title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: In 1915, the Buffalo Bridge (on Q Street) opened and connected this part of Georgetown with the rest of the city east of Rock Creek Park. Soon thereafter, new construction of large apartment buildings began on the edge of Georgetown. In the early 1920s, John Ihlder led efforts to take advantage of new zoning laws to get restrictions enacted on construction in Georgetown. A 1933 study by Horace Peaslee and Allied Architects laid out ideas for how Georgetown could be preserved.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: The C & O Canal, then owned by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, formally ceased operations in March 1924. After severe flooding in 1936, B & O Railroad sold the canal to the National Park Service in October 1938. The waterfront area retained its industrial character in the first half of the 20th century. Georgetown was home to a lumber yard, a cement works, the Washington Flour mill, and a meat rendering plant, with incinerator smokestacks and a power generating plant for the old Capital Traction streetcar system, located at the foot of Wisconsin Avenue, which closed in 1935, and was demolished in October 1968. In 1949, the city constructed the Whitehurst Freeway, an elevated highway above K Street, to allow motorists entering the District over the Key Bridge to bypass Georgetown entirely on their way downtown.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: In 1950, Public Law 808 was passed, establishing the historic district of "Old Georgetown". The law required that the United States Commission of Fine Arts be consulted on any alteration, demolition, or building construction within the historic district.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: In 1967, the Georgetown Historic District was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: Georgetown is home to many politicians and lobbyists. Georgetown's landmark waterfront district was further revitalized in 2003 and includes hotels such as a Ritz-Carlton and a Four Seasons. Georgetown's highly traveled commercial district is home to a variety of specialty retailers and fashionable boutiques.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: Georgetown is bounded by the Potomac River on the south, Rock Creek to the east, Burleith, Glover Park, and Observatory Circle to the north, with Georgetown University on the west end of the neighborhood. Much of Georgetown is surrounded by parkland and green space that serve as buffers from development in adjacent neighborhoods, and provide recreation. Rock Creek Park, the Oak Hill Cemetery, Montrose Park and Dumbarton Oaks are located along the north and east edge of Georgetown, east of Wisconsin Avenue. The neighborhood is situated on bluffs overlooking the Potomac River. As a result, there are some rather steep grades on streets running north–south. The famous ""Exorcist" steps" connecting M Street to Prospect Street were necessitated by the hilly terrain of the neighborhood.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are M Street and Wisconsin Avenue, whose high fashion stores draw large numbers of tourists as well as local shoppers year-round. There is also the Washington Harbour complex on K Street, on the waterfront, featuring outdoor bars and restaurants popular for viewing boat races. Between M and K Streets runs the historic Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, today plied only by tour boats; adjacent trails are popular with joggers or strollers.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: Throughout the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, the concentration of wealth in Georgetown sparked the growth of many university-preparatory schools in and around the neighborhood. One of the first schools was the Columbian Academy on N Street, which was established in 1781 with Reverend Stephen Balch serving as the headmaster.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: Private schools currently located in Georgetown include Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School, while nearby is the eponymous Georgetown Day School. Georgetown Preparatory School, while founded in Georgetown, moved in 1915 to its present location several miles north of Georgetown in Montgomery County.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: District of Columbia Public Schools operates area public schools, including Hyde-Addison Elementary School on O Street. Hyde-Addison formed from merging two adjacent schools - Hyde Elementary and Addison Elementary. The Addison section was renovated in 2008 and the Hyde section was renovated in Summer 2014. An addition connecting the two buildings is scheduled for completion in Summer 2019. Hardy Middle School and Jackson-Reed High School both serve Georgetown as zoned secondary schools. Duke Ellington School of the Arts, a public magnet school, is in the community.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: The main campus of Georgetown University is located on the western edge of the Georgetown neighborhood. Father John Carroll founded Georgetown University as a Jesuit private university in 1789, though its roots extend back to 1634. Although the school struggled financially in its early years, Georgetown expanded into a branched university after the American Civil War under the leadership of university president Patrick Francis Healy. , the university has students and students on the main campus.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: The main campus is just over in area and includes 58 buildings, student residences capable of accommodating 80 percent of undergraduates, various athletic facilities, and the medical school. Most buildings employ collegiate Gothic architecture and Georgian brick architecture. Campus green areas include fountains, a cemetery, large clusters of flowers, groves of trees, and open quadrangles. The main campus has traditionally centered on Dahlgren Quadrangle, although Red Square has replaced it as the focus of student life. Healy Hall, built in Flemish Romanesque style from 1877 to 1879, is the architectural gem of Georgetown's campus, and is a National Historic Landmark.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: The District of Columbia Public Library operates the Georgetown Neighborhood Library, which originally opened at 3260 R St. NW in October 1935 on the site of the former Georgetown Reservoir. An earlier public library in Georgetown was endowed by financier George Peabody in 1867 and opened in a room of the Curtis School on O Street opposite St. John's Church in 1875. In the early 1930s, a library committee was formed to encourage the establishment of a new public library branch in Georgetown.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: The building was severely damaged by a fire on April 30, 2007, and underwent a $17.9 million renovation and expansion. The building was then re-opened on October 18, 2010, with a LEED-Silver Certification from the U.S. Green Building Council. A newly constructed, climate-controlled third floor now houses the collections of the original Peabody Library and is a center for research on Georgetown history.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: Georgetown's transportation importance was defined by its location just below the fall line of the Potomac River. The Aqueduct Bridge (and later, the Francis Scott Key Bridge) connected Georgetown with Virginia. Before the Aqueduct Bridge was built, a ferry service owned by John Mason connected Georgetown to Virginia. In 1788, a bridge was constructed over Rock Creek to connect Bridge Street (M Street) with the Federal City.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: Georgetown was located at the juncture of the Alexandria Canal and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The C&O Canal, begun in Georgetown in 1829, reached Cumberland, Maryland in 1851, and operated until 1924. Wisconsin Avenue is on the alignment of the tobacco hogshead rolling road from rural Maryland, and the Federal Customs House was located on 31st Street (now utilized as the post office). The city's oldest bridge, the sandstone bridge which carries Wisconsin Avenue over the C&O Canal, and which dates to 1831, was reopened to traffic on May 16, 2007, after a $3.5 million restoration. It is the only remaining bridge of five constructed in Georgetown by the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: Several streetcar lines and interurban railways interchanged passengers in Georgetown at and near the Georgetown Car Barn, which the Capital Traction Company operated near the end of the Aqueduct Bridge and later, the Key Bridge (see Streetcars in Washington, D.C.). A station serving the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad and its successor, the Washington and Old Dominion Railway, was located in front of a stone wall on Canal Road adjacent to the Exorcist steps immediately west of the Car Barn from 1912 to 1923.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: Five suburban Virginia lines, connecting in Rosslyn, provided links from the D.C. streetcar network to Arlington National Cemetery, Fort Myer, Nauck, Alexandria, Mount Vernon, Clarendon, Ballston, Falls Church, Vienna, Fairfax, Leesburg, Bluemont and Great Falls (see Northern Virginia trolleys). Streetcar operations in Washington, D.C. ended on January 28, 1962.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: In 1910, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad completed an 11-mile branch line from Silver Spring, Maryland, to Water Street in Georgetown in an abortive attempt to construct a southern connection to Alexandria, Virginia. The line served as an industrial line, shipping coal to a General Services Administration power plant on K Street (now razed) until 1985. The abandoned right-of-way has since been converted into the Capital Crescent Trail, a rails-to-trails route, and the power plant replaced by a condo.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: There is no Metro station in Georgetown. Some residents opposed building one but no serious plans for a station existed in the first place, primarily due to the engineering issues presented by the extremely steep grade from the Potomac River (under which the subway tunnel would run) to the center of Georgetown, very close to the river. The planners expected the Metro to serve rush-hour commuters, and the neighborhood has few apartments, office buildings, or automobile parking areas. Since the Metro's opening, there have been occasional discussions about adding another subway line and tunnel under the Potomac to service the area. Three stations are located roughly one mile (1.6 km) from the center of Georgetown: Rosslyn (across the Key Bridge in Arlington), Foggy Bottom-GWU, and Dupont Circle. Georgetown is served by the 30-series, D-Series, and G2 Metrobuses, as well as the DC Circulator. Another potential option for transportation in Georgetown is scootering, with scooters provided by companies like Bird and Lime.


