title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: The next song on the album's track list, "You're So Cold," was originally intended to be the lead single from "Emotions", eventually being switched for the title track. The song's introduction features a piano and a capella vocal, working into its chorus. Chris Nickson wrote "The song sailed into the chorus, driven by the house-y piano work, the bubbly, snacking rhythm belying the angry lyrics, the upbeat tone of voice." As Nickson hinted at, its lyrics featured an angry message, calling out an unfaithful lover and asking how he could be "So Cold." "So Blessed" was a song Carey wrote with Afanasieff, infusing fifties style pop balladry into it. Carey's voice in the song is very restrained, as she stays within her lower registers throughout the duration of the track. "To Be Around You" was described by Nickson as "far more staccato." Its production and melody was intended to pay tribute to "Got to Be Real" by Cheryl Lynn, as well as featuring spoken voices towards the end of the song. Nickson described "Till the End of Time" as a "gentle, almost lullaby melody." It was a love ballad, preparing the listener for the song's final track, "The Wind." The latter song featured the album's strongest jazz influence, and sampled a piano melody from Russell Freeman during the 1950s. After Afanasieff presented Carey with the melody he had discovered, it inspired her to write the melody and lyrics, which told of a friend that perished in a drunk-driving accident. Musically, the album fulfilled its greatest challenge, according to critics. It had helped master Carey's usage and infusion of several genres which she had not tapped into during the recording of her debut.


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: As with "Mariah Carey" the previous year, Carey did not embark on a tour to promote the album, due to the long travel times and strenuous schedules on her voice. However, while not touring the world, Carey promoted "Emotions" through an array of television and award show appearances, stateside and across Europe. Carey performed "Emotions" live for the first time at the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards, backed by several male and female back up vocalists. Following the award show appearance, she sang "Emotions" on both "The Arsenio Hall Show" and "Soul Train". In the United Kingdom, Carey performed the song on British music program and talk shows "Top of the Pops", "Wogan" and "Des O'Connor Tonight". Additional European stops included "Sondagstoppet" in Sweden during mid-September 1991. All of the above-mentioned performances included "Can't Let Go" as a secondary performance in the night. "Can't Let Go" was sung on additional programs such as "Saturday Night Live", a pre-filmed studio clip on "The Today Show". While the album's final single "Make It Happen" was released only months after "Emotions" release, the song was not performed during the album's original chart run, however, its first live performance of the song was an acoustic version on the television show "MTV Unplugged" in 1992, which was later released on her EP of the same name (1992). On February 26, 1992, Carey performed "If It's Over" at the 34th annual Grammy Award, with a full orchestra and several back up singers. "If It's Over" was also performed on "Saturday Night Live" and "The Oprah Winfrey Show".


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: Three commercial singles were released from "Emotions". The album's lead single of the same name became Carey's fifth chart topper in the United States, making her the only act in history to have their first five singles reach the charts summit in the country. Additionally, "Emotions" topped the charts in Canada, reached the top five in Greece and New Zealand, and peaked within the top-twenty in Australia, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The song garnered positive critical response, with Bill Lamb from About.com rating it "among her best." Steve Morse from "The Boston Globe" called Carey's high registers in the song a "feeling of pure joy," whereas Jan DeKnock from the "Chicago Tribune" described Carey's voice as "breathtaking." The song's music video features different scenes of Carey singing and enjoying herself throughout a car ride by the countryside, as well as a small celebration with several dancers.


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: The album's second release, "Can't Let Go," reached the number two position on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, failing to top the chart due to Columbia's retraction of the single to boost sales of the album. Aside from Canada, where it attained a peak of number three, "Can't Let Go" performed weakly across continental Europe, reaching the top twenty in only the UK. The song's corresponding video was filmed in black and white, and featured Carey's hair in a straightened style for the first time in her career. The video predominantly features close-up scenes of Carey by a small outdoor fountain, as well as blooming white roses. "Make It Happen" was released as the third and final single from "Emotions" on April 4, 1992. It peaked at number five in the United States, and as "Can't Let Go," charted weakly throughout Europe, coming in at number seven in Canada, number 17 in the UK, and numbers 35 and 47 in Australia and the Netherlands, respectively. The song was praised by critics; Morse called it "a clear slice of spiritual autobiography," and called the last chorus "glorious." Similarly, DeKnock called the song "upbeat and inspirational." The video filmed for "Make It Happen" featured Carey performing in front of an audience in a large cathedral-like church, alongside back-up singers and child dancers. These three singles have been involved in plagiarism controversies and each disputes has been settled out of court.


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: In a contemporary review, "Rolling Stone" critic Rob Tannenbaum found "Emotions" dependent on "commercial dance-pop" and Carey's indulgent vocal exercises, making it difficult for listeners to connect with the lyrics. "Carey has a remarkable vocal gift, but to date, unfortunately, her singing has been far more impressive than expressive," Tannenbaum wrote. Dennis Hunt from the "Los Angeles Times" said Carey's "spectacular and impressive" voice was comparable to that of Whitney Houston, but criticized the songwriting and production for "playing high on the angst scale." In "The New York Times", Stephen Holden believed the record showcased Carey's vocal strengths more effectively than her debut, but showed no improvement in writing lyrics, which Holden said "describe the rapturous highs and desperate lows of romance in blunt, strung-together pop clichés, with minimal rhyming." Arion Berger from "Entertainment Weekly" found the record "colder and more calculated" than Carey's debut, describing "Emotions" as "the hybrid progeny of a venerable tradition — the tradition of the R&B diva — and crass commercial instincts. It's gospel without soul, love songs without passion, pop without buoyancy." "Orlando Sentinel" editor Parry Gettelman was also critical of Carey's vocal acrobatics, writing that the singer had become "so enamored of the ultra-high-frequency part of her range that I'm starting to suspect she may be an intergalactic spy trying to re- establish communications with the far-off Planet of Dogs." Steve Morse from "The Boston Globe" was more enthusiastic in his review, deeming "Emotions" "a quantum leap in maturity and confidence" from her first album. He called the lyrics "remarkable," the ballads "unspeakably beautiful," and Carey's vocal and songwriting ability "unlimited."


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: In a retrospective review, "Q" hailed "Emotions" as "a technically perfect example of mainstream R&B," boasting Carey's shapely vocals and "the customary elegance of a multi-million dollar production." AllMusic editor Ashley S. Battel called the record a "musical journey" and "strong follow-up" to Carey's first album that successfully replicated its predecessor's formula of "dance/R&B/ballads." Battel named "Emotions" and "Make It Happen" as the album's highlights. "The Harvard Crimson" writer Sarrah Bushara noted that, "The counterpoint between the funk aesthetics of the bass and synthesizer and the classic R&B ethos of the piano and percussion is certainly attractive and masterful in its own compositional right". She added that,


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: "The pyrotechnics of her virtuosic vocals are balanced by more conservative elements in her songwriting. As radical as her vocal range is, all of the songs on this album seem to be grounded by a musical grammar of the old guard — of gospel, soul, R&B, and, in the evenness and control of her technique, even classical". Bushara also agreed that "Not every song in the album was a hit — none as much as the eponymous first track — but Carey, to be sure, shines on each one".


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: Throughout 1992, Carey, the album and its accompanying singles received recognition by the music industry in the form of several awards. At the 19th annual American Music Awards, Carey took home the award for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist. At the 3rd annual Billboard Music Awards, Carey took home two trophies for the album and "Emotions," Top Female Album Artist and Top Female Single. Additionally, Carey was nominated for two Grammy Award at the 34th annual ceremony, for Producer of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, losing in both categories. All three of the album's singles were awarded BMI Pop Awards in 1993.


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: "Emotions" debuted at number four on the US "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 129,000 units, surprising critics following the success of "Mariah Carey" (1990). In total, the album spent 27 weeks in the top twenty and a total of 54 weeks on the albums chart. Though it was her second consecutive top-ten album in the US, it became Carey's lowest-peaking album there until "Glitter" (2001). "Emotions" was certified 4× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of four million copies within the United States. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album's stateside sales are estimated at 3,595,000. In Canada, "Emotions" debuted at number fourteen, on the Canadian "RPM" Albums Chart issue dated October 5, 1991. Four weeks later, on the issue date November 2, 1991, the album reached its peak position of number six, staying there for one week. At the end of the year, "Emotions" finished number 35 on the Year-End Albums Chart of 1991. To date, the album has been certified 4× Platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA), denoting shipments of 400,000 units.


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: In the United Kingdom, on the UK Albums Chart issue dated October 26, 1991, "Emotions" debuted at number ten, becoming Carey's second top-ten album in the country. In its seventeenth week, the album attained its peak position of number four, placing higher than Carey's debut reach of six. After charting in the United Kingdom for forty weeks, the album was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting shipments of 300,000 units. In the Netherlands, the album made its debut on the charts at number 44. The following week, it moved up to number 21. On its third week, the album reached its peak at number nine, becoming Carey's second album to reach the top-ten in the Netherlands. In total, "Emotions" spent 35 weeks within the Dutch charts, being certified Platinum by the Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers (NVPI), denoting shipments of 100,000 units. In France, though the album failed to chart there, "Emotions" received a gold certification from the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP), denoting shipments of 100,000 units. In Sweden, "Emotions" debuted at number 26 on the Swedish Albums Chart, peaking at number thirteen and spending a total of five weeks fluctuating in the chart. Following its exit from the chart, the album was certified Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), denoting shipments of 100,000 units. On October 13, 1991, "Emotions" debuted at number sixteen on the Swiss Albums Chart, attaining its peak position of fifteen the succeeding week. Following a run of nine weeks in the albums chart, the album was certified gold by the IFPI, denoting shipments of 50,000 units throughout the country. Elsewhere in Europe, the album reached the top-twenty in Finland; the top-forty in Austria and Spain; and the top-fifty in Germany.


