title: Overseas Filipinos

text: Deskilling has caused many Filipino workers to return less skilled after being assigned simple tasks abroad, this behavior creates discouragement for foreign workers to climb the occupational ladder. Deskilling of labor is especially prevalent among women who often have few and low skill employment options, such as domestic work and child or elder care. Other occupations that recently has seen an increase in deskilling are doctors, teachers and assembly line workers.


title: Overseas Filipinos

text: To underline what a common problem this deskilling is: Returning migrant workers are calling for returnee integration programs, which suggests that they do not feel prepared to be re-integrated in the domestic workforce.


title: Overseas Filipinos

text: As the Philippines among other countries who train and export labor repeatedly has faced failures in protecting labor rights, the deskilling of labor has increased on a global scale. A strong worldwide demand for healthcare workers causes many Filipinos to emigrate without ever getting hired or become deskilling while possibly raising their salary. The result is a no-win situation for the sending and receiving country. The receiving countries lose as skilled workers are not fully utilizing their skills while the home country simultaneously experience a shortage of workers in emigrating prone sectors.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: The 2008 United States elections were held on November 4. Democratic Senator Barack Obama of Illinois won the presidential election, by defeating his challenger, Senator John McCain and the Democrats bolstered their majority in both Houses of Congress.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Obama won his party's presidential nomination after defeating Senator Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic primaries. With Republican President George W. Bush term-limited, Senator John McCain of Arizona won the Republican nomination in the 2008 Republican primaries. Obama won the general election with 52.9 percent of the popular vote and 365 of the 538 electoral votes.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Democrats picked up net gains of eight Senate seats and 21 seats in the House of Representatives on the back of Obama's coattail effect. They also won a net gain of one gubernatorial seat. The 2006 elections and 2008 elections represented the first time since 1936 that Democrats or any party made substantial gains in Congress in two consecutive elections. This would be the last election until 2020 in which the Democrats won the Presidency and unified control of Congress.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: This was the first presidential election year since 1964 when the Democratic Party won the White House and had coattails in the Senate and House of Representatives. The major theme during the campaign was the American public's general desire of change and reform from both Washington and the policies of President Bush. The economy and other domestic policies were also dominant issues, especially during the last months of the campaign after the onset of the 2008 economic crisis.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Senator Barack Obama of Illinois was the Democratic nominee, and Senator John McCain of Arizona was the Republican nominee. Incumbent President George W. Bush was ineligible for re-election per the 22nd Amendment, which limits a president to two terms, and incumbent Vice President Dick Cheney declined to run for the office.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: The 2008 presidential election was the first since 1952 in which neither an incumbent president nor an incumbent vice president was a candidate.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Senator Obama won the number of electors necessary to be elected president and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: The 33 seats in the United States Senate Class 2 were up for election, plus special Senate elections in Mississippi and Wyoming. The resignation of Mississippi Senator Trent Lott, and the death of Wyoming Senator Craig L. Thomas, both Class 1 senators, meant that both of those states' senate seats were up for election. The Democrats won 8 seats while the Republicans did not gain a seat.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: All seats in the House were up for election, including seats of the 435 voting representatives from the states and the 6 non-voting delegates from the District of Columbia and five U.S. territories. This marked the first time that the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands selected a delegate to Congress.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Democrats won the nationwide popular vote for the House of Representatives by 7.2 percentage points, gaining 21 seats. They increased their total number of seats to 257, the largest number of seats held by either party in the House since Democrats lost control of Congress in the 1994 elections.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Eleven of the fifty United States governors were up for re-election, as were the governorships of two U.S. territories. Eight incumbent state governors were running for re-election, while the retirements of Ruth Ann Minner of Delaware, Matt Blunt of Missouri, and Mike Easley of North Carolina left those gubernatorial positions open. The incumbent governors of Puerto Rico, Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, and American Samoa, Togiola Tulafono, were also up for re-election.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: The only governorship that changed party hands was in Missouri: Democrat Jay Nixon was elected to replace Blunt, who chose to retire instead of seeking a second term.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: The New Hampshire Senate saw the election of the first ever female majority. This is first time this has occurred in any chamber of any state legislature in United States history.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: The New York State Assembly, New York State Senate, and Governor's mansion were controlled by the Democrats for the first time since the Great Depression.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Overall, the Democrats took control of six legislative bodies to the Republicans' four. Democrats took control of the Delaware House of Representatives, for the first time since 1985, the Montana House of Representatives, the Nevada Senate, the New York State Senate, for only the second time since WWII, the Ohio House of Representatives, and the Wisconsin State Assembly. Republicans took control of the Montana Senate; both houses of the Tennessee General Assembly, for the first time since reconstruction; and the Oklahoma Senate, for the first time in state history.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: After the election, Democrats controlled both houses in the state legislatures of 27 states: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Republicans controlled both houses in the state legislatures of 14 states: Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Missouri, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming.


title: 2008 United States elections

text: Eight states had divided legislatures: Alaska, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Montana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life Financial Inc. is a Canadian financial services company. It is primarily known as a life insurance company.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life has a presence in investment management with over CAD$1.3 trillion in assets under management operating in a number of countries. It has over $125 billion in assets under administration as of 2020. Sun Life ranks number 235 on the Forbes Global 2000 list for 2022.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Founded in Montreal, Quebec, as The Sun Insurance Company of Montreal in 1865 by Matthew Hamilton Gault (1822–1887), an Irish immigrant who settled in Montreal in 1842. However, operations actually began in 1871. By the end of the 19th century, it had expanded to Central and South America, the United States, the United Kingdom, West Indies, Japan, China, Philippines, India, North Africa and other international markets. During the next five decades, the company grew and prospered, surviving the difficulties of World War I and the large drain on its finances through policy claims arising from the large number of deaths caused by the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: The company's original Dominion Square building in Montreal was built in 1918. Capping a Montreal construction boom that began in the 1920s, the company completed construction of the expansion of its headquarters with its new 26-story headquarters north tower in 1933. Although the head office of the Royal Bank of Canada on St. James Street was taller by several floors, the Sun Life Building was at the time the largest building in terms of square footage anywhere in the British Empire.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Chartered in 1865, its traditional base business worldwide remains life insurance. However, it now also has significant asset management operations. In 1919, it was the first Canadian company to offer group life insurance. Having begun its first US operations in 1895, the company sold its first group life plan in the U.S. in 1924.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In World War II, as part of Operation Fish, securities from the United Kingdom were secretly moved to the Sun Life Building for safekeeping. A persistent, but incorrect, rumour is that the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom were illegally shipped out of the United Kingdom during WWII and stored there was deliberately spread in Montreal to account for increased activity at the building.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: During the post-war period, the company's successful business strategies made it one of Montreal's largest white-collar employers, one of the top corporations in Canada, as well as a global player in the life insurance field. For the first half of the 20th century, the city of Montreal had been the economic hub of Canada, but it was losing ground to Toronto. As early as 1950, Toronto's economic activity surpassed Montreal's with regard to stock market trading and capitalization. The advent, in the 1960s, of political and terrorist movements demanding the independence of Quebec from Canada cast a pallor of uncertainty over the business community.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 1977, the newly-elected sovereigntist Quebec government passed the Charter of the French Language (known as Bill 101), making the use of French language mandatory for medium- and large-scale companies when communicating with French-speaking staff. The law was received negatively by the English-speaking business community, many of whom perceived that the historical rights of the English-speaking minority should be respected. The new government also promised a referendum on Quebec sovereignty, injecting instability into the Montreal business community. On January 6, 1978, Sun Life became the first large company to leave Quebec post-election, announcing that it would move its head office to rented space in Toronto, Ontario. Officially, Sun Life said it was motivated by the political instability and economic uncertainty of Quebec's future, but skeptics said it was the company's unwillingness to comply with the requirements of Bill 101. In a reaction the next day, the province's finance minister Jacques Parizeau called Sun Life "one of the worst exporters of Quebec capital", and threatened to freeze some $400 million CAD in assets.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 1979, the company acquired a property at University Avenue and King Street in downtown Toronto and constructed a new office complex, the Sun Life Centre, which was completed in 1984.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Bill 101 required more than French communications with French-speaking staff. It made French the official language of the workplace. It also provided that present and prospective employees who could not speak English not be discriminated against because of their inability to speak English.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: For the largest employer of English-speaking people in Montreal, this would make things very difficult. Many, if not most, of Sun Life's Head Office employees in 1979 were not fluent in French. Sun Life was quite clear that this was the reason for its move when it made the announcement. The PQ government was quick to label Sun Life "bad corporate citizens" and claimed that if ""they had only warned us, we could have worked something out.""


title: Sun Life Financial

text: The downsizing of Sun Life's Montreal office did not take place overnight. Transfers and moves occurred on a departmental basis and did not commence until several months after the announcement. By 1980, 300 head office employees were located in Toronto.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: There were several other key activities in the post-war years. This included a decision by Sun Life to leave many markets, including China and India, because of economic and political changes. In 1962, Sun Life became a mutual company and repurchased its shares for $65 million in total. In 1973, Sun Life opened its American subsidiary's new headquarters in Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts, located outside Boston.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life continued to expand its wealth management business with the 1982 acquisition of Massachusetts Financial Services (MFS), the Boston-based investment management and mutual fund company. It entered the mutual fund business in Canada by forming Spectrum Mutual Fund Services in 1987 (subsequently sold to CI Financial) and a decade later, acquired McLean Budden, a Canadian investment management firm (subsequently folded into MFS).