title: Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

text: The entire Georgetown neighborhood is a designated National Historic Landmark District, the Georgetown Historic District. It received this designation in 1967 for its large concentration of well-preserved colonial and Federal period architecture.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Tyrone Clinton Spong (born 3 September 1985) is a Surinamese-Dutch professional boxer and mixed martial artist and former kickboxer. As a boxer, he held the WBC and WBO Latino heavyweight titles in 2018. In kickboxing, he is the former WFCA cruiserweight champion, Glory 95kg Slam Champion and It's Showtime 95MAX World champion.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Tyrone Spong was born in Suriname. In 1990 at the age of five, he moved to the Netherlands with his family. Growing up in the Bijlmermeer neighborhood of Amsterdam, he was often involved in street fighting and began training in kickboxing at the age of thirteen, under the guidance of Lucien Carbin. After getting his "ass whooped" in his first day of training, he was motivated to improve. He had his first match at fifteen and won by first-round knockout. Some of his early sparring partners included Alistair and Valentijn Overeem, and Gilbert Yvel.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: In 2003, his first year as a professional, Spong won 12 fights. In 2004, he fought Rafi Zouheir at the Battle of Zaandam, winning his first European Muay Thai Title (World Kickboxing Network). In 2004, Spong visited Japan to compete in Shootboxing, losing to Ryuji Goto via unanimous decision. His next fight, in April 2005, was against Belgian Mohammed Ouali for another European Title (WPKL). Spong won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: In December 2005, at the A-1 Combat Cup in Duisburg, Spong won his first tournament Championship after winning three consecutive fights by knockout.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: In 2006, Spong had two significant victories, knockout wins over Muay Thai veteran Joerie Mes and, two weeks later, K-1 fighter Kaoklai Kaennorsing, from Thailand.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: In 2007, Spong won the SLAMM world title up to 79 kg by defeating the Thai Yodchai Wor Petchpun via first-round TKO. In the following match, he defeated the Belarusian Dmitry Shakuta.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: On January 26, 2008, Spong won the World Full Contact Association (WFCA) World Thaiboxing Cruiserweight Championship by defeating Aurelien Duarte. Following this, he won the "KO World Series 2008" by defeating Nikos Sokolis via knockout in the first round, and defended his WFCA Muay Thai title by finishing Ondrej Hutnik with a left liver punch in the second round. On April 26, 2008, Spong faced Azem Maksutaj at the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Amsterdam", winning by knockout in the second round. He then defeated Gary Turner via TKO in the first round. On November 29, 2008, he became the inaugural It's Showtime 95MAX World champion after beating Zabit Samedov by unanimous decision.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: On March 28, 2009, Spong participated in the first K-1 Heavyweight (−100 kg) Title tournament, held in Yokohama, Japan. He was beaten in the semifinals by Gokhan Saki, who won by KO in the extra round.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong met Nathan Corbett at Champions of Champions II on June 27, 2009, in what was widely considered a battle between the two best Muay Thai fighters in the world at their weight class, for the W.M.C. world title −93 kg. The fight was close, with Spong knocking Corbett down in the second round, and ended with a controversial decision. In the third round, Corbett knocked Spong out with a right hook causing the referee to stop the fight. However, due to the referee's misleading hand signals, Corbett rushed back in and knock Spong down once more, not sure that the fight had been stopped. After considerable confusion, the fight was declared a no contest.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: After defeating the Worlds heavyweight champion, Kyotaro on December 5, 2009, Spong fought Jerome Le Banner in April 2010. Similarly to the Corbett fight, Spong broke his right hand in the first round and was knocked down. Despite coming back strongly, he lost by decision. At the end of the year, he qualified for the K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final, defeating veteran Ray Sefo in an elimination match, only to lose to eventual winner Alistair Overeem at the quarter final stage in what was a more competitive fight than most had predicted, as Overeem was much the bigger fighter. At the start of 2011, Spong had to vacate the It's Showtime 95MAX world title due to a number of issues, such as not having had a title defense in the allocated two years and his management stating that he had moved up in weight to fight as a heavyweight.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong knocked out Igor Mihaljevic with a left knee in the first round at "It's Showtime 2011 Lyon" on May 14, 2011. He defeated Loren Javier Jorge by unanimous decision at "It's Showtime Madrid 2011" on June 18, 2011.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong faced Melvin Manhoef at "It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden" on January 28, 2012, and won by unanimous decision. He faced the legendary Dutchman Peter Aerts at an It's Showtime event in Brussels, Belgium on June 30, 2012, and won by knockout in the third round.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong fought Remy Bonjasky at "" in London, England on March 23, 2013. Spong won via one-punch KO with a right hook in the second round.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong returned to 95 kg to fight in the "" in New York City, New York, United States on June 22, 2013. He had a scare in the quarter-finals when he was dropped by Michael Duut soon after the bout started, although it was not counted by the referee. Just moments after returning to his feet, Spong landed a crushing right hand on Duut, knocking Duut out and ensuring Spong's passage to the semifinals against Filip Verlinden. The Verlinden match was a technical battle, with Spong outpointing the Belgian and taking a unanimous decision. A match with Danyo Ilunga awaited him in the final but it ended in a controversial and anticlimactic fashion. As the fight began, both fighters met in the center of the ring and Spong unloaded a flurry of punches. As Ilunga covered up and prepared to counter, referee Mufadel Elghazaoui jumped in and stopped the fight, giving Spong the TKO win at just sixteen seconds of the first round. Although, it was later revealed that there was a "no standing eight count" rule in effect at the event as per the New York State Athletic Commission's regulations, the stoppage was still deemed premature by much of the kickboxing community.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: In a long-awaited rematch, Spong fought Corbett again at "" in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States on October 12, 2013. Spong dropped Corbett twice with left hooks and won by second-round TKO .


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong fought in the "" in Istanbul, Turkey on April 12, 2014, competing for the inaugural Glory Light Heavyweight Championship. After defeating Saulo Cavalari via unanimous decision in the semifinals, he then faced Gökhan Saki in a highly anticipated rematch in the final. Midway through the opening round, Spong threw a kick to Saki's left leg. Saki checked the kick, causing Spong's lower right leg to fracture immediately and end the fight via TKO.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong underwent surgery to repair his broken leg and returned to training in October 2014. On 14 April 2016, he stated that he had retired from kickboxing and was looking forward to new challenges.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong made his highly anticipated MMA debut against Travis Bartlett at World Series of Fighting 1 on November 3, 2012, in Las Vegas, Nevada in the light heavyweight (205 lb) division. For his MMA debut he trained with the Blackzilians for over a year with such fighters as K-1 World Grand Prix winner and former Strikeforce heavyweight champion Alistair Overeem and former UFC light heavyweight champions Rashad Evans and Vitor Belfort. Spong knocked out Bartlett at 3:15 of the first round with a straight right.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong faced Angel DeAnda at World Series of Fighting 4 on August 10, 2013, in the main event. Spong won via unanimous decision.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong was scheduled to face Bigfoot Silva on January 28, 2022 at . However, Silva pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Sergei Kharitonov. Spong lost the fight by technical knockout in the second round.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong decided to begin a career in professional boxing at age 29. His first boxing match was on March 6, 2015, beating Gabor Farkas by KO in the first round. Spong defeated Juan Carlos Salas by KO in Round 1 at Brave Warriors in Action PPV event on May 27, 2017, in Mexico. On October 7, 2017, Spong won the WBC Latino Heavyweight Championship.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: In his next fight, Spong defeated Ytalo Perea via split decision. The scorecards read 97–93, 96–94 and 94–96 in favor of Spong.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong was due to face Oleksandr Usyk on October 12, 2019, but the bout was called off after Spong tested positive for the banned substance clomifene. However, his third sample, which was tested by VADA, came back negative.


title: Tyrone Spong

text: Spong has four children. He is an avid animal enthusiast, as is evidenced by the majority of his tattoos. He is the owner of several pit bull terriers, which he bred himself. Spong has trained in the United States with Floyd Mayweather Sr. He has also been decorated with the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star the highest order of Suriname by President Dési Bouterse.


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: Shades of Blue is an American crime drama television series based on the novel "Shades of Blue: 30 Years of (Un)ethical Policing" by Michael Rudolph. The series was created by the Israeli screenwriter, producer, and former journalist Adi Hasak and premiered on January 7, 2016 on NBC. The series is set in New York City and stars Jennifer Lopez as Harlee Santos, a single-mother NYPD detective who is forced to work for the FBI's anti-corruption task force, while dealing with her own financial and family problems.


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: In March 2017, the series was renewed for a third season. NBC later announced in April 2018 that this would be the final season, and that it would consist of 10 episodes. The third and final season premiered on June 17, 2018, and the series finale aired on August 19, 2018.


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: In February 2014, NBC gave a 13-episode straight-to-series order. A teaser trailer was made available on June 3, 2015, containing statements by Lopez, Ray Liotta, and Drea de Matteo. The series premiered on January 7, 2016. On February 5, 2016, NBC renewed "Shades of Blue" for a 13-episode second season, which premiered on March 5, 2017. On March 17, 2017, the series was renewed for a third season. NBC later announced on April 4, 2018, that this would be the final season, and it would contain 10 episodes. The third season premiered on June 17, 2018.


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: Lopez was given the main role in 2014. On February 26, 2015, Liotta, de Matteo, Vincent Laresca and Warren Kole were cast as Lt. Matt Wozniak, Det. Shirley Nazario, Det. Tony Espada and Agent Robert Stahl, respectively. Dayo Okeniyi was given the role of Det. Michael Loman. On March 30, 2015, Hampton Fluker was cast in a recurring role as Det. Marcus Tufo. On April 8, Sarah Jeffery was cast as Santos' daughter, Christina. On April 13, 2015, Gino Anthony Pesi was cast in a recurring role as Assistant District Attorney James Nava. On June 15, 2016, Anna Gunn joined Shades of Blue's second season in a recurring role.


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: Filming for the first season began on June 5, 2015, for the second season in July 2016, and for the third season in April 2017.


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: Character Harlee Santos is an NYPD detective who is a single mother. She is corrupt, taking bribes and protection money so that she can provide for her daughter. When confronted, she is forced by the FBI to go undercover and investigate her own squad. In their book, "Reel Latinxs: Representation in U.S. Film and TV", academics Frederick Luis Aldama and Christopher González suggest that Santos is depicted as duplicitous and traitorous. They argue that the show follows a Latina-as-"mamá" stereotype. Conversely, Willa Paskin, writing for "Slate" magazine, argues that Santos is presented too sympathetically and generously: she is "down-to-earth and competent, flipping from flirtatious to distressed, maternal to infuriated."


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: The show has received mixed reviews despite praise for Lopez's performance. On Metacritic, "Shades of Blue" has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 28 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the show is rated 56% based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's consensus reads "Solid performances by Jennifer Lopez and Ray Liotta fail to lift "Shades of Blue" above the ranks of the pedestrian network procedural".


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: Writing for "USA Today", Robert Bianco gave the series two stars out of four, calling it "a thoroughly ordinary reworking of pretty much every crooked cop show and movie you've ever seen". "Slate" reviewer Willa Paskin criticized the show as "moderately terrible", though praised Lopez's performance as "hugely appealing" and called her "the show's one reliable pleasure". In a more positive review, Yahoo!'s Ken Tucker called Lopez's work "solid" and felt the series was "perhaps the best dramatic work she's done since her first-rate film, "Out of Sight"". Molly Eichel from The A.V. Club gave the series a C+ rating, saying that "While the plot starts out cut and dried, it becomes more twisty and turny in a way that will eventually bring the audience back to the opening scene of a makeup-less, de-glammed Santos confessing her sins into a camera". Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture wrote that ""Shades of Blue" isn't a deep show, but it's a sensationally effective one. It knows what it is (a compacted, melodramatic, commercial TV-friendly gloss on one of those '70s and '80s Sidney Lumet police-corruption thrillers) and it rarely steps wrong."


title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: In India, "Shades of Blue" premiered on Colors Infinity on January 8, 2016, and aired shortly after its U.S. counterpart. In Canada, "Shades" aired on Global, at the same time and day as it aired on NBC. In the Netherlands, "Shades" was aired on Wednesdays on Fox. In Australia, it premiered on the Universal Channel on August 2, 2016. In the United Kingdom, "Shades of Blue" premiered on Sky Living on July 13, 2016. In Italy, it premiered on pay-platform Mediaset Premium on September 22, 2016 and then aired as a free broadcast on Canale 5 from July 5, 2017. In Bulgaria, the series premiered on October 3, 2016, on Fox Crime. In Greece, the series premiered on September 3, 2018, on Makedonia TV.


