title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young has been described as "The Last Man Who Knew Everything". His work influenced that of William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell, and Albert Einstein. Young is credited with establishing the wave theory of light, in contrast to the particle theory of Isaac Newton. Young's work was subsequently supported by the work of Augustin-Jean Fresnel.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young belonged to a Quaker family of Milverton, Somerset, where he was born in 1773, the eldest of ten children. At the age of fourteen Young had learned Greek and Latin.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young began to study medicine in London at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1792, moved to the University of Edinburgh Medical School in 1794, and a year later went to Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany, where he obtained the degree of doctor of medicine in 1796 from the University of Göttingen. In 1797 he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In the same year he inherited the estate of his grand-uncle, Richard Brocklesby, which made him financially independent, and in 1799 he established himself as a physician at 48 Welbeck Street, London (now recorded with a blue plaque). Young published many of his first academic articles anonymously to protect his reputation as a physician.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In 1801, Young was appointed professor of natural philosophy (mainly physics) at the Royal Institution. In two years, he delivered 91 lectures. In 1802, he was appointed foreign secretary of the Royal Society, of which he had been elected a fellow in 1794. He resigned his professorship in 1803, fearing that its duties would interfere with his medical practice. His lectures were published in 1807 in the "Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy" and contain a number of anticipations of later theories.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In 1811, Young became physician to St George's Hospital, and in 1814 he served on a committee appointed to consider the dangers involved in the general introduction of gas for lighting into London. In 1816 he was secretary of a commission charged with ascertaining the precise length of the seconds pendulum (the length of a pendulum whose period is exactly 2 seconds), and in 1818 he became secretary to the Board of Longitude and superintendent of the HM Nautical Almanac Office.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822. A few years before his death he became interested in life insurance, and in 1827 he was chosen one of the eight foreign associates of the French Academy of Sciences. In the same year he became a first class corresponding member, living abroad, of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. In 1828, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young died in his 56th year in London on 10 May 1829, having suffered recurrent attacks of "asthma". His autopsy revealed atherosclerosis of the aorta. His body was buried in the graveyard of St. Giles Church at Farnborough, in the county of Kent. Westminster Abbey houses a white marble tablet in memory of Young, bearing an epitaph by Hudson Gurney:


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young was highly regarded by his friends and colleagues. He was said never to impose his knowledge, but if asked was able to answer even the most difficult scientific question with ease. Although very learned he had a reputation for sometimes having difficulty in communicating his knowledge. It was said by one of his contemporaries that, "His words were not those in familiar use, and the arrangement of his ideas seldom the same as those he conversed with. He was therefore worse calculated than any man I ever knew for the communication of knowledge."


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Though he sometimes dealt with religious topics of history in Egypt and wrote about the history of Christianity in Nubia, not much is known about Young's personal religious views. On George Peacock's account, Young never spoke to him about morals, metaphysics or religion, though according to Young's wife, his attitudes showed that "his Quaker upbringing had strongly influenced his religious practices." Authoritative sources have described Young in terms of a cultural Christian Quaker.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Hudson Gurney informed that before his marriage, Young had to join the Church of England, and was baptized later. After his work on physics received some criticism from Henry Brougham, Young stated: "I have resolved to confine my studies and my pen to medical subjects only. For the talents which God has not given me, I am not responsible, but those which I possess, I have hitherto cultivated and employed as diligently as my opportunities have allowed me to do ; and I shall continue to apply them with assiduity, and in tranquillity, to that profession which has constantly been the ultimate object of all my labours.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Gurney stated that Young "retained a good deal of his old creed, and carried to his scriptural studies his habit of inquisition of languages and manners," rather than the habit of proselytism. Yet, the day before his death, Young participated in religious sacraments; as reported in David Brewster's "Edinburgh Journal of Science": "After some information concerning his affairs, and some instructions concerning the hierographical papers in his hands, he said that, perfectly aware of his situation, he had taken the sacraments of the church on the day preceding... His religious sentiments were by himself stated to be liberal, though orthodox. He had extensively studied the Scriptures, of which the precepts were deeply impressed upon his mind from his earliest years; and he evidenced the faith which he professed; in an unbending course of usefulness and rectitude."


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In Young's own judgment, of his many achievements the most important was to establish the wave theory of light. To do so, he had to overcome the century-old view, expressed in the venerable Newton's "Opticks", that light is a particle. Nevertheless, in the early 19th century Young put forth a number of theoretical reasons supporting the wave theory of light, and he developed two enduring demonstrations to support this viewpoint. With the ripple tank he demonstrated the idea of interference in the context of water waves. With Young's interference experiment, the predecessor of the double-slit experiment, he demonstrated interference in the context of light as a wave.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young, speaking on 24 November 1803, to the Royal Society of London, began his now-classic description of the historic experiment:


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In his subsequent paper, titled "Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics" (1804), Young describes an experiment in which he placed a card measuring approximately in a beam of light from a single opening in a window and observed the fringes of colour in the shadow and to the sides of the card. He observed that placing another card in front or behind the narrow strip so as to prevent the light beam from striking one of its edges caused the fringes to disappear. This supported the contention that light is composed of waves.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young performed and analysed a number of experiments, including interference of light from reflection off nearby pairs of micrometre grooves, from reflection off thin films of soap and oil, and from Newton's rings. He also performed two important diffraction experiments using fibres and long narrow strips. In his "Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts" (1807) he gives Grimaldi credit for first observing the fringes in the shadow of an object placed in a beam of light. Within ten years, much of Young's work was reproduced and then extended by Augustin-Jean Fresnel.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young described the characterization of elasticity that came to be known as Young's modulus, denoted as "E", in 1807, and further described it in his "Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts".


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: However, the first use of the concept of Young's modulus in experiments was by Giordano Riccati in 1782—predating Young by 25 years.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Furthermore, the idea can be traced to a paper by Leonhard Euler published in 1727, some 80 years before Thomas Young's 1807 paper.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: The Young's modulus relates the stress (pressure) in a body to its associated strain (change in length as a ratio of the original length); that is, stress = "E" × strain, for a uniaxially loaded specimen. Young's modulus is independent of the component under investigation; that is, it is an inherent material property (the term modulus refers to an inherent material property). Young's Modulus allowed, for the first time, prediction of the strain in a component subject to a known stress (and vice versa). Prior to Young's contribution, engineers were required to apply Hooke's F = kx relationship to identify the deformation (x) of a body subject to a known load (F), where the constant (k) is a function of both the geometry and material under consideration. Finding k required physical testing for any new component, as the F = kx relationship is a function of both geometry and material. Young's Modulus depends only on the material, not its geometry, thus allowing a revolution in engineering strategies.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young's problems in sometimes not expressing himself clearly were shown by his own definition of the modulus: "The modulus of the elasticity of any substance is a column of the same substance, capable of producing a pressure on its base which is to the weight causing a certain degree of compression as the length of the substance is to the diminution of its length." When this explanation was put to the Lords of the Admiralty, their clerk wrote to Young saying "Though science is much respected by their Lordships and your paper is much esteemed, it is too learned ... in short it is not understood."


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young has also been called the founder of physiological optics. In 1793 he explained the mode in which the eye accommodates itself to vision at different distances as depending on change of the curvature of the crystalline lens; in 1801 he was the first to describe astigmatism; and in his lectures he presented the hypothesis, afterwards developed by Hermann von Helmholtz, (the Young–Helmholtz theory), that colour perception depends on the presence in the retina of three kinds of nerve fibres. This foreshadowed the modern understanding of colour vision, in particular the finding that the eye does indeed have three colour receptors which are sensitive to different wavelength ranges.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In 1804, Young developed the theory of capillary phenomena on the principle of surface tension. He also observed the constancy of the angle of contact of a liquid surface with a solid, and showed how from these two principles to deduce the phenomena of capillary action. In 1805, Pierre-Simon Laplace, the French philosopher, discovered the significance of meniscus radii with respect to capillary action.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In 1830, Carl Friedrich Gauss, the German mathematician, unified the work of these two scientists to derive the Young–Laplace equation, the formula that describes the capillary pressure difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young was the first to define the term "energy" in the modern sense. He also did work on the theory of tides paralleling that of Laplace and anticipating more well-known work by Airy.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young's equation describes the contact angle of a liquid drop on a plane solid surface as a function of the surface free energy, the interfacial free energy and the surface tension of the liquid. Young's equation was developed further some 60 years later by Dupré to account for thermodynamic effects, and this is known as the Young–Dupré equation.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In physiology Young made an important contribution to haemodynamics in the Croonian lecture for 1808 on the "Functions of the Heart and Arteries," where he derived a formula for the wave speed of the pulse and his medical writings included "An Introduction to Medical Literature", including a "System of Practical Nosology" (1813) and "A Practical and Historical Treatise on Consumptive Diseases" (1815).