title: Sun Life Financial

text: International expansion continued in the 1990s. In 1995, Sun Life entered the Indonesian market through local company PT Asuransi Modern Sun Life, now called PT Sun Life Indonesia and opened a Representative Office in Beijing in preparation to enter China. A year later, Sun Life opened a services center in Waterford, Ireland, to provide technology and business processing support for Sun Life business units.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 1999, Sun Life officially returned to India and China when it established two joint ventures – Birla Sun Life in India with a local partner Aditya Birla Group, and Sun Life Everbright in China with a partner China Everbright Group. Over the next decade, both operations grew rapidly – by September 2008, there were 132,460 Birla Sun Life advisors working in 600 branches across India while Sun Life Everbright opened its sixth branch in Guangzhou, bringing its presence to 18 cities in China.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In early 1998, Sun Life announced its intention to demutualize. In March 2000, its initial public offering (IPO) started the trading of Sun Life Financial Inc. shares on the Toronto (TSX), New York (NYSE) and Philippine (PSE) stock exchanges.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2002, Sun Life combined its operations with Clarica Life Insurance of Waterloo, Ontario. Founded in 1870 as "Mutual Life of Canada", Clarica was known as The Mutual Group before it went public in 1999. The former head office for Mutual Life Assurance Company at 227 King Street South in Waterloo became the home to Sun Life's Canadian operations, while a regional office and Sun Life's corporate headquarters remained in Toronto. The company also maintains regional offices in Montreal, Ottawa, Edmonton, Vancouver, Halifax and Calgary. After it integrated operations, the company used the Clarica brand name for certain products and activities until 2007.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2005, Sun Life opened a service center in Gurgaon, India to provide business processing and technology support for Sun Life Financial business units around the world. That same year, Sun Life purchased CMG Asia and CommServe Financial, the Hong Kong insurance and pension operations of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, tripling its customer base and adding group insurance and pensions to its business lines.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2007, Sun Life purchased the U.S. employee benefits business of Genworth Financial, placing itself in the top 10 in the U.S. group benefits market.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2008, Sun Life sold its 37% interest in CI Financial Income Fund to Scotiabank. Sun Life had originally acquired a significant ownership interest in the firm by selling its Canadian mutual fund subsidiaries to CI Financial in 2002.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2009, Sun Life began an aggressive nationwide ad campaign in the United States touting its strength and the fact that it did not accept any bailout money.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2013, Sun Life acquired 49% Aviva PLC's Malaysian insurance joint venture with lender CIMB Group. Sun Life acquired the business along with Malaysian state investor Khazanah Nasional, which also purchased 49%. They each paid approximately CDN$300 million. CIMB retains 2% interest.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2015, Sun Life acquired the Employee Benefits business of Assurant Inc. The transaction closed in March 2016, creating the sixth-largest group benefits business in the U.S.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2017, the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association announced that Sun Life will become their jersey sponsor beginning with the 2017–18 NBA season. This deal continues through the 2019/2020 season.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In June 2019, Sun Life re-branded its Sun Life Investment Management unit to SLC Management and fully merged its fixed income businesses, Ryan Labs Asset Management Inc. and Prime Advisors, Inc. with Sun Life Capital Management (U.S.)


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In addition, in July 2019, SLC's real estate division was merged under the name BentallGreenOak Real Estate.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In December 2020, Dean Connor announced his intent to retire as President and CEO in August 2021. He was then replaced by Kevin Strain, who was the former Chief Financial Officer at Sun Life.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life contributes to the local economy as one of the top 5 major employers in the region, with approximately 3,500 employees – more than 40% of Sun Life's employee base in Canada.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life is an Observing Organization in the Regional Carbon Initiative (run by the Sustainable Waterloo Region) and a member of TravelWise, a joint program of Sustainable Waterloo Region and the Region of Waterloo.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life roots in Canada go back over 150 years and is estimated that the company provides financial products and advice to 1 in 5 Canadians.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2012, Sun Life celebrated the 100th anniversary of its Canadian head office building, located on King Street, right on the border of the Cities of Kitchener and Waterloo.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life's U.S. Headquarters are based out of Wellesley, a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts and considered a part of Greater Boston.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life U.S. has the sixth-largest group benefits business in the United States and serves more than 60,000 employers in small, medium and large workplaces.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life's portfolio of insurance products and services in the U.S. includes disability, absence management, life, dental, vision, voluntary and medical stop-loss.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2018, Sun Life U.S. was named one of the Top Places to Work in Massachusetts for 2018 by "The Boston Globe".


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2022, Sun Life U.S. acquired DentaQuest for $2.475 billion dollars. DentaQuest is the largest provider of Medicaid dental benefits in the U.S. with growing Medicare Advantage, commercial and U.S. Affordable Care Act (ACA) exchange businesses.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: As of March 31, 2019, SLC Management's collective operations have assets under management of C$212 billion (US$159 billion).


title: Sun Life Financial

text: SLC Management, formerly Sun Life Investment Management (SLIM), began in 2014 when Sun Life created Sun Life Institutional Investments (Canada) Inc., to offer a range of institutional alternative asset class funds to investors in Canada.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In June 2019, Sun Life re-branded SLIM to SLC Management and fully merged its fixed income businesses, Ryan Labs Asset Management Inc. and Prime Advisors, Inc. with Sun Life Capital Management (U.S.) In addition, in July 2019, SLC's real estate division was merged under the name BentallGreenOak Real Estate.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life operates in eight Asian markets - Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, India, the Philippines and Malaysia.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 1891, the company persuaded businessman Ira Thayer to go to Asia to start an insurance business. Thayer set up a business in China in 1892 that went on to prosper for the next 54 years.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life grew to become the biggest foreign insurer in China until the Second World War when it shut down operations. The company returned to China in 1995 via a joint venture.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2002, Sun Life Everbright was granted approval to sell life insurance in Tianjin, China, becoming the first foreign life insurance joint venture to operate in that city and its neighbouring counties.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2011, Sun Life Everbright received regulatory approval in China to establish Sun Life Everbright Insurance Asset Management Company, only the 12th such license issued in China.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Birla Sun Life Asset Management, now known as the Aditya Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund (ABSLAMC), is an investment managing company registered under the Securities and Exchange Board of India. It is a joint venture between Sun Life and the Aditya Birla Group of India.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Established in 1994, BSLAMC has been a joint venture between the Aditya Birla Group and Sun Life since 1999.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: With more than $34 billion U.S. in assets under management as of 2017, Aditya Birla Sun Life Asset Management Company is one of the largest asset managers in India.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life entered the Philippines in 1895, and established its Cebu operations in the 1960s. As of 2019, Sun Life is the number one provider of insurance products to Filipinos. Sun Life has been in Asia since the early 1890s.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 1895, Sun Life began its operations in the Philippines through the representation of the H.J. Andrews and Co., a British trading firm. Throughout the Philippine Revolution, Sun Life Philippines experienced continuous growth.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life had underground operations during the Japanese Occupation which occurred between 1942 and 1945. Sun Life was the only life insurance company who paid post-war death claims amounting to USD 1.3 million even without documents attesting to the validity of the claims. In the end, all claims were found to be legitimate.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Through the years, Sun Life flourished even as the country faced economic crises and Martial Law (1972-1981).


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2011, Sun Life signed a joint venture agreement with the Yuchengco Group of companies for the creation of Sun Life Grepa Financial Inc. marking Sun Life's entry into the bancassurance business.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life also has strong asset management presence in Philippines, celebrating its 120th anniversary in the Philippines in 2015.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life's sustainability plan is built on the foundation as a trusted and responsible business, and focuses on the areas where they can make the most positive social and environmental impact - increasing financial security, fostering healthier lives and advancing sustainable investing.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In March 2021, Sun Life announced new sustainable investing commitments, including an additional C$20 billion in sustainable investments over the next five years across its General Account and third party investments. The company is also pushing to scale back its GHG emissions intensity by 30% by 2030.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life committed to having 25% of under-represented minorities and gender parity at senior leader level by 2025. As of May 2022, their Board of Directors is at gender parity.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life Global Headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, is located at One York Street in Toronto's South Core.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: The building was developed by Menkes Developments Ltd, and Healthcare of Ontario Pension Plan (HOOPP), which is also a tenant of the building.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: The 800,000 square-foot office tower is LEED Platinum certified under the Canada Green Building Council.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Before the Corporate Office moved to its new Global HQ at One York Street, the Sun Life Centre on King Street served as its headquarters. Previously, Sun Life Building in Montreal was the head office. The Sun Life Building in Montreal is a historic 122 m (400 ft), 24 storey office building at 1155 Metcalfe Street on Dorchester Square in downtown Montreal.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life is the official jersey sponsor of the 2019 NBA Champions Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Sun Life has been the Raptors jersey sponsor since the 2017–18 NBA Season. This agreement was extended into the 2018/19 & 2019/20 seasons.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: It is the first jersey patch partnership in the team's history with the Sun Life patch appearing on the front left shoulder of Raptors game jerseys.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: In 2010, Sun Life purchased the naming rights for the home field of the Miami Dolphins in Miami Gardens, Florida, for a reported US$7.5 million per year.


title: Sun Life Financial

text: Under the five-year contract, the stadium was named Sun Life Stadium. The naming rights expired in January 2016.


title: Permanent time observation in the United States

text: Permanent standard time refers to the year-round observation of standard time. Likewise, permanent daylight saving time refers to the year-round observation of daylight saving time (DST). Both permanent standard time and permanent DST eliminate the practice of semi-annual clock changes, specifically the advancement of clocks by one hour from standard time to DST in spring (commonly called "spring forward") and the retraction of clocks by one hour from DST to standard time in fall ("fall back").


