title: Heracleion

text: The quick destruction of the buildings and slow submersion of Thonis-Heracleion allows archaeologists to now study the underwater city with its surplus of archaeological evidence. One of the most important remains is the stele that was found near the temple of Amun-Gereb. Written on the black, granodiorite stele is a decree of King Nectanebo I, which raises subsidies for the temple. This stele also confirms the name of the city as Thonis since the name of the city was written into the inscription. Until this point, archaeologists and historians had thought that Thonis and Heracleion were separate cities, but this discovery solidified that the two cities were actually the same city. Other important remains are the boats that were sunk around Thonis-Heracleion. There are around seventy ships near the city. This is the largest deposit of ships ever discovered in the ancient world. The massive number of ships gives great resources to nautical archaeologists in terms of researching various aspects of the ships, such as the style in which they were build and the materials used in their construction. A statue of either Cleopatra II or Cleopatra III wearing the tunic of the goddess Isis was also discovered. A large, intact statue of the god Hapy was found at the site. He is depicted holding a tray of four loaves of bread. Many gold coins, statues of deities, jewelry, ritual animal sarcophagi, and ceramic pieces were uncovered at the site; these artifacts give archaeologists a wide range of items to study. A portion of the ceramic pieces were Greek in origin; this adds to the evidence of a large Greek population living at Thonis-Heracleion. The research at the site is still ongoing, and excavations are continuing every year. Goddio estimates that only 5% of the city has been excavated so far. The archaeologists are continuing to search for artifacts and remains of the city. Because there is so much left to excavate at Thonis-Heracleion, there is a lot of potential for new discoveries of important artifacts or more building remains.


title: Heracleion

text: In July 2019, a tholos, small Greek temple, ancient granite columns, treasure-carrying ships, and bronze coins from the reign of Ptolemy II, dating back to the third and fourth centuries BC, were found at Thonis-Heracleion by IEASM, a team of Egyptian and European archeologists led by Goddio.


title: Heracleion

text: In August 2021, IEASM announced the excavation of a rare Ptolemaic galley. The galley long, featured classic mortise and tenon joints alongside more Egyptian features, such as a flat-bottomed construction favourable for navigating the Nile and the Nile delta. This ancient war ship in the sunken city was trapped under heavy materials, such as stone, that fell from the crumbling buildings during the catastrophes that caused Thonis-Heracleion's destruction. The ship was harbored near the Temple of Amun, and it was held in place on the ocean floor by the heavy building materials until its discovery. It is a Greek war ship with a sail and oars, and it was constructed using Egyptian elements, as well. It brings new knowledge to light about the combined shipbuilding efforts of the Egyptians and the Greeks living at Thonis-Heracleion, which had a high Greek population. Also, a tumulus was discovered, covered with numerous offerings including wicker baskets containing fruits of the doum palm tree and grape seeds dating to the early 4th century BC, alongside a number of greek ceramic some with black and red figures likely imported from Attica; a wooden sofa used for banquets was also found, alongside a gold amulet of high quality. The artifacts were probably preserved within an underground room or burried soon after being offered, despite the city's having continued to exist well after the 4th century. This discovery document the settlement of Greek merchants and mercenaries in the city of Thonis-Heracleion. The ongoing surveys and excavations bring new knowledge every year.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The sixth generation of the Ford Taurus is the final generation of the model range manufactured by Ford (in markets outside of China and the Middle East). Introduced for the 2010 model year, the sixth-generation Taurus is the second generation of the model line produced as a full-size car; it was the heaviest sedan sold under the Ford brand worldwide. While sharing its D3 chassis underpinnings with the previous generation, the sixth generation marked the first North American use of Kinetic Design design language.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: Coinciding with the withdrawal of the Mercury brand, the sixth-generation Taurus was developed without a Mercury Sable counterpart (for the first time). From 2009 to 2017, Lincoln marketed a counterpart of the Taurus as the Lincoln MKS (functionally replacing the Lincoln Town Car). While Ford has never officially announced it as a replacement for the Crown Victoria (or the Mercury Grand Marquis), the sixth generation Taurus was marketed in the full-size segment against many similar vehicles as the preceding sedans.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The sixth-generation Taurus marked the return of the Taurus SHO (for the first time since 1999) and the introduction of the Police Interceptor Sedan (replacing the Crown Victoria Police Interceptor).


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: As Ford expanded its model line of SUVs and CUVs, the Taurus sedan was discontinued following the 2019 model year. On March 1, 2019, the final Taurus built in the United States rolled off the Chicago assembly line, ending 34 years of the nameplate in North America (since the 2016 model year, Changan Ford has produced a namesake model as its flagship sedan specifically designed for China and exported to the Middle East following the discontinuation of the North American Taurus).


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The model line was assembled at Chicago Assembly in Chicago, Illinois alongside the Ford Explorer and the Lincoln MKS.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: In late 2006, Ford Motor Company named Boeing CEO Alan Mulally to replace William Clay Ford Jr. as its own chief executive. One of his first decisions was to abandon the unpopular "F" model naming scheme for Ford-division cars. A critic of the decision to end the usage of the Ford Taurus/Mercury Sable nameplates, Mullaly redesignated the 2008 model year update of the Ford Five Hundred and Mercury Montego as the fifth-generation Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable before its release to the public; the Ford Freestyle became the Ford Taurus X.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: Although the change back to the Taurus addressed several major deficiencies of the Five Hundred (largely related to the powertrain), the vehicle itself still drew criticism for bland styling derived from its predecessor (one reviewer describing it as a "SUV shaped like a sedan") and handling rated behind its competitors. Although the Taurus gained 60 hp over the Five Hundred, most of its deficiences were related to its introduction essentially being a mid-cycle refresh of its predecessor under a new nameplate.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: In January 2008, Alan Mulally revealed that a sixth generation of the Ford Taurus was in development as a planned 2010 model, calling it "the one we should have built originally". In April 2008, a photograph of a full-scale prototype mockup of the 2010 Ford Taurus was leaked onto the Internet. After the styling of the prototype was seen worldwide, Ford contemplated legal action against web sites which posted the photo and Ford attorneys asked site owners to remove the photo.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: Towards its launch, the Ford Motor Company website introduced several videos, benchmarking the 2010 Ford Taurus against several production luxury sedans. One test video displayed that the paint coat of the Taurus was more resistant to gravel chips than a Lexus LS460 while another displayed the blind-spot detection sensor system unavailable on an Infiniti M45x. The 2010 Ford Taurus SHO was faster than an Audi A6 4.2 FSI Quattro in straight-line acceleration while the interior of the Ford Taurus was quieter than an Acura RL.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: In a major contrast from previous generations of the Ford Taurus, once the highest-selling nameplate in the United States, Ford deliberately aimed for lower sales volumes. Instead of the 1990s peak volumes of nearly 400,000 vehicles a year, the intended sales were closer to 50,000 to 75,000. As a full-size car, the Taurus competed closer to the Toyota Avalon and Nissan Maxima than the Toyota Camry, Honda Accord, and Nissan Altima (competitors of the Ford Fusion). Additionally, Ford sought to preserve the resale value of the Taurus by avoiding the usage of fleet sales of the vehicles (though the Taurus would replace the Crown Victoria as the Ford Police Interceptor sedan).


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The 2010 Ford Taurus was unveiled at the 2009 North American International Auto Show at Cobo Hall. In May 2009, the new Taurus debuted at three dealers in the Buffalo, Tampa, and Houston, respectively, to be put on display and to build anticipation for the release. The first dealer, West Herr Ford in Hamburg, New York, was chosen due to the successful unveiling of the redesigned Ford F-150 earlier that year.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The 2009 Taurus's counterparts, the Ford Taurus X and the Mercury Sable, ceased production in spring 2009 at Ford's Chicago Assembly Plant. The sixth-generation Taurus' production started on June 15, 2009, for the 2010 model year. Unlike previous generations of the Taurus, the sixth-generation Taurus would not have a Sable counterpart since the Mercury brand was in the process of being phased out by the end of 2010. For the first time since 2002, Lincoln dealers sold a Taurus-based sedan, the Lincoln MKS, introduced as a 2009 model.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The sixth-generation Ford Taurus is based on the Volvo-derived Ford D3 platform architecture, sharing the 112.9-inch wheelbase of the Lincoln MKS and the previous Ford Taurus (Five Hundred). As with its predecessor, the Ford Taurus features a front-wheel drive powertrain as standard with the option of an all-wheel drive configuration (standard on the SHO).


