboards... If you think rock n roll is dying in this country, spend half an hour with this album through your speakers and your doubts will be cast aside." However, "The Soundboard"s reviewer felt Airbourne, "exist in a time where genre regimentation has effectively been dissolved altogether, and sticking to so rigidly to one single reference point only shows more limitations than benefits on paper... It's effectively the fifth time they've made this exact album, rotating through their own tropes with the ease of a band more than content with spinning their wheels, because it'll yield a positive result from their fans regardless."


title: Airbourne (band)

text: Airbourne's influences include AC/DC, Bad News, Def Leppard, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Pantera, Thin Lizzy, the Angels, Spinal Tap, Status Quo, Motörhead, Metallica, and Rose Tattoo.


title: Airbourne (band)

text: The ARIA Music Awards are an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. The first ceremony occurred in 1987. Airbourne have received five nominations.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Haing Somnang Ngor (Khmer: ហាំង សំណាង ង៉ោ; ; March 22, 1940 – February 25, 1996) was a Cambodian American gynecologist, obstetrician, actor and author. He is best remembered for winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1985 for his debut performance in the film "The Killing Fields" (1984), in which he portrayed Cambodian journalist and refugee Dith Pran. He was murdered in a robbery outside his home in Los Angeles in 1996.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Ngor is the only actor of Asian descent to win an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He survived three terms in Cambodian prison camps, using his medical knowledge to keep himself alive by eating beetles, termites, and scorpions; he eventually crawled between Khmer Rouge and Vietnamese lines to safety in a Red Cross refugee camp. His mother was Khmer and his father was of Chinese Hakka descent. Ngor and Harold Russell are the only two non-professional actors to win an Academy Award in an acting category.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Ngor continued acting for the rest of his life, most notably in "My Life" (1993), portraying spiritual healer Mr. Ho opposite Michael Keaton and Nicole Kidman.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Born in Samrong Young (in 1940, French Indochina), Bati district, now Takeo province, Cambodia, Ngor trained as a surgeon and gynecologist. He was practicing in the capital, Phnom Penh, in 1975 when Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge seized control of the country and proclaimed it Democratic Kampuchea. He was compelled to conceal his education, medical skills, and even the fact that he wore glasses to avoid the new regime's intense hostility to intellectuals and professionals. He was expelled from Phnom Penh along with the bulk of its two million inhabitants as part of the Khmer Rouge's "Year Zero" social experiment and imprisoned in a concentration camp along with his wife, My-Huoy, who subsequently died giving birth, along with their unborn child. Although a gynecologist, he was unable to treat his wife, who required a Caesarean section, because he would have been exposed, and both he and his wife (as well as the child) would very probably have been killed. After the fall of the Khmer Rouge in 1979, Ngor worked as a doctor in a refugee camp in Thailand and left with his niece for the United States on August 30, 1980. In America, Ngor was unable to resume his medical practice, and he did not remarry.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: In 1988, he wrote "Haing Ngor: A Cambodian Odyssey", describing his life under the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. In the second edition of "Survival in the Killing Fields," Roger Warner, Ngor's co-author, adds an epilogue telling the story of Ngor's life after winning the Academy Award.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: The Dr. Haing S. Ngor Foundation was founded in his honor in 1997 to assist in raising funds for Cambodian aid. As part of his humanitarian efforts, Ngor built an elementary school and operated a small sawmill that provided jobs and an income for local families. Ngor's niece, Sophia Ngor Demetri, who testified at the trial of his murderers and with whom he arrived in the U.S., is the current president of the Foundation.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Ngor, despite having no previous acting experience, was cast as Dith Pran in "The Killing Fields" (1984), a role for which he won (among many honors) the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the first (and only) Asian to win Best Supporting Actor in debut performance, the second Asian actor to ever win an Oscar, and one of two amateur actors to win an Oscar following Harold Russell. Ngor was not initially interested in the role of Dith Pran, but interviews with the filmmakers changed his mind, as he recalled that he promised his late wife to tell Cambodia's story to the world. After appearing in "The Killing Fields" he told "People" magazine, "I wanted to show the world how deep starvation is in Cambodia, how many people die under communist regime. My heart is satisfied. I have done something perfect."


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Ngor went on to appear in various other onscreen projects, most memorably in the "Vanishing Son" miniseries and Oliver Stone's "Heaven & Earth" (1993). He also appeared in the Hong Kong film "Eastern Condors" (1987), which was directed by and starred Sammo Hung.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Ngor appeared in a supporting role in the 1989 Vietnam War drama "The Iron Triangle and" guest-starred in a two-episode storyline on the acclaimed series "China Beach" (episodes "How to Stay Alive in Vietnam 1 & 2") as a wounded Cambodian POW who befriends Colleen McMurphy while under her care. Ngor guest-starred in an episode of "Miami Vice" called "The Savage / Duty and Honor".


