title: Nights into Dreams

text: "Christmas Nights" follows Elliot and Claris during the holiday season following their adventures with Nights. Realizing that the Christmas Star is missing from the Twin Seeds Christmas tree, the pair travel to Nightopia to find it, where they reunite with Nights and retrieve the Christmas Star from Gillwing's lair."Christmas Nights" contains the full version of Claris' Spring Valley dream level from "Nights into Dreams", playable as both Claris and Elliot. The Saturn's internal clock changes elements according to the date and time: December activates "Christmas Nights" mode, replacing item boxes with Christmas presents, greenery with snow and gumdrops, rings with wreaths, and Ideya captures with Christmas trees; Nightopians wear elf costumes, and the music is replaced with a rendition of "Jingle Bells" and an a cappella version of the "Nights" theme song. During the "Winter Nights" period, the Spring Valley weather changes according to the hour. Other changes apply on New Year's Day; on April Fool's Day, Reala replaces Nights as the playable character.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: "Nights" features several unlockable bonuses, such as being able to play the game's soundtrack, observe the status of the A-life system, experiment with the game's music mixer, time attack one Mare, or play as Sega's mascot Sonic the Hedgehog in the minigame "Sonic the Hedgehog: Into Dreams." Sonic may only play through Spring Valley on foot, and must defeat the boss: an inflatable Dr. Robotnik. The music is a remixed version of "Final Fever", the final boss battle music from the Japanese and European version of "Sonic CD" (1993). In the HD version of "Nights", the "Christmas Nights" content is playable after the game has been cleared once.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: Sonic Team made a prototype Saturn sequel with the title "Air Nights" for the Saturn, and began development for the Dreamcast. In August 1999, Naka confirmed that a sequel was in development; by December 2000, however, it had been cancelled. Naka expressed reluctance to develop a sequel, but later said he was interested in using "Nights into Dreams" "to reinforce Sega's identity". Aside from a handheld electronic game released by Tiger Electronics and small minigames featured in several Sega games, no sequel was released for a Sega console.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: A sequel, "," was announced for the Wii in April 2007. It was first previewed on Portuguese publication "Maxi Consolas", after the release of short reveals from the "Official Nintendo Magazine" and "Game Reactor". It is a Wii exclusive, making use of the Wii Remote. The gameplay involves the use of various masks, and features a multiplayer mode for two players in addition to Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection online functions. "Journey of Dreams" was developed by Sega Studio USA, with Iizuka, one of the designers of the original game, serving as producer. It was released in Japan and the United States in December 2007, and in Europe and Australia in January 2008. In 2010, Iizuka said that he would be interested in making a third "Nights into Dreams" game.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: In Japan, "Nights into Dreams" was the best-selling Saturn game and the 21st best-selling game of 1996, with 392,383 copies sold. The PS2 version sold 6,828 units in Japan, bringing total Japanese sales to 399,211 units. In the US, "Nights into Dreams" was reported to sell out at several different retail outlooks.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: "Nights into Dreams" received critical acclaim, holding an average score of 89 percent at GameRankings, based on an aggregate of nine reviews. Upon release, "Computer and Video Games" magazine called it "one of the most sensational video games EVER made!"


title: Nights into Dreams

text: The graphics and flight mechanics were the most praised aspects. Tom Guise of "Computer and Video Games" said the flight system and freedom were captivating and that "Nights into Dreams" was the "perfect evolution" of a "Sonic" game. Scary Larry of "GamePro" said flying using the analogue joystick "is a breeze" and that the gameplay is fun, enjoyable, and impressive. He gave it a 4.5 out of 5 for graphics and a 5 out of 5 in every other category (sound, control, and FunFactor). "Entertainment Weekly" said its "graceful acrobatic stunts" offer "a more compelling sensation of soaring than most flight simulators". "Edge" praised the analogue controller and called the levels "well-designed and graphically unrivaled", but the reviewer expressed disappointment in the limited level count compared to "Super Mario 64", and suggested that "Nights" seemed to prioritise technical achievements and Saturn selling points over gameplay with as clear a focus as "Sonic". Martin Robinson from Eurogamer opined that the flight mechanics were a "giddy thrill". Colin Ferris from Game Revolution praised the graphics and speed as breathtaking and awe-inspiring, concluding that it offered the best qualities of the fifth-generation machines. "GameFan" praised the combination of "lush graphics, amazing music, and totally unique gameplay". "Next Generation" criticised the speed, saying that the only disappointing aspect was the way "it all rushes by so fast", but the magazine praised the two-player mode and the innovative method of grading the player once they completed a level. "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s four reviewers were impressed with both the technical aspects and style of the graphics, and said the levels are great fun to explore, though they expressed disappointment that the game was not genuinely 3D and said it did not surpass "Super Mario 64".


title: Nights into Dreams

text: Levi Buchanan from "IGN" believed that the console "was not built to handle "Nights"" due to the game occasionally clipping and warping, though he admitted that the graphics were "pretty darn good". A reviewer from "Mean Machines Sega" praised the vibrant colours and detailed textures, and described its animation as being "fluid as water". The reviewer also noted occasional pop-in and glitching. Rad Automatic from the British "Sega Saturn Magazine" praised the visuals and colour scheme as rich in both texture and detail, while suggesting that "Nights into Dreams" is "one of the most captivating games the Saturn has witnessed yet". "Next Generation" said the visuals were "beyond a doubt" the most fluid and satisfying for any game on any system. Upon release, the Japanese "Sega Saturn Magazine" wrote that "Nights" would have a significant impact on the video game industry, particularly the action game genre. The reviewer also said "Nights" felt better through with the analogue pad, in contrast to the conventional controller, and also praised the light and smooth feeling the analogue pad portrayed during gameplay.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: Reviewers also praised the soundtrack and audio effects. Paul Davies from "Computer and Video Games" said "Nights" had "the best music ever"; in the same review, Tom Guise said it created a hypnotically magical atmosphere. Ferris said that the music and sound effects were that of a dream world, and asserted that they were fitting for a game like "Nights into Dreams". "IGN"'s Buchanan praised the soundtrack and that the sound effects "fit in perfectly with the dream universe".


title: Nights into Dreams

text: "Nights Into Dreams" received the "Best Graphics" and "Best Programming" awards at the Japan Game Awards. In "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s "Best of '96" awards, it was a runner-up for Flying Game of the Year (behind "Pilotwings 64"), Nights was a runner-up for "coolest mascot" (behind Mario), and the Saturn analog controller, which the magazine called the "Nights Controller", won Best Peripheral. The following year "EGM" ranked it the 70th best console video game of all time, describing it as "unlike anything you've seen before ... a 2.5-D platform game without the platforms".


title: Nights into Dreams

text: "Nights into Dreams" has appeared on several best-game-of-all-time lists. In a January 2000 poll by "Computer and Video Games", readers named it the 15th greatest game, behind "Super Mario 64". "IGN" ranked it the 94th best game of all time in 2007, and in 2008, Levi Buchanan ranked it fourth in his list of the top 10 Sega Saturn games. "Next Generation" ranked it the 25th best game in their September 1996 issue (one month before they actually reviewed the game, and roughly two months before it saw release outside Japan). "1UP" ranked it third in its "Top Ten Cult Classics" list. In 2014, GamesRadar listed "Nights into Dreams" as the best Sega Saturn game of all time, saying it "tapped into a new kind of platform gameplay for its era". Naka said that the release of "Nights" was when Sonic Team was truly formed as a brand.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: Sega released a remake of "Nights into Dreams" for the PlayStation 2 exclusively in Japan on 21 February 2008. It includes 16:9 wide screen support, an illustration gallery and features the ability to play the game in classic Saturn graphics. The game was also featured in a bundle named the Nightopia Dream Pack, which includes a reprint of a picture book that was released in Japan alongside the original Saturn game. A "Nights into Dreams" handheld electronic game was released by Tiger Electronics in 1997, and a port of it was later released for Tiger's unsuccessful R-Zone console.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: A high definition remaster of the PlayStation 2 version was released for PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade in October 2012. A Windows version was released via Steam on in December 2012, with online score leaderboards and the option to play with enhanced graphics or with the original Saturn graphics. The HD version also includes "Christmas Nights", but the two-player mode and "Sonic the Hedgehog" level were removed.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: Claris and Elliot make a cameo appearance in Sonic Team's "Burning Rangers" (1998), with both Claris and Eliot sending the Rangers emails thanking them for their help. "Nights into Dreams"-themed pinball areas feature in "Sonic Adventure" (1998) and "Sonic Pinball Party" (2003), with soundtrack being featured in the latter game. The PlayStation 2 games "" (2003) and "Sega SuperStars" (2004) both feature minigames based on "Nights into Dreams", in which Nights is controlled using the player's body. Nights is also an unlockable character in "Sonic Riders" (2006) and "" (2008).


title: Nights into Dreams

text: A minigame version of "Nights into Dreams" is playable through using the Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable connectivity with "Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II" (2000) and "Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg" (2003). Following a successful fan campaign by a "Nights into Dreams" fansite, the character Nights was integrated into "Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing" (2010) as a traffic guard. Nights and Reala also appear as playable characters in "Sega Superstars Tennis" (2008) and "Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed" (2012), the latter of which also features a "Nights into Dreams"-themed racetrack. The limited Deadly Six edition of "Sonic Lost World" (2013) features a "Nights into Dreams"-inspired stage, "Nightmare Zone", as downloadable content.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: One of the developers of "Skullgirls" is a fan of the game, and cited Gillwing as an influence on a character design.