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: As with all other D3 sedans, the Ford Taurus is configured with four-wheel independent suspension, featuring MacPherson struts and rearward-facing lower L-arms with a stabilizer bar in the front and a multilink coilover shock setup with stamped steel lower control arms and cast upper control arms in the rear. As with the previous-generation Taurus (Five Hundred) and the Ford Crown Victoria, the sixth-generation Taurus features four-wheel antilock disc brakes. On all models, AdvanceTrac combines traction control and stability control. Torque Vectoring Control and Curve Control is an option for all-wheel drive models.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: A number of safety systems seen in this generation of the Taurus either saw their debut or one of their first uses by Ford in the vehicle, including BLIS, Adaptive cruise control, Forward Collision Warning with Brake Support, and Lane keeping assist. As with its predecessor, the Ford Taurus is equipped with dual front airbags, side airbags, and curtain airbags.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: Although previewed by the V8-powered Ford Interceptor and is a full-size sedan like the Ford Crown Victoria, the sixth-generation Ford Taurus is not available with a V8 engine. At its 2010 launch, the standard engine was the 263 hp 3.5L V6 retained from the previous Taurus, which was upgraded to 288 hp in 2013. The Taurus SHO is powered by a 365 hp twin-turbocharged version of this engine (EcoBoost V6) shared with the Lincoln MKS and MKT. In 2013, a 3.7L 305 hp non-turbocharged V6 became the available for the Police Interceptor Sedan and was unavailable on the standard Taurus. In 2014, a 2.0L turbocharged 240 hp 4-cylinder (EcoBoost 2.0) became optional on the SEL and Limited models, becoming the first 4-cylinder Taurus since 1991 (also the smallest engine ever fitted in a Taurus). The 2.0L EcoBoost engine was dropped after the 2017 model year. All versions of the Taurus use variations of the Ford 6-speed 6F automatic transmission.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The design of the sixth-generation Ford Taurus was led by Chief Designer Earl Lucas. Many of the Taurus' design elements were influenced by the music that the design team listened to. According to Earl Lucas, "When you've got good music, it's amazing how many shapes come out". The 2007 Ford Interceptor concept would also lend design influence to the grille, rear fascia and taillamps, as well as the roofline.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The sixth-generation Ford Taurus introduced many interior features not seen in its predecessor (or the outgoing Ford Crown Victoria/Mercury Grand Marquis), including: Ford Sync, push-button start, heated front and rear seats. Multi-Contour Seats, a first in Ford vehicles when introduced in 2010, feature air cushions that pad the driver and passenger's entire back (three for lumbar support, four for lateral support and four for the seat pad). The bottom cushion features Active Motion technology, which provides a subtle continuous massage, designed to lessen back pain on long trips.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: In 2013, the Ford Taurus saw a mid-cycle refresh, adopting features of the global Kinetic Design language featured on redesigns of the Ford Focus, Ford Fiesta, and Ford Kuga. While the roofline and side panels stayed the same, the Taurus was given a new front fascia with a trapezoidal upper grille (emphasized on the SHO and Police Interceptor) and restyled headlamps. In the rear, LED taillamps made their return (for the first time since the 2007 Mercury Montego) along with dual exhaust (true dual exhaust on the SHO/EcoBoost V6; split exhaust outlets on all other versions). While the interior saw fewer changes in terms of styling, a number of changes were made with its content. For 2013, Ford redesigned the steering wheel, instrument cluster, center stack, and shifter. A new interactive instrument cluster, the MyFord Touch system (which includes a new head unit with 8-inch touch screen), and heated steering wheel were optional. Other features new to the 2013 Taurus include an all new Sony sound system featuring HD Radio and iTunes Tagging, Multicontour seats with Active Motion (massage), push-button start, auto high beams, and a rear view camera. Structural improvements were also made in order to better protect drivers in small-overlap frontal crashes. For 2013, the Taurus replaced the Crown Victoria/Grand Marquis as the full-size Ford offering in the Middle East, becoming offered in that region for the first time.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: For 2014, new wheel designs were introduced, with minor changes to standard and optional equipment. A Lane keeping assist feature was added to the Driver Assist package.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: In 2017, MyFordTouch was replaced by the new Sync 3 system. 2016 models could be upgraded to Sync 3 via software update. This was the final update to the Taurus.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The sixth generation Ford Taurus was sold to the public in four trim levels, base SE, mid-trim SEL, luxury Limited, and the performance-trim SHO. From 2013 to 2019, there was also a fleet-sales only Police Interceptor Sedan.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The base SE model, designed for rental and fleet use, came stock with a 3.5 L 24-valve DOHC Duratec V6 engine, six-speed automatic transmission, manual tilt/telescopic steering wheel with audio and cruise control functions, an AM/FM stereo with a single CD player, clock, MP3 capability, and six speakers, Ford's MyKey system, and AdvanceTrac electronic stability control. All wheel drive was not available on the base SE trim.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The mid-range SEL trim level had the same engine, with a six-speed SelectShift automatic transmission featuring paddle activation, optional all wheel drive, dual-zone electronic automatic temperature control, a leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob, Sirius satellite radio, and a perimeter anti-theft alarm.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The top-of-the-line Limited model featured perforated heated and cooled leather-trim bucket seats, ambient lighting with choices of seven different colors, SYNC voice-activated communication and entertainment system, a premium AM/FM radio with a six-disc in-dash CD changer, chrome-accenting, heated mirrors with memory and security approach lamps, a reverse sensing system and rear view camera.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The 2010 Taurus SHO was unveiled at the 2009 Chicago Auto Show. It went on sale in summer 2009, with a base MSRP of $37,995 (including destination fees).


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The SHO includes a 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 engine rated at at 5500 rpm and of torque at 1500 rpm, a SelectShift 6-speed automatic transmission with control paddles mounted on the steering wheel, torque-sensing all-wheel drive, sport-tuned suspension and steering, 19-inch alloy wheels with Goodyear Eagle tires (Michelin high-performance tires on the optional 20-inch wheels), a decklid-mounted spoiler, twin chrome exhaust tips, and SHO-specific parking lamp bezels.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The SHO Performance Package includes upgraded brake pads, recalibrated electronic power-assisted steering for improved responsiveness, a "Sport Mode" setting for the Electronic Stability Control, ability to turn off the AdvanceTrac stability control system, 27mm front anti-roll bar instead of the standard 29mm front anti-roll bar for more neutral turn-in, vented front brake dust shields from the Police Interceptor, cooling package from the Police Interceptor (engine oil, transmission oil, and power transfer unit), a shorter 3.16 to 1 final drive ratio for faster acceleration, and summer-compound 20" Goodyear Eagle F1 performance tires with premium painted wheels. time is rated at 5.2 seconds.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: When the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor (CVPI) ended production in late 2011, Ford developed two new models to replace it, as part of their Ford Police Interceptor range. For the 2013 model year, Ford introduced the Taurus-based Ford Police Interceptor Sedan (FPIS) and Explorer-based Ford Police Interceptor Utility (FPIU). Co-developed and tested by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department and the Michigan State Police, the FPIS was a specially-designed variant of the sixth-generation Taurus.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: Unlike the outgoing CVPI, the sedan was unavailable with a V8 engine or rear-wheel drive. Initially, the FPIS was offered with a standard 3.5 L naturally aspirated V6 with front- or all-wheel drive that made and of torque, as well an optional 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 with all-wheel drive borrowed from the SHO, producing . The EcoBoost version of the FPIS had several features that were shared with the Taurus SHO Performance Package and not available with the other engine choices such as its SHO Performance Package-calibrated electronic power steering system, and 3.16 final drive ratio. From its release in 2013 to its discontinuation in 2019, the EcoBoost FPIS was ranked as the fastest police car in the U.S., with a 0-60 time of 5.7 seconds and a top speed of . Shortly after the FPIS's release, a naturally aspirated 3.7 L engine taken from the Ford Mustang (in transverse arrangement) was added to the lineup, replacing the naturally aspirated 3.5 L V6 as the standard engine. However, the naturally aspirated 3.5 L remained available as a cost-saving option. The new 3.7 L V6 was not available on the civilian Ford Taurus. Its aluminum block V6 engine weighed less than the previous version. It produced and of torque. All available engines came standard with a six-speed automatic transmission, and all-wheel drive. Front-wheel drive was an available cost-saving option for the naturally aspirated 3.5 L V6 version. The naturally aspirated 3.5L and 3.7L V6 engines came standard with Ford's Twin Independent Variable Camshaft Timing (Ti-VCT) system. Flex Fuel was an available option for both the naturally aspirated 3.5 L and 3.7 L engines, enabling them to run on E85 fuel.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: Ford stated that the FPIS would match the safety record of the outgoing CVPI. The FPIS was available with a host of safety technologies not available on the CVPI, such as Blind Spot Information System, a rear-view camera, Ford SYNC, a reverse sensing system, automatic headlights, electronic stability control, and side-curtain airbags. The FPIS was designed and built alongside the FPIU; to facilitate easier repairs and user familiarity, many parts, repair techniques, specifications, and vehicle interfaces were intentionally the same.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The entire FPIS line was equipped with a long list of standard features tailored to law-enforcement and severe-duty use, such as rear-impact protection; a police calibrated ECM for high performance driving and long idling; a heavy-duty cooling system that included an enlarged radiator, an engine oil cooler, transmission cooler, power transfer unit (PTU) cooler, and police-calibrated radiator fan settings; a 220-ampere alternator; heavy-duty brake rotors with special ventilation and five-spoke steel wheels; a police-tuned suspension with upsized sway bars and premium wheel hubs; steel deflector plates along the underbody; reinforced frame points; reinforced front door hinges with large tethers, and a specially tuned electronic stability control system set up for emergency-style driving. The interior offered heavy-duty front and rear cloth seats or rear vinyl seats, stab-proof front seat-backs, vinyl or carpeted flooring, a column shifter as opposed to a floor shifter, washable rear door panels, programmable steering wheel buttons, the ability to disable the rear door handles and switches from the factory, specialized areas to mount emergency equipment, and a certified-calibration speedometer ( for the standard 3.5 L, for the EcoBoost and 3.7 L versions). For the duration of the FPIS's production, Ford partnered with emergency vehicle equipment manufacturer Whelen Engineering Company to offer preinstalled emergency equipment. Each purchasing police agency could choose from a variety of options when ordering the vehicle. Options included premade wire harnesses, lighting packages, and siren controllers. Ford marketed this customizable package as the 'Ready for the Road' option.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: Like the outgoing CVPI, Ford offered hubcaps, additional colors, and the option to delete the model badge in order to give the vehicle a more civilian-like appearance for unmarked use. Ford offered a Taurus-based "Special Service Sedan" with some of the same features as the Police Interceptor Sedan; however, it used a 2.0 L EcoBoost four-cylinder and was designed only for detective and administrative uses. The Special Service Sedan was equipped with heavy-duty suspension, braking, and cooling components like its Interceptor counterpart. It came standard with active grille shutters, and was available only with front wheel drive. Despite being designed solely for detective and administrative uses, it became pursuit rated in 2015. The Special Service Sedan was dropped after the 2017 model year.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: As Ford considered in 2015 whether to continue producing the Taurus in the United States, one reason to do so was the FPIS, though the Police Interceptor Utility was more popular and sales of the police sedan were down. In March 2019, the Taurus-based FPIS was discontinued along with the rest of the Taurus line. It was succeeded by the second generation Explorer-based Police Interceptor Utility. Its intended replacement, the Fusion-based Police Responder Hybrid Sedan, was discontinued after the 2020 model year.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: The Ford scored well in test drives, and the media was pleased with some of the new features available in the 2010 Ford Taurus. Some of these features include all wheel drive, cross traffic alert, collision warning, blind spot monitoring and adaptive cruise control. The Taurus shares the powertrain and many available technological options of the Lincoln MKS, which is built on the same platform and mechanical underpinnings, while having a starting MSRP of US$10,000 less than the MKS.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: While its predecessor was criticized for dull styling, the new Taurus was described as "big and muscular" to draw attention, albeit "a love-it-or-hate-it affair". Motor Trend stated that "its broad stance, high sill line, slit headlamps, and technical grille give it a leopard look" which was considered handsome.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: However, despite being praised for its exterior appearance, it was still criticized for its lack of interior room and reduced sight-lines despite its full-sized exterior dimensions, compared to the previous-generation Five Hundred/Taurus which was praised for its vast interior and greenhouse visibility; one reviewer remarked that while the "old Taurus' interior was cavernous; the new one just feels like a cavern". Edmunds noted that the eighth-generation Honda Accord (which competes in the mid-size category) had superior driving dynamics and a more efficient design that yielded almost as much interior space as the larger Taurus. Car and Driver described the Taurus as overweight and underpowered, with unresponsive braking and steering, while Motor Trend criticized a few aspects of the interior as evidently cost-cutting.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: Water pumps on 2008 to 2019 Ford Taurus and 2013 to 2019 Ford Police Interceptor Sedan equipped with the 3.5L Ford Cyclone V6 V6, 3.5L EcoBoost V6, and 3.7L V6 have a tendency to fail and potentially ruin the engine. The water pumps on these engines are internally mounted and driven by the timing chain. As a result, when they fail, antifreeze is dumped directly into the crankcase; mixing with engine oil and potentially damaging the head gaskets and connecting rod bearings. Many of these water pump failures occur without warning and repairs often cost thousands of dollars as the engine needs to be disassembled or removed from the vehicle to access the water pump. In some cases, the engine will need to be replaced outright. A class action lawsuit was started against Ford as a result of this issue.