title: Rutile

text: Rutile is an oxide mineral composed of titanium dioxide (TiO), the most common natural form of TiO. Rarer polymorphs of TiO are known, including anatase, akaogiite, and brookite.


title: Rutile

text: Rutile has one of the highest refractive indices at visible wavelengths of any known crystal and also exhibits a particularly large birefringence and high dispersion. Owing to these properties, it is useful for the manufacture of certain optical elements, especially polarization optics, for longer visible and infrared wavelengths up to about 4.5 micrometres. Natural rutile may contain up to 10% iron and significant amounts of niobium and tantalum.


title: Rutile

text: Rutile derives its name from the Latin ('red'), in reference to the deep red color observed in some specimens when viewed by transmitted light. Rutile was first described in 1803 by Abraham Gottlob Werner.


title: Rutile

text: Rutile is a common accessory mineral in high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic rocks and in igneous rocks.


title: Rutile

text: Thermodynamically, rutile is the most stable polymorph of TiO at all temperatures, exhibiting lower total free energy than metastable phases of anatase or brookite. Consequently, the transformation of the metastable TiO polymorphs to rutile is irreversible. As it has the lowest molecular volume of the three main polymorphs, it is generally the primary titanium-bearing phase in most high-pressure metamorphic rocks, chiefly eclogites.


title: Rutile

text: Within the igneous environment, rutile is a common accessory mineral in plutonic igneous rocks, though it is also found occasionally in extrusive igneous rocks, particularly those such as kimberlites and lamproites that have deep mantle sources. Anatase and brookite are found in the igneous environment particularly as products of autogenic alteration during the cooling of plutonic rocks; anatase is also found in placer deposits sourced from primary rutile.


title: Rutile

text: The occurrence of large specimen crystals is most common in pegmatites, skarns, and granite greisens. Rutile is found as an accessory mineral in some altered igneous rocks, and in certain gneisses and schists. In groups of acicular crystals it is frequently seen penetrating quartz as in the from Graubünden, Switzerland. In 2005 the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa had a production capacity of 23% of the world's annual rutile supply, which rose to approximately 30% in 2008.


title: Rutile

text: Rutile has a tetragonal unit cell, with unit cell parameters "a" = "b" = 4.584 Å, and "c" = 2.953 Å. The titanium cations have a coordination number of 6, meaning they are surrounded by an octahedron of 6 oxygen atoms. The oxygen anions have a coordination number of 3, resulting in a trigonal planar coordination. Rutile also shows a screw axis when its octahedra are viewed sequentially. When formed under reducing conditions, oxygen vacancies can occur, coupled to Ti centers. Hydrogen can enter these gaps, existing as an individual vacancy occupant (pairing as a hydrogen ion) or creating a hydroxide group with an adjacent oxygen.


title: Rutile

text: Rutile crystals are most commonly observed to exhibit a prismatic or acicular growth habit with preferential orientation along their "c" axis, the [001] direction. This growth habit is favored as the {110} facets of rutile exhibit the lowest surface free energy and are therefore thermodynamically most stable. The "c"-axis oriented growth of rutile appears clearly in nanorods, nanowires and abnormal grain growth phenomena of this phase.


title: Rutile

text: In large enough quantities in beach sands, rutile forms an important constituent of heavy minerals and ore deposits. Miners extract and separate the valuable minerals – e.g., rutile, zircon, and ilmenite. The main uses for rutile are the manufacture of refractory ceramic, as a pigment, and for the production of titanium metal.


title: Rutile

text: Finely powdered rutile is a brilliant white pigment and is used in paints, plastics, paper, foods, and other applications that call for a bright white color. Titanium dioxide pigment is the single greatest use of titanium worldwide. Nanoscale particles of rutile are transparent to visible light but are highly effective in the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (sunscreen). The UV absorption of nano-sized rutile particles is blue-shifted compared to bulk rutile, so that higher-energy UV light is absorbed by the nanoparticles. Hence, they are used in sunscreens to protect against UV-induced skin damage.


title: Rutile

text: Small rutile needles present in gems are responsible for an optical phenomenon known as asterism. Asteriated gems are known as "star" gems. Star sapphires, star rubies, and other star gems are highly sought after and are generally more valuable than their normal counterparts.


title: Rutile

text: Rutile is widely used as a welding electrode covering. It is also used as a part of the ZTR index, which classifies highly weathered sediments.


title: Rutile

text: Rutile, as a large band-gap semiconductor, has in recent decades been the subject of significant research towards applications as a functional oxide for applications in photocatalysis and dilute magnetism. Research efforts typically utilize small quantities of synthetic rutile rather than mineral-deposit derived materials.


title: Rutile

text: Synthetic rutile was first produced in 1948 and is sold under a variety of names. It can be produced from the titanium ore ilmenite through the Becher process. Very pure synthetic rutile is transparent and almost colorless, being slightly yellow, in large pieces. Synthetic rutile can be made in a variety of colors by doping. The high refractive index gives an adamantine luster and strong refraction that leads to a diamond-like appearance. The near-colorless diamond substitute is sold as "Titania", which is the old-fashioned chemical name for this oxide. However, rutile is seldom used in jewellery because it is not very hard (scratch-resistant), measuring only about 6 on the Mohs hardness scale.


title: Rutile

text: As the result of growing research interest in the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide, in both anatase and rutile phases (as well as biphasic mixtures of the two phases), rutile TiO in powder and thin film form is frequently fabricated in laboratory conditions through solution based routes using inorganic precursors (typically TiCl) or organometallic precursors (typically alkoxides such as titanium isopropoxide, also known as TTIP). Depending on synthesis conditions, the first phase to crystallize may be the metastable anatase phase, which can then be converted to the equilibrium rutile phase through thermal treatment. The physical properties of rutile are often modified using dopants to impart improved photocatalytic activity through improved photo-generated charge carrier separation, altered electronic band structures and improved surface reactivity.


title: Tropical house

text: Tropical house, also known as trop house, is a subgenre of house music, and a derivation of tropical music, with elements of dancehall and Balearic house. Artists of the genre are often featured at various summer festivals such as Tomorrowland. The genre was popularized by artists including Thomas Jack, Kygo, Matoma, Lost Frequencies, Seeb and Gryffin.


title: Tropical house

text: The term "Tropical House" began as a joke by Australian producer Thomas Jack, but has since gone on to gain popularity among listeners. The term "trouse" should not be confused with tropical house, as "trouse" is a genre that instead combines the feeling of trance and the beats of progressive house, using electro synths.


title: Tropical house

text: In the mid and late 2000s, Bob Sinclar and Yves Larock created international hits which had many characteristics of tropical house, drawing inspiration from 1980's Hi-NRG music and in contrast with other sub-types of Electronic ("EDM") music of the time. The style was further popularized by Stereo Love, an international hit by Edward Maya, a music producer from the Romanian house scene. In 2012, Unicorn Kid had created tropical rave, a faster form of the genre which would become known as tropical house. However, it was not until 2013 with Klangkarussell's "Sun Don't Shine" and the emergence of producers such as Kygo and Robin Schulz that tropical house became a dance music trend. During 2014 and 2015, producers such as Lost Frequencies, Felix Jaehn, Alex Adair, Sam Feldt, Bakermat, Klingande, Jonas Blue and Faul & Wad Ad would join them with big tropical house hits. During the mid-2010s, certain tropical house producers would team up with artists such as Justin Bieber and Little Mix. This helped the genre achieve massive commercial success and gave rise to the playlist term of 'tropical pop'.


title: Tropical house

text: Tropical house is a derivation of deep house, and a subgenre of house music. Thus, it possesses typical house music characteristics, including synthesizer instrumentation, and a 4/4 kick drum pattern. Tropical house differentiates itself from deep house, which can often have a very dark sound, whereas tropical house can be described as having a more uplifting and relaxing sound.


