title: Youth International Party

text: The Yippies' love of pop-culture was one way to differentiate the Old and New Left, as Jesse Walker writes in "Reason" magazine:


title: Youth International Party

text: At demonstrations and parades, Yippies often wore face paint or colorful bandannas to keep from being identified in photographs. Other Yippies reveled in the spotlight, allowing their stealthier comrades the anonymity they needed for their pranks.


title: Youth International Party

text: One cultural intervention that misfired was at Woodstock, with Abbie Hoffman interrupting a performance by The Who, trying to speak against the incarceration of John Sinclair, sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1969 after giving two joints to an undercover narcotics officer. Guitarist Pete Townshend used his guitar to bat Hoffman off the stage.


title: Youth International Party

text: The Yippies were the first on the New Left to make a point of exploiting mass media. Colorful, theatrical Yippie actions were tailored to attract media coverage and also to provide a stage where people could express the "repressed" Yippie inside them. "We believe every nonyippie is a repressed yippie," Jerry Rubin wrote in "Do it!" "We try to bring out the yippie in everybody."


title: Youth International Party

text: Yippies were famous for their sense of humor. Many direct actions were often satirical and elaborate pranks or put-ons. An application to levitate The Pentagon during the October, 1967 March on the Pentagon, and a mass protest/mock levitation at the building organized by Rubin, Hoffman and company at the event, helped to set the tone for Yippie when it was established a couple of months later.


title: Youth International Party

text: Another famous prank just before the term "Yippie" was coined was a guerrilla theater event in New York City on August 24, 1967. Abbie Hoffman and a group of future Yippies managed to get into a tour of the New York Stock Exchange, where they threw fistfuls of real and fake US$ from the balcony of the visitors' gallery down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could. The visitors' gallery was closed until a glass barrier could be installed, to prevent similar incidents.


title: Youth International Party

text: On the 40th anniversary of the NYSE event, CNN Money editor James Ledbetter described the now-famous incident:


title: Youth International Party

text: There was a clash with police on March 22, 1968, where a large group of countercultural youths led by the Yippies descended into Grand Central Station for a "Yip-In". The night erupted into a violent clash with police that Don McNeill of "The Village Voice" called a "pointless confrontation in a box canyon". A month later, Yippies organized a "Yip-Out," a be-in style event in Central Park that went off peacefully and drew 20,000 people.


title: Youth International Party

text: In his book "A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America", author David Armstrong points out that the Yippie hybrid of performance art, Guerilla theatre and political irreverence was often in direct conflict with the sensibility of the 60s American Left/peace movement:


title: Youth International Party

text: The Yippies' unorthodox approach to revolution, which emphasized spontaneity over structure, and media blitz over community organizing, put them almost as much at odds with the rest of the left as with mainstream culture. Wrote (Jerry) Rubin in the "Berkeley Barb", "The worst thing you can say about a demonstration is that it is boring, and one of the reasons that the peace movement has not grown into a mass movement is that the peace movement—its literature and its events—is a bore. Good theatre is needed to communicate revolutionary content.


title: Youth International Party

text: The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) subpoenaed Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman of the Yippies in 1967, and again in the aftermath of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The Yippies used media attention to make a mockery of the proceedings: Rubin came to one session dressed as an American Revolutionary War soldier, and passed out copies of the United States Declaration of Independence to people in attendance.


title: Youth International Party

text: On another occasion, police stopped Hoffman at the building entrance and arrested him for wearing an American flag. Hoffman quipped for the press, "I regret that I have but one shirt to give for my country", paraphrasing the last words of revolutionary patriot Nathan Hale; meanwhile Rubin, who was wearing a matching Viet Cong flag, shouted that the police were Communists for not arresting him also.


title: Youth International Party

text: In the fifties, the most effective sanction was terror. Almost any publicity from HUAC meant the 'blacklist.' Without a chance to clear his name, a witness would suddenly find himself without friends and without a job. But it is not easy to see how in 1969 a HUAC blacklist could terrorize an SDS activist. Witnesses like Jerry Rubin have openly boasted of their contempt for American institutions. A subpoena from HUAC would be unlikely to scandalize Abbie Hoffman or his friends.


title: Youth International Party

text: Yippie theatrics culminated at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. YIP planned a six-day Festival of Life – a celebration of the counterculture and a protest against the state of the nation. This was supposed to counter the "Convention of Death." This promised to be "the blending of pot and politics into a political grass leaves movement – a cross-fertilization of the hippie and New Left philosophies." Yippies' sensational statements before the convention were part of the theatrics, including a tongue-in-cheek threat to put LSD in Chicago's water supply. "We will fuck on the beaches! ... We demand the Politics of Ecstasy! ... Abandon the Creeping Meatball! ... And all the time 'Yippie! Chicago – August 25–30.'" First on a list of Yippie demands: "An immediate end to the war in Vietnam."


title: Youth International Party

text: Yippie organizers hoped that well-known musicians would participate in the Festival of Life and draw a crowd of tens if not hundreds of thousands from across the country. The city of Chicago refused to issue any permits for the festival and most musicians withdrew from the project. Of the rock bands who had agreed to perform, only the MC5 came to Chicago to play and their set was cut short by a clash between the audience of a couple thousand and police. Phil Ochs and several other singer-songwriters also performed during the festival.


title: Youth International Party

text: In response to the Festival of Life and other anti-war demonstrations during the Democratic convention, Chicago police repeatedly clashed with protesters, as many millions of viewers watched the extensive TV coverage of the events. On the evening of August 28 the police attacked the protesters in front of the Conrad Hilton hotel as the demonstrators chanted "The whole world is watching". This was a "police riot," concluded the US National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, stating:"On the part of the police there was enough wild club swinging, enough cries of hatred, enough gratuitous beating to make the conclusion inescapable that individual policemen, and lots of them, committed violent acts far in excess of the requisite force for crowd dispersal or arrest."


title: Youth International Party

text: trial, which lasted five months, was heavily publicized. The Chicago Seven represented a cross-section of the New Left, including Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin.


title: Youth International Party

text: Never mind "Hair", the so-called Chicago Eight (then Seven) trial was the countercultural performance of the sixties. Guerrilla theater stared down courtroom farce to decide the civil dispute of the era: the Movement vs. the Establishment. The eight defendants seemed finically chosen to represent the world of dissent: SDS leaders Rennie Davis and Tom Hayden (who had authored "The Port Huron Statement"); graduate students Lee Weiner and John Froines; portly fifty-four-year-old Christian socialist David Dellinger; Yippies Rubin and Hoffman; and—briefly--Black Panther Bobby Seale. "Conspire, hell," Hoffman quipped. "We couldn't agree on lunch."


title: Youth International Party

text: Several other Yippies – including Stew Albert, Wolfe Lowenthal, Brad Fox and Robin Palmer – were among another 18 activists named as "unindicted co-conspirators" in the case. While five of the defendants were initially convicted of crossing state lines to incite a riot, all convictions were soon reversed in appeal court. Defendants Hoffman and Rubin became popular authors and public speakers, spreading Yippie militancy and comedy wherever they appeared. When Hoffman appeared on "The Merv Griffin Show", for example, he wore a shirt with an American flag design, prompting CBS to black out his image when the show aired.


title: Youth International Party

text: The Youth International Party quickly spread beyond Rubin, Hoffman and the other founders. YIP had chapters all over the US and in other countries, with particularly active groups in New York City, Vancouver, Washington, D.C., Detroit, Milwaukee, Los Angeles, Tucson, Houston, Austin, Columbus, Dayton, Chicago, Berkeley, San Francisco and Madison. There were YIP conferences through the 1970s, beginning with a "New Nation Conference" in Madison, Wisconsin in 1971.


title: Youth International Party

text: On the final day of the Madison conference, April 4, 1971, hundreds of riot police broke up a block party organized by local Yippies to cap the event, resulting in a street clash between Yippies and police.


title: Youth International Party

text: During an anti-war protest in Washington, D.C., on November 15, 1969, East Coast Yippies led thousands of youths in the storming of the Justice Department building.


title: Youth International Party

text: On August 6, 1970, L.A. Yippies invaded Disneyland, hoisting the New Nation flag at City Hall and taking over Tom Sawyer's Island. While riot police confronted the Yippies, the theme park was closed early for only the second time in the park's history (the first being shortly after the assassination of President Kennedy.). As many as 23 of the 200 Yippies attending were arrested.


title: Youth International Party

text: Vancouver Yippies invaded the US border town of Blaine, Washington, on May 9, 1970, to protest Richard Nixon's invasion of Cambodia and the shooting of students at Kent State.


title: Youth International Party

text: Columbus Yippies were charged with inciting the rioting that occurred in the city on May 11, 1972, in response to Nixon's mining of North Vietnam's Haiphong harbor. They were acquitted.


title: Youth International Party

text: YIP was a member of the coalition of anti-Vietnam War activists who, over several days in early May 1971, tried to shut down the US government by occupying intersections and bridges in Washington, D.C. The May Day protests resulted in the largest mass arrest in American history.


title: Youth International Party

text: A frequent 'national' complaint among Yippies was that the New York 'central HQ' chapter acted as if other chapters did not exist and kept them out of the decision-making process. At one point, at a YIP conference in Ohio in 1972, Yippies voted to 'exclude' Abbie and Jerry as official spokespersons from the party, since they had become too famous and rich.


title: Youth International Party

text: In 1972, Yippies and Zippies (a younger YIP radical breakaway faction whose "guiding spirit" was Tom Forcade) staged protests at the Republican and Democratic Conventions in Miami Beach. Some of the Miami protests were larger and more militant than the ones in Chicago in 1968. After Miami, the Zippies evolved back into Yippies.


title: Youth International Party

text: ... five hundred die-hard Yippies staged one last march on the Mitchell home, no longer the Watergate but a grand apartment building on Manhattan's Fifth Avenue. "Free Martha Mitchell!" they chanted. "Fuck John!" When the Mitchells finally appeared at the window to see what all the commotion was about, the stoners cherished their last "eye-to-eyeball confrontation with Mr. Law 'n' Order." To commemorate the moment, they placed a giant marijuana joint on the Mitchells' doorstep.


