title: Junior Hoilett

text: On 9 May 2021, Hoilett announced his departure from Cardiff City at the end of his contract via Instagram. He had spent five years with the club, amassing 184 appearances across all competitions. His last appearance for the club came on 27 January against Barnsley in the first game in charge for new manager Mick McCarthy, but he didn't feature at all the rest of the season.


title: Junior Hoilett

text: On 19 August 2021, Hoilett signed for Reading on a one-year contract. His first goal for the club came at the Cardiff City Stadium on 2 October, the only goal in a win over his former club. In July 2022 Hoilett re-signed with Reading on another one-year deal. During the 2022-23 season Hoilett began featuring at wing-back for the club, earning praise for his performances by coach Paul Ince, heralding him as "unplayable."


title: Junior Hoilett

text: Hoilett was eligible to play for either Canada or Jamaica at international level. In February 2011, he rejected a call-up from the Canada national team, stating that he wanted more time to develop his club career before committing to international football. In January 2012, Jamaica Football Federation president Horace Burrell confirmed that he had approached the player's father about Hoilett representing Jamaica, with his father keen for him to represent the Caribbean nation. In March 2012, Hoilett told various media bodies that he would consider playing for England if eligible.


title: Junior Hoilett

text: Hoilett officially declared for Canada in September 2015, prior to the fourth round of CONCACAF 2018 World Cup Qualifying. He received his first international cap in a 1–1 draw against Ghana on 13 October 2015, at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. He officially got cap-tied to Canada after starting for the nation in a 2018 World Cup qualification match against Honduras. Hoilett was named to Canada's squad for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup on 27 June 2017, and scored his first international goal in the quarter-finals on 20 July, in a 1–2 defeat to eventual finalists Jamaica.


title: Junior Hoilett

text: Hoilett was named to the final 23-man squad for the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup on 20 May 2019. He scored in victories over Martinique and Cuba – each breaking the record for the country's biggest win in the competition – as the Canadians advanced to the quarter-finals. Hoilett was named Canada's captain for the first time in a CONCACAF Nations League match against Cuba on 7 September 2019; he scored three goals in a 6–0 victory. In doing so, Hoilett became the third Canadian player in 2019 to net a hat-trick against Cuba, following Jonathan David and Lucas Cavallini.


title: Junior Hoilett

text: Hoilett was called-up to Canada's squad for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup on 1 July. He scored in a 4–1 group win over Haiti and a 2–0 quarter-final win over Costa Rica as the team reached the semi-finals for the first time since 2007.


title: Junior Hoilett

text: Hoilett scored the third goal on 27 March 2022 as Canada defeated Jamaica 4–0 in 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, thereby making the World Cup for the first time since 1986. In November 2022, Hoilett was named to Canada’s 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Quinn Ewers

text: Quinn Ewers (born March 15, 2003) is an American football quarterback for the Texas Longhorns. Ewers attended Ohio State University in 2021 before transferring to Texas in 2022, where he became their starter.


title: Quinn Ewers

text: Ewers was born on March 15, 2003, in San Antonio, Texas. He grew up in Southlake, Texas and attended Carroll Senior High School, where he played football and also previously played baseball. As a sophomore, he completed 291 of 402 passes for 3,998 yards with 45 touchdowns and three interceptions. Ewers and Southlake Carroll advanced to the Texas 6A Division I quarterfinals before being defeated by Duncanville. Ewers finished his junior season with 2,442 yards and 28 touchdown passes in eight games, missing six games due to injury, as Carroll advanced to the 6A Division I Texas State Championship Game before losing to Westlake High School. Following the season, he participated in the 2021 Elite 11 competition, but only managed sixth place in the competition.


title: Quinn Ewers

text: Going into his senior year, Ewers is considered by multiple outlets to be the top overall recruit in the 2022 recruiting class. Ewers initially committed to the University of Texas in August 2020, where he would have been the first quarterback since fellow former campus recruit Vince Young to receive a perfect 1.000 "247Sports" composite rating. Ewers would later decommit from the Longhorns in October, before committing to play for the Ohio State Buckeyes in November 2020.


title: Quinn Ewers

text: Ewers officially enrolled at Ohio State in August 2021 and joined the team for preseason training camp. Ewers made his debut on November 20, 2021 against the Michigan State Spartans, taking two snaps at the end of the game in the Buckeyes' win over the Spartans.


title: Quinn Ewers

text: On December 12, 2021, Ewers announced that he would be transferring to the University of Texas. He was named the Longhorns' starting quarterback entering the 2022 season.


title: Quinn Ewers

text: Ewers is a Christian. In 2021, he became the first amateur athlete to land a Name, Image and Likeness (NIL) deal worth over 1 million.


title: Exudate

text: An exudate is a fluid emitted by an organism through pores or a wound, a process known as exuding or exudation.


title: Exudate

text: "Exudate" is derived from "exude" 'to ooze' from Latin "exsūdāre" 'to (ooze out) sweat' ("ex-" 'out' and "sūdāre" 'to sweat').


title: Exudate

text: An exudate is any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation. It can be a pus-like or clear fluid. When an injury occurs, leaving skin exposed, it leaks out of the blood vessels and into nearby tissues. The fluid is composed of serum, fibrin, and leukocytes. Exudate may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation.


title: Exudate

text: Serous: Clear straw colored liquid that drains from the wound this is a normal part of the healing process.


title: Exudate

text: Serosanguineous: Small amount of blood is present in the drainage it is pink in color due to the presence of red blood cells mixed with serous drainage. This is a normal part of the healing process


title: Exudate

text: Sanguineous: This type of drainage contains red blood due to trauma of blood vessels, this may occur while cleaning the wound. Sanguineous drainage is abnormal.


title: Exudate

text: Hemorrhaging: This type of drainage contains frank blood from a leaking blood vessel. This will require emergency treatment to control the bleed. This type of drainage is abnormal.


title: Exudate

text: Purulent drainage: This type of drainage is malodorous and can be yellow, gray, or greenish in color. This is an indication of an infection.


title: Exudate

text: There is an important distinction between transudates and exudates. Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation. They have a low protein content in comparison to exudates. Medical distinction between transudates and exudates is through the measurement of the specific gravity of extracted fluid. Specific gravity is used to measure the protein content of the fluid. The higher the specific gravity, the greater the likelihood of capillary permeability changes in relation to body cavities. For example, the specific gravity of the transudate is usually less than 1.012 and a protein content of less than 2 g/100 mL (2 g%). Rivalta test may be used to differentiate an exudate from a transudate.


title: Exudate

text: Plant exudates include saps, gums, latex, and resin. Sometimes nectar is considered an exudate. Plant seeds exudate a variety of molecules into the spermosphere, and roots exudate into the rhizosphere, these exudates include acids, sugars, polysaccharides and ectoenzymes; this can account for 40% of root carbon. Exudation of these compounds has various benefits to the plant and to the microorganisms of the rhizosphere.


title: MG Midget

text: The MG Midget is a small two-seater sports car produced by MG from 1961 to 1979. It revived a name that had been used on earlier models such as the MG M-type, MG D-type, MG J-type and MG T-type.


title: MG Midget

text: The first version, announced at the end of June 1961, was essentially a slightly more expensive badge-engineered version of the MkII Austin-Healey Sprite deluxe version. The original 'frogeye' Sprite had been introduced specifically to fill the gap in the market left by the end of production of the MG T-type Midget as its replacement, the MGA had been a significantly larger and more expensive car with greater performance. Many existing MG buyers turned to the Sprite to provide a modern low-cost sports car and so a badge-engineered MG version reusing the Midget name made sense. The new Midget differed from the Sprite only in grille design, badging, improved interior trim, better instruments and added external polished trim to justify its higher price.


title: MG Midget

text: Mechanically the car was identical to its Austin-Healey counterpart, retaining the rear suspension using quarter-elliptic leaf springs and trailing arms from the 'frogeye'. The engine was a 948 cc A-Series with twin SU carburettors producing at 5500 rpm and at 3000 rpm. Brakes were drums all round. A hard top, heater, radio and luggage rack were available as factory-fitted extras.


title: MG Midget

text: In October 1962, the engine was increased to 1098 cc, raising the output to at 5500 rpm and at 3250 rpm, and disc brakes replaced the drums at the front. 13x4" Wire spoked wheels became available.


title: MG Midget

text: The doors had no external handles or locks and the windows were sliding Perspex side-screens. A heater was an optional extra.


title: MG Midget

text: A car with the 948 cc engine was tested by the British magazine "The Motor" in 1962 and had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0- in 18.3 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £689 including taxes on the UK market.


title: MG Midget

text: Externally the main changes were to the doors, which gained wind-up windows, swivelling quarter lights (AKA wing windows), external handles, and separate locks. The windscreen gained a slight curvature and was retained in a more substantial frame. The hood (US – top), though modified, continued to have a removable frame that had to be erected before the cover was put on. The rear springs were replaced by more conventional semi-elliptic types, which gave a better ride. The engine block was strengthened and larger main bearings were fitted, increasing the power to at 5750 rpm and torque to at 3500 rpm.


title: MG Midget

text: The engine grew to 1275 cc using the development seen on the Mini-Cooper 'S'. Enthusiasts were disappointed that this was a detuned version of the at 5800 rpm Cooper 'S' engine, giving only at 6000 rpm and at 3000 rpm. A reduced compression ratio of 8.8:1 was used instead of the 9.75:1 employed on the Cooper S engine. The Midget used the 12G940 cylinder head casting that was common to other BMC 1300 cars, whereas the Cooper 'S' had a special head with not only larger inlet, but also larger exhaust valves; however, these exhaust valves caused many 'S' heads to fail through cracking between the valve seats. The detuned engine was used for reasons of model range placement – with the Cooper 'S' spec engine, the Midget could have been faster than the more expensive MGB. The hydraulic system gained a separate master cylinder for the clutch. The hood was now permanently attached to the car, with an improved mechanism making it much easier to use.