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: In Australia, the album debuted at number 96 on the ARIA Albums Chart during the week ending October 6, 1991, attaining its peak position of number eight four weeks later. The album spent thirty weeks in the top 100, being certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). During the week of October 17, 1991, "Emotions" debuted at its peak position of number six, spending a total of sixteen weeks on the New Zealand Albums Chart. The Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) certified the album Platinum, denoting shipments of 15,000 units within the country.


title: Emotions (Mariah Carey album)

text: In Japan, "Emotions" debuted at number three on the official Oricon chart, eventually becoming Carey's first top-ten album in the country. According to Sony Music, has shipped 1,000,000 copies throughout the country.


title: Bruce Payne

text: Bruce Martyn Payne (born 22 November 1958) is an English actor, producer, screenwriter, film director and theatre director. Payne is best known for portraying villains, such as Charles Rane in "Passenger 57", Jacob Kell in "", and Damodar in "Dungeons & Dragons" and "".


title: Bruce Payne

text: Payne trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London and was identified, in the late 1980s, with the "Brit Pack" of rising young British actors.


title: Bruce Payne

text: Payne developed an interest for acting at an early age. In an interview with "Impact" (magazine) in 2001, Payne claimed that a crocodile from the play "Peter Pan" shouted that it would eat his brother and then proceeded to run upstage.


title: Bruce Payne

text: At the age of 14, he was diagnosed with a slight form of spina bifida, which by age 16 required surgery to rectify. Payne was hospitalised for 6 months following the operation.


title: Bruce Payne

text: Payne continued school studies, despite a contact with a talent scout during that time. After his graduation, he enrolled in the National Youth Theatre for two seasons. Payne has described this experience as "Four hundred kids thrown together to work on 7 plays." In addition, he was occupied with the Edinburgh Festival Fringe for one season. He then auditioned for several fringe acting companies, but was told he was too young and lacked experience. However, in 1979, he was admitted to the "prestigious" RADA acting programme. Before being accepted at RADA, Payne worked as a joiner, a salesman, and a landscape gardener. Payne graduated from RADA in 1981 with seven major prizes for acting, comedy and physical presence.


title: Bruce Payne

text: Payne was part of a 'new wave' of actors to emerge from the academy. Others included Jonathan Pryce, Juliet Stevenson, Alan Rickman, Anton Lesser, Kenneth Branagh, and Fiona Shaw. In 1980 the Principal of RADA, Hugh Cruttwell, selected a scene from an adaptation of William Shakespeare's "Macbeth", which Payne co-wrote with Paul McGann, to be performed in front of Queen Elizabeth II, in one of her rare visits to the academy. Payne directed the scene in which he and McGann acted. Payne played Macbeth and wielded a baseball bat on stage instead of a sword. Kenneth Branagh performed a soliloquy from "Hamlet" at the same event.


title: Bruce Payne

text: Payne's first television role was in the "Tales Out of School" series. Payne played an abusive PE teacher who "comes across as more head bully than responsible adult during his classes". His first major film role came in "Privates on Parade" in which he played the singing and dancing Flight Sergeant Kevin Cartwright (which role he had already played in the stage version).


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1983, he appeared in Michael Mann's horror film "The Keep" as an unnamed border guard. That same year, Steven Berkoff cast him in his production of "West" at the Donmar Warehouse. Payne played Les, a member of an East End London gang intent on gaining revenge against the rival Hoxton Mob for the slaying of one of their number. Richard Corliss of "TIME" stated that Payne bestowed "a frighteningly dynamic performance" in the play.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1985, Payne was cast as a "committed", "butch snooker manager" known as "The One" (also known as "T.O.") in director Alan Clarke's snooker musical "Billy the Kid and the Green Baize Vampire". Michael Brooke stated that Payne gave the "stand-out performance" in the film. and "MS London" stated that Payne 'is a charismatic presence, with a capable voice, who is perfectly cast as The One'.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1986, both Payne and Berkoff appeared in Julien Temple's musical "Absolute Beginners" . Payne played a psychotic "pompous and pathetic racist" named Flikker, who participated in the 1958 Notting Hill race riots. One reviewer argued that Payne was "the only actor to walk off "Absolute Beginners" with his reputation not only intact but enhanced" and that his portrayal of Flikker "was a headbutt of reality in a fantasmagoria of overkill." One critic stated that Payne gave a "meaty, saving-grace performance" in the film. The film journalist and editor, Ann Lloyd, selected Payne as the most promising newcomer of 1987 for his role in the film. In the same year Payne appeared in the film "Solarbabies", along with fellow British performer Alexei Sayle, as filthy bounty hunters named Dogger and Malice. Payne said of his and Sayle's performances in "Vogue" that "the old image of an English arch-villain – Boris Karloff, that sort of thing" is turned "upside down. We're just a couple of soaks".


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1988, Payne appeared as Eddy in the Steven Berkoff-directed play, "Greek" (a retelling of Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex"), at the Wyndham's Theatre. Martin Hoyle, writing for "The Independent", stated that Payne's "Eddy is vital, intelligent and physically disciplined in the best Berkoff style". Charles Osbourne, writing for "The Daily Telegraph", stated that Payne brought "a cheerful zest to the role of Eddy".


title: Bruce Payne

text: A reviewer for "The Listener" stated that Payne "impresses throughout" the play. Another reviewer stated that "Payne gives a powerful performance as Eddy, the crusader out to defeat the horror of society" only "to find that he is part of the horror".


title: Bruce Payne

text: Payne and other young British actors who were becoming established film actors, such as Tim Roth, Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, and Paul McGann, were dubbed the "Brit Pack". Payne's performances endeared him to Warner Bros., who considered "Bruce Payne as Bruce Wayne" on their "one liner" press marketing PR campaign for the first of Tim Burton's "Batman" films. Ultimately, Michael Keaton got the role. Payne has commented, "Warner were fascinated by the similarity" between his name and that of Bruce Wayne. Payne has said that "they drew up a very short shortlist and there I was on it. Obviously, I lost out in the end to Michael Keaton".<ref name="http://www.agwlbp.com/sunday.html"></ref>


title: Bruce Payne

text: That same year Payne appeared as Doctor Burton in the dramatic film "Silence Like Glass". The film was nominated for Outstanding Feature Film at the German Film Awards.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1990 Payne appeared in the music video for Neil Young's song "Over and Over", directed by Julien Temple, as a Stanley Kowalski-esque character.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1991, Payne was cast as the Devil in "Switch". Payne was described as a "delightfully wicked Satan" by "Film Review". "The Providence Journal" described him as a "slick devil".


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1992, Payne was cast in his best-known role, opposite Wesley Snipes, as a "notorious terrorist and hijacker", with a steely, demonic nerve, named Charles Rane, in "Passenger 57". Marcus Trower of "Empire" stated that Payne was "a brilliantly disconcerting madman. With his flowing blond Jesus locks, armour-piercing stare and casual sadism, he makes Hannibal Lecter look like a social worker – and like Anthony Hopkins' serial killer, part of the man's menace is in the apparent contradiction between his articulate, well-spoken English and his off-hand brutality." The "Radio Times" stated that Payne and Snipes both gave "charismatic turns" in the film. "The New York Times" stated that Payne brought a 'tongue-in-cheek humor to the psychopathic fiend'. A reviewer for "People" magazine stated that "Bruce Payne steals the plane—and the movie". In an article for the "Waterloo Region Record", Jamie Portman described Payne as a "suave and cultivated English actor" playing "a suave and cultivated killer named Charles Rane" and suggested that a "key reason director Kevin Hooks chose him for the role was that he wanted a villain with as much magnetism as the hero". Payne was described as "icily perfect as the villainous Rane" in the Worcester "Telegram & Gazette". Julius Marshall stated that Payne was "ideal for his role: charming, dangerous – the kind of evil genius you love to hate". The "Star Tribune" stated that 'Bruce Payne makes a splendid psychopath, consistently stealing scenes from the likes of Wesley Snipes and Elizabeth Hurley throughout "Passenger 57"'.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1993, Payne played a "charismatic" werewolf named Adam Garou in "Full Eclipse". Joseph Savitski, who reviewed the film for Beyond Hollywood, stated, "Payne is masterful as Detective Garou, a seductive and evil villain with arrogance and confidence to spare. When he's on screen, Payne demands the attention of the audience, and you're hard pressed to resist his performance. Payne is also the perfect adversary, the kind you're supposed to hate, but who has the charisma to draw you in nonetheless".


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1995, Payne played a "rogue FBI agent" named Karl Savak in director Kurt Wimmer's "One Tough Bastard". One reviewer described Savak as one of the most 'entertaining movie villains in low budget action flick history' and noted that 'so awesome is Karl Savak that some lunatic has created a Facebook page in his honor'. Another reviewer stated that 'Bruce Payne, with his Whitesnake hair and nose ring is slimeball perfection as the villain'.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 1998, he played Jurgen, a first-class and charismatic operative in season two of "La Femme Nikita".