title: Tropical house

text: The tempo of tropical house songs is a little slower than deep house (100-115 bpm). Tropical house does not use the pumping compression effect of "big room" electro house. It usually includes tropical instruments such as steel drums, marimba, guitar, saxophone or even pan flute, and can sometimes use dembow rhythm patterns often attributed to genres such as dancehall and reggaeton.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Guardians of Ga'Hoole is a fantasy book series written by Kathryn Lasky and published by Scholastic. The series contains a total of 16 books and although originally intended to conclude with the 2008 publication of "The War of the Ember", a prequel "The Rise of a Legend" was published in 2013. Apart from the main series there are a few more books and spin offs set in the same universe. The first three books of the series were adapted into the animated 3D film "", directed by Zack Snyder.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: This series follows the adventures of Soren, a young barn owl, for the first six books, but follows Nyroc, Soren's nephew, later renamed Coryn, for books seven through eight, and twelve through fifteen are books describing the Reign of King Coryn. Books nine through eleven are half-prequels to the other books, following the story of Hoole, the first king of the Ga'Hoole Tree.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Soren, a Barn Owl, or a Tyto Alba, lived in a nest in a hollow of a fir tree with his parents Noctus and Marella and siblings Kludd and Eglantine, who is newly hatched, in a forest kingdom called Tyto. Soren falls out of the nest and onto the bottom of the forest, a dangerous place for an owlet, an easy prey for raccoons. It is later revealed that Soren was pushed by Kludd, who performed the deed (or Tupsi) to become a member of the Pure Ones, an evil organisation which believes Tyto owls to be pure and should be positioned in a place of ascendancy. When Soren cries out for help, but cannot obtain it from his parents as they are absent from the tree hollow and are on a long hunt for food. Mrs. Plithiver, their blind nest-maid, answers the call and asks for Kludd to help Soren. Kludd, refusing to help his brother with the apparent reason that it wasn't his place to teach flying. Mrs. Plithiver, or Mrs. P for short, tries to go to another nest-maid for help is not allowed to access the exit by an ominous Kludd. Soren is then found and snatched by a patrol of the evil owls from the St. Aegolius Academy for Orphaned Owls, or St. Aggie's. Soren and other snatched owlets are enslaved into tasks such as sorting eggs and pellets, for reasons they do not quite understand. Owls at St. Aggie's are "moon blinked", a brainwashing technique caused by sleeping under the full moon and also marching under the light of the full moon and endlessly repeating their true names to forget them so as to lose a sense of self and will. Soren befriends a young elf owl named Gylfie (from the desert kingdom of Kuneer), who tells him about moon- blinking. Soren finds a way to evade moon- blinking, by staying awake during the full shine. Together, under the guise of being moon-blinked, they plot both to discover as much as possible about the true purpose behind St. Aggie's and to escape. Gylfie suspects that a spotted owl named Hortense is not moon blinked. Soren and Gylfie then befriend her, and find out that Hortense is sneaking out eggs stolen by the owls of St. Aggie's and is returning them back to their parents with the help of two eagles, Zan and Streak. Hortense's intention is then discovered by the owls of St. Aggie's, and Hortense is then killed. Soren and Gylfie also find a partly moon-blinked boreal owl named Grimble and plan to escape with Grimble teaching them how to fly. Grimble is murdered the night Soren and Gylfie escape by St. Aggie's leader Skench the great horned owl and her lieutenant Spoorn the western screech owl. After escaping, they then meet Twilight, an orphan great gray owl who learned his survival instincts from the "Orphan School of Tough Learning", Digger, a burrowing owl, who lost his family to the St. Aggie's marauders and is extremely sensitive and philosophical, and the old Mrs. Plithiver, Soren's former nest-maid western blind snake. With the help of Hortense's two bald eagle friends Streak and Zan, they killed two of St. Aggie's patrols, the cousins Jatt and Jutt the long-eared owls, and then the newly-formed band decide to head to the Guardians of Ga'hoole and inform them of the monstrosity of St. Aggie's.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: The four owls form a band and fly away in search of the Great Ga'Hoole Tree, where legend says the great knight-owls live who are dedicated to doing good deeds and eventually find it. While on their way, they get attacked by a swarm of crows, (who don't talk in this universe). After staying for the night in the home of a puffin family, they move on. Soon after the band arrives at the tree, they begin their training as guardians and soon are proficient in their selected chaws, or classes, They also meet other owls, such as Otulissa, a spotted owl, Primrose, a northern pygmy owl, Martin, a northern saw-whet owl, and learn many secrets such as colliering, navigation, search and rescue and weather navigation. Ezylryb the old whiskered screech owl, the weather chaw ryb or teacher, becomes good friends with Soren. After a long period of time passes, hundreds of owlets are found abandoned in the middle of an uninhabited forest. Stranger it turns out, that all of them are "babbling of the purity of Tyto". Among these downed owlets, later called "The Great Downing", was Eglantine, Soren's lost sister. When she and the others regain full consciousness, they have no memory of what had happened, where they were from and why they were in the literal middle of nowhere. At the end of the book, Soren, along with his friends and his chaw, help fight a mysterious forest fire. After they put it out, it is revealed that Ezylryb was kidnapped.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: When Ezylryb goes to investigate the area of The Great Downing and doesn't return, the Great Tree is unsettled. After a long while, the band goes to investigate the disappearance and seeks information of what could have happened. Octavia, Ezylryb's personal nest-maid Kielian snake and friend (her species, able to dig through tough material with their teeth and expand some of the scales around their heads to added strange and bluff, is similar in color to the blue racer), gives them information that Ezylryb was also the famous warrior, Lyze of Kiel (Ezyl is Lyze spelled backward) and has personal relationships with the Rogue Smith of Silverveil. Then, during the time of copper-rose rain (Autumn at the Great Tree), the band sneaks away during a week-long festival to go talk to the Rogue Smith in hopes they will not be noticed missing. When speaking with the Smith, they discover that the famous singer at the Great Tree, Madame Plonk, is the sister to the Smith and that there is a group of terrible owls known as The Pure Ones is led by Metal Beak. When they return to the tree, it appears that everyone noticed that they were missing and that Soren missed his sister's First Meat-and-Bones ceremony. Soon later, Eglantine begins remembering where she was at the time she was missing and tells the band that she remembers being in a castle during the imprisonment. Soren, Gylfie, Twilight, Digger, Eglantine, and Otulissa, called the Chaw of Chaws, go out to find the castle in hopes that Ezylryb's disappearance might be answered. After nearly giving up, the Chaw of Chaws finds a Devil's Triangle, a triangle made up of large caches of magnetic particles, or "flecks", meant to discombobulate an owl's sense of direction and trap Ezylryb inside. The chaw realizes that these caches can be destroyed by fire and destroys the Devil's Triangle. Just as they free Ezylryb, a group of Barn owls, part of the regime The Pure Ones attacks the Chaw, led by Metal Beak. The chaw picks up branches and sets them alight so that they can fight with fire, and part way through the battle, Martin, and Ruby, a short-eared owl, arrive. As the battle reaches its end, Metal Beak reveals his identity to the Chaw, now including Martin and Ruby, as being Kludd, Soren's evil brother. Soren, out of desperation, sets Kludd's mask on fire made of Mu metal, a soft metal that negates the magnetic powers of flecks, and he screams off as the metal melts on his face. Ezylryb and the Chaw of Chaws fly home and are met with cheering, and as daylight sets in, Ezylryb writes a poem of the impending war with the Pure Ones.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Taking place immediately after the end of "The Rescue", Kludd/Metal Beak has his mask still ablaze and he crashes into a pond near the hollow of Simon, a brown fish owl and a pilgrim from the Glauxian Brothers' Retreat. After Simon nurses Kludd back to health, Kludd murders Simon and flies up to a branch with another local owl on it. However, the other owl is a spotted owl named Mist and is practically invisible. At The Great Tree, Dewlap, the burrowing owl Ga'Hoolology ryb declares the topic of Higher Magnetics and the book "Fleckasia and Other Disorders of the Gizzard" "spronk", or banned knowledge, although it is crucial for the understanding of flecks and their effect on owls. Otulissa declares "Sprink on your spronk" (sprink being the worst swear word known to owlkind) and causes Dewlap to faint on the spot. Soon after, The Chaw of Chaws is contracted to the task of infiltrating the St. Aegolious Academy for Orphaned Owls on the speculation that the Pure Ones have infiltrated the academy for its large supply of flecks, and in the same meeting, Ezylryb gives Otulissa "Fleckasia and Other Disorders of the Gizzard". Before alighting from the island, Dewlap finds Otulissa reading "Fleckasia and Other Disorders of the Gizzard" and sentences her to the Flint mops, which is the Great Tree's way of punishment, yet Dewlap begins making Otulissa do things that a ryb would never be allowed to do to a student, like fetch her food like a slave. Otulissa goes with the punishment but eventually flies away to join the Chaw and as a result, Dewlap, "out of futile desperation", flings the book into the sea. Upon reaching St. Aggies, they are put through moon blinking sessions, but each of the owls has memorized a part of the Ga'Hoolian cycle, such as the fire cycle, the war cycle, and the star cycle, in order to resist. Not long after their arrival, they discover barn owls sneaking flecks out of the library, where all of the flecks at St. Aggie's are kept. Due to Otulissa's ability to confuse one of the suspected infiltrators, she is brought up to the library to explain what Higher Magnetics is and from that, learns that one of the suspects is actually a double-agent for St. Aggie's. Meanwhile, at the Pure Ones' castle, the Rogue Smith of Silverveil is hired to make battle claws for the Pure Ones' army and from the information blabbed out by one of their generals, she learns that the Pure Ones are planning to launch an attack on the Great Tree and she goes to tell Mist. At St. Aggie's, The Chaw of Chaws devised a plan to make the workers and the spies doubt each other to make them fight. During the commotion, Soren struck in the rear, damaging his rudder feathers and on the way back to the Great Tree, he became gravely ill. As Soren nears death, a local spotted owl named Hortense (yet it is male) went to the home of Mist and told them of Soren and she brought a flying snake named Slynella who had venom that could heal illness. After Soren regains his health, Mist reveals that she is the original Hortense and that the Pure Ones were planning to attack the Great Tree. The Chaw flies off towards the great tree to warn them of the impending attack and realize the true size of the Pure Ones' forces, which number in the thousands. The story tells of Kludd's initiation into the Pure Ones, as it is learned that he maimed a Non-Tyto, killed a nest maid snake and attempted to kill his younger brother by pushing him out of the nest. At the Great Tree, Ezylryb gives a speech, and the tree gets prep on the Pure Ones.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Following the events of 'The Siege' - the situation at the Great Tree has become ever more complicated. Ginger, a reddish barn owl taken in during a Pure Ones attack, has become friends with Eglantine and Primrose, despite her still harboring their brutal ways (such as when she is caught toying with a mouse). In the aftermath, Eglantine begins to experience strange dreams of her mother, Marella, though she looks different and forgets things about Eglantine's past. A page from a mysterious book entitled 'Flecks' is given to Otulissa, and it is revealed that exposure to flecks can confuse an owl into believing fantasies, a condition called "shattering", leading the Band to discover that Ginger has slipped flecks into Eglantine's nest. In the meantime, Nyra has laid her and Kludd's first egg, referred to as 'The Sacred Orb'. Both Eglantine and Primrose, who followed her on one of her "dream" flights, end up in captivity of the Pure Ones. Primrose is almost shattered but uses a piece of amber to clean the flecks from her nest. During a battle in a burning forest, Eglantine and Primrose snatch the Sacred Orb, but Eglantine, still in her confused state, falls into a trance and comes dangerously close to being burned alive, accidentally destroying the egg in the process. Eglantine recovers and the Guardians return to the Tree.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: The Guardians seek help from the Northern Kingdoms, Ezylryb's hatching place, to defeat the Pure Ones once and for all. After brushes with pirate owls and polar bears, and most dangerously Ezylryb's treacherous younger brother Ifghar, the Guardians return to the Southern Kingdoms and Twilight kills Kludd in battle.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: After Kludd's death, Nyra, blinded by vengeance, raises their only hatchling, Nyroc, to take his place, and brainwashes him to hate Soren, blaming him for Kludd's death. During Nyroc's Final Ceremony, which entails the burning of his bones, the smith owl Gwyndor discovers that Nyroc has firesight (the ability to see visions in fire). This gives Nyroc the ability to see who actually killed his father. Despite being their leader's heir, Nyroc has only one real friend: a sooty owl named Dustytuft. However, Nyroc helps him recover his old name, Phillip. During the early parts of the book, Nyroc awaits the ceremony that will make him a true Pure One: Tupsi, which it turns out is the murder of his dearest friend, which he must perform himself. When Nyroc refuses to kill Phillip, Nyra does it herself, making her son declare his hatred of her and flee. While refusing to kill Phillip, Nyroc is given a scar on his face similar to Nyra's, causing others to fear him on sight. A rabbit who can see visions in spiderwebs tells him to go to the place his firesight visions showed him: Beyond the Beyond.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Nyroc casts off his old name and his old life, vowing to use his free will despite his father's scroom telling him otherwise. He is then found and brought to Mist, the old seeing owl once known as Hortense. From her, he learns to read and write and is told the stories of Hoole and the wolves of the Beyond, and even renames himself by turning his old name backward, giving himself the new name Coryn. On his way to Hoole he hears that a burrowing owl family has had their egg stolen by the Pure Ones and is determined to return the egg to them. Disguising himself as his mother's scroom, he rescues the egg and returns it to the family, in return they name the hatchling after Coryn. He then believes that with his firesight and the returned hatchling that he is to be the teacher of young Coryn, who he believes will be the new king. He then leaves to Beyond the Beyond to learn about teaching the young Coryn, and learns about the dire wolves. After one wolf hunt, he eats at the carcass with a grizzly bear and allows the wolves to join only if they send the deformed wolf Hamish to eat first. He and Hamish become friends and he learns about the order of wolves that guard the Ember of Hoole and how only deformed wolves can guard the ember, receiving a wish of new life after their life of service. Back in Hoole, rumors spread of Nyra's death, which she uses to her advantage and kills the rogue smith of Silverveil, stealing her things and impersonating her, which gains her valuable bargaining chips for one of her plans from a gullible magpie. She then flies to the Beyond to try to recruit owls and dire wolves for her army, striking a deal with a jealous clan of wolves who want the ember for themselves and maim their own pups in the hope they will be chosen as guardians. Coryn then uses his firesight to see his mother is near and to see the Ember of Hoole, which many believe makes him the rightful heir to the Great Tree. He then realizes his destiny and dives into the volcano to retrieve the Ember. He succeeds and through much enjoyment of owls and wolves, Nyra enacts her plan to steal the ember and kill her son. Many of her old enemies return to save Coryn and try to push her into a rabid wolf, but she escapes. The maimed wolves receive their wish of new life, all wishing to remain alive as wolves but with healed bodies. After goodbyes, Coryn flies to the Great tree to meet his family and be named king.