title: MG Midget

text: In late 1967 (1968 model year), US-spec cars received several safety additions: a padded fascia (dashboard) with smaller main gauges, collapsible steering column, scissor-type hood hinges, a third windshield wiper, additional side marker lights, and anti-burst door latches.


title: MG Midget

text: In Dec 1968, beginning s/n 66236, the rear axle gear ratio was reduced from 4.22:1 to 3.90:1, giving for every 1000 rpm. This increased final drive ratio gave better fuel economy.


title: MG Midget

text: Minor facelift changes were made to the body trim in late 1969 (1970 model year), with the sills painted black, a revised recessed black grille, and squared off taillights as on the MGB. The 13-inch Rubery Owen "Rostyle" wheels were standardized, but wire-spoked ones remained an option. Both fitted with either 520X13 Crossply tyres or 145HR13 Pirelli Cinturato CA67 These revised cars were initially presented with matte black-painted windscreen surrounds but this proved very unpopular and after only a few hundred had been built the Midget reverted to the original brushed alloy.


title: MG Midget

text: In August 1971, the compression ratio on North American engines was reduced to 8.0:1. Engine power output fell to at 5500 rpm and at 3250 rpm.


title: MG Midget

text: The square-shaped rear wheel arches became rounded in January 1972. Also in this year, a Triumph steering rack was fitted, giving a gearing that was somewhat lower than earlier Midgets. A second exhaust silencer was also added in 1972. Alternators were fitted instead of dynamos (generators) from 1973 onwards.


title: MG Midget

text: Seven months into the 1974 model year, oversized rubber bumper blocks, nicknamed "Sabrinas" after the well-endowed British actress, were added to the chrome bumpers to meet the first US bumper impact regulations.


title: MG Midget

text: Many consider the round-arch Midgets with chrome bumpers produced for model years 1972-1974 to be the most desirable. These round-arch cars started leaving the Abingdon factory in late 1971. Between 1966 and the 1969 face lift, 22,415 were made, and a further 77,831 up to 1974.


title: MG Midget

text: To meet US federal regulations, large black plastic-covered bumpers were added to the front and rear and the ride heights were increased. The increased ride heights affected handling, and anti-roll bars were added to help with the higher centre of gravity. The A-Series engine was replaced by the 1493 cc Standard SC engine from the Triumph Spitfire, coupled to a modified Morris Marina gearbox with synchromesh on all four gears. The increased displacement of the new engine was better able to cope with the increasing emission regulations. Although the horsepower ratings were similar at in home market specifications with twin SU HS4 carbs, the 1493 cc engine produced more torque. The increased output combined with taller gear ratios resulted in faster acceleration (12 seconds 0–60 compared to 13 for the 1275 cc version) and top speed of just over 100 mph.


title: MG Midget

text: In the US market British Leyland struggled to keep engine power at acceptable levels as the engines were loaded with air pumps, EGR valves, and catalytic converters to keep up with new US and California exhaust emission control regulations. The U.S market model's dual SU HS2 carbs were swapped for a single Zenith-Stromberg 150 CD4 unit catalytic converter carb in 1976 and all models after came with the Zenith-Stromberg 150 CD4T. Power fell to at 5000 rpm and 67 lb-ft of torque at 2500 rpm. The round rear-wheel arches were now square again, to increase the body strength, and the front arches were lowered to minimize the gap from raising the suspension. The last car was made on 7 December 1979, after 73,899 of the last version had been made. The last 500 home-market cars were painted black.


title: MG Midget

text: "ADO34" was the name of a project active between 1960 and 1964 that aimed to possibly develop a front-wheel drive Mini-based roadster as a possible new MG Midget or Austin-Healey Sprite. Following the launch of the MG Midget in 1961, it was considered as a possible MG Midget or Austin Healey Sprite replacement. The project was cancelled in about 1964.


title: MG Midget

text: MG racing driver and garage owner Dick Jacobs persuaded Abingdon to build a pair of special lightweight Midgets with a GT body shape inspired by the Aston Martin DB4. The roof used the front part of the standard Midget hardtop, while the rear portion and the windshield were custom. A quick release fuel filler was placed beneath the rear windshield to the right. The nose was redesigned by Syd Enever to improve the aerodynamic efficiency—wind tunnel tests showed that the new body required 13 hp less to achieve 100 mph than the standard body shape. The cars were registered BJB 770 and BJB 771. A third car was constructed for John Milne of Scotland and all three cars survive. The two loaned to Dick Jacobs were originally fitted with 979 cc A-series engines with twin Webers and approximately . As campaigned from 1962 to 1963 they received 997 cc (Formula Junior-spec.) BMC A-series engines. For the 1964 season they ran the larger Formula Junior engine at 1139 cc, with a 1287 cc engine using a block derived from the Mini-Cooper 'S' available for events where the coupés ran as prototypes. They were fitted with fuel tanks, larger oil coolers, large-bore exhaust systems and dual-circuit brakes.


title: Sarah Butler (actress)

text: Sarah Elizabeth Butler (born February 11, 1985) is a former American actress. She is best known for playing the role of Jennifer Hills in the "I Spit on Your Grave" film series.


title: Sarah Butler (actress)

text: A native of Puyallup, Washington, Butler was interested in the arts while growing up; she sang in choirs, entered singing competitions, and performed in high school and community theatre. She graduated from Rogers High School in 2003. Butler relocated to Los Angeles to study theatre at the University of Southern California, and then played Princess Belle in "Beauty and the Beast", for a year and a half at Disneyland. She dropped out of college, focused on finding a talent agent, and began auditioning for work in television and film.


title: Sarah Butler (actress)

text: Butler guest-starred on the television series "" and "". She was cast in the film "A Couple of White Chicks at the Hair Dresser" and the 2008 Syfy TV horror film "Flu Bird Horror". She had a role that year on the web series "Luke 11:17", directed by Don Stark. She also had a recurring role on the web series "I Heart Vampires".


title: Sarah Butler (actress)

text: Butler won the lead in the 2010 rape and revenge thriller "I Spit on Your Grave", a remake of the 1978 cult film of the same title. Although initially put off by the film's nudity and violence, the film's strong character arc and "feminist edge" helped convince her to take the role. Butler starred as Jennifer Hills, a novelist who is brutally gang raped while staying at a cabin in the woods; her character then seeks revenge on her rapists. Directed by Steven R. Monroe, the film was released on October 8.


title: Sarah Butler (actress)

text: Butler began filming the psychological thriller "The Stranger Within", alongside Estella Warren and William Baldwin in Mallorca, Spain in November 2011. The film was also scheduled to shoot in Copenhagen, Denmark and New York City. Butler then joined the cast of the independent thriller "Treachery", starring Michael Biehn, which began filming in Los Angeles in June 2012. In 2013, Butler starred in the horror film "The Demented", with Michael Welch and Kayla Ewell, and the anthology film "Tom Holland's Twisted Tales", playing a bomb disposal expert in the segment "Boom". In 2014, she played a murder victim in the episode "Once Upon a Time in the West" of the ABC television drama "Castle".


title: Sarah Butler (actress)

text: In 2015, Butler reprised her role as Jennifer Hills in "", a sequel to 2010's "I Spit on Your Grave". Butler co-starred with Lindsay Hartley and Traci Lords in the 2016 Lifetime TV film "Nightmare Nurse". She also played a comedian in Debra Eisenstadt's film "Before The Sun Explodes", which premiered at the 2016 South by Southwest film festival. Butler guest starred on the ABC television series "Grey's Anatomy", playing Danielle in the episode "You Haven't Done Nothin'". In 2017, she starred with Charles Shaughnessy in "Moontrap Target Earth", produced by the makers of the 1989 sci-fi film "Moontrap". She also starred in the Lifetime TV film "Infidelity in Suburbia" as Laura, a woman who begins an extramarital relationship. Butler also appears in the film "Doubting Thomas". Most recently, Butler joined the cast of writer/director Chris Blake's indie horror film "All Light Will End", alongside Andy Buckley, John Schuck and Sam Jones III.


title: Natural resource management

text: Natural resource management (NRM) is the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations (stewardship).


title: Natural resource management

text: Natural resource management deals with managing the way in which people and natural landscapes interact. It brings together natural heritage management, land use planning, water management, bio-diversity conservation, and the future sustainability of industries like agriculture, mining, tourism, fisheries and forestry. It recognizes that people and their livelihoods rely on the health and productivity of our landscapes, and their actions as stewards of the land play a critical role in maintaining this health and productivity.


title: Natural resource management

text: Natural resource management specifically focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of resources and ecology and the Life-supporting capacity of those resources. Environmental management is similar to natural resource management. In academic contexts, the sociology of natural resources is closely related to, but distinct from, natural resource management.


title: Natural resource management

text: The emphasis on a sustainability can be traced back to early attempts to understand the ecological nature of North American rangelands in the late 19th century, and the resource conservation movement of the same time. This type of analysis coalesced in the 20th century with recognition that preservationist conservation strategies had not been effective in halting the decline of natural resources. A more integrated approach was implemented recognising the intertwined social, cultural, economic and political aspects of resource management. A more holistic, national and even global form evolved, from the Brundtland Commission and the advocacy of sustainable development.


title: Natural resource management

text: In 2005 the government of New South Wales, Australia established a "Standard for Quality Natural Resource Management", to improve the consistency of practice, based on an adaptive management approach.


title: Natural resource management

text: In the United States, the most active areas of natural resource management are fisheries management, wildlife management, often associated with ecotourism and rangeland management, and forest management. In Australia, water sharing, such as the Murray Darling Basin Plan and catchment management are also significant.


title: Natural resource management

text: Natural resource management approaches can be categorised according to the kind and right of stakeholders, natural resources:


title: Natural resource management

text: Stakeholder analysis originated from business management practices and has been incorporated into natural resource management in ever growing popularity. Stakeholder analysis in the context of natural resource management identifies distinctive interest groups affected in the utilisation and conservation of natural resources.