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Next to "The Killing Fields", Ngor's most prominent feature film role was in "My Life" (1993), the directorial debut of Academy Award-winning screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin. Ngor portrayed a spiritual healer, Mr. Ho, who provides guidance for protagonist Bob Jones (Michael Keaton) and his wife Gail (Nicole Kidman) after Bob is diagnosed with terminal cancer, months before the birth of his and Gail's first child.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: The Dr. Haing S. Ngor Foundation was organized in 1990 by Ngor and Jack Ong. The two actors met in 1989 while filming "The Iron Triangle" and soon after, Pastor Ong's church (Venice Christian Community in Venice, California) launched Project Cambodia to raise funds to care for orphans and help rebuild the devastated country's infrastructure. Project Cambodia was the original foundation for The Dr. Haing S. Ngor Foundation, which was incorporated in 1997 after Ngor's homicide (February 25, 1996) as a 501 (C) (3) charitable organization. The goals of the Foundation include preserving the legacy of Ngor's accomplishments and human rights endeavors as well as the promotion of Cambodia's history and culture through education, activism and the arts. Ngor's niece, Sophia Ngor Demetri, who testified at the trial of his murderers and whom he brought to the U.S., is the current president of the foundation; Ong serves as executive director.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: On February 25, 1996, Ngor was shot dead outside his home in Chinatown, in downtown Los Angeles, California. Many Cambodians claimed they had a stake in his estate, with one woman claiming he had married her after coming to the United States. Most of Ngor's Cambodian assets went to his younger brother, Chan Sarun, while his American assets were used up in legal fees staving off claims to his estate. He was buried at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Charged with the murder were three reputed members of the "Oriental Lazy Boyz" street gang, who had prior arrests for snatching purses and jewelry. They were tried together in the Superior Court of Los Angeles, though their cases were heard by three separate juries. Prosecutors argued they killed Ngor because, after handing over his gold Rolex watch willingly, he refused to give them a locket that contained a photo of his deceased wife, My-Huoy. Defense attorneys suggested the murder was a politically motivated killing carried out by sympathizers of the Khmer Rouge, but offered no evidence to support this theory. Kang Kek Iew, a former Khmer Rouge official on trial in Cambodia, claimed in November 2009 that Ngor was murdered on Pol Pot's orders, but U.S. investigators did not find him credible.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Some criticized the theory that Ngor was killed in a bungled robbery, pointing to $2,900 in cash that had been left behind and that the thieves had not rifled his pockets. Why the thieves would have demanded his locket has never been answered; Ngor typically wore the locket next to his skin under his clothing, so it would not have been easily visible. , the locket had not been recovered.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: All of the defendants were found guilty on April 16, 1998, the same day Pol Pot's death was confirmed in Cambodia. Tak Sun Tan was sentenced to 56 years to life; Indra Lim to 26 years to life; and Jason Chan to life without parole. In 2004, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California granted Tak Sun Tan's "habeas corpus" petition, finding that prosecutors had manipulated the jury's sympathy by presenting false evidence. This decision was reversed, and the conviction was ultimately upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in July 2005.


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: After the release of "The Killing Fields", Ngor had told a "New York Times" reporter, "If I die from now on, OK! This film will go on for a hundred years."


title: Haing S. Ngor

text: Dith Pran, whom Ngor portrayed in "The Killing Fields", said of Ngor's death, "He is like a twin with me. He is like a co-messenger and right now I am alone."


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: In architecture, an atrium (plural: atria or atriums) is a large open-air or skylight-covered space surrounded by a building.


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: Atria were a common feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light and ventilation to the interior. Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, are often several stories high, with a glazed roof or large windows, and often located immediately beyond a building's main entrance doors (in the lobby).


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: Atria are a popular design feature because they give their buildings a "feeling of space and light." The atrium has become a key feature of many buildings in recent years. Atria are popular with building users, building designers and building developers. Users like atria because they create a dynamic and stimulating interior that provides shelter from the external environment while maintaining a visual link with that environment. Designers enjoy the opportunity to create new types of spaces in buildings, and developers see atria as prestigious amenities that can increase commercial value and appeal.