text: The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized the specification of time zones and the dates of DST observation in the United States. Prior to this law, time zones and DST observation in America were independent and erratic across states and cities. The law requires states to change clocks semiannually between standard time and DST on federally mandated dates, and it permits states to opt out of DST observation altogether and remain on permanent standard time, but does not permit observation of permanent DST. Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and all permanently inhabited territories observe permanent standard time.


text: Studies have shown the semi-annual clock changes result in sleep disturbances, ultimately resulting in more health problems and traffic accidents. Legislators in 25 states have attempted to switch to either permanent standard time or permanent DST. Currently more states are pursuing permanent DST.


text: Prior to the introduction of DST in 1967, all American states observed permanent Standard Time. Currently in the US, Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and all permanently inhabited territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) observe permanent standard time. A number of states have proposed bills to restore observation of permanent standard time, but few have gained ground as of yet.


text: Permanent standard time is considered by circadian health researchers and safety experts worldwide to be the best option for health, safety, schools, and economy, including the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, National Sleep Foundation, American College of Chest Physicians, National Safety Council, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Canadian Sleep Society, World Sleep Society, Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, and several state sleep societies. Permanent standard time is supported by advocates for school children, including the National PTA, National Education Association, American Federation of Teachers, National School Boards Association, and Start School Later. They cite both the health benefits of circadian alignment, and the safety advantages regarding morning commutes.


text: It is supported by certain religious communities, such as Orthodox Jews, whose daily prayers and other customs are synchronized with times of sunrise and sunset.


text: It is supported by environmental evidence, owing to evidence that DST observation increases driving, morning heating, and evening air conditioning, which all in turn increase energy consumption and pollution.


text: A change in federal law would be necessary to allow states to observe DST permanently all year. A number of states have pursued state bills, resolutions, and referendums to indicate intention to observe permanent DST if federal law would permit it.


text: In 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, Florida Republican senator Marco Rubio introduced to Congress the "Sunshine Protection Act", a bill to permit states to observe permanent DST. The bill had achieved referral to committee, but had not received a hearing. Also in 2021, Florida Republican Representative Vern Buchanan introduced a daylight saving time for the whole country, by changing everyone's time zone forward by an hour (Eastern Time would become permanently UTC-0400 instead of UTC-0500). That bill also allowed states to opt out under certain conditions. On March 15, 2022, Rubio's bill passed the Senate.


text: As a work-around to the Uniform Time Act's prohibition on permanent DST, a bloc of states in New England has proposed a statutory move from the Eastern Time Zone to the Atlantic Time Zone (Atlantic Time being one hour ahead of Eastern Time), and then abolishing biannual clock changes. If approved by the Department of Transportation, such a move would effectively put these states on permanent DST without needing to await amendment to the Uniform Time Act by Congress. Similarly, on the West Coast, Washington state passed both a bill for permanent DST and an alternative bill to move the state's official observation from the Pacific Time Zone to the Mountain Time Zone.


text: A meta-analysis by Rutgers researchers found that permanent DST would eliminate 171 pedestrian fatalities (a 13% reduction) per year. DST has been supported by the Chamber of Commerce since 1915 attributing added sales and outdoor activity to sunlight in the evenings. Additionally, DST has been expanded to nearly 8 months of the year, effectively making it the new standard.


text: Some have warned, however, that the decreased exposure to morning sunlight will have significant detrimental effects. Sleep researchers have likened the resulting increased fatigue to "permanent [jet lag]". Experts such as Till Roenneberg argue that permanent observation of DST significantly increases rates of disease and accidents, and lowers productivity and wages. In 2018, the European Sleep Research Society, the European Biological Rhythms Society, and the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) released a joint statement to the EU Commission on DST in opposition to permanent DST and in support of permanent standard time. The SRBR followed with its own more comprehensive statement and set of materials supporting the same position in 2019. In August 2020, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine provided a statement on why they oppose permanent daylight saving time and favor permanent standard time.


text: Permanent DST in the US was briefly enacted by president Richard Nixon in 1974, in response to the 1973 oil crisis. The proposal was initially supported by an estimated 79% of the public; that support dropped to 42% after its first winter, owing to the harshness of dark winter mornings that permanent DST creates. The new permanent DST law was retracted within the year.


text: A movement has been organized in support of the legalization of using daylight saving time as the year-round clock option. Bills to end DST, and bills to make it permanent, have been introduced in more than 30 states.


text: The main argument for introducing year-round DST is that the lifestyles and work patterns of modern-day citizens are no longer compatible with the concept of shifting the clock every spring and fall. Supporters also argue that switching to <nowiki>"</nowiki>Forward Time<nowiki>"</nowiki> would also result in saving energy by reducing the need for artificial light. The Sunshine Protection Act of 2019 was introduced in the Senate by Senator Marco Rubio (R) of Florida to make the times used for DST standard time and abolish DST. It had bipartisan support from senators from Washington and Tennessee, but it had not received a hearing in the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation committee.


text: In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4, which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter. The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.


text: In 2018, the Florida Senate approved the Sunshine Protection Act which would put Florida on permanent daylight saving time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change.


text: In 2018, voters in California ratified a legislative plan which would allow for year-round daylight saving time to be enacted. However, it still requires the vote of two-thirds of the state's legislature and the approval of Congress.


text: In 2019, the Washington State Legislature passed Substitute House Bill 1196, which would establish year-round observation of daylight saving time contingent on the United States Congress amending federal law to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year-round. The bill passed, and was followed by proposed 2021 ballot initiative 1803, "Abolish Daylight Saving Time in Washington state" to petition the U.S. Congress to authorize the change.


text: Tennessee and Oregon also passed bills in 2019 for year-round DST, and legislative houses in Alabama and Arkansas also approved resolutions in favor.


text: Georgia governor Brian P. Kemp signed Senate Bill 100 providing for year-round daylight saving time when the United States Congress amends 15 U.S.C. Section 260a to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year round.


text: In 2022, the United States Senate passed a bill to make Daylight Saving Time permanent. If enacted, this bill would take effect starting in November 2023. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine has opposed the Sunshine Protection Act and called instead for permanent standard time, a position supported by the American College of Chest Physicians and the World Sleep Society, among others.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The is a large automobile produced by Nissan since 1960. It was developed to provide upscale transportation, competing with the Prince Skyline and Gloria which were later merged into the Nissan family. In later years, the Nissan Skyline was positioned as a sports sedan/coupe, whereas the Nissan Gloria was turned into a sporty version of the Cedric (with identical styling but using a different radiator grille and front & rear light clusters).