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2000, Payne portrayed the villain Jacob Kell in "" (2000), the third sequel to the original "Highlander" film. One reviewer said of "Highlander: Endgame", "the one in the cast that seems to be having the most fun is Bruce Payne. Traditionally, "Highlander" villains give performances that go completely over-the-top and well into the stratosphere. Payne contrarily gives a performance where he enunciates every syllable with relish and dramatic weight, resulting in a performance that is entirely captivating whenever he is on screen."


title: Bruce Payne

text: Salon.com's reviewer wrote that "[Payne] playing Kell as a cockney thug with triple crucifixes embedded in the heels of his Doc Martens, Payne is more fun than either of the stars". A reviewer for "Trash City" stated that ""Endgame" is pretty good, largely thanks to Bruce Payne's efforts as the bad guy, who is right up there with Clancy Brown's original decapitator", the Kurgan. Marke Andrews, writing for "The Vancouver Sun", stated that Payne provided the "focal point" in the film and that he dived "into his role with gusto". Andrews also stated that Payne's 'facial expressions rival Jim Carrey's in "The Mask"'. Cherriece Wright, who reviewed the film for "The Dispatch", stated that it contained "brilliant performances by Christopher Lambert and Bruce Payne". Wright stated that Payne "delivers a great performance as Jacob Kell blending smoothly the malicious vindictiveness of the embittered immortal with a sarcastic wit that provides needed humor".


title: Bruce Payne

text: In the same year, Payne played Damodar in "Dungeons & Dragons", henchman of the malevolent Profion (played by Jeremy Irons). Although the film was critically panned, Payne's performance was reviewed favourably. One reviewer said that "Bruce Payne (Damodar) as Profion's nefarious assistant in his power-hungry schemes was the stand-out performance of all the actors in the film. Payne has a true lock on how to play a character that is menacing even without any show of power. His portrayal of Damodar calls to mind Doug Bradley's portrayal of Pinhead in the "Hellraiser" films, so coldly, coolly arrogant and confident is his character. Above and beyond the grade I give to this film, Payne has earned himself an A+ in my gradebook." Another reviewer stated that Payne's performance proved that he is "one of Hollywood's more reliable villains".


title: Bruce Payne

text: Branden Chowen, who reviewed the film for "Indie Pulse", stated that "the standout in the film is the man who returns for the sequel: Bruce Payne. His character is written to be one-note throughout, but Payne still manages to create an excellent villain. Once the audience gets past his blue lipstick, which is no small feat, Payne is a formidable and passionate force". "The Charlotte Observer" stated that "menacing Bruce Payne gives the film's one potent performance". Abbie Bernstein for "Audio Video Revolution" declared that Payne was "enjoyably evil as the secondary baddie in charge of capturing the rebels"


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2004, Payne appeared as the "snarling" Neighbour, who "dabbles" in producing kinky virtual games in the dystopian horror mystery "Paranoia 1.0". The film was nominated in the best film category at the Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival and at the Sundance Film Festival, and won the best film award at the Malaga International Week of Fantastic Cinema. John Fallon stated that as the Neighbour, Payne "laid on the charisma and the macho-ness thick".


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2005, Payne returned to the role of Damodar in "". Payne was the only member of the original cast in the sequel.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2006, he helped to launch the National Youth Theatre's 50th-anniversary programme along with Sir Ian McKellen, Timothy Spall, Diana Quick, Paula Wilcox, Jonathan Wrather, newsreader Krishnan Guru-Murthy, and "Little Britain"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Matt Lucas and David Walliams.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2011, Payne appeared in the horror film "Prowl" as a "blatantly untrustworthy" "hillbilly truck driver" named Bernard in the film. Matt Withers, who reviewed the film for JoBlo.com, stated that "Bruce Payne shows up as a trucker in a throwaway role that he makes anything but". Payne also appeared in "Carmen's Kiss" (an adaptation of the Georges Bizet opera "Carmen").


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2012, Payne voiced a demon in the found-footage horror film "Greystone Park" (also known as "The Asylum Tapes").


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2013, Payne appeared in the Warner Bros. action film "Getaway". Payne also appeared in the action film "Vendetta" as a sinister Whitehall Mandarin named Mr. Rooker. One reviewer of the film gave it eight out of ten and stated that Payne 'nearly steals the movie with a plum role as the icy head of British black ops'. In addition, Payne portrayed Auschwitz camp Commandant Rudolf Hoess, in a 'superciliously evil' manner, in the French film "Victor Young Perez", which concerns the life of the Tunisian Jew flyweight boxer Victor Perez.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2018 Payne appeared in the Anthology film "London Unplugged", which premiered at the East End Film Festival.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2019 Payne was nominated in the category of Best Actor in a Feature Film, at the FANtastic Horror Film Festival in San Diego, for his performance as Jacob in the horror film "Acid Pit Stop".


title: Bruce Payne

text: Payne played the main antagonist in "" (which he also produced and acted as assistant director for), which was released in 2020 in Italy.


title: Bruce Payne

text: In 2021 Payne gave a 'brief but stunning turn as Damien, the arch bad guy' in British gangster thriller "Nemesis". Carl Marsh stated that one scene in the film with Payne's character (Damien Osborne) and Billy Murray's character (John Morgan) reminded him 'of Robert De Niro and Al Pacino meeting' in the Michael Mann film "Heat" and 'was masterful'. Chris Gelderd stated that 'Payne is the perfect intimidating big-boss going up against Murray's cool and care-free kingpin'.


title: Bruce Payne

text: Payne has been cast as Frank Warren in "Michael-The Michael Watson Story", a biopic of boxer Michael Watson. He is also cast in sequel of the Finnish superhero film, "".


title: Technical writing

text: Technical writing is writing or drafting technical communication used in technical and occupational fields, such as computer hardware and software, architecture, engineering, chemistry, aeronautics, robotics, finance, medical, consumer electronics, biotechnology, and forestry. Technical writing encompasses the largest sub-field in technical communication.


title: Technical writing

text: The Society for Technical Communication defines technical communication as any form of communication that exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: "(1) communicating about technical or specialized topics, such as computer applications, medical procedures, or environmental regulations; (2) communicating by using technology, such as web pages, help files, or social media sites; or (3) providing instructions about how to do something, regardless of how technical the task is".


title: Technical writing

text: Technical writing is performed by a technical writer (or technical author) and is the process of writing and sharing technical information in a professional setting. A technical writer's primary task is to communicate technical information to another person or party in the clearest and most effective manner possible. The information that technical writers communicate is often complex, so strong writing and communication skills are essential. Technical writers not only convey information through text, but they must be proficient with computers as well. Technical writers use a wide range of programs to create and edit illustrations, diagramming programs to create visual aids, and document processors to design, create, and format documents.


title: Technical writing

text: While technical writing is commonly associated with online help and user manuals, the term technical documentation can cover a wider range of genres and technologies. Press releases, memos, reports, business proposals, datasheets, product descriptions and specifications, white papers, résumés, and job applications are but a few examples of writing that can be considered technical documentation. Some types of technical documentation are not typically handled by technical writers. For example, a press release is usually written by a public relations writer, though a technical writer might have input on any technical information included in the press release.


title: Technical writing

text: While technical writing has only been recognized as a profession since World War II, its roots can be traced to classical antiquity. Critics cite the works of writers like Aristotle as the earliest forms of technical writing. Geoffrey Chaucer's work, "A Treatise on the Astrolabe", is an early example of a technical document. The earliest examples of technical writing date back to the Old English period.


title: Technical writing

text: With the invention of the mechanical printing press, the onset of the Renaissance and the rise of the Age of Reason, documenting findings became a necessity. Inventors and scientists like Isaac Newton and Leonardo da Vinci prepared documents that chronicled their inventions and findings. While never called technical documents during their period of publication, these documents played a crucial role in developing modern forms of technical communication and writing.


title: Technical writing

text: The field of technical communication grew during the Industrial Revolution. There was an increasing need to provide people with instructions for using the more and more complex machines that were being invented. However, unlike the past, where skills were handed down through oral traditions, no one besides the inventors knew how to use these new devices. Writing thus became the fastest and most effective way to disseminate information, and writers who could document these devices were desired.


title: Technical writing

text: During the 20th century, the need for technical writing skyrocketed, and the profession became officially recognized. The events of World War I and World War II led to advances in medicine, military hardware, computer technology, and aerospace technologies. This rapid growth, coupled with the urgency of war, created an immediate need for well-designed documentation to support the use of these technologies. Technical writing was in high demand during this time, and "technical writer" became an official job title during World War II.


title: Technical writing

text: Following World War II, technological advances led to an increase in consumer goods and standards of living. During the post-war boom, public services like libraries and universities, as well as transport systems like buses and highways, saw substantial growth. The need for writers to chronicle these processes increased. It was also during this period that large business and universities started using computers. Notably, in 1949, Joseph D. Chapline authored the first computational technical document, an instruction manual for the BINAC computer.


title: Technical writing

text: The invention of the transistor in 1947 allowed computers to be produced more cheaply and within the purchasing range of individuals and small businesses. As the market for these "personal computers" grew, so did the need for writers who could explain and provide user documentation for these devices. The profession of technical writing saw further expansion during the 1970s and 1980s as consumer electronics found their way into the homes of more and more people.


title: Technical writing

text: In recent years, the prominence of computers in society has led to many advances in the field of digital communications, leading to changes in the tools technical writers use. Hypertext, word processors, graphics editing programs, and page laying software have made the creation of technical documents faster and easier, and technical writers of today must be proficient in these programs.


title: Technical writing

text: Technical writing covers many genres and writing styles, depending on the information and audience. Technical documents are not solely produced by technical writers. Almost anyone who works in a professional setting produces technical documents of some variety. Some examples of technical documentation include:


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: Annunziata Mary Rees-Mogg (; born 25 March 1979) is a freelance journalist whose focus is finance, economics, and European politics and has been a British Brexit Party then Conservative politician during 2019 and into early 2020.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: She has been a leader writer for "The Daily Telegraph", deputy editor of "MoneyWeek", and editor of the European Journal, a Eurosceptic magazine owned by Bill Cash's think tank, the European Foundation.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: Formerly active in Conservative Party politics, she was added to the Conservative Party's A-List by David Cameron. She was unsuccessful in her attempts as a Conservative parliamentary candidate in the 2005 and 2010 general elections.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: On 12 April 2019, she was selected as a candidate for the Brexit Party in the East Midlands constituency in the European Parliament elections, and she won a seat. She resigned the party whip in December 2019 to support the Conservative Party's Brexit strategy. She later rejoined the Conservative Party in January 2020.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: Annunziata Mary Rees-Mogg is one of the daughters of William Rees-Mogg, Baron Rees-Mogg, a former editor of "The Times", and his wife Gillian Shakespeare Morris; she is the youngest sister of Jacob Rees-Mogg.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: She joined the Conservative Party at the age of five. She later said of this "I was too young to be a Young Conservative, so I joined the main party. Aged eight I was out canvassing, proudly wearing my rosette."


