title: 2005 NFL season

text: Pro Player Stadium was renamed Dolphins Stadium. Pro Player's parent Fruit of the Loom had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection back in 1999, and the Pro Player label was discontinued, but that stadium name was kept for several more years.


title: 2005 NFL season

text: This was the eighth and final year under the league's broadcast contracts with ABC, CBS, Fox, and ESPN to televise "Monday Night Football", the AFC package, the NFC package, and "Sunday Night Football", respectively. This also marked the final season that ABC held the rights to televise "Monday Night Football" after thirty-six years of airing the series. When the TV contracts were renewed, the rights to broadcast "Monday Night Football" were awarded to Disney-owned corporate sibling ESPN. NBC won the rights to televise "Sunday Night Football", marking the first time that the network broadcast NFL games since Super Bowl XXXII in 1998. Meanwhile, CBS and Fox renewed their television contracts to the AFC and the NFC packages, respectively.


title: 2005 NFL season

text: Cris Collinsworth left Fox to sit out the 2005 season before joining NBC as a studio analyst the following year, leaving Fox's lead broadcasting team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman in a two-man booth.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: The Sultanate of Women (Turkish: "Kadınlar saltanatı") was a period when wives and mothers of the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire exerted extraordinary political influence.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: This phenomenon took place from roughly 1528-30 to 1715, beginning in the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent, with his marriage to Hürrem Sultan (also known as Roxelana). These women were either the wives of the Sultan, referred to as haseki sultans, or the mothers of the Sultan, known as valide sultans. Many of them were of slave origin, as was expected during the sultanate since the traditional idea of marriage was considered inappropriate for the sultan, who was not expected to have any personal allegiances beyond his governmental role.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: During this time, haseki and valide sultans held political and social power, which allowed them to influence the daily running of the empire and undertake philanthropic works as well as to request the construction of buildings such as the large Haseki Sultan Mosque complex and the prominent Valide Sultan Mosque (also known as the Yeni Mosque ("Yeni Cami") at Eminönü.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: This period was novel for the Ottoman Empire but not without precedent since the Seljuk rulers, the predecessors to the Ottomans, often let noble women play an active role in public policy and affairs, despite the resistance of other male officials.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: During the fourteenth century, the agency of women in government began to shrink. This was the age of Ottoman expansion where most sultans elected to "lead from the horse", moving around with a court of advisors, viziers, and religious leaders as the army conquered new lands. Ottoman policy from the fifteenth century onwards was to send young princes and their mothers to provincial governorships in Trabzon, Manisa and Amasya in Anatolia. This had the effect of keeping all the women with connections to the higher levels of government away from anywhere where they could hold meaningful power. The practice of fratricide—in which an ascendant sultan would execute all his brothers to secure his throne—made the wives and mothers of princes even more dependent on their men.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: The situation began to change at the beginning of the 16th century with the concurrence of two significant events: the end of Ottoman expansion, and the absorption of the imperial harem into the palace proper. During the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent, it became clear that the expansion of the empire had reached its limit, with borders stretching thousands of miles in nearly every direction. The sultan could no longer afford to go on extended military campaigns, especially after the failure of the Siege of Vienna.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: In addition, Süleyman's reign marked the absorption of the imperial harem into the palace and political sphere as he became the first sultan to be officially married to a woman, later known as Hürrem Sultan. Before the Sultanate of Women, the sultan did not marry but kept a harem of concubines who produced his heirs, with each concubine producing just one son then following him to the province they were assigned to lead instead of remaining in Istanbul.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: The first haseki sultan was Roxelana, the wife of Süleyman the Magnificent, who became known as Hürrem Sultan after her conversion to Islam. Hurrem was mistakenly assumed to be of Russian descent, probably because of a mistranslation of her name, and European visitors treated her as Russian. Her ancestry was actually Ruthenian (Kingdom of Poland). Her Turkish name Hürrem meant "Laughing One", or "Joyful" in testament to her character.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: Scholars are unsure when she arrived the imperial harem, since there is no data in the record of concubines, although documents recording the birth of her first son acknowledge her presence in 1521. Her significance was established with her marriage to Süleyman after the death of his mother, when she became the first actual wife of a sultan in more than two hundred years. Since all concubines were technically slaves, Hürrem also became the first concubine to be freed from slavery. The new title of Haseki Sultan (Empress Consort) created for her continued to be given to wives of later sultans.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: Hürrem engaged in philanthropy, particularly in the building of communal spaces where subjects could spend time. The most prominent of these was the Haseki Sultan Complex in Istanbul, built in the 1530s, which included a women's medical centre, a school, a mosque, and a soup kitchen for feeding the poor. She died in 1558 in Istanbul, after the deaths of her eldest and youngest sons. Nearly five hundred years after her death, the claim of Russian heritage was removed from her tomb in January 2019.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: In the first half of the 17th century, six sultans, several of whom were children, took the throne. As a result, the valide sultans ruled virtually unopposed, both during their sons' periods in power, and during the interregnums. Their prominence was not accepted by everyone. Despite their direct connection to the sultans, the valide sultans often faced opposition from the viziers, as well as from public opinion. Where their male predecessors had won favour with the public through military conquest and charisma, female leaders had to rely on imperial ceremonies and the construction of monuments and public works. Such public works, known as "hayrat" or works of piety, were often constructed extravagantly in the name of the sultana, as had been the tradition for imperial Islamic women.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: Weddings were a common cause for celebration and an opportunity for imperial women to display their wealth and power while also promoting charity. As the daughter of Murad III was about to be married to a prominent admiral, she gave newly minted coins to all the onlookers, some making off with a whole skirt-full of wealth.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: The death of a sultan's wife or mother could inspire even greater more extravagance. For example, the death of Hürrem Sultan brought crowds of mourners onto the streets, including the sultan himself, who was normally expected to isolate himself in the palace during the funeral of a family member. On this occasion coins and food were distributed to the funeral attendees as a tribute to the sultana's generous and caring nature.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: The most enduring accomplishments of many of the wives and mothers of the sultans were their large public works projects, usually in the form of mosques, schools and monuments. The construction and maintenance of these projects provided crucial economic liquidity during a period otherwise marked by economic stagnation and corruption while also leaving powerful and long-lasting symbols of the sultanate's power and benevolence. While the creation of public works was always an obligation of the sultanate, sultanas such as Süleyman's mother and wife undertook projects that were larger and more lavish than any woman before them - and most men as well.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: Kösem Sultan became the legal wife and most trusted advisor of Sultan Ahmed I. Historians credit her with persuading him to spare the life of his younger half-brother, Mustafa, thus putting an end to the centuries-old practice of fratricide in the Ottoman Empire. After Ahmed died in 1617, she was instrumental in the enthronement of Mustafa I and later become regent during the minority of her son, Murad IV. Kösem wielded unparalleled political power and influenced the empire's foreign and domestic policy.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: Turhan Sultan governed the Ottoman Empire as regent during the minority of her son Mehmed IV, having won a struggle with his grandmother, Kösem Sultan. to take on the role. She also contributed to the empire's defense, spending large amounts of money on the reconstruction and fortification of key military strongholds. When her son Mehmed IV returned from a successful military campaign, Turhan arranged a royal procession to retrace his warpath, and share in the glory of his victory. She was responsible for the construction of the Yeni Mosque (Yeni Cami) at Eminönü.