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: In a "domus", a large house in ancient Roman architecture, the "atrium" was the open central court with enclosed rooms on all sides. In the middle of the atrium was the "impluvium", a shallow pool sunken into the floor to catch rainwater from the roof. Some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool ("compluvium") called for some means of support for the roof, and it is here where one differentiates between five different styles of atrium. As the centrepiece of the house, the atrium was the most lavishly furnished room. Wealthier houses often included a marble "cartibulum", an oblong marble table supported by "trapezophoros" pedestals depicting mythological creatures like winged griffins. Also, it contained the little chapel to the ancestral spirits ("lararium"), the household safe ("arca") and sometimes a bust of the master of the house. The cylindrical puteal (a wellhead) gave access to the water cistern fed by water seeping through the porous bottom of the overlying impluvium. The atrium contributed to the passive cooling of the house.


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: The term was also used for a variety of spaces in public and religious buildings, mostly forms of arcaded courtyards, larger versions of the domestic spaces. Byzantine churches were often entered through such a space (as are many mosques, though the term atrium is not usually used to describe Islamic architecture).


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: The 19th century brought the industrial revolution with great advances in iron and glass manufacturing techniques. Courtyards could then have horizontal glazing overhead, eliminating some of the weather elements from the space and giving birth to the modern atrium.


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: Fire control is an important aspect of contemporary atrium design due to criticism that poorly designed atria could allow fire to spread to a building's upper stories more quickly. Another downside to incorporating an atrium is that it typically creates unused vertical space which could otherwise be occupied by additional floors.


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: One of the main public spaces at Federation Square, in Melbourne, Australia, is called The Atrium and is a street-like space, five stories high with glazed walls and roof. The structure and glazing pattern follow the system of fractals used to arrange the panels on the rest of the facades at Federation Square.


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: In Nashville, Tennessee, U.S., the Opryland Hotel hosts 4 different large atria, spanning of glass ceiling in total, in the hotel above the gardens of: Delta, Cascades, Garden-Conservatories, and Magnolia.


title: Atrium (architecture)

text: When it opened in 2019, the Leeza SOHO in Beijing, had the world's tallest atrium at , replacing the previous record-holder, the Burj Al Arab in Dubai. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada, has the largest atrium in the world (by volume) at .


title: Hysterical strength

text: Hysterical strength is a display of extreme physical strength by humans, beyond what is believed to be normal, usually occurring when people are in; or perceive themselves to be in life-or-death situations. The extra strength is commonly attributed to increased adrenaline production. Research into the phenomenon is difficult, though it may be possible as adrenaline is known to improve endurance and muscle twitch. Norepinephrine is pointed as a more compelling cause of this phenomenon.


title: Hysterical strength

text: The most common anecdotal examples based on hearsay are of parents lifting vehicles to rescue their children, and when people are in life-and-death situations. Periods of increased strength are short-lived, usually no longer than a few minutes, and might lead to muscle injuries and exhaustion later. It is not known if there are any reliable examples of this phenomenon.


title: Hysterical strength

text: Early experiments showed that adrenaline increases twitch, but not tetanic force and rate of force development in muscles. It is questionable whether adrenaline, released from the adrenal medulla into the venous circulation, can reach the muscle quickly enough in order to be able to cause such an effect in the midst of a crisis. It may be that norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve terminals directly innervating skeletal muscle has more of an effect over the timescale of seconds.


title: Hysterical strength

text: Starting from the amygdala, such physical response is caused by, or by a combination of, adrenaline, cortisol and endorphins, as the effective cause of hysterical strength. However, the simplest explanation is that most of the time people use but a fraction of their maximum theoretical strength, and that even said strength has its limitations, such as physical condition and body mass.


title: Female condom

text: An internal condom (also known as a femidom or female condom) is a barrier device that is used during sexual intercourse as a barrier contraceptive to reduce the probability of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Meant as an alternative to the condom for males in vaginal sex, it was invented by Danish MD Lasse Hessel and designed to be worn internally by the female partner during vaginal sex to prevent exposure to semen or other body fluids. His invention was launched in Europe in 1990 and approved by the FDA for sale in the US in 1993. Its protection against STIs is inferior to that of male condoms. Internal condoms can be used by the receptive partner during anal sex.


title: Female condom

text: The female condom is a thin, soft, loose-fitting sheath with a flexible ring/frame or ring/foam disc at the closed end. They typically come in various sizes. For most vaginas, a moderately sized condom is adequate; women who have recently given birth should try a large size first. The inner ring or foam disc at the closed end of the sheath is used to insert the condom inside the vagina and to hold it in place during intercourse. The rolled outer ring or poly frame at the open end of the sheath remains outside the vagina and covers part of the external genitalia.


title: Female condom

text: The female condom was developed in the late 20th century (male condoms have been used for centuries). A primary motive for its creation is the well-documented refusal of some men to use a condom because of loss of sensation and the resulting impact on the hardness of the man's erection, and secondarily by its implication that the male could transmit an STI.