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: On his deathbed, Ezylryb tells the Band to read the three legends hidden in his hollow. The first of them, this book follows the story of Grank the first collier, how he met Fengo and found the Ember of Hoole. At first, the ember puts Grank into such a deep trance that after receiving visions of Hoole's parents, King H'rath and Queen Siv, in danger from Lord Arrin, a traitorous owl seeking to steal their egg and raise their hatchling, he does not go to help. Fengo breaks the trance and sends Grank to help them. Siv and Myrrthe, her faithful servant, seek shelter at a retreat, but the owls there are under a mind-controlling spell, forcing them to flee. Grank arrives and breaks the spell by throwing an ice splinter through the gizzard of their superior. Just as Grank and Siv reunite and plot to give Grank the egg, Lord Arrin's hagsfiend (monstrous owl/crow-like birds who have mastered evil magic) comrades arrive and Siv draws them away with a fake egg. Siv and Myrrthe seek shelter with a polar bear named Svenka, but the hagsfiends catch up and kill Myrrthe. While Lord Arrin is focused on Siv, the real egg, which is Hoole, the first king of Ga'Hoole, hatches while being kept by Grank and his apprentice Theo. In the present, Coryn realizes Nyra is a hagsfiend.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: The story follows the hatching and the early life of Hoole. Hoole grows up with Grank, Theo, and his best friend, a young pygmy owl named Phineas. When Hoole and Siv meet for the first time, a hagsfiend attack forces them to separate, but Hoole realizes Siv is his mother from his firesight. The four travel to Beyond the Beyond, where the disgruntled wolf chieftain Dunleavy MacHeath leaves to betray Hoole to Lord Arrin. Meanwhile, the arch-hagsfiend Kreeth asks Lord Arrin's lieutenants, a hagsfiend named Ygryk and her owl mate Pleek, to find Hoole so she can use him to make hagsfiends immune to saltwater (they have no oil in their feathers to protect them). MacHeath is later killed by his eldest mate, who grew tired of his abuse and left his clan to form her own, and Hoole retrieves the Ember of Hoole during a battle which claims the life of Siv. In the present, Coryn and the Band realize that a "rip" in the fabric of the owl universe initially allowed magic to infect the hagsfiends, and it has allowed them to return from presumed extinction.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Back in the present, once the Ember of Hoole has been placed in the Tree, the Tree falls under a perpetual spell of golden-ness (which normally only happens in summer). The owls fall into a much more insidious fascination with the Ember and begin to worship it (to the chagrin of sensible owls like Otulissa and Bubo, the tree's blacksmith), constantly making up more and more ridiculous rituals for its adoration (such as flying around it and dipping their wingtips in its ashes). This culminates in a prison hollow being built in the Tree, which escapes Otulissa's knowledge until she is arrested for hiding a precious teacup Madame Plonk asked her to keep. Meanwhile, Coryn and the Band seek 'The Book of Kreeth', a book of magic practiced by an ancient arch-hagsfiend. A powerful sect of evil wolves known as 'vyrrwolves' impede their quest. However, the book is eventually recovered by a maimed pup called Cody, who dies in the attempt. During a battle with the Pure Ones, Coryn feels a strange power overcome him. At the same moment, the ember's glow dims at the moment Primrose performs the ceremony of removing the ashes, leading to her arrest on a false charge of blasphemy. When the Band return, they are horrified at the display and immediately rip down the trappings (which Gylfie notes look like a church). The ember is thrown into a pile of 'bonk' embers kept by Bubo.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Otulissa learns from Bess, the Knower, that there is a sixth kingdom in the world of owls. This discovery would mean much to owlkind. She rushes off to tell the Band about this new kingdom, which they come to know that it is known as Jouzhenkyn, or the Middle Kingdom. After they read Bess' letter, they all decide they should tell no one of this discovery yet except Coryn, their king. Soren, Gylfie, Twilight, Digger, and Otulissa, go to Coryn's hollow and tell him of this news. Coryn grows excited when the Band tells him that they get to go to the Palace of Mists (Bess' secret location) first, a place very few owls know about, and even fewer have gone there. Soren's elderly nest-maid snake pleads the Band to let her travel with them, and they agree, so The Band, Otulissa, Coryn, Mrs. Plithiver leave the tree without notice to go to the Palace of Mists. While they are gone, Pelli, Soren's mate, is shocked to find Bell go missing after a weather practice. Eglantine and Primrose, the aunt and godmother for the three B's, respectively, search for her for many nights, but they were unsuccessful in their search. At the Palace of Mists, Bess is relieved to find the Band there, but she is surprised to find Coryn there too, as she is not fond of much company and enjoys her solitude. For a few nights, the Band plus Otulissa and Coryn search the documents for any information for how to get to the Middle Kingdom, and what the place is like, and Otulissa also becomes quite fluent in the native language, Jouzhen. After finding a weather map that shows how to get across the Unnamed Sea (Sea of Vastness), they bid farewell to Bess and take off with very little supplies as a "river of wind" will carry them across the tomorrow line. Along the way, they find frightening carcasses of dead birds caught in tornadoes which remind them to be cautious. When they find a qui line, a piece of red ribbon, they follow it and the night suddenly becomes the morning. They swiftly make their way to the Middle Kingdom, where a blue Long-eared owl named Tengshu greets them. Meanwhile, Bell is being tended to by another blue owl from the Middle Kingdom, an escaped dragon owl called Orlando, but he tells Bell to call him Striga and he lies about his origins. The Striga is being watched by some Pure Ones, who capture both Bell and Striga and take them to the Desert of Kuneer. There, with the help of a herbalist, they escape to the great tree and tell Doc Finebeak to get ready for an ambush in the Middle Kingdom, which was to be led by Nyra. In the Middle Kingdom, the Band and the others get word of the ambush plan, so they learn the way of Danyar, noble gentleness. They ultimately defeat Nyra and the Striga kills by spilling blood, against the way of Danyar, but since he saved Bell, the Guardians are indebted to him, so they take him back to the great tree where the Band and Coryn are welcomed back to the tree as heroes.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: The Striga, a mysterious blue owl from the Middle Kingdom, gains control over young Coryn's mind. And then the unthinkable happens. The Band is banished from the Great Ga'Hoole Tree. The Striga institutes a harsh new regime that will not stop until learning itself- the very foundation of the tree- becomes suspect and books are burnt. Somehow the Band must open Coryn's eyes to the Striga's influence.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Dumpy, a rather smart puffin, first of a kind, discovers Nyra and the Striga working together in an ice cave to bring back the Hagsfiends. Scared, he tries to inform someone of this conspiracy, but cannot, as all the other puffins he knows are as stupid as a rock. He then seeks out a polar bear known as Sveep, just before the commencement of her hibernation. Dumpy blurts out everything he saw, which is threatening enough to the Hoolian world that Sveep's brain is quickened, and she advises Dumpy to contact the Guardians of Ga'hoole, as it was all 'owl business'. Dumpy agrees but Sveep suspects that he will not do it, so she herself travels to Namara or the former Gyllbane, the leader of the MacNamara clan of the Wolves of the Beyond. She drowsily tries to remember whatever Dumpy had told her hastily, and informs Namara of whatever she can muster up. Namara, partially grieving of the death of her son, Cody, killed during the Battle of the Book, realizes that this could mean that the Hagsfiends would return to the Hoolian world and put everything in mortal peril. She then howls to the other clans about the grave danger, and the all the wolf clans of the Beyond participate in a sort-of Byrggis to relay this message to the rest of the kingdoms. Gwyndor, father of the Rogue Smith Gwynneth and one himself, harks to the relay and, even though he doesn't quite understand the message himself, he flies to the Great Ga'Hoole Tree to inform them of this imminent danger to the Hoolian world. By then many messengers, slipgizzles and other animals have arrived to the tree to inform them of the rumour. Meanwhile in the Palace of the Mists, Bess, is about to sleep when a dying Boreal Owl comes flying to the hidden scholarly retreat. Bess, puzzled, attends to him. The owl whispers that he has been poisoned and that he wants to be sung to Glaumora. Without questioning him, she honours the code of Boreal Owls and beneath the giant bell, as part of the customs, she sings to him the song she sang every evening for her late father Grimble, and then, again honouring the code, retreats away from the giant bell and goes to the maparium to sleep, which is a chamber made by the Others, storing a plethora of maps. Just as she tucks herself in inside a wrecked globe of the world left by the Others, hears a loud bang and when she peers out to see, it is the supposedly 'dying' owl, now wearing deadly battle claws, obviously searching for the hidden Ember of Hoole kept in the Palace of Mists. Bess, a pacifist, has to kill him to defend herself. She then flies to the Great Tree, even though she hasn't flown long distances in years. Soren, Coryn, the Band and Otulissa, upon receiving these numerous reports plan an extraction for the ember. They devise a plan where a few skilled owls from the tree take botkins full of coals and fly to the Palace of Mists and initiate a Shell Game. Bess, her eyes closed, drops the ember into one of the botkins at the palace, and then shuffles the lot. Using HALO, or the High Altitude Low Opening situation, told to Gylfie and Soren by the first Hortense, the fliers take different routes, not knowing in which botkin the ember is, and are tracked in the high cloud cover by the band. Tracking the Barn Owl Wensel from the cloud cover, Gylfie and Soren muse a bit about the other fliers. Soren, using his extremely elusive auditory skills as a Barn Owl, then finds out that Wensel the Artist was about half a league off from his course, obviously thinking whether his botkin was the one with the ember. Soren also devises that he is flying towards the entrance of St. Aggies Academy.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: "Old home week," mutters Gylfie in disgust, as they find themselves flying above Wensel to the entrance. Both Wensel and Soren are alarmed by another set of sounds, coming from three owls flying straight towards them, sent by Nyra, the Empress of the Tytonic Union of the Pure Ones. Wensel, Soren and Gylfie are cornered by them, but then swoop in two Great Grays, with comic battle chants just like Twilight, as Soren reflects, fight off the group, which includes Tarn, a Burrowing Owl working for the Pure Ones. The Barn Owl and the Elf Owl converse with the Great Grays about Twilight, and reveal to them that their long-lost brother is still alive and a Guardian at the Great Tree. In the Middle Kingdom, an alert page discovers a chamber littered with plucked feathers of the Blue Owls, completely defying the Theo Papers and the code laid forward by Theo. She understands that some owls of the Panqua Palace are defecting from the Middle Kingdom, learning to fly by plucking their extremely long tail-feathers. She reports this to the H'ryth on the Mountain of Time, knowing that the Panqua Court would not pay her any heed. Meanwhile Coryn, back at the tree, dispatches Otulissa and Cleve to the location provided by Dumpy, and Tengshu to the Middle Kingdom to ask the H'ryth for sanctuary to the Ember of Hoole. Otulissa and Cleve find a great massacre undertaken by the Blue Owls working with Nyra and the Striga. The bodies of countless Kraals and Gadfeathers stain the ice with blood. Just in the wake of their discovery, another band of Haggish owls working with the Striga arrive at the point, and with Otulissa no match for them with their dangerous battle claws and her wing injury, Cleve surprisingly reveals his Danyar learning from Tengshu to Otulissa and immediately kills the Hagsfiend-like owls. Coryn at the tree is reading up on the legends when he remembers how Hoole recruited wolves to fight the Hagsfiends with him in the Desert of Kuneer. He talks to the nest-maid Olivia and they travel to the Northern Kingdom to recruit other animals. The H'ryth, however, does not allow the ember to be kept in the Middle Kingdoms as he believes it will deceive Theo's teachings. Coryn decides to use the ember as bait for the Pure Ones and lure them to they beyond, where in the final battle he would later drop the ember in the Sacred Ring of Volcanoes and fight the Striga and Nyra with Soren at his side.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: A prequel telling Ezylryb's backstory. In the time of Ezylryb's hatching, the Northern Kingdoms were torn apart by war, which had already killed his older brother and taken one of his mother's eyes. While still young, Lyze becomes jealous of a young snowy owl named Moss, due to him making milestones before Lyze, but attends a party in Moss's hollow and is shocked to discover he is shy. The two become fast friends and later meet Thora, who would later become the rogue smith of Silverveil, but who was then a runaway who could not stand her stepmother and wants to become the first female smith in the Northern Kingdoms. When Lyze is taken to observe the Kielian snakes, he befriends one named Hoke. Later, when observing the ice harvesters, he watches enemy owls engage them in battle. Lyze, Moss, and Thora become cadets, their early days punctuated by a traitorous cadet kidnapping Orf, a famous blacksmith, and their rescue of him. Lyze later meets a spirited female cadet named Lillium (Lil). Once allowed to go home, Lyze witnesses the hatching of his sister, Lysa, and instantly takes to her. However, she dies in a forest fire and their next sibling, Ifghar, does not captivate Lyze and often teases him. While at the academy, Lyze develops the idea of flying with Kielian snakes, using snow leopards on the ground, and using a special launcher to shoot burning metal spikes, though they abandon this last idea when they accidentally shoot a snow leopard. The war is hard-won, with Lil's death and Lyze breaking one of his talons, which leads to him biting it off, and one eye damaged so that it squints, leading to his distinctive appearance in the earlier books.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: The legends are a part of the Band's experiences. A spin-off series of three books were planned, titled "Legends of Ga’Hoole". However, the books were not published as a new spin-off series; instead the books were moved to the original "Guardians of Ga'Hoole" series, with the titles unchanged. They were numbered as books 9, 10, and 11 of the series. The advance copy editions show the subtitle on the covers, although the final editions were not released with this feature. A prologue and an epilogue were added to each book—in which Ezylryb instructs the Band to read the Legends hidden in a secret room before dying in his hollow—so as to tie the books together with the main series. The reading of the Legends later becomes important, as they play a crucial part in Soren's mentality in "The Golden Tree" (the first book released right after the three Legends, which resumes the adventures of Soren and the Band).