title: Ford Taurus (sixth generation)

text: On April 25, 2018, Ford announced plans to discontinue the Taurus (along with the Fiesta, Focus, and Fusion), in order to focus more on its line of trucks and SUVs. The announcement was part of a plan by Ford Motor Company to cut costs and increase profits. This was in response to a shift in perceived consumer demand towards SUVs and pickup trucks, and away from sedans. On September 5, 2018, Ford ended all national and promotional advertising (including sales and special offers) for its entire sedan lineup, including the Taurus. On March 1, 2019, the last U.S. Ford Taurus, a white Limited model, rolled off of the assembly line at the Ford Chicago plant.


title: 72nd Berlin International Film Festival

text: The 72nd annual Berlin International Film Festival, usually called the Berlinale took place from 10 to 20 February 2022 in person. On 15 December 2021 the first film of the festival was announced. The festival opened with François Ozon's drama film "Peter von Kant". Isabelle Huppert was awarded Honorary Golden Bear for lifetime achievement on 15 February 2022 at the Berlinale Palast award ceremony. Her film by Laurent Larivière, "À propos de Joan" was also screened.


title: 72nd Berlin International Film Festival

text: The awards were presented on 16 February 2022 truncating the festival by 4 days. "Alcarràs" by Carla Simón won the Golden Bear award and "The Novelist's Film" by Hong Sang-soo won the Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize. The festival formally closed on 20 February 2022.


title: 72nd Berlin International Film Festival

text: The following films are selected for the main competition for the Golden Bear and Silver Bear awards:


title: 72nd Berlin International Film Festival

text: This section in 72nd edition is dedicated to French film and stage actor Isabelle Huppert, who will also be awarded an Honorary Golden Bear for lifetime achievement.


title: 72nd Berlin International Film Festival

text: This section opened on 11 February 2022, with screening in 4K of the 1936 film "My Man Godfrey" by Gregory La Cava.


title: 72nd Berlin International Film Festival

text: The restored silent 1929 classic film "Brüder" ("Brothers") by Werner Hochbaum, screened on 13 February 2022.


title: Vinny Appice

text: Vincent Samson Appice (born September 13, 1957) is an American rock drummer best known for his work with the bands Dio, Black Sabbath, and Heaven & Hell. Of Italian descent, he is the younger brother of drummer Carmine Appice.


title: Vinny Appice

text: Appice took up the drums at the age of nine, taking lessons from the same teacher as his brother Carmine Appice. When he was sixteen, Appice and his band BOMF met John Lennon at Record Plant Studios. Lennon took a liking to the group and used them as a backing band in several performances, including the final one before his death. He moved on to record with Rick Derringer on Derringer (1976), "Sweet Evil" (1977), and "Derringer Live" (1977), before forming his own band Axis and recording "It's A Circus World" (1978).


title: Vinny Appice

text: Appice joined Black Sabbath during the tour in support of the "Heaven and Hell" album in 1980. He was quickly brought in to replace original drummer Bill Ward, who quit the band mid-tour due to personal issues. Appice arrived for his first show with Black Sabbath at the Aloha Stadium in Hawaii with his entire drum kit packed into the back of a car. He was forced to learn the band's songs on stage, using hastily written crib notes for each unfamiliar song. A sudden rain storm made the ink run on Vinny's notes. According to an interview conducted at NAMM in 2012, Vinny stated that at the end of the show during the bows he tossed the notebook into the crowd. Appice subsequently appeared on the Black Sabbath albums "Mob Rules" (1981) and "Live Evil" (1982).


title: Vinny Appice

text: In late 1982 he left Black Sabbath along with vocalist Ronnie James Dio and formed the band Dio. They recorded "Holy Diver" (1983), "The Last in Line" (1984), "Sacred Heart" (1985), "Intermission" (1986), and "Dream Evil" (1987). In December 1989 Appice left Dio and briefly teamed up with Dokken bassist Jeff Pilson in the band Flesh & Blood.


title: Vinny Appice

text: After joining World War III in 1990, he returned to Black Sabbath in 1992 for the "Dehumanizer" album and tour. "I like Vinny – he's a nice chap," Tony Iommi reflected to the Sabbath fanzine "Southern Cross". "Vinny was asked to continue with the Sabbath thing, but he didn't. I like Vinny's playing." Appice rejoined Dio and they recorded "Strange Highways" (1994) and "Angry Machines" (1996).


title: Vinny Appice

text: Prior to the 1996 tour, Appice played drums for Las Vegas–based guitarist, Raven Storm, on his album The Storm Project, which also involved long-time Dio engineer and producer, Angelo Arcuri. Arcuri was also a childhood friend of the Appice brothers.


title: Vinny Appice

text: In 2005 Appice appeared on a rap recording by "Circle of Tyrants", whose lineup included Necro, Ill Bill, Goretex, and Mr Hyde, also collaborating with Alex Skolnick. Appice played two shows in Las Vegas with the Sin City Sinners in October 2009. Appice rejoined his Black Sabbath bandmates Ronnie James Dio, Geezer Butler, and Tony Iommi in 2006 as Heaven & Hell, touring and releasing one studio album, "The Devil You Know", before Dio's death in 2010.


title: Vinny Appice

text: In 2006 he recorded the CD Dinosaurs, together with Carl Sentance, Carlos Cavazo and Jeff Pilson. The CD was produced by guitarist-musician Andy Menario (leader of Martiria band) and featured lyrics written by Italian poet Marco Roberto Capelli, who is also Martiria's lyricist.


title: Vinny Appice

text: He is currently participating in "Drum Wars" shows with his brother Carmine, which feature a guest appearance from vocalist Paul Shortino.


title: Vinny Appice

text: Appice formed the band Kill Devil Hill with former Down and Pantera bassist Rex Brown, guitar slinger Mark Zavon and lead vocalist Dewey Bragg. Kill Devil Hill's self-titled debut album was released May 22, 2012, via Steamhammer/SPV and landed at No. 9 on the Billboard Top New Artist Albums (HeatSeekers) Chart, No. 41 on the Top Hard Music Chart and No. 50 on the Independent Album Chart.


title: Vinny Appice

text: Following the death of Dio frontman Ronnie James Dio in 2010, the original lineup of Vinny Appice on drums, Jimmy Bain on bass, Vivian Campbell on guitar and Claude Schnell on keyboards reunited along with vocalist Andrew Freeman to perform covers of Dio songs they originally recorded.


title: Vinny Appice

text: On November 25, 2013, it was announced that Appice had formed a new band called WAMI, which features vocalist Doogie White, bassist Marco Mendoza, and 16-year-old Polish guitarist Iggy Gwadera. On February 12, 2014, the upcoming album title was revealed to be "Kill the King", due for release in the spring. On February 25, the album cover and track listing were revealed.


title: Vinny Appice

text: On March 10, 2014, it was announced that Appice had left Kill Devil Hill, and that former Type O Negative drummer Johnny Kelly was his replacement.


title: Vinny Appice

text: Last in Line began recording tracks for a new album of original material in April 2014, followed by the release of a snippet of the new track "Devil in Me" in June. The album, produced by former Dio bassist, Jeff Pilson, was announced to have an expected release date in early 2016.


title: Vinny Appice

text: In early 2014 Appice joined hard rock band Hollywood Monsters where he played on the album "Big Trouble" (on 8 tracks out of 11) which was released in 2014 on Mausoleum Records. The album features Steph Honde on vocals and guitars, Tim Bogert on bass, Don Airey on keyboards and Paul Di'Anno on lead vocals on the bonus track. The same year, Appice was a guest performer on Eli Cook's album, "Primitive Son".