title: Female condom

text: The FC1 female condom was first made from polyurethane. The second generation female condom is called the FC2 and is made from synthetic nitrile (this material change was announced in September 2005, and full transition of the product line to FC2 was done by October 2009). The newer nitrile condoms are less likely to make potentially distracting crinkling noises. FC2 was developed to take the place of FC1, providing the same safety and efficacy during use, but at a significantly lower cost. FC2 is manufactured by The Female Health Company. The World Health Organization (WHO) has cleared FC2 for purchase by U.N. agencies and the United Nations Population Fund has incorporated the female condom into national programming. They are sold under many brand names, including "Reality, Femidom, Dominique, Femy, Myfemy, Protectiv" and "Care".


title: Female condom

text: A recent version of the female condom is made from natural latex, the same material used in male condoms. This condom does not make the noises some experience with plastic condoms and fits snugly against the female anatomy. This type of female condom is manufactured by HLL Lifecare Ltd., India and IXu LLC of USA. It is sold under the brand name "VA w.o.w Condom Feminine". One more clinical trial is required before it can be considered for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the United States.


title: Female condom

text: The global health nonprofit PATH has also developed a female condom tailored for use in developing countries. The Woman's Condom is manufactured by Shanghai Dahua Medical Apparatus in China and is in early introduction.


title: Female condom

text: The FC2 female condom is a nitrile sheath or pouch in length. At each end there is a flexible ring. At the closed end of the sheath, the flexible ring is inserted into the vagina to hold the female condom in place. The other end of the sheath stays outside the vulva at the entrance to the vagina. This ring acts as a guide during penetration and stops the sheath from shifting during intercourse. There is a silicone-based lubricant on the inside of the condom, but additional lubrication can be used. The condom does not contain spermicide.


title: Female condom

text: The VA w.o.w. Condom Feminine is manufactured by HLL Lifecare Ltd. and IXu LLC. This latex condom has a pouch attached to its rounded triangular opening and a sponge to secure it inside a woman's vagina. It is available through the distributor IXu LLC for the private and public sectors in several regions, including the EU, South Africa, Brazil, and India. The VA w.o.w. received the CE mark, a certification that it meets European Union consumer health requirements. It is also under review by the WHO.


title: Female condom

text: The Woman's Condom, developed by PATH, through a user-centered design process, is a new female contraceptive designed for improved acceptability, ease of use, and good sensation. The Woman's Condom is a polyurethane pouch that is partially enclosed in a capsule to aid insertion. The capsule dissolves quickly after insertion in the vagina, which releases the pouch. The condom is then held stable in the woman by foam pads. The Woman's Condom is packaged dry and comes with a small sachet of water-based lubricant to be applied at point of use. PATH licensed manufacturing and distribution of the Woman's Condom to the Shanghai Dahua Medical Apparatus Company in 2008. Dahua has received the South Africa Bureau of Standards (SABS) certification marking (2013), Shanghai Food and Drug Administration Approval (2011), and the CE Mark approval (2010) for the Woman's Condom, which allows for marketing and distribution of the product in South Africa, China and Europe, respectively. The Woman's Condom is currently under review by the WHO/United Nations Population Fund Technical Review Committee; the committee's approval could lead to bulk public-sector purchase by United Nations agencies.


title: Female condom

text: The Natural Sensation Panty Condom is distributed in the US exclusively by the ACME Condom Company. It is manufactured by Natural Sensation Compañia Ltda. (NS) based in Bogotá, Colombia. The product is made of a polyethylene resin, which is stronger and thinner than latex. Unlike latex, polyethylene is anti-allergenic, ultra sensitive, transparent and odorless. Natural Sensation's condoms are lubricated and may be used with either oil- or water-based lubricants.


title: Female condom

text: The Female Panty Condom is manufactured by Silk Parasol. It is made of biodegradable latex. It has not yet been approved by the FDA and is currently undergoing clinical trials.


title: Female condom

text: The Phoenurse is made of a dumbbell-shaped polyurethane sheath and comes with an insertion tool, a water- or silicone-based lubricant, sanitary towels, and disposal bags. It is manufactured by the Tianjin Condombao Medical Polyurethane Tech. Co. Ltd. and is approved for sale in the European Economic Area. The Phoenurse female condom is also available in Brazil, Sri Lanka, China, Kenya, and Mexico. It has not been approved by the FDA.


title: Female condom

text: The Cupid's Female Condom is made of natural latex rubber and manufactured in India by Cupid Ltd. It is approved for distribution in Europe and was prequalified for distribution by WHO in 2012. It is currently undergoing clinical trials to gain approval by the FDA.