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young devised a rule of thumb for determining a child's drug dosage. Young's Rule states that the child dosage is equal to the adult dosage multiplied by the child's age in years, divided by the sum of 12 plus the child's age.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In an appendix to his 1796 Göttingen dissertation "De corporis hvmani viribvs conservatricibvs" there are four pages added proposing a universal phonetic alphabet (so as 'not to leave these pages blank'; lit.: "Ne vacuae starent hae paginae, libuit e praelectione ante disputationem habenda tabellam literarum vniuersalem raptim describere"). It includes 16 "pure" vowel symbols, nasal vowels, various consonants, and examples of these, drawn primarily from French and English.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In his "Encyclopædia Britannica" article "Languages", Young compared the grammar and vocabulary of 400 languages. In a separate work in 1813, he introduced the term Indo-European languages, 165 years after the Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn proposed the grouping to which this term refers in 1647.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young made significant contributions to the decipherment of ancient Egyptian writing systems. He started his Egyptology work rather late, in 1813, when the work was already in progress among other researchers.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: He began by using an Egyptian demotic alphabet of 29 letters built up by Johan David Åkerblad in 1802 (14 turned out to be incorrect). Åkerblad was correct in stressing the importance of the demotic text in trying to read the inscriptions, but he wrongly believed that demotic was entirely alphabetic.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: By 1814 Young had completely translated the "enchorial" text of the Rosetta Stone (using a list with 86 demotic words), and then studied the hieroglyphic alphabet but initially failed to recognise that the demotic and hieroglyphic texts were paraphrases and not simple translations.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: There was considerable rivalry between Young and Jean-François Champollion while both were working on hieroglyphic decipherment. At first they briefly cooperated in their work, but later, from around 1815, a chill arose between them. For many years they kept details of their work away from each other.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Some of Young's conclusions appeared in the famous article "Egypt" he wrote for the 1818 edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica".


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: When Champollion finally published a translation of the hieroglyphs and the key to the grammatical system in 1822, Young (and many others) praised his work. Nevertheless, a year later Young published an "Account of the Recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphic Literature and Egyptian Antiquities", with the aim of having his own work recognised as the basis for Champollion's system.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Young had correctly found the sound value of six hieroglyphic signs, but had not deduced the grammar of the language. Young himself acknowledged that he was somewhat at a disadvantage because Champollion's knowledge of the relevant languages, such as Coptic, was much greater.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Several scholars have suggested that Young's true contribution to Egyptology was his decipherment of the demotic script. He made the first major advances in this area; he also correctly identified demotic as being composed by both ideographic and phonetic signs.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Subsequently, Young felt that Champollion was unwilling to share the credit for the decipherment. In the ensuing controversy, strongly motivated by the political tensions of that time, the British tended to champion Young, while the French mostly championed Champollion. Champollion did acknowledge some of Young's contribution, but rather sparingly. However, after 1826, when Champollion was a curator in the Louvre, he did offer Young access to demotic manuscripts.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: In England, while Sir George Lewis still doubted Champollion's achievement as late as 1862, others were more accepting. For example, Reginald Poole, and Sir Peter Le Page Renouf both defended Champollion.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Later scholars and scientists have praised Young's work although they may know him only through achievements he made in their fields. His contemporary Sir John Herschel called him a "truly original genius". Albert Einstein praised him in the 1931 foreword to an edition of Isaac Newton's "Opticks". Other admirers include physicist Lord Rayleigh and Nobel Physics laureate Philip Anderson.


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

text: Thomas Young's name has been adopted as the name of the London-based Thomas Young Centre, an alliance of academic research groups engaged in the theory and simulation of materials.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Craftsman is a line of tools, lawn and garden equipment, and work wear. Originally a house brand established by Sears, the brand is now owned by Stanley Black & Decker.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: As with all Sears products, Craftsman tools were not manufactured by Sears during that company's ownership, but made under contract by various other companies. They were first sold in 1927 through the Sears catalog and in Sears retail stores. After the Sears–Kmart merger, the tools were also for sale in Kmart stores and through several other retailers.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: In March 2017, Stanley Black & Decker acquired the Craftsman brand from Sears Holdings, which retained a limited license for Craftsman products.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: The Craftsman trademark was registered by Sears on May 20, 1927. Arthur Barrows, head of the company's hardware department, liked the name Craftsman and reportedly bought the rights to use it from the Marion-Craftsman Tool Company for $500. The brand's early customers were mostly farmers. Barrows' successor, Tom Dunlap, upgraded the quality of the tools and added chrome plating to them as America moved into the automobile age.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Sears's tool line, like many of its other product lines, used a "good, better, best" pricing structure, with the Craftsman brand as the middle tier and Craftsman Professional or Craftsman Industrial as the highest tier. Craftsman Professional and Craftsman Industrial are marketed as being comparable to brands like Cornwell Quality Tools, SK, Snap on, Proto, Mac, and Matco. The standard Craftsman line is marketed as being comparable in quality to other mid-price brands including UltraPro (NAPA), Westward, Husky, and Kobalt.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: The lowest tier was originally branded "Sears". The company also used the "Dunlap" name for its lesser quality tools from the late 1930s until the late 1950s. The Sears tool line was discontinued in the late 1980s and replaced by the "Companion" tool line. The Companion tool line was itself discontinued and replaced by the "Evolv" tool line in 2008, with a focus on homeowners and DIYers. Evolv tools also have a lifetime warranty but require that the customer have the original dated receipt to make a claim.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: From 1991 until its demise, Sears ran the Craftsman Club customer loyalty program, one of the oldest such programs by a retailer.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Craftsman tools are sold in Sears and sister store Kmart, as well as US military Army and Air Force Exchange Service stores, Navy Exchange stores, Summit Racing Equipment, Blain's Farm & Fleet, Menards, W. W. Grainger, Ace Hardware, Montgomery Ward, and Lowe's.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: On January 5, 2017, Stanley Black & Decker announced its intent to acquire the Craftsman brand in a deal with a total value of $900 million (with an up-front payment of $525 million, and a payment of $250 million after three years). Sears will hold a royalty-free license to the Craftsman brand for a 15-year period after the completion of the sale, and will receive a royalty on all new Craftsman sales over this period. Afterwards, Sears will pay Stanley Black & Decker a 3% licensing fee. The deal was closed on March 9, 2017. Sears maintains the right to manufacture and sell tools using existing supply channels under the Craftsman name for 15 years.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Lowe's announced in October 2017 that it would start carrying Craftsman tools beginning in the late half of 2018.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Sears has never manufactured Craftsman products itself, instead relying on other manufacturers to make the products for them following Sears designs and specifications, and then applying the Craftsman brand name. Sometimes, the Craftsman branded items include exclusive features or functions that separate them from the manufacturer's own brand or other brands that the manufacturer produces. At other times, Craftsman products are identical to models of other brands with a different name on them.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: The hardline mechanic's tools (such as socket wrenches) that make up the core of the brand have been made by a variety of manufacturers over the years, including New Britain, Moore Drop Forging, Stanley, Easco Hand Tools, Danaher Corporation, and most recently Apex Tool Group. Screwdrivers have been manufactured by Pratt-Read and Western Forge, but until around 2017-2018 were supplied mostly by the latter company, which also had supplied pliers and adjustable wrenches. , Western Forge no longer supplies Craftsman tools.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Beginning in 2010, hand tools manufactured for Craftsman by Apex Tool Group (formerly known as Danaher) such as ratchets, sockets, and wrenches began to be sourced overseas (mainly in China, although some are produced in Taiwan), while tools produced for Craftsman by Western Forge such as adjustable wrenches, screwdrivers, pliers and larger mechanic tool sets were still made in the United States, although , most if not all of the production for these products has moved to Asia. Sears still has an "Industrial" line which is sold through various authorized distributors. These tools are US-made, appearing identical to their previous non-industrial US-made counterparts, save for the "Industrial" name stamped on them. They are manufactured by Apex on the US production lines that previously produced the US-made standard Craftsman product before production switched overseas to Asia.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Shortly after Stanley acquired the Craftsman brand, Stanley announced the construction of a factory in northern Fort Worth, Texas to bring Craftsman tool manufacturing back to the US.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Many Craftsman portable power tools have been manufactured by Techtronic Industries who acquired the prior supplier - Diehl Motor Company (a one time division of Singer) and Ryobi. Sears hand power tools have also been produced by DeWalt under the "900" model prefix. Some, such as the corded and cordless drills, were indistinguishable, other than the color and decal labels. Many Craftsman bench and stationary power tools were manufactured by Emerson Electric Company under the "113" model prefix (previously under the "103" model prefix which was King-Seeley, but Emerson bought them out in the 1960s) and DeWalt. Air compressors were manufactured by DeVilbiss Air Power (formerly part of Dewalt. DeVilbiss is now owned by MAT Holdings who made compressors for Sears under the "921" model prefix), and formerly by Campbell Hausfeld under the "106" model prefix.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Tool storage has typically been manufactured by Waterloo Industries ("706" model prefix), however, , Waterloo no longer manufactures tool storage for the Sears line of Craftsman. It is now supplied under the "714" model prefix by Montezuma Tool Storage, but the Craftsman tool storage sold in Lowes is still Waterloo made. The Craftsman-branded garage door openers are manufactured by The Chamberlain Group ("139" model prefix). Hammers have been produced by Vaughan-Bushnell (coded "M" on the tool). Many of the automotive specialty tools such as feeler gauges and gap gauges have been made by A&E Tool Company of Racine, Wisconsin (these tools will have an "S" logo in a circle). Ullman Devices of Ridgefield, Connecticut makes many of the magnetic pick up tools, picks, and inspection mirrors for Sears.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Some tools have codes on them that correspond to the manufacturer that produced the product for Sears (see Alloy Artifacts website reference below). For example, on hand tools, codes on them will indicate who made them for Sears. For example, Western Forge sourced tools will have a "WF" stamped on the tool. Tools produced by Moore Drop Forge/Easco (1968 and after) will have a "V" on them, later tools by Easco will have "VV" or "G", tools from Pratt-Reed will have "PR" on them, Stanley/National Hand Tool will have an "E" or "EE", and later Danaher made tools (US-made) will have a "VV" (carried over from Easco in 1990) or a "VɅ" (inverted second "V"), upside down "G", GK, G1, G2, and G2D . Pliers have been sourced by a few vendors including the aforementioned Western Forge "WF" tools and Wilde Industries which have a "P" on the tool. Some sockets (notably the 3/4-inch drive US-made units) were made by S-K (coded "X" on the tool). Many major Sears Craftsman items as noted above also have a vendor prefix, which is typically the first three digits before the period or dash in the model number. These first three digits correspond to the vendor code, or the actual manufacturer contracted to make the product for Sears.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Consumers may find different versions of Craftsman products at the different outlets that sell them, because after the sale of the Craftsman brand to SBD, the entities are free to source Craftsman from the suppliers of their own choosing. For example, a Craftsman screwdriver sold at Sears is currently typically sourced from a vendor in China, an equivalent model at Lowe's is sourced from a supplier in Taiwan, and one sold at Ace may still be the original Western Forge US-made product that was sold by Sears for many years prior to the sale of Craftsman to SBD.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Sears has sold outdoor equipment under the Craftsman name for many years. Sears had several suppliers of this equipment such as Roper, David Bradley, Lawn-Boy, American Yard Products, and Electrolux.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: In 2007, a Harris Interactive poll gave Craftsman the highest score for both "Brand Expectations" and "Trust". In 2009, the readers of "Popular Mechanics" named Craftsman their favorite brand of hand tools in their Reader's Choice Awards.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Craftsman is the official tool brand of NASCAR and as of the 2023 season, is the naming rights sponsor of the NASCAR Truck Series for the second time; it also was the sponsor from 1996 until 2008.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Most Craftsman hand tools are advertised as having an unlimited lifetime warranty. This lifetime warranty program was instituted by Sears when they began selling the Craftsman line in 1927. This warranty program requires no receipt or dated proof of purchase. If the owner takes the item into a local retail store, it may be replaced or repaired free of charge.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Sears has reduced the warranty in effect on many Craftsman non-powered lawn and garden products including rakes, shovels, clippers, brooms, trowels, pruners, hoses, sprinklers, hose nozzles, and other small gardening hand tools. Previously it was a lifetime warranty which on August 2, 2012, was reduced to 25 years with receipt required. The lifetime warranty does not include precision hand tools, such as calipers and torque wrenches.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Many consumers have also been reporting problems when attempting to obtain warranty repair or replacement on tools that are covered by the full lifetime warranty. Sears' official position is that the warranty should be honored, and much of the problem may lie with individual sales associates. In some cases Sears no longer sells particular Craftsman tools (tape measures, and wood clamps are two examples), making it impossible to replace a tool sold with a lifetime warranty with a similar Craftsman tool that will continue the warranty.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Some Sears stores limit the number of hand tools that can be exchanged per day, in an effort to reduce the abuse of the lifetime warranty. Stanley Black & Decker has stated that all previous warranties on Craftsman products will be honored after the purchase of Craftsman in 2017. Some of the newer packaging ( onward) on some Craftsman products does indicate that there may be a limit on returning warranty tools. , the "non-Sears" Craftsman does not have "open stock" in the stores as Sears does to replace individual items from a set that may require warranty. Stanley Black and Decker has indicated that they are working on introducing more individual tools to stores.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Customers are able to exchange any version of the Sears Craftsman product at the stores that sell Sears Craftsman products such as Sears, Kmart, Ace, etc. Stores such as Lowes that sell Stanley Black & Decker Craftsman products will exchange replacement items at Stanley Craftsman supplied stores if they have the item. Lowes Corp stated, "We will honor all lifetime warranties no matter where the Craftsman hand tool was purchased.".