title: Vinny Appice

text: In 2015, it was announced that Appice will appear on the EP "Mainly Songs About Robots" by Australian progressive rock band Toehider, to be released in September 2015. One week later on November 17, Last in Line released a music video for their premiere single "Devil in Me", and announced that their debut album, entitled "Heavy Crown" would be released on February 19, 2016. The band will release a studio album of original material without Schnell. The same year, Appice was invited to play drums for a new project of Whitesnake and former Night Ranger guitarist Joel Hoekstra, called Joel Hoekstra's 13, with an album called "Dying to Live", released on October 16.


title: Vinny Appice

text: On September 30, the new Resurrection Kings band was announced. The band is formed by Appice with former Dio guitarist Craig Goldy, Sean McNabb on bass and Chas West on vocals.


title: Vinny Appice

text: On January 18, 2017, Appice was inducted into the Hall of Heavy Metal History for his contributions to Heavy Metal drumming.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: UEFA Euro 2004 was a football tournament that took place in Portugal between 12 June and 4 July 2004. The 16 teams that qualified for the competition were required to submit a final 23-man squad by 2 June 2004, although injured squad members could be replaced at any time up to 24 hours before their team's first match.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: Russia named their final squad on 2 June 2004. Aleksandr Mostovoi was sent home from the tournament on 15 June due to alleged attacks on the cohesion of the group. Caps include those for USSR, CIS, and Russia.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: Spain named their initial 23-man squad on 20 May 2004. Real Madrid right-back Michel Salgado was originally named in the squad but suffered a torn thigh muscle and was replaced by Deportivo La Coruña full-back Joan Capdevila.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: Croatia named their final squad on 2 June 2004. Goalkeeper Stipe Pletikosa sustained a thigh injury a few days before the beginning of the tournament, and so was withdrawn from the squad, with Vladimir Vasilj taking his place.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: France named their final squad on 18 May 2004. Midfielder Ludovic Giuly tore a groin muscle during the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final on 26 May and was replaced by striker Sidney Govou three days later.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: Switzerland named an initial 26-man squad on 24 May 2004. Stéphane Grichting and Rémo Meyer were both cut from the final squad, while Marco Streller broke his left tibia and fibula and Léonard Thurre tore a calf muscle in training; they were replaced in the final 23-man squad by 18-year-old PSV Eindhoven forward Johan Vonlanthen.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: On 6 June, midfielder Johann Lonfat was withdrawn from the squad after suffering a back injury; he was originally going to be replaced by Juventus forward Davide Chiumiento, but he declined the selection in favour of waiting for a call-up by Italy, meaning that Tranquillo Barnetta replaced Lonfat instead. Goalkeeper Fabrice Borer suffered a broken arm in training on 12 June and was replaced by Sébastien Roth before Switzerland's opening game against Croatia the next day.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: Sweden named their squad on 6 May 2004. Southampton full-back Michael Svensson was ruled out of the tournament on 26 May after failing to recover from a knee injury; he was replaced by Hammarby defender Alexander Östlund.


title: UEFA Euro 2004 squads

text: Germany named an initial 22-man squad on 24 May 2004, with coach Rudi Völler leaving one space open for an under-21 player. Hamburger SV defender Christian Rahn withdrew from the squad on 26 May and was replaced by left-back Christian Ziege, who had recently been released by Tottenham Hotspur. VfL Bochum winger Paul Freier was also ruled out on 29 May after damaging knee ligaments in a warm-up friendly against Malta on 27 May; his withdrawal allowed both early contenders for the 23rd place in the squad, Bastian Schweinsteiger and Lukas Podolski, to be selected.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide Gbenga Adedeji (born 15 March 1989) is a Nigerian rapper, singer, songwriter and record executive. He is one of the biggest and most influential artists in Africa, and has been instrumental to the launching of the careers of several Afrobeats music stars. He records in Yoruba and English. In 2011, he released his debut studio album "Rapsodi" while signed to Coded Tunes. "YBNL", his follow-up album, was released under his label imprint "Yahoo Boy No Laptop" aka YBNL Nation. The album was supported by the singles "First of All", "Voice of the Street", "Stupid Love", and "Ilefo Illuminati". On 7 November 2013, he released his third studio album "Baddest Guy Ever Liveth". The album's singles include "Durosoke" and "Yemi My Lover". On 17 July 2013, Olamide became the first Nigerian to sign an endorsement deal with Cîroc.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide Gbenga Adedeji was born in Bariga, Lagos State, on 15 March 1989. He is the second of the three children of Pa Adedeji and his second wife, Ronke Osisanya Adedeji. Olamide has two siblings, TemmyGold and Eniola Olamilekan (who is also known as DJ Enimoney).


title: Olamide

text: Olamide started his career when he released the debut single, "Eni Duro," in 2010. In the same year, he performed at The Hip Hop World Awards. He studied mass communication at Tai Solarin University but dropped out due to financial problems.


title: Olamide

text: Adedeji is married to Adebukunmi Aisha Suleiman.They have two boys together, Batifeori Maximilliano Adedeji and Tunrepin Myles Adedeji. Olamide allegedly had a love child with Maria Okanrende, who at the time worked at The Beat 99.9 FM


title: Olamide

text: He was signed to ID Cabasa's Coded Tunes record label and was managed by Toni Payne. In 2012, he left Coded Tunes and started his own record label YBNL Nation.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide's debut album "Rapsodi" was released in 2011. Its lead single "Omo To Shan" charted on several radio stations in Lagos and across Nigeria. Olamide's debut offering led to collaborations with numerous artists, including Wizkid, ID Cabasa, 9ice, Reminisce and D'banj.


title: Olamide

text: Adedeji's second studio album "YBNL" was released in November 2012. Its production was handled by Tyrone, Samklef, 2 Kriss, Pheelz and ID Cabasa. The album features guest appearances from Davido, Tiwa Savage, Kayswitch, Dammy Krane, Reminisce, Samklef, Buckwylla, Minus 2 and Base One. It was supported by the singles "I lefo Illuminati", "First of All", "Stupid Love" and "Voice of the Street".


title: Olamide

text: "Baddest Guy Ever Liveth" is Olamide's third studio album. It was released on 7 November 2013 by YBNL Nation. Olamide recorded the album between 2012 and 2013 and enlisted Pheelz, Buckwyla, Ketchup, Ice Prince, Pepenazi, Endia, Viktoh, B.Banks, Phyno, Pele Pele and Bez to appear as guest artists on it. The album was produced entirely by Pheelz, except for the thirteenth track "Sitting on the Throne".


title: Olamide

text: "Baddest Guy Ever Liveth" was supported by four singles: "Durosoke", "Turn Up", "Yemi My Lover" and "Eleda Mi O". "Premium Times" newspaper included the album on its list of the 5 yet to be released Nigerian albums of 2013. It was ranked 12th on Afrikka Radio's list of the top 12 best Nigerian albums of 2013. "Baddest Guy Ever Liveth" won Best Album of the Year at the 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards, and was nominated for Rap Album of the Year at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards. It won Best Rap Album and Album of the Year at The Headies 2014.


title: Olamide

text: In May 2013, it was reported that Olamide had signed a record deal with DB Records. Olamide took to Twitter to debunk the reports. In an interview with Toolz on NdaniTV's "The Juice", he said that it was "too late" for anyone to sign him.


title: Olamide

text: On 14 November 2014, Olamide released his fourth album "Street OT" through YBNL Nation. The album is a follow up to his 2013 "Baddest Guy Ever Liveth" album. Preceded by the singles titled "Story for the Gods" and "Goons Mi", "Street OT" features guest appearances from Pasuma, Lil Kesh, Chinko Ekun, Phyno, Don Jazzy, and Reminisce. Its production was handled by Pheelz, B-Banks and Young Jonn. The ideology of the title of the album is to glorify and show his love for the "streets", a word with which Olamide is synonymous with.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide collaborated with Phyno in 2015 to release "2 Kings". It was released through Cloud 9 and the iTunes Store with little announcement on 1 April 2015, by Penthauze Music and YBNL Nation. The album features collaborations with producers and guest artists such as Wizkid, Lil Kesh, Storm Rex, Pheelz, Major Bangz, B.Banks and Young John. Prior to recording the album, Olamide and Phyno frequently collaborated with each other on several songs, including "Ghost Mode" and "Dope Money". The album produced the singles "Une" and "Confam Ni", both of which were released in the months leading to the album's release.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide's fifth studio album "Eyan Mayweather" was released on 23 November 2015. Released through YBNL Nation with studio production from Pheelz, Young Jonn, B Banks and I.D. Cabasa, "Eyan Mayweather" is the follow up to "2 Kings", a collaborative album by Olamide and Phyno. The album boasted of having 21 tracks with no single feature.


title: Olamide

text: "The Glory", Olamide's sixth studio album, was released on 23 December 2016. Released through YBNL Nation with studio production from Pheelz. The Album contains 16 back to back track with features from artistes like Phyno, Wande Coal, Burna Boy, Akuchi and Davolee. The Glory is the follow up to Eyan Mayweather.


title: Olamide

text: On 10 February 2020, Olamide released a surprise project, the EP "999" tooXclusive rated the project 6/10, while Motolani Alake of Pulse gave a 5.5/10 review.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide revealed to the public on 18 February 2020 that his record label, YBNL Nation has signed a joint venture deal with international distribution company Empire. He further stated that Fireboy DML, and any new artist signed to YBNL Nation will join him to benefit from the deal.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide's eleventh album "Carpe Diem" was released on 8 October 2020. "Carpe Diem" contains 12 tracks and features Omah Lay, Fireboy DML, Peruzzi, Bad Boy Timz, Bella Shmurda and Phyno, with production credits to Young John, Pheelz, P.Priime, ID Cabasa and VStix.


title: Olamide

text: Olamide announced on 16 March 2021 that he was done working on another album. On 18 April, he announced the album "UY Scuti", which was released on 18 June. Olamide mentioned that his son was the inspiration on why he titled the album UY Scuti.