title: Sultanate of Women

text: Although this was a time when imperial women held unprecedented power, they were not without opponents. In 1582, a Grand Vizier openly expressed his anger at a valide sultan's presence in the council. In 1599, the Şeyülislam complained about the valide's involvement in government affairs, especially in appointments and dismissals. In 1640, a Venetian ambassador tried to send a letter to the valide through the grand vizier who refused to transmit it, claiming that she was a mere slave without power of her own. Such opposition implies that the valide sultan held a great deal of authority which the vizier resented. Many contemporary foreign ambassadors reported that those wanting to do business with the Ottoman Empire needed to approach the sultan's mother before anyone else.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Matamoros, officially known as Heroica Matamoros, is a city in the northeastern Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and the municipal seat of the homonymous municipality. It is on the southern bank of the Rio Grande, directly across the border from Brownsville, Texas, United States.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: In addition, the Matamoros–Brownsville Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,387,985, making it the 4th largest metropolitan area on the Mexico–US border. Matamoros is the 39th largest city in Mexico and anchors the second largest metropolitan area in Tamaulipas.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The economy of the city is significantly based on its international trade with the United States through the USMCA agreement, and it is home to one of the most promising industrial sectors in Mexico, mainly due to the presence of maquiladoras. In Matamoros, the automotive industry hosts the assembly and accessories plants for brands such as General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, BMW, and Mercedes Benz. Prior to the growth of the maquiladoras in the 2000s, Matamoros' economy had historically been principally based on agriculture, since northern Mexico's biggest irrigation zones are in the municipality. PEMEX announced a multibillion-peso offshore drilling project for the port of Matamoros, one of the future prospects for Mexico's oil industry.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Matamoros is a major historical site, the site of several battles and events of the Mexican War of Independence, the Mexican Revolution, the Texas Revolution, the Mexican–American War, the American Civil War, and the French Intervention that allowed the city to earn its title of "Undefeated, Loyal, and Heroic". The Mexican National Anthem was played for the first time in public at an opera house, the Teatro de la Reforma (sometimes known as "The Opera Theater") in Matamoros.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Matamoros has a semiarid climate, with mild winters and hot, humid summers. Matamoros and Brownsville, Texas, are home to the Charro Days and Sombrero Festival, two-nation fiestas that commemorate the heritage of the U.S. and Mexico which are celebrated every February.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: There is very little historical evidence about the native tribes that lived in present-day Matamoros. As with many parts of northern Tamaulipas, the region of Matamoros was most likely occupied by small, indigenous groups from Coahuila, before the colonization by the Spanish colonials.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: In 1519, the same year that Hernán Cortés arrived to the Americas at the port of Veracruz, a captain named Alonso Álvarez de Pineda carried out a brief expedition to the region of northern Tamaulipas, where he named the town known today as Rio Bravo (Rio Grande) as Rio de las Palmas (Palms River). Nevertheless, the actual founding of Matamoros began in 1686, when Captain Alonso de León explored the area and concluded that the Rio Grande was an excellent route for navigation, and that the area of Matamoros was an ideal spot for cattle raising.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: In the year 1749, thirteen enterprising families, twelve from Camargo and one from Reynosa, decided to invest and begin a new, influential cattle industry in the area. Former landowners were skeptical that this new investment would be successful, since the frequent overflow of the Rio Grande caused severe floods, and because ranches were occasionally attacked by Indians. Nonetheless, these thirteen families effectively carried out their business plan and created 113 cattle-raising sites. In the year 1774, they officially named the area San Juan de los Esteros Hermosos, known today as Matamoros.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: In 1793, to colonize the province of Nuevo Santander, two Franciscan missionaries named Francisco Pueyes and Manuel Júlio Silva established a parish in the main plaza of Matamoros. They proposed a new name for the community: Villa del Refugio, in honor of the parish and patron saint, Our Lady of the Refuge of the Estuaries.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: In 1826, the governor Lucas Fernandez dispatched a decree to change the name of the city to Matamoros, in honor of Mariano Matamoros, a hero of the Mexican War of Independence, who participated along with José María Morelos. During the Texas Revolution (1836), Matamoros was the fortress for many Mexican soldiers against rebel attacks.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: In 1851, the city of Matamoros was again heroic for defending against attacks by troops under José María Jesús Carbajal, many of whom were recruited from within Texas, who sought to establish a federal republic against the centralist government of Mexico City. The federal troops of Francisco Avalos were able to repel their enemy, and the state congress granted Matamoros the title of "Heroic", countersigned by the Mexican Congress, hence the city's official name of Heroica Matamoros.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The future of the city radically changed after Matamoros declared itself an international free trade zone in 1858. This transformation brought upon urbanization, industrialization, and the expansion of the Bagdad Port, which experienced an economic boom for being the only entrance port for mercenaries for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The Port of Matamoros, also known as the Port of Bagdad, was during the American Civil War one of the leading commercial ports of the world.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, was a strategic and fortified city during the Texas Revolution. The Matamoros Expedition was launched to attack Matamoros and defeat the forces of Antonio López de Santa Anna. It proved controversial and divisive. The roots of the controversy lay in the division within the provisional government between Governor Henry Smith and the General Council over whether to remain loyal to the Constitution of 1824 and support the liberals of Mexico in the Federalist cause against Santa Anna or to declare independence from Mexico and seek to become an independent territory. The division, on the other hand, was mirrored within the provisional government and among the commanders in the field, who compounded the situation and contributed to the near destruction of the Texian army.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: At the beginning of the American Civil War, the city of Matamoros was simply a sleepy little border town across the Rio Grande from Brownsville. It had, for several years, been considered a port, but it had relatively few ships arriving. Previous to the war, accounts mention that not over six ships entered the port each year. Nevertheless, in about four years, Matamoros, due to its proximity to Texas, was to assume state as a port, and multiply its inhabitants in number. Following is a quote from a Union general in 1865 describing the importance of the port in Matamoros:


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The cotton trade brought together in Bagdad, Tamaulipas and Matamoros over 20,000 speculators from the Union and the Confederacy, England, France, and Germany. Bagdad had grown from a small, seashore outpost to a "full-pledge town". The English-speaking population in the area by 1864 was so great that Matamoros even had a newspaper printed in English—it was called the "Matamoros Morning Call". In addition, the port exported cotton to England and France, where millions of people needed it for their daily livelihood, and it was possible to receive fifty cents per pound in gold for cotton, when it cost about three cents in the Confederacy, "and much more money was received for it laid down in New York and European ports". Other sources mention that the port of Matamoros traded with London, Havana, Belize, and New Orleans. The Matamoros and New York City trade agreement, however, continued throughout the war and until 1864, and it was considered "heavy and profitable".


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: By 1865, Matamoros was described as a prosperous town of 30,000 people, and Lew Wallace informed General Ulysses S. Grant that neither Baltimore or New Orleans could compare itself to the growing commercial activity of Matamoros. Nevertheless, after the collapse of the Confederacy, "gloom, despondency, and despair" became evident in Matamoros—markets shut down, business almost ceased to exist, and ships were rarely seen. "For Sale" signs began to sprout up everywhere, and Matamoros returned to its role of a sleepy little border town across the Rio Grande.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The conclusion of the American Civil War brought a severe crisis to the now abandoned Port of Bagdad, a crisis that until this day the port has never recovered from. In addition, a tremendous hurricane in 1889 destroyed the desolated port. This same hurricane was one of the many hurricanes during the period of devastating hurricanes of 1870 to 1889, which reduced the population of Matamoros to nearly half its size, mounting with it another upsetting economic downturn.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: During the French intervention, the port of Baghdad was the scene of the Battle of Baghdad, where the Mexican army defeated the French army and its conservative allies.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: During the course of the Mexican Revolution, the generals Francisco Mújica and Lucio Blanco executed the first agrarian reform for land in the country (1913). Consequently, in the years to come, Matamoros enjoyed another golden era during The Cotton Age, from 1948 to 1962. This epoch placed Matamoros as the largest cotton producer and exporter in the country.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Since the 1970s, and especially during the 1990s, after the initiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, foreign investment has multiplied in Matamoros, resulting in an enormous population growth, prominently from other Mexican states, like San Luis Potosí and Veracruz.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Population of Matamoros locality, 115.3 km2, was 510,739 in 2020 Census, while entire municipality had 541,979 people covering 4,633 km2


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The economy of Matamoros depends primarily on its proximity to the United States, due to the importance of the strong presence of foreign investment in the area. Maquiladoras are a direct representation of American presence in the state of Tamaulipas; the trade of goods through the international bridges and the flow of people on both sides of the border play a huge role in the economic posture of Matamoros.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Matamoros is home to more than 122 maquiladoras dedicated in its majority to export to the United States. This industry produces technological goods like cables, electrical appliances, electrical components, vehicle parts and accessories, textiles, chemical products, machinery, and computer products. The city operates about 35% of the Tamaulipas' maquiladora industry, placing second, just behind Reynosa. In December 2004, the maquiladora industry employed more than 52,777 workers in Matamoros, an increase of 576 jobs compared to 2003 representing a 60% increase in employment.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: This economic activity is the second most important in the city of Matamoros, generating approximately 13.5% of the total employment in the municipality. The rapid growth of the population in Matamoros, along with an increase in incomes, have amplified the demand of satisfiers in the area. In the whole state of Tamaulipas, Matamoros places first in terms of jobs and businesses generated by foreign investment in the area, comprising a total of 238 companies, 36% of the state's whole business sector.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The rural area of Matamoros encompasses 97 communities, with more than 36,096 inhabitants in these small agrarian sectors. Traditionally, the city was eminently agricultural, cultivating sorghum, corn, beans, vegetables, and sunflower by millions each year. The terrain in Matamoros categorized in two factions: gley soil, land that is only used for grazing by livestock, and arable land, used solely for growing crops.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The municipality of Matamoros is within the Rio Grande river basin, and by means of irrigation, the agricultural sector flourishes in production. The two main water suppliers are the Rio Grande and the Arroyo del Tigre, which have dams that irrigate the region.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The bovine is the most predominant livestock in the municipality of Matamoros, and the commercialization of its meat is the principal income of ranchers in the region. In fact, livestock production goes as the following: bovine (62%), pigs (16%), and sheep (9%).