title: Nissan Cedric

text: In Japan, the Cedric/Gloria series was affectionately called CedGlo, and this long-running series finally came to an end in October 2004, replaced by the Nissan Fuga. The Cedric name is still in use, on the Y31 series fleet vehicle traditionally used as a taxi, where it competes with the Toyota Comfort, and is still in production. Throughout the many versions of the Cedric, it was always considered to be the prime competitor to the Toyota Crown. The hood ornament was inspired by the diamond pattern used by Lincoln but was changed to two right angles set next to each other.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: During the 1970s, it briefly saw other Japanese competitors introduce large sedans: the Mitsubishi Debonair, while the Isuzu Statesman de Ville and the Mazda Roadpacer were derived from General Motors-Australia products and were short-lived. In 1985 Honda introduced its rival to Cedric called Legend, which influence the Japanese car makers that time to update their luxury car line up.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Cedric name was inspired by the main character, Cedric, in Frances Hodgson Burnett's novel "Little Lord Fauntleroy" by the Nissan CEO at the time Katsuji Kawamata.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The first Cedric was the "30" series, introduced in March 1960 and produced through 1962. It was available only at Japanese Nissan dealerships called "Nissan Cedric Store". It was the first product labeled as a Nissan, but shared mechanicals with Datsun products built at the time.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Several models were available, including the Cedric 1500 DeLuxe and Standard (30), Cedric 1900 Deluxe (D30, powered by the 1.9 L Nissan H engine), Cedric 1900 Custom (G30, also powered by the Nissan H engine), Cedric Van (V30, six-seater) and the Cedric Wagon (WP30, eight-seater). Only the Cedric Standard used a 1.5 L (1,488 cc) "G-series" I4 engine which produced . The 1.9 L (1,883 cc) "H-series" with was optional. A four-speed manual transmission with the top three gears synchronized was standard, with a three-speed manual fitted to 1900 versions. Diesel engines were supplied by newly acquired Minsei Diesel Industries, Ltd, which was renamed Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd in 1960. All four-cylinder engines were shared with the redesigned Nissan Junior and Nissan Caball.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Cedric replaced the Austin A50 Nissan was building under license from Austin Motor Company of England, which was called the Nissan Austin, and also benefited from earlier vehicles built by Nissan, called the Datsun DB Series. The six-seater Cedric introduced Nissan's first monocoque body and a wrap-around windshield. The first Cedric featured two stacked headlights on either side of a large grille (inspired by a late 1950s commuter train from Japan, the Tobu JNR 151). The taillights were the same as the Datsun Bluebird 312. and was considered a six-seater. April 1962 saw the introduction of a station wagon–van, able to seat eight people. The twin-stacked headlight approach, which first appeared on large North American and European vehicles in the late 1950s, was a novel approach to suggest size and luxurious accommodations, and was also used on the 1961 Isuzu Bellel.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The "31" series was produced from 1962 until 1965. The models from the 30 series carried over to the 31 series with the addition of a few new models including the Cedric 1900 Standard (G31S) and a 2.0 L four-cylinder "SD20" diesel (QGS31) from June 1964. Also new was a three-speed automatic transmission, sourced from Borg Warner, which was offered from July 1964. The new front with its horizontally mounted quad headlights shows a resemblance to the 1956 Rambler and made the car longer. In 1965, the pressed-steel tappet cover (valve cover) was replaced with an alloy version (same as the CSP311 Silvia). The taillights were smaller, and resembled MG units. All models were equipped with white wall tires. The Cedric was updated again in 1964 with a new dashboard, an alternator rather than a generator, and a new starter system. The Cedric 1500 Standard, first introduced in October 1962, was dropped after 1964. The last change was the adoption of a new grille for the 1965 model year.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Cedric Special was produced between 1963 and 1965 as competition to the Toyota Crown, Isuzu Bellel, Mitsubishi Debonair and Prince Gloria. Production began in time for the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo in October 1964.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: It was a long-wheelbase version of the H31 series Cedric Custom, lengthened to fit the 2.8-litre "K"-Series straight-six engine (an "H" engine with two extra cylinders). The grille is different from the one on the 31 series; it features a badge that said "Cedric Special", and the Cedric Star emblem. The side badges said "Cedric" and "Special". On the trunk lid (on the left side) is a "2800" badge, on the right side is a "Cedric Special" badge. The gold trim pieces on the hood were longer, and there was wheel arch and sill trim that was unique to the Cedric Special. The front bumper design is also different, with a raised section in the middle above the license plate. Due to the larger 2.8 L engine used in the Cedric Special, Japanese buyers are liable for a higher annual road tax which added to its exclusivity.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The interior was slightly more luxurious than the Custom. The only component that was identical to the Custom were the tail lights. The Mark I Special was produced in 1963, and was replaced by the Mark II in 1964. The Mark II was mostly the same as the Mark I except for a redesigned dashboard, new grille design (gold Cedric Star emblem and separate gold letters spelling "Special"), and rectangular reflectors below the tail lights (replacing the round reflectors used on the Mark I). An automatic transmission, the Borg-Warner 35, became available starting with the Mark II. The Mark II was produced in 1963 and 1964, and was replaced by the Mark III Special in 1964. The Mark III featured a new grille and tail lights from the 1965 31 Series Cedric. The Mark III Cedric Special was replaced by the Nissan President in 1965.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Produced from 1965 through 1971, the P130 Cedric had Pininfarina bodywork and several new engine options on an all-new dedicated platform. Nissan's first OHC engine, the L20, was introduced in this generation Cedric. The modernized appearance was influenced by other Japanese luxury sedans of the period that introduced sleek, squared, and angular sedans, like the 1962 Toyota Crown and the 1964 Mitsubishi Debonair. Its appearance was not shared with the flagship luxury sedan Nissan President and this generation of Cedric was now only available at "Nissan Bluebird Stores" when the President became the flagship at "Nissan Motor Stores".


title: Nissan Cedric

text: In August 1966, Nissan Motor Company and Prince Motor Company merged. Starting in 1967, the Cedric was sold in various export markets, as the Datsun 2000/2300/2400 rather than "Nissan Cedric".


title: Nissan Cedric

text: There were three body styles available: a four-door sedan, five-door station wagon (Wagon Six from 1967, WP130, later WH130) and a five-door van (Van Six from 1968, also as Van Deluxe Six for 1970, VP130, later VH130)


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Trim levels offered were the four-cylinder 130 (later called Standard) for 1966–1967, as 130S for 1968–1970. The Deluxe Six (P130, 1967.5-1970), Custom Six (P130D, dropped after 1966, reintroduced in 1970 as H130V), Standard (later called Personal Six, P130S, G130S), Personal Deluxe Six (G130Q, H130Q, replaced Personal Six for 1970), Standard Diesel (later called Diesel, Q130), and Special Six (also called Super Six, H130 for 1966–1967, G130 for 1969–1970, G130V for 1968 Super Six). In 1967, there were 68 model variations of the Cedric.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Unique to this generation, Nissan produced a police car installed with the Y40 V8 engine, and was the only time Nissan installed a V8 engine in the Cedric.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: This was the first Cedric that was available in versions no longer regarded as compact sedans under Japanese vehicle classification regulations, since the engines' displacement exceeded two litres.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The 230 series was released in 1971 and was produced through 1975. The Cedric was now being built at the Tochigi factory location. The suspension configuration remained the same type as used in the second generation. Front disc brakes were added to the standard equipment list for some versions. The Cedric name was dropped for most export markets, with the car now called the Datsun 200C, 220C, 240C, or 260C. In many European markets this car was only available with the diesel engine, aiming in particular at the taxi market. The Cedric was exclusive to Japanese Nissan dealership network called "Nissan Bluebird Store" as the senior luxury sedan to the Nissan Bluebird, while the Nissan Gloria, manufactured by the Prince Motor Company, was exclusive to "Nissan Prince Store" locations after the merger with Nissan, with the Nissan Skyline serving as the junior sedan and coupe to the Gloria.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The 230 series was offered in four-door sedan and wagon, and saw the introduction of a two-door coupé. The coupé "personal luxury car" was introduced as a result of the 1970 Toyota Crown hardtop coupé.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: On August 1972, a four-door hardtop sedan, with no B-pillar between the front and rear passenger side windows, was added to the options list. This generation introduced a new appearance, called "coke bottle", which began to appear during the 1960s and 1970s internationally. The four-door hardtop had a standard interior dome light and a secondary fluorescent lamp that extended from the front to rear passenger seats, attached to the ceiling for ambient purposes. The 2.4-litre engine was replaced with a larger 2.6-litre version to conform to emission regulations enacted in April 1973 without losing performance. Vehicles installed with Nissan's new emission control technology, including fuel injected models, could be identified by a NAPS badge on the trunklid. In South Africa, the car was sold as the Datsun 260C with a version of the L26 engine; this engine (still of 2.6 liters) was upgraded to produce in late 1975, when the car was somewhat confusingly renamed the Datsun 300C. Both the four-door sedan and two-door hardtop were available, and along with the upgrade the interior was renewed.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The 330 series Cedric was produced from 1975 through 1979. Again, it was sold as the Gloria as well in the domestic Japanese market; in the export it was marketed as the 200C, 220C, 260C, and 280C (after 1978).


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The diesel engine returned, mainly for taxi usage. For the same purpose, there was a version of the four-cylinder "H20" petrol engine which ran on LPG. The engines were further modified as emission control regulations were again adjusted in 1976, using the moniker Nissan NAPS.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Trim levels offered were the Deluxe, Custom Deluxe, GL, GL-E, SGL, SGL-E, 2800SGL, and 2800SGL-E. The SGL Brougham also first appeared in this generation. The "SGL" designation stands for Senior Grade Level, and the "E" represents fuel injection. Japanese buyers of the top level "SGL" models were liable for higher road taxes which justified the higher equipment levels and optional features added.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Halogen headlights were added in June 1976. As with the 230, the 330 was offered as a Sedan, Wagon/Van, Coupé, and rare pillarless Hardtop Sedan.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The 430 series was produced from 1979 through 1983. Engines largely carried over from the previous generation. Most export markets received the 2.8 L "L28" OHC I6 or the new "LD28" diesel version, and was called the Datsun 280C. For taxi use in Singapore and Hong Kong, the 2.2-liter diesel engine was still available in what was called the 220C; this model was also sold as a sedan or van in Japan until it was cancelled with the 1981 facelift. This was the first generation Cedric with available four-wheel disc brakes, although drums all around were fitted to the cheapest versions. Styling was achieved with the cooperation of Pininfarina, providing a cleaner image than the previous generation. The rear suspension was upgraded to a rigid link coil system.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Beginning in August 1980, the six-cylinder 2.8-liter diesel was added to the Van and Wagon models in Japan. A lock-up torque converter was added to the four-speed automatic transmission, which was added in June 1982. This new transmission gave considerably better fuel economy, but did necessitate altering the floor plate to provide a wider transmission tunnel. At this time, the L20-engined van received a version of the engine which met the 1981 emissions standards; this model received the new chassis code V431. In February 1983, the "Excellence" trim was added to help sell the last 430 cars before the introduction of the new Y30, fitted with either the turbocharged or the fuel injected L20 engine. This model approached the top Brougham's trim, but in a lower tax bracket and with special two-tone paint.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The 2.0-litre turbocharged L20ET first appeared in the Cedric and its sister car, the Gloria in December 1979, a first for the Japanese market. Production actually began two months earlier. To receive official approval of this engine, Nissan focused attention on the energy saving capacities of the turbo engine. In another first for Japan, the naturally aspirated 280E received electronic fuel injection and the ECCS engine management system. All of these firsts helped the 430-series Cedric/Gloria becoming named Japan's Car of The Year of 1979. The trim level of SGL-F became available with the turbocharged engine from April 1981, which was also when the range received a facelift. At this time, power of the L28 engine climbed from .