title: Redpoint (climbing)

text: In sport climbing, redpointing means to free-climb a route while lead climbing, but after having practiced the route beforehand (either by hangdogging or top roping) to understand its technical challenges. Many climbers will try to redpoint a route after having failed to on-sight (first time with no prior information), or flash (first time but with prior information) it, although a climber might forgo an on-sight attempt if they suspect that the route is so difficult that it would be pointless to try.


title: Redpoint (climbing)

text: Redpointing differs from the traditional climbing act of headpointing, in that the term is exclusive to sport climbing routes with protection bolts already pre-fixed into the rock at regular intervals. Traditional climbing sometimes uses the derived term, "greenpointing" to describe leading a sport-type climb, but one that only uses pre-placed "natural protection" (e.g. the protection is not via fix preplaced protection such as bolts or iron pins).


title: Redpoint (climbing)

text: Where the quickdraws have been pre-placed into the bolts (i.e. the climber is just clipping in the rope on their lead), it is technically called a pinkpoint; in practice, most climbs on extreme sport routes are really pinkpoints, as are most climbs in modern climbing competitions, and the term "pinkpoint" is less frequently used.


title: Redpoint (climbing)

text: Climbers can rest on a redpoint, but not using the rope or any artificial protection (e.g. it must be by just hanging off the holds, or using a kneebar). Where the climber falls on a redpoint, they must stop the climb, return to the bottom, pull their rope free of the route, and completely re-start the attempt from scratch.


title: Redpoint (climbing)

text: The English term "redpoint" is a loan translation of the German "Rotpunkt" coined by Kurt Albert in the mid-1970s at Frankenjura. He would paint a red X on a fixed pin so that he could avoid using it for a foot- or handhold. Once he was able to free-climb the entire route, he would put a red dot at the base of the route. In many ways, this was the origin of the free climbing movement that led to the development of sport climbing ten years later.


title: Redpoint (climbing)

text: Notable redpointed climbs are chronicled by the climbing media to track progress in overall rock climbing standards and levels of technical difficulty; in contrast, the hardest traditional climbing routes tend to be of lower technical difficulty due to the additional burden of having to place protection during the course of the climb, and due to the lack of any possibility of using natural protection on the most extreme sport climbs.


title: Redpoint (climbing)

text: As of December 2021, the world's hardest redpointed route is "Silence" at a proposed grade of , which was climbed by Adam Ondra in 2017; it has yet to be repeated. There are a number of routes with a confirmed climbing grade of , the first of which was "Change" by Ondra in 2012, and the second of which was "La Dura Dura", also by Ondra and Chris Sharma in 2013. As of December 2021, female climbers Angela Eiter, Laura Rogora, and Julia Chanourdie have redpointed established routes at , and Rogora's ascent of "Erebor" is considered to be the first potential female redpoint of a .


title: Brannon Braga

text: Brannon Braga (; born August 14, 1965) is an American television producer, director and screenwriter. Best known for his work in the "Star Trek" franchise, Braga was a key creative force behind three of the franchise's live action series. He later became an executive producer and writer on several Fox shows including "24", "Terra Nova", and "The Orville". His film credits include "", "Star Trek Generations" and "".


title: Brannon Braga

text: He served as an executive producer on the Fox primetime series, "", a re-launch of the 1980 miniseries hosted by Carl Sagan for which Braga won a Peabody Award, Critics Choice Award, and Producers Guild Award. In addition, Braga has been nominated for three Emmy Awards. Braga also served as writer, executive producer, and co-creator of the drama series "Salem", WGN America's first original series.


title: Brannon Braga

text: Braga started out as an intern on "" in 1990 as part of the Television Academy Foundation's internship program, eventually becoming a co-producer for the series final season. He was part of the creative team nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1994 for Outstanding Drama Series, and won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation in 1995 for his work on the series finale, "" along with longtime collaborator Ronald D. Moore. His credits on that series include a number of popular episodes including "", "" and "".


title: Brannon Braga

text: He then joined "" as a producer and was tapped to serve as executive producer the following year. He served as showrunner for "Voyager" until the end of the sixth season when he moved to "". He teamed up with Moore to write two "Star Trek" feature films – "Star Trek Generations" and "". They would also later develop the "" screenplay. He went on to co-create "Star Trek: Enterprise" and led that series as executive producer until its fourth and final season.


title: Brannon Braga

text: Before the cancellation of "Star Trek: Enterprise", Braga co-created the CBS science fiction drama series "Threshold", he was brought on as an executive producer and writer on the Fox series, "24", penning episodes in the seventh and eight seasons. He was also an executive producer and writer on the 2009 ABC science fiction series "FlashForward".


title: Brannon Braga

text: While at the helm of "Terra Nova", Braga was approached to co-write a four-part comic book series "Star Trek: The Next Generation: Hive" for IDW, which made its debut in 2012.


title: Brannon Braga

text: Braga was the producer and one of the directors of the 2014 science education series "", a sequel to the 1980 series "" that was hosted by Carl Sagan. The project saw Braga collaborating with the original series' writer and Sagan's widow, Ann Druyan, executive producer Seth MacFarlane and host Neil DeGrasse Tyson. The 13-episode series premiered March 9, 2014, and received mostly positive reaction from critics and viewers. Braga was nominated for an Emmy for his work on the show. The following month saw the premiere of the historical fantasy drama television series "Salem", which Braga co-created with Adam Simon, and on which he serves as one of the executive producers. in 2014, he directed the Marilyn Manson music video "Cupid Carries a Gun" off "The Pale Emperor" album.


title: Brannon Braga

text: Braga is one of the producers of "The Orville", a 2017 science fiction comedy drama inspired by "Star Trek". He also directed several episodes of the series.


title: Brannon Braga

text: Braga attended Kent State University and the University of California, Santa Cruz, studying Theater Arts and Filmmaking.


title: Brannon Braga

text: During production of "Star Trek: Voyager", Braga dated star Jeri Ryan for several years after she joined the cast in the fourth season. Between February and November 2000, they were stalked by Marlon Estacio Pagtakhan, who was convicted for harassment and threats in May 2001.


title: Brannon Braga

text: Braga gave a speech at the International Atheist Conference in Reykjavík, Iceland in 2006, where he discussed mythologies, specifically the atheistic future for humanity that Gene Roddenberry imagined in Star Trek.


title: Total derivative

text: In mathematics, the total derivative of a function at a point is the best linear approximation near this point of the function with respect to its arguments. Unlike partial derivatives, the total derivative approximates the function with respect to all of its arguments, not just a single one. In many situations, this is the same as considering all partial derivatives simultaneously. The term "total derivative" is primarily used when is a function of several variables, because when is a function of a single variable, the total derivative is the same as the ordinary derivative of the function.


title: Total derivative

text: Let formula_1 be an open subset. Then a function formula_2 is said to be (totally) differentiable at a point formula_3 if there exists a linear transformation formula_4 such that


title: Total derivative

text: The linear map formula_6 is called the (total) derivative or (total) differential of formula_7 at formula_8. Other notations for the total derivative include formula_9 and formula_10. A function is (totally) differentiable if its total derivative exists at every point in its domain.


title: Total derivative

text: Conceptually, the definition of the total derivative expresses the idea that formula_6 is the best linear approximation to formula_7 at the point formula_8. This can be made precise by quantifying the error in the linear approximation determined by formula_6. To do so, write


title: Total derivative

text: where formula_16 equals the error in the approximation. To say that the derivative of formula_7 at formula_8 is formula_6 is equivalent to the statement


title: Total derivative

text: where formula_21 is little-o notation and indicates that formula_16 is much smaller than formula_23 as formula_24. The total derivative formula_6 is the "unique" linear transformation for which the error term is this small, and this is the sense in which it is the best linear approximation to formula_7.


title: Total derivative

text: The function formula_7 is differentiable if and only if each of its components formula_28 is differentiable, so when studying total derivatives, it is often possible to work one coordinate at a time in the codomain. However, the same is not true of the coordinates in the domain. It is true that if formula_7 is differentiable at formula_8, then each partial derivative formula_31 exists at formula_8. The converse is false: It can happen that all of the partial derivatives of formula_7 at formula_8 exist, but formula_7 is not differentiable at formula_8. This means that the function is very "rough" at formula_8, to such an extreme that its behavior cannot be adequately described by its behavior in the coordinate directions. When formula_7 is not so rough, this cannot happen. More precisely, if all the partial derivatives of formula_7 at formula_8 exist and are continuous in a neighborhood of formula_8, then formula_7 is differentiable at formula_8. When this happens, then in addition, the total derivative of formula_7 is the linear transformation corresponding to the Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives at that point.


title: Total derivative

text: When the function under consideration is real-valued, the total derivative can be recast using differential forms. For example, suppose that formula_45 is a differentiable function of variables formula_46. The total derivative of formula_7 at formula_8 may be written in terms of its Jacobian matrix, which in this instance is a row matrix:


title: Total derivative

text: is a small vector (where the formula_51 denotes transpose, so that this vector is a column vector), then


title: Total derivative

text: Heuristically, this suggests that if formula_53 are infinitesimal increments in the coordinate directions, then


title: Total derivative

text: In fact, the notion of the infinitesimal, which is merely symbolic here, can be equipped with extensive mathematical structure. Techniques, such as the theory of differential forms, effectively give analytical and algebraic descriptions of objects like infinitesimal increments, formula_55. For instance, formula_55 may be inscribed as a linear functional on the vector space formula_57. Evaluating formula_55 at a vector formula_59 in formula_57 measures how much formula_59 points in the formula_62th coordinate direction. The total derivative formula_6 is a linear combination of linear functionals and hence is itself a linear functional. The evaluation formula_64 measures how much formula_59 points in the direction determined by formula_7 at formula_8, and this direction is the gradient. This point of view makes the total derivative an instance of the exterior derivative.


title: Total derivative

text: Suppose now that formula_7 is a vector-valued function, that is, formula_69. In this case, the components formula_70 of formula_7 are real-valued functions, so they have associated differential forms formula_72. The total derivative formula_73 amalgamates these forms into a single object and is therefore an instance of a vector-valued differential form.