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: In the northern part of Tamaulipas, near the municipality of Matamoros, the breeding of calves is characterized and well known for having European blood. However, this is only seen among specialized, high quality meat industries that breed Charolais cattle, Simmental cattle, and the Zebus.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Matamoros has more than of coastline on the Gulf of Mexico, and a total of of the Laguna Madre. In addition, there are fishing activities in spots like Higuerillas, la Capilla, Rincón de las Flores, el Mezquital, and Playa Bagdad. The city has 10 fishing corporations operating in all of these areas.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Bagdad Beach ("Playa Bagdad"), also known as Lauro Villar Beach, is 27 km (17 mi) east of Matamoros, about 20 minutes in trajectory. At Playa Bagdad, important fishing tournaments are held each year, where participants from all over the state of Tamaulipas get together. During Holy Week, the beach experiences an abundant presence of visitors, primarily from Nuevo León, when Playa Bagdad becomes the host of several concerts, sport tournaments, and festivals. In 2014, the mayor Leticia Salazar proposed to change the beach's name to Costa Azul, in reference to a both a song of the Matamoros-native Rigo Tovar and to his musical band.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: In 1985, during the yearly festival of 'Festival del Mar,' Rigo Tovar, along with other important attractions, played in Playa Bagdad. Other second tier bands like 'La Firma', 'La Mira de Linares,' and 'La Leyenda,' along with several other pop groups, have also played during the month of April, the most visited period of the year. In addition, Playa Bagdad has several seafood restaurants. Jet ski, surfing, and even motocross and off-road 4x4 racing are allowed with few area restrictions. In a single day during summer breaks, the number of visitors can get as high as 180,000.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Fortress of Casamata, converted into Museum Casamata in 1970, was a bastion that now guards a fine collection of prehispanic figurines and artifacts dating from central historic moments: the Spanish colonist era, the Mexican War of Independence, and the contentious Mexican Revolution. Unique and curious items are also exhibited, such as an iron casket where the remains of fearless General Canales once rested (fought against both American and French invasions) and the dark tunnels lounged beneath the construction, inevitable reference for local horror stories. The existence of a multipurpose hall and newspaper library also provide extra interest to the museum. The museum was founded by Don Eliseo Paredes Manzano, the city's first "cronista" and recognized historian.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The 'Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Tamaulipas (MACT),' inaugurated in 1969, is the largest and most important art museum in the city, and one of the most memorable in the state of Tamaulipas. Art and photo exhibitions are held yearlong at MACT. Artworks from Mexico City, Monterrey, New York City, Los Angeles, Milan, and Paris have been displayed at this museum.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The central 'plaza' in Matamoros is home to the Presidential Offices, the Cathedral of Nuestra Señora Villa del Refugio, and of the Casino Matamorense, along with other historical buildings. The 'Teatro Reforma', the most important theater in the city, is found a few blocks away. On 28 January 1829, the plaza was named after the heroic and historical figure Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who fought in the Mexican War of Independence. Moreover, the Cathedral of Nuestra Señora Villa del Refugio, constructed in 1831, was one of the first mayor constructions and is one of the present symbols of the city. Its neoclassical architecture, along with its rich, historical background, attracts visitors yearlong. The Casino Matamorense, constructed in 1950, is traditionally considered the center of social gatherings for the principal families of Matamoros. Also with its unique architecture, Centro Cultural Olimpico, is a historical creation built in the city. Nothing like it had been done before. And finally, the 'Teatro Reforma,' once considered the 'House of the Opera of the 19th Century', was constructed in 1861. For decades, the theater was home to important balls held by the richest families of Matamoros and the high-ranking military officers of the state. In addition, 'Teatro Reforma' is well known for being the first place in history where the Mexican National Anthem was played.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The city of Matamoros has a warm humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"), with mild winters, and hot, humid summers. Its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico accompanies cooler winds during the summers and winters, compared to its sister cities of Reynosa and Nuevo Laredo, which are farther inland. Moreover, the climate of Matamoros is subtropical, with relatively low precipitation patterns distributed throughout the summer, and with summer temperatures ranging from 30 to 40 °C (86 to 104 °F). Temperatures above 38 °C (100.4 °F) are very uncommon, just as the other extreme, where freezing temperatures during the winter are rarely seen as well. While on average the warmest month is August, the March record high shows influence from the tropical wet and dry climates located further south in Mexico, where the temperatures soar to their yearly maximums in March and April before decreasing somewhat during the rainy season.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: Heavy rainfall is usually seen during the months of July and August, although it is not uncommon to go about without any rain whatsoever during the "wet" season. The average temperatures during the winters usually range around 0–10 °C (32 to 50 °F); this seasons is usually attended with rain, drizzle, and fog. The last snowfall was seen on 25 December 2004, which is the heaviest snowfall ever recorded in the city, with up to 3.8 cm (1.5 in) in one day. Despite its proximity to the humid Gulf Coast, the city is dry, receiving an average of of precipitation annually.


title: Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The international exchange of goods and services between the U.S. and Mexico is seen in effect throughout the city of Matamoros with the presence of its four international bridges. Matamoros is the only border city in the U.S.-Mexico border that has four international bridges.


title: Khorkuto

text: Khorkuto is an 2020 Indian Bengali language romantic comedy drama television series that premiered on 17 August 2020 and airs on Bengali General Entertainment Channel Star Jalsha and is also available on the digital platform Disney+ Hotstar. The show is produced by Magic Moments Motion Pictures of Saibal Banerjee and Leena Gangopadhyay and starred Trina Saha and Koushik Roy.


title: Khorkuto

text: Gungun, a sophisticated upper-class girl, crosses paths with Soujanyo, a scholar who belongs to a middle-class joint family, and everything changes. Apart from a beautiful love story, ‘Khorkuto’ narrates the tale of a joint family, its roots and beliefs. After a few meetings with Soujanyo, Gungun's father decides to marry Gungun off with Soujanyo to teach her morals and ethics. Although Gungun is a little ill-mannered, she is very good at heart and gets deserved love from Soujanyo' s family. She becomes a part of the family and stands by them through all their difficulties.


title: Khorkuto

text: The show came to an end on 21 August 2022 with the sudden death of Gungun and the story jumps to 25 years later when Soujanya and Gungun's son Ishaan finds Dr. Shrotoshwini Majumder (also named as Gungun), a therapist in the hospital, the whole family rejoice on seeing the repeating story of Soujanya and Gungun to the next generation.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Al-Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (), also known as Abu al-Fadl () (15 May 647 - 10 October 680 CE) , was a son of the Muslim caliph and Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the cousin, son-in-law, and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. His mother was Fatima bint Hizam, commonly known as Umm al-Banin (), not to be confused with Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas fought as the standard-bearer of his half-brother Husayn ibn Ali in the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 CE). He was killed in a desperate attempt to bring water from the Euphrates to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged family of Muhammad. Shia Imams are reported to have praised Abbas for his faith and fortitude in defending Husayn.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas is said to have inherited Ali's boldness and bravery, and is regarded by Shia Muslims as an ultimate paragon of courage and self-sacrifice. Often described in sources as tall and handsome, he was also known by the epithet Qamar Bani Hashim (). The shrine of Abbas and the nearby mausoleum of Husayn in Karbala are destinations for pilgrimage.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: The kunya of Abbas was Abu al-Fadl. Another epithet of Abbas was Qamar Bani Hashim (), and he is often described in sources as tall and handsome, whose legs reached the ground when he rode his white stallion.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas is said to have inherited Ali's boldness and bravery, always carrying the victorious standard on the battlefield. When describing Abbas, Hazleton writes that he wore two white egret's plumes atop his chain mail helmet, a distinction reserved only for the bravest warrior. Calmard further draws a parallel between Abbas and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, an elder son of Ali and his standard-bearer, saying that Abbas fulfilled the same warrior functions near Husayn. Given his courage, Abbas is referred to as () and ().


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas is also known as Alam-d'ar () for his role in the Battle of Karbala, and as al-Saqqa' () and Abu al-Qirba ( means 'a water-skin') for his desperate attempt on the evening of Ashura to bring water from the Euphrates to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged Ahl al-Bayt.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas was born in Medina to Ali and Fatima bint Hizam ibn Khalid ibn Rabi'a of the Banu Kilab. Abbas had three full brothers, namely, Abd Allah, Ja'far and Uthman, and their mother Fatima thus became known as Umm al-Banin (). Abbas' brothers were all killed in the Battle of Karbala just before him. Some sources refer to him as al-Abbas al-Akbar () to distinguish him from another son of Ali, al-Abbas al-Asghar ().


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas' date of birth is disputed. Ibn Sa'd writes that he had not yet reached puberty when Ali was assassinated in 40/661, whereas some others have claimed that Abbas was thirty-four at the time, and the Shia Bahr al-Ulum () gives 4 Shaban 26 (15 May 647) as Abbas' birth date. Naturally, much of what exists in sources about Abbas is in connection with the Battle of Karbala.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Mu'awiya () designated his son Yazid () as his successor in 676, which violated his earlier agreement with Ali's eldest son Hasan. Yazid is often remembered by Muslim historians as a debaucher who openly violated the Islamic norms, and his nomination was thus met with resistance from the sons of Muhammad's prominent companions, including Husayn ibn Ali.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: On Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's succession in 60/680, the latter instructed the governor of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by force, and Husayn thus fled to Mecca at night to avoid recognising Yazid as the caliph. He was accompanied by some relatives, including Abbas and his household.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: After receiving letters of support from Kufans, whose intentions were confirmed by his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil, Husayn left Mecca for Kufa on 8 or 10 Dhu al-Hijja (10 or 12 September 680) with some relatives and supporters. In the canonical Shia "al-Irshad", Husayn is reported to have said that his intention was to fight the tyranny of Yazid, even though he knew he was going to be killed. He similarly wrote in his will for his brother Ibn Hanafiyya that he had not set out to seek "corruption or oppression" but rather to "enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong," as reported by "Maqtal al-awalim" and "al-Maqtal".