title: Natural resource management

text: There is no definitive definition of a stakeholder as illustrated in the table below. Especially in natural resource management as it is difficult to determine who has a stake and this will differ according to each potential stakeholder.


title: Natural resource management

text: Therefore, it is dependent upon the circumstances of the stakeholders involved with natural resource as to which definition and subsequent theory is utilised.


title: Natural resource management

text: This gives transparency and clarity to policy making allowing stakeholders to recognise conflicts of interest and facilitate resolutions.


title: Natural resource management

text: There are numerous stakeholder theories such as Mitchell et al. however Grimble created a framework of stages for a Stakeholder Analysis in natural resource management. Grimble designed this framework to ensure that the analysis is specific to the essential aspects of natural resource management.


title: Natural resource management

text: Grimble and Wellard established that Stakeholder analysis in natural resource management is most relevant where issued can be characterised as;


title: Natural resource management

text: In the case of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, a comprehensive stakeholder analysis would have been relevant and the Batwa people would have potentially been acknowledged as stakeholders preventing the loss of people's livelihoods and loss of life.


title: Natural resource management

text: In Wales, Natural Resources Wales, a Welsh Government sponsored body "pursues sustainable management of natural resources" and "applies the principles of sustainable management of natural resources" as stated in the Environment (Wales) Act 2016.


title: Natural resource management

text: NRW is responsible for more than 40 different types of regulatory regime across a wide range of activities.


title: Natural resource management

text: Nepal, Indonesia and Koreas' community forestry are successful examples of how stakeholder analysis can be incorporated into the management of natural resources. This allowed the stakeholders to identify their needs and level of involvement with the forests.


title: Natural resource management

text: Natural resource management issues are inherently complex and contentious. First, they involve the ecological cycles, hydrological cycles, climate, animals, plants and geography, etc. All these are dynamic and inter-related. A change in one of them may have far reaching and/or long term impacts which may even be irreversible. Second, in addition to the complexity of the natural systems, managers also have to consider various stakeholders and their interests, policies, politics, geographical boundaries and economic implications. It is impossible to fully satisfy all aspects at the same time. Therefore, between the scientific complexity and the diverse stakeholders, natural resource management is typically contentious.


title: Natural resource management

text: After the United Nations Conference for the Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, most nations subscribed to new principles for the integrated management of land, water, and forests. Although program names vary from nation to nation, all express similar aims.


title: Natural resource management

text: The community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approach combines conservation objectives with the generation of economic benefits for rural communities. The three key assumptions being that: locals are better placed to conserve natural resources, people will conserve a resource only if benefits exceed the costs of conservation, and people will conserve a resource that is linked directly to their quality of life. When a local people's quality of life is enhanced, their efforts and commitment to ensure the future well-being of the resource are also enhanced. Regional and community based natural resource management is also based on the principle of subsidiarity.


title: Natural resource management

text: The United Nations advocates CBNRM in the Convention on Biodiversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. Unless clearly defined, decentralised NRM can result in an ambiguous socio-legal environment with local communities racing to exploit natural resources while they can, such as the forest communities in central Kalimantan (Indonesia).


title: Natural resource management

text: A problem of CBNRM is the difficulty of reconciling and harmonising the objectives of socioeconomic development, biodiversity protection and sustainable resource utilisation. The concept and conflicting interests of CBNRM, show how the motives behind the participation are differentiated as either people-centred (active or participatory results that are truly empowering) or planner-centred (nominal and results in passive recipients). Understanding power relations is crucial to the success of community based NRM. Locals may be reluctant to challenge government recommendations for fear of losing promised benefits.


title: Natural resource management

text: CBNRM is based particularly on advocacy by nongovernmental organizations working with local groups and communities, on the one hand, and national and transnational organizations, on the other, to build and extend new versions of environmental and social advocacy that link social justice and environmental management agendas with both direct and indirect benefits observed including a share of revenues, employment, diversification of livelihoods and increased pride and identity. Ecological and societal successes and failures of CBNRM projects have been documented. CBNRM has raised new challenges, as concepts of community, territory, conservation, and indigenous are worked into politically varied plans and programs in disparate sites. Warner and Jones address strategies for effectively managing conflict in CBNRM.


title: Natural resource management

text: The capacity of Indigenous communities to conserve natural resources has been acknowledged by the Australian Government with the Caring for Country Program. Caring for our Country is an Australian Government initiative jointly administered by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. These Departments share responsibility for delivery of the Australian Government's environment and sustainable agriculture programs, which have traditionally been broadly referred to under the banner of 'natural resource management'. These programs have been delivered regionally, through 56 State government bodies, successfully allowing regional communities to decide the natural resource priorities for their regions.


title: Natural resource management

text: More broadly, a research study based in Tanzania and the Pacific researched what motivates communities to adopt CBNRM's and found that aspects of the specific CBNRM program, of the community that has adopted the program, and of the broader social-ecological context together shape the why CBNRM's are adopted. However, overall, program adoption seemed to mirror the relative advantage of CBNRM programs to local villagers and villager access to external technical assistance. There have been socioeconomic critiques of CBNRM in Africa, but ecological effectiveness of CBNRM measured by wildlife population densities has been shown repeatedly in Tanzania.


title: Natural resource management

text: Governance is seen as a key consideration for delivering community-based or regional natural resource management. In the State of NSW, the 13 catchment management authorities (CMAs) are overseen by the Natural Resources Commission (NRC), responsible for undertaking audits of the effectiveness of regional natural resource management programs.


title: Natural resource management

text: Social capital and gender are factors that impact community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), including conservation strategies and collaborations between community members and staff. Through three months of participant observation in a fishing camp in San Evaristo, Mexico, Ben Siegelman learned that the fishermen build trust through jokes and fabrications. He emphasizes social capital as a process because it is built and accumulated through practice of intricate social norms. Siegelman notes that playful joking is connected to masculinity and often excludes women. He stresses that both gender and social capital are performed. Furthermore, in San Evaristo, the gendered network of fishermen is simultaneously a social network. Nearly all fishermen in San Evaristo are men and most families have lived there for generations. Men form intimate relationships by spending 14 hour work days together, while women spend time with the family managing domestic caretaking. Siegelman observes three categories of lies amongst the fishermen: exaggerations, deceptions, and jokes. For example a fisherman may exaggerate his success fishing at a particular spot to mislead friends, place his hand on the scale to turn a larger profit, or make a sexual joke to earn respect. As Siegelman puts it, "lies build trust." Siegelman saw that this division of labor was reproduced, at least in part, to do with the fact that the culture of lying and trust was a masculine activity unique to the fisherman. Similar to the ways in which the culture of lying excluded women from the social sphere of fishing, conservationists were also excluded from this social arrangement and, thus, were not able to obtain the trust needed to do their work of regulating fishing practices. As outsiders, conservationists, even male conservationists, were not able to fit the ideal of masculinity that was considered "trustable" by the fishermen and could convince them to implement or participate in conservation practices. In one instance, the researcher replied jokingly "in the sea" when a fisherman asked where the others were fishing that day. This vague response earned him trust. Women are excluded from this form of social capital because many of the jokes center around "masculine exploits". Siegelman finishes by asking: how can female conservationists act when they are excluded through social capital? What role should men play in this situation?


title: Natural resource management

text: The primary methodological approach adopted by catchment management authorities (CMAs) for regional natural resource management in Australia is adaptive management.


title: Natural resource management

text: This approach includes recognition that adaption occurs through a process of 'plan-do-review-act'. It also recognises seven key components that should be considered for quality natural resource management practice:


title: Natural resource management

text: Integrated natural resource management (INRM) is the process of managing natural resources in a systematic way, which includes multiple aspects of natural resource use (biophysical, socio-political, and economic) meet production goals of producers and other direct users (e.g., food security, profitability, risk aversion) as well as goals of the wider community (e.g., poverty alleviation, welfare of future generations, environmental conservation). It focuses on sustainability and at the same time tries to incorporate all possible stakeholders from the planning level itself, reducing possible future conflicts. The conceptual basis of INRM has evolved in recent years through the convergence of research in diverse areas such as sustainable land use, participatory planning, integrated watershed management, and adaptive management. INRM is being used extensively and been successful in regional and community based natural management.


title: Natural resource management

text: GIS is a powerful analytical tool as it is capable of overlaying datasets to identify links. A bush regeneration scheme can be informed by the overlay of rainfall, cleared land and erosion. In Australia, Metadata Directories such as NDAR provide data on Australian natural resources such as vegetation, fisheries, soils and water. These are limited by the potential for subjective input and data manipulation.


title: Natural resource management

text: The NSW Government in Australia has published an audit framework for natural resource management, to assist the establishment of a performance audit role in the governance of regional natural resource management. This audit framework builds from other established audit methodologies, including performance audit, environmental audit and internal audit. Audits undertaken using this framework have provided confidence to stakeholders, identified areas for improvement and described policy expectations for the general public.


title: Natural resource management

text: The Australian Government has established a framework for auditing greenhouse emissions and energy reporting, which closely follows Australian Standards for Assurance Engagements.


title: Natural resource management

text: The Australian Government is also currently preparing an audit framework for auditing water management, focussing on the implementation of the Murray Darling Basin Plan.


title: Natural resource management

text: The issue of biodiversity conservation is regarded as an important element in natural resource management. What is biodiversity? Biodiversity is a comprehensive concept, which is a description of the extent of natural diversity. Gaston and Spicer (p. 3) point out that biodiversity is "the variety of life" and relate to different kinds of "biodiversity organization". According to Gray (p. 154), the first widespread use of the definition of biodiversity, was put forward by the United Nations in 1992, involving different aspects of biological diversity.