title: Youth International Party

text: Yippies regularly protested at US presidential inaugurations, with a particularly strong presence at the 1973 inauguration of Richard Nixon. Yippies also demonstrated at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, as well as the subsequent 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, where 99 Yippies were arrested:


title: Youth International Party

text: Yippies organized marijuana "smoke-ins" across North America through the 1970s and into the 1980s. The first YIP smoke-in was attended by 25,000 in Washington, D.C. on July 4, 1970. There was a culture clash when many of the hippie protesters strolled en masse into the nearby "Honor America Day" festivities with Billy Graham and Bob Hope.


title: Youth International Party

text: On August 7, 1971, a Yippie smoke-in in Vancouver was attacked by police, resulting in the Gastown Riot, one of the most famous protests in Canadian history.


title: Youth International Party

text: Yippies organized alternative institutions in their counterculture communities. In Tucson, Yippies operated a free store; in Vancouver, Yippies established the People's Defense Fund to provide legal help for the often-harassed hippie community; in Milwaukee, Yippies helped launch the city's first food co-op.


title: Youth International Party

text: Many Yippies were involved in the underground press. Some were the editors of major underground newspapers or alternative magazines, including Yippies Abe Peck ("Chicago Seed"), Jeff Shero Nightbyrd (New York's "Rat" and "Austin Sun"), Paul Krassner ("The Realist"), Robin Morgan ("Ms. magazine"), Steve Conliff ("Purple Berries", "Sour Grapes" and "Columbus Free Press)", Bob Mercer ("The Georgia Straight" and "Yellow Journal"), Henry Weissborn ("ULTRA"), James Retherford ("The Rag"), Mayer Vishner ("LA Weekly"), Matthew Landy Steen and Stew Albert ("Berkeley Barb" and "Berkeley Tribe"), Tom Forcade ("Underground Press Syndicate" and "High Times") and Gabrielle Schang ("Alternative Media"). New York Yippie Coca Crystal hosted the popular cable TV program "If I Can't Dance You Can Keep Your Revolution."


title: Youth International Party

text: Yippies were active in alternative music and movies. Singer-songwriters Phil Ochs and David Peel were Yippies. "I helped design the party, formulate the idea of what Yippie was going to be, in the early part of 1968," Ochs testified at the Chicago Eight trial.


title: Youth International Party

text: The strange, legendary cult film "Medicine Ball Caravan" (partly financed by Tom Forcade), chronicled Yippie drop-outs and a variety of other fascinating and dynamic characters of the era. The movie title was later controversially changed to "We Have Come for your Daughters".


title: Youth International Party

text: Radical musicians usually found enthusiastic audiences at Yippie-sponsored events and frequently offered to play. YIP-affiliated John Sinclair managed Detroit's proto-punk band the MC5, who played in Lincoln Park during protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. In 1970, Pete Seeger played a Vancouver Yippie rally against construction of a highway through Jericho Beach Park. The first-ever concert by the influential and iconic proto-punk band the New York Dolls, was a Yippie benefit to raise funds to pay legal fees for one of Dana Beal's marijuana arrests in the 1970s.


title: Youth International Party

text: The Youth International Party founded the US branch of the Rock Against Racism movement in 1979. Rock Against Racism USA later morphed into the critically acclaimed, Yippie-organized, widely recognized national Rock Against Reagan tour in 1983. Well-known bands on the tour included Michelle Shocked, the Dead Kennedys, the Crucifucks, MDC, Cause for Alarm, Toxic Reasons and Static Disruptors. A young Whoopi Goldberg performed stand-up comedy (as did Will Durst) at the San Francisco R-A-R show.


title: Youth International Party

text: Vancouver Yippies Ken Lester and David Spaner were the managers of Canada's two most notorious political punk bands, D.O.A. (Lester) and The Subhumans (Spaner). New York Yippie/High Times publisher Tom Forcade financed one of the first movies about punk rock, "D.O.A.", featuring footage of the Sex Pistols' 1978 tour of America.


title: Youth International Party

text: Infamous Baltimore Yippie John Waters became a renowned independent filmmaker (Pink Flamingos, Polyester, Hairspray), once claiming in an interview that the Yippies influenced his irreverent sense of style: "I was a Yippie agitator, and I wanted to look like Little Richard. I dressed like a hippie pimp back then, because punk wasn't around yet."


title: Youth International Party

text: Yippies mocked the system and its authority. The Youth International Party, having nominated a pig (Pigasus) for US president in 1968, famously ran Nobody for President as its 'official' candidate in 1976.


title: Youth International Party

text: Vancouver Yippie Betty "Zaria" Andrew ran as the Youth International Party's candidate for mayor in 1970. One of her campaign promises was to repeal every law, including the law of gravity so that everyone could get high. That same year, Berkeley Yippie Stew Albert ran for sheriff of Alameda County, challenging the incumbent sheriff to a high-noon duel and receiving 65,000 votes.


title: Youth International Party

text: In 1970, Detroit Yippies went to city hall and applied for a permit to blow up the General Motors building. After the permit was denied, the Yippies said that it just goes to show you can't work within the system to change the system. "This destroys my last hope for legal channels," said Detroit Yippie Jumpin' Jack Flash.


title: Youth International Party

text: Some Yippies, including Robin Morgan, Nancy Kurshan, Sharon Krebs and Judy Gumbo, were active in the Guerilla theatre feminist group W.I.T.C.H. (Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell), which combined "theatricality, humor, and activism."


title: Youth International Party

text: On November 7, 1970, Jerry Rubin and London Yippies took over "The Frost Programme" when he was the guest on the popular British host's TV program. In all the chaos, a Yippie fired a water pistol into host David Frost's open mouth, the broadcaster called for a commercial break and the show was over. "The Daily Mirror"'s banner headline: "THE FROST FREAKOUT."


title: Youth International Party

text: Pie-throwing as a political act was invented by Yippies. The first political pie throwing was carried out in Bloomington, Indiana, October 14, 1969, when Jim Retherford, former underground newspaper editor and ghost writer of Jerry Rubin's Do It!, landed a cream pie in the face of former UC Berkeley president Clark Kerr. Retherford was also the first to be arrested. The next pie was thrown by Tom Forcade, who nailed a member of the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography in 1970. Columbus Yippie Steve Conliff pied Ohio Governor James Rhodes in 1977 to protest the Kent State shootings.


title: Youth International Party

text: Aron "The Pieman" Kay became the best-known Yippie pie-thrower. Kay's many targets included Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, New York City Mayor Abe Beame, conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly, Watergate burglar Frank Sturgis, ex-CIA head William Colby, National Review publisher/editor William F. Buckley, and the owner of disco Studio 54, Steve Rubell.


title: Youth International Party

text: Perhaps one of the swan songs of Yippies was a groundbreaking effort to place a new voting option, None of the Above, on the election ballot in Santa Barbara County, in California, by the Isla Vista Municipal Advisory Council in 1976. This represented an incipient libertarian impulse of Yippies and the first example in the United States of this election ballot alternative, in what one of the resolution's two co-sponsors, Matthew Steen, described as an "anti-institutional Yippie up-yours." Years earlier Steen had been a Yippie activist with Stew Albert, as a reporter with the "Berkeley Tribe". This novel motion was adopted unanimously by the council, having a ripple effect across the country, with voters in Nevada approving this option in a change to state election laws in 1986.


title: Youth International Party

text: In 1976, national Yippies took a cue from Isla Vistans, backing Nobody for President, a campaign that took on a life of its own in the post-Watergate malaise of the mid-70s. The Yippie campaign slogan: "Nobody's perfect." (Meanwhile, in a strange twist of Yippie fate, Matthew Steen had become treasurer of a student-led campaign to elect Jerry Brown for president, competing against both "Nobody for President" and Jimmy Carter during the presidential primary campaign of that year.)


title: Youth International Party

text: From the experimental combination of Isla Vista local politics, presidential campaigns and the Yippies, the name and spirit of this unexpected ballot initiative spread quickly—in the form of None of the Above music festivals, radio and television shows, rock bands, T-shirts, buttons, (decades later) countless websites and other related social phenomena. The die-hard dedication to the 'option' of Nobody for President and None of the Above has not abated since the counter-cultural 70s, but has only grown, unexpectedly taking the Yippie legacy into a new century and succeeding generations.


title: Youth International Party

text: "An exegesis on women's liberation" by the Women's Caucus within the Youth International Party was included in the 1970 anthology "Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement", edited by Robin Morgan.


title: Youth International Party

text: In June 1971 Abbie Hoffman and Al Bell started the pioneer phreak magazine "The Youth International Party Line" ("YIPL"). Later, the name was changed to "TAP" for "Technological American Party" or "Technological Assistance Program."


title: Youth International Party

text: Milwaukee Yippies published "Street Sheet," the first of the anarchist zines later to become so popular in many cities. "The Open Road," an internationally known journal of the anti-authoritarian left, was founded by a core of Vancouver Yippies.


title: Youth International Party

text: The semi-official Yippie house organ, "The Yipster Times", was founded by Dana Beal in 1972 and published in New York City; the name was changed to "Overthrow" in 1979.


title: Youth International Party

text: The mercurial Yippie-turned-Zippie Tom Forcade founded the very-successful "High Times" magazine in 1974. So many writers for "Yipster Times" would go on to write for "High Times", it was often referred to as the farm team.


title: Youth International Party

text: The most famous writing to come out of the Yippie movement is Abbie Hoffman's "Steal This Book", which is considered to be a guidebook in causing general mischief and capturing the spirit of the Yippie movement. Hoffman is also the author of "Revolution for the Hell of It" which has been called the original Yippie book. This book claims that there were no actual yippies, and that the name was just a term used to create a myth.


title: Youth International Party

text: Jerry Rubin published his account of the Yippie movement in his book "Do IT!: Scenarios of Revolution."