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: On his way to Kufa, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and forced to camp in the desert land of Karbala on 2 Muharram 61 (2 October 680) away from water and fortifications. The promised support of the Kufans did not materialise as the new governor of Kufa, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (), killed Husayn's envoy and intimidated the Kufan tribal chiefs.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: On 7 Muharram, on orders of the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd () cut off Husayn's access to the water of the Euphrates. Abbas and some fifty companions were nevertheless able to bring back some water to Husayn's camp in a night sortie. Despite this attempt, Veccia Vaglieri () believes that Husayn's camp suffered from thirst for three days, while Adibzadeh notes the hot desert climate of Karbala. Pinault similarly writes that the camp suffered from hunger and thirst during the siege, and the opinion of Hamdar is close.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Ibn Sa'd was instructed by Ibn Ziyad not to let Husayn leave unless he pledged his allegiance to Yazid. Husayn did not submit to Yazid, but negotiated with Ibn Ziyad through Ibn Sa'd to be allowed to retreat and avoid bloodshed, but the governor did not relent, finally ordering Ibn Sa'd to fight, kill, and disfigure Husayn and his supporters unless they pledged allegiance to Yazid, in which case Ibn Ziyad would later decide whether to punish or forgive them.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: A member of the Banu Kilab and possibly related to Abbas' mother, the Umayyad commander Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan acquired safe passage for Abbas and his three (full) brothers from Ibn Ziyad. According to Abu Mikhnaf (), Ibn Ziyad's letter of protection was sent to Abbas and his brothers, who refused it, saying that, "God's protection is better than the one offered by Sumayya's son." Shamir again offered protection to Abbas and his brothers on the eve of the battle but this time they cursed him and pledged their full support to Husayn.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Ibn Sa'd decided to attack on Tasu'a (9 Muharram) after the afternoon prayer. As the Umayyad army approached, Abbas informed Husayn, who then sent Abbas and some companions to Ibn Sa'd, convincing him to delay the confrontation until the following day. Husayn now besieged his followers in a speech to leave and not risk their lives for his sake, after which Abbas was the first to renew his support, saying that he would follow his brother in life or death. Almost none of his followers deserted him.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Husayn and his companions spent the night praying and reading the Quran, reports Ibn Tawus () and most works. On this night, Zaynab bint Ali is said to have reminded her brother Abbas of their father's wish for the latter to be the reserves of Karbala, and to be to Husayn as Ali was to Muhammad. This Abbas confirmed and swore to do. There is a report by Ibn Tawus that Abbas was killed on Tasu'a in a failed sally to bring water, though most traditions place his death on Ashura.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: On the morning of Ashura (10 Muharram), Husayn organised his supporters, some seventy-two men, and designated Abbas as his standard-bearer, an indication of his privileged position among the companions. Husayn then spoke to the enemy lines and asked them why they considered it lawful to kill Muhammad's grandson. The Umayyad commander al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi defected to Husayn's side after this speech. The Umayyad army then showered the camp with arrows, thus commencing the battle which lasted from morning till sunset and consisted of incidents of single combat, skirmishes, assaults, and retreats. During the battle, Abbas helped rescue a group of companions who were surrounded by enemy horsemen. By the early afternoon, however, the companions all perished and were followed by the Banu Hashim.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: The works of al-Tabari () and al-Baladhuri () are silent about the details of Abbas' death. Veccia Vaglieri argues that there must have existed traditions about his death and that the Shia Shaykh Mufid () have reported them, saying that Abbas and Husayn were separated when they attempted to reach the Euphrates in the ultimate episode of the battle, adding that Abbas fought valiantly until the end.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Another well-known account is reported by the Shia Ibn Tawus and others: Perhaps anguished by the cries of Husayn's children, Abbas set out for the Euphrates on the eve of Ashura and managed to fill his water-skin, but was blocked by the enemy near the river bank and far from Husayn's camp. Fighting alone, both his arms were severed and he was then killed. After Husayn's last warrior fell, the Umayyad army converged on the lone Imam, who also fought until the end. The account by Kashefi () in "Rawzat al-shohada" differs slightly in that Abbas is placed as the sixty-eighth casualty before Mohammad ibn Ali, Ali Akbar, and Ali Asghar.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Mufid's "Kitab al-irshad" names Zayd ibn Varqa' Hanafi and Hakim ibn al-Ṭofayl San'ani as Abbas' murderers. Abu Mikhnaf in his "Maqtal" adds that Husayn wept bitterly when his brother fell. "Maqatil al-Talibiyyin" by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani () reports that Abbas' murderer dreamed of being flung into hell and woke up screaming every night. Reports from the Shia Imams Ali ibn al-Husayn and Ja'far ibn Muhammad highly praise Abbas for his faith and fortitude in defending Husayn.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Mufid and some others argue that Abbas' burial place, far from Husayn and his companions, adds to the credibility of this account, which is also corroborated by another report about Abbas' death attributed to Ali ibn al-Husayn. In support of this account, Bahramian and his co-author note that the traditional supplications for pilgrims mention Abbas' mission to fetch water and that his arms were severed. They also note that Abbas later became known as al-Saqqa' () and Abu al-Qirba ( means 'a water-skin').


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: After the battle, some Umayyad soldiers stripped Abbas' garments, and his corpse was thus dishonoured. As with Husayn and other companions, his head was severed and brought to Yazid in Damascus, in his case by Harmala ibn K'ahil al-Asadi, as reported by al-Tabari.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas was buried where he was killed by the Banu Asad of the al-Ghadiriyya village, and a tomb was later erected over his grave. Abbas' shrine now has a golden dome and is located to the north-east of Husayn's mausoleum. Both shrines are built on a mound overlooking the city of Karbala, which has become a destination for pilgrimage and a centre for religious learning.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: There exist special prayers and rituals for pilgrims and several Muslim figures are buried in the precinct of Abbas' shrine. There are also other shrines associated with Abbas elsewhere, including an old shrine near Tehran, considered by the locals to be the tomb of Abd Allah ibn Abbas.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas had a young son named Ubayd Allah, born to Lubaba bint Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, who is said to have been taken captive after the Battle of Karbala. Abbas' lineage continued through this child. In particular, the poetry by Abbas' descendants is collected in one of the chapters in "al-Awraq" by al-Suli (). One of his descendants was Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Alawi, who reached fame as a poet and scholar during the reigns of the Abbasid al-Rashid () and al-Ma'mun (). The Zanj rebellion was ignited in Iraq and Bahrain in the mid-third/ninth century by Ali ibn Muhammad Sahib al-Zanj, who claimed descent from Abbas.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas is regarded by the Shia as an ultimate paragon of courage, chivalry, love, sincerity, and self-sacrifice. The Shia make the supplication of to Abbas, thus requesting him to join his prayers to them. As such, Abbas is associated for the Shia with the alleviation of grief and suffering. Serious oaths are made in his name, and the Shia distribute food for charity as part of vows (s) made in the name of Abbas.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Tasu'a (9 Muharram) is devoted by the Shia as the day of mourning for Abbas. He is celebrated in religious passion-plays (s) as the water carrier of the Ahl al-Bayt and the standard bearer of Husayn. The of Abbas' death is among the oldest passion-plays and is frequently performed throughout the year. The green standards (s) carried in Muharram processions are often adorned on top with a metal hand () representing Abbas' severed hand, with outstretched fingers that symbolise the Ahl al-Bayt. They are engraved with the invocations such as () or . Food and water are distributed for charity to offer special oblation. From West Indies to the island of Java, Sunnis and Hindus also commonly participate in most Shia Muharram rituals.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Abbas is heavily featured in Shia art. Verses of poetry about him and his likeness historically appear in public religious buildings, particularly in the tile work () of s (public drinking-water repositories), s and s (both are places to commemorate Husayn), and s (traditional Persian gymnasiums). Abbas is depicted in religious paintings often seated on a white horse and holding Husayn's banner while fighting enemies or holding a water-skin and surrounded by the womenfolk and children of the Ahl al-Bayt.


title: Abbas ibn Ali

text: According to the traditions of the Bektashi Order, a Sufi community based primarily in Albania, Abbas ibn Ali () went to Albania on a white horse to save it from the barbarians and continues to return to Mount Tomorr in Albania for five days (August 20–25) each year, during which animal sacrifices are made and homage is paid to Abbas. During these five days, Bektashi pilgrims visit the Abbas Ali Türbe, a mausoleum () believed to house the remains of Abbas. The mausoleum is located on the southern peak of Mount Tomorr, which was originally constructed in 1620. The mausoleum lies adjacent to the Bektashi tekke on Mount Tomorr, which was built in 1916.


title: Korean phonology

text: This article is a technical description of the phonetics and phonology of Korean. Unless otherwise noted, statements in this article refer to South Korean standard language based on the Seoul dialect.


title: Korean phonology

text: Morphophonemes are written inside double slashes (), phonemes inside slashes (), and allophones inside brackets ().


title: Korean phonology

text: For each stop and affricate, there is a three-way contrast between unvoiced segments, which are distinguished as plain, tense, and aspirated.


title: Korean phonology

text: Korean syllable structure is maximally CGVC, where G is a glide . (There is a unique off-glide diphthong in the character 의 that combines the sounds and creating ). Any consonant except may occur initially, but only may occur finally. Sequences of two consonants may occur between vowels.


title: Korean phonology

text: are voiced between sonorants (including all vowels and certain consonants) but voiceless elsewhere. Among younger generations, they may be just as aspirated as in initial position; the primary difference is that vowels following the plain consonants carry low tone.


title: Korean phonology

text: are strongly aspirated, more so than English voiceless stops. They generally do not undergo intervocalic voicing, but a 2020 study reports that it still occurs in around 10~15% of cases. It is more prevalent among older male speakers who have aspirated stops voiced in as much as 28% of cases.


title: Korean phonology

text: The IPA diacritic , resembling a subscript double straight quotation mark, shown here with a placeholder circle, is used to denote the tensed consonants . Its official use in the Extensions to the IPA is for strong articulation, but is used in literature for faucalized voice. The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice, but it is not yet known how typical that is of faucalized consonants. Sometimes the tense consonants are marked with an apostrophe, , but that is not IPA usage; in the IPA, the apostrophe indicates ejective consonants. Some works use full-size or small before tensed consonants, this notation is generally used to denote pre-glottalization. Asterisk after a tensed consonant is also used in literature.


title: Korean phonology

text: They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx.


title: Korean phonology

text: does not occur in final position, though the sound does occur at the end of non-final syllables, where it affects the following consonant. (See below.) Intervocalically, it is realized as voiced , and after voiced consonants it is either or silent.