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: The three books—"The First Collier", "The Coming of Hoole", and "To Be a King"—are about the legendary young king Hoole the spotted owl, and his mentor (the first collier) Grank the older spotted owl (an old friend of Hoole's parents), along with the pacifist Theo the great horned owl, the first owl blacksmith. Grank was the first to find the Ember of Hoole, and King Hoole was the first to find the Great Ga'Hoole Tree. Hoole came under the protection of Grank because his mother, Queen Siv, was a close childhood friend of Grank's. Hoole also works to stop the tyranny of these demonic birds of prey called Hagsfiends (resembling a haggish-looking cross between owls and crows).


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: It is possible that the "Legends of Ga'Hoole" served as inspiration for the title of the movie adaptation "", although the movie loosely covered only the first three books of the series and has no relation to the Legends.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: Two guidebooks were released to give readers more insight into the world of Hoole. They are narrated by Otulissa.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: "Wolves of the Beyond" is a spin-off series that tells the story of the "dire wolf" Faolan, his life and events in and around the territory known as the Beyond. Some returning characters from the original series include Gwynneth, the daughter of the renowned rogue smith Gwyndor (an Australian masked owl), as a main character, as well as Hamish, friend of King Coryn, clan leader Duncan MacDuncan of the dire wolves, and Soren). Legends and series history are frequently mentioned, including the stories of the ending battle of the first series, "Guardians of Ga'hoole".