title: Youth International Party

text: Books on Yippie by Yippies include "Woodstock Nation" and "Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture" (Abbie Hoffman), "We Are Everywhere" (Jerry Rubin), "Trashing" (Anita Hoffman), "Who the Hell is Stew Albert?" (Stew Albert), "Confessions of a Raving, Unconfined Nut" (Paul Krassner) and "Shards of God: A Novel of the Yippies" (Ed Sanders). Some other books about that era: "Woodstock Census: The Nationwide Survey of the Sixties Generation" (Deanne Stillman and Rex Weiner), "The Panama Hat Trail" (Tom Miller),"Can't Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age, 1945-2000" (Martin Torgoff), "Groove Tube: Sixties Television and the Youth Rebellion" (Aniko Bodroghkozy), and "The Ballad of Ken and Emily: or, Tales from the Counterculture" (Ken Wachsberger).


title: Youth International Party

text: "Buy This Book", written and illustrated by political cartoonist and post-'60s Yippie activist Pete Wagner, who distributed copies of the "Yipster Times" on the University of Minnesota campus in the mid-1970s, was promoted by Hoffman, who said the book "manages to reach to the limits of bad taste." "Buy This Too" recounts efforts by a guerrilla street theater gang named the "1985 Brain Trust" to "fight the New Right with Yippie-like myth-making tactics." The Brain Trust was inspired by a series of meetings and interviews between Wagner and Paul Krassner in Minneapolis during May 1981, as Krassner performed stand-up comedy at Dudley Riggs' Instant Theater Company.


title: Youth International Party

text: In 1983, a group of Yippies published "Blacklisted News: Secret Histories from Chicago '68, to 1984" (Bleecker Publishing), a large, 'phone-book sized anthology' (733 pages) of Yippie history, including journalistic accounts from both alternative and mainstream media, as well as many personal stories and essays. Includes countless photographs, old leaflets and posters, 'underground' comics, newspaper clippings, and various other historical ephemera. The editors (often doubling as authors) officially called themselves "The New Yippie Book Collective"; which included Steve Conliff (who wrote over half the volume), Dana Beal (head archivist), Grace Nichols, Daisy Deadhead, Ben Masel, Alice Torbush, Karen Wachsman, and Aron Kay. It is still in print.


title: Youth International Party

text: In 1989, Abbie Hoffman, who had been suffering intermittent bouts of depression, committed suicide with alcohol and about 150 phenobarbital pills. By contrast, Jerry Rubin became a fast-talking (and by all accounts, fairly successful) stockbroker and showed no regrets. In 1994 he was fatally injured by a car while jaywalking. By the age of 50, Rubin had broken with many of his previous countercultural views; he was interviewed by "The New York Times", which described him as a "yippie-turned-conspicuous-yuppie." In the interview, he stated that "Until me, nobody had really taken off their clothes and screamed out loud, 'It's O.K. to make money!'"


title: Youth International Party

text: In 2000, a Hollywood film based on the life of Abbie Hoffman, titled "Steal This Movie" (spoofing the title of his book, "Steal This Book"), was released to mixed reviews, with Vincent D'Onofrio in the title role. Noted film critic Roger Ebert gave the movie a positive review, remarking that although it is often difficult to credibly bring historic events to life, he believed the movie succeeded:


title: Youth International Party

text: The Yippies continued as a small movement into the early 2000s. The New York chapter was known for their annual marches for decades in New York City to legalize marijuana; NYC Yippie Dana Beal started the Global Marijuana March in 1999. Beal also continued to crusade for the use of Ibogaine to treat heroin addicts. Another Yippie, A.J. Weberman, continued the deconstruction of the poetry of Bob Dylan and speculation about tramps on the Grassy Knoll through various websites. Weberman has for a long time been active in the Jewish Defense Organization.


title: Youth International Party

text: Throughout this decade, NYC Yippies frequently joined in local anti-gentrification protests over the continuing transformation of New York's Lower East Side.


title: Youth International Party

text: In 2008, there was a very public feud between A.J. Weberman and fellow founding-Yippie, popular New York radio host Bob Fass of WBAI. Related incidents briefly brought the Yippies back into the media, particularly since they coincided with a new PBS movie about the Chicago riots that drew national attention. The film, which featured Hank Azaria as Abbie Hoffman and Mark Ruffalo as Jerry Rubin, attracted interest in the topic from a new generation.


title: Youth International Party

text: In 2004, the Yippies, along with the National AIDS Brigade, purchased the long-time Yippie "headquarters" (which had initially been acquired by squatting) at 9 Bleecker Street in New York City for $1.2 million. After official purchase, it was converted into the "Yippie Museum/Café and Gift Shop", housing a multitude of counter-cultural and leftist memorabilia from all over the world, as well as providing an independently operated café that featured live music on scheduled nights. The cafe closed in summer 2011 and reopened in December the same year with a renovated basement. The museum was chartered by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York.


title: Youth International Party

text: According to the original curator's message, the museum was founded "to preserve the history of the Youth International Party and all of its offshoots." The Board of Directors: Dana Beal, Aron Kay, David Peel, William Propp, Paul DeRienzo, and A. J. Weberman.


title: Youth International Party

text: George Martinez was a semi-frequent speaker at the Yippies' Open-Mic, known as "Occupational Hazards/The People's Soapbox."


title: Youth International Party

text: In Summer 2013, The Yippie Cafe officially closed. At the beginning of 2014, the Yippie building (Museum) at #9 Bleecker was sold, closed and permanently cleaned out; most of the memorabilia and historic materials dispersed among the remaining New York Yippies.


title: Youth International Party

text: As of 2017, the old Yippie building at #9 Bleecker had been totally transformed into a successful Bowery-area Boxing club called "Overthrow", deliberately and artfully retaining much of its original Yippie/60s-revolutionary decor. Tourists still drop by to see it.


title: Youth International Party

text: In 2020, Netflix released the film "The Trial of the Chicago 7", directed by Aaron Sorkin, which featured depictions of Yippie members Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin. The film received mostly positive reviews and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: Amoeba is a genus of single-celled amoeboids in the family Amoebidae. The type species of the genus is "Amoeba proteus", a common freshwater organism, widely studied in classrooms and laboratories.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: The earliest record of an organism resembling "Amoeba" was produced in 1755 by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof, who named his discovery ""der kleine Proteus"" ("the little Proteus"), after Proteus, the shape-shifting sea-god of Greek Mythology. While Rösel's illustrations show a creature similar in appearance to the one now known as "Amoeba proteus, "his "little Proteus<nowiki>"</nowiki> cannot be identified confidently with any modern species.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: The term "Proteus animalcule" remained in use throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, as an informal name for any large, free-living amoeboid.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: In 1758, apparently without seeing Rösel's "Proteus" for himself, Carl Linnaeus included the organism in his own system of classification, under the name "Volvox chaos". However, because the name "Volvox" had already been applied to a genus of flagellate algae, he later changed the name to "Chaos chaos". In 1786, the Danish Naturalist Otto Müller described and illustrated a species he called "Proteus diffluens", which was probably the organism known today as "Amoeba proteus."


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: The genus "Amiba, "from the Greek "amoibè ("ἀμοιβή), meaning "change", was erected in 1822 by Bory de Saint-Vincent. In, 1830. the German naturalist C. G. Ehrenberg adopted this genus in his own classification of microscopic creatures, but changed the spelling to ""Amoeba"."


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: Species of "Amoeba" move and feed by extending temporary structures called pseudopodia. These are formed by the coordinated action of microfilaments within the cellular cytoplasm pushing out the plasma membrane which surrounds the cell. In "Amoeba", the pseudopodia are approximately tubular, and rounded at the ends (lobose). The cell's overall shape may change rapidly as pseudopodia are extended and retracted into the cell body. An "Amoeba" may produce many pseudopodia at once, especially when freely floating. When crawling rapidly along a surface, the cell may take a roughly monopodial form, with a single dominant pseudopod deployed in the direction of movement.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: Historically, researchers have divided the cytoplasm into two parts, consisting of a granular inner endoplasm and an outer layer of clear ectoplasm, both enclosed within a flexible plasma membrane. The cell usually has a single granular nucleus, containing most of the organism's DNA . A contractile vacuole is used to maintain osmotic equilibrium by excreting excess water from the cell (see Osmoregulation).


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: An "Amoeba" obtains its food by phagocytosis, engulfing smaller organisms and particles of organic matter, or by pinocytosis, taking in dissolved nutrients through vesicles formed within the cell membrane. Food enveloped by the "Amoeba" is stored in digestive organelles called food vacuoles.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: "Amoeba", like other unicellular eukaryotic organisms, reproduces asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis. Sexual phenomena have not been directly observed in "Amoeba", although sexual exchange of genetic material is known to occur in other Amoebozoan groups. Most amoebozoans appear capable of performing syngamy, recombination and ploidy reduction through a standard meiotic process. The “asexual” model organism "Amoeba proteus" has most of the proteins associated with sexual processes. In cases where organisms are forcibly divided, the portion that retains the nucleus will often survive and form a new cell and cytoplasm, while the other portion dies.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: Like many other protists, species of "Amoeba" control osmotic pressures with the help of a membrane-bound organelle called the contractile vacuole. "Amoeba proteus" has one contractile vacuole which slowly fills with water from the cytoplasm (diastole), then, while fusing with the cell membrane, quickly contracts (systole), releasing water to the outside by exocytosis. This process regulates the amount of water present in the cytoplasm of the amoeba.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: Immediately after the contractile vacuole (CV) expels water, its membrane crumples. Soon afterwards, many small vacuoles or vesicles appear surrounding the membrane of the CV. It is suggested that these vesicles split from the CV membrane itself. The small vesicles gradually increase in size as they take in water and then they fuse with the CV, which grows in size as it fills with water. Therefore, the function of these numerous small vesicles is to collect excess cytoplasmic water and channel it to the central CV. The CV swells for a number of minutes and then contracts to expel the water outside. The cycle is then repeated again.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: The membranes of the small vesicles as well as the membrane of the CV have aquaporin proteins embedded in them. These transmembrane proteins facilitate water passage through the membranes. The presence of aquaporin proteins in both CV and the small vesicles suggests that water collection occurs both through the CV membrane itself as well as through the function of the vesicles. However, the vesicles, being more numerous and smaller, would allow a faster water uptake due to the larger total surface area provided by the vesicles.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: The small vesicles also have another protein embedded in their membrane: vacuolar-type H-ATPase or V-ATPase. This ATPase pumps H ions into the vesicle lumen, lowering its pH with respect to the cytosol. However, the pH of the CV in some amoebas is only mildly acidic, suggesting that the H ions are being removed from the CV or from the vesicles. It is thought that the electrochemical gradient generated by V-ATPase might be used for the transport of ions (it is presumed K and Cl) into the vesicles. This builds an osmotic gradient across the vesicle membrane, leading to influx of water from the cytosol into the vesicles by osmosis, which is facilitated by aquaporins.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: Since these vesicles fuse with the central contractile vacuole, which expels the water, ions end up being removed from the cell, which is not beneficial for a freshwater organism. The removal of ions with the water has to be compensated by some yet-unidentified mechanism.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: Like other eukaryotes, "Amoeba" species are adversely affected by excessive osmotic pressure caused by extremely saline or dilute water. In saline water, an "Amoeba" will prevent the influx of salt, resulting in a net loss of water as the cell becomes isotonic with the environment, causing the cell to shrink. Placed into fresh water, "Amoeba" will match the concentration of the surrounding water, causing the cell to swell. If the surrounding water is too dilute, the cell may burst.