title: Nights into Dreams

text: In February 1998, Archie Comics adapted "Nights into Dreams" into a three-issue comic book miniseries to test whether a Nights comic would sell well in North America. The first miniseries was loosely based on the game, with Nights identified as male despite the character's androgynous design. The company later released a second three-issue miniseries, continuing the story of the first, but the series did not gain enough sales to warrant an ongoing series. It was later added to a list of guest franchises featured in Archie Comics' "Worlds Unite" crossover between its "Sonic the Hedgehog" and "Mega Man" comics.


title: Pakistan Army ranks and insignia

text: The Pakistan Army ranks and insignia are the military insignia used by the Pakistan Army. Being a former Dominion, Pakistan shares a rank structure similar to that of the British Army.


title: Pakistan Army ranks and insignia

text: Junior Commissioned Officers wear their rank insignias in their shoulders; Non-Commissioned Officers rank insignia are displayed on mid sleeves; while in the combat uniforms all persons wear rank insignias in their uniforms chests. From the rank 'Lance Naik' the non-commissioned officer status starts. The ranks of Company Quartermaster Havildar, Company Havildar Major, Battalion Quartermaster Havildar and Battalion Havildar Major are company/battalion appointments held by senior Havildars. The ranks Sowar, all Daffadars and Risaldars are used in the armoured corps.


title: Deep Red

text: Deep Red (), also known as The Hatchet Murders, is a 1975 Italian thriller- giallo film directed by Dario Argento and co-written by Argento and Bernardino Zapponi. It stars David Hemmings as a musician who investigates a series of murders performed by a mysterious figure wearing black leather gloves. The cast also stars Daria Nicolodi, Gabriele Lavia, Macha Méril, and Clara Calamai. The film's score was composed and performed by Goblin, the first in a long-running collaboration with Argento.


title: Deep Red

text: The film was released during the height of the "giallo craze" of Italian popular cinema, and was a critical and commercial success. Retrospective reviews have been equally positive, and the film is considered one of the genre's definitive entries, as well as one of Argento's best works.


title: Deep Red

text: During Christmas at a family home, one figure stabs another to death. A bloody knife falls to the floor at a child's feet. Twenty years later in Turin, Professor Giordani chairs a parapsychology conference featuring psychic medium Helga Ulmann. Helga is suddenly overwhelmed by the "twisted, perverted, murderous" thoughts of someone in the audience and claims hearing a child's song. She believes she can identify this person; an unseen figure suddenly leaves the theater.


title: Deep Red

text: Later that night, a black-gloved figure invades Helga's apartment and attacks her with a meat cleaver. English Jazz musician and bandleader Marcus Daly sees the murder from the window as he passes by, and rushes to her apartment, finding her mutilated corpse. After the police arrive, Marcus thinks one of the apartment's paintings has disappeared, but he cannot pinpoint what exactly is missing.


title: Deep Red

text: The media identifies Marcus as the eyewitness and shows reporter Gianna Brezzi's photo of him. The next morning, after arguing with Gianna about women's liberation, Marcus visits his friend's home, Carlo, to check on him but only finds Carlo's eccentric mother Martha, who seems interested in Marcus. Back in his house, someone plays a recording of a child's song outside Marcus' door; he manages to lock the door before the person can enter, but he hears the gruff whisper, "I'll kill you sooner or later." Marcus tells Giordani, whom he met at Helga's funeral, about the encounter. Giordani, noting that Helga also heard a child's song, recalls a book of modern folklore describing a local haunted house where a child's song is sometimes heard. Feeling guilty for taking his photo, Gianna begins helping Marcus.


title: Deep Red

text: Marcus reads the folklore book and finds a photo of the house in it. He rips out the picture, planning to learn more from the book's author. However, the killer, who has been watching Marcus, attacks the author and drowns her in scalding water. Using the photo, Marcus finds and investigates the huge abandoned house. Under sheetrock he uncovers a disturbing mural: a child holding a bloody knife over a dead body. He leaves for the night before the full image of the mural is revealed. Meanwhile, Giordani, who has been assisting Marcus' investigation, visits the scene of the author's murder and uses steam to find a clue written on the mirror. However, later the killer distracts him with a mechanized doll, before murdering him.


title: Deep Red

text: Marcus finds a walled-off room in the abandoned house. In the middle of the dusty floor sits a desiccated corpse. Someone knocks Marcus unconscious as he backs away in horror. He awakens outside the house, which is burning. Gianna appears, explaining that she got his message about investigating the house and arrived in time to save him. As Marcus and Gianna wait at the caretaker's house for the police, Marcus notices that the caretaker's daughter has drawn a picture identical to the hidden mural he found in the house. She tells him she saw the picture in the archives of the local school.


title: Deep Red

text: Marcus and Gianna immediately go to the school. Marcus finds the drawing in a schoolboy's record. When Gianna leaves to call the police, someone stabs her. Marcus corners the attacker–it is Carlo, who as a kid drew the disturbing pictures. The police arrive, and Carlo flees into the dark street where a garbage truck hits him and drags him down the street. When the truck stops, an oncoming car runs over Carlo's head.


title: Deep Red

text: At the hospital, Marcus learns that Gianna has survived. Remembering that the night Helga died he met Carlo utterly intoxicated and coming from a very different direction than the scene of the killing, Marcus reinvestigates the apartment crime scene. There, he has an epiphany: the night of Helga's murder it was not a missing painting he saw when he entered the apartment, but rather a reflection of the killer, framed in a mirror. As Marcus realizes he saw Martha, Carlo's mother, she appears behind him with a meat cleaver. Martha explains that she murdered her husband, while the child's song played in the back, in front of the young Carlo, as he had intended to put her in an insane asylum. She then walled off the room containing his body. Carlo, scarred psychologically, tried to repress the memory of the homicide compulsively drawing it and later taking up alcohol: he attacked Marcus and Gianna to protect his murderous mother from their investigation.


title: Deep Red

text: Martha attacks Marcus and wounds him with the cleaver. After Martha's necklace tangles in the bars of the building's elevator, Marcus sends the elevator down, decapitating her.


title: Deep Red

text: "Deep Red" represented Argento's return to the horror genre after an attempted breakaway with the historical dramedy "The Five Days" (1974). It was his last giallo film before "Tenebre" (1982), which was produced years after the genre's heyday.


title: Deep Red

text: The film was also his first collaboration with actress Daria Nicolodi, with whom he would begin a relationship during this film, and progressive rock band Goblin, who composed and performed the film score. Argento would collaborate with Nicolodi five more times, and Goblin or its frontman Claudio Simonetti ten more times. Nicolodi would also co-write the screenplay for "Suspiria".


title: Deep Red

text: The film was shot mainly on-location in Turin in sixteen weeks. Additional scenes were shot in Rome and Perugia. Argento chose Turin because at the time there were more practising Satanists there than in any other European city, excluding Lyon. He had previously shot parts of "The Cat o' Nine Tails" (1971) in the city. Filming locations included Santa Costanza Church and Teatro Carignano. Argento would later revisit Carignano 25 years later in "Sleepless" (2001). The "House of the Screaming Child" was Villa Scott, a historical villa owned at the time by a convent of nuns and operated as a boarding school.


title: Deep Red

text: Argento's original working title for the film was "La Tigre dei Denti a Sciabola" ("The Sabre-Toothed Tiger"), matching the "animal" motif of his previous gialli.


title: Deep Red

text: Co-writer Bernardino Zapponi said the inspiration for the murder scenes came from him and Argento thinking of painful injuries to which the audience could relate, as the pain of being stabbed or shot is outside the experience of most viewers. Their original screenplay ran approximately 500 pages, but after it was deemed unfilmable, Argento shortened it to 321. The use of a psychic medium originated from an early draft of "Four Flies on Grey Velvet" (1971).


title: Deep Red

text: The close-up shots of the killer's hands, clad in black leather gloves, were performed by director Dario Argento himself. Argento was convinced that having all the killing scenes performed by himself would be quicker and easier than teaching the moves to an actor, who would require endless re-takes to perform everything to the director's satisfaction. The film's special effects, which include several mechanically operated heads and body parts, were created and executed by Carlo Rambaldi.


title: Deep Red

text: As was common in Italian filmmaking at the time, "Deep Red" was shot without sync sound, and all dialogue was dubbed in post-production. The screenplay was written in both Italian and English, all actors except for Clara Calamai spoke in English. The Italian dub cast included Isa Bellini (Calamai), Wanda Tettoni (Del Balzo), and Corrado Gaipa (Meniconi). The English dub cast included Cyril Cusack, Ted Rusoff, Carolyn De Fonseca, Geoffrey Copleston, Michael Forest, and Edward Mannix. David Hemmings dubbed himself.


title: Deep Red

text: In the United States, the film first premiered in New York City on 9 June 1976 and saw a wide theatrical release


title: Deep Red

text: on 11 June 1976 by the defunct US independent film distributor Howard Mahler Films. The film was once again re-released


title: Deep Red

text: and re-titled in the US on 18 January 1980, as "The Hatchet Murders", and again in 1982 as "The Phantom of Terror". Unlike Argento's previous features, the film did not have a wide cinema release in the UK. The 1982 video release on Fletcher Video was uncertificated. The first formal submission to the BBFC for classification was made by Redemption Films for their VHS release in 1993. It was passed 18 with 11s of cuts (to 'fighting' dogs), and reframing (of a lizard apparently impaled alive on a blade) on 03/12/1993 (all cuts were subsequently waived, see below).


title: Deep Red

text: The film holds a 93% approval rating on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 29 reviews with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads: "The kinetic camerawork and brutal over-the-top gore that made Dario Argento famous is on full display, but the addition of a compelling, complex story makes "Deep Red" a masterpiece." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 89 out of 100 based on 7 critic reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". One negative review upon the film's original American release came from Vincent Canby in "The New York Times", who referred to the film as a "bucket of ax-murder-movie cliches" and called Dario Argento "a director of incomparable incompetence."