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The diesel engine that had been first introduced with the previous generation was complemented by a 2.8 L inline-six diesel, a first for the Japanese market. This, the LD28, was introduced in October 1979, somewhat later than petrol versions, and remained in production until September 1985. It was uncommonly quiet and comfortable for a diesel of this period, and found a large proportion of private buyers. It was originally only available with an automatic transmission; a five-speed model arrived in February 1980 (Vans and Wagons only received the manual option three months later). Mainly for taxi and fleet use the more frugal 2- and 2.2-litre four-cylinder SD-series engines also remained available. These lower-spec models received four round headlights, as did the LPG-powered models with the L20P engine.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The two-door coupé was no longer offered, and was replaced by the Skyline-based Nissan Leopard luxury sports coupé. A four-door convertible version was made available in small numbers for special use. These were mainly bought by government entities for ceremonial use and was not offered on sale to the general public.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The 430 series Cedric was assembled and sold in Taiwan as the "Yue Loong Cedric" 2.0 and 2.4. At first codenamed 806, it became the 807 after a minor facelift.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: This was the last Cedric to be sold in many European markets, as the more compact (but still roomy) Laurel was now available with the same diesel engine and suited European needs better.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Y30 was sold from 1984 through 1987. It used the 3.0 L (2,960 cc) "VG30E" V6 for the 300C private cars. The diesel engine was used for taxi in Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. In Taiwan, the Y30 was sold as the "Yue Loong Cedric 811" with a 2-litre four, or as the "Cedric 830" with the three-litre VG30 six.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: This generation saw the introduction of the VG series V6, which was inspired by an Alfa Romeo design due to a partnership that Nissan and Alfa Romeo had at the time with the Alfa Romeo Arna. The Cedric was offered in three bodystyles; four-door hardtop, four-door sedan and station wagon. The trim level packages were numerous and offered increasing amounts of technology and convenience features on top level platforms. The top level package for the hardtop was called the V30 Turbo Brougham VIP, followed by V30Turbo/V30E Brougham, V20 Turbo Brougham, V20 Turbo/V20E/28D-6 SGL, V20E/28D-6 GL, the V20 Turbo Urban X and the V20 Turbo Urban. The installation of a turbo was to provide better fuel economy and reduce tailpipe emissions as the Japanese pay a tax on the amount of emissions their car produces.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The sedan was meant to target the German luxury executive cars that dominated the class in the 80s (Mercedes S-Class, BMW 7 Series). Trimmed in moquette cloth, the car featured adjustable front seats, adjustable steering wheel, power steering, air conditioning, tinted windows, a LW/MW/FM stereo/cassette player, and the V30 3.0 L V6. The sedan featured the same independent front suspension as the wagon, but had a five-link suspension system for ride quality, and Nissans "Super Sonic Suspension" was also available on hardtop and sedan top trim packages with the ability to switch the ride settings from "Automatic" to "Hard". A five-speed manual gearbox and the V6 engine gave the sedan a max speed of , with 0–60 mph (97 km/h) being achieved in about 8.4 seconds, but was only available on base model trim packages. The sedan trim packages started with the V30 Turbo Brougham VIP, V30 Turbo/V30E Brougham, the V20 Turbo Brougham, the V20 Turbo/V20E/28D-6 SGL, the V20E Custom Deluxe, the Deluxe/28D-6 Deluxe and the Standard.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: On the 4-door hardtop, the front driver and passenger seat belt shoulder strap was connected at the top to the ceiling, however, the upper portion could be detached, with the shoulder strap resting on the driver's and front passenger's shoulder without the seat belt hanging from the ceiling. The upper part would then swing up to the ceiling and could be fastened into place. This arrangement provided an additional benefit to the rear seat passenger opposite the driver because the front passenger seat could be pushed forward with the head restraint removed, providing the rear seat passengers an unobstructed view through the front windshield, and both side view windows, adding to the luxurious feel of a hardtop luxury sedan.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The level of comfort, convenience items and chassis technology was vast in relation to other products offered at the time, and the buyer could choose from seemingly endless options. Some of the items included a digitally synthesized AM stereo/FM stereo radio tuner with the ability to listen to broadcast TV stations, and a cassette tape player with recording feature to function as a dictaphone, stereo and cruise control buttons integrated into a fixed position steering wheel hub, and sonar-based backup sensors installed in the rear bumper. Rear seat passengers were also pampered, with the ability to control the stereo and climate control functions from a control pad located at the leading edge of the rear seat armrest, that could be dislodged from the armrest and function as a hand-held remote, along with separate reclining seat and backrest combined with a cellphone located inside the armrest compartment.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Wagon and Van versions continued in production after the introduction of the succeeding Y31, Y32, and Y33 versions, with the Wagon version ending production in August 1999. The wagon trim packages were the V20E SGL at the top, with an optional DI-NOC woodgrain appearance, the V20E/28D-6 GL, and the V20E Deluxe. Wagons (intended for private buyers) were mainly available with the VG20E petrol unit and the RD28 diesel engine (until March 1994).


title: Nissan Cedric

text: For private use, the Y31 was built from late 1987 through 1991, available as either Sedan or Hardtop versions. This generation was one of Nissan's most popular series, as the Japanese economy was very robust before the advent of the Japanese asset price bubble deflation in mid-1991. The styling of this generation was more rounded, and additional attention was given to luxury accommodations and optional features. The trim packages were similar to the previous generation, with some changes. The top level package for the hardtop was the V30 Turbo Brougham VIP, followed by the V30E Brougham VIP, V30 Brougham, V20 Twincam Turbo Brougham, RD28 Brougham, Classic SV (V20E or RD28 engine), Classic (V20E or RD28 engine), V20 Twincam Turbo Grandturismo SV, V20 Twincam Turbo Granturismo, ending with the V20E Granturismo. The sporty GranTurismo version has short bumpers with body kit, and powered by 2.0-liter VG20DET engine, which replaced the previous generation SGL, GL, while the Classic replaced the Urban designation.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Sedan version of the Y31 received a light facelift at the launch of the Hardtop Y32, and it was still in production up to 2015 for Japanese rental fleet and taxi markets. The trim packages for the sedan started with the V30 Turbo Brougham VIP, the V30E Brougham VIP, V30E Brougham, V20 Twincam Turbo Brougham, RD28 Brougham, Classic SV (V20E or RD28 engine), Classic (V20E or RD28 engine), with the base model Supercustom (V20E or RD28 engine). The Brougham VIP package had three separate technology upgrade packages (Grade I, II, III), while the Brougham had two for both the sedan and hardtop. There was also a limited edition long-wheelbase model built by Autech.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: As before, the options list was extensive. New items that appeared were the replacement of a broadcast TV tuner with a Sony CD player coupled with JBL speakers, a humidifier for back seat passengers, and the replacement of the previous sonar-adjusted suspension by a height-controlled air suspension. A cellular phone continued to be offered, adding hands free convenience by dialing the phone number on an integrated keypad on the stationary steering wheel hub, with the handset located inside the front armrest compartment. In June 1989 the Nissan Cedric with the VG20DET offered the world's first full range electronically controlled 5-speed automatic transmission. At the same time, the engine received an intercooler and a resulting power increase from .


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The wagon and van versions of the previous Y30 Cedric remained in production for a while alongside the Y31 sedan and Y32/Y33 Hardtops. The wagon finally ended its run in August 1999, ceding load carrying abilities to the Cedric-based Nissan Presage.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: In 1991, a sedan version for fleet use was released. The fleet model Y31 ended production in 2015, and was last updated in 2012.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Y32 Cedric, only ever available in a Hardtop version aimed at private buyers, was a reskin of the Y31 model. The Y31 Sedan continued in production alongside the Y32, intended for commercial and institutional uses. The Cedric had a market reputation appealing to an older demographic, while the sister car Nissan Gloria, which has a more performance oriented reputation, aimed for younger buyers. This model shared much of its mechanicals with the newly released Cedric Cima which was a sales success for Nissan. The introduction of the Cima began to siphon off buyers who normally purchased the Brougham and Brougham VIP, with the Cedric Brougham VIP being the rarest. Worldwide the number of VIP Brougham on Japan's Nissan Motors database is less than 17 to date.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Y32 was produced from June 1991 through 1994. It has had SOHC and DOHC versions of the VG series V6, alongside the inline six Diesel 2.8 version. A four-cylinder engine was never available as the Y32 was only ever marketed in more upscale versions. The performance oriented Gran Turismo reverted to four round headlights, giving the vehicle a similar appearance to the BMW 7 Series sedan sold at the time. Manual transmissions were no longer available. Power window switches were illuminated for easy location at night. The parking brake was no longer operated by center-mounted hand-operated handle, instead relocated to a pedal next to the brake pedal. Interior lighting operates gradually when any door is opened, a shortwave radio tuner is included with the stereo system, and maintenance reminders are also added.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: In September 1994 and January of the following year, Granturismo and Brougham versions of the lesser two-litre six-cylinder version were added. Production ended in May 1995 before in June introduction of the succeeding Y33 Cedric Hardtop. The Y31 Sedan remained in production for commercial use.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The Y33 was sold from June 1995 through June 1999. The VG series engine was replaced with the newly developed VQ series (except for the initial lower level versions). AWD ATTESA E-TS, also found on the Skyline, Laurel and Stagea, was added to the options list. One of the major advantages of the VQ series over the VG series was the aluminum alloy block and heads, helping to reduce weight. This generation of the Cedric was also built in LHD for export to Middle East markets. Export versions generally received the VG30E engine, with outputs from depending on the octane rating.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: The line-up consisted of the 250 L and LV (naturally aspirated 2.5-litre V-6), 300LV (naturally aspirated 3-litre V-6) and 300LX/300VIP (3-litre turbo V-6), all with rear-wheel drive; additionally there was the 250 L/LV Four featuring all-wheel drive and a turbocharged version of Nissan's 2.5-litre inline six also seen in the Skyline.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: For model year 2000, it won the Automotive Researchers' and Journalists' Conference award in Japan in two categories; Car of the Year and Technology of the Year for the Nissan Extroid CVT transmission.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Direct injection is added to all V6 engines for improved performance and reduced emissions, signified by the "DD" designation in the engine model number. AWD is only available on vehicles equipped with the RB25DET engine. A CVT (a rare case for an RWD-based vehicle) was available on the 300 VIP-Z and 300 LX-ZS trim levels. Top level Cedrics are comparable to the parallel line Nissan Cima, which occupies a market slot just beneath the Nissan President. Autech released a special 40th anniversary version of the Cedric, with the VQ30DET engine.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: In October 2004, the last Cedric hardtop was built, after which it was replaced by the Nissan Fuga. The Cedric nameplate remained available on the Y31-series sedans for commercial users until 2015.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Prices (in 1999) ranged from ¥3,110,000 for a base 250 L to ¥4,940,000 for the ultra-luxurious 300VIP.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: A one-off Y34 roadster built by Nissan for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows for use as a bullpen car remains in use as of 2017.