title: Amoeba (genus)

text: In environments that are potentially lethal to the cell, an "Amoeba" may become dormant by forming itself into a ball and secreting a protective membrane to become a microbial cyst. The cell remains in this state until it encounters more favourable conditions. While in cyst form the amoeba will not replicate and may die if unable to emerge for a lengthy period of time.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: "Fever" is a song written by Eddie Cooley and Otis Blackwell, who used the pseudonym John Davenport. It was originally recorded by American R&B singer Little Willie John for his debut album, "Fever" (1956), and released as a single in April of the same year. The song topped the "Billboard" R&B Best Sellers in the US and peaked at number 24 on the "Billboard" pop chart. It was received positively by music critics and included on several lists of the best songs during the time it was released.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: It has been covered by numerous artists from various musical genres, most notably by Peggy Lee, whose 1958 rendition became the most widely known version of "Fever" and the singer's signature song. Lee's version contained rewritten lyrics different from the original and an altered music arrangement. It became a top-five hit on the music charts in the UK and Australia in addition to entering the top ten in the US and the Netherlands. "Fever" was nominated in three categories at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: Other notable cover versions of "Fever" include those by Elvis Presley, Boney M., Madonna, Christina Aguilera, Michael Bublé, The McCoys, La Lupe and Beyoncé. Madonna released it as a single from her fifth studio album, "Erotica" (1992), in March 1993 through Warner Bros. It topped the charts in Finland and the Hot Dance Club Songs in the US in addition to charting in the top 50 in many other countries. Madonna promoted "Fever" by filming and releasing a music video directed by Stéphane Sednaoui and performing the song on several television shows as well as her 1993 The Girlie Show World Tour. Various versions of "Fever" have been used in many films, plays and television shows.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: The idea for "Fever" was presented to Otis Blackwell by an old friend, Eddie Cooley, who in 1956 had a hit song called "Priscilla". Blackwell said: "Eddie Cooley was a friend of mine from New York and he called me up and said 'Man, I got an idea for a song called 'Fever', but I can't finish it.' I had to write it under another name because, at that time, I was still under contract to Joe Davis." John Davenport, the name he used, was the name of Blackwell's stepfather. Little Willie John reportedly disliked the song, but was persuaded to record it, on March 1, 1956, by King Records owner Syd Nathan and arranger and producer Henry Glover. It became the title track for his debut album, "Fever", released in 1956. "Fever" is a soul and rhythm and blues minor key opus with an arrangement consisting of low saxophones played by Ray Felder and Rufus "Nose" Gore and guitar by Bill Jennings. The vocal style of Willie John is similar to moaning and he is backed by finger snaps. Bill Dahl from the website AllMusic noted a contrast between the song's "ominous" arrangement and the vocals along with the finger snapping which "marginally lightened the mood".


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: "Fever" was released as a single in April 1956 and became a double-sided hit along with the top-ten R&B song "Letter from My Darling". "Fever" reached number one for three weeks on the "Billboard" R&B Best Sellers chart in the United States, peaking at the top on July 21, 1956. It also made the pop charts, peaking at number 24 on the "Billboard" Best Sellers in Stores. The single sold one million copies in the US. The song won the BMI Award for Best R&B song.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: The song was included in Robert Christgau's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in "" (1981). He later described it as a very "fervid" song. Bill Dahl from the website AllMusic credited "Fever" for winning the "boisterous teen an across-the-board audience" for Willie John. The writer further opined that the singer's "sweaty case of love-rooted 'Fever' was seemingly grave, judging from his riveting intensity, yet he doesn't sound like he minds at all". "NME" magazine listed "Fever" as the 96th best song of the 1950s. In his "The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made" list published in 1989, critic Dave Marsh ranked "Fever" at the position of 109. The song was included on the greatest hits albums "Fever: The Best of Little Willie John" (1993) and "The Very Best of Little Willie John" (2001).


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: In May 1958, Peggy Lee recorded a cover version of "Fever" in Hollywood, which featured significantly rewritten lyrics composed by Lee herself without credit. The song was not included on Lee's album, "Things Are Swingin'", when it was first released in 1959; however it was listed as a bonus track on its 2004 reissue release. The uncopyrighted lyrics by Lee featured historical invocations (including the verses beginning "Romeo loved Juliet," and "Captain Smith and Pocahontas") and are now generally thought of as a standard part of the song; they have been included in most subsequent covers of "Fever".


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: Lee's cover, arranged by the singer herself with arranger/conductor Jack Marshall, was a slower-tempo version than the original; it was described as being in "torchy lounge" mode, accompanied only by bass (played by Joe Mondragon) and a very limited drum set (played in part with fingers by Shelly Manne), while the finger snaps were provided either by the singer herself, by Howard Roberts, the guitarist for the date, who set aside his guitar for this number, or possibly even by the producer, Dave Cavanaugh. Lee's rendition was further described as "smooth, sultry". It is written in the key of A Minor in a medium swing tempo with 135 beats per minute; Lee's vocals span from the musical note of G to B.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: A writer of the website NPR deemed "Fever" as Lee's "most memorable tune" and considered it to be "slinky and inimitable". He went on to note that it displayed characteristics which were most remembered about the singer – "her playful delivery, charisma and sexuality". John Bush from the website AllMusic opined that the singer excelled in sounding "sizzling" in the song. John Fordham writing for "The Guardian" felt that the "heated" atmosphere heard on Lee's version of "Fever", "has an underlying suggestion that the person raising the temperature for her right now doesn't have to be the one doing it next week".


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: Lee's version peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US and spent a total of 12 weeks on that chart. It reached a peak of number five on the UK Singles Chart, where it first appeared on August 15, 1958. A reissue of the single charted again in 1992, appearing at number 75 and staying for only one week. Elsewhere in Europe, Lee's "Fever" peaked at number eight on January 3, 1959, on the Dutch Singles Chart in Netherlands for five consecutive weeks before falling off the chart. The song also peaked at number two on the Australian Singles Chart compiled by Kent Music Report and emerged as the twentieth best-selling single of 1958 in that country.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: "Fever" was nominated in the categories for Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Female Vocal Performance at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards held in 1959. The track became Lee's signature song and her best-known work in addition to becoming her most successful hit. It was ranked at number 100 in the book and the accompanying list "1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die" by Robert Dimery. Joey Cohn ranked it as the tenth-best jazz vocal in a list of 50 Great Jazz Vocals on NPR.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: In 1992, American singer and songwriter Madonna recorded a cover version of "Fever" for her fifth studio album, "Erotica" (1992). She served as a producer for the song along with Shep Pettibone. Madonna was in the studio putting down tracks for the album and had just recorded a song called "Goodbye to Innocence". She was going through the final stages of production on the song and suddenly started singing the lyrics to "Fever" over "Goodbye to Innocence". Madonna liked the way it sounded so much that she recorded it. In September 2008, Madonna's version of "Fever" was used in television promos for the fifth season of "Desperate Housewives".


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: According to author Rikky Rooksby, Madonna changed the composition of the original version by adding drum rhythms, accompanied by a beatbox sound like snare drums. Removing the chord progression of the original, Madonna introduces original lyrics into the song. Instrumentation of the track includes strings, marimba and finger-pops at various intervals throughout. Rooksby noticed that Madonna sang with a distant and disembodied voice, and relegated it to the dance music accompanying the lyrics.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: "The Baltimore Sun" J. D. Considine praised the song as a "sassy, house-style remake" of the original version. He noted that when Madonna and the team of producers that worked on the album "push beyond the expected... [it] really heats up, providing a sound that is body-conscious in the best sense of the term", exemplifying his statements with "Fever". A writer from "Billboard" called the song a "house-inflected rendition" and noted it was single-worthy. In August 2018, "Billboard" picked it as the singer's 66th greatest single; "while most versions of this classic smolder, Madonna gets distant and detached, delivering an icy club banger that sounds less like a torch song from yesteryear and more like a soundtrack for anonymous encounters that would make Ms. Lee blush". Hunter Hauk from the "Dallas Observer" deemed it "subtly soulful and custom made for Madonna's pre-vocal-lesson voice". David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" criticized Madonna's voice as "souless", "You and Shep sure do a bang-up job — pun intended — transforming 'Fever,' that old Peggy Lee hit, into a techno drone, but listen to the parched sound emitted from your throat on such tracks. It's cold, deadened, remote." Jude Rogers from "The Guardian" called it an "unnecessary trance-era update of pop’s most achingly simple song about sex"; nonetheless, she placed the song at number 72 on her ranking of Madonna's singles, in honor of her 60th birthday.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: Music writer James Masterton stated in his weekly UK chart commentary, that "her crown is intact." Alan Jones from "Music Week" rated it four out of five, picking it as Pick of the Week. He added that "this is fairly tame in original album edit, but packs more punch and dancefloor possibilities in selection of Pettihone/Falcon/Gaeten mixes, and should maintain her now record sequence of consecutive Top 10 hits." "The New York Times" editor Stephen Holden wrote that "the album's softer moments include a silky hip-hop arrangement of 'Fever'". Author Rikky Rooksby, described it as "unsexy", and called it a "sterile track" which is "certainly misplaced as the second track of ["Erotica"]". "Slant Magazine" Sal Cinquemani opined that it's "Madonna’s vocal performance that’s the real star here [...] she may lack Peggy Lee’s command, but she exudes a detached confidence and control that is the pitch-perfect embodiment of "Erotica"s main thesis: love hurts". Alfred Soto of "Stylus Magazine" wrote that this song has its unique, idiosyncratic energy which he compared with material by Joni Mitchell from her album "Blue" (1971). "The Washington Post"s Richard Harrington deemed it a "cool mechanical recitation in which more attention is paid to the pulse of the music than that of the heart."