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: She was educated at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith, West London, an independent day school for girls. There, she took A Levels in History, Chemistry and Economics, which she has called "a very odd mix".


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: After leaving school in 1997, she decided against going to a university, and instead tried a series of different jobs, in journalism, investment banking, publishing, public relations, and stockbroking. In 1998, she moved with her family to Mells, Somerset.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: In 2003 she set up Trust the People, a campaign for a referendum on the European Constitution aimed at those too young to have voted in the Common Market referendum of 1975. Speaking about the 2003 Iraq War, she subsequently said, "I think it was a terrible mistake". She opposed the Hunting Act 2004, which outlawed hunting of wild mammals with dogs.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: In the 2005 general election Rees-Mogg came fourth in the safe Labour seat of Aberavon, South Wales, increasing the Conservative vote from 2,096 to 3,064.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: She was selected as prospective parliamentary candidate for Somerton and Frome in 2006. "The Observer" said of her, "Having enjoyed finance and journalism, she combined the two in a career as a financial journalist. When she turns to discussing Gordon Brown's economic record, she does so with authority." In November 2007, she wrote an article for "MoneyWeek" magazine entitled "How to profit from the world's water crisis", setting out some of the investment opportunities in the sector. An article in "The Sunday Telegraph" in October 2009 reported, "Some high-profile women are already installed in winnable seats: Louise Bagshawe [now Mensch], Annunziata Rees-Mogg, Priti Patel, Laura Sandys and Joanne Cash will all make colourful additions to the Tory benches." However, at the 2010 general election, Rees-Mogg failed to take the Somerton and Frome seat from the sitting Liberal Democrat member David Heath.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: It was reported that in advance of the 2010 election David Cameron had asked Rees-Mogg to shorten her name for political purposes to Nancy Mogg, which her brother Jacob has since said was "a joke". Rees-Mogg later commented: "I think it's phoney to pretend to be someone you're not." Cameron subsequently dropped her from the Conservative Party's 2011 pre-selections, despite strong support from many female party members.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: Having been elected as a MEP for the Brexit Party at the 2019 European Parliamentary elections and serving for seven months, Rees Mogg defected very prominently back to her former party of membership, Conservative. The defection began through leaving the Brexit Party over a month before the UK left the EU and one week prior to a UK General Election which was critical for the Brexit Party, and by at the same time urging voters to vote Conservative. Rees-Mogg sat as an independent in the European Parliament for a month, to become a Conservative MEP in January 2020, just three weeks before the UK left the EU and all MEP positions were abolished.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: During 2019 and until her tactically timed defection away from the party, Mogg had been a high-profile Brexit Party backer and advocate. (The Brexit Party has since become the political party Reform UK).


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: Rees-Mogg served as an Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the East Midlands region from May 2019 until the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020.


title: Annunziata Rees-Mogg

text: In September 2010, Rees-Mogg became engaged to Matthew Glanville, and on 6 November 2010 they were married in Italy at Lucca. Four months later, on 8 March 2011, she gave birth to a daughter, Isadora, who was christened in St Martin's Church, Welton le Marsh in Lincolnshire. In 2018 she gave birth to a second daughter, Molly. In late 2019, she announced she was expecting a third child.


title: Gabriel Rosado

text: Gabriel Rosado (born January 14, 1986) is an American professional boxer who challenged twice for a middleweight world title in 2013. Hailing from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Rosado is part of the city's large Puerto Rican community. Renowned for his toughness and willingness to face elite opposition, Rosado has competed in the light middleweight, middleweight and super middleweight divisions, winning a variety of regional championships along the way.


title: Gabriel Rosado

text: Rosado started his career in the light middleweight division. He won his first regional title on February 26, 2011 with a 12th round technical knockout over fellow contender Jamaal Davis to win the interim WBA-NABA light middleweight title. Later that year, he won the Pennsylvania state light middleweight title after a 10th round unanimous decision over contender Keenan Collins. On June 1, 2012 Rosado faced Sechew Powell, stopping the future world title challenger in the 9th round to win the vacant WBO Inter-Continental light middleweight title.


title: Gabriel Rosado

text: After amassing a record of 21-5 after 26 professional fights, he challenged undefeated WBA and IBO middleweight champion Gennady Golovkin on January 19, 2013 at The Theater at Madison Square Garden, New York City. Golovkin dominated the fight, inflicting Rosado with a nasty cut near his left eye in the second round. Rosado also bled from the nose as he was hammered by right hands and powerful jabs from his opponent. His trainer Billy Briscoe put a stop to the fight in the seventh round.


title: Gabriel Rosado

text: Two fights later, on October 26, 2013, Rosado challenged undefeated Peter Quillin for his WBO middleweight title. A nasty cut opened on the left eyelid of Rosado in the tenth round, causing a doctor stoppage and giving Quillin the technical knockout victory. Despite many observers believing the fight to have been competitive, the judges had scored the bout 87-83, 89-81 and 90-80 in favor of Quillin at the time of the stoppage. Rosado yelled down at the Showtime commentary team that the doctor's stoppage was "bullshit" as soon as the fight was stopped, and told Jim Gray that he wanted a rematch; a rematch ultimately never materialized.


title: Gabriel Rosado

text: Since his two unsuccessful challenges for a world title in 2013, Rosado picked up notable wins against former IBF welterweight champion Joshua Clottey in 2015, and knocking out highly-rated undefeated prospect Bektemir Melikuziev in 2021, winning the WBA Continental Americas and WBO International super middleweight titles.


title: Gabriel Rosado

text: Despite being shut out in his fight with Jermell Charlo on January 25, 2014, Rosado was offered the chance to face middleweight and super middleweight contender Brian Vera in a title match for the inaugural Big Knockout Boxing (BKB) middleweight championship. The bout took place on August 16, 2014. Rosado defeated Vera by sixth-round TKO and won the title.


title: Gabriel Rosado

text: Rosado appeared in the boxing film "Creed" (2015), starring Michael B. Jordan and Sylvester Stallone.


title: Vacuum pump

text: A vacuum pump is a device that draws gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The job of a vacuum pump is to generate a relative vacuum within a capacity. The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity.


title: Vacuum pump

text: The predecessor to the vacuum pump was the suction pump. Dual-action suction pumps were found in the city of Pompeii. Arabic engineer Al-Jazari later described dual-action suction pumps as part of water-raising machines in the 13th century. He also said that a suction pump was used in siphons to discharge Greek fire. The suction pump later appeared in medieval Europe from the 15th century.


title: Vacuum pump

text: By the 17th century, water pump designs had improved to the point that they produced measurable vacuums, but this was not immediately understood. What was known was that suction pumps could not pull water beyond a certain height: 18 Florentine yards according to a measurement taken around 1635, or about . This limit was a concern in irrigation projects, mine drainage, and decorative water fountains planned by the Duke of Tuscany, so the duke commissioned Galileo Galilei to investigate the problem. Galileo suggests incorrectly in his "Two New Sciences" (1638) that the column of a water pump will break of its own weight when the water has been lifted to 34 feet. Other scientists took up the challenge, including Gasparo Berti, who replicated it by building the first water barometer in Rome in 1639. Berti's barometer produced a vacuum above the water column, but he could not explain it. A breakthrough was made by Galileo's student Evangelista Torricelli in 1643. Building upon Galileo's notes, he built the first mercury barometer and wrote a convincing argument that the space at the top was a vacuum. The height of the column was then limited to the maximum weight that atmospheric pressure could support; this is the limiting height of a suction pump.


title: Vacuum pump

text: In 1650, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump. Four years later, he conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and conducted experiments on the properties of vacuum. Robert Hooke also helped Boyle produce an air pump that helped to produce the vacuum.


title: Vacuum pump

text: By 1709, Francis Hauksbee improved on the design further with his two-cylinder pump, where two pistons worked via a rack-and-pinion design that reportedly "gave a vacuum within about one inch of mercury of perfect." This design remained popular and only slightly changed until well into the nineteenth century.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855 and achieved a record vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, and this renewed interest in vacuum. This, in turn, led to the development of the vacuum tube. The Sprengel pump was a widely used vacuum producer of this time.


title: Vacuum pump

text: The early 20th century saw the invention of many types of vacuum pump, including the molecular drag pump, the diffusion pump, and the turbomolecular pump.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Pumps can be broadly categorized according to three techniques: positive displacement, momentum transfer, and entrapment. Positive displacement pumps use a mechanism to repeatedly expand a cavity, allow gases to flow in from the chamber, seal off the cavity, and exhaust it to the atmosphere. Momentum transfer pumps, also called molecular pumps, use high-speed jets of dense fluid or high-speed rotating blades to knock gas molecules out of the chamber. Entrapment pumps capture gases in a solid or adsorbed state; this includes cryopumps, getters, and ion pumps.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Positive displacement pumps are the most effective for low vacuums. Momentum transfer pumps, in conjunction with one or two positive displacement pumps, are the most common configuration used to achieve high vacuums. In this configuration the positive displacement pump serves two purposes. First it obtains a rough vacuum in the vessel being evacuated before the momentum transfer pump can be used to obtain the high vacuum, as momentum transfer pumps cannot start pumping at atmospheric pressures. Second the positive displacement pump backs up the momentum transfer pump by evacuating to low vacuum the accumulation of displaced molecules in the high vacuum pump. Entrapment pumps can be added to reach ultrahigh vacuums, but they require periodic regeneration of the surfaces that trap air molecules or ions. Due to this requirement their available operational time can be unacceptably short in low and high vacuums, thus limiting their use to ultrahigh vacuums. Pumps also differ in details like manufacturing tolerances, sealing material, pressure, flow, admission or no admission of oil vapor, service intervals, reliability, tolerance to dust, tolerance to chemicals, tolerance to liquids and vibration.