title: Deep Red

text: From retrospective reviews, Kim Newman wrote in the "Monthly Film Bulletin" that "Deep Red" was a transitional work for Argento between his earlier whodunit plots and the more supernatural themed films. Newman concluded that "Deep Red" is "nothing if not an elaborate mechanism, with the camera crawling among "objets trouvés"" and "what sets Argento apart from imitators like Lucio Fulci is his combination of genuine pain (the murders are as nasty as one could wish, but the camera flinches where Fulci's would linger) and self-mocking humour" "Total Film" gave the film four stars out of five, noting that Argento's films "can be an acquired taste; it's necessary to attune yourself with the horror director's style in order to get the most from his movies." The review stated that the film "presents some striking visual compositions that raise it above the level of the usual subgenre offerings." and that the film was "A great introduction to Dario Argento's evolving style of horror". The A.V. Club wrote, "Operating under the principle that a moving camera is always better than a static one – and not above throwing in a terrifying evil doll – "Deep Red" showcases the technical bravado and loopy shock tactics that made Argento famous." AllMovie compared the film to other in Argento's work, noting that the film script was "significantly stronger and the actors much better" AllMovie noted that "Each of the murders is perfectly choreographed with particular praise going to Glauco Mauri's killing" and that "The final reel wraps the film up in a thrilling manner and features two extremely graphic deaths that leave the viewer stunned as the credits roll"


title: Deep Red

text: Quentin Tarantino described being "rattled" by the movie as a teenager, and picked it as one of his favorite horror movies.


title: Deep Red

text: Multiple versions of the film exist on DVD and VHS, in large part due to the fact that Argento removed twenty-six minutes (largely scenes between Nicolodi and Hemmings) from the film, footage that was never dubbed in English. For years, it was assumed that the film's American distributors were responsible for removing said scenes, but the recent Blu-ray release confirmed that Argento oversaw and approved the edits to the film.


title: Deep Red

text: Eleven seconds of animal cruelty cuts made to the film by the BBFC in 1993 were waived when the film was re-submitted in 2010. Upon consideration, examiners concluded that the 'fighting' dogs were actually playing, and a letter sent from the production company stated that the lizard on a knife was a 'visual effect'.


title: Deep Red

text: In 1999, Anchor Bay acquired the rights to release the film uncut on both DVD and VHS. Their version restored the missing footage but kept the American end credit scene (a freeze-frame shot of Hemmings looking down into a pool of blood). As there were no dubbed versions of the missing scenes, the scenes (and additional dialogue omitted in the dubbed version) were featured in their original Italian language. The DVD offered both English and Italian audio tracks as well.


title: Deep Red

text: Blue Underground obtained the rights to the film in 2008 and released it as a standard DVD. Their Blu-ray release, released in 2011, contains the US version of the film (which is referred to as "The Director's Cut") and the original edit (referred to as "Uncut" and contains option to watch it in either language).


title: Deep Red

text: Arrow Films, a distributor of the United Kingdom, acquired the rights to the film and released it on January 3, 2011. The 2-disc set was released uncut as part of the now out-of-print window slip cover sets which released a number of films by Argento and other directors; it contained several special features including interviews, a documentary, trailers, audio commentary, four cover artwork designs, an exclusive collector's booklet written by Alan Jones on the film, and a double-sided poster. Both the director's cut and the theatrical cut are available on the set with an English and Italian audio track, and English subtitles. On January 25, 2016, Arrow Films released "Deep Red" in a 3-disc Limited Edition set of 3000 copies. The edition is available in new 4K restoration, with new commissioned artwork exclusive from Arrow Films. The original version of the film, as well as US cut are available, with new special features including a soundtrack CD featuring 28 tracks, 6 lobby cards, double-sided poster, reversible sleeve, and a limited edition booklet written by Mikel J. Koven. Bonus features from the previous edition are also included. A standard version of the Limited Edition was released on May 30, 2016 in a single-disc set and contains only the director's cut/original version. Special features from the edition are available.


title: Deep Red

text: On November 6, 2013, Australian distributor, Umbrella Entertainment made the film available with both the director's cut and the theatrical cut included.


title: Deep Red

text: Argento originally contacted jazz pianist and composer Giorgio Gaslini to score the film; however, he was unhappy with Gaslini's output. After failing to get Pink Floyd to replace Gaslini, Argento turned back to Italy and found Goblin, a local progressive rock band. Their leader Claudio Simonetti impressed Argento by producing two compositions within just one night. Argento signed them immediately, and they ended up composing most of the film's musical score (three Gaslini compositions were retained in the final version). Subsequently, Goblin composed music for several other films by Dario Argento.


title: Deep Red

text: The soundtrack was made available for the first time ever on vinyl after Waxwork Records released the complete score by Goblin on a triple LP. In addition to Goblin's music, the LP also included instrumental and alternate tracks by Gaslini.


title: Deep Red

text: Two key sequences in this film influenced directors of later horror movies: the lead-up to the famous exploding head scene in David Cronenberg's "Scanners" is modeled after the parapsychology discussion at the beginning of "Deep Red", and Rick Rosenthal's "Halloween II" contains a scalding water death inspired by the death of Giuliana Calandra's character Amanda Righetti here.


title: Deep Red

text: Director James Wan has cited the works of Dario Argento as an influence for the "Saw" horror series, and Billy the Puppet, the avatar of the series' villain, is visually similar to the mechanical doll that menaces Giordani in "Deep Red".


title: Deep Red

text: The film's title, Profondo Rosso, is the name of a Rome horror memorabilia store owned and operated by Argento and Luigi Cozzi.


title: Deep Red

text: In 2010, George A. Romero was contacted by Claudio Argento to direct a 3D remake of "Deep Red", which Claudio said would also involve Dario. Romero showed some interest in the film; however, after contacting Dario – who said he knew nothing about the remake – Romero declined Claudio's offer.


title: Deep Red

text: In 2007, Argento directed a musical theatre adaptation of "Deep Red" with music by Claudio Simonetti. The role of Marcus was played by Michel Altieri.


title: Combat engineer

text: A combat engineer (also called pioneer or sapper) is a type of soldier who performs military engineering tasks in support of land forces combat operations. Combat engineers perform a variety of military engineering, tunnel and mine warfare tasks as well as construction and demolition duties in and out of combat zones.


title: Combat engineer

text: Combat engineers facilitate the mobility of friendly forces while impeding that of the enemy. They also work to assure the survivability of friendly forces, building fighting positions, fortifications, and roads. They conduct demolitions missions and clear minefields manually or through use of specialized vehicles. Common combat engineer missions include construction and breaching of trenches, tank traps and other obstacles and fortifications; obstacle emplacement and bunker construction; route clearance and reconnaissance; bridge and road construction or destruction; emplacement and clearance of land mines; and combined arms breaching. Typically, combat engineers are also trained in infantry tactics and, when required, serve as provisional infantry.


title: Combat engineer

text: Combat engineers play a key role in all armed forces of the world. They are invariably found closely integrated into the force structure of divisions, combat brigades, and smaller fighting units.


title: Combat engineer

text: In many countries, combat engineers are members of a broader military engineering corps or branch. Other nations have distinct combat engineering corps or branches; they are separate from other types of military engineers. The Danish military engineers' corps, for example, is almost entirely organized into one regiment of combat engineers, simply named Ingeniørregimentet ("The Engineering Regiment").


title: Combat engineer

text: Combat engineer battalions are usually a part of a brigade combat team. During the War in Afghanistan and the 2003–2011 Iraq War, the U.S. Army tasked its combat engineers with route clearance missions designed to counter rising threats of IEDs. To increase the effectiveness of these units, EOD and mechanic teams were typically embedded with the combat engineer platoon. Due to rising IED threats, the U.S. Army sends some combat engineers to complete Explosive Ordnance Clearance Agent training.


title: Combat engineer

text: Individual combat engineers are often assigned as a component of both covert and overt direct action teams. For example, the active duty US Army Special Forces and its two reserve components, the 19th SFG and 20th SFG of the US Army National Guard, employ combat engineer sergeants designated by MOS 18C. A Green Berets Operational Detachment Alpha, more commonly known as an "A-Team", typically consists of 12 men, two of whom are combat engineer sergeants.


title: Combat engineer

text: A general combat engineer is often called a "pioneer" or "sapper", terms derived respectively from the French and British armies. In some armies, "pioneer" and "sapper" indicate specific military ranks and levels of combat engineers, who work under fire in all seasons and may be allocated to different corps, as they were in the former Soviet Army, or they may be organized in the same corps. Geomatics (surveying and cartography) is another area of military engineering but is often performed by the combat engineers of some nations and in other cases is a separate responsibility, as was formerly the case in the Australian Army. While the officers of a combat engineer unit may be professionally certified civil or mechanical engineers, the non-commissioned members are generally not.


title: Combat engineer

text: In the British, Indian, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand armies, a sapper is a soldier who has specialized combat engineer training. The term "sapper" in the U.S. Army refers to a person who either possesses the combat engineer military occupational specialty or who has graduated from the Sapper Leader Course, more commonly called "Sapper School." In Sapper School, volunteers from the ranks of combat engineers and other military occupational specialties (most of whom serve in the combat arms) undergo training in combat engineer and infantry battle drills, expedient demolitions, threat weapons, unarmed combat, mountaineering, and water operations. Some of the training in this 28-day course, arguably one of the most challenging in the U.S. Army, features covert infiltration techniques or survival skills.