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: Although "Fever" was never officially released as a single in the United States, it became a dance hit, becoming Madonna's 15th song to hit number one on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play. It topped the chart for the issue dated May 15, 1993, in its seventh week of ascending. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at its peak position of number six on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated April 3, 1993, and had sold 86,077 copies by August 2008. It peaked at number one on the Finnish Singles Chart on April 15, 1993. In Ireland it entered the top ten of the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at the position of six and charting for four weeks. Elsewhere, it peaked at numbers 12 in Italy, 17 in New Zealand, 22 on the Ultratop chart of the Flanders region in Belgium, 31 in France and 51 in Australia.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: The music video for "Fever", directed by Stéphane Sednaoui, was shot on April 10–11, 1993 at Greenwich Studios in Miami, Florida, and received its world premiere on May 11, 1993, on MTV. It has since been made commercially available on the DVD collection, "". The music video alternately features Madonna with a red wig and silver bodypaint in a variety of costumes dancing in front of funky, kaleidoscopic backgrounds. It showcases her posing like ancient goddesses. She is enveloped in a flame-like atmosphere and eventually burns up. According to Sednaoui, he wanted to portray the singer "like a provocative saint, somebody that speaks out and tells the truth, and is ready to burn for it"; he also recalled that the executives from Maverick wanted to do "something that's not the [Madonna] we know – more pop, more disco, more club [...] that's why she went all the way, like, 'OK, let's paint'". Charles Aaron writing for "Spin" magazine classified the clip as "dub". The music video for "Fever" was later published on Madonna's official YouTube channel in February 2018. It was digitally remastered on November 22, 2022. It had amassed almost 2,5 million views as of November 2022.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: To start the promotion for "Erotica", Madonna performed "Fever" and "Bad Girl" on "Saturday Night Live" in January 1993. During the 1000th "The Arsenio Hall Show", Madonna performed the original version of "Fever" accompanied by a band, wearing a black classic dress and smoking a cigarette. Madonna also performed "Fever" on the 1993 Girlie Show World Tour as the second song from the setlist. After "Erotica", the singer partially strips and proceeds to straddle and dances suggestively with two half-naked male dancers. At the end of the song, Madonna and the two backup dancers descend into a literal ring of fire. On October 8, 2015, Madonna performed an a cappella version of "Fever" during the Saint Paul stop of her Rebel Heart Tour. On November 25, 2019, Madonna performed an a cappella version of "Fever" on her Madame X Tour.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: American singer Beyoncé included her version of "Fever" on multiple releases. Her original recording of the song was included on the soundtrack album for the 2003 American musical dramedy film, "The Fighting Temptations", in which she also had a leading role. The song was also featured in the film itself, during a scene in which the character Beyoncé portrayed, named Lilly, sang the song in a nightclub while her eventual love interest Darrin (played by Cuba Gooding, Jr.) watches her. Beyoncé's version was produced by Damon Elliott and was recorded by her while she was still working on the 2002 film "Austin Powers in Goldmember". Elliott suggested to the singer to record "Fever" as it was one of his favorite songs. When she got a role in "The Fighting Temptations", the song seemed "perfect" for it as stated by Elliot. Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine provided a positive review for the cover, saying: "The seductive iciness of Peggy Lee's 'Fever' is successfully transplanted with a gumbo sound and sexy Southern comfort."


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: Beyoncé appeared on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on September 17, 2003, to promote "The Fighting Temptations" with a live performance of "Fever". In November 2003, the song was included in the set list of the singer's first headlining solo Dangerously in Love Tour. Beyoncé was backed by four male dancers dressed in white, performing a choreography with her. In a review of the show, Dave Simpson from "The Guardian" felt that the performance of "Fever" was "a note perfect if pointless version" of the original. In 2004, the song was included on the live album "Live at Wembley" which was filmed during a London concert as part of the tour. Beyoncé's original recording was additionally included on the track-listing of her first mixtape "Speak My Mind" released in 2005.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: After releasing her first fragrance Heat, Beyoncé re-recorded her version of "Fever" as promotion for the fragrance, using the song in its advertisements. The re-recorded 2010 version of the song was produced by Chink Santana and Beyoncé herself. It was released for digital download on the iTunes Store in the US on February 8, 2010. The next day, it was released in the United Kingdom. In February the following year, "Fever" was included on the track-listing of the extended play (EP) "", a limited CD released with the perfume.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: As promotion for the fragrance, a TV commercial for Heat was directed by Jake Nava, who had previously worked with Beyoncé on various of her music videos. The commercial features Beyoncé in a red satin dress sweating in a steamy room while the 2010 cover version of "Fever" plays in the background. Throughout the clip, she is seen lying naked in the middle of a room, touching her body, dancing and leaving a trail of fire as she touches a wall. The commercial concludes with Beyoncé walking away from the camera and melting the floor with her footprints. During the end, she turns and says "Catch the fever", the tagline of the fragrance.


title: Fever (Little Willie John song)

text: In an interview with "Women's Wear Daily", the singer described the sexual tone of the video stating: "My sexiest moments are when I'm just getting out of the tub or the shower and I'm clean, so I wanted to incorporate that in the ads. The dress was this liquid-y satin. The song Fever I did years ago and always loved it. [For the commercial] I got to sing it a bit more whispery, more natural." The silky red dress she wears in the video has been noted for exposing partial cleavage. The commercial for the fragrance found controversy in the United Kingdom with the Advertising Standards Authority where it was banned from daytime TV rotation for its "sexy imagery".


title: Sudo

text: sudo ( or ) is a program for Unix-like computer operating systems that enables users to run programs with the security privileges of another user, by default the superuser. It originally stood for "superuser do", as that was all it did, and it is its most common usage; however, the official Sudo project page lists it as "su 'do'". The current Linux manual pages for su define it as "substitute user", making the correct meaning of sudo "substitute user, do", because sudo can run a command as other users as well.


title: Sudo

text: Unlike the similar command "su", users must, by default, supply their own password for authentication, rather than the password of the target user. After authentication, and if the configuration file (typically codice_1) permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command. The configuration file offers detailed access permissions, including enabling commands only from the invoking terminal; requiring a password per user or group; requiring re-entry of a password every time or never requiring a password at all for a particular command line. It can also be configured to permit passing arguments or multiple commands.


title: Sudo

text: Robert Coggeshall and Cliff Spencer wrote the original subsystem around 1980 at the Department of Computer Science at SUNY/Buffalo. Robert Coggeshall brought sudo with him to the University of Colorado Boulder. Between 1986 and 1993, the code and features were substantially modified by the IT staff of the University of Colorado Boulder Computer Science Department and the College of Engineering and Applied Science, including Todd C. Miller. The current version has been publicly maintained by OpenBSD developer Todd C. Miller since 1994, and has been distributed under an ISC-style license since 1999.


title: Sudo

text: In November 2009 Thomas Claburn, in response to concerns that Microsoft had patented sudo, characterized such suspicions as overblown. The claims were narrowly framed to a particular GUI, rather than to the sudo concept.


title: Sudo

text: Unlike the command "su", users supply their personal password to sudo (if necessary) rather than that of the superuser or other account. This allows authorized users to exercise altered privileges without compromising the secrecy of the other account's password. After authentication, and if the configuration file permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command. "sudo" retains the user's invocation rights through a grace period (typically 5 minutes) per pseudo terminal, allowing the user to execute several successive commands as the requested user without having to provide a password again.


title: Sudo

text: As a security and auditing feature, sudo may be configured to log each command run. When a user attempts to invoke sudo without being listed in the configuration file, an exception indication is presented to the user indicating that the attempt has been recorded. The root user will be alerted via mail and an entry is recorded in the system.


title: Sudo

text: The codice_1 file contains a list of users or user groups with permission to execute a subset of commands while having the privileges of the root user or another specified user. The program may be configured to require a password.


title: Sudo

text: In some system distributions, sudo has largely supplanted the default use of a distinct superuser login for administrative tasks, most notably in some Linux distributions as well as Apple's macOS. This allows for more secure logging of admin commands and prevents some exploits.


title: Sudo

text: In association with SELinux, sudo can be used to transition between roles in role-based access control (RBAC).


title: Sudo

text: "visudo" is a command-line utility that allows editing the sudo configuration file in a fail-safe manner. It prevents multiple simultaneous edits with locks and performs sanity and syntax checks.


title: Sudo

text: Sudoedit is a program that symlinks to the sudo binary. When sudo is run via its sudoedit alias, sudo behaves as if the -e flag has been passed and allows users to edit files that require additional privileges to write to.


title: Sudo

text: The program runas provides similar functionality in Microsoft Windows, but it cannot pass current directories, environment variables or long command lines to the child. And while it supports running the child as another user, it does not support simple elevation. A true "su" and "sudo" for Windows that can pass all of that state information and start the child either elevated or as another user (or both) is included with Hamilton C shell.


title: Sudo

text: Graphical user interfaces exist for sudo – notably "gksudo" – but are deprecated in Debian and no longer included in Ubuntu. Other user interfaces are not directly built on sudo, but provide similar temporary privilege elevation for administrative purposes, such as pkexec in Unix-like operating systems, User Account Control in Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X Authorization Services.


title: Sudo

text: doas, available since OpenBSD 5.8 (October 2015), has been written in order to replace "sudo" in the OpenBSD base system, with the latter still being made available as a port.