title: Korean phonology

text: The analysis of as phonologically plain or aspirated has been a source of controversy in the literature. Similarly to plain stops, it shows moderate aspiration word-initially but no aspiration word-medially. It also often undergoes intervocalic voicing. But similar to aspirated stops, it triggers high pitch in the following vowel.


title: Korean phonology

text: Word-initial aspiration, intervocalic voicing, and higher pitch of the following vowels are shared qualities in Korean fricatives and .


title: Korean phonology

text: Sonorants resemble vowels in a sense that plain stops become voiced between a sonorant or a vowel and another vowel.


title: Korean phonology

text: In native Korean words, does not occur word initially, unlike in Chinese loans (Sino-Korean vocabulary). In South Korea, it is silent in initial position before and , pronounced before other vowels, and pronounced only in compound words after a vowel. The prohibition on word-initial is called the "initial law" or (). Initial is officially spelled with in North Korea, but is often pronounced the same way as it is in South Korea.


title: Korean phonology

text: This rule also extends to in many native and all Sino-Korean words, which is also lost before initial and in South Korean; again, North Korean preserves the phoneme there.


title: Korean phonology

text: In both countries, initial in words of foreign origin other than Chinese is pronounced . Very old speakers may pronounce word-initial as even in Western loanwords, e.g. in "writer" .


title: Korean phonology

text: When pronounced as an alveolar flap , is sometimes allophonic with , which generally does not occur elsewhere.


title: Korean phonology

text: Morphemes may also end in CC clusters, which are both expressed only when they are followed by a vowel. When the morpheme is not suffixed, one of the consonants is not expressed; if there is a , which cannot appear in final position, it will be that. Otherwise it will be a coronal consonant (with the exception of , sometimes), and if the sequence is two coronals, the voiceless one () will drop, and or will remain. either reduces to (as in 짧다 "to be short") or to (as in 밟다 "to step"); 여덟 "eight" is always pronounced 여덜 even when followed by a vowel-initial particle. Thus, no sequence reduces to in final position.


title: Korean phonology

text: When such a sequence is followed by a consonant, the same reduction takes place, but a trace of the lost consonant may remain in its effect on the following consonant. The effects are the same as in a sequence between vowels: an elided obstruent will leave the third consonant fortis, if it is a stop, and an elided will leave it aspirated. Most conceivable combinations do not actually occur; a few examples are = , = , = , = , = , = ; also = , as has no effect on a following , and = , with the dropping out.


title: Korean phonology

text: When the second and third consonants are homorganic obstruents, they merge, becoming fortis or aspirate, and, depending on the word and a preceding , might not elide: is .


title: Korean phonology

text: Korean consonants have three principal positional allophones: initial, medial (voiced), and final (checked). The initial form is found at the beginning of phonological words. The medial form is found in voiced environments, intervocalically (immediately between vowels), and after a voiced consonant such as or . The final form is found in checked environments such as at the end of a phonological word or before an obstruent consonant such as or . Nasal consonants (, , ) do not have noticeable positional allophones beyond initial denasalization, and cannot appear in this position.


title: Korean phonology

text: The table below is out of alphabetical order to make the relationships between the consonants explicit:


title: Korean phonology

text: All obstruents (stops, affricates, fricatives) become stops with no audible release at the end of a word: all coronals collapse to , all labials to , and all velars to . Final is a lateral or .


title: Korean phonology

text: The vowel that most affects consonants is , which, along with its semivowel homologue , palatalizes and to alveolo-palatal and for most speakers (but see differences in the language between North Korea and South Korea).


title: Korean phonology

text: As noted above, initial is silent in this palatalizing environment, at least in South Korea. Similarly, an underlying or at the "end" of a morpheme becomes a phonemically palatalized affricate or , respectively, when followed by a word or suffix beginning with or (it becomes indistinguishable from an underlying ), but that does not happen within native Korean words such as "where?".


title: Korean phonology

text: In many morphological processes, a vowel before another vowel may become the semivowel . Likewise, and , before another vowel, may reduce to . In some dialects and speech registers, the semivowel assimilates into a following or and produces the front rounded vowels and .


title: Korean phonology

text: As noted above, tenuis stops and are voiced after the voiced consonants , and the resulting voiced tends to be elided. Tenuis stops become fortis after obstruents (which, as noted above, are reduced to ); that is, is pronounced . Fortis and nasal stops are unaffected by either environment, though assimilates to after an . After , tenuis stops become aspirated, becomes fortis, and is unaffected. is highly affected: it becomes after all consonants but (which assimilates to the instead) or another . For example, underlying is pronounced .


title: Korean phonology

text: These are all "progressive" assimilation. Korean also has regressive (anticipatory) assimilation: a consonant tends to assimilate in manner but not in place of articulation: Obstruents become nasal stops before nasal stops (which, as just noted, includes underlying ), but do not change their position in the mouth. Velar stops (that is, all consonants pronounced in final position) become ; coronals () become , and labials () become . For example, is pronounced (phonetically ).


title: Korean phonology

text: Before the fricatives , coronal obstruents assimilate to a fricative, resulting in a geminate. That is, is pronounced (). A final assimilates in both place and manner, so that is pronounced as a geminate (and, as noted above, aspirated if C is a stop). The two coronal sonorants, and , in whichever order, assimilate to , so that both and are pronounced .


title: Korean phonology

text: There are lexical exceptions to these generalizations. For example, voiced consonants occasionally cause a following consonant to become fortis rather than voiced; this is especially common with and as and , but is also occasionally seen with other sequences, such as (), () and ().


title: Korean phonology

text: The resulting geminate obstruents, such as , , , and (that is, , , , and ), tend to reduce (, , , ) in rapid conversation. Heterorganic obstruent sequences such as and may, less frequently, assimilate to geminates (, ) and also reduce to (, ).


title: Korean phonology

text: These sequences assimilate with following vowels the way single consonants do, so that for example and palatalize to (that is, ) before and ; and affricate to and before ; , , and palatalize to and across morpheme boundaries, and so on.


title: Korean phonology

text: Hangul orthography does not generally reflect these assimilatory processes, but rather maintains the underlying morphology in most cases.


title: Korean phonology

text: The distinction between and is lost in South Korean dialects - both are most commonly realized as , but some older speakers still retain the difference; as for North Korean, some works report the distinction to be robust. But, the data from one study suggests that while younger KCTV anchors try to produce them more or less distinctly, it is not clear whether that is learned or natural pronunciation, as they do so inconsistently. Notably, older anchor Ri Chun-hee and even Kim Jong-un both have and merged.


title: Korean phonology

text: In Seoul Korean, is produced higher than , while in North Korean dialects the two are comparable in height, and is more fronted. In Gyeongsang dialect, and once have merged into in speech of older speakers, but they are distinct among young and middle-aged Daegu residents (they actually have the same vowels as Seoulites due to influence from Standard Korean).


title: Korean phonology

text: In Seoul, is fronted, while is raised, and both are almost the same height, though is still more rounded. Due to this, alternative transcriptions like or for , and or for are proposed. In both varieties, is fronted away from , and in North Korean it is also lower, shifting more towards .


title: Korean phonology

text: Korean used to have two additional phonemes, and , but they are replaced by the diphthongs and by the majority of speakers.


title: Korean phonology

text: Middle Korean had an additional vowel phoneme denoted by , known as (literally "lower a"). The vowel merged with in all mainland varieties of Korean, but remains distinct in Jeju where it is pronounced .


title: Korean phonology

text: Because they may follow consonants in initial position in a word - which no other consonant can do, and also because of Hangul orthography, which transcribes them as vowels - semivowels such as and are sometimes considered to be elements of rising diphthongs rather than separate consonant phonemes.


title: Korean phonology

text: In modern pronunciation, merges into after a consonant. Some analyses treat as a central vowel and thus the marginal sequence as having a central-vowel onset, which would be more accurately transcribed or .


title: Korean phonology

text: Modern Korean has no falling diphthongs, with sequences like being considered as two separate vowels in hiatus. Middle Korean had a full set of diphthongs ending in , but these monophthongized into modern-day front vowels in Early Modern Korean (, , , , ). This is the reason why the hangul letters , , etc. are represented as back vowels plus .


title: Korean phonology

text: The sequences do not occur, and it is not possible to write them using standard hangul. The semivowel occurs only in the diphthong , and is prone to being deleted after a consonant.


title: Korean phonology

text: Korean used to have length distinction for each vowel, but this is now reported to be almost completely neutralized (though it is still prescriptive). Long vowels were pronounced somewhat more peripherally than short ones - for most of the speakers who still utilize vowel length contrastively, long is actually .


title: Korean phonology

text: Vowel length is a remnant of high tone, first emerging in Middle Korean. It was preserved only in first syllables and was often neutralized, particularly in following cases:


title: Korean phonology

text: It has disappeared gradually in younger speakers, but some middle-aged speakers are still aware of it and can produce it in conscious speech. The long-short merger had two main aspects: the first is phonetic - the duration of long vowels in relation to short ones have reduced by a lot (from 2.5:1 in the 1960s to 1.5:1 in the 2000s). Some studies suggest that the length of all vowels is dependent on the age (older speakers have slower speech rate and even their short vowels are produced relatively longer than younger speakers). The second aspect is lexical - the subset of words produced with long vowels has gotten smaller, the long vowels tend to reduce particularly in high-frequency words.


title: Korean phonology

text: Traditionally, the Korean language has had strong vowel harmony; that is, in pre-modern Korean, not only did the inflectional and derivational affixes (such as postpositions) change in accordance to the main root vowel, but native words also adhered to vowel harmony. It is not universally prevalent in modern usage, but it remains in onomatopoeia, adjectives and adverbs, interjections, and conjugation. There are also other traces of vowel harmony in Korean.