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: This sequel of "Guardians of Ga'hoole" tells the story of Faolan, a dire wolf abandoned at birth because of a deformed paw, in accordance with wolf law. He is saved from death by a female grizzly bear known as Thunderheart who had just lost her most recent cub to cougars. She teaches him to use his misshapen footpaw, so that it cannot be regarded as a weakness, but a unique strength. The young wolf is reared by Thunderheart for the first year of his life, until they become separated in an earthquake. While searching for his foster mother (or "second Milk Giver"), he meets Gywnneth for the first time, who convinces him that despite the hardship he will face, he must return to the other wolves and join a clan. Faolan is not well-received, and is often regarded with suspicion and fear because of his bearish ways and an odd marking on his deformed paw, a spiral, that further sets him apart from his fellows. He begins clan life in the lowliest possible position, a gnaw wolf, and is subjected to verbal and physical abuse, along with minimal shares of food. The main purpose of a gnaw wolf is to record clan history and legends onto bone, which also serves as an artform. He befriends fellow gnaw wolves Edme and the Whistler, but his superior carving skills set him against Heep, a tailless gnaw wolf with a thirst for power. Faolan eventually earns a place as a Watch wolf of the Ring of Sacred Volcanos, where special dire wolves guard the Ember of Hoole (the sacred coal that determines the ruler of owls), along with Edme. Faolan eventually meets his wolf mother and discovers he has two sisters who were not abandoned, Mhairie and Dearlea. A year later, a neverending winter ushers in famine, and many wolves are driven mad by starvation, forsaking their clan history and sense of self under the thrall of a death cult that offers to speed them to the Cave of Souls (heaven). To further decimate the failing wolf population, both the Beyond and much of the Owl Kingdoms are mostly destroyed by a cataclysmic earthquake, flattening the Ring of Sacred Volcanoes, and ending the service of the Watch Wolves, whose natural deformities are miraculously healed. Guided by the presence of a spirit connected to his spiral mark, Faolan leads his friends Edme, the Whistler, two grizzly bear brother cubs named Toby and Burney, a mother wolf named Caila and her pup Abban, an abandoned wolf pup named Myrrglosch, former Watch wolf Banja and her new pup Maudie, and two mated bald eagles named Eelon and Zanouche (the latter is the great-great-great-granddaughter of Streak and Zan) out of the Beyond. The travelers are helped along their way by some common puffins, narwhals, and banded woolly bears across a massive ice bridge over the sea, to a land called the Distant Blue to begin a new life. At the same time, they are being pursued by an evil rout of rogue dire wolves (or outclanners) led by the evil yellow dire wolf Heep. Faolan and Edme also discover that they are reincarnations of two great dire wolves from ancient times, lovers Fengo and Stormfast. Faolan finds that he, alongside Fengo, is a reincarnation of a heroic grizzly bear named Eo and a female snowy owl gadfeather named Fionula, an old friend of Madame Brunwella Plonk. After a series of bloody battles with Heep, the travelers vanquish the outclanners and reach the Distant Blue, where the weather is fair and wildlife is plentiful. A passing horse welcomes Faolan, the "star wolf," back to the land.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: This series has a minor connection to "Guardians of Ga'Hoole" and "Wolves of the Beyond" as a standalone prequel and a historical fiction. Set during the Age of Discovery (specifically the early 1520s), it is a trilogy about a group of domestic horses who escape a human Spanish galleon leaving Cuba, led by a young filly named Estrella, who become feral. The herd must fight to stay alive in the new land of North America and seek out a new home of sweet-smelling grass that only Estrella herself can smell, where their ancestors evolutionarily originated, a valley somewhere along the western side of the Rocky Mountains called the Valley of the Dawn. She is orphaned when her mother Perlina is devoured by a great white shark after being thrown off the ship (thrown overboard to make room for gold by the command of Hernán Cortés, who the horses call the Seeker) in the Caribbean Sea. Following the North Star, they travel far and wide up through the southern part of the continent - finding Chichen Itza in the Yucatan Peninsula, Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico (witnessing La Noche Triste), the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests of migrating monarch butterflies, and even abandoned Puebloan cliff dwellings. They become known as the First Herd. It is similar to "Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West" by Deanne Stillman. They are later joined by an orphaned 12-year-old Native American human boy named Tijo (who learns how to speak to equines), some escaped mules and donkeys, a female bald eagle named Tenyak, a female mason bee named Grace, and a young male nameless coyote who later names himself Hope. Hope is the son of an evil coyote trickster, sometimes called First Angry, who often antagonizes the herd, but Hope is not sinister like his father. During their journey, they attempt to avoid and defeat a greedy and arrogant conquistador human going by the pseudonym El Miedo (his Christian name is Ignatio de Cristobal), a competitor of Cortes, briefly allied with an egotistical Andalusian stallion named Pegasus (Pego for short). In the second book, "Star Rise", it is referenced that this series takes place long before "Guardians of Ga'hoole" for there is an oracular barn owl (a species the natives call the "omo" owl) featured that mentions to Tijo that things called Ga' and Hoole have not happened yet. ("Guardians of Ga'hoole" takes place in a post-apocalyptic world where humans are extinct, the geography changed, and certain new species evolved.) Also, just before the prologue of the same book, there is a quote from "To Be a King". At the end of the third book, "Wild Blood", when the crowd of animals finally reaches the legendary Valley of the Dawn, after being led the whole time by the spirits of an "Eohippus", a human girl called First Girl, and Tijo's deceased wise stepmother Haru of the Burnt River Clan People, a connection is established to the ending of the sixth book in "Wolves of the Beyond:" "Star Wolf", where Faolan, now back in his kind's (the dire wolves) original homeland, tentatively called the Distant Blue, with his team of fellow dire wolves and other animals, finds a narrow green valley inhabited by American bison and horses. One of these horses, a creamy white individual with a face scarred from a wildfire (making the face furless and "the skin crinkled up in ugly ridges"), is stationed on a promontory just ahead of Faolan, and using the memories of his past life--the legendary ancient dire wolf named Fengo who led the dire wolves on a similar quest--he discovers that this horse also has reincarnated memories of a past life of its own, as the equine recalls Fengo from the past, and acknowledges the ancient wolf is now reincarnated as Faolan.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: This series is set during a time in the main series of "Guardians of Ga'Hoole". Set in a faraway northern Arctic land north of the Northern Owl Kingdoms called the Nunquivik, a mother polar bear named Svenna is forced to leave her two cubs, temporarily named First and Second before they get proper names, to take their place in a twisted cult of polar bears, led by one called the Grand Patek, worshipping a mighty constructed clock (put together by owls and a few sophisticated bears), known as the Ice Clock, upon a tall glacier, thus they are obsessed with time in a more humanlike sense. This great-sized clock was originally only meant to help predict the second happening of a past glacial-melting event called the Great Melting. With the great mechanism no longer being treated as a tool but now as an idol, this cult abducts cubs and forces them to work inside the giant clock's gears, turning it until they either die or lose one body part without dying - these enslaved cubs are referred to by the cultists as Tick Tocks. Escaping the rude and secretly cannibalistic Taaka, their first cousin once removed (she is their mother's first cousin, who even Svenna barely knows), First and Second (both born with special psychic powers) journey to find their long-lost father Svern, later joined by their second cousins Third and Froya. At the same time, the Grand Patek (the leader of the clock-worshipping bears) devises a master plan to even enslave the lands beyond the Nunquivik, even the Northern Owl Kingdoms. Svenna and Svern were both originally born and raised in the Northern Owl Kingdoms and thus know how to read and write. At one point in the first book it is revealed that Svenna knows the deceased Lyze of Kiel, or Ezylryb, and wonders what has happened back in the Owl Kingdoms since his death. It is also revealed that Svarr and Svenka, a clever polar bear from the time of Hoole (featured in "The Coming of Hoole" and "To Be a King") who knew how to eavesdrop on others by listening through smee holes (natural steam vents), were Stellan and Jytte's ancestors.


title: Guardians of Ga'Hoole

text: A 3D computer-animated film adaptation of the book was released by Warner Bros. in 2010. Zack Snyder directed the film as an animation debut with Jim Sturgess, Geoffrey Rush, Emily Barclay, Helen Mirren, Ryan Kwanten, Anthony LaPaglia, and David Wenham voicing the characters.


title: My Love Story!!

text: , is a Japanese romantic comedy manga series written by Kazune Kawahara and illustrated by Aruko. The manga was serialized in Shueisha's "Bessatsu Margaret" magazine from October 2011 to July 2016. Viz Media published the series in English. An anime television adaptation by Madhouse aired from April to September 2015 and a live action film adaptation of the same name was released in October 2015.


title: My Love Story!!

text: "My Love Story!!" won the 37th Kodansha Manga Award in the "Shōjo" category in 2013 and the 61st Shogakukan Manga Award in the same category in 2016.


title: My Love Story!!

text: The story follows Takeo Gōda, a tall and muscular high school student who does not have much luck with women, as every girl he likes ends up falling for his best friend, Makoto Sunakawa, who is charming and good-looking. This all changes when he saves Rinko Yamato, a petite shy girl who, above all other expectations, falls in love with Takeo, beginning a unique love story.


title: My Love Story!!

text: The series debuted as a 100-page special in "Bessatsu Margaret Sister" in October 2011 before becoming serialized in "Bessatsu Margaret", ending with a 100-page final chapter on July 13, 2016. The first volume was released by Shueisha on March 23, 2012, while the thirteenth and final volume was released on September 23, 2016. Viz Media has licensed the series and released the first volume on July 1, 2014.


title: My Love Story!!

text: In honor of the 50th anniversary of "Margaret", Kawahara and Aruko collaborated with Io Sakisaka, the creator of "Blue Spring Ride", to create a crossover comic called "My Ride!!", which was released in the July 2013 issue of "Bessatsu Margaret".


title: My Love Story!!

text: In November 2014 it was announced that the series was being adapted into an anime series. Covering roughly 34 chapters of the manga, the anime was produced by Madhouse, Nippon TV, VAP, Shueisha and Nippon Television Music Corporation and directed by Morio Asaka, with Natsuko Takahashi handling series composition, Kunihiko Hamada designing the characters and S.E.N.S. composing the music. The anime began airing on Nippon TV from April 8, 2015 and is being simulcast by Crunchyroll. The opening theme is by Trustrick while the ending theme is by Local Connect. The soundtrack is composed by S.E.N.S. Project. The final episode of the series, originally scheduled for September 16, 2015, was delayed to September 23.


title: My Love Story!!

text: A live action film adaptation of the same name was released on October 31, 2015. It starred Ryohei Suzuki, Mei Nagano and Kentaro Sakaguchi. Southeast Asian anime distributor ODEX began to release the film in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines between January and February 2016.


title: My Love Story!!

text: In 2013, "My Love Story!!" won the award for Best Shōjo Manga at the 37th Kodansha Manga Awards. In 2016, the manga won the 61st Shogakukan Manga Award in the "Shōjo" category. It was nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō in 2013 and received a total of 58 points, coming in at 5th place. It was also nominated for the 18th Annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize "Reader Award".


title: My Love Story!!

text: In Takarajimasha's 2013 edition of the guidebook "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!", a survey with more than 400 manga professionals, "My Love Story!!" was selected as the best series for female readers; in the 2014 edition, it was the 15th best. It was number one on the Book of the Year list of Female-Oriented Comics from January to June, 2013 by "Da Vinci" magazine and number five in the annual list of 2012. The fifth volume was the 53rd best-selling manga volume of the first half of 2014.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua () is a city in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand's North Island. The city lies on the southern shores of Lake Rotorua, from which it takes its name. It is the seat of the Rotorua Lakes District, a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua and several other nearby towns. Rotorua has an estimated resident population of , making it the country's 12th largest urban area, and the Bay of Plenty's second largest urban area behind Tauranga.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists; the tourism industry is by far the largest industry in the district. It is known for its geothermal activity, and features geysers – notably the Pōhutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa – and hot mud pools. This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua Caldera, in which the town lies. Rotorua is home to the Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology.


title: Rotorua

text: The name Rotorua comes from the Māori language, where the full name for the city and lake is . "Roto" means 'lake' and "rua" means 'two' or in this case 'second' – Rotorua thus meaning 'Second lake'. Kahumatamomoe was the uncle of the Māori chief Ihenga, the ancestral explorer of the Te Arawa. It was the second major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude of lakes found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera and nearby Mount Tarawera. The name can also mean the equally appropriate 'Crater lake'.


title: Rotorua

text: The area was initially settled by Māori of the Te Arawa Iwi in the 14th century. During the early 1820s Ngāpuhi led by chief Hongi Hika launched a series of raids into the Bay of Plenty as a part of the Musket Wars, in 1823 a Ngapuhi raiding party led by Hongi Hika attacked Te Arawa at their Pā (Fortified settlement) on Mokoia Island defeating them. The first European in the area was probably Phillip Tapsell who was trading from the Bay of Plenty coast at Maketu from 1828. He later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them. Missionaries Henry Williams and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831 and Chapman and his wife established a mission at Te Koutu in 1835. This was abandoned within a year but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island.


title: Rotorua

text: The lakeshore was a prominent site of skirmishes during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s. A "special town district" was created in 1883, to promote Rotorua's potential as a spa destination. The town was connected to Auckland with the opening of the Rotorua Branch railway and commencement of the Rotorua Express train in 1894, resulting in the rapid growth of the town and tourism from this time forward. Rotorua was established as a borough in 1922, elected its first mayor in 1923, and declared a city in 1962 before becoming a district in 1979.