title: David Newman (composer)

text: David Louis Newman (born March 11, 1954) is an American composer and conductor known particularly for his film scores. In a career spanning more than thirty years, he has composed music for nearly 100 feature films, as well as the 1997 and 1998 versions of the 20th Century Studios fanfare. He received an Academy Award nomination for writing the score to the 1997 film "Anastasia", contributing to the Newmans being the most nominated Academy Award extended family, with a collective 92 nominations in various music categories.


title: David Newman (composer)

text: Newman was born on March 11, 1954, in Los Angeles, California, the son of Mississippi-born Martha Louis (née Montgomery) and Hollywood composer Alfred Newman. His paternal grandparents were Russian Jewish immigrants. He is the older brother of Thomas Newman, Maria Newman and the cousin of Randy Newman, all of whom are also composers. He is also the nephew of composers Lionel Newman and Emil Newman, and first cousin, once removed, of musician Joey Newman. An accomplished violinist, and successful concert conductor, Newman was educated at the University of Southern California. From late 70s till early 80s he played violin on most of John Williams' L.A. scoring sessions, and credits him for learning much about film-music composition.


title: David Newman (composer)

text: His first film work was on Tim Burton's short film "Frankenweenie" in 1984. In 1987, he scored Danny DeVito's "Throw Momma from the Train". This was his first collaboration with DeVito, and he went on to score nearly all of his subsequent films, including "The War of the Roses" (1989), "Other People's Money" (1991), "Hoffa" (1992), "Matilda" (1996) and "Death to Smoochy" (2002). Newman has also scored the comedies "The Flintstones" (1994), "The Mighty Ducks" (1992), "The Nutty Professor" (1996), Paradise (1991), and "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" (1989).


title: David Newman (composer)

text: Newman's credits during the early years of his career were mostly scoring B-movies such as "The Kindred" (1987) and "The Runestone" (1990) before he gradually transitioned to score mostly comedy films during his prime such as "Bowfinger" (1999), "The Freshman" (1990), and "The Spy Next Door" (2010). His score for "The Spirit" (2008) was a tribute to Mancini's 1950s and 60s neo-noir scores such as "Touch of Evil" (1958) or "Experiment in Terror" (1962).


title: David Newman (composer)

text: He received an Academy Award nomination for the score to the animated Don Bluth film "Anastasia" (1997), following his father, who scored the 1956 live-action version. However, he lost to Anne Dudley for "The Full Monty". His other scores include "Critters", "The Phantom", "The Brave Little Toaster", "Malone", "Ice Age", "102 Dalmatians" and "Serenity", among others.


title: David Newman (composer)

text: In 1997, Newman began a four-year stint as the music director for the Sundance Institute, and he has conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestra on several occasions. That year, he also re-recorded the 20th Century Studios Fanfare that was originally composed by his father Alfred, to coincident with the re-opening of the Newman Scoring Stage at the Fox Studios Lot in LA, which debuted in the aforementioned "Anastasia" and is still being used permanently, using the 1998 version.


title: David Newman (composer)

text: On May 21, 2009, Newman was honored with the Richard Kirk award at the annual BMI Film & Television Awards. The prestigious award is given annually to a composer who has made significant contributions to film and television music.


title: David Newman (composer)

text: Since 2012, Newman has conducted the RSO Vienna orchestra at the annual film music gala concert Hollywood in Vienna which is broadcast on radio and TV.


title: Mehr Jesia

text: Jesia was born into a Parsi family on 30 November 1968. She completed her schooling in J B Vaccha High School for Parsi Girls, Dadar,Mumbai. She grew up in Dadar Parsi Colony in Mumbai. 111


title: Mehr Jesia

text: Jesia started her career in 1980s, and won the Femina Miss India title in 1986. Soon she became a part of the first generation of Indian supermodels like Madhu Sapre, Feroze Gujral, Shyamolie Verma and Anna Bredmeyer.


title: Mehr Jesia

text: Jesia and Arjun Rampal produced the film "I See You" (2006) through their production company Chasing Ganesha. The film starred Rampal, Vipasha Agarwal, Sonali Kulkarni and Boman Irani.


title: Mehr Jesia

text: She has always shown great interest in sports, and was known to enjoy swimming, badminton, and other sports before she became a model.


title: Mehr Jesia

text: She married former model and Bollywood actor Arjun Rampal in 1998. They have two daughters. On 28 May 2018 the couple announced separation in a joint statement after 20 years of marriage.


title: Tamla Kari

text: Tamla Kari Cummins (born 27 July 1988), known as Tamla Kari, is an English actress. She is best known for her role as Constance Bonacieux in the BBC television series "The Musketeers", and Lucy in "The Inbetweeners Movie" and "The Inbetweeners 2".


title: Tamla Kari

text: During the second term of her final year at Drama Centre London, Kari won the role of Lucy in "The Inbetweeners Movie". She has since had various roles in a number of plays. She also appeared in the fourth series of the BBC Three supernatural drama series "Being Human" and the second series of "Silk". She formerly appeared in the BBC Three sitcom "Cuckoo", which premiered on 25 September 2012, as well as in "The Musketeers", in which she portrayed Constance Bonacieux. In 2013, she played Danielle in the ITV comedy "The Job Lot". In 2014, she reprised the role of Lucy in "The Inbetweeners 2". In 2020, Kari began appearing in "The First Team" as Olivia, a comedy series created by the same team as "The Inbetweeners". In 2021, Kari narrated for the 7th series of 999: On the frontline.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The Chevrolet Traverse is a full-size crossover SUV with three-row seating built by General Motors. It is built on the same platform as the GMC Acadia and Buick Enclave, known as the Lambda platform for first generation, and the C1XX for second generation. It also shares the C1XX platform with the Cadillac XT6. It is the successor to the TrailBlazer body-on-frame SUV and Uplander minivan.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The second generation model debuted in showrooms in the summer of 2017. Starting with the 2019 model year, the Traverse was slotted above the new mid-size Chevrolet Blazer as part of Chevrolet's plans to expand its SUV lineup.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The Traverse name was originally used for a concept car at the 2003 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, but that concept gave way when the Equinox launched for the 2005 model year.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The Chevrolet Traverse features the LLT engine, a DOHC V6 with VVT and direct injection. The other Lambda-based vehicles also have this powertrain in the 2009 model year. A 6-speed automatic transmission gives power to the front or all wheels. The Traverse delivers with the torque at 266 lb·ft. in the LS and LT models. The LTZ model, with dual exhaust, delivers and the torque comes in at 270 lb·ft. The Traverse received a 2.0-liter 4-cylinder turbo engine for the 2018 model year (RPO code LTG), available only on the RS trim level. The 2.0L 4-cylinder Turbo engine was short-lived, with Chevrolet discontinuing the engine for the Traverse in April 2019. 2018 also saw an updated 3.6-liter V6 engine (RPO code LFY). The updated 3.6-liter engine features increased power, and engine start-stop technology. Starting for the 2018 model year, A 9-speed 9T65 transmission was used across all trim levels and engine options.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The Traverse was part of a product placement by GM in the NBC drama "My Own Worst Enemy", along with the new Chevrolet Camaro; the show was cancelled in mid-November 2008. The vehicle also appears on the remake of "Hawaii Five-0" and "The Mentalist".


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The Traverse is also used in the Minnie Van Service in conjunction with Lyft at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: Gothic black colors of the Chevrolet Traverse are commonly used by federal agencies, such as Secret Service.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The 2009 Chevrolet Traverse debuted at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show and the Traverse had arrived at every Chevrolet dealer in October 2008. The first Traverse was built at GM's Spring Hill, Tennessee, assembly plant during 2009, until its production was moved to GM's Delta Township, Michigan assembly plant in 2010.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The production Traverse's design was inspired by the 2005 Chevrolet Sequel concept, and has a chevron-shaped grille similar to the 2008 Chevrolet Malibu. The Traverse has unique sheet metal different from the other Lambda crossovers, with the exception of the doors.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: On the LT models, the early 2010 update removed the "TRAVERSE" badges on the front doors. Beginning on late 2010 models, the GM logos were removed from the vehicle's front doors.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: A facelift of the Chevrolet Traverse was unveiled at the 2012 New York International Auto Show. The 2013 Traverse receives a new grille and front fascia, a redesigned rear liftgate, and reworked Camaro-inspired tail lights, and the transmission has been reworked for improved shift quality and timing. Pictures were released by GM on March 28, 2012. Chevrolet's new color touchscreen and MyLink radios are standard, as well as wood interior trim. Both cloth and leather seating surfaces will be available, depending on the model. Cloth is standard on the LS and 1LT models, and leather is standard on the LTZ. Both are available on the 2LT model. Some new wheels will be available, and models will continue to be offered in both front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive versions, ranging from the base LS to the top-of-the-line LTZ. A Bose audio system will be standard on 2LT and LTZ models.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: While there were no cosmetic changes made for the 2014 model year, Chevrolet did add new features to the Traverse: Forward Collision Alert and Lane Departure Warning. Also, the audio system feature was updated, with a dual charge USB port now located at the rear of the center console.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: No cosmetic changes. Only two new features, a revised 18-inch wheel appearance and Siri Eyes Free, were added. Siren Red Tintcoat, Sable Metallic, and Blue Velvet Metallic became available as exterior colors, while Ebony/Saddle Up became available as an interior color option.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The 2016 Traverse received minor changes. The trim level were reduced to LS, LT1, LT2, and LTZ. New features include OnStar 4G LTE connectivity with Wi-Fi hotspot, Iridescent Pearl and Mosaic Black Metallic as color palettes, Leather and Driver Confidence Packages for the LT trims, and 20-inch aluminum wheel designs, painted and machined finishes.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: For the 2017 model year, the Traverse LTZ trim is renamed to Premier. However, most of the features from the 2016 model year Traverse had been carried over to the 2017 Traverse models.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: On January 23, 2017, General Motors unveiled the second generation Traverse at the 2017 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Introduced as a 2018 model, it went on sale in July 2017. While Chevrolet is making the vehicle available in North America, plans include expanding the Traverse to the Middle East, and selected South American countries. The Traverse was launched to the Russian market in 2018, and was sold in South Korea in the second half of 2019, where it is touted as a "Super SUV" and its largest Crossover SUV in that region.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The updated Traverse adopted a more truck-like design, similar to the Tahoe, while taking some cues from the now mid-size Acadia, with the Chevrolet front grille design. It is similar in dimension to the first generation model, adding an extra 2.0 inches of wheelbase and 0.7 inch more overall length, and it loses to come in at a weight of . It remains an 8-seat (or 7-seat optional) passenger vehicle.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: There are 5 trim levels available for the 2nd generation Traverse: L, LS, LT, Premier, and High Country (see below for trim level content). All the trim levels are available in either Front Wheel Drive (FWD) or All Wheel Drive (AWD) drive type configurations except for the L trim level which is only available in FWD and the High Country trim level which is only available in AWD. In an addition, there are 2 types of AWD system available for this generation of Traverse: the standard AWD system that allows user to disconnect the prop-shaft until rear traction is needed and the twin-clutch Twinster version (available only with High Country trim) with two rear clutches to more directly apply torque to the rear wheel that needs it most, both are developed by GKN Driveline.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: At the introductory period, a 310-horsepower 3.6L V6 gasoline engine was one of two engine options available, mated to a nine-speed automatic transmission with either Front Wheel Drive or All Wheel Drive. a 2.0L Turbocharged Inline 4 was the other available engine, but that could only be optioned in RS Front Wheel Drive models from 2017-2019.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The new Traverse gained some new technology, some of which is currently available on other models such as the Chevrolet Equinox, Chevrolet Tahoe, and Chevrolet Suburban. Some of this technology included: a hands-free power tailgate, the latest-generation Chevrolet MyLink infotainment systems with standard Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, a power-folding 60/40 split third-row rear bench seat, and standard keyless access with push-button start.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The second-generation Chevrolet Traverse is offered in several different trim levels (all of which are available in front-wheel drive (FWD) or all-wheel drive (AWD), except for the base L, which is only available with FWD, and the top-of-the-line High Country, which is only available with AWD), and each offering their own distinct level of standard equipment:


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: L: The L is the least expensive trim level of the Traverse. It offers the following standard equipment: a 3.6L V6 gasoline engine with Stop-Start Technology, a nine-speed automatic transmission, a dual-outlet exhaust system, Traction Mode Select, StabiliTrak Electronic Stability and Traction Control System, dual frontal and front and rear SRS side-impact airbags, tire pressure monitoring system with Tire Fill Alert, OnStar, LATCH system for rear child safety seats, Teen Driver Technology, a rear vision camera, LED daytime running lamps, High-Intensity Discharge (HID) headlamps, black power-adjustable and manually-folding exterior side view mirrors, exterior color-keyed door handles, a seven-inch Chevrolet MyLink infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Bluetooth with streaming audio, steering wheel-mounted audio system controls, six standard USB ports, a driver information center with a 3.5-inch monochrome display screen, a digital compass, keyless access with push-button start, a tri-zone automatic climate control system, interior lighting with theater dimming, premium cloth seating surfaces, eight-passenger seating, and ten standard cup holders.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: LS: The LS is the second least expensive trim level of the Traverse. It adds deep-tinted glass and optional AWD to the base L.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: LT Cloth: The LT Cloth adds comfort and convenience features to the LS, such as: eighteen-inch Bright Silver-finished aluminum-alloy wheels, exterior color-keyed heated, power-adjustable, and manually-folding exterior side view mirrors, front fog lamps, roof rails, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, seven-passenger seating with second-row rear captain's chairs, an eight-way, power-adjustable front driver's bucket seat with power lumbar support, a three-spoke, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and power windows with front driver's express up/down and front passenger's express up functionality.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: LT Leather: The LT Leather adds luxury features to the LT Cloth, such as: Surround Vision with Bird's-Eye View, side blind zone and rear cross-traffic alert, rear park assist, twenty-inch machined aluminum-alloy wheels, an eight-inch Chevrolet MyLink infotainment system with GPS navigation, Apple CarPlay, and Android Auto, a ten-speaker Bose premium audio system, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, an enhanced driver information center with a 4.2-inch color display, a six-way, power-adjustable front passenger's bucket seat with power lumbar support, heated dual front bucket seats, a 120-volt AC rear power outlet, and HomeLink.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: Premier: The Premier is the "luxury" model of the Traverse, and adds the following features to the LT Leather: a dual-outlet exhaust system with rectangular exhaust tips, LED "D-Optic" projector-beam front headlamps, exterior color-keyed, power-adjustable, heated manually-folding exterior side view mirrors, exterior color-keyed body side molding with chrome inserts, chrome exterior door handles, twenty-inch Argent Metallic-finished aluminum-alloy wheels, a hands-free power tailgate with Chevrolet emblem projection, a driver's memory system, a power tilt-and-telescopic steering column, a heated leather-wrapped steering wheel, perforated leather-trimmed seating surfaces with heated and ventilated dual front bucket seats, heated second-row rear captain's chairs, and wireless charging for compatible devices.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: High Country: The High Country is the top-of-the-line Traverse trim level, and adds the following features to the Premier: standard All Wheel Drive, a tow package, IntelliBeam automatic front high beam assist, forward collision warning and lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control with autonomous emergency braking, twenty-inch polished aluminum-alloy wheels, a SkyScape panoramic moonroof, and a power-folding third-row 60/40 split rear bench seat.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: RS: Based on the LT trim with leather seating adds black bowties, Black Ice grille and foglamp bezel, 20 inch Dark Android-painted aluminum wheels, Gloss Black window trims, and Black roof rails. The RS also has a turbocharged four-cylinder engine instead of the 3.6L V6 gasoline engine vs other trim levels. Beginning mid-way through the 2019 model year, the 3.6L V6 gasoline engine will be standard on all trim levels as the turbocharged four-cylinder engine (exclusive to the RS trim level) will be discontinued.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: Redline Edition: Available on the Premier, the Redline Edition adds Driver Confidence II package, dual SkyScape panoramic moonroof, black-chromed mirrorcaps and door handles, 20 inch gloss black wheels with red stripes, black bowties with red and black badging, Black Ice grille and foglamp bezel, gloss black window trim, black roof rails, smoked dark tailamps, and black-painted lower moldings with black ice inserts.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: For 2019 model year, the Blackout Package was added as an available option on LS, LT, and Premier trim levels. The 2.0L I4 turbo engine (exclusive to the RS trim level) was discontinued for the 2020 model year (starting midway through the 2019 model year). Also, the MyLink system was replaced by the Infotainment 3 system and a buckle-to-drive feature was added to the Teen Driver system. For the 2021 model year, the optional rear seat infotainment (which was available on LT, RS, Premier, Redline Edition, and High Country trim levels) was discontinued on the Traverse.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: Originally planned for the 2021 model year, Chevrolet gave the Traverse a refreshed look for 2022, adopting a grille similar to the redesigned Suburban/Tahoe vehicles, and featuring thin LED headlights and taillights, plus new daytime running lights with integrated LED turn signals. Also new are interior seating options, wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, and a new available eight-inch infotainment display. Several safety features are now standard: Automatic Emergency Braking, Front Pedestrian Braking, Forward Collision Alert, Lane Keep Assist with Lane Departure Warning, IntelliBeam auto high beams, and a Following Distance Indicator. Advanced Adaptive Cruise Control is added to the 3LT, RS and Premier trims, while GM's Safety Alert Seat is now standard on Premier and High Country models. These changes were based on feedback from consumers.


title: Chevrolet Traverse

text: The updated Traverse was to go on sale in late 2020, but was delayed due to production issues caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. It went on sale in late 2021 as a 2022 model instead. The 2022 Traverse retained the 3.6-liter V6 gasoline engine with the 9-speed automatic transmission.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Thomas James Hockenson (born July 3, 1997) is an American football tight end for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted in the first round (eighth selection overall) of the 2019 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions. He played college football at Iowa. As a redshirt sophomore in 2018, he was awarded the John Mackey Award as the nation's top tight end in college football.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Hockenson grew up in Cherokee, Iowa, moving back to Chariton, Iowa in his teenage years where he attended Chariton High School and played football and basketball. He was a four-year letter winner as a tight end and defensive back, and set school records for receiving yards in a game, season, and career. He led his team to the state playoffs as a senior and was named all-state first team that year. Hockenson was rated as a three-star recruit and the seventh-highest rated recruit in the state of Iowa in the class of 2016 by the 247Sports.com Composite, which aggregates the ratings of the major football recruiting services. He committed to the Iowa Hawkeyes on June 20, 2015.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Hockenson redshirted his true freshman year in 2016. He was one of two tight ends in the starting lineup in Iowa's 2017 opener against Wyoming, along with Noah Fant. He recorded his first career receptions the next week against Iowa State, finishing with two catches for 41 yards in the game. He had his best game of the year in Iowa's upset victory over then-No. 3 Ohio State, where he led the team with five receptions for 71 yards and two touchdowns. Hockenson ultimately finished fifth on the team on the year with 24 receptions for 320 yards and three receiving touchdowns.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Hockenson was listed on the preseason watch list for the John Mackey Award going into the 2018 season, as was teammate Noah Fant. In an early season loss to rival Wisconsin, Hockenson set a career high with 125 receiving yards, including a 46-yard connection from quarterback Nate Stanley. He again eclipsed the 100-yard mark in an October 13 game against Indiana, where he recorded four receptions for 107 yards and two touchdowns. He ultimately finished the season with 46 receptions for 717 yards and six receiving touchdowns, leading the Hawkeyes in the first two categories and finishing one receiving touchdown behind Fant for the team lead. He was named first-team All-Big Ten at tight end by the media voters, and second-team behind Fant by the coaches. He also won the Big Ten's tight end of the year award, the Kwalick–Clark Award. Hockenson was awarded the John Mackey Award, honoring him as the top tight end in college football in 2018. He is the second Hawkeye to receive the award, after Dallas Clark in 2002, and the first sophomore.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: On January 14, 2019, Hockenson announced via Twitter that he would be leaving school early to declare for the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Hockenson was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the first round as the eighth overall pick in the 2019 NFL Draft. On May 9, 2019, Hockenson signed a four-year deal with the Lions worth $19.8 million.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Hockenson played his first regular season game on September 8, 2019 against the Arizona Cardinals. He finished the game with six receptions for 131 receiving yards and a touchdown as the game ended in a 27–27 tie. Hockenson's 131 yards were the most in a debut for a tight end in NFL history. In Week 4 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Hockenson caught three passes for 27 yards and a touchdown before exiting the game with a concussion. Without Hockenson, the Lions lost 34–30. He was placed on injured reserve on December 2, 2019. He finished the season with 32 receptions for 367 yards and two touchdowns.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Hockenson was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Lions on July 29, 2020, and was activated 10 days later.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Hockenson made his return from injury in Week 1 against the Chicago Bears. During the game, Hockenson caught five passes for 56 yards and his first receiving touchdown of the season as the Lions lost 27–23. On October 25, in a Week 7 matchup against the Atlanta Falcons, Hockenson caught the game-winning touchdown pass from Matthew Stafford as time expired, giving the Lions their third victory of the season. On December 21, 2020, he was named to the 2021 Pro Bowl.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: Hockenson entered the 2021 season as the Lions starting tight end. He was placed on injured reserve on December 17, 2021 after undergoing thumb surgery. He finished the season with 61 catches for 583 yards and four touchdowns through 12 games.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: The Detroit Lions picked up the fifth-year option on Hockenson's contract on April 26, 2022. In the Week 4 game against the Seattle Seahawks, Hockenson set the all-time Lions record for receiving yards in a game by a tight end, gaining 179 yards on eight receptions in the 48-45 loss. This broke the record of 161 yards set by Jim Gibbons on December 13, 1964.