title: Korean phonology

text: There are three classes of vowels in Korean: "positive", "negative", and "neutral". The vowel (eu) is considered both partially neutral and partially negative. The vowel classes loosely follow the negative and positive vowels; they also follow orthography. Exchanging positive vowels with negative vowels usually creates different nuances of meaning, with positive vowels representing diminutives and negative vowels representing exaggeration:


title: Korean phonology

text: While these vowels change, it is important to note that one is aware of just slight differences when speaking Korean. There are many minimal pairs in Korean in which a change of sound can alter the meaning of the word or sentence spoken completely.


title: Korean phonology

text: In modern Standard Korean, in multisyllabic words the second syllable has high pitch that gradually comes down in subsequent syllables. The first syllable may have pitch as high as the second if it starts with a tense or an aspirated consonant, as well as , or lower rising pitch if it starts with plain or a sonorant , including silent , i.e. a vowel.


title: Korean phonology

text: A 2013 study by Kang Yoon-jung and Han Sung-woo which compared voice recordings of Seoul speech from 1935 and 2005 found that in recent years, lenis consonants (ㅂㅈㄷㄱ), aspirated consonants (ㅍㅊㅌㅋ) and fortis consonants (ㅃㅉㄸㄲ) were shifting from a distinction via voice onset time to that of pitch change, and suggests that the modern Seoul dialect is currently undergoing tonogenesis. Kim Mi-Ryoung (2013) notes that these sound shifts still show variations among different speakers, suggesting that the transition is still ongoing. Cho Sung-hye (2017) examined 141 Seoul dialect speakers, and concluded that these pitch changes were originally initiated by females born in the 1950s, and has almost reached completion in the speech of those born in the 1990s. On the other hand, Choi Ji-youn et al. (2020) disagree with the suggestion that the consonant distinction shifting away from voice onset time is due to the introduction of tonal features, and instead proposes that it is a prosodically conditioned change.


title: Korean phonology

text: Several dialects outside Seoul retain the Middle Korean pitch accent system. In the dialect of Northern Gyeongsang, in southeastern South Korea, any syllable may have pitch accent in the form of a high tone, as may the two initial syllables. For example, in trisyllabic words, there are four possible tone patterns:


title: Korean phonology

text: The following changes have been observed since the mid-20th century and by now are widespread, at least in South Korea.


title: Korean phonology

text: Some changes are still ongoing. They depend on age and gender, the speech of young females tends to be most innovative, while old males are phonologically conservative.


title: Right to silence

text: The right to silence is a legal principle which guarantees any individual the right to refuse to answer questions from law enforcement officers or court officials. It is a legal right recognized, explicitly or by convention, in many of the world's legal systems.


title: Right to silence

text: The right covers a number of issues centered on the right of the accused or the defendant to refuse to comment or provide an answer when questioned, either prior to or during legal proceedings in a court of law. This can be the right to avoid self-incrimination or the right to remain silent when questioned. The right may include the provision that adverse inferences cannot be made by the judge or jury regarding the refusal by a defendant to answer questions before or during a trial, hearing or any other legal proceeding. This right constitutes only a small part of the defendant's rights as a whole.


title: Right to silence

text: The origin of the right to silence is attributed to Sir Edward Coke's challenge to the ecclesiastical courts and their "ex officio" oath. In the late 17th century, it became established in the law of England as a reaction to the excesses of the royal inquisitions in these courts. In the United States, informing suspects of their right to remain silent and of the consequences for giving up that right forms a key part of the Miranda warning.


title: Right to silence

text: Neither the reasons nor the history behind the right to silence are entirely clear. The Latin brocard "nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare" ('no man is bound to accuse himself') became a rallying cry for religious and political dissidents who were prosecuted in the Star Chamber and High Commission of 16th-century England. People coming before these tribunals were forced to make the "ex officio" oath by which they swore to truthfully answer the questions to be put before them without knowing what they were being accused of. This created what has been termed the cruel trilemma whereby these accused were forced to choose between committing the mortal sin of perjury (if they lied under oath to protect themselves), harsh punishment for contempt of court (if they refused to answer), or betraying their "natural" duty of self-preservation (if they told the truth to honour their oath). Sir Edward Coke's challenge to the ecclesiastical courts and their "ex officio" oath is seen as the origin of the right to silence. With his decision that common law courts could issue writs of prohibition against such oaths and his arguments that such oaths were contrary to the common law (as found in his "Reports" and "Institutes"), Coke "dealt the crucial blow to the oath "ex officio" and to the High Commission".


title: Right to silence

text: After the parliamentary revolutions of the late 17th century, according to some historical accounts, the right to silence became established in the law as a reaction to the excesses of the royal inquisitions in these courts. The rejection of the procedures of the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission eventually resulted in the emergence of the principle, according to US jurist and law of evidence expert John Henry Wigmore, "that no man is bound to incriminate himself, on any charge (no matter how properly instituted), or in any Court (not merely in the ecclesiastical or Star Chamber tribunals)". It was extended during the English Restoration (from 1660 on) to include "an ordinary witness, and not merely the party charged".


title: Right to silence

text: However, the right to silence was not always a practical reality for all accused in the English courts for some period afterwards. With limited access to legal counsel (often depending on the social status of the accused), a shifting standard of proof, and a system generally distrustful of silent defendants, a criminal accused who remained silent was often believed to be guilty and was sentenced. Nevertheless, it remained a basic right available to the accused and has been an accepted practice over the past few centuries. In England, the practice of judicial questioning of accused persons at trial (as distinct from questioning prior to trial), did not really disappear until well into the 18th century, but by the 19th century, the accused were not allowed to give evidence on oath even if they wanted to – also said to be a reaction to the inequities of the Star Chamber and High Commission.


title: Right to silence

text: In countries formerly part of the British Empire (such as Commonwealth nations, the United States and the Republic of Ireland) the right to silence has remained enshrined in the common-law tradition inherited from England, although it no longer applies in England and Wales, where remaining silent can be considered a sign of guilt by juries. NB Scots law, which is not derived from English law but wholly separate, still upholds the full right to silence. In the US, the right existed prior to the American Revolution. However, it was considered one of the most important safeguards protecting citizens against arbitrary actions of the state, and was enshrined in the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, along with the words "due process", which was first mentioned in a statute of Edward III in 1354 and contains similar wording to the Fifth Amendment.


title: Right to silence

text: The right to silence spread to many nations of the British Empire. The two different but diverging paths along which these rights evolved and operate in Anglo-American jurisprudence (one through rights expressed in an entrenched constitution, the other in Acts of Parliament specifying rights or protections at common law) can be seen today in Commonwealth nations like New Zealand, where police officers are still required at common law to issue "Miranda-style" warnings (but which are completely unrelated to the US "Miranda" warning ruling) and inform arrested persons that they do not have to answer any questions but that whatever they do say (or do) can be used in court as evidence. The police must also determine whether the arrested persons understand these rights. Any failure to do so can jeopardize a criminal prosecution. While differing slightly from the wording used in the US, the intent is identical and comes from the inherited tradition of law. However, in Australia for instance, anything said by the accused under police questioning while in custody will generally not be accepted into evidence unless it is corroborated, generally by audio or video record. Australian police all wear chest cams as part of their standard issue, and turn them on with every interaction, so that they record and provide such evidence.


title: Right to silence

text: As in the US, suspects in some Commonwealth countries are also entitled to have counsel present during questioning. In the United Kingdom, laws introduced, have the suspects told they have the right to remain silent, but are now also cautioned that anything they do not reveal in questioning, but later rely upon in court may harm their defence. In other words, in some cases inferences can be drawn. The right to counsel, which also became increasingly entrenched in the US following the American Revolution, gave defendants a practical method of mounting a defense while remaining silent, and the development of the modern police force in the early 19th century opened up the question of pretrial silence for the first time. The key American case of "Bram v. United States" paved the way for the right to be extended to pretrial questioning, and the practice of ""Miranda" warnings" became established in the US and elsewhere following the case of "Miranda v. Arizona" in 1966.


title: Right to silence

text: While initially alien to inquisitorial justice systems, the right to silence spread across continental Europe, in some form, throughout the late 20th century, due to developments in international law which had an increasing universalisation of certain due process protections.


title: Right to silence

text: Australia has no constitutional protection for the right to silence, but it is broadly recognized by State and Federal Crimes Acts and Codes and is regarded by the courts as an important common law right and a part of the privilege against self-incrimination. In general, criminal suspects in Australia have the right to refuse to answer questions posed to them by police before trial and to refuse to give evidence at trial. However a person must provide their full name, address, place of birth, and date of birth if asked to by police. No other question has to be answered. As a general rule judges cannot direct juries to draw adverse inferences from a defendant's silence ("Petty v R") but there are exceptions to this rule, most notably in cases which rely entirely on circumstantial evidence which it is only possible for the defendant to testify about ("Weissensteiner v R"). This exception has been abolished in Victoria by sections 42 and 44 of the "Jury Directions Act 2015". The right does not apply to corporations ("EPA v Caltex").


title: Right to silence

text: Within Australia, the right to silence derives from common law. The basic position amongst the states is that neither the judge nor the jury is permitted to draw any adverse inference about the defendant's culpability, where he/she does not answer police questions [RPS v R (2000) 199 CLR 620 ... overturning Jones v Dunkel [1959] 101 CLR 298]. While this is the common law position, it is buttressed by various legislative provisions within the states. For instance s.464J of the "Crimes Act" 1958 (Vic) and s.89 of the "Evidence Act" 1995 (NSW).