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: In 1963, Sears employee Peter M. Roberts developed a quick release feature for socket wrenches. The feature allowed a person using such a ratchet to remove the socket from the wrench with one hand, freeing the second hand from grabbing the socket while the other hand held the ratchet.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: Roberts developed a prototype and applied for a patent in 1964. While the patent was pending he approached Sears and introduced the idea to them. Sears, which sold millions of sockets every year, saw the potential in the invention and asked for the prototype so it could be tested. After testing revealed the quick release would not weaken the ratchet, Sears began market testing the new ratchet and received favorable feedback. Sears then incorporated the quick release into a new line of ratchets, projecting sales of up to 750,000 units in the first year alone.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: In January 1965, Roberts received a phone call from a Sears attorney asking for the name of Roberts' patent lawyer. Without Roberts's knowledge, Sears hired the patent lawyer, Charles Fay, and Fay ended up representing both Roberts and Sears regarding the patent. Around this time, Roberts's patent was approved, but Fay did not reveal this to Roberts. Negotiations for use of the quick release commenced, with Roberts being told that the quick release wasn't new and that any patent issued would be limited. Sears's lawyers also said that because of the cost (44 cents per wrench) of adding the quick release to the wrenches, a license was worth only $10,000. What Sears didn't tell Roberts was that it planned to make 50,000 of the new wrenches per week. Roberts sued Sears in 1969 after seeing his quick release on a wrench prominently displayed in a Sears catalog, but it wasn't until 1989 that the case was finally settled. Neither side revealed the amount of the settlement.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: In August 2002, Sears sued Emerson for using Sears-owned manufacturing equipment to create power tools for Home Depot. Upon the expiration of Emerson's 30-year contract to make Craftsman tools, Emerson was required to return the Sears-owned equipment. Instead, Emerson kept the equipment, claiming it to be obsolete and of little value. Emerson denied the allegations when the suit was filed, but paid Sears $10.8 million and returned all the equipment, while admitting no wrongdoing.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: In 2004 a class action by customers accused Sears of false advertising and consumer fraud for questionable use of the slogan "Made in the USA" for Craftsman tools. Sears lost, but the court awarded no damages, finding that the mislabeling did not damage customers.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: In 2012 Sears was sued by LoggerHead Tools, makers of the Bionic Wrench, after Sears released a competing product, the MaxAccess. Sears had sold the Bionic Wrench in its stores, but decided to not talk to LoggerHead about licensing the patent. Instead, Sears had its tool manufacturer, Apex Tools, create the MaxAccess wrench under the Craftsman name, claiming that the MaxAccess was designed not to infringe the Bionic Wrench patent. Other than coloring, the only substantial difference between the two wrenches was that the Bionic Wrench had the head at a 45-degree angle while the MaxAccess head was straight. LoggerHead was subsequently awarded $6 million in damages, but the verdict to be set aside because the judge misinterpreted the LoggerHead patent.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: In April 2017, Sears sued Western Forge, its former supplier of hand tools, for abruptly ending the contract to supply the tools. Western Forge violated the contract by demanding more money because of Sears's financial problems.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: On March 6, 2019, Sears was sued by Stanley Black & Decker, which accused it of breach of contract and trademark infringement over its new line of professional-grade mechanics tools under the Craftsman Ultimate Collection brand. According to the complaint, Sears breached the license agreement by launching its new tool line and touting its stores as "the real home of the broadest assortment of Craftsman".


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: From 1995 to 2008, Craftsman sponsored the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, a deal which began with the inception of the Truck Series. After the 2008 season, Craftsman withdrew from sponsoring the series and was replaced by Camping World. In 2016, Craftsman returned to motorsports sponsorship, serving as the title name for the World of Outlaws, renaming the Sprint Car Series and Late Model Series to the World of Outlaws Craftsman Sprint Car Series and World of Outlaws Craftsman Late Model Series, respectively. In 2023, Craftsman will once again be the title sponsor of NASCAR's Truck Series.


title: Craftsman (tools)

text: The main licensees for Craftsman in the UK were Focus DIY (beginning in 2001) and B&Q (beginning in 1993). The main licensees for Craftsman in the rest of Europe were Bosch, and selling product at retailers and Amazon.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: The audio-lingual method, Army Method, or New Key, is a method used in teaching foreign languages. It is based on behaviorist theory, which postulates that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement. The correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: This approach to language learning was similar to another, earlier method called the direct method. Like the direct method, the audio-lingual method advised that students should be taught a language directly, without using the students' native language to explain new words or grammar in target language. However, unlike the direct method, the audio-lingual method did not focus on teaching vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drilled students in the use of grammar.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Applied to language instruction, and often within the context of the language lab, it means that the instructor would present the correct model of a sentence and the students would have to repeat it. The teacher would then continue by presenting new words for the students to sample in the same structure. In audio-lingualism, there is no explicit grammar instruction: everything is simply memorized in form.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: The idea is for the students to practice the particular construct until they can use it spontaneously. The lessons are built on static drills in which the students have little or no control on their own output; the teacher is expecting a particular response and not providing the desired response will result in a student receiving negative feedback. This type of activity, for the foundation of language learning, is in direct opposition with communicative language teaching.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Charles Carpenter Fries, the director of the English Language Institute at the University of Michigan, the first of its kind in the United States, believed that learning structure or grammar was the starting point for the student. In other words, it was the students' job to recite the basic sentence patterns and grammatical structures. The students were given only “enough vocabulary to make such drills possible.” (Richards, J.C. et-al. 1986). Fries later included principles of behavioural psychology, as developed by B.F. Skinner, into this method.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: The following example illustrates how more than one sort of drill can be incorporated into one practice session:


title: Audio-lingual method

text: The method is the product of three historical circumstances. For its views on language, it drew on the work of American linguists such as Leonard Bloomfield. The prime concern of American linguists in the early decades of the 20th century had been to document all the indigenous languages spoken in the US. However, because of the dearth of trained native teachers who would provide a theoretical description of the native languages, linguists had to rely on observation. For the same reason, a strong focus on oral language was developed.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: At the same time, behaviourist psychologists such as B.F. Skinner were forming the belief that all behaviour (including language) was learnt through repetition and positive or negative reinforcement. The third factor was the outbreak of World War II, which created the need to post large number of American servicemen all over the world. It was, therefore, necessary to provide these soldiers with at least basic verbal communication skills. Unsurprisingly, the new method relied on the prevailing scientific methods of the time, observation and repetition, which were also admirably suited to teaching "en masse". Because of the influence of the military, early versions of the audio-lingualism came to be known as the “army method.”