title: Combat engineer

text: In the Israeli Defense Forces, sapper (פלס) is a military profession code denoting a combat engineer who has graduated from various levels of combat engineering training. Sapper 05 is the basic level, Sapper 06 is the general level, Sapper 08 is the combat engineer commander's level, and Sapper 11 is the combat engineer officer level. All IDF sappers are also trained as Rifleman 07, matching infantry.


title: Combat engineer

text: In the Canadian Army, it is a term for soldiers that have completed the basic Combat Engineer training.


title: Combat engineer

text: In the Portuguese Army, a "sapador de engenharia" (engineering sapper) is a soldier of the engineering branch that has specialized combat engineer training. A "sapador de infantaria" (infantry sapper) is a soldier of the infantry branch that has a similar training and that usually serves in the combat support sapper platoon of an infantry battalion.


title: Combat engineer

text: In the Finnish army, "pioneeri" is the private equivalent rank in the army for a soldier who has completed the basic combat engineering training. Naval engineers retain the rank "matruusi" but bear the "pioneeri" insignia on their sleeves.


title: Combat engineer

text: The German Bundeswehr uses the term "Pionier" for their combat engineers and other specialized units, who are associated with Special Forces to clear obstacles and perform engineering duties. Also the combat engineers in the Austro-Hungarian k.u.k. Forces were called "Pioniere".


title: Combat engineer

text: In the British, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand armies, an assault pioneer is an infantry soldier with some limited combat engineer training in clearing obstacles during assaults and light engineering duties. Until recently, assault pioneers were responsible for the operation of flamethrowers.


title: Combat engineer

text: Field engineer is a term used (or formerly used) in many Commonwealth armies. In modern usage, it is often synonymous with combat engineer. However, the term originally identified those military engineers who supported an army operating in the field instead of garrison engineers who built and supported permanent fixed bases. In its original usage, "field engineering" would have been inclusive of but broader than "combat engineering."


title: Combat engineer

text: Combat engineers are force multipliers and enhance the survival of other troops through the use and practice of camouflage, reconnaissance, communications and other services. These include the construction of roads, bridges, field fortifications, obstacles and the construction and running of water points. In these roles, combat engineers use a wide variety of hand and power tools. They are also responsible for construction rigging, the use of explosives, and the carrying out of demolitions, obstacle clearance, and obstacle construction, assault of fortifications, use of assault boats in water obstacle crossings, helipad construction, general construction, route reconnaissance and road reconnaissance, and erecting communication installations. Combat engineers build and run water distribution points, carrying out water filtration, and NBC decontamination when necessary, and storage prior to distribution.


title: Combat engineer

text: Improving the ability of one's own force to move around the battlefield. Combat engineers typically support this role through reduction of enemy obstacles which include point and row minefields, anti-tank ditches, wire obstacles, concrete, and metal anti-vehicle barriers, and Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) and wall and door breaching in urban terrain. Mechanized combat engineer units also have armored vehicles capable of laying short bridges for limited gap-crossing.


title: Combat engineer

text: Building obstacles to prevent the enemy from moving around the battlefield. Destroying bridges, blocking roads, creating airstrips, digging trenches, etc. Can also include planting land mines and anti-handling devices when authorized and directed to do so.


title: Combat engineer

text: When the defender must retreat it is often desirable to destroy anything that may be of use to the enemy, particularly bridges, as their destruction can slow the advance of the attackers.


title: Combat engineer

text: Building structures which enable one's own soldiers to survive on the battlefield. Examples include trenches, bunkers, shelters, and armored vehicle fighting positions.


title: Combat engineer

text: Defensive fortifications are designed to prevent intrusion into the inner works by infantry. For minor defensive locations, these may only consist of simple walls and ditches. The design principle is to slow down the advance of attackers to where they can be destroyed by defenders from sheltered positions. Most large fortifications are not a single structure but rather a concentric series of fortifications of increasing strength.


title: Combat engineer

text: Combat engineers employ a wide range of transportation vehicles and equipment and use weapons unique to the engineers, including those used in land mine warfare.


title: Combat engineer

text: For obstacle breaching, including minefields, the combat engineers use a variety of vehicles, explosive devices, and plastic explosives including:


title: Combat engineer

text: The "Basic Field Manual, Engineer Soldier's Handbook", 2 June 1943 (FM 21-105) was written to provide guidance to a new combat engineer in the United States.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2 (), sometimes abbreviated as JPNA 2, is a 2018 Pakistani romantic comedy film, directed by Nadeem Baig and written by Vasay Chaudhry. It is a joint venture of Salman Iqbal Films, Humayun Saeed and Shahzad Nasib's Six Sigma Plus, and Jerjees Seja's ARY Films. It is sequel to the 2015 film "Jawani Phir Nahi Ani", and the second installment in "Jawani Phir Nahi Ani" film series. The cast includes Humayun Saeed, Ahmed Ali Butt, Vasay Chaudhry, Uzma Khan and Sarwat Gillani all of whom reprise their roles from previous film, along with Fahad Mustafa, Kubra Khan, and Mawra Hocane who join the franchise.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: After success of the first film, its sequel was soon confirmed in January 2016. It was officially announced in February 2017. After plot changes and other delays, filming began on 8 November 2017. The first spell in Istanbul, Turkey was completed on 2 December 2017. Second spell started in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in April 2018. Filming wrapped up on 7 May 2018.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: The film premiered on 19 August at CineStar IMAX Lahore, and on 20 August at Nueplex Cinemas, in DHA, Karachi. It was released on Eid al-Adha, 22 August 2018. It grossed Rs. 73 crore worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing Pakistani film worldwide, as well as the highest-grossing film ever at the Pakistani box office at the time of release. It received critical praise for its direction, script, cast, and performances. A sequel titled, "JPNA 3" is currently in development.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Pervez (Ahmad Ali Butt) and Sheikh (Vasay Chaudhry) are old friends who are living simple and normal with their wives. Pervez is tired of his wife Lubna (Uzma Khan) talking constantly on her phone with her brother Rahat. Rahat invites Lubna and Pervez to his wedding, along with Sheikh and his wife Gul (Sarwat Gillani). Rahat is a millionaire and all his spending festers Pervez's greater dislike of Rahat.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Sheikh sees his old friend, Sherry, (Humayun Saeed) on TV for Mental Health Day, so he and Pervez go to the hospital where they find out he's an in-patient. The doctor tells them Sherry's wife, Marina, died following an accident in the USA while parachuting. Sherry attempted suicide multiple times after her death before his admission in the hospital. Sherry slowly recognizes Sheikh but still attempts suicide by stabbing himself with latter's mobile pen.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Rahat gets engaged to Zoe, the daughter of Balani (Sohail Ahmed), a well-known and well-established Fashion Designer in Turkey. Meanwhile, Sheikh and Pervez are now Sherry's caretakers. Sherry jumps out of the car as they drive him home and tries to kill himself by running in front of passing cars on the road, until he jumps in front of a police car and is arrested alongside Sheikh and Pervez.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Rahat collects them from the police station and takes them to his home, where Rahat is welcomed with a punch that instantly knocks him unconscious. He wakes up in an apartment, (at gunpoint), and finds himself confronted by a mafia leader who accuses him of borrowing $3 million. Finally, the real reason behind his extravagantly, rich lifestyle is revealed. Sherry stands in front of the gun to commit suicide; at the same moment, Zoe arrives with Balani. However, Rahat somehow escapes his situation owing to a hilarious role-play. Sherry takes off and a car chase with Rahat, Pervez, and Sheikh causes Sherry to jump from a hill. He survives but gets tangled with Celina (Kubra Khan) who was climbing the hill. The men pull Sherry and Celina away safely. Sherry falls in love with Celina and cancels his plans to die, but learns she is Indian, engaged, and is getting married. She leaves with her fiancé, Sher Ali (Omer Shahzad), for Dubai.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Sherry follows her to Dubai. She tells him they can't get married because her father, Nawab, hates Pakistanis. The reason for his hatred is that her father's cricket career was ended because a bouncer by Imran Khan hit him in his face.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Sherry devises a plan to get in Celina's house by disguising Pervez as Celina's wedding planner, "Maina", and Sheikh as his manager. The plan falls through when Sherry meets and reveals the truth to Celina's date, who despite his hatred of Pakistanis, allows the group to stay for the wedding.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Rahat arrives at Nawab's house with Balani and Zoe where it's revealed that Balani is Sher Ali's paternal uncle. Balani also falls in love with "Maina" through a sudden crush. Rahat refuses to let Sherry marry Celina. Sherry vows he will take Celina away, in front of former's intending in-laws. Rahat tries to turn Sher Ali against Sherry, leading Sher Ali to sword fight Sherry. Nawab, somehow, finds out Sherry loves his daughter, Celina, and demands Sherry leave. Sherry agrees but then shows up on the wedding day. Sherry tells Nawab in front of everyone that he loves Celina and wants to marry her. However, the Mafia leader arrives, revealing how Rahat borrowed money from him and promised to return after marrying Zoe. Zoe, hearing this, leaves, heartbroken.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Sheikh gets Saif (Hamza Ali Abbasi) to call Nawab and act as if he is Imran Khan. Saif tells Nawab that he shouldn't punish Sherry and Celina for the cricket accident. Pervez sheds his disguise as "Maina". Celina tries to convince her father to allow her to marry Sherry in which she is successful and he blesses the couple. Rahat apologizes to Zoe and they reunite.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: After success of the first film, its sequel was soon confirmed in January 2016. It was officially announced in February 2017. The leading cast returning to it includes Butt, Chaudhry, Saeed, Gilani and Uzma Khan, with Mehwish Hayat in cameo role. Other cast includes Fahad Mustafa, Mawra Hocane, Kubra Khan, Sohail Ahmed and Omer Shahzad, with Fawad Khan in cameo role. Roles were also offered to Syra Shehroz, and Indian actors Rishi Kapoor, Anupam Kher and Sonam Kapoor, but they didn't join the cast. The film was originally set to be shot in India, however, the plan was cancelled due to tensions created after 2016 Uri attack.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Principal photography took place in Istanbul and Dubai between 8 November 2017 and 7 May 2018. The film score has been composed by Shani Arshad. The film released on Eid al-Adha, 22 August 2018.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: The trailer of the film was released on 25 June 2018. The film premiered on 19 August at CineStar IMAX Lahore, and on 20 August at Nueplex Cinemas, in DHA, Karachi. It released on 22 August 2018.