title: Vacuum pump

text: A partial vacuum may be generated by increasing the volume of a container. To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind a positive displacement pump, for example the manual water pump. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to reduce its pressure below that of the atmosphere. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.


title: Vacuum pump

text: More sophisticated systems are used for most industrial applications, but the basic principle of cyclic volume removal is the same:


title: Vacuum pump

text: The base pressure of a rubber- and plastic-sealed piston pump system is typically 1 to 50 kPa, while a scroll pump might reach 10 Pa (when new) and a rotary vane oil pump with a clean and empty metallic chamber can easily achieve 0.1 Pa.


title: Vacuum pump

text: A positive displacement vacuum pump moves the same volume of gas with each cycle, so its pumping speed is constant unless it is overcome by backstreaming.


title: Vacuum pump

text: In a momentum transfer pump (or kinetic pump), gas molecules are accelerated from the vacuum side to the exhaust side (which is usually maintained at a reduced pressure by a positive displacement pump). Momentum transfer pumping is only possible below pressures of about 0.1 kPa. Matter flows differently at different pressures based on the laws of fluid dynamics. At atmospheric pressure and mild vacuums, molecules interact with each other and push on their neighboring molecules in what is known as viscous flow. When the distance between the molecules increases, the molecules interact with the walls of the chamber more often than with the other molecules, and molecular pumping becomes more effective than positive displacement pumping. This regime is generally called high vacuum.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Molecular pumps sweep out a larger area than mechanical pumps, and do so more frequently, making them capable of much higher pumping speeds. They do this at the expense of the seal between the vacuum and their exhaust. Since there is no seal, a small pressure at the exhaust can easily cause backstreaming through the pump; this is called stall. In high vacuum, however, pressure gradients have little effect on fluid flows, and molecular pumps can attain their full potential.


title: Vacuum pump

text: The two main types of molecular pumps are the diffusion pump and the turbomolecular pump. Both types of pumps blow out gas molecules that diffuse into the pump by imparting momentum to the gas molecules. Diffusion pumps blow out gas molecules with jets of an oil or mercury vapor, while turbomolecular pumps use high speed fans to push the gas. Both of these pumps will stall and fail to pump if exhausted directly to atmospheric pressure, so they must be exhausted to a lower grade vacuum created by a mechanical pump, in this case called a backing pump.


title: Vacuum pump

text: As with positive displacement pumps, the base pressure will be reached when leakage, outgassing, and backstreaming equal the pump speed, but now minimizing leakage and outgassing to a level comparable to backstreaming becomes much more difficult.


title: Vacuum pump

text: An entrapment pump may be a cryopump, which uses cold temperatures to condense gases to a solid or adsorbed state, a chemical pump, which reacts with gases to produce a solid residue, or an ion pump, which uses strong electrical fields to ionize gases and propel the ions into a solid substrate. A cryomodule uses cryopumping. Other types are the sorption pump, non-evaporative getter pump, and titanium sublimation pump (a type of evaporative getter that can be used repeatedly).


title: Vacuum pump

text: Regenerative pumps utilize vortex behavior of the fluid (air). The construction is based on hybrid concept of centrifugal pump and turbopump. Usually it consists of several sets of perpendicular teeth on the rotor circulating air molecules inside stationary hollow grooves like multistage centrifugal pump. They can reach to 1×10 mbar (0.001 Pa)(when combining with Holweck pump) and directly exhaust to atmospheric pressure. Examples of such pumps are Edwards EPX (technical paper ) and Pfeiffer OnTool™ Booster 150. It is sometimes referred as side channel pump. Due to high pumping rate from atmosphere to high vacuum and less contamination since bearing can be installed at exhaust side, this type of pumps are used in load lock in semiconductor manufacturing processes.


title: Vacuum pump

text: This type of pump suffers from high power consumption(~1 kW) compared to turbomolecular pump (<100W) at low pressure since most power is consumed to back atmospheric pressure. This can be reduced by nearly 10 times by backing with a small pump.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Pumping speed refers to the volume flow rate of a pump at its inlet, often measured in volume per unit of time. Momentum transfer and entrapment pumps are more effective on some gases than others, so the pumping rate can be different for each of the gases being pumped, and the average volume flow rate of the pump will vary depending on the chemical composition of the gases remaining in the chamber.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Throughput refers to the pumping speed multiplied by the gas pressure at the inlet, and is measured in units of pressure·volume/unit time. At a constant temperature, throughput is proportional to the number of molecules being pumped per unit time, and therefore to the mass flow rate of the pump. When discussing a leak in the system or backstreaming through the pump, throughput refers to the volume leak rate multiplied by the pressure at the vacuum side of the leak, so the leak throughput can be compared to the pump throughput.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Positive displacement and momentum transfer pumps have a constant volume flow rate (pumping speed), but as the chamber's pressure drops, this volume contains less and less mass. So although the pumping speed remains constant, the throughput and mass flow rate drop exponentially. Meanwhile, the leakage, evaporation, sublimation and backstreaming rates continue to produce a constant throughput into the system.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Vacuum pumps are combined with chambers and operational procedures into a wide variety of vacuum systems. Sometimes more than one pump will be used (in series or in parallel) in a single application. A partial vacuum, or rough vacuum, can be created using a positive displacement pump that transports a gas load from an inlet port to an outlet (exhaust) port. Because of their mechanical limitations, such pumps can only achieve a low vacuum. To achieve a higher vacuum, other techniques must then be used, typically in series (usually following an initial fast pump down with a positive displacement pump). Some examples might be use of an oil sealed rotary vane pump (the most common positive displacement pump) backing a diffusion pump, or a dry scroll pump backing a turbomolecular pump. There are other combinations depending on the level of vacuum being sought.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Achieving high vacuum is difficult because all of the materials exposed to the vacuum must be carefully evaluated for their outgassing and vapor pressure properties. For example, oils, greases, and rubber or plastic gaskets used as seals for the vacuum chamber must not boil off when exposed to the vacuum, or the gases they produce would prevent the creation of the desired degree of vacuum. Often, all of the surfaces exposed to the vacuum must be baked at high temperature to drive off adsorbed gases.


title: Vacuum pump

text: High-vacuum systems generally require metal chambers with metal gasket seals such as Klein flanges or ISO flanges, rather than the rubber gaskets more common in low vacuum chamber seals. The system must be clean and free of organic matter to minimize outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. As a result, many materials that work well in low vacuums, such as epoxy, will become a source of outgassing at higher vacuums. With these standard precautions, vacuums of 1 mPa are easily achieved with an assortment of molecular pumps. With careful design and operation, 1 µPa is possible.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Several types of pumps may be used in sequence or in parallel. In a typical pumpdown sequence, a positive displacement pump would be used to remove most of the gas from a chamber, starting from atmosphere (760 Torr, 101 kPa) to 25 Torr (3 kPa). Then a sorption pump would be used to bring the pressure down to 10 Torr (10 mPa). A cryopump or turbomolecular pump would be used to bring the pressure further down to 10 Torr (1 µPa). An additional ion pump can be started below 10 Torr to remove gases which are not adequately handled by a cryopump or turbo pump, such as helium or hydrogen.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Ultra-high vacuum generally requires custom-built equipment, strict operational procedures, and a fair amount of trial-and-error. Ultra-high vacuum systems are usually made of stainless steel with metal-gasketed vacuum flanges. The system is usually baked, preferably under vacuum, to temporarily raise the vapour pressure of all outgassing materials in the system and boil them off. If necessary, this outgassing of the system can also be performed at room temperature, but this takes much more time. Once the bulk of the outgassing materials are boiled off and evacuated, the system may be cooled to lower vapour pressures to minimize residual outgassing during actual operation. Some systems are cooled well below room temperature by liquid nitrogen to shut down residual outgassing and simultaneously cryopump the system.


title: Vacuum pump

text: In ultra-high vacuum systems, some very odd leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the absorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The porosity of the metallic vacuum chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face.


title: Vacuum pump

text: The impact of molecular size must be considered. Smaller molecules can leak in more easily and are more easily absorbed by certain materials, and molecular pumps are less effective at pumping gases with lower molecular weights. A system may be able to evacuate nitrogen (the main component of air) to the desired vacuum, but the chamber could still be full of residual atmospheric hydrogen and helium. Vessels lined with a highly gas-permeable material such as palladium (which is a high-capacity hydrogen sponge) create special outgassing problems.


title: Vacuum pump

text: In the field of oil regeneration and re-refining, vacuum pumps create a low vacuum for oil dehydration and a high vacuum for oil purification.


title: Vacuum pump

text: A vacuum may be used to power, or provide assistance to mechanical devices. In hybrid and diesel engine motor vehicles, a pump fitted on the engine (usually on the camshaft) is used to produce a vacuum. In petrol engines, instead, the vacuum is typically obtained as a side-effect of the operation of the engine and the flow restriction created by the throttle plate but may be also supplemented by an electrically operated vacuum pump to boost braking assistance or improve fuel consumption. This vacuum may then be used to power the following motor vehicle components: vacuum servo booster for the hydraulic brakes, motors that move dampers in the ventilation system, throttle driver in the cruise control servomechanism, door locks or trunk releases.