title: Natural resource management

text: The "threats" wreaking havoc on biodiversity include; habitat fragmentation, putting a strain on the already stretched biological resources; forest deterioration and deforestation; the invasion of "alien species" and "climate change"( p. 2). Since these threats have received increasing attention from environmentalists and the public, the precautionary management of biodiversity becomes an important part of natural resources management. According to Cooney, there are material measures to carry out precautionary management of biodiversity in natural resource management.


title: Natural resource management

text: Cooney claims that the policy making is dependent on "evidences", relating to "high standard of proof", the forbidding of special "activities" and "information and monitoring requirements". Before making the policy of precaution, categorical evidence is needed. When the potential menace of "activities" is regarded as a critical and "irreversible" endangerment, these "activities" should be forbidden. For example, since explosives and toxicants will have serious consequences to endanger human and natural environment, the South Africa Marine Living Resources Act promulgated a series of policies on completely forbidding to "catch fish" by using explosives and toxicants.


title: Natural resource management

text: According to Cooney, there are four methods to manage the precaution of biodiversity in natural resources management;


title: Natural resource management

text: In order to have a sustainable environment, understanding and using appropriate management strategies is important. In terms of understanding, Young emphasises some important points of land management:


title: Natural resource management

text: Dale et al. (2000) study has shown that there are five fundamental and helpful ecological principles for the land manager and people who need them. The ecological principles relate to time, place, species, disturbance and the landscape and they interact in many ways. It is suggested that land managers could follow these guidelines:


title: Mack 10

text: Dedrick D'Mon Rolison (born August 9, 1971), better known by his stage name Mack 10, is an American rapper. He has sold nearly 11 million records combining his solo and group works. Mack 10 made his first appearance on Ice Cube's 1994 "Bootlegs & B-Sides" compilation on the remixed track "What Can I Do?" and was a member of hip hop supergroup Westside Connection along with WC and Ice Cube. Mack 10 is also this creator of independent record label Hoo-Bangin' Records and made his stage name with the Ingram MAC-10 submachine gun.


title: Mack 10

text: Mack 10 made his first appearance on Ice Cube's "Bootlegs & B-Sides" compilation on the track "What Can I Do? (Remix)"


title: Mack 10

text: His debut, gold selling album "Mack 10" was released in 1995 on the Priority label. He made his hip hop debut with the hit single, "Foe Life", off his self-titled album. His next two releases "Based on a True Story" (1997) and "The Recipe" (1998) also reached gold certification and peaked at No. 14 and No. 15 on the Billboard 200, respectively.


title: Mack 10

text: Rolison is also the founder of independent record label Hoo-Bangin Records. He appeared with W.C. and Ice Cube in the 1996 all-star side project Westside Connection, and formed his own production company, Mack One-O, which signed the acts Allfrumtha-I and the Comrades. Mack 10 also signed Glasses Malone to his Hoo-Bangin Records imprint through Cash Money Records.


title: Mack 10

text: His most recent album, 2009's "Soft White" was released on Hoo-Bangin' Records and Fontana Distribution. The first single was "Big Balla" featuring Birdman and Glasses Malone.


title: Mack 10

text: Mack 10 was involved in numerous feuds including with the rapper Common in the song "Westside Slaughterhouse" featured the rapper Ice Cube in his critically acclaimed self-titled album, the diss was a response to the song named "I Used to Love H.E.R." by Common. Later on, in 1996, when Mack 10 was a member in the rap supergroup Westside Connection, he was featured in the song "King of the Hill" by Ice Cube - a diss song directed to the rap group named Cypress Hill. WC (a member of the rap supergroup Westside Connection) did not want to participate in the feud so as not to ruin his long-lasted relationship with Cypress Hill. The feud was later squashed by both parties.


title: Mack 10

text: Rolison married Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins, from R&B trio TLC during August 2000. However they became separated during 2004. And they have a daughter, Chase Anela Rolison, born during October 2000.


title: Babu Antony

text: Babu Antony (born 22 February 1966) is an Indian-American actor and martial artist, who works primarily in Malayalam cinema. He has also acted in several Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Sinhalese, Hindi and English films. He started his career doing antagonistic roles and progressed to supporting and leading roles as well. Babu owns a mixed martial art academy in Houston.


title: Babu Antony

text: He made his debut in Bharathan's "Chilampu" (1986). His career highlights include "Vaishali" (1988), "Aparahnam" (1991) and "Uppukandam Brothers" (1993).


title: Babu Antony

text: He was born to T.J. Antony and Mariyam Antony in Ponkunnam, Kerala, India. He was educated in Sacred Heart High School, Government Boys High School and St. Dominic's High School Kanjirappally. He graduated in English literature from Pune. He has a master's degree in Business Administration in Human resources from Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune. He worked as a cinematographer in Film and Television Institute of India, Pune which led to his entry into the film industry. He has a Fifth Dan Black Belt in martial arts.


title: Babu Antony

text: Early in his career, he started playing in appearance roles like "Shathru" (1985), "Mizhineerppoovukal" (1986) in Malayalam. He made a mark through Fazil's 1986 thriller "Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal". The film was remade into Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi. Babu reprised his role in all the five versions. He made his debut by playing an antagonist in Bharathan's "Chilambu" (1987).


title: Babu Antony

text: In 1987, he appears for its debut in Tamil cinema with Sathyaraj in "Poovizhi Vasalile" and then "Makkal En Pakkam". Later with Kamal Haasan in "Vrutham" (1987) in Malayalam and "Per Sollum Pillai" in Tamil. With Nizhalgal Ravi, he acted in horror film, "Veendum Lisa" which were all commercial successes. He also played with Chiranjeevi in "Pasivadi Pranam" and "Jebu Donga" which later hit at the box office. He started his career as a villain and later on featured in lead roles with the image of an angry young man.


title: Babu Antony

text: His debut film in Kannada was "Shanti Kranti" (1991). His movies like "Aparahnam" (1991), "Gandhari" (1993), "Rajadhani" (1994), "Bharanakoodam" (1994), "Chantha" (1995), "Special Squad" (1995) and "Indian Military Intelligence" (1995) helped him to build a large audience and fan following for him. Apart from these, he has worked in many different characters such as an ex-terrorist role in Aparahnam, king's role in "Vaishali" (1988), an impecunious in "Sayahnam" (2000). "Uppukandam Brothers" (1993) gave a breakthrough for Babu's career in starring roles.


title: Babu Antony

text: He made his debut in Hindi cine-industry with a movie "Hatya" in 1988. He is also in Telugu films including "Lorry Driver" (1990), "Sathruvu" (1991) and "Nippu Ravva" (1993). His debut movies in English "Made in USA" (2005) and "Leader" (2009) in Sinhala. His other Tamil hits were "Anjali" (1990), "Surieyan" (1992), "Airport" (1993), "Attahasam" (2004), "Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa" (2010), "Kanchana" (2011), "Aadhi-Bhagavan" (2013), "Kaaviya Thalaivan" (2014), "Kaaka Muttai" (2015), "Adanga Maru" (2018) and "Ponniyin Selvan" (2022).


title: Babu Antony

text: He is married to Evgeniya Antony, who is a Russian American. The couple has two sons, Arthur Antony and Alex Antony. He trains his sons in martial arts and Arthur got his 1st Dan Black Belt in MMA.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: Biggins was born in Oldham, Lancashire, the son of William and Pamela Biggins. He was brought up in Salisbury, Wiltshire, attended St Probus school where he took elocution lessons and participated in local drama groups. His first lead stage role was at the age of 17 in a Stage '65 production of Molière's "Le Médecin malgré lui", leading to work with a local repertory theatre company.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: One of Biggins' earliest roles was on "Upstairs, Downstairs" in Series 2, as the character Mr. Donaldson in the episode "An Object of Value" (1972). He appeared as the regular character Lukewarm in the situation comedy "Porridge" (1974–1977) starring Ronnie Barker. Other comedy shows he appeared in include "Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?" (1973) and "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em" (1973, 1978).


title: Christopher Biggins

text: He played Nero in the BBC's version of "I, Claudius" (1976), dramatised from the novels by Robert Graves, having been selected for the role partly on the strength of a television commercial for Heineken in which he had played the Roman emperor Nero presiding over the games. He also appeared in the BBC's "Poldark" (1977) as the Reverend Osborne Whitworth, in "Minder" in the episode "The Bounty Hunter" (1979) and the TV miniseries "Masada" (1981).


title: Christopher Biggins

text: On children's television, he had a regular role as department store owner Adam Painting in the children's television programme "Rentaghost" (1978–1983) and also played Reverend Whiting in Southern Television's "Brendon Chase", produced in 1980. He had a leading role in "The Phoenix and the Carpet" (1997) and a supporting role as villainous antique dealer, Mr. Benger, in the "Look and Read" serial "Dark Towers" (1981).


title: Christopher Biggins

text: Biggins' co-hosting of "Surprise Surprise" and hosting children's game show "On Safari" (1982–1984) for TVS, led to his being typecast as a "bubbly personality". He was asked in 2005 if he resented this situation replying:


title: Christopher Biggins

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1999, when he was surprised by Michael Aspel at the Theatre Royal, Brighton.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: He appeared in "The One Doctor", one of Big Finish Productions' audio dramas based on the television series "Doctor Who".


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In 2003, Christopher appeared in Shed Productions programme Bad Girls as himself. He featured heavily in Episode seven where he was 'held hostage' by a group of prisoners protesting over the change of management in the prison. During the episode, he strikes up a relationship with many inmates, but one in particular, Buki Lester, whom he invites to live with him in episode fourteen of the same series.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: He took part in the seventh series of "I'm a Celebrity...Me Out of Here!" in 2007. He was eventually voted the winner of the show on 30 November 2007.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: He took part in an episode of "Celebrity Come Dine With Me", first shown on Channel 4 on 15 February 2009. He won £1,000 for his chosen charity.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In 2010, he was a celebrity guest team captain on an episode of "What Do Kids Know?" along with Rufus Hound, Joe Swash and Sara Cox on Watch. Also in 2010, he played God in the BBC adult puppet comedy show "Mongrels".