title: Total derivative

text: The chain rule has a particularly elegant statement in terms of total derivatives. It says that, for two functions formula_7 and formula_75, the total derivative of the composite function formula_76 at formula_8 satisfies


title: Total derivative

text: If the total derivatives of formula_7 and formula_75 are identified with their Jacobian matrices, then the composite on the right-hand side is simply matrix multiplication. This is enormously useful in applications, as it makes it possible to account for essentially arbitrary dependencies among the arguments of a composite function.


title: Total derivative

text: Suppose that "f" is a function of two variables, "x" and "y". If these two variables are independent, so that the domain of "f" is formula_81, then the behavior of "f" may be understood in terms of its partial derivatives in the "x" and "y" directions. However, in some situations, "x" and "y" may be dependent. For example, it might happen that "f" is constrained to a curve formula_82. In this case, we are actually interested in the behavior of the composite function formula_83. The partial derivative of "f" with respect to "x" does not give the true rate of change of "f" with respect to changing "x" because changing "x" necessarily changes "y". However, the chain rule for the total derivative takes such dependencies into account. Write formula_84. Then, the chain rule says


title: Total derivative

text: This gives a straightforward formula for the derivative of formula_83 in terms of the partial derivatives of formula_7 and the derivative of formula_91.


title: Total derivative

text: The rate of change of "f" with respect to "x" is usually the partial derivative of "f" with respect to "x"; in this case,


title: Total derivative

text: However, if "y" depends on "x", the partial derivative does not give the true rate of change of "f" as "x" changes because the partial derivative assumes that "y" is fixed. Suppose we are constrained to the line


title: Total derivative

text: which we see is not equal to the partial derivative formula_97. Instead of immediately substituting for "y" in terms of "x", however, we can also use the chain rule as above:


title: Total derivative

text: While one can often perform substitutions to eliminate indirect dependencies, the chain rule provides for a more efficient and general technique. Suppose formula_99 is a function of time formula_100 and formula_101 variables formula_102 which themselves depend on time. Then, the time derivative of formula_103 is


title: Total derivative

text: The chain rule expresses this derivative in terms of the partial derivatives of formula_103 and the time derivatives of the functions formula_102:


title: Total derivative

text: This expression is often used in physics for a gauge transformation of the Lagrangian, as two Lagrangians that differ only by the total time derivative of a function of time and the formula_101 generalized coordinates lead to the same equations of motion. An interesting example concerns the resolution of causality concerning the Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory. The operator in brackets (in the final expression above) is also called the total derivative operator (with respect to formula_100).


title: Total derivative

text: Here there is no formula_112 term since formula_7 itself does not depend on the independent variable formula_100 directly.


title: Total derivative

text: A "total differential equation" is a differential equation expressed in terms of total derivatives. Since the exterior derivative is coordinate-free, in a sense that can be given a technical meaning, such equations are intrinsic and "geometric".


title: Total derivative

text: In economics, it is common for the total derivative to arise in the context of a system of equations. For example, a simple supply-demand system might specify the quantity "q" of a product demanded as a function "D" of its price "p" and consumers' income "I", the latter being an exogenous variable, and might specify the quantity supplied by producers as a function "S" of its price and two exogenous resource cost variables "r" and "w". The resulting system of equations


title: Total derivative

text: determines the market equilibrium values of the variables "p" and "q". The total derivative formula_117 of "p" with respect to "r", for example, gives the sign and magnitude of the reaction of the market price to the exogenous variable "r". In the indicated system, there are a total of six possible total derivatives, also known in this context as comparative static derivatives: , , , , , and . The total derivatives are found by totally differentiating the system of equations, dividing through by, say , treating and as the unknowns, setting , and solving the two totally differentiated equations simultaneously, typically by using Cramer's rule.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: The WWE Divas Championship was a women's professional wrestling championship in WWE. The championship was created by WWE in 2008, and was introduced as part of the WWE brand extension via a storyline by then SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero as an alternative to Raw's WWE Women's Championship.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: Michelle McCool became the inaugural champion on July 20, 2008, when she defeated Natalya at The Great American Bash. After then-WWE Divas Champion Maryse was drafted to Raw as part of the 2009 WWE draft, she took the title with her. McCool won a match against Melina to unify the WWE Divas and Women's titles at the Night of Champions pay-per-view on September 19, 2010, creating the Unified WWE Divas Championship; it eventually dropped the "Unified" moniker. The youngest woman to win the Divas Championship is Paige, at age 21.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: The title was retired in 2016 at WrestleMania 32, after WWE Hall of Famer Lita revealed a brand-new Women's Championship, which would later be called the Raw Women's Championship, to replace the Divas Championship. The match for the new title took place at the event between the reigning Divas Champion Charlotte Flair and her opponents Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks in a triple threat match. Therefore, Charlotte Flair was the last Divas champion.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: With the first WWE brand extension in 2002, a storyline division in which WWE assigned its employees to different television programs and touring companies, the WWE Women's Championship was originally to be defended on both brands. At some point that year, however, it became exclusive to the Raw brand. Thereafter, only Divas on the Raw brand were able to compete for the title, while the Divas on the SmackDown brand were unable to compete for a women's-exclusive championship. However, on a few occasions, the regulation was bypassed with Melina, Ashley Massaro, Torrie Wilson, and Nidia challenging for the title while on the SmackDown brand, but none were successful.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: As a result, WWE created the WWE Divas Championship and introduced it on the June 6, 2008 episode of "SmackDown" when then SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero announced the creation of the title. On the June 6 and July 4, editions of "SmackDown", Natalya and Michelle McCool won their respective Golden Dreams match (also involving Maryse, Victoria, Kelly Kelly, Cherry, and Layla) to qualify for the Divas Championship match. At The Great American Bash, McCool defeated Natalya to become the inaugural champion. When Maryse won the title from McCool in December 2008, she dislocated her kneecap at a live event later that month. Similar to how Trish Stratus kept the Women's Championship when she was sidelined with a herniated disc in 2005, Maryse was able to keep the Divas title upon her return in late January 2009. As part of the 2009 WWE draft, then Divas Champion Maryse was one of the people drafted to the Raw brand, in the process making the championship exclusive to Raw.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: On January 4, 2010, WWE vacated the title after the current Divas Champion Melina sustained a torn anterior cruciate ligament. A tournament was started two weeks later on "Raw", where former Divas Champion Maryse qualified over Brie Bella, Alicia Fox qualified over Kelly Kelly, Eve Torres qualified over Katie Lea Burchill, and Gail Kim qualified over former Divas Champion Jillian Hall. In the semifinals, Maryse defeated Eve Torres, and Gail Kim defeated Alicia Fox. On February 22 episode of "Raw", Maryse defeated Gail Kim to win the vacant championship, making her the first person to hold the title on more than one occasion. It was announced on the August 30 episode of "Raw" that the Divas Championship would be unified with the Women's Championship at a match at Night of Champions. With that, the title (known briefly as the WWE Unified Divas Championship) became accessible to both WWE brands and the champion could appear on both shows, a situation made permanent by the ending of the brand extension in 2011. In August 2014, the Divas Championship belt, along with all other pre-existing championship belts in WWE at the time, received a minor update, replacing the long-standing scratch logo with WWE's new logo originally used for the WWE Network.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: On April 6, 2014, AJ Lee became the first and only woman to defend the Divas Championship at WrestleMania for WrestleMania XXX.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: On the WrestleMania 32 pre-show, former WWE Diva and Hall of Famer Lita announced that the scheduled triple threat match for the Divas Championship between Charlotte, Becky Lynch, and Sasha Banks was instead going to be for the new WWE Women's Championship (does not share the same lineage as the original WWE Women's Championship). It was also announced that the Divas Championship would be retired, and all female performers would become WWE Superstars in the process, coincidentally retiring the term "Diva".


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: On January 4, 2010, WWE vacated the title after then Divas Champion Melina sustained a torn anterior cruciate ligament. A tournament was started two weeks later on "Raw". On February 22 episode of "Raw", Maryse defeated Gail Kim to win the vacant championship, making her the first person to hold the title on more than one occasion.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: The following is a list of dates indicating the transitions of the Divas Championship between the Raw and SmackDown brands.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: There were 26 total reigns and 1 vacancy. The inaugural champion was Michelle McCool, who defeated Natalya to win the title at The Great American Bash on July 20, 2008.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: Eve Torres and AJ Lee hold the record for most reigns as Divas Champion with three each. AJ Lee holds the record for most combined days as champion with 406 days, while Nikki Bella holds the record for longest individual reign at 301 days. Jillian Hall has the shortest reign at five minutes. Layla is the oldest Divas Champion, having won at the age of 34, while Paige is the youngest Divas Champion in history at 21 years of age, and is also the only woman to win the title in her debut.


title: WWE Divas Championship

text: The final champion was Charlotte, who was in her first and only reign. She defeated Nikki Bella on September 20, 2015, at Night of Champions in Houston, Texas to win the title. Charlotte was originally scheduled to defend the title at WrestleMania 32 against Sasha Banks and Becky Lynch, but during the event it was announced that the scheduled triple threat match would instead be for the new WWE Women's Championship (now Raw Women's Championship), with the Divas Championship subsequently being retired. Charlotte won the match and the Women's Championship; this ended her reign as Divas Champion and began a new reign as Women's Champion.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: The mayor of the City of Los Angeles is the official head and chief executive officer of Los Angeles. The officeholder is elected for a four-year term and is limited to serving no more than two terms. (Under the Constitution of California, all judicial, school, county and city offices are nonpartisan.)