title: Vacuum pump

text: In an aircraft, the vacuum source is often used to power gyroscopes in the various flight instruments. To prevent the complete loss of instrumentation in the event of an electrical failure, the instrument panel is deliberately designed with certain instruments powered by electricity and other instruments powered by the vacuum source.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Depending on the application, some vacuum pumps may either be electrically driven (using electric current) or pneumatically-driven (using air pressure), or powered and actuated by other means.


title: Vacuum pump

text: Old vacuum-pump oils that were produced before circa 1980 often contain a mixture of several different dangerous polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are highly toxic, carcinogenic, persistent organic pollutants.


title: Data set

text: A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data. In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question. The data set lists values for each of the variables, such as for example height and weight of an object, for each member of the data set. Data sets can also consist of a collection of documents or files.


title: Data set

text: In the open data discipline, data set is the unit to measure the information released in a public open data repository. The European data.europa.eu portal aggregates more than a million data sets. Some other issues (real-time data sources, non-relational data sets, etc.) increases the difficulty to reach a consensus about it.


title: Data set

text: Several characteristics define a data set's structure and properties. These include the number and types of the attributes or variables, and various statistical measures applicable to them, such as standard deviation and kurtosis.</ref>


title: Data set

text: The values may be numbers, such as real numbers or integers, for example representing a person's height in centimeters, but may also be nominal data (i.e., not consisting of numerical values), for example representing a person's ethnicity. More generally, values may be of any of the kinds described as a level of measurement. For each variable, the values are normally all of the same kind. However, there may also be "missing values", which must be indicated in some way.


title: Data set

text: In statistics, data sets usually come from actual observations obtained by sampling a statistical population, and each row corresponds to the observations on one element of that population. Data sets may further be generated by algorithms for the purpose of testing certain kinds of software. Some modern statistical analysis software such as SPSS still present their data in the classical data set fashion. If data is missing or suspicious an imputation method may be used to complete a data set.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: Giovanni L. Palandrani (born February 12, 1996), better known by his stage name Aquaria, is an American drag queen, television personality, and recording artist best known for winning the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2018.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: Palandrani was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania to Gina and David Palandrani, has a sister named Francesca, and is of Italian descent. He trained as a dancer for four years and experimented with drag in high school. He attended the Fashion Institute of Technology in Manhattan for two semesters, studying women's wear design, before dropping out.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: Aquaria is the drag daughter of "Drag Race" season four winner Sharon Needles. However, after accusations of abuse were made against Needles in 2020, Aquaria has said that she "does not support him" and "feels awful for anyone he has hurt". She began performing in drag in 2014. Like RuPaul, Aquaria received early support from Susanne Bartsch. Aquaria was featured in a "Vogue Italia" spread in January 2016 with Bartsch and other "Drag Race" alumnae.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: In early 2018, it was announced that Aquaria was chosen as one of fourteen contestants for the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", upon her first audition for the program. She won three main challenges, never ranked in the bottom two, and was the first queen in the show's history to win both the ball and the "Snatch Game" in the same season. Aquaria was announced as the winner of the season on June 28, 2018, beating out Eureka O'Hara and Kameron Michaels in the final three.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: Aquaria was nominated with Miz Cracker for the "Competition Contestant of 2018" for the 2018 People's Choice Awards.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: In October 2018, Aquaria appeared solo in an issue of "Vogue Italia", photographed by Michael Bailey-Gates. She was a model for Moschino and H&M's November 2018 Capsule Collection with Bria Vinaite and Jeremy Scott. She received a contract from IMG Models, and was announced as the Entertainment editor for Dazed.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: In 2019, Aquaria was announced as one of the faces of MAC's Viva Glam campaign. She attended the 2019 Met Gala, and was the first drag queen to walk the red carpet. In June 2019, a panel of judges from "New York" magazine placed her 11th on their list of "the most powerful drag queens in America", a ranking of 100 former "Drag Race" contestants.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: In September 2019, at RuPaul's DragCon NYC, Aquaria was named as one of a rotating cast of a dozen "Drag Race" queens in "RuPaul's Drag Race Live!", a Las Vegas show residency from January to August 2020 at the Flamingo Las Vegas.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: Aquaria performed as a part of Rihanna's Savage X Fenty Beauty Fashion Show during the Fall 2019 New York Fashion Week.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: As part of the final challenge of season 10, Aquaria and the other top four contestants wrote and recorded their own verses for RuPaul's song "American." The song reached number 12 on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Songs chart. Aquaria was featured in the song "Looks" by Linux in 2016. He released his debut single, "Burn Rubber", in June 2018. The song was written by Jesse Saint John.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: On July 3, 2018, singer Bebe Rexha criticized Aquaria and the other "Drag Race" top four queens over Twitter for supposed bad behavior toward her at the VH1 Trailblazer Honors, such as not talking to her and being "cold". Aquaria responded with a series of tweets defending herself and her fellow queens.


title: Aquaria (drag queen)

text: In May 2018, Aquaria criticized rapper Travis Scott for removing Amanda Lepore, a transgender woman, from the cover art of his 2018 album "Astroworld".


title: The Last Stand (Sabaton album)

text: The Last Stand is the eighth studio album by Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton. It was produced by Peter Tägtgren in the Abyss Studios in Sweden and released on 19 August 2016. Like Sabaton's previous album Heroes, "The Last Stand" is a concept album and takes inspiration from "last stand" military battles. On 10 June 2016 the first single "The Lost Battalion" was released, followed by "Blood of Bannockburn" on 15 July and "Shiroyama" on 12 August. A lyric video for the title track was released on 25 January 2018.


title: The Last Stand (Sabaton album)

text: In 2021, Sabaton released a special History Channel Edition of the album to subscribers to the Sabaton History Patreon, featuring historical prefaces to each song by channel host Indy Neidell. The version had originally been planned for April 2020, but it and the History Channel Edition of "Heroes" suffered production delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic and label Nuclear Blast's purchase by Believe Digital. The albums finally shipped to subscribers on 25 June 2021.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: Harvey Lewis Barnes (born 9 December 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for club Leicester City.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: Barnes was born in Burnley, Lancashire, and brought up in Countesthorpe, Leicestershire. He is the son of former professional footballer Paul Barnes. He is of Scottish descent through his grandparents. In 2009, Barnes played for Greenfield Primary School in the Leicestershire & Rutland Schools Football Association competition known as The Rice Bowl. After leaving Greenfield, he attended Leysland High School and Countesthorpe College.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: Barnes is a product of the Leicester City academy, which he joined on 8 June 2007 at the age of nine. He signed his first professional contract with the club on 25 June 2016 and on 7 December 2016 made his debut for the first team as a second-half substitute in a 5–0 UEFA Champions League defeat to Porto. During the first half of the 2016–17 Premier League 2 season for Leicester City U23, Barnes scored five goals and provided assists for five others.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 20 January 2017, Barnes joined League One club Milton Keynes Dons on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 season. A day later, Barnes scored on his home debut as a 76th-minute substitute for Chuks Aneke in a 5–3 win over Northampton Town. Barnes followed his debut goal with another goal a week later, on 28 January, scoring in a 4–0 away win over rivals Peterborough United.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 2 May 2017, after impressing with 6 goals in 21 appearances for the club, he was awarded Milton Keynes Dons' Young Player of the Year 2016–17 award.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 11 August 2017, Barnes joined Championship club Barnsley on a season-long loan. The following day, he made his debut for the club as an 80th-minute substitute in a 1–2 home defeat to Ipswich Town. He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Sunderland on 26 August 2017.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 1 January 2018, Barnes was recalled from his loan spell at Barnsley and returned to Leicester City.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: He made his Premier League debut on 19 April 2018, as a 91st minute substitute in a 0–0 draw against Southampton.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: In July 2018, after originally agreeing a deal to join Leeds United on loan, Barnes changed his mind at the last moment and on 24 July 2018, Barnes signed a new four-year contract with Leicester and joined newly relegated Championship club West Bromwich Albion on a season long loan. He scored a spectacular goal on his league debut during a 2–1 home defeat against Bolton Wanderers on 4 August 2018.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 11 January 2019, Barnes was recalled by Leicester with immediate effect. He scored his first goal for Leicester on 20 April in a 2–2 draw with West Ham United. In June he signed a new five-year contract. On 24 August 2019, Barnes scored a half-volley against Sheffield United to give Leicester City the victory. That stunning strike was later voted as Premier League Goal of the Month.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: He scored again for Leicester's opener on 19 January 2020, but he was on the losing side as his team lost 2–1 to Burnley at Turf Moor. On 9 March, Barnes notched a brace in a comprehensive 4–0 home victory over struggling Aston Villa.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 19 August 2021, Barnes signed a new 4 year contract at Leicester City, keeping him at the club until 2025.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: Barnes was called up as one of six over-age players for the England under-18 squad entered into the 2017 Toulon Tournament. He made his debut on 29 May 2017, featuring as a substitute in a 1–0 win over group rivals Angola. On 1 June 2017, Barnes scored twice in a 7–1 win over Cuba. On 8 June 2017, Barnes scored another brace in the competition's semi-final, in a 3–0 win over Scotland, and on 10 June 2017 went on to score his penalty in a penalty shoot-out during the final against the Ivory Coast, with England being victorious. Overall, Barnes finished the tournament as joint recipient of the Golden Boot (top scorer) award with four goals along with teammate George Hirst and Angola's Chico Banza.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 28 September 2017, Barnes was called up to the England under-20 team, and on 5 October 2017 featured as a substitute in a 5–1 away friendly win over Italy.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 27 May 2019, Barnes was included in England's 23-man squad for the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.


title: Harvey Barnes

text: On 1 October 2020, Barnes was called-up to the senior England team for the first time. He made his England debut as a 76th minute substitute in a 3–0 victory over Wales.