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: "Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2" became the biggest opener for any Pakistani film with collecting , excluding previous day's limited release. It broke the previous day 1 record of "Teefa in Trouble" having , as well as biggest single day of "Punjab Nahi Jaungi" having . The film also recorded the biggest international opening for any Pakistani film with collecting . It became the fastest Pakistani film to cross worldwide within two days. It also crossed in Pakistan within 3 days, and its worldwide gross became . It broke the previous first Saturday record of Indian film "Sultan" in Pakistan with collecting . It became the first Pakistani film to cross within 5 days; including from overseas. The local gross for seven days was , just behind "Sultan" which collected in opening week in Pakistan. The above records in Pakistan were broken by "".


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Until second weekend, the film made , also surpassing the previous record of Indian film "Sanju" to cross mark in Pakistan within 10 days as well as second weekend record. It reportedly left behind the competitor Indian film "Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi" at UK box office. It made the fastest within 13 days in Pakistan. Within two weeks, it recorded the biggest overseas numbers for any Pakistani film and beat the previous record of prequel in Pakistan with crossing . After 18 days, it recorded the fastest at global box office, and became the highest grossing Pakistani film within third weekend after collecting , beating the previous record set by "Punjab Nahi Jaungi". In Pakistan, it crossed mark in three weeks, and collected in four weeks. For the total gross, it crossed worldwide in its fifth weekend. After tenth weekend, it crossed mark nationwide. It collected locally, and from overseas, with a total gross crossing .


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: Aamna Haider Isani wrote to "Something Haute" "it is brilliant in the first half albeit wasted in the second half, which is lost to the unnecessary social message". Omair Alavi rated it "3.5 stars out of 5" and said that the sequel "breaks the jinx by being different, brilliant and above all, geographically conscious at the same time." Syed Omar Nadeem wrote to ARY Digital, who also praised the film due to its script, direction and cast. Rahul Aijaz of "The Express Tribune" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and said, "Let the not-so-"Jawan" heroes teach you the meaning of "Jawani" in this hilarious sequel" but also criticised some humour and said that this "problem should be addressed" that "Pakistani film-makers rely too much on cross-dressing, fat shaming and jokes about transgenders." Hamna Zubair of "Dawn Images" praised the most of the film and said that also being an "absurd", the film "is a cohesive, well-structured cinematic experience", however, she also criticized the bad jokes and short time-space for female characters. Saman Shafiq of "Pakistan Today" also praised the film throughout, calling for script, visuals and "all the ingredients necessary for a rom-com"; but too criticized the film length and female screen-time. Sadiq Saleem of "Masala" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and said, "Overall, "JPNA2" is a well-made film and you will walk out, smiling". He also praised the acting of Butt, Mustafa and Ahmed. Haider Rifaat wrote to "Daily Times" that it "is a testament to the hard work of filmmakers", adding the praises for Butt, Sarwat Gilani, Mustafa, "Six Sigma Plus, the writers, editors and producers".However Jawani Phir Nahi Ani2 was a big blockbuster for that year's Pakistani Film Industry


title: Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2

text: It was announced by Saeed on September 5, 2018 that the third "Jawani Phir Nahi Ani" film is in plans to be out in two years. In January 2019, Saeed confirmed that the script for the third installment is in development.


title: Law of three stages

text: The law of three stages is an idea developed by Auguste Comte in his work "The Course in Positive Philosophy". It states that society as a whole, and each particular science, develops through three mentally conceived stages: (1) the theological stage, (2) the metaphysical stage, and (3) the positive stage.


title: Law of three stages

text: (1) The Theological stage refers to the appeal to personified deities. During the earlier stages, people believed that all the phenomena of nature are the creation of the divine or supernatural. Adults and children failed to discover the natural causes of various phenomena and hence attributed them to a supernatural or divine power. Comte broke this stage into 3 sub-stages:


title: Law of three stages

text: (2) The Metaphysical stage is an extension of the theological stage. It refers to explanation by impersonal abstract concepts. People often try to characterize God as an abstract being. They believe that an abstract power or force guides and determines events in the world. Metaphysical thinking discards belief in a concrete God. For example: In Classical Hindu Indian society, the principle of the transmigration of the soul, the conception of rebirth, notions of pursuant were largely governed by metaphysical uphill.


title: Law of three stages

text: (3) The Positivity stage, also known as the scientific stage, refers to scientific explanation based on observation, experiment, and comparison. Positive explanations rely upon a distinct method, the scientific method, for their justification. Today people attempt to establish cause and effect relationships. Positivism is a purely intellectual way of looking at the world; as well, it emphasizes observation and classification of data and facts. This is the highest, most evolved behavior according to Comte.


title: Law of three stages

text: Comte, however, was conscious of the fact that the three stages of thinking may or do coexist in the same society or in the same mind and may not always be successive.


title: Law of three stages

text: Comte proposed a hierarchy of the sciences based on historical sequence, with areas of knowledge passing through these stages in order of complexity. The simplest and most remote areas of knowledge—mechanical or physical—are the first to become scientific. These are followed by the more complex sciences, those considered closest to us.


title: Law of three stages

text: The sciences, then, according to Comte's "law", developed in this order: Mathematics; Astronomy; Physics; Chemistry; Biology; Sociology. A science "of society" is thus the "Queen science" in Comte's hierarchy as it would be the most fundamentally complex.


title: Law of three stages

text: Since Comte saw social science as an observation of human behavior and knowledge, his definition of sociology included observing humanity’s development of science itself. Because of this, Comte presented this introspective field of study as the science above all others. Sociology would both complete the body of positive sciences by discussing humanity as the last unstudied scientific field, and would link the fields of science together in human history, showing the "intimate interrelation of scientific and social development".


title: Law of three stages

text: To Comte, the law of three stages made development of sociology inevitable and necessary. Comte saw the formation of his law as an active use of sociology, but this formation was dependent on other sciences reaching the positive stage; Comte’s three-stage law would not have evidence for a positive stage without the observed progression of other sciences through these three stages. Thus, sociology and its first law of three stages would be developed after other sciences were developed out of the metaphysical stage, with the observation of these developed sciences becoming the scientific evidence used in a positive stage of sociology. This special dependence on other sciences contributed to Comte’s view of sociology being the most complex. It also provided an explanation for sociology being the last science to be developed.


title: Law of three stages

text: Comte saw the results of his three-stage law and sociology as not only inevitable, but good. In Comte’s eyes, the positive stage was not only the most evolved stage, but also the stage best for mankind. Through a continuous development of positive sciences, Comte hoped that humans would perfect their knowledge of the world and make real progress to improve the welfare of humanity. He acclaimed the positive stage as the "highest accomplishment of the human mind" and as having "natural superiority" over the other, more primitive stages.


title: Law of three stages

text: Overall, Comte saw his law of three stages as the start of the scientific field of sociology as a positive science. He believed this development was the key to completing positive philosophy and would finally allow humans to study every observable aspect of the universe. For Comte, sociology’s human-centered studies would relate the fields of science to each other as progressions in human history and make positive philosophy one coherent body of knowledge. Comte presented the positive stage as the final state of all sciences, which would allow human knowledge to be perfected, leading to human progress.


title: Law of three stages

text: Historian William Whewell wrote "Mr. Comte's arrangement of the progress of science as successively metaphysical and positive, is contrary to history in fact, and contrary to sound philosophy in principle." The historian of science H. Floris Cohen has made a significant effort to draw the modern eye towards this first debate on the foundations of positivism.


title: Law of three stages

text: In contrast, within an entry dated early October 1838 Charles Darwin wrote in one of his then private notebooks that "M. Comte's idea of a theological state of science [is a] grand idea."