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In May 2011, he starred in the second series of Channel 4's "Celebrity Five Go to..." in which the celebrities visited South Africa.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In 2013, he appeared on "The Celebrity Chase", where he was the first person in the history of the show to answer all 6 questions correctly while going for a higher offer.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In 2014, he took part in the celebrity cookery programme "Celebrity MasterChef" on BBC One, and returned again in 2020, for a Christmas Special. In 2014, he took part in a celebrity edition of "Catchphrase". He voices "It's Not Me, It's You" on Channel 5.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: On 28 July 2016, Biggins entered the "Celebrity Big Brother" house to participate in its eighteenth series. He was chosen by the public to take part in the first secret mission. He was removed from the house on Day 9. The show's producers stated that Biggins had made "a number of comments capable of causing great offence to housemates and the viewing public" with regard to antisemitic comments to his fellow housemates, as well as his view of bisexuals, whom he described as the "worst type" and blamed for the spread of HIV/AIDS. Forty-four people complained to Ofcom about comments Biggins made, but Ofcom ruled that he was not in breach of broadcasting rules.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: His theatre roles have included The Baker in "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat", Herod in "Jesus Christ Superstar", and 18 months at the London Palladium in the stage adaptation of "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (where he was teamed in a double act with Louise Gold).


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In 2010, Biggins appeared as a guest star narrator in "The Rocky Horror Show" at various theatre venues in the United Kingdom.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: Biggins has performed in pantomime. He has played Widow Twankey in "Aladdin" (in Plymouth in 2009, Grand Theatre, Wolverhampton in 2010), Buttons in "Cinderella" (at the Mayflower Theatre in Southampton in 2008) and the title role in "Winnie the Pooh". In 2011, Biggins played the part of Mrs Crusoe in the "Robinson Crusoe" pantomime at the New Theatre, Cardiff and returned to the Theatre Royal, Plymouth in "Dick Whittington" in December 2012.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In December 2013, he was cast in the role of Dame Trot alongside Bob Carolgees in a production of Jack and the Beanstalk at New Theatre, Hull.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: His film roles include "The Sex Thief" (1973), "Eskimo Nell" (1975), "It Could Happen to You" (1975), "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" (1975), "Adventures of a Plumber's Mate" (1978), Derek Jarman's "The Tempest" (1979), and "The Baker" in the 1999 film "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat".


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In 2008, he briefly co-presented a Sunday morning radio show on BBC London with Lesley Joseph. In 2014 and 2015, Biggins covered for Liza Tarbuck on BBC Radio 2 while she was away.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In May 2017, he returned to BBC Radio 2 to cover for Paul O'Grady on his Sunday early evening programme.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: In 2017 he recorded two songs for the album "Wit & Whimsy – Songs by Alexander S. Bermange" (one solo and one featuring all of the album's 23 artists).


title: Christopher Biggins

text: Biggins was married to Australian actress Beatrice Norbury from 1971 to 1974. He is now openly gay and formed a civil partnership with his partner, Neil Sinclair, on 30 December 2006 at Hackney Register Office.


title: Christopher Biggins

text: Politically, Biggins has expressed his admiration for former Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. He admits in his autobiography that he cried on the day she resigned, saying: "I'm not the most political of people. But I believe in self-reliance and getting on with the job in hand. Margaret had seemed to personify all that. And she had star quality, which of course I loved." In 2014, he said: "I loved John Major, he was charismatic and charming. I’ve always been a Conservative, though I would have voted for John Smith. I hope we have a new Conservative leader making his way to the top now. We need a new man."


title: Christopher Biggins

text: During a 2012 interview on ITV's "Loose Women", Biggins said that he felt same-sex marriage should not be legalised, stating that marriage "is for heterosexual couples". When same-sex marriage was introduced in England and Wales in 2014, Biggins attended the "I Do To Equal Marriage" event celebrating it.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: The 1998–99 FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the seventh season of the Premier League, the top division of English football, since its establishment in 1992. Manchester United won a unique treble of the league title, the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League. They secured their fifth league title in seven seasons after outlasting Arsenal and Chelsea in a closely fought title race, losing just three league games all season.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: The season was also the 100th season of top flight football in England, not counting years lost to the two World Wars. Of the original clubs in the first Football League season, only Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Derby County and Everton were present for this season.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: Arsenal failed to retain their title, despite having the same points tally as last season 78 points, but had at one point looked as though they were on the brink of winning the title, after beating fellow rivals Tottenham Hotspur, while Manchester United had drawn against Liverpool, 2–2. However, Manchester United pushed on and took advantage of Arsenal's 1–0 defeat at Leeds United in the penultimate match of the season and despite going 1–0 down against Tottenham on the final day, came back to win 2–1 and clinch the title. Should they have failed to win, Arsenal would have been crowned champions once more.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: Chelsea, looking to build on a fourth-placed finish the previous season, were flying for much of the season and were in a good position to claim a first league title in 44 years. The Blues were second at Christmas and went top on Boxing Day. A loss at Highbury at the start of February was just a second in the league all season, and kept Chelsea in second place, just a point off the summit. Eventually, three draws in April against winnable opposition (mid-table sides Middlesbrough and Leicester City, and relegation-threatened Sheffield Wednesday) is what cost Chelsea a first Premiership crown. Had they won these, the Blues would've been champions. Chelsea had to settle for third place, earning a maiden Champions League appearance.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: To achieve their success, the Manchester United playing squad had been altered substantially during the close season. A total of more than £28 million had been spent on Dwight Yorke, Jaap Stam and Jesper Blomqvist, while several older players left the club; Gary Pallister returned to Middlesbrough after nine years for £2.5 million, while Brian McClair returned to Motherwell on a free transfer. In December, however, McClair was back in the Premier League as Brian Kidd's assistant at Blackburn Rovers.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: At the end of 1998–99, the Premiership would have three Champions League places. Manchester United as well as runners-up Arsenal and third placed Chelsea would be playing in the following season's Champions League. There would only be one automatic UEFA Cup place from the league – taken by fourth-placed Leeds United. Fifth-placed West Ham United qualified for the UEFA Cup via the Intertoto Cup after achieving their highest league finish for thirteen years as they continued to make progress under Harry Redknapp, outperforming several "bigger" clubs with greater resources. Also qualifying were Newcastle United via the 1998–99 FA Cup final, and Tottenham Hotspur via the League Cup.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: Bottom of the Premiership in the final table came Nottingham Forest, who suffered their third relegation in seven seasons. One notable low for Forest this season was an 8–1 drubbing at home, by Manchester United. Second from bottom came Blackburn Rovers, who just four seasons earlier had been Premiership champions. The final relegation place went to Charlton Athletic, who went down at the end of their first spell in the top flight for nine seasons. The only newly promoted club to survive was Middlesbrough, who finished in a respectable ninth place.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: None of the teams relegated from the Premiership the previous season regained their top division status in 1999, although First Division champions Sunderland regained their Premiership place after a two-year exile. The other two relegation places went to long-term absentees from the top division. Playoff winners Watford regained their top division place after an absence of 11 years, but runners-up Bradford had been outside of the top division for 77 years. These two promotion winners surprised the observers more than any other Division One side during 1998–99.


title: 1998–99 FA Premier League

text: Twenty teams competed in the league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the First Division. The promoted teams were Nottingham Forest, Middlesbrough (both teams sealing an immediate return to the top flight) and Charlton Athletic (playing in the top flight after an eight-year absence). This was also Charlton Athletic's first season in the Premier League. They replaced Bolton Wanderers, Barnsley and Crystal Palace, with all three relegated teams immediately returning to the First Division after a mere season's presence.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: Jamel Debbouze (; ; born 18 June 1975) is a French-Moroccan actor, comedian, screenwriter, film producer and director. Best known for his stand-up comedy sketches, he also worked with director Alain Chabat in several films and other notable French humourists such as Florence Foresti, Fred Testot and Gad Elmaleh. He has starred in a number of box-office successes, including "Amélie", "", "Hollywoo" and "HOUBA! On the Trail of the Marsupilami". He is the founder of the Canal+ television show "Jamel Comedy Club".


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: Debbouze was born in Paris, France. His family, from Taza, moved back to Morocco the following year. They returned in 1979 and settled in Trappes in 1983, in the Paris region, where Debbouze spent the rest of his childhood. He is the eldest of six siblings: Jamel, Mohamed, Hayat, Karim, Rachid and Nawel Debbouze.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: On 17 January 1990, at the train station in Trappes, he was struck by a passing train travelling at 150 km/h. He lost the use of his right arm in the accident, which killed another young man, Jean-Paul Admette, the son of the singer Michel Admette from Reunion. Debbouze was sued by the victim's family for manslaughter but the case was dismissed for lack of proof. In December 2004, he was going to perform on stage on the French island of Réunion, but Debbouze cancelled, claiming illness, as Michel Admette's parents had organized a demonstration against his arrival.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 1995, he was spotted by the bosses of Radio Nova, Jacques Massadian and Jean-François Bizot, who made him famous (Massadian would become his manager). He debuted on Radio Nova, with a film review show, "Le Cinéma de Jamel" and on television around 1996-1997 on cable channel Paris Première, in a TV show co-produced by Radio Nova and the channel. He took "Le Cinéma de Jamel" to television on Canal+ in 1998. On the same channel, he contributed to another show, "H", along with Éric Judor and Ramzy Bedia.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: He acted in the movies "Zonzon" (1998), international box-office hit "Amélie" (2001), domestic hit "" (2002), and "Angel-A" (2005, directed by Luc Besson).