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: Forty-two men and one woman have been mayor since 1850, when California became a state following the American Conquest of California. Between 1781 and the conquest, Californios, or native-born residents of the Mexican territory, served as "alcalde," equivalent to "mayor." Karen Bass has been the mayor since taking office on December 12, 2022.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles has a council form of government, giving the mayor the position of chief executive of the city. The mayor appoints general managers and commissioners, removes officials from city posts, and proposes a yearly budget. Most of the mayor's appointments and proposals are subject to approval by the City Council. The mayor has the power to veto or to approve certain City Council actions.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: The organization of the mayor's office changes with administration, but is almost always governed by a chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, director of communications, and several deputy mayors. Each mayor organizes their office into different offices, usually containing the Los Angeles Housing Team, Los Angeles Business Team, International Trade Office, Mayor's Volunteer Corps, and Office of Immigrant Affairs, among other divisions.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: The mayor has an office in the Los Angeles City Hall and resides at the mayor's mansion, Getty House, located in Windsor Square. As of 2017, the mayor received a salary of $248,141.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: The mayor is elected in citywide election. Elections follow a two-round system. The first round of the election is called the primary election. The candidate receiving a majority of the vote in the primary is elected outright. If no candidate receives a majority, the top two candidates advance to a runoff election, called the general election. The city charter allows for write-in candidates for the primary election, but not for the runoff in the general election. The mayor is elected to a four-year term, with a limit of two consecutive terms. The office of mayor is officially nonpartisan by state law, although most mayoral candidates identify a party preference.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: Elections for mayor were held in odd-numbered years from 1909 until 2013. In October 2014, the Los Angeles City Council recommended consolidating city elections with gubernatorial and presidential elections in even-numbered years in an effort to increase turnout. On March 3, 2015, voters passed a charter amendment to extend the term of the mayor elected in 2017 to five and a half years. From 2022 and onward, mayoral elections will be consolidated with the statewide gubernatorial elections held every four years.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: The most recent election was held in November 2022. Politician Karen Bass defeated businessman Rick Caruso.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: In the case of an office vacancy, the city council has a choice to appoint a new mayor or to hold a special election. The replacement, if appointed, will serve until the next regularly scheduled primary for a city general election. If any portion remains on the term, a special election will be held to elect a candidate to serve the remainder of the term.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: The mayor is subject to recall by registered voters if at least 15 percent of eligible voters sign a recall petition within 120 days of the first day of circulation. If the petition is successful, a special election is held asking whether the incumbent should be removed and who among a list of candidates should replace the incumbent. If the recall is successful, the replacement candidate with the majority of votes succeeds the ousted incumbent. If no replacement candidate receives a majority of the votes, a special runoff election is held between the top two candidates.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: As of , 42 men have been mayor or "alcalde" since the Spanish days. Six served non-consecutive terms, the first of which began in 1854 and the last of which ended in 1921. Those who served non-consecutive terms are counted just once. Stephen Clark Foster was appointed mayor in 1848 before California statehood and the city's incorporation.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: The longest length of service was that of Tom Bradley (twenty years). Not counting city council presidents who served briefly as acting mayors, the shortest term was that of William Stephens, for less than two weeks after Arthur Cyprian Harper resigned. Two mayors died in office: Henry Mellus and Frederick A. MacDougall.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: As for ethnic or national background, four Latinos have been mayor since incorporation: Antonio F. Coronel, Cristóbal Aguilar, Antonio Villaraigosa, and Eric Garcetti. Manuel Requena was acting mayor post-statehood in his role as city council president. Tom Bradley, the city's longest-serving mayor, was the only African American. Two French Canadians were in the office — Damien Marchesseault and Prudent Beaudry.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: This list includes three presidents of the City Council who served as acting mayor because of a vacancy in the office but who were not officially appointed as mayor. Council presidents are not included in the count of mayors.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: † Council presidents who temporarily served as acting mayor in case of a vacancy but were not officially appointed to the position are not included in the count of mayors.


title: Mayor of Los Angeles

text: As of , four former mayors of Los Angeles were alive, the oldest being Richard J. Riordan (1993–2001, born 1930). The youngest being Eric Garcetti (2013-2022, born 1971). The most recent to die was Thomas Bradley (1973–1993), on September 29, 1998.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: In sociolinguistics, a variety, also called an isolect or lect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety. The use of the word "variety" to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term "language", which many people associate only with the standard language, and the term "dialect", which is often associated with non-standard varieties thought of as less prestigious or "correct" than the standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard (vernacular) varieties. "Lect" avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether two varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: Variation at the level of the lexicon, such as slang and argot, is often considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called registers), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties as well.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: O'Grady et al. define "dialect": "A regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties." A variety spoken in a particular region is called a regional dialect (regiolect, geolect); some regional varieties are called regionalects or topolects, especially to discuss varieties of Chinese. In addition, there are varieties associated with particular ethnic groups (sometimes called ethnolects), socioeconomic classes (sometimes called sociolects), or other social or cultural groups.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: Dialectology is the study of dialects and their geographic or social distribution. Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language used within a particular speech community, a group of people who share a set of norms or conventions for language use.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: In order to sidestep the vexing problem of distinguishing "dialect" from "language", some linguists have been using the term "communalect" – defined as “a neutral term for any speech tradition tied to a specific community”.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: More recently, sociolinguists have adopted the concept of the community of practice, a group of people who develop shared knowledge and shared norms of interaction, as the social group within which dialects develop and change. Sociolinguists Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet explain: "Some communities of practice may develop more distinctive ways of speaking than others. Thus, it is within communities of practice that linguistic influence may spread within and among speech communities."


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: The words "dialect" and "accent" are often used synonymously in everyday speech, but linguists define the two terms differently. "Accent" generally refers to differences in pronunciation, especially those that are associated with geographic or social differences, whereas "dialect" refers to differences in grammar and vocabulary as well.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: Many languages have a "standard variety", some lect that is selected and promoted prescriptively by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are accorded more sociolinguistic prestige than other, nonstandard lects and are generally thought of as "correct" by speakers of the language. Since the selection is an arbitrary standard, standard forms are the "correct" varieties only in the sense that they are tacitly valued by higher socio-economic strata and promoted by public influencers on matters of language use, such as writers, publishers, critics, language teachers, and self-appointed language guardians. As Ralph Harold Fasold puts it, "The standard language may not even be the best possible constellation of linguistic features available. It is general social acceptance that gives us a workable arbitrary standard, not any inherent superiority of the characteristics it specifies."


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: Sociolinguists generally recognize the standard variety of a language as one of the dialects of that language.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: In some cases, an authoritative regulatory body, such as the Académie Française, maintains and codifies the usage norms for a standard variety. More often, though, standards are understood in an implicit, practice-based way. Writing about Standard English, John Algeo suggests that the standard variety "is simply what English speakers agree to regard as good".


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: A "register" (sometimes called a "style") is a variety of language used in a particular social setting. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby talk, which is used in many western cultures to talk to small children or as a joking register used in teasing or playing The Dozens. There are also registers associated with particular professions or interest groups; jargon refers specifically to the vocabulary associated with such registers.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: Unlike dialects, which are used by particular speech communities and associated with geographical settings or social groupings, registers are associated with particular communicative situations, purposes, or levels of formality, and can constitute divisions within a single regional lect or standardized variety. Dialect and register may thus be thought of as different dimensions of linguistic variation. For example, Trudgill suggests the following sentence as an example of a nonstandard dialect that is used with the technical register of physical geography:


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: Most speakers command a range of registers, which they use in different situations. The choice of register is affected by the setting and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between the speakers.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: The appropriate form of language may also change during the course of a communicative event as the relationship between speakers changes, or different social facts become relevant. Speakers may shift styles, as their perception of an event in progress changes. Consider the following telephone call to the Embassy of Cuba in Washington, DC.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: At first, the receptionist uses a relatively formal register, as befits her professional role. After the caller identifies herself, the receptionist recognizes that she is speaking to a friend, and she shifts to an informal register of colloquial Cuban Spanish. The shift is similar to metaphorical code-switching, but since it involves styles or registers, it is considered an example of style-shifting.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: An idiolect is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person". An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers and, in the case of multilinguals, various languages.


title: Variety (linguistics)

text: For scholars who view language from the perspective of linguistic competence, essentially the knowledge of language and grammar that exists in the mind of an individual language user, the idiolect, is a way of referring to the specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a shared social practice, the idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community of one individual.


title: CONOP 8888

text: CONPLAN 8888 also known as Counter-Zombie Dominance is a U.S. Department of Defense Strategic Command CONOP document that describes a plan for defending against any zombies. The April 30, 2011 document depicts fictional scenarios of zombie attacks for training students in military planning.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: , formerly known as Koromo, is a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 426,162 and a population density of 464 people per km. The total area was . It is located about 35 minutes from Nagoya by way of the Meitetsu Toyota Line.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: Several of Toyota Motor Corporation's manufacturing plants, including the Tsutsumi plant, are located here. The longstanding ties between the Toyota Motor Corporation and the town of Toyota-shi, formerly known as , gave the town its current name. The city's flag (and seal), is a unicursal hexagram.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: Toyota is located in north-central Aichi Prefecture, and is the largest city in the prefecture in terms of area. The city area is mountainous to the north, with peaks averaging around 1000 feet (328 m) in height along its northern border with Nagano and Gifu Prefectures. Much of the mountainous northern portion of the city is within the Aichi Kōgen Quasi-National Park.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification, "Cfa"). The average annual temperature in Toyota is . The average annual rainfall is with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around .