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: Besharam (English: Shameless) is a 2013 Indian action comedy film directed by Abhinav Kashyap. The film features Ranbir Kapoor opposite Pallavi Sharda, who marks her return to cinema. Rishi Kapoor, Neetu Kapoor and Javed Jaffrey also feature in the film. Filming for "Besharam" was scheduled to commence on 10 December 2012, with part of it taking place on a film set in Film City, Mumbai. The film received largely negative reviews upon its release on 2 October 2013. It marked the final directorial venture of Kashyap.


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: Babli (Ranbir Kapoor) is a small-time car thief brought up in an orphanage and manages to charm everybody who knows him. He falls head over heels for Tara (Pallavi Sharda) whom he met at a wedding, but he is clearly not her type. However, she in turn, insults him. Babli is at the same time being searched for by Inspector Chulbul Chautala (Rishi Kapoor) and his wife, Head Constable Bulbul Chautala (Neetu Kapoor). Babli steals a car from outside Tara's office and sells it to a Hawala King Bheem Singh Chandel (Javed Jaffrey). When he finds out that the car belonged to Tara, he offers her to come with him to Chandigarh to get it back from the goon. She agrees to go with him and eventually finds out that her car was stolen by none other than Babli himself. Babli convinces her that he was doing all these petty crimes to support the orphanage kids and will change if given a chance. Later, Babli and Tara steal the car from Chandel and run back to Delhi. On their way home, they find a bag full of hawala cash in the car that belongs to Chandel. Babli decides to keep the money for his orphanage but is later arrested by Chulbul and Bulbul Chautala. Tara gets Babli free by offering them all the money, but discovers that Chandel has tracked them down and kidnapped all the kids in the orphanage. Now Babli and Tara sneak into the Chautala couple's house to steal back the money only to be confronted by them. On knowing the whole story, the Chautala couple decides to help. Babli goes in with all the cash and negotiates with Chandel to set all the kids free, but just then Chautala barges in with his police force leading to a shoot out. Later, in a one-on-one fight, Babli beats Chandel in black and blue and rescues all the kids. The story ends with the childless Chautala couple deciding to adopt Babli and not letting him be a thief anymore.


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: Film composer Lalit Pandit confirmed that he was asked to work on the film's soundtrack and that it would consist of six tracks; Pandit also stated that the music was completed in the film's pre-production stages as per the instructions of director Kashyap.


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: In January 2013, actors Rishi Kapoor and Neetu Singh, parents of actor Ranbir Kapoor, were confirmed as starring in "Besharam" in unspecified roles.


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: As on 20 April 2013, Ranbir Kapoor (actor), Abhinav Kashyap (director) and many in the unit were shooting at Universal Trade Tower, Sector-49, Sohna Road, Gurgaon (Haryana).


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: The soundtrack of "Besharam" is composed by Lalit Pandit of the famous Jatin–Lalit duo and the lyrics are penned by Rajeev Barnwal, Nikhat Khan and Himanshu Kishan Mehra. The soundtrack, originally slated for a 14 August 2013 release, was released on 26 August 2013 via CD and MP3 sites. The song "Love Ki Ghanti" was released as a single track on MP3 sites in the beginning. The tune of "Love Ki Ghanti" has been lifted from an Italian language folk song called Bella ciao (Beautiful goodbye). Later, the official soundtrack of the film was released on the website of T-Series. The intro of "Tere Mohalle Remix Version" was copied from Korean song "Gentleman" by PSY.


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: "Besharam" was promoted extensively on TV shows like "Comedy Nights with Kapil", "Kaun Banega Crorepati", "Jhalak Dikhla Jaa", and also many reality shows etc. Ranbir and Pallavi also promoted the film in New York with Diwali Bash at Times Square and in London and Dubai.


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: "Besharam" released on around 3600 screens in India and 700 screens overseas on 2 October 2013 (Wednesday), making it the second biggest release in Hindi film history to date, behind "Chennai Express" which had 3700 screens in India and 700 plus screens abroad, according to Box Office India. Utpal Acharya, Distribution Head of Reliance Entertainment said that they had planned for a release on 4000 screens, but Pawan Kalyan's Telugu film "Atharintiki Daaredi", released on 27 September 2013, received a phenomenal response in advance booking and occupied some screens which they had planned in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala for "Besharam". "Besharam" had a shooting budget of plus the cost of promotions, marketing and advertising of approx. The total investment on film was around .


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave it 1.5 stars out of 5 and stated that the film proves the adage "'All that glitters is not gold' is absolutely right. The film is a huge disappointment."


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: Mohar Basu of "Koimoi" gave it 1.5 stars out of 5 and felt that ""Besharam" has too many shortcomings and lacks the ravishing junk delight of calamitous ending that commercial flicks usually generate".


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: Sarit Ray of the "Hindustan Times" described "Besharam" as "a senseless saga of shamelessness" and rated it only half a star out of 5, describing it further as: "[T]he cinematic equivalent of a dinner made with leftovers. There is a bit of everything, nothing is exactly fresh, and in the end, you're left wondering if it was wise to have chucked it all in together. Except, in this case, it isn't home-cooked food, but a meal you must pay for."


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: Mohammad Kamran Jawaid of "Dawn" gave the film a mixed review writing that "it is apparent that Mr. Kashyap wanted a slickly made conventional blockbuster, and therefore relies on a mixture of tired and inflexible elements the audience is known to respond to". He continues further that "if Mr. Kashyap would have concentrated on keeping "Besharam" original, then it would have been a far better enterprise. Right here, right now, it's kinda lame, but not despicable or detestable as the title suggests"


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: In a rare positive review, Madhureeta Mukherjee of "The Times of India" rated it 3.5 of 5 stars and posited that the director "relies on the sheer 3K (read: Kapoors) power to entertain."


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: "Besharam" opened to an excellent response on its opening day, recording 90 percent occupancies in theatres. However, due to a negative critical response, the film managed to collect , falling short of its expected figure. The film witnessed a huge drop of nearly 60–70 percent on its second day, dropping hugely on Thursday to gross a domestic nett of just . The film fell a further 15 percent on Friday, grossing . The film collected over its opening weekend, which was much less than expected by the production company. The film grossed nett Rs. 57.5 million on Saturday. "Besharam" had a poor extended five-day weekend of 440 million. It had a first week (7 days) collection of 540 million which was only the seventh highest of 2013. The film grossed around 575.4 million nett in its extended nine-day first week.


title: Besharam (2013 film)

text: The film earned US$1.7 million in its opening weekend. "Besharam" grossed $2.2 million in overseas markets in its first five days (extended weekend), which was termed "below the mark". It was fourth in the list of top weekend openings of the year behind "Chennai Express", "YJHD" and "Race 2".


title: PGA European Tour

text: The European Tour (currently known as the DP World Tour for sponsorship reasons), legally the PGA European Tour is the leading men's professional golf tour in Europe. The organisation also operates the European Senior Tour (for players aged fifty or older) and the developmental Challenge Tour; the second tier of men’s professional golf in Europe. The tour's headquarters are at the Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, England. The European Tour was established by the British-based Professional Golfers' Association through the 1970s, and responsibility was transferred to an independent PGA European Tour organisation in 1984.


title: PGA European Tour

text: Most tournaments on the PGA European Tour's three tours are held in Europe, but starting in the 1980s an increasing number have been held in other parts of the world; in 2015 a majority of the ranking events on the European Tour were held outside Europe, though this included both Majors and World Golf Championship events that are ranking events for multiple tours. Europe-based events are nearly all played in Western Europe, with the most lucrative of them taking place in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, France and Spain.


title: PGA European Tour

text: The PGA European Tour is a golfer-controlled organisation whose primary purpose is to maximise the income of tournament golfers. It is a company limited by guarantee and is run by a professional staff but controlled by its playing members via a board of directors composed of 12 elected past and present tour players and a tournament committee of 14 current players. The chairman of the board is David Williams who replaced Neil Coles who had held the post for 38 years. The chairman of the tournament committee is Thomas Bjørn.


title: PGA European Tour

text: The PGA European Tour is the lead partner in Ryder Cup Europe, a joint venture also including the PGA of Great Britain and Ireland and PGA of Europe that operates the Ryder Cup Matches in cooperation with the PGA of America. The PGA European Tour has a 60% interest in Ryder Cup Europe, with each of its junior partners holding 20%.


title: PGA European Tour

text: Professional golf began in Europe, specifically in Scotland. The first professionals were clubmakers and greenkeepers who also taught golf to the wealthy men who could afford to play the game (early handmade equipment was expensive) and played "challenge matches" against one another for purses put up by wealthy backers. The first multi-competitor stroke play tournament was The Open Championship, which was introduced in 1860. Over the following decades, the number of golf tournaments offering prize money increased slowly but steadily. Most were in the United Kingdom, but there were also several "national opens" in various countries of Continental Europe.


title: PGA European Tour

text: In 1901, The Professional Golfers' Association was founded to represent the interests of professional golfers throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and it was this body that ultimately created the European Tour. As the tournament circuit grew, in 1937 the Harry Vardon Trophy was created to be awarded to the member of the PGA with the best stroke average in select major stroke play tournaments of the season. This would later become known as the Order of Merit, and at different times has been calculated using stroke average, a points system and money earned. Each year the PGA would determine which tournaments were to be included for the Order of Merit.