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: Arthur Ashe Stadium is a tennis stadium at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City. Part of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, it is the main stadium of the US Open tennis tournament and has a capacity of 23,771, making it the largest tennis stadium in the world.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: The stadium is named after Arthur Ashe (1943–1993), winner of the inaugural 1968 US Open, the first in which professionals could compete. The original stadium design, completed in 1997, had not included a roof. After suffering successive years of event delays from inclement weather, a new lightweight retractable roof was completed in 2016.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: Opened in 1997, the facility replaced Louis Armstrong Stadium as the primary venue for the tournament. It cost $254 million to construct, and then had 22,547 seats, 90 luxury suites, five restaurants, and a two-level players' lounge, making it by far the largest tennis-only venue in the world. Like the other in the facility, it has a DecoTurf cushioned acrylic surface.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: On August 25, 1997, the stadium opened by hosting the US Open, with Whitney Houston singing "One Moment in Time" during the stadium's inauguration ceremonies and dedicating the performance to the late Arthur Ashe.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: The first official match played on the court was at the 1997 US Open between Tamarine Tanasugarn of Thailand and Chanda Rubin of the United States. Tanasugarn won in two sets.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: The stadium has also hosted the first-ever outdoor regular season WNBA game in 2008; the Indiana Fever beat the host New York Liberty The game served as a fundraising event for breast cancer research.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: The facility features a Hawk-Eye electronic system which allows tennis players to challenge the umpire's decision on calls made throughout championships. In 2005, the color scheme for the courts was changed from green to electric blue inner courts and a light green outer court. All US Open Series events now use this color scheme, providing television viewers a more easily trackable ball — with the yellow tennis balls contrasting more visibly against the blue courts.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: On July 26–28, 2019, the stadium hosted the "Fortnite" World Cup, a three-day long esports tournament with a prize pool of 30 million, $3 million of which awarded to the winner of the Finals.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: On September 22, 2021, the stadium hosted All Elite Wrestling. "Dynamite" was filmed live, alongside tapings for "Rampage" as well as "". The Dynamite and Rampage episodes were titled "Grand Slam" with "Rampage" expanded to two hours for the special. The event marked AEW's debut show in New York City and the first professional wrestling show ever held at the tennis complex.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: Lacking a roof, where relatively strong and unpredictable winds could occur inside the stadium, events were vulnerable to inclement weather — and five straight years of rain delays occurred during the US Open men's singles final from 2008 to 2012.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: Despite the original design's lacking provisions for a roof, the USTA announced in 2013 plans to construct a roof for the stadium using a superstructure — having consulted "with every architect involved in the design of a stadium roof in North America."


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: Notably, the site of the Ashe center featured poor soil conditions. It had previously been Manhattan's Corona Ash Dumps (featured prominently in F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" as the Valley of Ashes) and prior to that a natural wetland swamp. For the new roof, a very light solution was critical.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: The roof has two 800-ton fabric panels made of of lightweight PTFE membrane which can open or close on glides, up to 25 feet per minute, to create an opening roughly the size of 17 Olympic swimming pools. The stadium is not fully conditioned; a new chilled water ventilation system controls humidity when the roof is closed. The new cantilevering design is supported by eight columns that sit on concrete bases, each supported by 20 piles driven 150 to 200 feet deep and has a data acquisition and recording system along with synchronized cameras to interpret the data created by the complex control systems. The roof, which cost $150 million, was part of a $550 million renovation of the National Tennis Center. The retractable roof project was completed in 2016.


title: Arthur Ashe Stadium

text: The roof was designed by Rossetti Architects and its structure engineered by WSP Global. Geiger Engineers designed the roof's mechanization system. Engineer of Record for the mechanization system was Hardesty & Hanover in partnership with Morgan Engineering.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: The Blue Lagoon ( ) is a geothermal spa in southwestern Iceland. The spa is located in a lava field near Grindavík and in front of Mount Þorbjörn on Reykjanes Peninsula, in a location favourable for geothermal power, and is supplied by water used in the nearby Svartsengi geothermal power station. The Blue Lagoon is approximately from Keflavík International Airport, and is one of the most visited attractions in Iceland.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: The water's milky blue shade is due to its high silica content. The silica forms soft white mud on the bottom of the lake which bathers rub on themselves. The water is also rich in salts and algae.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: The water temperature in the bathing and swimming area of the lagoon averages . Guests are required to shower bare naked prior to using the geothermal spa. The communal showers are split up by gender. Children age 8 and under are only allowed entry with the use of arm floaters, provided free of charge. The lagoon is not suitable for children under the age of 2 years. The lagoon is accessible for wheelchair users with a ramp that extends into the water and a shower chair. There is also a private changing room available for those with special needs.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: The lagoon is man-made. The water is a byproduct from the nearby geothermal power plant Svartsengi where superheated water is vented from the ground near a lava flow and used to run turbines that generate electricity. After going through the turbines, the steam and hot water passes through a heat exchanger to provide heat for a municipal water heating system. Then the water is fed into the lagoon.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: The rich mineral content is provided by the underground geological layers and pushed up to the surface by the hot water (at about pressure and temperature) used by the plant. Because of its mineral concentration, water cannot be recycled and must be disposed of in the nearby landscape, a permeable lava field that varies in thickness from to . After the minerals have formed a deposit, the water reinfiltrates the ground, but the deposits render the ground impermeable over time, so the plant needs to continuously dig new ponds in the nearby lava field.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: The water renews every 2 days. The average pH is 7.5 and the salt content is 2.5%. Very few organisms live in the water apart from some blue-green algae, despite the water not being artificially disinfected it contains no fecal bacteria, environmental bacteria, fungi, or plants.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: Shortly after the opening of the Svartsengi power plant in 1976, the runoff water had made pools. In 1981, a psoriasis patient bathed in the water and noted that the water alleviated his symptoms and the lagoon subsequently became popular. Bathing facilities opened in 1987 and in 1992 the Blue Lagoon company was established.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: Studies made in the 1990s confirmed that the lagoon had a beneficial effect on the skin disease psoriasis. A psoriasis clinic was opened in 1994 and in 1995, the Blue Lagoon company began marketing skin products containing silica, algae, and salt.


title: Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)

text: The lagoon recorded 1.3 million visitors in 2017, up from 919,000 visitors in 2015. The company had a revenue of €102 million and a profit of €31 million in 2017. It has over 600 employees. The entry fee is from $64.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The Calliphoridae (commonly known as blow flies, blow-flies, carrion flies, bluebottles, greenbottles, or cluster flies) are a family of insects in the order Diptera, with almost 1,900 known species. The maggot larvae, often used as fishing bait, are known as gentles. The family is known to be polyphyletic, but much remains disputed regarding proper treatment of the constituent taxa, some of which are occasionally accorded family status (e.g., Bengaliidae and Helicoboscidae).


title: Calliphoridae

text: The name blowfly comes from an older English term for meat that had eggs laid on it, which was said to be flyblown. The first known association of the term "blow" with flies appears in the plays of William Shakespeare: "Love's Labour's Lost", "The Tempest", and "Antony and Cleopatra".


title: Calliphoridae

text: Calliphoridae adults are commonly shiny with metallic colouring, often with blue, green, or black thoraces and abdomens. Antennae are three-segmented and aristate. The aristae are plumose their entire length, and the second antennal segment is distinctly grooved. Members of Calliphoridae have branched Rs 2 veins, frontal sutures are present, and calypters are well developed.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The characteristics and arrangements of hairlike bristles are used to differentiate among members of this family. All blowflies have bristles located on the meron. Having two notopleural bristles and a hindmost posthumeral bristle located lateral to presutural bristle are characteristics to look for when identifying this family.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The thorax has the continuous dorsal suture across the middle, along with well-defined posterior calli. The postscutellum is absent or weakly developed. The costa is unbroken and the subcosta is apparent on the insect.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Most species of blow flies studied thus far are anautogenous; a female requires a substantial amount of protein to develop mature eggs within her ovaries (about 800 µg per pair of ovaries in "Phormia regina"). The current theory is that females visit carrion both for protein and egg laying, but this remains to be proven. Blow fly eggs, usually yellowish or white in color, are about 1.5 mm × 0.4 mm, and when laid, look like rice grains. While the female blow fly typically lays 150–200 eggs per batch, she is usually iteroparous, laying around 2,000 eggs during the course of her life. The sex ratio of blow fly eggs is usually 50:50, but one exception is females from two species of the genus "Chrysomya" ("C. rufifacies" and "C. albiceps"), which are either arrhenogenic (laying only male offspring) or thelygenic (laying only female offspring).


title: Calliphoridae

text: Hatching from an egg to the first larval stage takes about 8 hours to a day. Larvae have three stages of development (instars); each stage is separated by a molting event. The instars are separable by examining the posterior spiracles, or openings to the breathing system. The larvae use proteolytic enzymes in their excreta (as well as mechanical grinding by mouth hooks) to break down proteins on the livestock or corpse on which they are feeding. Blow flies are poikilothermic – the rate at which they grow and develop is highly dependent on temperature and species. Under room temperature (about 20 °C), the black blow fly "Phormia regina" can change from egg to pupa in 150–266 hours (six to 11 days). When the third larval stage is complete, it leaves the corpse and burrows into the ground to pupate, emerging as an adult 7–14 days later.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Adult blowflies are occasional pollinators, being attracted to flowers with strong odors resembling rotting meat, such as the American pawpaw or dead horse arum. Little doubt remains that these flies use nectar as a source of carbohydrates to fuel flight, but just how and when this happens is unknown. One study showed the visual stimulus a blowfly receives from its compound eyes is responsible for causing its legs to extend from its flight position and allow it to land on any surface.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Larvae of most species are scavengers of carrion and dung, and most likely constitute the majority of the maggots found in such material, although they are not uncommonly found in close association with other dipterous larvae from the families Sarcophagidae and Muscidae, and many other acalyptrate muscoid flies.