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: Per Japanese census data, the population of Toyota has been increasing rapidly steadily over the past 50 years.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: The area of present-day Toyota City has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and archaeologists have found a continuous record of artifacts from the Japanese paleolithic period onwards.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: In early proto-historic times, the area was under the control of the Mononobe clan, who built numerous "kofun" burial mounds. The local place name "Koromo" is mentioned in the "Kojiki" and other early Japanese documents.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: During the Edo period, parts of the area of the current city were under the control of Koromo Domain, a feudal "han" under the Tokugawa shogunate; however, most of the area of the current city was "tenryō" territory controlled directly by the government in Edo and administered through "hatamoto" class appointed administrators. The village of "Matsudaira", from which Tokugawa Ieyasu took his clan name, was located within what is now the city of Toyota.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: After the Meiji restoration, the area was organized into the towns of Asuke and Koromo and numerous villages under Higashikamo District and Nishikamo District with the establishment of the modern municipalities system.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: The area was a major producer of silk and prospered from the Meiji period through the Taishō periods. As the demand for raw silk declined in Japan and abroad, Koromo entered a period of gradual decline after 1930. The decline encouraged Kiichiro Toyoda, cousin of Eiji Toyoda, to look for alternatives to the family's automatic loom manufacturing business. The search led to the founding of what became the Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota built the first manufacturing facility, known as Toyota Honsha plant in November 1938, breaking ground in December 1935.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: On March 1, 1951, Koromo gained city status, and absorbed the village of Takahashi from Nishikamo District on September 30, 1956. Due to the fame and economic importance of its major employer, the city of changed its name to Toyota on January 1, 1959.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: Toyota became a sister city with Detroit, Michigan, United States in 1960. It continued to expand by annexing the towns of Kamigo (Hekikai District) on March 1, 1964, and Takaoka (Hekikai District) on September 1, 1965, and Sanage (Nishikamo District) on April 1, 1967, as well as the village of Matsudaira (Higashikamo District) on April 1, 1970.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: In 1979 the Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu) opened the Toyota New Line (now Toyota Line), and in 1988: The Aichi Loop Line was opened, thus considerably improving access to the city via rail transport.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: On March 25, 2005, Expo 2005 opened with its main site in Nagakute and additional activity in Seto and Toyota. The Expo continued until September 25, 2005.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: On April 1, 2005, Toyota absorbed the town of Fujioka, and the village of Obara (both from Nishikamo District), the towns of Asuke, Asahi and Inabu, and the village of Shimoyama (all from Higashikamo District) to create the new and expanded city of Toyota.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: Mitsuru Obe and Eric Pfanner of "The Wall Street Journal" stated that by 2015 Toyota was recovering from an economic depression "so deep that some were comparing it to Detroit."


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: Toyota has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 45 members.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: In terms of national politics, the city is divided between Aichi District 11 and Aichi District 14 of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: The main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 14-story building in Toyota. As of 2006 the head office has the "Toyopet" Toyota logo and the words "Toyota Motor". The Toyota Technical Center, a 14-story building, and the original Honsha plant, Toyota's first plant engaging in mass production and formerly named the Koromo plant, are adjacent to one another in a location near the headquarters. Vinod Jacob from "The Hindu" described the main headquarters building as "modest". In 2013 company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the headquarters due to the lack of amenities in Toyota.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: Toyota has 78 public elementary schools and 27 public middle schools operated by the city government and 12 public high schools operated by the Aichi Prefectural Board of Education. There are also two private middle schools and eight private high schools. The prefecture also operates two special education schools for the disabled.


title: Toyota, Aichi

text: Toyota, as the home city of Toyota Motor Corporation is well-served by expressways and national highways. However, it was the largest city in Japan which was not served by the Japanese National Railways (JNR) during its existence. The closest Shinkansen station is Mikawa-Anjō Station in the city of Anjō, although the limited-stop "Nozomi" and "Hikari" services do not stop there.


title: Ten stages of genocide

text: The ten stages of genocide is an academic tool and a policy model which was created by Gregory Stanton, the founding president of Genocide Watch, in order to explain how genocides occur. The stages of genocide are not linear, and as a result, several of them may occur simultaneously and they can only be stopped by international intervention, based on intervention measures which meet the USAID's requirements for intervention. Stanton's stages are a conceptual model with no real-world sampling for analyzing the events and processes that lead to genocides, and they are also a model for determining preventative measures.


title: Ten stages of genocide

text: In 1996, Stanton presented a briefing paper called "The 8 Stages of Genocide" to the United States Department of State. In the paper, he suggested that genocides occur in eight stages that are "predictable but not inexorable". He presented it shortly after the Rwandan genocide, and it analyzed the Holocaust, the Cambodian genocide, and other genocides. The suggested intervention measures were ones that the United States government and NATO could implement or influence other European nations to implement including military invasion.


title: Ten stages of genocide

text: Stanton first conceived and published the model in the 1987 Faulds Lecture at Warren Wilson College, also presented to the American Anthropological Association in 1987. In 2012, he added two additional stages, discrimination and persecution.


title: Ten stages of genocide

text: Stanton's model is widely used in the teaching of comparative genocide studies in a variety of settings, ranging from university courses to museum education, settings which include the Dallas Holocaust and Human Rights Museum.


title: Ten stages of genocide

text: Other genocide scholars have focused on the cultural and political conditions that lead to genocides. Sociologist Helen Fein showed that pre-existing antisemitism was correlated with the percentage of Jews who were killed in European countries during the Holocaust. Political scientists such as Dr. Barbara Harff have identified political characteristics of states that statistically correlate with risk of genocide: prior genocides with impunity, political upheaval, exclusionary ideology, autocracy, closed borders, and massive violations of human rights.


title: Ten stages of genocide

text: Stanton's model places the risk factors in Harff's analysis into a processual structure. For instance:


title: Ten stages of genocide

text: Stanton has suggested that "ultimately, the best antidote to genocide is popular education and the development of social and cultural tolerance for diversity."


title: The Smithereens

text: The Smithereens are an American rock band from Carteret, New Jersey, United States. The group formed in 1980 with members Pat DiNizio (vocals & guitar), Jim Babjak (guitar & vocals), Mike Mesaros (bass guitar & vocals), and Dennis Diken (drums & percussion). This original lineup continued until 2006, when Mesaros left the band and Severo Jornacion took over on bass guitar until Mesaros' return in 2016. After DiNizio died in 2017, the band continued performing live shows as a trio (Babjak, Mesaros and Diken) with various guest vocalists.


title: The Smithereens

text: The band are perhaps best known for a string of hits in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, including "Only a Memory", "A Girl Like You" and "Too Much Passion". The Smithereens have collaborated with numerous musicians, both in the studio (Belinda Carlisle, Julian Lennon, Lou Reed, Suzanne Vega) and live (Graham Parker and The Kinks). The band's name comes from a Yosemite Sam catchphrase, "Varmint, I'm a-gonna blow you to smithereens!"


title: The Smithereens

text: Babjak, Diken, and Mesaros are all from Carteret, New Jersey and graduated from Carteret High School in 1975. In 1980, they formed the band with DiNizio, who was from Scotch Plains, New Jersey. DiNizio had placed a classified ad in "The Aquarian Weekly" looking for a drummer to help on a demo tape – Diken answered it, and later introduced his schoolmates Babjak and Mesaros as well.


title: The Smithereens

text: The band's name derives from the cartoon character Yosemite Sam who had the expression, "Ya better say your prayers, ya flea-bitten varmint … I’m-a-gonna blow ya to smithereens!". The Smithereens are known for writing and playing catchy 1960s-influenced power pop. The group gained publicity when the single "Blood and Roses" from its first album was included on the soundtrack for "Dangerously Close", and the music video got moderate rotation on MTV. "Blood and Roses" was also featured on the 1980s TV show "Miami Vice" during the episode 'The Savage' (first aired February 6, 1987).


title: The Smithereens

text: Along with a basic East coast roots-rock sound that owed much to musicians who inspired DiNizio, including the Who, the Clash, Elvis Costello, and Nick Lowe, The Smithereens deployed a uniquely retro obsession with Mod, the late British Invasion pop of John's Children and the Move, and other artifacts of 1950s and 1960s culture that lent its music substance. DiNizio said his single biggest influence was Buddy Holly: "Listening to Buddy Holly, I rediscovered my enjoyment of simple pop structures and pretty melodies...I've always thought of him as a kindred spirit." Likewise, The Who and The Kinks were major influences on Babjak and Diken.


title: The Smithereens

text: The title and lyrics of their song, "In a Lonely Place," appear to be based on the 1950 Humphrey Bogart film of the same title because of Bogart's lines: "I was born the day I met you, lived a while when you loved me, died a little when we broke apart." The title and artwork for the album "11" were a nod to the original 1960 "Ocean's 11" film.


title: The Smithereens

text: The Smithereens starred as themselves and were featured as the entertainment in the indoor beach party scene of the 1986 Troma film "Class of Nuke 'Em High", playing the song "Much Too Much". The soundtrack to the film was not released until 2014.


title: The Smithereens

text: The highest position a Smithereens album attained on the "Billboard" pop charts was in 1990, when "11" peaked at No. 41 on the strength of the single "A Girl Like You" (which hit No. 38). "A Girl Like You" was originally written to be the title track for the 1989 Cameron Crowe film "Say Anything...". The album also featured a duet between DiNizio and Belinda Carlisle on "Blue Period".


title: The Smithereens

text: The basic tracks for their most recent studio album of original material, titled "2011", were recorded in early October 2010 and the album was released on April 5, 2011.


title: The Smithereens

text: The Smithereens were the final band to perform at the fabled Bleecker Street nightclub Kenny's Castaways in Greenwich Village, New York City, in October 2012.


title: The Smithereens

text: Original bass player Mike Mesaros reunited with the band in 2016 and 2017 for select performances and continued to tour in 2018 through the present.


title: The Smithereens

text: DiNizio died in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, on December 12, 2017, at the age of 62. According to bandmates, his health declined following a series of issues that began in 2015, resulting in nerve damage that limited the use of his right hand and arm.


title: The Smithereens

text: The surviving members of the band, including Mesaros, performed together as The Smithereens in a tribute show to DiNizio on January 13, 2018, at the Count Basie Theatre in Red Bank, NJ. In a five-hour concert, the band was joined by Steven Van Zandt, Dave Davies, Ted Leo, Robin Wilson, Lenny Kaye, Southside Johnny, Marshall Crenshaw, Bebe Buell, Richard Barone, Tony Shanahan, Graham Maby, Freedy Johnston, Kenny Howes, John Jorgenson, Peter Zaremba, Keith Streng, producer Ed Stasium, Andy Burton, and various other musicians. The Pat DiNizio Musical Performance Scholarship was established at the Count Basie's Performing Arts Academy.