title: Nissan Cedric

text: Older models of the Cedric appeared in many various Asian movies and TV dramas on different roles, most prominently as taxis (especially in Hong Kong) as well as police cars. In Japanese movies and TV shows they were used as civilian vehicles, taxis as well as police cars; notably appearing in the crime dramas "Taitokai" (大都会 in Japanese) and "Seibu Keisatsu" (西部警察) ; where the Cedric was used as police vehicles alongside the Laurel and the Gloria; most of them being wrecked with the exception of the 430 model Cedrics that were used as marked police cars in the show Seibu Keisatsu (1979–1984). It appears in the film The Big Steal, as the car given to the protagonist by his parents.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Suzannah Rebecca Gabriella Lipscomb FSA (born 7 December 1978) is a British historian and professor emerita at the University of Roehampton, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, the Higher Education Academy and the Society of Antiquities, and has for many years contributed a regular column to "History Today". She has written and edited a number of books, presented numerous historical documentaries on TV and is host of the Not Just the Tudors podcast from History Hit. She is also a royal historian for NBC.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Her research focuses on the sixteenth century, in both English and French history, and covers religious, gender, political, social, and psychological history. She has also written and talked about British and European witch trials.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Lipscomb was previously a member of the Board of Governors of Epsom College. She worked as a curator for Historic Royal Palaces at Hampton Court; as a Lecturer at the University of East Anglia; as a Senior Lecturer and Convenor for History at the New College of the Humanities; and, as a Reader at the University of Roehampton, where she became a Professor when she was appointed to a personal chair as a Professor of History in January 2019.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Lipscomb grew up in Surrey near Hampton Court Palace, which she credits for sowing “the seeds of a lifelong fascination with the Tudors.” She was educated at Nonsuch High School for Girls, Epsom College, and Lincoln and Balliol colleges of the University of Oxford. In 2009, she was awarded her Doctorate of Philosophy from Oxford, with a thesis entitled "Maids, Wives, and Mistresses: Disciplined Women in Reformation Languedoc".


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: SWhile completing her thesis, she worked as a curator at Hampton Court Palace, where she was responsible for organising a series of exhibitions held throughout the spring and summer of 2009 to mark the 500th anniversary of Henry VIII of England's accession to the throne. The programme won the 2011 Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)-sponsored KTP Award for Humanities for the Creative Economy. She is a consultant to Historic Royal Palaces, and is an external member of their research strategy board.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: From September 2011, she was head of the Faculty of History at the New College of the Humanities, and stepped down in September 2016 to concentrate on research and teaching for a further year.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In 2012, Lipscomb was awarded the "Nancy Lyman Roelker Prize" by the Sixteenth Century Society for her journal article "Crossing Boundaries: Women's Gossip, Insults, and Violence in Sixteenth-Century France", in "French History" (Vol 25, No. 4).


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In September 2017, she joined the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Roehampton as a reader in Early Modern History, and was appointed as a professor of history at the University of Roehampton in January 2019. She is currently professor emerita in their School of Humanities and Social Sciences.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Lipscomb previously served as a governor at Epsom College, and was appointed as a Trustee to the Mary Rose Trust in December 2020.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In 2021, Lipscomb was awarded a Special Commendation by the Social History Society for her book, "The Voices of Nîmes: Women, Sex, and Marriage in Reformation Languedoc".


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: She contributed to five episodes of "The Secret Life Of:" for the Yesterday TV channel. The series was designed to give "tabloid treatment of historical icons", and includes an episode where Lipscomb and co-host Lucy Worsley "revel in these raunchy titbits" about Henry VIII's love life. Lipscomb also contributed to "Time Team", Series 20, for Channel 4.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: With Joe Crowley, she presented "Bloody Tales of Europe" and "Bloody Tales of the Tower" for the National Geographic Channel.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In May 2013, Lipscomb appeared in "The Last Days of Anne Boleyn" on BBC Two, which featured other historians and historical novelists, including David Starkey, Philippa Gregory, and Hilary Mantel.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Lipscomb co-presented "I Never Knew That About Britain", for ITV (2014). The series was described by "The Independent"s critic, Ellen E. Jones, as "too busy adorning the obvious with bunting to uncover anything truly fascinating".


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: She wrote and presented a two-part documentary titled "Henry and Anne: The Lovers Who Changed History" for Channel 5. The "Daily Telegraph" critic, Jake Wallis Simons, called it "dumbed-down tommyrot". However, the "Radio Times" stated that "Dr Suzannah Lipscomb can manage the story of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn perfectly well all by herself [without 'ropey reconstructions']." In January 2019, the program was re-presented on Channel 5 as "Queen for a Thousand Days".


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Lipscomb wrote and presented "Hidden Killers of the Victorian Home" for BBC Four, as well as the follow-up shows "New Hidden Killers of the Victorian Home", "Hidden Killers of the Edwardian Home", and "Hidden Killers of the Tudor Home". Writing for the "Daily Telegraph," Australian critic Clive James gave "Hidden Killers of the Edwardian Home" a positive review, "principally because Ms Lipscomb was almost as fascinating as her subject". In May 2016, she wrote and presented "Hidden Killers of the Post-War Home", again for BBC Four.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In October 2015, Lipscomb wrote and presented "Witch Hunt: A Century of Murder", a two-part documentary for Channel 5. On 27 October 2015, Lipscomb joined Matthew Sweet, Marina Warner, Larushka Ivan-zadeh, Claire Nally, and Catherine Spooner, to talk about witchcraft and witch-hunting, in history, film, and politics on the BBC Radio programme "Free Thinking".


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In January 2016 and January 2017, she appeared in two episodes of the BBC Two comedy panel game show "Insert Name Here". Between November 2017 and January 2018, she again participated in a further four episodes of the same programme. She participated on the programme additional times in January 2018 and December 2019. In April 2016, she co-wrote and co-presented, with Dan Jones, "Henry VIII and His Six Wives", which was shown on Channel 5. On 13 December 2016, she appeared as a contestant on Series 6 of "Celebrity Antiques Road Trip", partnered with David Harper, against Kate Williams and Catherine Southon.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In January 2017, Lipscomb spoke about how C. S. Lewis had inspired her life on BBC Radio 4's "Great Lives" series, together with Malcolm Guite. That same month, Lipscomb appeared on BBC Radio 4's "Today" programme to discuss the Archbishop of Canterbury's expected apology for the violence that followed the Protestant Reformation, to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In May 2017, in collaboration with Dan Jones, Lipscomb co-wrote and co-presented a three-part docu-drama, "Elizabeth I", for Channel 5. For three consecutive evenings in May and June 2017, Lipscomb, alongside Dan Jones and engineer Rob Bell, presented "The Great Fire" for Channel 5, a series in which the three presenters walked the actual route the Great Fire of London took across the city. In June and July 2017, Lipscomb was the week's guest on the BBC Radio 3 programme titled "Essential Classics," where she selected her favourite classical pieces of music for presenter Rob Cowan.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Between 2017 and 2019, Lipscomb was a regular contributor to "Dictionary Corner" on "Countdown" with Susie Dent. On 13 January 2018, Lipscomb appeared as a contestant on an academic version of "Pointless Celebrities," partnered with performance poet John Cooper Clarke, where they reached the head-to-head round.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In March and April 2018, she appeared on Channel 5's "Secrets of the National Trust" with Alan Titchmarsh. On 6 March 2018, in Series 2, Episode 2, she visited Cliveden Conservation to meet the stonemasons restoring Stowe's statues. On 3 April 2018, in Episode 6, she visited County Down, where she learnt about Castle Ward's starring role in the TV adaptation of "Game of Thrones," and made swords with the show's armourer.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In March 2018, Lipscomb began a series of podcasts for Historic England entitled "Irreplaceable: A History of England in 100 Places". The podcast, presented by Lipscomb and journalist Emma Barnett, was awarded silver (second) in the "Best Branded Content" category of the British Podcast Awards on 19 May 2018. Lipscomb presented "The Tsar and Empress: Secret Letters" on Australia's SBS TV Channel in April 2018, and on the Yesterday channel in May 2018.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Over four weeks in March 2019, Lipscomb, with Dan Jones and engineer Rob Bell, presented "London: 2000 Years of History", for Channel 5 (UK).