title: T. J. Hockenson

text: On November 1, 2022, the Lions traded Hockenson along with a 2023 fourth-round draft pick and a conditional 2024 fourth-round draft pick to the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for a 2023 second-round pick and a 2024 third-round draft pick.


title: Miser

text: A miser is a person who is reluctant to spend, sometimes to the point of forgoing even basic comforts and some necessities, in order to hoard money or other possessions. Although the word is sometimes used loosely to characterise anyone who is mean with their money, if such behaviour is not accompanied by taking delight in what is saved, it is not properly miserly.


title: Miser

text: Misers as a type have been a perennial object of popular fascination and a fruitful source for writers and artists in many cultures.


title: Miser

text: One attempt to account for miserly behaviour was Sigmund Freud's theory of anal retentiveness, attributing the development of miserly behaviour to toilet training in childhood, although this explanation is not accepted by modern evidence-based psychology.


title: Miser

text: In the Christian West the attitude to those whose interest centred on gathering money has been coloured by the teachings of the Church. From its point of view, both the miser and the usurer were guilty of the cardinal sin of avarice and shared behaviours. According to the parable of the Elm and the Vine in the quasi-Biblical Shepherd of Hermas, the rich and the poor should be in a relationship of mutual support. Those with wealth are in need of the prayers of the poor for their salvation and can only earn them by acts of charity. A typical late example of Christian doctrine on the subject is the Reverend Erskine Neale's "The Riches that Bring No Sorrow" (1852), a moralising work based on a succession of biographies contrasting philanthropists and misers.


title: Miser

text: Running parallel has been a disposition, inherited from Classical times, to class miserly behaviour as a type of eccentricity. Accounts of misers were included in such 19th century works as G. H. Wilson's four-volume compendium of short biographies, "The Eccentric Mirror" (1807). Such books were put to comic use by Charles Dickens in "Our Mutual Friend" (serialised 1864/5), with its cutting analysis of Victorian capitalism. In the third section of that novel, Mr Boffin decides to cure his ward Bella Wilfer of her obsession with wealth and position by appearing to become a miser. Taking her with him on a round of the bookshops,


title: Miser

text: In the following chapter, Mr Boffin brings a coachload of the books to his premises and readers are introduced to a selection of typical titles and to the names of several of the misers treated in them. Among the books appear James Caulfield's "Portraits, Memoirs, and Characters of Remarkable Persons" (1794-5); "Kirby's Wonderful Museum of Remarkable Characters" (1803);


title: Miser

text: Henry Wilson's "Wonderful Characters" (1821); and F. Somner Merryweather's "Lives and Anecdotes of Misers or The Passion of Avarice displayed in the parsimonious habits, unaccountable lives and remarkable deaths of the most notorious misers of all ages" (1850).


title: Miser

text: The majority of the misers are 18th century characters, with John Elwes and Daniel Dancer at their head. The first account of Elwes' life was Edward Topham's "The Life of the Late John Elwes: Esquire" (1790), which was initially published in his paper "The World". The popularity of such accounts is attested by the seven editions printed in the book's first year and the many later reprintings under various titles. Biographies of Dancer followed soon after, at first in periodicals such as the "Edinburgh Magazine" and the


title: Miser

text: "Sporting Magazine", then in the compendiums "Biographical Curiosities" (which also included Elwes) and "The Strange and Unaccountable Life of Daniel Dancer, Esq. ... with singular anecdotes of the famous Jemmy Taylor, the Southwark usurer" (1797), which was often to be reissued under various titles.


title: Miser

text: Jemmy Taylor's name also appears in the list of notable misers that Mr Boffin enumerates. He is coupled with the banker Jemmy Wood of Gloucester, a more recent miser about whom Dickens later wrote an article in his magazine All The Year Round. Others include John Little (who appears in Merryweather), Reverend Mr Jones of Blewbury (also in Merryweather) and Dick Jarrel, whose surname was really Jarrett and an account of whom appeared in the Annual Register for 1806. The many volumes of this publication also figured among Mr Boffin's purchases.


title: Miser

text: Two more of the misers mentioned made their way into other literary works. John Hopkins, known as Vulture Hopkins, was the subject of a scornful couplet in the third of Alexander Pope's Moral Essays, "Of the Use of Riches":


title: Miser

text: John Overs, with a slight change to his name, became the subject of a three-act drama by Douglas William Jerrold, "John Overy or The Miser of Southwark Ferry" (1828), roughly based on an incident when he feigned death to save expenses and was killed by accident.


title: Miser

text: Another public source of information about misers, in Scotland at least, was the prose broadside. One example concerns Isobel Frazer or Frizzle, who died in Stirling on 26 May 1820. Much of the broadside is taken up with detailing the contents of her three rooms, into which she had let no one enter. Not more than £8 in currency was discovered there, but she had bought and hoarded many articles of dress over the years, although rarely wearing them. She had also carefully picked up every pin that fell in her way, till she nearly filled one hundred pincushions. In addition to much other bric-a-brac, there were a great number of buttons, which had been cut off old coats. This makes her sound more like a compulsive hoarder than the "Female Miser" that she is called in the report. The title was more deserved by Joseph MacWilliam, who was found dead of a fire on 13 June 1826. A servant whose home was a damp Edinburgh cellar without either bed, chair or table, his colleagues and neighbours claimed to have seen him in the same threadbare clothes for 15 years. After his death, property to the value of more than £3,000 was found in the cellar, some in the form of property deeds, and more in bank receipts.


title: Miser

text: Later in the 19th century there were small regional publications dealing with single individuals of local interest. Examples of such works include Frances Blair's 32-page "Memoir of Margery Jackson, the Carlisle miser and misanthrope" (Carlisle 1847) and in the United States the 46-page "Lochy Ostrom, the maiden miser of Poughkeepsie; or the love of a long lifetime. An authentic biography of Rachel Ostrom who recently died in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., aged ninety years, apparently very poor, but really wealthy" (Philadelphia 1870).


title: Miser

text: One trait of misers arising out of the accounts about them was their readiness to incur legal expenses where money was involved. Daniel Dancer was notorious for spending five shillings in an unsuccessful effort to recover three pence from a shop woman. He was also involved in a lawsuit with his equally miserly brothers when his sister died intestate, although this time he was more successful. In the same century, Margery Jackson was involved in an epic Chancery suit between 1776–91 over a family inheritance. The American Hetty Green, who despite being a multimillionaire had also a reputation as a miser, involved herself in a six-year lawsuit to obtain her aunt's fortune, only to have it proved against her that she had forged the will. More modern times yield the Chinese example of an 80-year-old affronted by being called a miser in a poem by his son-in-law. Blaming his hospitalization with Parkinson's disease three years later on this, he sued his daughter for medical fees and 'spiritual compensation'.


title: Miser

text: There were two famous references to misers in ancient Greek sources. One was Aesop's fable of "The Miser and his Gold" which he had buried and came back to view every day. When his treasure was eventually stolen and he was lamenting his loss, he was consoled by a neighbour that he might as well bury a stone (or return to look at the hole) and it would serve the same purpose. The other was a two-line epigram in the Greek Anthology, once ascribed to Plato. In this a man, intending to hang himself, discovered hidden gold and left the rope behind him; on returning, the man who had hidden the gold hanged himself with the noose he found in its place. Both these stories were alluded to or retold in the following centuries, the most famous versions appearing in La Fontaine's Fables as "L'avare qui a perdu son trésor" (IV.20) and "Le trésor et les deux hommes" (IX.15) respectively. Yet another of La Fontaine's fables was the late addition, ""The miser and the monkey" (XII.3), used as a cautionary tale for financiers. Here a man keeps his hoard in a sea-encircled tower until a pet monkey amuses itself one day in throwing the coins out of the window.


title: Miser

text: In Asia misers were the butt of humorous folklore. One very early cautionary tale is the "Illisa Jataka" from the Buddhist scriptures. This includes two stories, in the first of which a rich miser is miraculously converted to generosity by a disciple of the Buddha; following this, the Buddha tells another story of a miser whose wealth is given away when the king of the gods impersonates him, and when he tries to intervene is threatened with what will happen if he does not change his ways. Two 16th century stories concerning misers are included among the witticisms attributed to Birbal during Mughal times. In one he extracts from a casuistical miser a fee for a poem written in his praise. In the other the miser is forced to reward a merchant who rescued his hoard from a fire with the whole of it. Arabs similarly made extensive use of misers in their literature. The most famous being the 600 page collection of anecdotes called "Kitab Al Bukhala" or Book of Misers by Al-Jāḥiẓ. He lived in 800 CE during the Abbasid Caliphate in Basra, making this the earliest and largest known work on the subject in Arabic literature.