title: Female condom

text: The ORIGAMI Female Condom (OFC) is fabricated in molded silicone for anatomical conformity. It was validated as 100% biocompatible and non-allergenic in independent pre-clinical lab testing. The condom is not yet approved for sale and must be reviewed by the WHO, the C-Mark (EU), and the FDA to meet regulatory safety requirements. The OFC is in clinical trials in San Francisco, California, in collaboration with the Women's Global Health Imperative at RTI, International. Large-scale clinical trials were to follow in 2014, to evaluate its performance and safety. It had been expected to reach the market in late 2015, pending regulatory pre-market approvals. As of January 2017, no results were available from initial feasibility studies. A pending lawsuit involving allegations of embezzlement means that the Origami is, as of February 2017, suspended indefinitely from reaching the market.


title: Female condom

text: The per unit price of female condoms is higher than male condoms but there is some evidence to suggest that polyurethane female condoms can be washed, disinfected, and reused.


title: Female condom

text: Re-using the polyurethane female condom is not considered as safe as using a new one; however, the WHO says, A presentation at the 1998 International AIDS conference concluded that "washing, drying and re-lubricating the female condom up to ten times does not significantly alter the structural integrity of the device. Further microbiological and virological tests are required before re-use of the female condom can be recommended."


title: Female condom

text: Research suggests that the FC2 female condoms are a cost-effective method of HIV prevention even at low levels of use. The data shows that the cost-effectiveness would increase significantly at higher levels of use. A study conducted in 2005 by David Holtgrave, Chair of the Department of Health, Behavior and Society at Johns Hopkins University's Bloomberg School of Public Health, examined the projected public health impact that the FC2 female condom would have at different levels of use in two developing countries: South Africa and Brazil. The study concluded that FC2 use would generate significant cost savings at all levels of implementation by preventing thousands of HIV infections and saving millions of dollars in health care costs. There is some evidence to suggest that the effectiveness of female condoms in preventing transmission of HIV may be similar to that of male condoms.


title: Female condom

text: As with all barrier contraceptives, water or silicone-based lubricants are safe to use with any female condom. Oil should not be used with a female condom made of latex.


title: Female condom

text: The FC2 Female Condom comes pre-lubricated with a non-spermicidal, silicone based lubricant. The FC2 is made of nitrile so oil-based (or water-based) lubricants can be added on the inside and outside of the FC2 Female Condom or on the penis.


title: Female condom

text: When used correctly, the female condom has a 5% failure rate. Inconsistent or incorrect usage has been shown to result in a 21% failure rate.


title: Female condom

text: FC2 Female Condom gives women control and choice over their own sexual health; women can protect themselves when their partner does not want to use a male condom; female condoms may provide enhanced sensation for men as compared to male condoms; FC2 is hypo allergenic and is safe to use with people who are allergic to rubber latex; FC2 may be inserted hours before intercourse; female condoms are not dependent on the penis being erect for insertion and does not require immediate withdrawal after ejaculation; FC2 is not tight or constricting; FC2 is highly lubricated and the material warms to body temperature.


title: Female condom

text: The external genitals of the wearer and the base of the penis of the inserting partner may be better protected (from skin-to-skin transmitted STDs such as herpes and HPV) than when the male condom is used; however see studies below.


title: Female condom

text: Sales of female condoms have been low in developed countries, though developing countries are increasingly using them to complement already existing family planning and HIV/AIDS programming. Probable causes for poor sales are that inserting the female condom is a skill that has to be learned and that female condoms can be significantly more expensive than male condoms (upwards of 2 or 3 times the cost). Also, reported "rustling" sounds from the original version of the female condom during intercourse turn off some potential users, as does the visibility of the outer ring which remains outside the vagina. Regulatory issues have also limited interest in manufacturing female condoms. In the United States, the FDA historically categorized female condoms as Class III medical devices, a category with more stringent requirements than Class II, which includes external condoms. Following proposals to reclassify female condoms, the FDA announced in 2018 that single-use female condoms would now be known as single-use internal condoms, and moved to Class II.


title: Female condom

text: In November 2005, the World YWCA called on national health ministries and international donors to commit to purchasing 180 million female condoms for global distribution in 2006, stating that "Female condoms remain the only tool for HIV prevention that women can initiate and control," but that they remain virtually inaccessible to women in the developing world due to their high cost of 72¢ per piece. If 180 million female condoms were ordered, the price of a single female condom was projected to decline to 22¢.


title: Female condom

text: In 2005, 12 million female condoms were distributed to women in the developing world. By comparison, between 6 and 9 billion male condoms were distributed that year.