title: Right to silence

text: However, s89A of the Evidence Act (NSW) operates to allow adverse inferences to be drawn from a failure to mention, when questioned, something which the subject later relies upon in Court and which he/she ought reasonably have been aware of at the time of questioning. This inference can only be drawn if the subject has been given the special caution, which is a caution in addition to the usual caution and the subject consults with an Australian Legal practitioner in persona so as to fully understand the effect of the special caution. In NSW a subject has the right to a lawyer being present in a police interrogation but they do not have the right to have a lawyer provided for them, therefore a lawyer will only attend if the subject can afford private legal counsel. Therefore, the subject can prevent the invocation of s89A by receiving legal advice over the phone or choosing not to have a lawyer present (assuming they can afford one).


title: Right to silence

text: It has also been upheld by the High Court in the case of "Petty v R" (1991) 173 CLR 95. However, where a defendant answers some police questions, but not others, an inference may sometimes be drawn about the questions he refused to answer. (See "Coldrey", below.)


title: Right to silence

text: Where a defendant refuses to speak to the police, but then speaks to an undercover member of the police, the court is likely to exclude that evidence to ensure that the police do not avoid their limitations. However, if a defendant speaks to a person who is not a member of the police, and who is fitted with a listening device, that evidence would be admitted.[Queen v Swaffield; Pavic v The Queen (1998) 192 CLR]


title: Right to silence

text: Australian research indicates that very few suspects actually refuse to speak. Stevenson's research (see below for citation) indicates that only 4% of suspects who are subsequently charged and tried in the District Court of New South Wales in Sydney remain silent during interviews. The Victorian DPP found that 7–9% of suspects refused to answer police questions.


title: Right to silence

text: A number of states have conducted enquiries into the adoption of the English changes set out in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. All states have rejected such change. As the NSW Report said:


title: Right to silence

text: It is also important to note that anything said to an Australian police member should be corroborated, especially by way of video or audio tape. If it is not so corroborated it will be admitted only under exceptional circumstances, S.464H (2)(a) of the "Crimes Act" 1958 (Vic), and where the circumstances, on the balance of probabilities, justify the reception of the evidence, S.464H (2)(b) of the "Crimes Act" 1958 (Vic). While initially the police were insulted by this ruling most have now come to find it useful as a way of proving that they did not invent a false, verbal confession, never made by an accused (a practice called "verballing" an accused).


title: Right to silence

text: There are numerous statutory abrogations of the right, particularly in the area of bankruptcy. It is also not available to witnesses testifying before a Royal Commission. There are also abrogations of the right in recent Federal anti-terrorism and Victorian organised crime Acts. Each of these acts set up coercive questioning regimes which operate outside the normal criminal processes. Direct testimonial evidence gained from this coercive questioning cannot be used in any subsequent criminal trial of the person providing the evidence, however a witness who testifies in his defense at a subsequent criminal trial who provides a different testimony to that during the questioning may face prosecution for perjury.


title: Right to silence

text: The state of New South Wales passed the "Evidence Amendment (Evidence of Silence) Act 2013" which allows the judiciary to direct the jury to draw unfavourable inferences against a defendant who failed or refused to mention a fact during police questioning that they later rely on in court in a bid to be found "not" guilty. The law strictly applies to those over the age of 18 and who have an Australian legal practitioner physically present and available at the time of questioning. The change is designed to reflect reforms made in the United Kingdom in 1994 and only applies to indictable offences that carry a penalty of five or more years imprisonment. The introduction of the "Evidence Amendment (Evidence of Silence) Act 2013" sparked some controversy and concern amongst legal scholars and practitioners.


title: Right to silence

text: Article 33 of the Constitution of Bangladesh discusses the rights of the arrested and detained; no right to silence is mentioned either in the Constitution or the Bangladesh Penal Code, except in Article 35(4) of the Constitution, which protects individuals from self-implication. To facilitate protection from self-implication, Bangladesh Penal Code makes an exception in cases of confessions, in which case, the Magistrate obtaining a confession under Section 164 "must" explain the confessor's right to silence, and must attest to the fact that the rights of the confessor were read out to him and explained, and the confessor waived his right of silence.


title: Right to silence

text: Article 33 of the Constitution of Bangladesh compels arresting authorities to inform the accused of the accusations brought against him before he is detained, and that the detained must be presented to the nearest court within 24 hours. Exceptions to this rule include preventive detention and the arrest of an enemy alien. Right to counsel is an inalienable right, but the arresting officer need not explicitly state it to the detained.


title: Right to silence

text: Article 35(4) of the Constitution protects individuals from self-implication. Therefore, warnings "must" be read out to the detained person if he wants to voluntarily confess to the charges; in this case, a Magistrate must read and explain the confessor's right to silence and protection from self-implication, and attest to the fact that the rights of the confessor were read out to him and explained, and the confessor waived his right of silence.


title: Right to silence

text: In Canada, the right to silence is protected under the common law confessions rule, and section 7 and section 11(c) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The accused may not be compelled as a witness against himself in criminal proceedings, and therefore only voluntary statements made to police are admissible as evidence. Prior to an accused being informed of their right to legal counsel, any statements they make to police are considered involuntarily compelled and are inadmissible as evidence. After being informed of the right to counsel, the accused may choose to voluntarily answer questions and those statements would be admissible.


title: Right to silence

text: These rights to silence exist only when the suspect is knowingly dealing with a person in authority. When the subject is unaware he is dealing with the police, such as in the case of an undercover operation, these protections do not exist unless the authority figure actively elicits a statement. Statements made to police officers during undercover operations almost always comply with the confessions rule unless the conduct of the police was deemed so egregious that it would shock the community. However, section 7 rights might still become implicated in the case of elicitation, after which a court could only admit the statement if it's satisfied that it would not bring the administration of justice into disrepute.


title: Right to silence

text: The Canadian Charter warning reads (varies by police service): "You are under arrest for _________ (charge); do you understand? You have the right to retain and instruct counsel without delay. We will provide you with a toll-free telephone lawyer referral service, if you do not have your own lawyer. Anything you do say can and will be used in court as evidence. Do you understand? Would you like to speak to a lawyer?"


title: Right to silence

text: I am arresting you for (charge). It is my duty to inform you that you have the right to retain and instruct counsel without delay. You may call any lawyer you want. There is a 24-hour telephone service available which provides a legal aid duty lawyer who can give you legal advice in private. This advice is given without charge and the lawyer can explain the legal aid plan to you. If you wish to contact a legal aid duty lawyer, I can provide you with a telephone number. Do you understand? Do you want to call a lawyer? You are not obliged to say anything, but anything you do say may be given in evidence in court.


title: Right to silence

text: Section 14 of the Charter further provides that a translator must be made available so that the person can understand the proceedings against them. This right to a translator extends to the deaf. In Quebec, the Charter warning is read in Canadian French. In New Brunswick, and Ottawa the warning is read in either English or French, and the officer is required to ask the person's language of preference before issuing the warning.


title: Right to silence

text: While Section 10b of the Charter guarantees the right to be provided legal counsel, Canadian law only entitles criminal suspects under the age of 18 to have counsel actually be present throughout the entire interrogation. Once an adult suspect has asserted their right to counsel, the police are obliged to hold off in attempting to obtain evidence until the suspect has had a reasonable opportunity to contact legal counsel, however after that opportunity has been exhausted there is no guarantee of further access until the interrogation is over. Also, in Canada even if the suspect directly asserts his decision to remain silent, the police may continue to interrogate them. There is no automatic exclusion of evidence obtained after such an assertion, however it risks breaching the confessions rule if a court finds that it created reasonable doubt to whether the confession was obtained under "oppressive conditions", a determination which is made upon the totality of evidence.


title: Right to silence

text: A leading case on the right to silence in Canada is R. v. Singh (163 C.R.R. (2d) 280), in which a person in police custody invoked his right to silence 18 times yet was continually questioned. In a 5-4 majority, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled that there was no ancillary right under section 7 to have the police stop questioning a suspect after the asserted their right to silence. The court did, however, acknowledge that repeated police questioning after a defendant has asserted their right to silence raises doubts regarding the admissibility of further evidence under the confessions rule, though that was not the finding in the case. Another Supreme Court case, R. v. Hodgson, clarified that the right to silence only applied to the state and could not be used to exclude confessions made to private actors.


title: Right to silence

text: Although an accused has the right to remain silent and may not be compelled to testify against himself, where an accused freely chooses to take the witness box and testify, there is no further right to silence and no general restriction on what kinds of questions they may be required to answer. Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees that witnesses may not have any incriminating evidence they gave as testimony used against them in separate proceedings. In effect, a person can be compelled to give involuntary self-incriminating evidence, but only where that evidence is to be used against a third party.


title: Right to silence

text: In the past most cases, except for certain sex offences or where the victims were children, spouses could not be compelled to testify against each other, however after Bill C-32, The Victim's Bill of Rights Act, this is no longer the case. However, spouses retain the right to assert privilege, and to refuse to answer questions about communications during the marriage.


title: Right to silence

text: The right of silence is not guaranteed by law in China. Article 93 of the Criminal Procedure Law states that "The criminal suspect shall answer the investigators' questions truthfully, but he shall have the right to refuse to answer any questions that are irrelevant to the case." But since the 1996 amendments to the Criminal Procedure Law, Article 15 states that "It shall be strictly prohibited to extort confessions by torture, gather evidence by threat, enticement, deceit, or other illegal means, or force anyone to commit self-incrimination." In 2012 the law was also re-amended to include clauses that protect human rights. China has recognized the right against self-incrimination and forced confessions are prohibited by law. The signing of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1998, also guarantees Chinese citizens the right against self-incrimination, however the treaty has not been ratified in China.