title: PGA European Tour

text: By the post-World War II period prize money was becoming more significant, with sponsors being attracted by the introduction of television coverage, and as such it was becoming more feasible for professional golfers to make a living by playing alone. In the United States a formal organised tour, which later became known as the PGA Tour, had been administered by the PGA of America since the 1930s. However even into the 1960s and 1970s, the majority of tournaments in Europe were still organised separately by the host golf club or association, or a commercial promoter.


title: PGA European Tour

text: In 1972 The Professional Golfers' Association created an integrated "European tour" with the inclusion of eight major tournaments in Continental Europe on their Order of Merit schedule. These tournaments were the French Open, which was first included in 1970; the Italian, Spanish, German and Swiss Opens, which were included in 1971; and the Dutch Open, the Madrid Open and the Lancia d'Oro tournament, which were included for the first time. As such the 1972 season is now officially recognised as the first season of the PGA European Tour. For several years, the British PGA and continental circuits continued to run separately, each with their own Order of Merit. Following the example set in the United States, and having been threatened with a breakaway, in 1975 the PGA agreed to amend their constitution giving the tournament side more autonomy with the formation of the "Tournament Players Division". In 1977 the Tournament Players Division joined with the "Continental Tournament Players Association" to become the European Tournament Players Division, and the following year it was agreed with the European Golf Association that the Continental Order of Merit would be discontinued.


title: PGA European Tour

text: In its early years the season ran for six months from April to October, and was based entirely in Europe, mainly in Great Britain and Ireland. Over the next three decades the tour gradually lengthened and globalised. The first event held outside Europe was the 1982 Tunisian Open. That year, there were 27 tournaments and the season stretched into November for the first time. In 1984, the PGA European Tour became independent of The Professional Golfers' Association. The following year, the tour became "all-exempt" with the end of pre-qualifying for tournaments.


title: PGA European Tour

text: The European Tour has always been sensitive to the risk that its best players will leave to play on the PGA Tour for many reasons. The PGA Tour usually offers higher purses and European players want to increase their chances of glory in the three majors played in the U.S. by playing on more U.S.-style courses to acclimate themselves. In an attempt to counter this phenomenon, the European Tour introduced the "Volvo Bonus Pool" in 1988. This was extra prize money which was distributed at the end of the season to the most successful players of the year—but only golfers who had played in a high number of the European Tour's events could receive a share. This system continued until 1998, after which renewed emphasis was placed on maximising prize money in individual tournaments.


title: PGA European Tour

text: In 1989, the tour visited Asia for the first time for the Dubai Desert Classic. By 1990, there were 38 events on the schedule, including 37 in Europe, and the start of the season had moved up to February. A first visit to East Asia for the Tour occurred at the 1992 Johnnie Walker Classic in Bangkok. This has since proven to be one of the most notable initiatives in the history of the tour, as East Asia is becoming almost its second home. Shortly afterwards the tour also made its debut in the former Soviet Bloc at the 1994 Czech Open, but much less has come of this development as participation in golf in the former Soviet region remains low and sponsors there are unable to compete financially with their Western European rivals for the limited number of slots available on the main tour each summer. However, the second-tier Challenge Tour has visited Central and Eastern Europe somewhat more frequently. In 1995, the European Tour began a policy of co-sanctioning tournaments with other PGA Tours, by endorsing the South African PGA Championship on the Southern African Tour (now the Sunshine Tour). This policy was extended to the PGA Tour of Australasia in 1996, and most extensively to the Asian Tour.


title: PGA European Tour

text: In 1998, the European Tour added the three U.S. majors – the Masters Tournament, the PGA Championship and the U.S. Open – to its official schedule. The leading European Tour players had all been competing in them for many years, but now their prize money counted towards the Order of Merit (a year later for the Masters Tournament), which sometimes made a great deal of difference to the end-of-season rankings. The following year, in 1999, the World Golf Championships were established with the three individual tournaments, also offering substantially more prize money than most European events, added to the European Tour schedule.


title: PGA European Tour

text: Since the minimum number of events that a player must play to retain membership of the European Tour was eleven, the addition of the majors and WGCs meant that players could potentially become members, or retain membership, of the tour by playing just four other events. Players such as Ernie Els and Retief Goosen have taken advantage of this to play the PGA and European Tours concurrently. For the 2009 season, the minimum number of events required for members was increased to twelve; this coincided with the elevation of the HSBC Champions, previously a European Tour event co-sanctioned by three other tours, to World Golf Championships status. The minimum increased to 13 in 2011, but beginning in 2013 team events such as the Ryder Cup and Presidents Cup were allowed to count towards the minimum. In 2016 the 13-event minimum was changed to five events, not counting the four majors and four WGCs; while this change did not affect players eligible for all the majors and WGCs, it made it easier for players not eligible for these to retain European Tour membership while playing a full PGA Tour schedule. The minimum was reduced from five to four in 2018.


title: PGA European Tour

text: In November 2021, the tour was retitled as the DP World Tour as part of a sponsorship agreement with Dubai-based DP World.


title: PGA European Tour

text: In November 2020, the tour entered into a "strategic alliance" with the PGA Tour. As part of the agreement, the PGA Tour acquired a 15% stake in European Tour Productions, the Scottish Open gained a new title sponsor and became co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour, and two regular PGA Tour tournaments also became co-sanctioned by the European Tour: the Barbasol Championship and the Barracuda Championship. There was also a new sponsor and increased prize fund for the Irish Open. In June 2022, in response to the emergence of LIV Golf, the tours announced that the PGA Tour were increasing their stake to 40% and further changes to the tour, including increased prize funds and leading players in the DP World Tour Rankings gaining PGA Tour cards for the following season.


title: PGA European Tour

text: The European Tour is considered the second most important tour in men's golf, behind the United States-based PGA Tour, but retains significantly higher standing than other leading golf tours around the world. This status is reflected by the minimum world ranking points available in each tours respective tournaments, and prize money available. The total prize money available on the European Tour is approximately half that of the PGA Tour. However, this includes the majors and World Golf Championships, which are the most lucrative on the schedule, so the difference for regular tournaments is substantially higher. There is also much more variation in prize funds between tournaments on the European Tour than on the PGA Tour. Even though the prize funds of many European Tour events have increased rapidly since the late 1990s, especially with the introduction of the "Race to Dubai" and the "Rolex Series", on occasion the European Tour has failed to attract as many leading players to its events as in the past, with even some of the top European players staying away.


title: PGA European Tour

text: For many players, the European Tour is seen as a stepping-stone to the PGA Tour. During the late twentieth century, the European Tour was traditionally the first overseas move for outstanding players from non-European countries, particularly in the Commonwealth, long a major source for elite golfers, such as Greg Norman, Nick Price and Ernie Els. These players tended to move to the PGA Tour as a second step. When Continental Europe produced its first global golf stars in the 1970s, such as Seve Ballesteros, and especially when Europe began to notch wins over the United States in the Ryder Cup in the mid 1980s, there was widespread optimism about the future standing of the European Tour relative to the PGA Tour. This has ebbed away as leading players continued to base themselves in the United States and several major European countries, such as Germany and Italy, have not produced high-ranked golfers on a regular basis as was formerly anticipated. Nonetheless, the number of European countries which have produced winners on the European Tour and PGA Tour has increased, with notable golfing depth developing in the Scandinavian countries.


title: PGA European Tour

text: However, since the late 1990s more young golfers from around the world are starting their careers directly in the United States, often having attended college as amateurs, usually with golf scholarships, before turning professional. Conversely, some young American players have sought to kick-start their professional careers in Europe, having failed to qualify for either PGA Tour or its development tour. For example, former world number one amateur, Peter Uihlein, announced in December 2011 that he would not return for his final semester at Oklahoma State University and would begin professional play in Europe the following month, both through sponsor's exemptions on the main European Tour and on the developmental Challenge Tour. It is a route that has been successfully followed, most notably by multiple major winner Brooks Koepka.


title: PGA European Tour

text: It has been claimed that finances of the European Tour are heavily dependent on the Ryder Cup. Days before the start of the 2014 Ryder Cup, American golf journalist Bob Harig noted,In simple terms, the European Tour loses money in non-Ryder Cup years, makes a tidy profit in years the event is played in the United States (where the PGA of America, not the PGA Tour, owns the event and reaps the majority of the income), and then hits the lottery in years the tournament is staged in Europe. Earlier this year, "Golfweek" reported that the European Tour made more than 14 million pounds in pre-tax profit in 2010, the last time the Ryder Cup was staged in Europe. A year later, when there was no Ryder Cup, it lost more than 2.2 million pounds. Harig also added that the PGA European Tour extracts significant concessions from Ryder Cup venues. The owners of the 2006 and 2010 venues (respectively Sir Michael Smurfit and Sir Terry Matthews) committed to hosting European Tour events at their venues for more than a decade after winning bidding, and also guaranteed the purses for those tour events.


title: PGA European Tour

text: Since 2000, with the exception of 2012, the season has actually started late in the previous calendar year, but the seasons are still named by calendar year, rather than for example 2005–06, which would reflect the actual span of play. All of the events up until late March take place outside Europe, with most of these being co-sanctioned with other tours. From then on, the tour plays mainly in Europe, and the events in its home continent generally have higher prize money than those held elsewhere, excluding the major championships, which were added to the tour schedule in 1998; three individual World Golf Championships events, added the following year, most of which take place in the United States; and the HSBC Champions, elevated to World Golf Championships status in 2009.


title: PGA European Tour

text: There are generally only minor variations in the overall pattern from one year to the next. Occasionally tournaments change venue, and quite often change name, particularly when they get a new sponsor, but the principal events have fixed and traditional places in the schedule, and this determines the rhythm of the season.