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 2006, he acted in the historical movie "Days of Glory" (which he co-produced), paying tribute to the North-African soldiers who fought for France during the Second World War. For this movie, he got the prize for best male actor at the 59th edition of the Cannes Film Festival with Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila and Bernard Blancan.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In April 2008, Debbouze opened a comedy club, called Le Comedy Club, in Paris aimed at launching newcomers on the stand-up scene.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: On 29 March 2008, Debbouze became engaged to French journalist and news anchor Mélissa Theuriau; the two married on 7 May 2008 and subsequently had two children.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 2009, Debbouze collaborated with the rap band 113 and Awa Imani for the project Maghreb United of Rim'K'.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: On 1 December 2010, Debbouze's new DVD named "Made in Jamel" featuring the likes of Gad Elmaleh, Florence Foresti, Élie Semoun, Stromae, Didier Bourdon, Youness Ait Benouissaden, Noureddine Oussayah and Sophie Mounicot was released.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: His show, "Jamel improvise", debuted in January 2011, before playing every evening's "Tout sur Jamel" from 1 to 20 January at the Casino de Paris.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 1990, Debbouze met Alain Degois, an educator who organized theater improvisation workshops, and joined his troupe. With this troupe, he took part in the French Championship of Improvisation in 1991 and toured Quebec and Morocco. In 1992, he got his first part in a film called "Les Pierres Bleues du Désert". After this film, Debbouze wanted to work as an actor and create his own show. This happened in 1995 with the show "C'est Tout Neuf" which had been enjoyed a lot. Then he had an approximative role on the radio program "Radio Nova" and took part in the television program "Nova Premiere" where he was noticed by Canal+.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 1998, Debbouze played Jamel Dridi, an operator, in the hospital sitcom, "H" on Canal+, alongside fellow comedians Eric and Ramzy. By the time the series ended in 2002, Debbouze had achieved national fame.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In March 1999, Debbouze started his new show "Jamel en Scène". In this show, Debbouze talked about his beginnings, his childhood and show business. The show played at La Cigale and then at the Bataclan in Paris. He went on tour throughout France in 2000. At the end of the year, he returned to Paris with his show at the Olympia for three weeks.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 2002, Debbouze returned with a new show, "100% Debbouze". For three years this show played in the top Parisian theaters: the Casino de Paris, the Bataclan, Le Zénith, and the Olympia. He then toured France, Morocco, Tunisia, Switzerland, and Belgium. The DVD of the show went on sale in 2004, and sold more than 1 million copies.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 2006, Debbouze became the presenter of a new program, "Jamel Comedy Club", which featured a half-hour of the new generation of French humorists each week. With this troupe, Debbouze went to the Casino de Paris in 2007 for a new show, "Le Jamel Comedy Club Envahit le Casino de Paris". This show was very successful, its run was extended and it also played in Canada.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 1992, the seventeen-year-old Debbouze appeared in his first film, "Les Pierres Bleues du Désert". The film tells the story of a young boy who is persecuted because he believes in the existence of blue stones in the desert. It was the first of numerous film roles for Debbouze. In 1996, he played a small part in "Les Deux papas et la maman", a film by Jean-Marc Doval with Smaïn and Arielle Dombasle. Three years later he received his first big role in a feature film called "Le Ciel les oiseaux et ta ... mère!" ("Boys on the Beach"). This comedy was successful, with more than one million tickets sold. Over the next two years he continued his stage shows, before returning to film with the highly successful "Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain". He was nominated for his part in this film for the César Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2002. In 2002, Debbouze appeared in another big French film, "" directed by Alain Chabat. This successful film was seen by 14,000,000 spectators. In 2005, he had the leading role in Luc Besson's film "Angel-A".


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 2006, Debbouze played one of the most important parts of his career in the film "Indigènes" ("Days of Glory" in the United States). The film told the story of four North African soldiers who participate in the liberation of France during World War II. Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Sami Bouajila and Roschdy Zem shared the prize for the best male performance at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: In 1996, he took part for the first time in a TV show called "Nova première" on Paris Première. He was noticed on this show by some producers from Canal+ who hired him to present a show called "Le cinéma de Jamel". For New Year's Eve in 2000, Debbouze created a TV show for this occasion called the "Jamel show". Numerous French comedians such as Bruno Solo, Alain Chabat, Élie Semoun, and Dieudonné appeared in this show. In April 2003, he took part in 6 commercials for Orangina.


title: Jamel Debbouze

text: On 29 March 2008, he was engaged to French journalist Mélissa Theuriau; the two were married on 7 May 2008. They had a son on 3 December 2008 named Léon and a daughter named Lila in 2011.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Aerial firefighting is the use of aircraft and other aerial resources to combat wildfires. The types of aircraft used include fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. Smokejumpers and rappellers are also classified as aerial firefighters, delivered to the fire by parachute from a variety of fixed-wing aircraft, or rappelling from helicopters. Chemicals used to fight fires may include water, water enhancers such as foams and gels, and specially formulated fire retardants such as Phos-Chek.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: The idea of fighting forest fires from the air dates back at least as far as Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen's observations on seeing a blaze when overflying the Santa Lucia Range, California, in 1929.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: A wide variety of terminology has been used in the popular media for the aircraft (and methods) used in aerial firefighting. The terms airtanker or air tanker generally refer to fixed-wing aircraft based in the United States; "airtanker" is used in official documentation. The term "waterbomber" is used in some Canadian government documents for the same class of vehicles, though it sometimes has a connotation of amphibians.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Air attack is an industry term used for the actual application of aerial resources, both fixed-wing and rotorcraft, on a fire. Within the industry, though, "air attack" may also refer to the supervisor in the air (usually in a fixed-wing aircraft) who supervises the process of attacking the wildfire from the air, including fixed-wing airtankers, helicopters, and any other aviation resources assigned to the fire. The Air Tactical Group Supervisor (ATGS), often called "air attack", is usually flying at an altitude above other resources assigned to the fire, often in a fixed-wing plane but occasionally (depending on assigned resources or the availability of qualified personnel) in a helicopter.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Depending on the size, location, and assessed potential of the wildfire, the "air attack" or ATGS person may be charged with initial attack (the first response of firefighting assets on fire suppression), or with extended attack, the ongoing response to and management of a major wildfire requiring additional resources including engines, ground crews, and other aviation personnel and aircraft needed to control the fire and establish control lines or firelines ahead of the wildfire.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: A wide variety of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft are used for aerial firefighting. In 2003, it was reported that "The U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management own, lease, or contract for nearly 1,000 aircraft each fire season, with annual expenditures in excess of US$250 million in recent years".