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Lipscomb was a judge of the biography and memoirs section for the Costa Book Awards, and the Costa Book of the Year competition in 2019. In 2020, she was Head Judge of all sections of the Costa Book Awards, and the Costa Book of the Year.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: On 29 April 2021, Lipscomb began presenting her own podcast under the History Hit Umbrella, entitled "Not Just The Tudors." After the initial four episodes, new episodes of "Not Just The Tudors" became available twice weekly. One reviewer on Podbay gives it five stars and says, "The blend of scholarship and public history is perfect", another five-star reviewer states, "It is informative yet pithy, humorous yet serious. Also impressive is the huge range of topics it addresses! I’m always amazed." Other reviewers on Chartable describe this podcast as "Addictive", "Splendid presentation and intriguing material", and "Fascinating and refreshing".


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In July and August 2021, Lipscomb presented "Walking Tudor Britain" for 5Select, in which the historian walked across different parts of Britain to uncover exciting hidden secrets of Tudor history.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In November 2021, Lipscomb was a guest on Damian Barr's "The Big Scottish Book Club", where she gave a reading from her latest book, "What is History, Now?", followed by a discussion about how to recover the lost lives of women.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In September 2022 Lipscomb was a major contributor to "The Age of Elizabeth" after the death of Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In May 2016, Lipscomb was one of 300 prominent historians, including Simon Schama and Niall Ferguson, who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian," telling voters that if they chose to leave the European Union (EU) on 23 June, they would be condemning Britain to irrelevance.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: In January 2022, Lipscomb was one of over 310 writers and publishers, including Bernadine Evaristo and Robert Macfarlane, who asked the House of Lords to vote down the government's Police, Crime, Sentencing and Court Bill in a letter to "The Times," entitled Freedom to Protest.


title: Suzannah Lipscomb

text: Reflecting on her days at Nonsuch High School For Girls in 2022, she said "It was completely part of the culture that there was an older girl that you had a crush on and that was for everybody, no matter. Though many people ended up not identifying themselves as being gay."


title: Carbonado

text: Carbonado, commonly known as black diamond, is one of the toughest forms of natural diamond. It is an impure, high-density, micro-porous form of polycrystalline diamond consisting of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon, with minor crystalline precipitates filling pores and occasional reduced metal inclusions. It is found primarily in alluvial deposits where it is most prominent in mid-elevation equatorial regions such as Central African Republic and in Brazil, where the vast majority of carbonado diamondites have been found. Its natural colour is black or dark grey, and it is more porous than other diamonds.


title: Carbonado

text: Carbonado diamonds are typically pea-sized or larger porous aggregates of many tiny black crystals. The most characteristic carbonados are mined in the Central African Republic and in Brazil, in neither place associated with kimberlite, the source of typical gem diamonds. Lead isotope analyses have been interpreted as documenting crystallization of carbonados about 3 billion years ago; yet carbonado is found in younger sedimentary rocks.


title: Carbonado

text: Mineral grains included within diamonds have been studied extensively for clues to diamond origin. Some typical diamonds contain inclusions of common mantle minerals such as pyrope and forsterite, but such mantle minerals have not been observed in carbonado. In contrast, some carbonados contain authigenic inclusions of minerals characteristic of the Earth's crust; the inclusions do not necessarily establish formation of the diamonds in the crust, because while the obvious crystal inclusions occur in the pores that are common in carbonados, they may have been introduced after carbonado formation. Inclusions of other minerals, rare or nearly absent in the Earth's crust, are found at least partly incorporated in diamond, not just in pores: among such other minerals are those with compositions of Si, SiC, and Fe‑Ni. No distinctive high-pressure minerals, including the hexagonal carbon polymorph, lonsdaleite, have been found as inclusions in carbonados although such inclusions might be expected if carbonados formed by meteorite impact.


title: Carbonado

text: Isotope studies have yielded further clues to carbonado origin. The carbon isotope value is very low (little carbon‑13 compared to carbon‑12, relative to typical diamonds).


title: Carbonado

text: Carbonado exhibits strong luminescence (photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence) induced by nitrogen and by vacancies existing in the crystal lattice. Luminescence halos are present around radioactive inclusions, and it is suggested that the radiation damage occurred after formation of the carbonados, an observation perhaps pertinent to the radiation hypothesis listed below.


title: Carbonado

text: Carbonado’s polycrystalline texture makes it more durable than a monocrystalline diamond. It is the same hardness as other types of diamond, but it is much tougher. Its polycrystalline texture allows a single abrasive granule to present multiple crystallographic orientations of the diamond crystal at the cutting surface and the hardest orientation does the most aggressive cutting.


title: Carbonado

text: Cutting tools made with carbonado last longer and require less maintenance. Carbonado was recognized as an abrasive in the 1800s and was more highly valued for its cutting and grinding effectiveness over other varieties of diamond. The problem with carbonado is its rarity. It is only found in two countries, and total worldwide production has only been a few tons. Carbonado is not an important commodity in today's abrasive market.


title: Carbonado

text: In the late 1800s, when De Beers was developing their diamond mines in South Africa, they preferred carbonado over their own diamonds for diamond drilling. Gardner F. Williams, General Manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. lamented: "Round or shot boart is found in the mines at Kimberley and is very valuable for use in diamond drilling since the Brazilian carbonado has become so scarce."


title: Carbonado

text: None of these hypotheses for carbonado formation had come into wide acceptance in the scientific literature by 2008. 13C/12C ratios in carbonado are identical to those of local sediments.


title: Carbonado

text: Supporters of an extraterrestrial origin of carbonados propose that their material source was a supernova which occurred at least 3.8 billion years ago. After coalescing and drifting through outer space for about one and a half billion years, a large mass fell to earth as a meteorite approximately 2.3 billion years ago. It possibly fragmented during entry into the Earth's atmosphere and impacted in a region which would much later split into Brazil and the Central African Republic, assumed to be the only two known locations of carbonado-diamond deposits (which is not an accurate representation of the distribution of carbonado diamondite, the poly-crystaline form).


title: The Krays (film)

text: The Krays is a 1990 British biographical crime drama film directed by Peter Medak. The film is based on the lives and crimes of the British gangster twins Ronald and Reginald Kray, often referred to as The Krays. The film stars Billie Whitelaw, Tom Bell, and real life brothers Gary and Martin Kemp, both of whom were members of the band Spandau Ballet.


title: The Krays (film)

text: The film charts the lives of the Kray twins from childhood to adult life. The plot focuses on the relationship between the twins and their doting mother (Whitelaw). Ronald (Gary Kemp) is the dominant one, influencing his brother Reginald (Martin Kemp) to perform several acts of violence as they rise to power as the leaders of a powerful organised gang in 1960s London.


title: The Krays (film)

text: The movie focuses more on the personal life of the brothers, including Reg's marriage and then alienation from his wife, culminating in her suicide. The movie omits the police investigation going against the Krays and ends with a jump-cut to them attending their mother's funeral in 1982, already serving time in prison by then.


title: The Krays (film)

text: The film opened at the top of the UK box office with a gross of £1,036,117 for the week. It remained at number one for a second week and went on to gross £3,707,649 ($7 million) at the UK box office. In the United States and Canada, it grossed $2,060,847.


title: Brant Daugherty

text: Brant David Daugherty (born August 20, 1985) is an American actor, known for his recurring role as Noel Kahn on the teen drama television series "Pretty Little Liars". In 2013, he had a recurring role as Brian in the NBC daytime drama "Days of Our Lives".


title: Brant Daugherty

text: In 2013, he was a regular of the cast of Lifetime Network's "Army Wives" for season 7, which began airing in April 2013, in the role of Patrick Clarke.


title: Brant Daugherty

text: He had a credited role in Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer's motion picture comedy film "The Starving Games" released in fall 2013.


title: Brant Daugherty

text: Daugherty was a contestant in season 17 of "Dancing with the Stars" in which he partnered with professional dancer Peta Murgatroyd. They were eliminated in the eighth week of competition, finishing in seventh place.


title: Brant Daugherty

text: Daugherty was born and raised in Mason, Ohio, the son of David Daugherty, an art teacher at Mason Middle School, and his wife, Mary Beth (née Hirt) Daugherty, head of rehabilitation services for Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati. He grew up along with his brother, Adam, and sister, Caitey. Brant's father died of cancer on February 19, 2009, at age 57.


title: Brant Daugherty

text: Daugherty attended William Mason High School, where he played football until his sophomore year and later tried out for the school play. He continued to perform in school plays until his graduation in 2004. He moved to Los Angeles in 2008 after earning a film degree from Columbia College Chicago. He now resides in West Hollywood.