title: Audio-lingual method

text: As mentioned, lessons in the classroom focus on the correct imitation of the teacher by the students. The students are expected to produce the correct output, but attention is also paid to correct pronunciation. Although correct grammar is expected in usage, no explicit grammatical instruction is given. Furthermore, the target language is the only language to be used in the classroom. Modern implementations are more lax on this last requirement.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: In the late 1950s, the theoretical underpinnings of the method were questioned by linguists such as Noam Chomsky, who pointed out the limitations of structural linguistics. The relevance of behaviorist psychology to language learning was also questioned, most famously by Chomsky's review of B.F. Skinner's "Verbal Behavior" in 1959. The audio-lingual method was thus deprived of its scientific credibility and it was only a matter of time before the effectiveness of the method itself was questioned.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: In 1964, Wilga Rivers released a critique of the method in her book, "The Psychologist and the Foreign Language Teacher". Subsequent research by others, inspired by her book, produced results which showed explicit grammatical instruction in the mother language to be more productive. These developments, coupled with the emergence of humanist pedagogy led to a rapid decline in the popularity of audiolingualism.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Philip Smith's study from 1965-1969, termed the Pennsylvania Project, provided significant proof that audio-lingual methods were less effective than a more traditional cognitive approach involving the learner's first language.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Despite being discredited as an effective teaching methodology in 1970, audio-lingualism continues to be used today although it is typically not used as the foundation of a course but rather has been relegated to use in individual lessons. As it continues to be used, it also continues to be criticized. As Jeremy Harmer notes, “Audio-lingual methodology seems to banish all forms of language processing that help students sort out new language information in their own minds.” As this type of lesson is very teacher-centered, it is a popular methodology for both teachers and students, perhaps for several reasons but especially because the input and output is restricted and both parties know what to expect. Some hybrid approaches have been developed, as can be seen in the textbook "" (1987–90), which uses repetition and drills extensively but supplements them with detailed grammar explanations in English.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Butzkamm and Caldwell have tried to revive traditional pattern practice in the form of bilingual semi-communicative drills. For them, the theoretical basis, and sufficient justification, of pattern drills is the generative principle, which refers to the human capacity to generate an infinite number of sentences from a finite grammatical competence.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Skills are taught in the following order: listening, speaking, reading, writing. Language is taught through dialogues with useful vocabulary and common structures of communication. Students are made to memorize the dialogue line by line. Learners mimic the teacher or a tape listening carefully to all features of the spoken target language. Pronunciation like that of native speaker is important in presenting the model. Through repetition of phrases and sentences, a dialogue is learned by the first whole class, then smaller groups and finally individual learners.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Reading and writing are introduced in the next stage. The oral lesson learned in previous class is the reading material to establish a relationship between speech and writing. All reading material is introduced as orally first. Writing, in the early stages, is confined to transcriptions of the structures and dialogues learned earlier. Once learners mastered the basic structure, they were asked to write composition reports based on the oral lesson.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Listening is important in developing speaking proficiency and so receives particular emphasis. There are strong arguments, both physiological and psychological, for combining speaking practice with training in listening comprehension.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Speaking is effective through listening. By hearing the sounds, articulation is more accurate, with differentiation of sounds, memorization and internalization of proper auditory sounds images. Development of a feel for the new language gains interest for the language.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: There has been practically no study or experiments to determine how much time should be taken between listening experience and speaking practice.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Listening comprehension is most neglected in language learning. It is generally treated as incidental to speaking rather than as a foundation for it. Texts, guides and course of study contain tests for evaluating progress in listening comprehension, but they rarely contain specific learning materials designed for the systematic development of this skill.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: study or recorded materials that contain most of the language that has previously been learned by the students. The speaking practice would begin after listening comprehension. The students will be ready to speak at this time. Speaking practice can proceed according to sequence.


title: Audio-lingual method

text: Memorization of techniques suggested represent an approach that will enable student to memorize larger segments at a time and perform dialogues as a whole with more confidence. In the meantime, if teachers are willing to use their imagination and experiment with new techniques, many ways can be found to emphasize the audio in the method.


title: Anju Mahendru

text: Anju Mahendru is an Indian actress. She is best known as Reeva in "Kahiin to Hoga", Kamini Gupta in "Kasautii Zindagii Kay" and Beeji in "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai".


title: Anju Mahendru

text: Mahendru had a long relationship with actor Rajesh Khanna from 1966 to 1972. Khanna's mother had wanted Khanna to marry soon, since he had turned 27 and had become hugely popular by 1969, but when Khanna proposed Anju in 1971 she said she wanted to postpone her marriage as she wanted to make career as an actress. Khanna continued to love Mahendru and kept asking her to marry him. Mahendru's mother was fond of Khanna and Khanna went on to gift them a bungalow as well. But then there were reports of her dating Gary Sobers in 1971 and later Imtiaz Khan from 1972 and Khanna had become fed up with her non-commitment to marriage, which resulted in Khanna breaking up with Mahendru in 1972.


title: Anju Mahendru

text: It was then that Khanna married Dimple Kapadia in March 1973, eight months before the film "Bobby" released. Anju and Rajesh did not speak with each other till 1987. Anju dated Imtiaz Ali from 1972 to 1979 but Anju broke off from Imtiaz in 1979.


title: Anju Mahendru

text: Anju became friends again with Rajesh from 1988 and Anju remained his close friend till Khanna's death and was by his side when he died. She confessed in an interview that it was because of her immaturity that she frivolously declined Khanna's offer of marriage to her in 1971 and had she accepted marriage she would have remained his wife.


title: Anju Mahendru

text: Mahendru started modelling at the age of 13. She was discovered by poet and lyricist Kaifi Azmi who recommended her to Basu Bhattacharya. Basu cast her in "Uski Kahani" in 1966. "Uski Kahani" was the debut film for Mahendru as well as the first directorial venture of Basu Bhattacharya. She later went on to act in films such as "Jewel Thief", "Bandhan," Intaqam and "Dastak". She never made it as a leading lady and moved to character roles. She was also featured in Nari Hira's television films featuring up and coming Aditya Pancholi in the mid-1980s.


title: Anju Mahendru

text: She made a comeback in the 1990s in television acting in various soaps. She played Trishna's mother-in-law in the TV serial "Hamari Betiyoon Ka Vivaah" on Zee TV. She acted as Maan's daadi in "Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi". she also played the role of Jeevika, Maanvi, and Daboo's daadi in "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai". She is seen as Sujatha in StarPlus' "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein". Currently, she is seen as Gayatri Singh, the grandmother of the female lead, Anami, in "Rishton Ka Chakravyuh" on StarPlus.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: The Santa Clause is a media franchise that consists of three American holiday family-comedy theatrical feature films starring Tim Allen, and one limited series for Disney+. Based on an original story by Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick, the plot centers around Scott Calvin's transformation into Santa Claus, and his adventures thereafter.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: "The Santa Clause" was met with mostly positive critical reviews, and was a box office success. In the years since its release, it has earned its status as a Christmas classic. The sequels experienced diminishing critical reception, but were still financial successes and are also now considered holiday cult classics.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: The franchise continued with a television series "The Santa Clauses", which premiered on November 16, 2022.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: Divorced dad Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) has custody of his son Charlie (Eric Lloyd) on Christmas Eve. After he accidentally causes the death of Santa, they are magically transported to the North Pole, where an elf explains that Scott must take Santa's place before the next Christmas arrives. Scott thinks he's dreaming, but over the next several months he gains weight and grows an inexplicably white beard. Realizing that it wasn't a dream, Scott embraces the new, permanent role he has as Santa Claus.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) has been in the role of Santa for the past eight years, and his loyal elves consider him the best one ever. But the world of the "Merry Old Soul" turns upside down when he's dealt a double whammy of news: Not only has his son, Charlie (Eric Lloyd), landed on this year's naughty list, but Scott discovers that he must marry by Christmas Eve, or he will stop being Santa Claus forever.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: Christmas cheer turns into holiday chaos when Scott Calvin / Santa Claus (Tim Allen) invites his in-laws (Ann-Margret, Alan Arkin) for a visit and must also contend with Jack Frost's (Martin Short) scheme to take over the North Pole. Scott, his family, and Head Elf Curtis (Spencer Breslin) must join forces to foil the nefarious plot.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: Released on "The Santa Clause 2" home media, the 3 minutes 30 second short film is a mockumentary interview with Father Time, Easter Bunny, Tooth Fairy, Cupid, Sandman and Mother Nature. The actors reprised their roles from the film.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: In January 2022, it was announced that a sequel limited series was in development. Jack Burditt will serve as showrunner and executive producer, while Tim Allen and Elizabeth Mitchell will reprise their roles as Scott Calvin / Santa Clause and Carol Newman-Calvin / Mrs. Claus, respectively. Allen, Kevin Hench, Richard Baker and Rick Messina will serve as additional executive producers. The project will be a joint-venture production between Disney Branded Television, 20th Television, Disney Television Studios, and Disney+ Original Series. The show is intended to be released via streaming exclusively on Disney+. Production is scheduled to commence in March 2022 in Los Angeles, California. At the beginning of that month, Jason Winer was announced as the director.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: In March 2022, Kal Penn was cast in the series as a character named Simon Choski. While Penn's character has not officially been identified as Allen's character's successor, the initials of his character's name are "S.C.", the same as Scott Calvin and Santa Claus. "The Santa Clauses" was renewed for a second season on December 14, 2022, with Tim Allen and Elizabeth Mitchell set to return.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: "The Santa Clause 2" on its opening weekend grossed more than its predecessor. The opening weekend was a personal best to date for Tim Allen. "The Hollywood Reporter" said its performance "exceeded expectations". "The Santa Clause" strongest market outside the United States was Germany, and "The Santa Clause 2" had in Germany an opening weekend of $892,000, which was 50% larger than the opening weekend of the original film.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: In the United States, "The Santa Clause 3" had an opening weekend of , which was less than the grossed by "The Santa Clause 2". "Box Office Mojo" reported: "More often than not, second sequels in the family genre make significantly less than their predecessors". After in theaters, the third film had grossed , which "Box Office Mojo" said was "lagging behind its predecessors by a wide margin".