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Helicopters may be fitted with tanks (helitankers) or they may carry buckets. Some helitankers, such as the Erickson AirCrane, are also outfitted with a front-mounted foam cannon. Buckets are usually filled by submerging or dipping them in lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. The most popular of the buckets is the flexible Bambi Bucket. Tanks can be filled on the ground (by water tenders or truck-mounted systems) or water can be siphoned from lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or a portable tank through a hanging snorkel. Popular firefighting helicopters include variants of the Bell 204, Bell 205, Bell 212, Boeing Vertol 107, Boeing Vertol 234, Sikorsky S-70 "Firehawk" and the Sikorsky S-64 Aircrane helitanker, which features a snorkel for filling from a natural or man-made water source while in hover. Currently the world's largest helicopter, the Mil Mi-26, uses a Bambi bucket.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: "Airtankers" or "water bombers" are fixed-wing aircraft fitted with tanks that can be filled on the ground at an air tanker base or, in the case of flying boats and amphibious aircraft, by skimming water from lakes, reservoirs, or large rivers without needing to land.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Various aircraft have been used over the years for firefighting. In 1947, the United States Air Force and United States Forest Service experimented with military aircraft dropping water-filled bombs. The bombs were unsuccessful, and the use of internal water tanks was adopted instead. Though World War II- and Korean War-era bombers were for a long time the mainstay of the aerial firefighting fleet, newer purpose-built tankers have since come online. The smallest are the Single Engine Air Tankers (SEATs). These are agricultural sprayers that generally drop about of water or retardant. Examples include the Air Tractor AT-802, which can deliver around 800 gallons of water or fire retardant solution in each drop, and the Soviet Antonov An-2 biplane. Both of these aircraft can be fitted with floats that scoop water from the surface of a body of water. Similar in configuration to the World War II–era Consolidated PBY Catalina, the Canadair CL-215 and its derivative the CL-415 are designed and built specifically for firefighting. The Croatian Air Force uses six CL-415s as well as six AT 802s for firefighting purposes.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Medium-sized modified aircraft include the Grumman S-2 Tracker (retrofitted with turboprop engines as the S-2T) as used by the California Department of Forestry & Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), as well as the Conair Firecat version developed and used by Conair Group Inc. of Canada, while the Douglas DC-4, the Douglas DC-7, the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, the Lockheed P-2 Neptune, and the Lockheed P-3 Orion – and its commercial equivalent, the L-188 Electra – have been used as air tankers. Conair also converted a number of Convair 580 and Fokker F27 Friendship turboprop airliners to air tankers.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: The largest aerial firefighter ever used is a Boeing 747 aerial firefighter, known as the Global Supertanker, that can carry fed by a pressurized drop system. The Supertanker was deployed operationally for the first time in 2009, fighting a fire in Spain. The tanker made its first American operation on August 31, 2009 at the Oak Glen Fire. It has since been replaced by a Boeing 747-400. Another wide body jetliner that is currently being used as an air tanker is the modified McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 operated by the 10 Tanker Air Carrier company as the DC-10 Air Tanker. It can carry up to of fire fighting retardant.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations operates convertible-to-cargo Ilyushin Il-76 airtankers that have been operating with tanking systems, and several Beriev Be-200 jet powered amphibian aircraft. The Be-200 can carry a maximum payload of about of water, making "scoops" in suitable stretches of water in 14 seconds.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Bombardier's Dash 8 Q Series aircraft are the basis of new, next-generation air tankers. Cascade Aerospace has converted two pre-owned Q400s to act as part-time water bomber and part-time transport aircraft for France's Sécurité Civile, while Neptune Aviation is converting a pre-owned Q300 as a prototype to augment its Lockheed P-2 Neptune aircraft. The Sécurité Civile also operates twelve Canadair CL-415 and nine Conair Turbo Firecat aircraft. Neptune Aviation also currently operates converted British Aerospace 146 jetliners as air tankers. The BAe 146 can carry up to 3,000 gallons of fire fighting retardant. Air Spray USA Ltd. of Chico, California has also converted the BAe 146 jetliner to the role of air tanker. Another modern-era passenger aircraft that has now been converted for aerial firefighting missions in the U.S. is the McDonnell Douglas MD-87 jetliner operated by Erickson Aero Tanker. The MD-87 can carry up to 4,000 gallons of fire fighting retardant. Coulson Aviation unveiled a Boeing 737-300 firefighting conversion in May 2017. Six aircraft have been purchased from Southwest Airlines for the RADS system conversion which was planned to enter service in December 2017. The 737 aircraft is smaller than the C-130Q which allows for a wider range of airfields to be utilized. Britt Coulson further stated the aircraft will be able to retain the current seat and galley configuration for tanker operations. On 22 November 2018, the 737 was used for the first time to fight a fire near Newcastle, Australia.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: In July 2022, Airbus tested the aerial firefighting capacity of the A400M using a roll-on/roll-off kit comprising a 20-tonne water tank and piping allowing the load to be expelled from the end of the cargo ramp.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: All links, citations and data sources are listed in the paragraph above. For accident and grounding citations, see paragraph below table.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Category legend: Light: under , Medium: under , Heavy: under , Super heavy: over – currently only used for the B747 Supertanker.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Other former military aircraft utilized as firefighting air tankers in the U.S. in the past included the B-17 and the PB4Y-2, a version of the B-24.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: The Lead Plane function directs the activities of the airtankers by both verbal target descriptions and by physically leading the airtankers on the drop run. The leadplane is typically referred to as a "Bird Dog" in Canada or "Supervision" aircraft in Australia. The O-2 Skymaster, Cessna 310 and OV-10 Bronco have been used as spotter and lead plane platforms. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has also used the Cessna 337. The Beechcraft Baron was long used as a leadplane or air attack ship, but most were retired in 2003; more common now is the Beechcraft King Air and the Twin Commander 690. A Cessna Citation 500 jet owned by Air Spray (1967) LTd. was used by the British Columbia Ministry of Forests beginning in 1995 and used for two fire seasons to lead the very fast Electra L188 air tanker to the fires. This was the first time a jet aircraft was used as a lead plane or "bird dog". The Department of Parks and Wildlife in Western Australia operates a fleet of nine American Champion Scouts 8GCBC during the summer months as spotter aircraft and Air Attack platforms. The Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia and the Yukon Territories contract to supply Twin Commander 690 as bird dog aircraft for their air tanker fleets. Air Spray owns 9 Twin Commander 690 for use as bird dog aircraft.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: In the United States, most of these aircraft are privately owned and contracted to government agencies, and the National Guard and the U.S. Marines also maintain fleets of firefighting aircraft. On May 10, 2004, The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) announced that they were cancelling contracts with operators of 33 heavy airtankers. They cited liability concerns and an inability to safely manage the fleet after the wing failure and resulting crash of a C-130A Hercules in California and a PB4Y-2 in Colorado during the summer of 2002. Both aged aircraft broke up in flight due to catastrophic fatigue cracks at the wing roots. After subsequent third-party examination and extensive testing of all USFS contracted heavy airtankers, three companies were awarded contracts and now maintain a combined fleet of 23 aircraft.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Borate salts used in the past to fight wildfires have been found to sterilize the soil and be toxic to animals so are now prohibited. Newer retardants use ammonium sulfate or ammonium polyphosphate with attapulgite clay thickener or diammonium phosphate with a guar gum derivative thickener. Fire retardants often contain wetting agents, preservatives and rust inhibitors and are colored red with ferric oxide or fugitive color to mark where they have been dropped. Brand names of fire retardants for aerial application include Fortress and Phos-Chek.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Some water-dropping aircraft carry tanks of a guar gum derivative to thicken the water and reduce runoff.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Helicopters can hover over the fire and drop water or retardant. The S-64 Helitanker has microprocessor-controlled doors on its tank. The doors are controlled based on the area to be covered and wind conditions. Fixed-wing aircraft must make a pass and drop water or retardant like a bomber. Spotter (Air Tactical Group Supervisor) aircraft often orbit the fire at a higher altitude to coordinate the efforts of the smoke jumper, helicopter, media, and retardant-dropping aircraft, while lead planes fly low-level ahead of the airtankers to mark the trajectory for the drop, and ensure overall safety for both ground-based and aerial firefighters.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Water is not usually dropped directly on flames because its effect is short-lived. Fire retardants are not typically used to extinguish the fire, but instead are used to contain the fire, or slow it down to allow ground crews to contain it. Because of this, retardants are usually dropped in front of or around a moving fire, rather than directly on it, creating a firebreak.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Aerial firefighting is most effectively used in conjunction with ground-based efforts, as aircraft are only one weapon in the firefighting arsenal. However, there have been cases of aircraft extinguishing fires long before ground crews were able to reach them.


title: Aerial firefighting

text: Some firefighting aircraft can refill their tanks in mid-flight, by flying down to skim the surface of large bodies of water. One example is the Bombardier CL-415. This is particularly useful in rural areas where flying back to an airbase for refills may take too much time. In 2002 an Ontario CL-415 crew was able to refill 100 times within a 4-hour mission, delivering or of water on a fire near Dryden, Ontario (June 1, 2002 Dryden fire # 10 Tanker #271 civil ident C-GOGE).


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot (; January 14, 1841 – March 2, 1895) was a French painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: In 1864, Morisot exhibited for the first time in the highly esteemed Salon de Paris. Sponsored by the government and judged by Academicians, the Salon was the official, annual exhibition of the Académie des beaux-arts in Paris. Her work was selected for exhibition in six subsequent Salons until, in 1874, she joined the ""rejected"" Impressionists in the first of their own exhibitions, which included Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. It was held at the studio of the photographer Nadar. Morisot went on to participate in all but one of the following eight impressionist exhibitions, between 1874 and 1886.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: She was described by art critic Gustave Geffroy in 1894 as one of "les trois grandes dames" (The three great ladies) of Impressionism alongside Marie Bracquemond and Mary Cassatt.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Morisot was born January 14, 1841, in Bourges, France, into an affluent bourgeois family. Her father, Edmé Tiburce Morisot, was the prefect (senior administrator) of the department of Cher. He also studied architecture at École des Beaux Arts. Her mother, Marie-Joséphine-Cornélie Thomas, was the great-niece of Jean-Honoré Fragonard, one of the most prolific Rococo painters of the ancien régime. She had two older sisters, Yves (1838–1893) and Edma (1839–1921), plus a younger brother, Tiburce, born in 1848. The family moved to Paris in 1852, when Morisot was a child.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: It was commonplace for daughters of bourgeois families to receive art education, so Berthe and her sisters Yves and Edma were taught privately by Geoffroy-Alphonse Chocarne and Joseph Guichard. Morisot and her sisters initially started taking lessons so that they could each make a drawing for their father for his birthday. In 1857 Guichard, who ran a school for girls in Rue des Moulins, introduced Berthe and Edma to the Louvre gallery where from 1858 they learned by copying paintings. The Morisots were not only forbidden to work at the museum unchaperoned, but they were also totally barred from formal training. Guichard also introduced them to the works of Gavarni.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: As art students, Berthe and Edma worked closely together until 1869, when Edma married Adolphe Pontillon, a naval officer, moved to Cherbourg, and had less time to paint. Letters between the sisters show a loving relationship, underscored by Berthe's regret at the distance between them and Edma's withdrawal from painting. Edma wholeheartedly supported Berthe's continued work and their families always remained close. Edma wrote ""… I am often with you in thought, dear Berthe. I’m in your studio and I like to slip away, if only for a quarter of an hour, to breathe that atmosphere that we shared for many years…"".


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Her sister Yves married Theodore Gobillard, a tax inspector, in 1866 and was painted by Edgar Degas as "Mrs Theodore Gobillard" (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City).


title: Berthe Morisot

text: As a copyist at the Louvre, Morisot met and befriended other artists such as Manet and Monet. In 1861 she was introduced to Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, the pivotal landscape painter of the Barbizon school who also excelled in figure painting. Under Corot's influence, she took up the plein air (outdoors) method of working. By 1863 she was studying under , another Barbizon painter. In the winter of 1863–64 she studied sculpture under Aimé Millet, but none of her sculptures is known to survive.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: It is hard to trace the stages of Morisot's training and to tell the exact influence of her teachers because she was never pleased with her work and she destroyed nearly all of the artworks she produced before 1869. Her first teacher, Geoffroy-Alphonse Chocarne, taught her the basics of drawing. After several months, Morisot began to take classes taught by Guichard. During this period, she drew mostly ancient classical figures. When Morisot expressed her interests in plein-air painting, Guichard sent her to follow Corot and Oudinot. Painting outdoors, she used watercolors which are easy to carry. At that time, Morisot also became interested in pastel.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: During this period, Morisot still found oil painting difficult, and worked mostly in watercolor. Her choice of colors is rather restrained; however, the delicate repetition of hues renders a balanced effect. Due to specific characteristics of watercolors as a medium, Morisot was able to create a translucent atmosphere and feathery touch, which contribute to the freshness in her paintings.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Having become more confident about oil painting, Morisot worked in oil, watercolor and pastel at the same time, as Degas did. She painted very quickly but did much sketching as preparation, so she could paint "a mouth, eyes, and a nose with a single brushstroke." She made countless studies of her subjects, which were drawn from her life so she became quite familiar with them. When it became inconvenient to paint outdoors, the highly finished watercolors done in the preparatory stages allowed her to continue painting indoors later.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: After 1885, drawing began to dominate in Morisot's works. Morisot actively experimented with charcoals and color pencils. Her reviving interest in drawing was motivated by her Impressionist friends, who are known for blurring forms. Morisot put her emphasis on the clarification of the form and lines during this period. In addition, she was influenced by photography and Japonisme. She adopted the style of placing objects away from the center of the composition from Japanese prints of the time.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Morisot started to use the technique of squaring and the medium of tracing paper to transcribe her drawing to the canvas exactly. By employing this new method, Morisot was able to create compositions with more complicated interaction between figures. She stressed the composition and the forms while her Impressionist brushstrokes still remained. Her original synthesis of the Impressionist touch with broad strokes and light reflections, and the graphic approach featured by clear lines, made her late works distinctive.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Because she was a female artist, Morisot's paintings were often labeled as being full of "feminine charm" by male critics, for their elegance and lightness. In 1890, Morisot wrote in a notebook about her struggles to be taken seriously as an artist: "I don't think there has ever been a man who treated a woman as an equal and that's all I would have asked for, for I know I'm worth as much as they."