title: Brant Daugherty

text: He started dating actress Kimberly Hidalgo in 2016. They got engaged in February 2018 during a trip to Amsterdam and they married on June 15, 2019. In December 2020, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child. Their son was born in March 2021.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Shoulder impingement syndrome is a syndrome involving tendonitis (inflammation of tendons) of the rotator cuff muscles as they pass through the subacromial space, the passage beneath the acromion. It is particularly associated with tendonitis of the supraspinatus muscle. This can result in pain, weakness, and loss of movement at the shoulder.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: The most common symptoms in impingement syndrome are pain, weakness and a loss of movement at the affected shoulder. The pain is often worsened by shoulder overhead movement and may occur at night, especially when lying on the affected shoulder. The onset of the pain may be acute if due to an injury or insidious if due to a gradual process such as an osteoarthritic spur. The pain has been described as dull rather than sharp, and lingers for long periods of time, making it hard to fall asleep. Other symptoms can include a grinding or popping sensation during movement of the shoulder.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: The range of motion at the shoulder may be limited by pain. A painful arc of movement may be present during forward elevation of the arm from 60° to 120°. Passive movement at the shoulder will appear painful when a downward force is applied at the acromion but the pain will ease once the force is removed.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: When the arm is raised, the subacromial space (gap between the anterior edge of the acromion and the head of the humerus) narrows; the supraspinatus muscle tendon passes through this space. Anything that causes further narrowing has the tendency to impinge the tendon and cause an inflammatory response, resulting in impingement syndrome. Such causes can be bony structures such as subacromial spurs (bony projections from the acromion), osteoarthritic spurs on the acromioclavicular joint, and variations in the shape of the acromion. Thickening or calcification of the coracoacromial ligament can also cause impingement. Loss of function of the rotator cuff muscles, due to injury or loss of strength, may cause the humerus to move superiorly, resulting in impingement. Inflammation and subsequent thickening of the subacromial bursa may also cause impingement.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Weight training exercises where the arms are elevated above shoulder height but in an internally rotated position such as the upright row have been suggested as a cause of subacromial impingement. Another common cause of Impingement syndrome is restrictions in the range movement of the scapulo-thoracic surfaces. Commonly, one or more ribs between rib 2 and rib 7/8 on the side of the impingement may jut out slightly and/or feel hard when the person springs on it or them. When this occurs, the scapula is raised and anteverted (angled forwards). This in turn pushes the acromion and the humeral head out of its usual anatomical position placing pressure downwards at the head of the humerus at the position of the nerve thus causing the impingement syndrome. This is visibly demonstrated by a slightly raised and protracted shoulder girdle. Note: the humerus anteverts in this position causing a more protrusive section of the humerus to press upwards towards the acromion.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: The scapula plays an important role in shoulder impingement syndrome. It is a wide, flat bone lying on the posterior thoracic wall that provides an attachment for three different groups of muscles. The intrinsic muscles of the scapula include the muscles of the rotator cuff- the subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor and supraspinatus. These muscles attach to the surface of the scapula and are responsible for the internal and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint, along with humeral abduction. The extrinsic muscles include the biceps, triceps, and deltoid muscles and attach to the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and spine of the scapula. These muscles are responsible for several actions of the glenohumeral joint. The third group, which is mainly responsible for stabilization and rotation of the scapula, consists of the trapezius, serratus anterior, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles and attach to the medial, superior, and inferior borders of the scapula. Each of these muscles has its own role in shoulder function and must be in balance with the others in order to avoid shoulder pathology.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Abnormal scapular function is called scapular dyskinesis. One action the scapula performs during a throwing or serving motion is elevation of the acromion process in order to avoid impingement of the rotator cuff tendons. If the scapula fails to properly elevate the acromion, impingement may occur during the cocking and acceleration phase of an overhead activity. The two muscles most commonly inhibited during this first part of an overhead motion are the serratus anterior and the lower trapezius. These two muscles act as a force couple within the glenohumeral joint to properly elevate the acromion process, and if a muscle imbalance exists, shoulder impingement may develop.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: The scapula may also be misplaced if a rib deep to it is not moving correctly. Often in the case of Shoulder impingement syndrome, the scapula may be anteverted such that the shoulder on the affected side appears protracted. The ribs that may cause such an anteversion of the scapula include ribs 2–8.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Impingement syndrome can be diagnosed by a targeted medical history and physical examination, but it has also been argued that at least medical imaging (generally X-ray initially) and/or response to local anesthetic injection is necessary for workup.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: On physical exam, the physician may twist or elevate the patient's arm to test for reproducible pain (the Neer sign and Hawkins-Kennedy test). These tests help localize the pathology to the rotator cuff; however, they are not specific for impingement. Neer sign may also be seen with subacromial bursitis.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: The physician may inject lidocaine (usually combined with a steroid) into the bursa, and if there is an improved range of motion and decrease in pain, this is considered a positive "Impingement Test". It not only supports the diagnosis for impingement syndrome, but it is also therapeutic.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Plain x-rays of the shoulder can be used to detect some joint pathology and variations in the bones, including acromioclavicular arthritis, variations in the acromion, and calcification. However, x-rays do not allow visualization of soft tissue and thus hold a low diagnostic value. Ultrasonography, arthrography and MRI can be used to detect rotator cuff muscle pathology. MRI is the best imaging test prior to arthroscopic surgery. Due to lack of understanding of the pathoaetiology, and lack of diagnostic accuracy in the assessment process by many physicians, several opinions are recommended before intervention.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Impingement syndrome is usually treated conservatively, but sometimes it is treated with arthroscopic surgery or open surgery. Conservative treatment includes rest, cessation of painful activity, and physical therapy. Physical therapy treatments would typically focus at maintaining range of movement, improving posture, strengthening shoulder muscles, and reduction of pain. NSAIDs and ice packs may be used for pain relief.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Therapeutic exercises might be favorable intervention compared to passive treatment approaches, electrotherapy and placebo. A recent meta-analysis done on rotator cuff tendinopathy has shown that nearly all types of active resistance training programs were proven to be effective in improving pain and shoulder function with no significant differences among the different exercise types, further cementing the favorability of a more active intervention over passive modalities when it comes to rotator cuff issues. Exercises may help to regain the scapulo-humeral rhythm and scapular control which may reduce pain.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Therapeutic injections of corticosteroid and local anaesthetic may be used for persistent impingement syndrome. The total number of injections is generally limited to three due to possible side effects from the corticosteroid. A 2017 review found corticosteroid injections only give small and transient pain relief.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: A number of surgical interventions are available, depending on the nature and location of the pathology. Surgery may be done arthroscopically or as open surgery. The impinging structures may be removed in surgery, and the subacromial space may be widened by resection of the distal clavicle and excision of osteophytes on the under-surface of the acromioclavicular joint. Damaged rotator cuff muscles can be surgically repaired.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: A 2019 review found that the evidence does not support decompression surgery in those with more than 3 months of shoulder pain without a history of trauma. A recent metaanalysis has further supported that early SIS would likely benefit from non-operative treatment modalities and surgical open decompression should be considered only with chronic presentation.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Impingement syndrome was reported in 1852. Impingement of the shoulder was previously thought to be precipitated by shoulder abduction and surgical intervention focused on lateral or total acromionectomy. In 1972, Charles Neer proposed that impingement was due to the anterior third of the acromion and the coracoacromial ligament and suggested surgery should be focused on these areas. The role of anteriorinferior aspect of the acromion in impingement syndrome and excision of parts of the anteriorinferior acromion has become a pivotal part of the surgical treatment of the syndrome.


title: Shoulder impingement syndrome

text: Subacromial impingement is not free of criticism. First, the identification of acromion type shows poor intra- and inter-observer reliability. Second, a computerized three-dimensional study failed to support impingement by any portion of the acromion on the rotator cuff tendons in different shoulder positions. Third, most partial-thickness cuff tears do not occur on bursal surface fibers, where mechanical abrasion from the acromion does occur. Fourth, it has been suggested that bursal surface cuff tears could be responsible for subacromial spurs and not the opposite. And finally, there is growing evidence that routine acromioplasty may not be required for successful rotator cuff repair, which would be an unexpected finding if acromial shape had a major role in generating tendon lesions. In summary, despite being a popular theory, the bulk of evidence suggest that subacromial impingement probably does not play a dominant role in many cases of rotator cuff disease.


title: Gun turret

text: A gun turret (or simply turret) is a mounting platform from which weapons can be fired that affords protection, visibility and ability to turn and aim. A modern gun turret is generally a rotatable weapon mount that houses the crew or mechanism of a projectile-firing weapon and at the same time lets the weapon be aimed and fired in some degree of azimuth and elevation (cone of fire).


title: Gun turret

text: Rotating gun turrets protect the weapon and its crew as they rotate. When this meaning of the word "turret" started being used at the beginning of the 1860s, turrets were normally cylindrical. Barbettes were an alternative to turrets; with a barbette the protection was fixed, and the weapon and crew were on a rotating platform inside the barbette. In the 1890s, armoured hoods (also known as "gun houses") were added to barbettes; these rotated with the platform (hence the term "hooded barbette"). By the early 20th Century, these hoods were known as turrets. Modern warships have gun-mountings described as turrets, though the "protection" on them is limited to protection from the weather.


title: Gun turret

text: Rotating turrets can be mounted on a fortified building or structure such as a coastal blockhouse, be part of a land battery, be mounted on a combat vehicle, a naval ship, or a military aircraft, they may be armed with one or more machine guns, automatic cannons, large-calibre guns, or missile launchers. They may be manned or remotely controlled and are most often protected to some degree, if not actually armoured.


title: Gun turret

text: The protection provided by the turret may be against battle damage, the weather conditions, general environment in which the weapon or its crew will be operating. The name derives from the pre-existing noun turret, from the French "touret", diminutive of the word "tower", meaning "a self-contained protective position which is situated on top of a fortification or defensive wall" as opposed to rising directly from the ground, in which case it constitutes a tower.


title: Gun turret

text: A small turret, or sub-turret set on top of a larger one, is called a cupola. The term "cupola" is also used for a rotating turret that carries a sighting device rather than weaponry, such as that used by a tank commander.


title: Gun turret

text: Before the development of large-calibre, long-range guns in the mid-19th century, the classic battleship design used rows of gunport-mounted guns on each side of the ship, often mounted in casemates. Firepower was provided by a large number of guns, each of which could traverse only in a limited arc. Due to stability issues, fewer large (and thus heavy) guns can be carried high on a ship, but as this set casemates low and thus near the waterline they were vulnerable to flooding, effectively restricted their use to calm seas. Additionally casemate mounts had to be recessed into the side of a vessel to afford a wide arc of fire, and such recesses presented shot traps, compromising the integrity of armour plating.