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: In the United Kingdom, "The Santa Clause 3" had an opening weekend of at , which was 40% better than the opening weekend of "The Santa Clause 2". In Mexico, "The Santa Clause 3" had an opening weekend of at , which was three times better than "The Santa Clause 2"s opening weekend.


title: The Santa Clause (franchise)

text: Scott Foundas of "Variety" called the 1994 film was "a full-on charmer pic". Foundas said the 2002 follow-up had too many writers and executives involved during the long development process, which he said led to "systematically pulverizing most of the original's simple delights". The critic said: ""The Santa Clause 2" is a movie conscious, at every waking moment, of trying to out-do its predecessor". "Variety"s Justin Chang said "The Santa Clause 3" was "a much cleaner, more streamlined ride than its overstuffed predecessor". Chang said: "Michael Lembeck directs the action with a surer touch and more consistent tone than he brought to "Santa Clause 2", and effortlessly pulls off the pic's sentimental, life-affirming moments without tugging too hard".


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Nitrous oxide (street name hippy crack, whippets or whippits) is a gas which can induce euphoria, hallucinogenic states and relaxation when inhaled. First recorded in the 18th century at upper-class "laughing gas parties", the experience was largely limited to medical students until the late 20th century when laws limiting access to the gas were loosened to supply dentists and hospitals. By the 2010s, nitrous oxide had become a moderately popular recreational drug in some countries. Possession of nitrous oxide is legal in many countries, although some have criminalised supplying it for recreational purposes.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Nitrous oxide is used recreationally as inhalation can induce euphoria, relaxation and a hallucinogenic state. Long-term or habitual use can lead to severe neurological damage.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Since nitrous oxide can cause dizziness, dissociation, and temporary loss of motor control, it is unsafe to inhale while standing up. So part of safer use can be to inhale it while seated, because there is a decreased risk of injury from falling. Inhalation directly from a tank poses serious health risks, as it can cause frostbite since the gas is very cold when released. For those reasons, most recreational users will discharge the gas into a balloon or whipped cream dispenser before inhaling.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: It is not known if nitrous oxide causes drug dependency but its use can be habit-forming. Death can result if it is inhaled in such a way that not enough oxygen is breathed in. While the pure gas is not acutely toxic, it inactivates vitamin B, with continued use causing neurological damage due to peripheral and central demyelination. Symptoms are similar to B deficiency: anemia due to reduced hemopoiesis, neuropathy, tinnitus, and numbness in extremities. While vitamin B supplementation is unlikely to prevent neurotoxicity, it is recommended as a first-line treatment when combined with abstinence. Pregnant women should not use nitrous oxide recreationally, because chronic use is also teratogenic and foetotoxic.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Inhaling industrial-grade nitrous oxide is also dangerous, as it contains many impurities and is not intended for use on humans. Food grade nitrous oxide is also not meant to be inhaled; the bulbs commonly have industrial lubricants from their manufacturing process on and in them. When the bulb is punctured, these solvents can aerosolize, introducing unknown particles into the gas. These lubricants commonly leave an oily residue on the bulb "cracker" or inside the whipped cream dispenser.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: From 1993 to 2016, only 30 death certificates in England and Wales mentioned nitrous oxide. Of those, 6 were in the 17-year period from 1993 through 2009, and 24 were in the 7-year period from 2010 through 2016.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: In 2018, an Ohio University freshman died of asphyxiation as a result of nitrous oxide ingestion from whipped-cream chargers, allegedly as part of a hazing ritual.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: In 2020, a fifteen-year-old Irish boy died after ingesting nitrous oxide, leading to Ireland's Health Service Executive classing it as a dangerous drug.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Inhalation of nitrous oxide for recreational use, with the purpose of causing euphoria or slight hallucinations, began as a phenomenon for the British upper class in 1799, known as "laughing gas parties". English chemist Humphry Davy offered the gas to party guests in a silken bag, and documented its effects in his 1800 book "Researches, Chemical and Philosophical" which investigated "nitrous oxide, or diphlogisticated nitrous air, and its respiration". Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge described the effect as "like returning from a walk in the snow into a warm room".


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: During the 19th century, William James and many contemporaries found that inhalation of nitrous oxide resulted in a powerful spiritual and mystical experience for the user. James claimed to experience the fusing of dichotomies into unity and a revelation of ultimate truth during the inhalation of nitrous oxide. The memory of this experience, however, quickly faded and any attempt to communicate was difficult at best. James described a man who, when under the influence of the gas, claimed to know the secret of the universe.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Until at least 1863, low availability of equipment to produce the gas, combined with low usage of the gas for medical purposes, meant it was a relatively rare phenomenon that mainly happened among students at medical universities. When equipment became more widely available for dentistry and hospitals, most countries also restricted the legal access to buy pure nitrous oxide gas cylinders to those sectors. Even so, its use in parties continued, with gas provided by medical professionals or restaurant workers, and by other legal or illegal sources.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: A report from Consumers Union report from 1972 (based upon reports of its use in Maryland 1971, Vancouver 1972, and a survey made by Edward J. Lynn of its non-medical use in Michigan 1970) found that use of the gas for recreational purposes was then prevalent in the US and Canada.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: , the gas enjoys moderate popularity in some countries as a recreational drug. Nitrous oxide has the street names "hippy crack" and "whippets" (or "whippits"). In Australia and New Zealand, nitrous oxide bulbs are known as "nangs", possibly derived from the sound distortion perceived by consumers.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: In the United Kingdom, , nitrous oxide is estimated to be used by almost half a million young people at nightspots, festivals and parties. Officials in Norfolk, Hertfordshire and Thames Valley had reported increasing numbers of discarded whipped-cream chargers being found.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Recreational users generally use 8 gram (¼ oz) containers of nitrous oxide "whippets", which they use to fill balloons or whipped cream dispensers. The gas is then inhaled from the balloon or dispenser. This is necessary because nitrous oxide is very cold when it undergoes adiabatic decompression on exit from a canister; inhalation directly from a tank is dangerous and can cause frostbite of the larynx and bronchi.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Under United States federal law, possession of nitrous oxide is legal and is not subject to DEA purview. It is, however, regulated by the Food and Drug Administration under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act. Prosecution is possible under its "misbranding" clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of human consumption (the recreational drug use market). Given the necessity of proving the intent of either buyer or seller in this case, though, such prosecutions are rare.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Many states have laws regulating the possession, sale, and distribution of nitrous oxide; but these are normally limited to either banning distribution to minors, or to setting an upper limit for the amount of nitrous oxide that may be sold without a special license, rather than banning possession or distribution completely. In most jurisdictions, like at the federal level, sale or distribution for the purpose of human consumption is illegal. In California, for instance, inhalation of nitrous oxide "for the purpose of causing euphoria, or for the purpose of changing in any manner one’s mental processes," is a criminal offense under its criminal code (Cal. Pen. Code, Sec. 381b). In many other countries, this substance is legal. In most jurisdictions, small NO cartridges, used to make whipped cream, can be legally purchased by anyone. In some jurisdictions, sales of canned whipped cream using nitrous oxide are limited to adults.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: In all US jurisdictions, however, distribution, possession, and inhalation are legal when done under the supervision and direction of licensed medical professional such as a physician or dentist.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Nitrous oxide canisters made for the purpose of prolonging the shelf life of whipped cream and other products are completely legal and readily available. Anyone can buy these without a permit.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Supply of nitrous oxide for recreational purposes is illegal under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. This means anyone found to be selling or giving away nitrous oxide for illicit purposes could face up to 7 years in prison and/or an unlimited fine.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Slang terms used for the canisters in the United Kingdom include "balloons", "nos", "whippits", "laughing gas", "hippie crack", "chargers" and "noz".