title: Rotorua

text: The Rotorua region enjoys a mild temperate climate (Cfb). Rotorua is situated inland from the coast and is sheltered by high country to the south and east of the city, resulting in less wind than many other places in New Zealand. During the winter months June – August temperatures can drop below 0 °C. Frost is common in Rotorua during its winter months, with an average of 57 ground frosts annually, and 20 nights per year below 0 °C. Snowfall in Rotorua is rare and since the 1970s has only been recorded twice. On 15 August 2011 and 13 July 2017 snowflakes fell in the town centre, and during the July 2017 snowfall, snow accumulated in the nearby Mamaku ranges and in the outer reaches of the district, where snowfall occurs on average once every three years.


title: Rotorua

text: Thermal activity is at the heart of much of Rotorua's tourist appeal. Geysers and bubbling mud pools, hot thermal springs and Te Wairoa ("The Buried Village") — so named after it was buried by the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption— are within easy reach of Rotorua.


title: Rotorua

text: In Kuirau Park, to the west end of Rotorua, hot bubbling mud pools dot the park. Visitors can soak their feet in hot pools.


title: Rotorua

text: A common nickname for Rotorua is "Sulphur City" due to the hydrogen sulphide emissions, which gives the city a smell similar to "rotten eggs", as well as "Rotten-rua" combining its legitimate name and the rotten smell prevalent. Another common nickname is "Roto-Vegas", likening the city's own strip of road flanked by businesses and restaurants to that of Las Vegas.


title: Rotorua

text: The especially pungent smell in the central-east 'Te Ngae' area is due to the dense sulphur deposits located next to the southern boundary of the Government Gardens, in the area known as 'Sulphur Point'.


title: Rotorua

text: The Rotorua region has 17 lakes, known collectively as the Lakes of Rotorua. Fishing, waterskiing, swimming and other water activities are popular in summer. The lakes are also used for event venues; Rotorua hosted the 2007 World Waterski Championships and Lake Rotorua was the venue for the World Blind Sailing Championships in March 2009. Lake Rotorua is also used as a departure and landing point for float planes.


title: Rotorua

text: The Rotorua urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers and incorporates 26 statistical areas. It has an estimated population of as of .


title: Rotorua

text: The Rotorua urban area had a usual resident population of 54,204 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 5,289 people (10.8%) since the 2013 census. There were 26,211 males and 27,993 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.936 males per female. Of the total population, 12,366 people (22.8%) were aged up to 15 years, 11,052 (20.4%) were 15 to 29, 22,980 (42.4%) were 30 to 64, and 7,809 (14.4%) were 65 or older.


title: Rotorua

text: In terms of ethnicity, 59.2% were European/Pākehā, 42.3% were Māori, 6.2% were Pacific peoples, 11.5% were Asian, and 1.5% were other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).


title: Rotorua

text: In October 2013, Steve Chadwick was elected Mayor of Rotorua and was re-elected in the 2016 mayoral election and the 2019 mayoral election. She previously served as the Member of Parliament for Rotorua between 1999 and 2008, and served as a Cabinet Minister in the Fifth Labour Government.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua is covered by the Rotorua electorate for the general roll and the Waiariki electorate for the Māori roll.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua is also home to botanical gardens and historic architecture. Known as a spa town and major tourist resort since the 1800s, many of its buildings hint at this history. Government Gardens, close to the lake-shore at the eastern edge of the town, are a particular point of pride. The Rotorua Museum of Art and History is housed in the large Tudor-style bath house building while the Art Deco style Blue Baths, noted for their embrace of mixed sex bathing in the 1930s, remain open today.


title: Rotorua

text: Another of Rotorua's attractions is mountain biking. Whakarewarewa Forest was listed as one of the Top 8 locations globally by Red Bull Magazine in 2012. The forest includes over 100 km of mountain bike trails and in August 2006 was a host of the UCI Mountain Bike and Trials World Championships. In 2015 Rotorua hosted the Southern Hemisphere leg of the Crankworx mountain bike event.


title: Rotorua

text: The Rotorua Pistol club is among the largest in the Southern Hemisphere and hosted the 2013 Australasian IPSC Handgun Championship.


title: Rotorua

text: The Kaituna River, 15 minutes drive north east of the CBD provides class 5 whitewater kayaking and rafting through a spectacular tree lined gorge.


title: Rotorua

text: The region is home to 16 lakes. These are popular for recreation such as boating and fishing. Several of the lakes are stocked for sports fishing with trout from the Fish and Game New Zealand hatchery at Ngongotahā.


title: Rotorua

text: Another visitor attraction in the Ngongotahā area is the Wingspan National Bird of Prey Centre. It is a captive breeding facility and visitor centre located in the Ngongotahā Valley.. Wingspan undertakes conservation, education and research activities related to birds of prey found in New Zealand, and provides demonstrations of falconry.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua is served by state highways 5, 30, and 30A, and the Thermal Explorer Highway touring route, with state highways 33 and 36 terminating on the outskirts of the town.


title: Rotorua

text: State Highway 5, running concurrently with the Thermal Explorer Highway, is the main north–south route through Rotorua, bypassing the town centre to the west. North of the town at Ngongotahā, State Highway 36 splits off to provide a route to Tauranga via Pyes Pa, while State Highway 5 turns westward, connecting to State Highway 1 at Tīrau and providing the main route into Rotorua from Hamilton and Auckland. To the south, State Highway 5 provides the main route from Taupō, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu, and Wellington.


title: Rotorua

text: State Highway 30 runs southwest to northeast through the town. It enters the town in the southwest (running concurrently with SH 5), before crossing the southern suburbs to the shore of Lake Rotorua east of the town centre. It then runs through the suburb of Te Ngae, before splitting off SH 33 to continue eastwards.


title: Rotorua

text: State Highway 30A runs northwest to southeast, connecting State Highways 5 and 30 with each other via the town centre.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua has a local bus service, with 11 routes under the Baybus brand, serving the urban area, mostly at half hourly intervals, operated by Reesby Buses. Bike racks were introduced in 2017 and for fares on 27 July 2020. Trial commuter services between Rotorua and Tauranga are running in each direction until the end of 2021. The city is also served by InterCity and services to local tourist sites.


title: Rotorua

text: Edwin Robertson, who died aged 74 in 1931, started with pack horses in 1869 and ran coaches from 1873. In 1902 the Tauranga route was sold and became Robertson & Co, then, about 1903, Rotorua Motor Coaching Co. Ltd. In 1904 Hot Lakes Transport, which ran trips to Taupo, Waiotapu and all the lakes, and Rotorua Motor Coaching added motor cars to their fleets of coaches. In 1905 E. Robertson & Co moved from Ohinemutu to the new town, close to the new railway station, which remained the main stop until InterCity moved to their stop from Hinemoa / Fenton Street to the Tourism Office in 1995. The last coach ran in 1919. When Hot Lakes Transport's assets were sold in 1920, they had 10 coaches and 3 motor cars. In September 1920 Rotorua Motor Transport Co. was formed and took over Hot Lakes Transport Co. and Rotorua Motor Coaching Co, continuing with similar services. In 1926 a consortium of local operators formed Rotorua Bus Co. During 1922 Kusab's transport company became K Motors, which was taken over by the railways in 1938. Rotorua Motor Transport and Rotorua Bus Co followed in 1940 and all became part of New Zealand Railways Road Services.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua Regional Airport is located northeast of the city centre, off State Highway 30. Air New Zealand provides daily turbo-prop flights between Rotorua and Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch airports. Previously Qantas also operated Boeing 737 aircraft from Christchurch, but upon their departure from domestic flights in New Zealand this was discontinued.


title: Rotorua

text: Scenic and chartered flights in both helicopters and float planes are operated by Volcanic Air who are based on Rotorua's lake front.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua is connected to the rail network by the Rotorua Branch line from Putāruru. Up until 2001, passenger trains ran from Auckland to Rotorua via Hamilton daily using Silver Fern railcars, terminating north of the town centre at Koutu (the original station on Amohau Street was closed and relocated to Koutu in 1989). However, owing to poor advertising of the service and the location of the station being a 15-minute walk from the town centre in an industrial area, passenger services stopped in October 2001. Freight services on the line declined over the decades up until the nightly freight service stopped in 2000, largely due to a continual move of freight and passengers onto road transport using ever-improving highways in the region. The line is currently disused.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua is home to the central campus of Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, which provides a range of Certificate, Diploma and a limited number of degree-level programmes. The largest programmes on offer are Te Reo Māori (Māori language), nursing, forestry, business, computing, tourism and hospitality. Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology is the third largest tertiary education institution in New Zealand with campuses throughout the Bay of Plenty region.


title: Rotorua

text: Students can also attend Te Rangihakahaka Centre for Science and Techbnology, a Māori- and English-medium special character school from years 1–10. It currently has around 100 students. Students here need to attend a mainstream secondary school or Kura Kaupapa Māori for their senior secondary schooling.


title: Rotorua

text: Rotorua has several media organisations, including the Rotorua Daily Post, More FM Rotorua and The Hits Rotorua.


title: Karl Toko Ekambi

text: Karl Louis Brillant Toko Ekambi (born 14 September 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ligue 1 club Lyon and the Cameroon national team.


title: Karl Toko Ekambi

text: Toko Ekambi began his career with Paris FC in the Championnat National and Sochaux in Ligue 2 before joining Angers in Ligue 1. After 18 months at Villarreal in Spain's La Liga, he returned to France's top flight with Lyon.


title: Karl Toko Ekambi

text: Born in France, Toko Ekambi made his international debut for Cameroon in 2015. He represented the nation at the Africa Cup of Nations in 2017, 2019 and 2021, winning the 2017 tournament. He also played at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Karl Toko Ekambi

text: Born in Paris, Toko Ekambi began his career at Paris FC in the third-tier Championnat National. In June 2014, having been third-top scorer with 13 goals, he transferred to Sochaux. He made his Ligue 2 debut on the opening day of the 2014–15 season against Orléans, as a 57th-minute substitute for Thomas Guerbert in a 1–0 home loss. He ended his first season as joint-fourth top scorer with 14 goals.


title: Karl Toko Ekambi

text: In June 2016, Toko Ekambi joined Angers for €1 million, on a four-year deal. He scored seven times in his first Ligue 1 season, including two in a 3–0 home win over Bastia on 26 February.


title: Karl Toko Ekambi

text: In August 2017, Brighton & Hove Albion, newly promoted to the Premier League, reportedly made a bid for him, offering €8 million plus €1 million in possible bonuses to Angers. He began that season in good form, scoring nine goals in 18 Ligue 1 appearances in the first half of the season, attracting interest from England for his services in the January transfer window.