title: Calliphoridae

text: About 1,900 species of blow flies are known, with 120 species in the Neotropics, and a large number of species in Africa and Southern Europe.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The typical habitats for blow flies are temperate to tropical areas that provide a layer of loose, damp soil and litter where larvae may thrive and pupate.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Blowflies have caught the interest of researchers in a variety of fields, although the large body of literature on calliphorids has been concentrated on solving the problem of myiasis in livestock. The sheep blowfly "Lucilia cuprina" causes the Australian sheep industry an estimated AU$170 million a year in losses.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The most common causes of myiasis in humans and animals are the three dipteran families Oestridae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae. Myiasis in humans is clinically categorized in six ways: dermal and subdermal, facial cavity, wound or trauma, gastrointestinal, vaginal, and generalized. If found in humans, the dipteran larvae are usually in their first instar. The only treatment necessary is just to remove the maggots, and the patient heals naturally. Whilst not strictly a myiasis species, the Congo floor maggot feeds on mammal blood, occasionally human.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The New World primary screwworm ("Cochliomyia hominivorax"), once a major pest in Southern United States, has been eradicated from the United States, Mexico, and Central America through an extensive release program by the USDA of sterilized males. The USDA maintains a sterile screwworm fly production plant and release program in the eastern half of the Republic of Panama to keep fertile screwworms from migrating north. Currently, this species is limited to lowland tropical countries in South America and some Caribbean islands.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The Old World primary screwworm ("Chrysomya bezziana") is an obligate parasite of mammals. This fly is distributed throughout the Old World, including Southeast Asia, tropical and subtropical Africa, some countries in the Middle East, India, the Malay Peninsula, the Indonesian and Philippine Islands, and Papua New Guinea.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The secondary screwworm ("Cochliomyia macellaria") has become one of the principal species on which to base "post mortem" interval estimations because its succession and occurrence on decomposing remains has been well defined. The secondary screwworm is found throughout the United States and the American tropics, and in southern Canada during summers. This species is one of the most common species found on decomposing remains in the US South.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is the medical use of selected, laboratory-raised fly larvae for cleaning nonhealing wounds. Medicinal maggots perform debridement by selectively eating only dead tissue. "Lucilia sericata" ("Phaenicia sericata"), or the common green bottlefly, is the preferred species used in maggot therapy. MDT can be used to treat pressure ulcers, diabetic foot wounds, venous stasis ulcers, and postsurgical wounds.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Adults may be vectors of pathogens of diseases such as dysentery. Flies, most commonly Calliphoridae, have frequently been associated with disease transmission in humans and animals, as well as myiasis. Studies and research have linked "Calliphora" and "Lucilia" to vectors of causal agents of bacterial infections. These larvae, commonly seen on decaying bodies, feed on carrion while the adults can be necrophagous or vegetative. During the process of decay, microorganisms (e.g. "Mycobacterium") may be released through the body. Flies arrive at the scene and lay their eggs. The larvae begin eating and breaking down the corpse, simultaneously ingesting these organisms which is the first step of one transmission route.


title: Calliphoridae

text: The bacterium which causes paratuberculosis in cattle, pigs and birds ("M. a. avium") has been isolated and recovered from these flies through several different experiments.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Other potential and threatening diseases include rabbit haemorrhagic disease in New Zealand and flystrike. Although strike is not limited to blow flies, these maggots are a major source of this skin invasion, causing lesions, which, if severe enough, may be lethal. Strike starts when blow flies lay eggs in a wound or fecal material present on the sheep. When the maggots hatch, they begin feeding on the sheep and thus irritating it. As soon as the first wave of maggots hatch, they attract more blow flies, causing the strike. Insecticides are available for blow fly prevention (typically containing cypermethrin), and precautionary measures may be taken, such as docking tails, shearing, and keeping the sheep healthy overall.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Salmonellosis has also been proven to be transmitted by the blow fly through saliva, feces and direct contact by the flies' tarsi. Adult flies may be able to spread pathogens via their sponging mouthparts, vomit, intestinal tract, sticky pads of their feet, or even their body or leg hairs.


title: Calliphoridae

text: As the flies are vectors of many diseases, the importance of identifying the transmissible agents, the route of transmission, and prevention and treatments in the event of contact are becoming increasingly important. With the ability to lay hundreds of eggs in a lifetime and the presence of thousands of larvae at a time in such close proximity, the potential for transmission is high, especially at ideal temperatures.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Calliphoridae are, alongside managed and wild bees, likely to be the main crop pollinating insect. They visit (and thus may pollinate) flowers of a wide range of plants, including crop plants (e.g. avocado, mango, onion, leek, carrot, cauliflower). Their sponging mouthparts mean that when visiting flowers, their head and upper body must broadly contact the inside of the flower. They have numerous hairs, including on the head and thorax, which may help them carry pollen, and indeed calliphorids in the wild have been observed carrying large amounts of pollen. Compared to honey bees, blow flies are active under a broader range of environmental conditions. However, it is unknown how their pollination abilities compare to those of bees, there are few studies assessing their contribution to pollination, and the exact species that pollinate are often not identified.


title: Calliphoridae

text: Blow flies are usually the first insects to come in contact with carrion because they have the ability to smell dead animal matter from up to away. Upon reaching the carrion, females deposit eggs on it. Since development is highly predictable if the ambient temperature is known, blow flies are considered a valuable tool in forensic science. Blow flies are used forensically to estimate the minimum "post mortem" interval (PMI) for human corpses. Traditional estimations of time since death are generally unreliable after 72 hours and often entomologists are the only officials capable of generating an accurate approximate time interval. The specialized discipline related to this practice is known as forensic entomology.


title: Calliphoridae

text: In addition to being used to estimate the PMI, assuming colonization occurred after death, blow fly specimens found infesting a human corpse are used to determine if the corpse was relocated or if the individual ingested narcotics prior to death.


title: Calliphoridae

text: "Calliphora vicina" and "Cynomya mortuorum" are important flies of forensic entomology. Other forensically important Calliphoridae are "Phormia regina", "Calliphora vomitoria", "Calliphora livida", "Lucilia cuprina", "Lucilia sericata", "Lucilia illustris", "Chrysomya rufifacies", "Chrysomya megacephala", "Cochliomyia macellaria", and "Protophormia terraenovae". One myth states that species from the genus "Lucilia" can sense death and show up right before it even occurs.


title: Myriapoda

text: Myriapods () are the members of subphylum Myriapoda, containing arthropods such as millipedes and centipedes. The group contains about 13,000 species, all of them terrestrial.


title: Myriapoda

text: The fossil record of myriapods reaches back into the late Silurian, although molecular evidence suggests a diversification in the Cambrian Period, and Cambrian fossils exist which resemble myriapods. The oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of the millipede "Pneumodesmus newmani", from the late Silurian (428 million years ago). "P. newmani" is also important as the earliest known terrestrial animal. The phylogenetic classification of myriapods is still debated.


title: Myriapoda

text: The scientific study of myriapods is myriapodology, and those who study myriapods are myriapodologists.


title: Myriapoda

text: Myriapods have a single pair of antennae and, in most cases, simple eyes. Exceptions include the large and well-developed compound eyes of Scutigera. The mouthparts lie on the underside of the head, with an "epistome" and labrum forming the upper lip, and a pair of maxillae forming the lower lip. A pair of mandibles lie inside the mouth. Myriapods breathe through spiracles that connect to a tracheal system similar to that of insects. There is a long tubular heart that extends through much of the body, but usually few, if any, blood vessels.


title: Myriapoda

text: Malpighian tubules excrete nitrogenous waste into the digestive system, which typically consists of a simple tube. Although the ventral nerve cord has a ganglion in each segment, the brain is relatively poorly developed.


title: Myriapoda

text: During mating, male myriapods produce a packet of sperm, or spermatophore, which they must transfer to the female externally; this process is often complex and highly developed. The female lays eggs which hatch as much-shortened versions of the adults, with only a few segments and as few as three pairs of legs. With the exception of the two centipede orders Scolopendromorpha and Geophilomorpha, which have epimorphic development (all body segments are formed segments embryonically), the young add additional segments and limbs as they repeatedly moult to reach the adult form.


title: Myriapoda

text: The process of adding new segments during postembryonic growth is known as anamorphosis, of which there are three types: euanamorphosis, emianamorphosis, and teloanamorphosis. In euanamorphosis, every moult is followed by addition of new segments, even after reaching sexual maturity; in emianamorphosis, new segments are added until a certain stage, and further moults happen without addition of segments; and in teloanamorphosis, where the addition of new segments stops after the adult form is reached, after no further moults occur.


title: Myriapoda

text: Myriapods are most abundant in moist forests, where they fulfill an important role in breaking down decaying plant material, although a few live in grasslands, semi-arid habitats or even deserts. A very small percentage of species are littoral (found along the sea shore). The majority are detritivorous, with the exception of centipedes, which are chiefly nocturnal predators. A few species of centipedes and millipedes are able to produce light and are therefore bioluminescent Pauropodans and symphylans are small, sometimes microscopic animals that resemble centipedes superficially and live in soils. Millipedes differ from the other groups in having their body segments fused into pairs, giving the appearance that each segment bears two pairs of legs, while the other three groups have a single pair of legs on each body segment.


title: Myriapoda

text: Although not generally considered dangerous to humans, many millipedes produce noxious secretions (often containing benzoquinones) which in rare cases can cause temporary blistering and discolouration of the skin. Large centipedes, however, can bite humans, and although the bite may cause intense pain and discomfort, fatalities are extremely rare.


title: Myriapoda

text: There has been much debate as to which arthropod group is most closely related to the Myriapoda. Under the Mandibulata hypothesis, Myriapoda is the sister taxon to Pancrustacea, a group comprising the Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and their close relatives). Under the Atelocerata hypothesis, Hexapoda is the closest, whereas under the Paradoxopoda hypothesis, Chelicerata is the closest. This last hypothesis, although supported by few, if any, morphological characters, is supported by a number of molecular studies.


title: Myriapoda

text: A 2020 study found numerous characters of the eye and preoral region suggesting that the closest relatives to crown myriapods are the extinct Euthycarcinoids. There are four classes of extant myriapods, Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda, Pauropoda and Symphyla, containing a total of around 12,000 species. While each of these groups of myriapods is believed to be monophyletic, relationships among them are less certain.


title: Myriapoda

text: Centipedes make up the class Chilopoda. They are fast, predatory and venomous, hunting mostly at night. There are around 3,300 species, ranging from the diminutive "Nannarrup hoffmani" (less than 12 mm or  in in length) to the giant "Scolopendra gigantea", which may exceed .