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Supply of nitrous oxide for recreational purposes is illegal; however, it is permissible to supply it for cooking and baking purposes. As a deleterious substance, the supply of the substance for the purposes of inhalation can result in a two-year period of imprisonment.


title: Recreational use of nitrous oxide

text: Usage of nitrous oxide is currently still legal, although the governing coalition is attempting to add the gas to the list of drugs prohibited by the Opium Law. On 12 June 2020, the proposal to add nitrous oxide to List II of the Opium Law was brought into online consultation, allowing the public to contribute "ideas or suggestions" relating to the ban. The government aims to bring the proposed ban into force on the 1st of January 2021. In anticipation of the proposed ban coming into law, around 90 municipalities have introduced local bans of the substance.


title: Limewater

text: Limewater is the common name for a saturated aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH), is sparsely soluble at room temperature in water (1.5 g/L at 25 °C). "Pure" (i.e. less than or fully saturated) limewater is clear and colorless, with a slight earthy smell and an astringent/bitter taste. It is basic in nature with a pH of 12.4.


title: Limewater

text: Limewater may be prepared by mixing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)) with water and removing excess undissolved solute (e.g. by filtration). When excess calcium hydroxide is added (or when environmental conditions are altered, e.g. when its temperature is raised sufficiently), a milky solution results due to the homogeneous suspension of excess calcium hydroxide. This liquid has been known traditionally as milk of lime.


title: Limewater

text: Resultant carbon dioxide passed through limewater in the right tube, producing a milky solution due to precipitation of the insoluble suspension of calcium carbonate:


title: Limewater

text: The above chemical properties are commonly used for testing the presence of carbon dioxide in gaseous samples in school laboratories, and refining of sugar in a process called carbonatation.


title: Limewater

text: Waste gases from industries containing sulphur dioxide can be cleaned by bubbling through limewater, a process called sulfation, in which the toxic sulphur dioxide is trapped as a precipitate:


title: Limewater

text: Limewater is used in a process known as lime softening to reduce water hardness. It is also used as a neutralizing agent in municipal waste water treatment.


title: Limewater

text: In buon fresco painting, limewater is used as the colour solvent to apply on fresh plaster. Historically, it is known as the paint whitewash.


title: Limewater

text: Treating one's hair with limewater causes it to stiffen and bleach, with the added benefit of killing any lice or mites living there. Diodorus Siculus described the Celts as follows:


title: Limewater

text: "Their aspect is terrifying... They are very tall in stature, with rippling muscles under clear white skin. Their hair is blond, but not only naturally so: they bleach it, to this day, artificially, washing it in lime and combing it back from their foreheads. They look like wood-demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a horse's mane. Some of them are clean-shaven, but others – especially those of high rank, shave their cheeks but leave a moustache that covers the whole mouth...".


title: Limewater

text: Limewater is used in the preparation of maize for corn tortillas and other culinary purposes using a process known as nixtamalization. Nixtamalization makes the niacin nutritionally available and prevents pellagra. Traditionally lime water was used in Taiwan and China to preserve persimmon and to remove astringency.


title: Limewater

text: Limewater is widely used by marine aquarists as a primary supplement of calcium and alkalinity for reef aquariums. Corals of order Scleractinia build their endoskeletons from aragonite (a polymorph of calcium carbonate). When used for this purpose, limewater is usually referred to as "Kalkwasser". It is also used in tanning and making parchment. The lime is used as a dehairing agent based on its alkaline properties.


title: Babbu Maan

text: Tejinder Singh "Babbu" Maan (born 29 March 1975) is an Indian singer-songwriter, music director, actor and film producer. Most of his artistic work focuses on Punjabi music and films. He is recognised as being among the biggest artists in Punjabi music.


title: Babbu Maan

text: Maan was born as Tejinder Maan on in the village of Khant Maanpur in the Fatehgarh Sahib district of Punjab on 29 March 1975.


title: Babbu Maan

text: Maan's main target audience is the Punjabi-speaking population of the world. Since 1999, he has released eight studio albums and six compilation albums; has written screenplays for, acted in and produced Punjabi films; and has contributed significantly to regional and Bollywood film soundtracks. Maan is the ambassador for "One Hope, One Chance", a non-profit organisation based out of Punjab.


title: Babbu Maan

text: Babbu Maan recorded his first album "Sajjan Rumaal De Geya" in 1997 but revised and re-released most of the songs in his subsequent albums. Maan's first official debut album "Tu Meri Miss India" was released in 1999.


title: Babbu Maan

text: In 2001, Babbu Maan released his third album "Saaun Di Jhadi", featuring songs such as "Chan Chanani", "Raat Guzarlayi", "Dil Ta Pagal Hai", "Ishq", "Kabza" and "Touch Wood", and in 2003, he wrote and sang for his first film soundtrack "Hawayein" where he worked alongside Indian playback singers Sukhwinder Singh and Jaspinder Narula. Maan released his fourth album "Ohi Chann Ohi Rataan" in 2004, followed by "Pyaas" in 2005, one of the best-selling Punjabi albums of the time. In 2007, Maan released his first Hindi album entitled "Mera Gham", and in 2009, his first religious album "Singh Better Than King". A song from the latter, "Baba Nanak", a reaction to fake saints and preachers in Punjab, caused various debates about the growing phenomenon in the state. In 2010 he won "Best International Artist" at the Brit Asia TV Music Awards.


title: Babbu Maan

text: On 4 July 2013, Maan released "Talaash: In Search of Soul", his first Punjabi commercial album after eight years. The album entered top 10 in World Albums chart by "Billboard". In 2015, the album named "Itihaas" was released and in 2018 "Ik C Pagal" was released.


title: Babbu Maan

text: In addition to "Hawayein", Babbu Maan has sung in Punjabi films "Waagah" and "Dil Tainu Karda Ae Pyar" as well as for Bollywood productions "Vaada Raha", "Crook", "Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster", "Titoo MBA", and "31st October".


title: Babbu Maan

text: Babbu Maan has performed in shows across Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and the Middle East. In 2014, Maan was a winner of four World Music Awards: World's Best Indian Male Artist, World's Best Indian Live Act, World's Best Indian Entertainer and World's Best Indian Album for Talaash: In Search of Soul.


title: Babbu Maan

text: Babbu Maan debuted in a supporting role in "Hawayein", a 2003 film based on the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. Although banned in India, the film was a success overseas. In 2006, Maan starred in his first Punjabi film as the main lead in "Rabb Ne Banaiyan Jodiean". Dissatisfied with certain scenes and the fate of the film, Maan returned to form in 2008 with "Hashar (A Love Story)". He has since written, produced and acted in his own films "Ekam", "Hero Hitler in Love" and "Desi Romeos". Babbu Maan is a partner in "Maan Films Pvt. Ltd", and in 2010, constructed a film set called "Ishqpura" in his native village. In 2018, he acted in the film "Banjara" which is based on the life of truck drivers.