title: Right to silence

text: The Czech Republic protects the right to silence by two clauses in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. Article 37, clause 1 states that "everyone has the right to refuse a statement if he/she would cause risk of prosecution of himself/herself or a close person". In Article 40, clause 4, it is stated that "an accused person has the right to refuse a statement; he/she must not be deprived of this right in any way".


title: Right to silence

text: Within the European Union, a gradual process of harmonising the laws of all the states of the Union has resulted in the adoption a common letter of rights that will apply to everyone across the European Union. The agreed law—also known as "the Reding Rights" taking the name of the EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding, who has proposed and negotiated the measure to become law across the entire European Union—will mean that suspects in the European Union will once detained receive a "Letter of Rights listing their basic rights during criminal proceedings".


title: Right to silence

text: The European law ensures that people suspected of a criminal offence receive adequate information about their basic rights during criminal proceedings. These are the right to a lawyer; to be informed of the charge; to interpretation and translation for those who do not understand the language of the proceedings; the right to remain silent and to be brought promptly before a court following arrest.


title: Right to silence

text: These rights are contained in a "letter of rights"—"the Reding Rights"—a printed document given to suspects after they are detained and before interrogation. The European Union law, proposed in July 2010 by the European Commission, was adopted by the European Parliament and Council in December 2011. The European Union Directive was published officially on 1 June 2012 in the Official Journal of the European Union L 142, 1 June 2012. It became operational across the European Union by 2 June 2014.


title: Right to silence

text: The concept of right to silence is not specifically mentioned in the European Convention on Human Rights but the European Court of Human Rights has held that


title: Right to silence

text: In France, any person brought in police custody () must be informed of the maximal duration of the custody, and a number of rights, in a language that this person understands. Among these rights are: the possibility of warning a relative or employer of the custody, that of asking to be examined by a physician, and that of discussing the case with a lawyer .


title: Right to silence

text: The French Code of Criminal Procedure (art. L116) makes it compulsory that when an investigating judge hears a suspect, he must warn him that he has the right to remain silent, to make a statement, or to answer questions. A person against which suspicions lay cannot legally be interrogated by justice as an ordinary witness.


title: Right to silence

text: At the actual trial, a defendant can be compelled to make a statement. However, the code also prohibits hearing a suspect under oath; thus, a suspect may say whatever he feels fit for his defense, without fear of sanction for perjury. This prohibition is extended to the suspect's spouse and members of his close family (this extension of the prohibition may be waived if both the prosecution and the defence counsel agree to the waiver).


title: Right to silence

text: Witnesses under indictment (or who are cited as suspects) cannot be heard under oath, and thus do not risk prosecution for perjury. Such witnesses must be assisted by an attorney, and must be informed of these rights when heard by the judiciary. Suspects brought before a Juge d'instruction must be informed of their right to remain silent, to make statements, or to answer questions. In all cases, an attorney can be designated by the head of the bar if necessary.


title: Right to silence

text: According to § 136 (StPO, i.e. Criminal Procedure Code) a suspect, arrested or not, has to be informed before any interrogation about their right to remain silent. Though the police and courts may not draw inference from the complete silence of the accused in any stage of criminal proceedings, inference may be drawn if the accused is selectively silent. Suspects cannot be heard under oath.


title: Right to silence

text: A person against which exist plausible causes of suspicion can be interrogated as an ordinary witness in criminal proceedings against another person. However, in this case according to § 55 StPO, the witness can refuse to answer questions which could incriminate themselves (or one of their relatives). The suspicious witness also must be cautioned about the right to remain silent. Suspicious witnesses cannot be heard under oath.


title: Right to silence

text: However, the German constitutional court has decided that the much more strict UK laws, in which complete silence of the accused can be used against him depending on additional evidence, are compatible with the German constitution. Thus, Germany may extradite persons to the UK. It also implies that changing the German laws towards those of the UK would not violate the German constitution.


title: Right to silence

text: The right to silence is protected according to common law. The "Rules and Directions for the Questioning of Suspects and the Taking of Statements" (Rules and Directions), promulgated by the then Secretary for Security in 1992, stipulate that the caution to be used to remind a suspect of his right to remain silent when


title: Right to silence

text: This is similar to the caution given in England and Wales prior to the passage of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.


title: Right to silence

text: According to Jessica Wing-kay Chiu (趙穎琦), then a PhD candidate of the University of Hong Kong, the law does not codify the exact procedure for law enforcement to serve a notice to the right to silence.


title: Right to silence

text: The Constitution of India guarantees every person the right against self incrimination under Article 20 (3): "No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself".


title: Right to silence

text: It is well established that the Right to Silence has been granted to the accused by virtue of the pronouncement in the case of Nandini Sathpathy vs P. L. Dani, no one can forcibly extract statements from the accused, who has the right to keep silent, but only in the court of law. It is not clear if the accused can exercise his right to silence during interrogation by public servants. In 2010, the Supreme court found that forced narco-analysis, brain mapping and lie detector tests violate of Article 20(3).


title: Right to silence

text: In Israel, according to Sections 28 (Hearing arguments of the detainee) and Section 31 (Explanation of rights to the detainee) of the Criminal Procedure Law (Enforcement Authority—Arrests) 1996, an officer interrogating/arresting a suspect must duly warn him first that he does not have to say any thing that may incriminate him, and that any thing he will say may be used against him. According to Israeli law, the exercise of the right to remain silent may be considered as supplemental evidence in most cases, and this fact also needs to be explained to the suspect. Also the officer needs to inform the suspect that he has the right to notify a family member or acquaintance and a lawyer of his arrest, his right for counsel, and the duration he can be held before he is released or brought before a judge.


title: Right to silence

text: Israeli law has not adopted the "Fruits of the Poisoned Tree" doctrine, and flaws in the process of collecting it affect only the weight of tainted evidence. However, in Criminal Appeal 5121/98, "Issaharov v. The Military Prosecutor", a court of nine ruled that the defendant's confession, given without proper warning regarding the right of representation, was not considered as given with consent and free will, and was not accepted by the court.


title: Right to silence

text: According to the Constitution of Japan under Article 38(1), no person is allowed to testify against themselves.


title: Right to silence

text: In Latvia, the Criminal procedure law () (sections 60.2, 150, 265, and more) sets out a right for anyone against whom criminal proceedings has been initiated or suspicions raised to remain silent. Upon arrest and before first interrogation of a person against whom any (official or unofficial) suspicion has been raised in a criminal case, such person must be warned of his or her right to remain silent, and that everything such person says may be used against that person in a criminal proceedings. Witnesses, victims and persons whose property rights has been affected by criminal proceedings has a right not to incriminate oneself and his or her relatives and not to give any information that is directly or indirectly self-incriminating or may incriminate such persons' relatives. Refusal to testify or answer all or any questions on the basis of right against self-incrimination cannot be used against such person in any way or be used as evidence of guilt. No judge, prosecutor, investigator or any other public body may draw adverse inferences about a person from exercising a right against self-incrimination. Outside criminal proceedings right against self-incrimination is honored as long-standing unwritten general principle of law in all quasi-criminal (such as administrative offense law) and public proceedings, which has been repeatedly upheld by legal precedent and case law.


title: Right to silence

text: In the Netherlands, each accused suspect has the right to remain silent to questions of the police and the prosecutor, during interrogation or investigation at the hearing. According to Dutch law, only the police officer will read the rights of the suspect in the police station. Security guards have the right to put somebody under arrest, but they have to hand over the suspect immediately to the police officer who will read the rights of the suspect later in the station. The rights are: to remain silent, the right to have an attorney, the right to have access to some files coming from the criminal dossier, and the right to make contact to an attorney.


title: Right to silence

text: The accused must co-operate when there is "een aan de wil van de verdachte onafhankelijk goed" (material which has an existence independent of the will of a suspect) and a legal obligation for the suspect to hand over such material exists. For example, a suspect has to co-operate with giving a blood sample (with a suspicion of alcohol in traffic). Or the defendant must co-operate in handing over mucus, dandruff or hair for a DNA test. Such a DNA test can only be done at the request of the Prosecutor and ordered by the judge. There also have to be serious objections against the accused. And temporary detention has to be applicable.


title: Right to silence

text: In New Zealand, the right of persons arrested to refrain from making a statement and to be informed of that right is contained in the Bill of Rights Act 1990, as further reflected in a practice note on police questioning issued in 2006, by then Chief Justice Sian Elias.. The Evidence Act 2006 explicitly prohibits the inference of guilt in a criminal proceeding from a defendant exercising their right to silence. At common law the leading case is "Taylor v New Zealand Poultry Board" where Justice Cooke held, "The starting point ... [is], unless an Act of Parliament imposes or authorises the imposition of a duty to the contrary, every citizen has in general a right to refuse to answer questions from anyone, including an official."


title: Right to silence

text: According to Straffeprosessloven (Criminal Procedures Code), a defendant cannot be obliged to testify(§90). Further; no promises, inaccurate information, threats or coercion can be used. The same applies to any means which reduces the defendants consciousness or his ability to self-determination. Any interrogation must not have as a goal to wear out the defendant(§92). However, if the defendant decides not to testify, the judge may advise him that it may in certain circumstances be held against him(§93).


title: Right to silence

text: In general, anyone is required to appear before the courts and give testimony, except dictated otherwise by the law(§108)