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Her light brushstrokes often led to critics using the verb "effleurer" (to touch lightly, brush against) to describe her technique. In her early life, Morisot painted in the open air as other Impressionists to look for truths in observation. Around 1880 she began painting on unprimed canvases—a technique Manet and Eva Gonzalès also experimented with at the time—and her brushwork became looser. In 1888–89, her brushstrokes transitioned from short, rapid strokes to long, sinuous ones that define form. The outer edges of her paintings were often left unfinished, allowing the canvas to show through and increasing the sense of spontaneity. After 1885, she worked mostly from preliminary drawings before beginning her oil paintings. She also worked in oil paint, watercolors, and pastel simultaneously, and sketched using various drawing media. Morisot's works are almost always small in scale.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Morisot creates a sense of space and depth through the use of color. Although her color palette was somewhat limited, her fellow impressionists regarded her as a "virtuoso colorist". She typically made expansive use of white to create a sense of transparency, whether used as a pure white or mixed with other colors. In her large painting, "The Cherry Tree", colors are more vivid but are still used to emphasize form.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Inspired by Manet's drawings, she kept the use of color to the minimum when constructing a motif. Responding to the experiments conducted by Manet and Edgar Degas, Morisot used barely tinted whites to harmonize the paintings. Like Degas, she played with three media simultaneously in one painting: watercolor, pastel, and oil paints. In the second half of her career, she learned from Renoir by mimicking his motifs. She also shared an interest in keeping a balance between the density of figures and the atmospheric traits of light with Renoir in her later works.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Morisot painted what she experienced on a daily basis. Most of her paintings include domestic scenes of family, children, ladies, and flowers, depicting what women's life was like in the late nineteenth century. Instead of portraying the public space and the society, Morisot preferred private, intimate scenes. It somehow reflects the cultural restrictions of her class and gender at that time. Like her fellow Impressionist Mary Cassatt, she focused on domestic life and portraits in which she could use family and personal friends as models, including her daughter Julie and sister Edma. The stenographic presentation of her daily life conveys a strong hope to stop the fleeting passage of time. By portraying flowers, she used metaphors to celebrate womanhood. Prior to the 1860s, Morisot painted subjects in line with the Barbizon school before turning to scenes of contemporary femininity. Paintings like "The Cradle" (1872), in which she depicted current trends for nursery furniture, reflect her sensitivity to fashion and advertising, both of which would have been apparent to her female audience. Her works also include landscapes, garden settings, boating scenes, and theme of boredom or ennui. Later in her career Morisot worked with more ambitious themes, such as nudes. In her late works, she often referred to the past to recall the memory of her earlier life and youth, and her departed companions.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Morisot's first appearance in the Salon de Paris came at the age of twenty-three in 1864, with the acceptance of two landscape paintings. She continued to show regularly in the Salon, to generally favorable reviews, until 1873, the year before the first Impressionist exhibition. She exhibited with the Impressionists from 1874 onwards, only missing the exhibition in 1878 when her daughter was born.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Impressionism's alleged attachment to brilliant color, sensual surface effects, and fleeting sensory perceptions led a number of critics to assert in retrospect that this style, once primarily the battlefield of insouciant, combative males, was inherently feminine and best suited to women's weaker temperaments, lesser intellectual capabilities, and greater sensibility.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: During Morisot's 1874 exhibition with the Impressionists, such as Monet and Manet, Le Figaro critic Albert Wolff noted that the Impressionists consisted of "five or six lunatics of which one is a woman...[whose] feminine grace is maintained amid the outpourings of a delirious mind."


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Morisot's mature career began in 1872. She found an audience for her work with Durand-Ruel, the private dealer, who bought twenty-two paintings. In 1877, she was described by the critic for "Le Temps" as the "one real Impressionist in this group." She chose to exhibit under her full maiden name instead of using a pseudonym or her married name. As her skill and style improved, many began to rethink their opinion toward Morisot. In the 1880 exhibition, many reviews judged Morisot among the best, even including "Le Figaro" critic Albert Wolff.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Morisot came from an eminent family, the daughter of a government official and the great-niece of Rococo artist Jean-Honoré Fragonard. She met her longtime friend and colleague, Édouard Manet, in 1868. By the introduction of Manet, Morisot was married to Édouard's brother, Eugène Manet in 1874. On November 14, 1878, she gave birth to her only child, Julie, who posed frequently for her mother and other Impressionist artists, including Renoir and her uncle Édouard.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Correspondence between Morisot and Édouard Manet shows warm affection, and Manet gave her an easel as a Christmas present. Morisot often posed for Manet and there are several portrait paintings of Morisot such as "Repose (Portrait of Berthe Morisot)" and "Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet". Morisot died on March 2, 1895, in Paris, of pneumonia contracted while attending to her daughter Julie's similar illness, thus making Julie an orphan at the age of 16. She was interred in the Cimetière de Passy.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: This limited selection is based in part on the book "Berthe Morisot" by Charles F. Stuckey, William P. Scott and Susan G. Lindsay, which is in turn drawn from the 1961 catalogue by Marie-Louise Bataille, Rouaart Denis and Georges Wildenstein. There are variations between the dates of execution, first showing and purchase. Titles may vary between sources.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: Morisot's work sold comparatively well. She achieved the two highest prices at a Hôtel Drouot auction in 1875, the "Interior (Young Woman with Mirror)" sold for 480 francs, and her pastel "On the Lawn" sold for 320 francs. Her works averaged 250 francs, the best relative prices at the auction.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: In February 2013, Morisot became the highest priced female artist, when "After Lunch" (1881), a portrait of a young redhead in a straw hat and purple dress, sold for $10.9 million at a Christie's auction. The painting achieved roughly three times its upper estimate, exceeding the $10.7 million for a sculpture by Louise Bourgeois in 2012.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: She was portrayed by actress Marine Delterme in a 2012 French biographical TV film directed by Caroline Champetier. The character of Beatrice de Clerval in Elizabeth Kostova's "The Swan Thieves" is largely based on Morisot.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: She was featured as the "A First Impressionist" in an article written by Anne Truitt in the "New York Times" on June 3, 1990.


title: Berthe Morisot

text: From Melissa Burdick Harmon, an editor at "Biography" magazine, "While some of Morisot's work may seem to us today like sweet depictions of babies in cradles, at the time these images were considered extremely intimate, as objects related to infants belonged exclusively to the world of women."


title: Berthe Morisot

text: In 2019, the Musée d'Orsay devoted a temporary exhibition to Berthe Morisot to pay tribute to her work.


title: Domestic turkey

text: The domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo domesticus) is a large fowl, one of the two species in the genus "Meleagris" and the same species as the wild turkey. Although turkey domestication was thought to have occurred in central Mesoamerica at least 2,000 years ago, recent research suggests a possible second domestication event in the area that is now the southwestern United States between 200 BC and AD 500. However, all of the main domestic turkey varieties today descend from the turkey raised in central Mexico that was subsequently imported into Europe by the Spanish in the 16th century.


title: Domestic turkey

text: The domestic turkey is a popular form of poultry, and it is raised throughout temperate parts of the world, partially because industrialized farming has made it very cheap for the amount of meat it produces. Female domestic turkeys are called "hens", and the chicks are "poults" or "turkeylings". In Canada and the United States, male turkeys are called "toms"; in the United Kingdom and Ireland they are "stags".


title: Domestic turkey

text: The great majority of domestic turkeys are bred to have white feathers because their pin feathers are less visible when the carcass is dressed, although brown or bronze-feathered varieties are also raised. The fleshy protuberance atop the beak is the snood, and the one attached to the underside of the beak is known as a wattle.


title: Domestic turkey

text: The English-language name for this species results from an early misidentification of the bird with an unrelated species which was imported to Europe through the country of Turkey. The Latin species name means "chicken peacock".


title: Domestic turkey

text: The modern domestic turkey is descended from the South Mexican subspecies (the nominate subspecies "M. g. gallopavo") of wild turkey, found in Central Mexico in a region bounded by the present Mexican states of Jalisco to the northwest, Guerrero to the southwest, and Veracruz to the east. Ancient Mesoamericans domesticated this subspecies, using its meat and eggs as major sources of protein and employing its feathers extensively for decorative purposes. The Aztecs associated the turkey with their trickster god Tezcatlipoca, perhaps because of its perceived humorous behavior.


title: Domestic turkey

text: Domestic turkeys were taken to Europe by the Spanish. Many distinct breeds were developed in Europe (e.g. Spanish Black, Royal Palm). In the early 20th century, many advances were made in the breeding of turkeys, resulting in breeds such as the Beltsville Small White.


title: Domestic turkey

text: The 16th-century English navigator William Strickland is generally credited with introducing the turkey into England. His family coat of arms – showing a turkey cock as the family crest – is among the earliest known European depictions of a turkey. English farmer Thomas Tusser notes the turkey being among farmer's fare at Christmas in 1573. The domestic turkey was sent from England to Jamestown, Virginia in 1608. A document written in 1584 lists supplies to be furnished to future colonies in the New World; "turkies, male and female".