title: Babbu Maan

text: Babbu Maan launched his own clothing brand named The Babbu Maan Store, which has more than 20 stores in Punjab, India.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: The AgustaWestland (now Leonardo) AW609, formerly the Bell/Agusta BA609, is a twin-engined tiltrotor VTOL aircraft with a configuration similar to that of the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey. It is capable of landing vertically like a helicopter while having a range and speed in excess of conventional rotorcraft. The AW609 is aimed at the civil aviation market, in particular VIP customers and offshore oil and gas operators.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: The BA609 drew on experience gained from Bell's earlier experimental tiltrotor, the XV-15. In 1996, Bell and Boeing had formed a partnership to develop a civil tiltrotor aircraft; however, in March 1998, it was announced that Boeing had pulled out of the project. In September 1998, it was announced that Agusta had become a partner in the development program. This led to the establishment of the Bell/Agusta Aerospace Company (BAAC), a joint venture between Bell Helicopter and AgustaWestland, to develop and manufacture the aircraft. The Italian government subsidized Agusta's development of a military tiltrotor, and as the AW609 has civilian aspects, the European Commission requires AgustaWestland to pay back progressive amounts per aircraft to the Italian state to avoid a distortion of competition. , Bell continues to perform contract work on the AW609 program while considering commercial potential for the bigger V-280 tiltrotor, where military production may reach larger numbers and hence reduce unit cost. However, in 2016, Bell preferred the 609 for commercial applications and kept the V-280 for military use only. Bell also stated that conventional helicopters were not part of Bell's future for military customers.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: The aircraft's purpose is to take off and land vertically, but fly faster than a helicopter. Over 45 different aircraft have flown proving VTOL and STOL capabilities, of which the V-22, Harrier "jump jet" family, Yakovlev Yak-38 and Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II jets have proceeded to production. By 2008, Bell had estimated that very light jets and large offshore helicopters like the Sikorsky S-92 had reduced the potential market for tiltrotors. Also in 2008, it was reported that limited funding of the program by both Bell and AgustaWestland had resulted in slow flight testing progress.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: On 21 September 2009, AgustaWestland chief executive Giuseppe Orsi said that corporate parent Finmeccanica had authorised buying Bell Helicopter out of the program to speed it up, as Bell was dissatisfied with the commercial prospects and wanted to spend the resources on other programs. In 2013 AgustaWestland estimated a market of 700 aircraft over 20 years. By 2011, negotiations centred on the full transfer of technologies shared with the V-22, however Bell stated that no technology was shared with the V-22. At the 2011 Paris Air Show, AgustaWestland stated that it will assume full ownership of the programme, redesignating the aircraft as "AW609", and that Bell Helicopter will remain in the role of component design and certification. In November 2011, the exchange of ownership was completed, following the granting of regulatory approval - media estimated that the transfer happened at little cost.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: On 6 December 2002, the first ground tests of the BA609 prototype began, and the first flight took place on 6 March 2003 in Arlington, Texas, flown by test pilots Roy Hopkins and Dwayne Williams. After 14 hours of helicopter-mode flight testing, the prototype was moved to a ground testing rig to study the operational effects of the conversion modes. Following the completion of ground-based testing, on 3 June 2005 the prototype resumed flight testing, focusing on the expansion of its flight envelope. On 22 July 2005, the first conversion from helicopter to aeroplane mode while in flight took place. By October 2008, 365 flight-hours had been logged by two prototype aircraft. The AW609 demonstrated a safe dual-engine failure in normal cruise flight on 15 May 2009. By February 2012, this had risen to 650 hours, and it was reported that 85 percent of the AW609's flight envelope had been explored. Test pilot Paul Edwards has stated that the AW609 was not susceptible to the vortex ring state phenomena, naturally slipping out of the vortex on its own since both rotors will not simultaneously enter the vortex ring state.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In 2011, AgustaWestland began construction of a third prototype; that prototype was still not fully assembled by February 2015. The company plans to conduct test flights in Italy in the summer of 2015. AgustaWestland planned to then disassemble it and ship it to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to prepare it for tests of the de-icing system in Minnesota. A fourth prototype, to be used in the development and testing of new avionics and control systems, was also underway. By November 2012, over 700 flight hours had been accumulated by the two operational prototypes. In January 2014, it was reported that in excess of 850 flying hours had been accumulated by the two prototypes; accumulated flight data is used to further develop representative simulators, which are in turn being used to support the development program.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: By March 2015, the two prototype aircraft had accumulated 1,200 hours (of about 2,000 hours necessary for certification), and two more aircraft were expected to fly that year. Flight test maximums had progressed to a weight of , a speed of , and altitude. In 2015, AgustaWestland reported that the AW609 flew from Yeovil, UK, to Milan, Italy, in 2 hours 18 minutes. In September 2015, the first AW609 prototype was reportedly nearing the end of its service life, while a third prototype was finishing construction at the company's Vergiate facility and a fourth prototype was being built in Philadelphia.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: On 30 October 2015, the second of the two prototypes (N609AG) crashed near AgustaWestland's Vergiate facility in north west Italy, killing both pilots.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In 2002, Type certification of the aircraft was projected for 2007, while in 2007, certification was projected for 2011. In August 2012, the aircraft was forecast to receive Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) certification in early 2016. The company expects to achieve FAA certification in 2017. Some delays were caused by lack of funding for the FAA, others by the V-22 troubles, while AgustaWestland also spent time increasing performance and reducing cost.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In 2012, the FAA stated that the AW609 was to be certified in compliance with both helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft rules; additionally, new codes were to be developed to cover the transition phase between the two modes. Of the 217 Pilot Training Tasks, 10 are unique tiltrotor tasks. AW609 Certification Basis is established by FAA under the provisions of Part 21.17(b) for "Special Class Aircraft" along with a portion of Part 25 (fixed-wing aircraft) and 29 (helicopter) and new specific tiltrotor parts in a new category called "powered lift". In January 2013, the FAA defined US tiltrotor noise rules to comply with ICAO rules, expecting the AW609 to be available within 10 years. Noise certification will cost $588,000, which is the same as for a large helicopter.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In February 2014, the AW609 was taken on its first customer demonstration flights, in both airplane and helicopter modes, and began certification flights.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In early summer 2014, the AW609 performed FAA-monitored autorotation tests; more than 79 power-off conversions from airplane mode to helicopter mode were made across 10 flight hours; during these tests it was found that the minimum operating requirements for successful autorotation include that altitude is , and that the system keeps rotor rpm above the minimum 70% for stable recovery. The test pilots subsequently received the Iven C. Kincheloe Award for their role in the tests.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: At the Farnborough Air Show in July 2012, AgustaWestland announced that it was to offer a higher-weight variant of the AW609 (up to ); this model would trade some of its vertical takeoff performance for increased payload capacity. Officials from AgustaWestland have suggested that this short take off and vertical landing (STOVL) variant may be an attractive option for search and rescue and maritime operators. According to senior vice-president of marketing Roberto Garavaglia, the Italian government is interested in acquiring several AW609s for coastal patrol duties; due to an agreement with Bell, these may not feature armament.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In June 2013, AgustaWestland announced that work to integrate design changes as part of a major modernisation would delay the AW609's certification by up to one year. These design changes primarily involved aerodynamic improvements, aimed at achieving a 10% reduction in drag and a significant reduction in overall weight, increasing the AW609's performance and capabilities. Separate improvement programs were underway on the aircraft's engines and avionics systems. In 2015, AgustaWestland announced the development of external fuel tanks which would permit flights carrying six passengers over three hours.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In 2013, AgustaWestland was considering a US-based final assembly point for production AW609s; managing director Robert LaBelle stated that 35% of the customers for the tiltrotor are expected to come from the US market. Reportedly, the primary production line was to be located in Italy while a second production line in the US was under consideration. In 2015 AgustaWestland announced that the AW609 will be produced at its Philadelphia facility, the production site for the AW139, AW119 KXe and AW169. Two to three AW609 aircraft will be assembled there beginning in 2017, and once production matures, a second final assembly line is being considered for Italy. Leonardo develops a full flight simulator in Philadelphia to assist pilot training in the peculiarities of flying a tiltrotor.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In 2015, Bristow Helicopters and AgustaWestland agreed to develop dedicated offshore oil and gas transport and search and rescue configurations for the AW609. Bristow Group signed a joint development agreement with AgustaWestland at Heli-Expo on 3 March 2015 which will allow Bristow to exclusively direct the direction of the tiltrotor for offshore missions such as oil and gas operations. The changes could extend beyond the AW609 to potentially affect the design of larger and more advanced models that AgustaWestland is planning to introduce in the early 2020s. The introduction of tiltrotors would allow for point-to-point operations, flying oil company personnel to platforms from major population centers with a greater margin of safety. Industry journalists viewed the agreement as an approval of the tiltrotor technology from the commercial industry, where previously only the military were interested.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: The AW609 is a tiltrotor aircraft capable of performing vertical landings whereas conventional fixed-wing aircraft cannot, allowing the type to serve locations such as heliports or very small airports, while possessing twice the speed and the range of any available helicopter. AgustaWestland promotes the type as "...combining the benefits of a helicopter and a fixed-wing aircraft into one aircraft". The AW609 appears to be outwardly similar to the military-orientated V-22 Osprey; however, the two aircraft share few components. Unlike the V-22, the AW609 has a pressurised cabin. As of 2013, multiple cabin configurations have been projected, including a standard nine-passenger layout, a six-to-seven-passenger VIP/executive cabin, and a search and rescue model featuring a hoist/basket and four single seats; medevac and patrol/surveillance-orientated variants has also been proposed. For increased passenger comfort, the cabin is both pressurised and equipped with soundproofing. Access to the cabin is via a , two-piece clamshell door center-set into the fuselage underneath the wings.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: The AW609 is powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-67A turboshaft engines, which each drive a three-bladed proprotor. These engines possess roughly twice the horsepower of the similarly sized AgustaWestland AW169 helicopter. Both of the engine and proprotor pairs are mounted on a load-bearing rotatable pylon at the wing's ends, allowing the proprotors to be positioned at various angles. In helicopter mode, the proprotors can be positioned between a 75- and 95-degree angle from the horizontal, with 87 degrees being the typical selection for hovering vertically. In airplane mode, the proprotors are rotated forward and locked in position at a zero-degree angle, spinning at 84% RPM. The flight control software reportedly handles much of the complexity of the transitioning between helicopter and airplane modes; automated systems also serve to guide pilots to the correct tilt angle and air speed settings.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: When flying in airplane mode, the majority of lift is produced by the AW609's wings, which are slightly forward-swept. Both the wing and the main fuselage are made largely of composite materials. The wings feature flaperon control surfaces which are normally automatically controlled; in vertical flight, the flaperons drop to a 66-degree downwards angle to reduce the wing area being encountered by downwash from the proprotors. A high-mounted rudderless vertical stabiliser is attached the rear of the fuselage to stabilise flight while in aircraft mode. In the event of a single engine failure, either engine can provide power to both proprotors via a drive shaft; the AW609 is also capable of autorotation. The AW609 has been designed to develop Full Transport Category/Class 1 performance to operate safely even when flown under single engine conditions. It is equipped with a de-icing system, and is to be certified for flying into known icing conditions. Building on experiences with the V-22, the AW609 is outfitted with a sink rate warning system.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: Avionics include a triple-redundant digital fly-by-wire flight control system, a head-up display system, and Full Authority Digital Engine Controls (FADEC). The cockpit has been designed so that the AW609 can be flown by a single pilot in instrument flight rules conditions. Several of the aircraft's controls, such as blade pitch, are designed to resemble and function like their counterparts on conventional rotorcraft, enabling helicopter pilots to transition to the type more easily. Elements of the aircraft's controls feature touchscreen interfaces. Shortly following AgustaWestland's full acquisition of the program, a substantial modernisation of the AW609's design was initiated in 2012; these changes included new engines and the redesigning of the cockpit. As part of the design refresh, new flight management systems, Northrop Grumman inertial and GPS navigation systems, and various other avionics from Rockwell Collins were adopted.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: Bell/Agusta aimed the aircraft "at the government and military markets". Another key market for the AW609 has been offshore oil and gas operations, which require aircraft capable of traversing the increasing distances involved. In 2001, Bell estimated a market for 1,000 aircraft. Bell/Agusta stated in 2007 that they intend for the BA609 to compete with corporate business jets and helicopters, and that the BA609 would be of interest to any operator that has a mixed fleet of fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft. In 2004, Lt. Gen. Michael Hough, USMC deputy commandant for aviation, requested that Bell conduct studies into arming the BA609, potentially to act as an escort for V-22s. However, AgustaWestland's deal with Bell for taking over the BA609 program precludes the aircraft from carrying arms.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: In 2001, Terry Stinson, then chairman and CEO of Bell Helicopters, declared that the aircraft will cost "at least ". In 2004, Don Barbour, then executive marketing director, stated that "early orders had been taken at a price of between $8 and $10 million.” Since 1999, orders have been at a price to be confirmed no later than 24 months before aircraft delivery. In 2012, industry reporters estimated that the final price tag may come to $30 million, while in 2015 some believed the price to be only around $24 million.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: Confirmed orders were 77 in 1999, but only 70 by 2012 depending on the final unit price. , they were down to 60 orders for the AW609. The company intends to have production facilities ready for completing orders right after FAA certification.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: Bristow Helicopters intends to order 10 or more. Michael Bloomberg, the U.S. billionaire businessman and politician, is "near the top" of the list of buyers who have put a deposit down on the AW609 tiltrotor aircraft. In February 2015, the Italian Army released a white paper documenting its vision of future procurement efforts, it included the intention to procure a force of tiltrotor aircraft for rapid troop-transport and medical evacuation duties; it has been speculated in the media that the AW609 is a likely candidate for the requirement. On 10 November 2015, United Arab Emirates selected a search and rescue variant of the AW609, signing a memorandum of understanding for three of them, with an option for three more. However, as of May 2019, no contract with the UAE has been signed.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: Currently being built at AWPC Philadelphia, in March 2022, Leonardo projected entry into service in 2023.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: On 30 October 2015, the second of the two prototypes (N609AG), which first flew in 2006, crashed near AgustaWestland's Vergiate facility in North West Italy, killing long-time test pilots Pietro Venanzi and Herb Moran. The aircraft broke up in midair after 27 minutes of flight, on a flight plan that included high speed testing. Investigators consider the most likely cause to be changes in flight control laws and tail changes. These led to a "Dutch roll" instability while diving at where previously only had been achieved. The Italian authorities seized the third prototype in May 2016, and returned it for flight testing in July.


title: AgustaWestland AW609

text: The final report stated that during a high-speed dive with a left turn, "slight lateral-direction oscillations" started on roll-out and grew in amplitude and frequency. The pilot attempted to correct the roll with "counterphase input roll manoeuvres and then pedal inputs", but this did not dampen the oscillations. They instead became divergent, bringing the sideslip angle at 10.5°, well above the 4° maximum allowed, "inducing contact of the right proprotor with the right wing due to excessive flapping of the proprotor blades". This severed fuel and hydraulic lines in the wing leading edge, triggering a fire.


title: Lise Mayer

text: Lise Mayer (born November 1959) is an American television and film writer, best known as, alongside Rik Mayall and Ben Elton, a creator and co-writer of the BBC comedy series "The Young Ones".


title: Lise Mayer

text: Mayer was born in Chicago, Illinois, to David and Anne Mayer. She met Rik Mayall when she was at school in Manchester and Mayall came to study drama at Manchester University, where her father was a professor. Her mother is a theatre publicist. In addition to "The Young Ones", she has written for television programmes including "The Last Resort", "Paramount City", "London Underground", "The Fast Show", "Saturday Zoo" and "Casualty", and produced Denis Leary's "No Cure For Cancer".


title: Lise Mayer

text: She was a writer/consultant for the film "The Borrowers", and co writer of "Suite 16", "Paper Marriage", "Flushed Away" and "The Matchmaker". Books include "Bachelor Boys: The Young Ones Book", "People I Have Shot" (with ITN cameraman Sebastian Rich), "The Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book", "Go to Bed With Jonathan Ross", "Amassed Hysteria" and "In Search of Happiness" (with Angus Deayton). She is an activist and filmmaker for the advocacy group The Citizens.


title: Lise Mayer

text: Mayer was in a relationship until 1985 with Rik Mayall, including the period when they co-wrote "The Young Ones". She has a son, Isaac, with comedian and television presenter Angus Deayton, with whom she was in a relationship from 1991 to 2015. Her sister, Catherine Mayer, co founded the Women's Equality Party with Sandi Toksvig.


title: The Blessed Madonna

text: Marea Stamper (born 1977), better known by her stage name the Blessed Madonna (formerly the Black Madonna), is an American DJ, producer and musician. "Mixmag" named her the DJ of the year in 2016. She founded her own record label called We Still Believe.


title: The Blessed Madonna

text: Born Marea Stamper, a high-school dropout who was bullied for her gender-nonconforming appearance, Stamper started her career in the late 1990s, selling mixtapes by underground DJs at raves.


title: The Blessed Madonna

text: On November 11, 2016, she released a new single “He Is The Voice I Hear” at Gramaphone Records in Chicago, Illinois. The song was later released on streaming platforms through her own label, We Still Believe, in the beginning of 2017.


title: The Blessed Madonna

text: In 2018, The Blessed Madonna appeared as herself in "Grand Theft Auto Online", as part of the "After Hours" DLC.


title: The Blessed Madonna

text: Stamper’s former stage name, The Black Madonna, references the Black Madonna paintings of the Virgin Mary, a tribute to her family's favorite Catholic saint. Historically Stamper defended the use of The Black Madonna, citing her Catholic faith as a reason for her attachment to the icon. However, in response to a Change.org petition that raised concerns of racial insensitivity, Stamper changed her stage name to The Blessed Madonna on July 20, 2020. She cited "controversy, confusion, pain and frustration" caused by the previous name and stated, "People who shared that devotion loved the name, but in retrospect I should have listened harder to other perspectives."


title: The Blessed Madonna

text: On July 27, 2020, British singer Dua Lipa announced the release of a remix by Stamper of her song "Levitating" featuring American artists Madonna and Missy Elliott to serve as the fifth single of her 2020 album, "Future Nostalgia". The remix was released on August 14, 2020. On August 4, Dua Lipa announced "Club Future Nostalgia", which was mixed by Stamper, and features previously announced guests Madonna and Missy Elliott, as well as Mark Ronson, Gwen Stefani, and others.


title: The Blessed Madonna

text: After 6 years, Stamper released a new single “Serotonin Moonbeams” which featured vocals from singer Uffie, as well as a sample from Burton Inc.’s “Why Don’t You Let Me Know”. The track interpolated Suzanne Vega’s hit song “Tom’s Diner”.


title: Genesis G90

text: The Genesis G90 is a full-size luxury sedan manufactured by the Korean automaker Genesis, which is the luxury vehicle division of Hyundai Motor Company, since 2015. The G90 is the successor of the Hyundai Equus and was known as the Genesis EQ900 in South Korea from 2015 to 2019. It was announced that the right-hand drive specification is not for sale.


title: Genesis G90

text: The US market debut took place at the 2016 North American International Auto Show and went on sale in September of 2016 at Genesis retailers as 2017 model year vehicles. Powertrains available included the 3.3T, 3.3T HTRAC, 5.0, 5.0 HTRAC.


title: Genesis G90

text: The base model Genesis G90 has a turbocharged, 3.3-liter V6 engine which makes and of torque. The G90 Ultimate has a 5.0-liter V8 with and of torque. All models have an eight-speed automatic transmission with shiftronic and is also available with rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive (HTRAC).


title: Genesis G90

text: A restyled G90 debuted in Korea on November 27, 2018. The EQ900 was also renamed as the G90 for the Korean market.


title: Genesis G90

text: The G90L is a long wheelbase version of the G90. It was initially sold in Korea as the EQ900L and later renamed to the G90L after the 2018 exterior update. The G90L is available only as a V8 5.0L AWD (HTRAC).


title: Genesis G90

text: The exterior design was unveiled on November 30, 2021. Genesis' family look, a two-line lamp was applied. The cube-shaped projection light incorporates a white light, a daytime driving light, and a direction indicator light. Two rows of rear lamps are also long on the back. The second-generation G90 was released in two models: a general model and a long-wheelbase model.


title: Genesis G90

text: Power comes from a 3.5-liter twin-turbo V6 with and in the base car. The long-wheelbase model is further supported by a 48-volt mild hybrid system with an electric supercharger for additional power. All-wheel drive is standard on the long-wheelbase model.


title: Genesis G90

text: The second-generation G90 is available in a long wheelbase, which gains an additional over the standard car.


title: Genesis G90

text: As of November 2015, a day after pre-order began, pre-orders of EQ900 in South Korea reached 4,342 units. As December 2015, pre-orders of G90 exceeded 10,000 units.


title: Parvathamma Rajkumar

text: Dr.Parvathamma Rajkumar (6 December 1939 – 31 May 2017) was an Indian film producer and distributor. She was the wife of veteran Kannada actor Dr. Rajkumar. She produced successful films featuring Rajkumar and their sons Shiva Rajkumar, Puneeth Rajkumar and Raghavendra Rajkumar under the production house named "Poornima Enterprises". Actresses who found fame in her productions include Malashri, Prema, Rakshita, Sudha Rani and Ramya.


title: Parvathamma Rajkumar

text: Amongst the awards she has received are the Phalke Academy award, Kannada Rajyotsava and a lifetime achievement award from the Government of Karnataka. By 2012, she had produced 80 films. She has spoken in defence of Kannadigas, regarding Karnataka's position in interstate water disputes and against infringement of the Kannada film industry's works.


title: Parvathamma Rajkumar

text: Parvathamma was born in Saligrama of Mysore district of the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore on 6 December 1939 to Appaji Gowda and Lakshmamma, as the second of eight children. Singanallur Puttaswamaiah, her future father-in-law, reportedly placed a silver coin in her cradle and vowed to make her his daughter-in-law. Aged 14, she married his son future matinée idol Rajkumar on 25 June 1953. They have five children together: sons Shiva, Raghavendra and Puneeth, and daughters Lakshmi and Poornima. Rajkumar died on 12 April 2006 of cardiac arrest. Her son Puneeth died on 29 October 2021 of cardiac arrest.


title: Parvathamma Rajkumar

text: Parvathamma was taken to MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital on 14 May 2017 to treat her for weakness. On 17 May, she was shifted to the intensive care unit after she had difficulty in breathing and was on assisted ventilation, following which a tracheotomy was performed on her to ease breathing. Also, she had developed metastasis despite having been treated for a malignancy a few years previously. She had a cardiac arrest at 4:30 a.m. (IST) on 31 May 2017. Efforts to revive her failed and she was pronounced dead at 4:40 a.m. (IST). It was reported that "malignancy had spread to the lungs and liver".