title: Myriapoda

text: Millipedes form the class Diplopoda. Most millipedes are slower than centipedes, and feed on leaf litter and detritus. They are distinguished by the fusion of each pair of body segments into a single unit, giving the appearance of having two pairs of legs per segment. Around 12,000 species have been described, which may represent less than a tenth of the true global millipede diversity. Although the name "millipede" is a compound word formed from the Latin roots "millia" ("thousand") and "pes" (gen. "pedis") ("foot"), millipedes typically have between 36 and 400 legs. On 2021, however, was described "Eumillipes persephone," the first species known to have 1,000 or more legs, possessing 1,306 of them. Pill millipedes are much shorter, and are capable of rolling up into a ball, like pillbugs.


title: Myriapoda

text: Symphylans, or garden centipedes, are closely related to centipedes and millipedes. They are 3 to 6 cm long, and have 6 to 12 pairs of legs, depending on their life stage. Their eggs, which are white and spherical and covered with small hexagonal ridges, are laid in batches of 4 to 25 at a time, and usually take up to 40 days to hatch. There are about 200 species worldwide.


title: Myriapoda

text: Pauropoda is another small group of small myriapods. They are typically 0.5–2.0 mm long and live in the soil on all continents except Antarctica. Over 700 species have been described. They are believed to be the sister group to millipedes, and have the dorsal tergites fused across pairs of segments, similar to the more complete fusion of segments seen in millipedes.


title: Myriapoda

text: Arthropleurideans were ancient myriapods that are now extinct, known from the late Silurian to the Permian. The most famous members are from the genus "Arthropleura", which was a giant, probably herbivorous, animal that could be up to long, but the group also includes species less than . Arthropleuridea was historically considered a distinct class of myriapods, but since 2000 scientific consensus has viewed the group as a subset of millipedes, although the relationship of arthropleurideans to other millipedes and to each other is debated.


title: Myriapoda

text: A variety of groupings (clades) of the myriapod classes have been proposed, some of which are mutually exclusive, and all of which represent hypotheses of evolutionary relationships. Traditional relationships supported by morphological similarities (anatomical or developmental similarities) are challenged by newer relationships supported by molecular evidence (including DNA sequence and amino acid similarities).


title: Chase Field

text: Chase Field, formerly Bank One Ballpark, is a retractable roof stadium in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona. It is the home of Major League Baseball's Arizona Diamondbacks. It opened in 1998, the year the Diamondbacks debuted as an expansion team. Chase Field was the first stadium built in the United States with a retractable roof over a natural-grass playing surface.


title: Chase Field

text: The park was built during a wave of new, baseball-only parks in the 1990s. Although nearly all of these parks were open-air, it was taken for granted that a domed stadium was a must for a major-league team to be a viable venture in the Phoenix area. Phoenix is by far the hottest major city in North America; the average high temperature during baseball's regular season is , and game-time temperatures well above are very common during the summer.


title: Chase Field

text: In the spring of 1994, the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors approved a quarter percentage point increase in the county sales tax to pay for their portion of the stadium funding. This came about at a time that the county itself was facing huge budget deficits and lack of funding for other services. The sales tax being levied was very unpopular with local citizens, who were not allowed to vote on the issue of funding a baseball stadium with general sales tax revenue (usage of public subsidies for stadium projects was actually prohibited by a 1989 referendum). The issue was so controversial and divisive that in August 1997, Maricopa County Supervisor Mary Rose Wilcox was shot and injured while leaving a county board meeting by Larry Naman, a homeless man, who attempted to argue in court that her support for the tax justified his attack. In May 1998, Naman was found guilty of attempted first-degree murder.


title: Chase Field

text: Costs for the stadium were originally estimated at $279 million in 1995, but cost overruns (in part because of rising prices for steel and other materials) pushed the final price to $364 million. As part of the original stadium deal, the Diamondbacks were responsible for all construction costs above $253 million. These extra expenses, combined with the Diamondbacks and their fellow expansion franchise, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, not being allowed to share in the national MLB revenue for their first 5 years of operations, left the Diamondbacks in a less-than-desirable financial situation, which would come back to haunt team founder and managing partner Jerry Colangelo and his group later on.


title: Chase Field

text: Construction on the park began in 1996, and was finished just before the Diamondbacks' first season began, in 1998. It was the third MLB stadium to have a retractable roof and the first in the United States (at the time, only Toronto's SkyDome (now known as Rogers Centre) and Montreal's Olympic Stadium had them; others are now at Minute Maid Park in Houston, American Family Field in Milwaukee, Globe Life Field in Arlington, T-Mobile Park in Seattle, and LoanDepot Park in Miami). It was also the first ballpark to feature natural grass in a retractable roof stadium.


title: Chase Field

text: The stadium hosted Games 1, 2, 6, and 7 of the 2001 World Series between the Arizona Diamondbacks and the New York Yankees. The Diamondbacks won all four home games, winning the title in seven games, and thus denying the Yankees a fourth consecutive championship. It was the first time since that the home team won all games of a World Series. The only other instance was , both by the Minnesota Twins.


title: Chase Field

text: Chase Field hosted the 2017 National League Wild Card Game between the Diamondbacks and Colorado Rockies. This was the D-Backs' first appearance in the postseason as a Wild Card team. The D-Backs won 11–8 and advanced to the 2017 NLDS against the Los Angeles Dodgers but were swept in three games. Game 3 was held at Chase Field, when the D-Backs lost 3–1.


title: Chase Field

text: Chase Field also has a swimming pool located in right-center field, which is rented to patrons as a suite holding 35 guests for $3,500 per game during the 2011 season. Mark Grace was the first player to hit a home run into the pool.


title: Chase Field

text: Besides baseball, the pool has been used by Monster Jam's Jim Koehler to continue his tradition of swimming after Freestyle. The ballpark also featured a dirt strip between home plate and the pitcher's mound. This dirt strip, sometimes known as the "keyhole", was very common in old-time ballparks up to 1938. The dirt strip was removed when synthetic turf was installed in 2019; today, Comerica Park is the only park to still have this.


title: Chase Field

text: The park's foul territory is somewhat larger than is the case for most ballparks built in the 1990s. With 80% of the seats in foul territory, the upper deck is one of the highest in the majors. The park's suites are tucked far under the third deck, which keeps the upper deck closer to the action, with the exception of their Dugout Suites which sit next to the home and visitor's dugouts.


title: Chase Field

text: Before the 2008 season began, a brand new HD scoreboard was installed beyond center field, replacing the original. The new scoreboard is high and wide and it cost $14 million. It is the fifth largest HD screen in Major League Baseball behind Kauffman Stadium. The screen at Kauffman is larger by overall area and is square in shape but Chase Field's screen is larger by length and is rectangular.


title: Chase Field

text: Premium seating includes 4,400 club seats, 57 suites, 6 party suites, Executive suite, batters box suite, two dugout suites, and a swimming pool.


title: Chase Field

text: The Diamondbacks and St. Louis Cardinals game on September 24, 2019 became the longest game in Chase Field's history. The game lasted six hours and 53 minutes in 19 innings.


title: Chase Field

text: On October 12, 2018, the Diamondbacks announced that they would be replacing their natural grass surface with a synthetic surface from Shaw Sports Turf for the 2019 season. In 2019, leaked images of a potential new stadium by architectural firm MEIS Architects had a brief life online before being removed shortly thereafter by the firm.


title: Chase Field

text: The stadium was originally called Bank One Ballpark when Bank One of Chicago, Illinois, purchased naming rights for $100 million over 30 years. After Bank One merged with New York-based JPMorgan Chase & Co. in 2005, Chase assumed the commitment to the naming deal and the stadium's name was changed to Chase Field.


title: Chase Field

text: The stadium also hosts occasional concerts and international soccer games. For football and soccer, the field is set up with the end lines perpendicular to the third-base line and temporary bleachers added on the east side.


title: Chase Field

text: Chase Field has hosted first-round games in the 2006 and 2013 World Baseball Classic tournaments, and is scheduled to host first-round games in the 2023 tournament which was postponed from 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Chase Field

text: The organizers of the Insight.com Bowl elected to move their game from Arizona Stadium in Tucson to Phoenix beginning in 2000, and Chase Field became the game's host. In 2006, the bowl game moved to Sun Devil Stadium, to replace the Fiesta Bowl, which moved to State Farm Stadium in Glendale. The football configuration was notable because of the lack of nets behind the goalposts and the dugout behind the south end zone. The final Insight Bowl played at Chase was between the hometown Arizona State Sun Devils and the Rutgers Scarlet Knights. The bowl, now known as the Guaranteed Rate Bowl, returned to Chase Field in January 2016 due to construction being done at Sun Devil Stadium.


title: Chase Field

text: Chase Field has staged nine women's college basketball games. The second game, which was played on December 18, 2006, was shortened by rain with four minutes and 18 seconds remaining and Arizona State leading Texas Tech 61–45. Venue staff closed the roof in an effort to finish the game, but officials deemed the court unsafe. In 2000, ASU played the Tennessee Volunteers at the same facility.


title: Chase Field

text: In 2006, Chase Field was the site of the annual "Challenge at Chase", a college baseball game between Arizona State and University of Arizona, but the event occurred for only two years. The Arizona Wildcats won both contests in 2006 and 2007. There were no more “Challenge” games scheduled afterwards.


title: Chase Field

text: In February 2006, the Professional Bull Riders hosted a Built Ford Tough Series bull riding event at this venue. Chris Shivers won this event with a total score of 181.5 points (out of a possible 200) on two bulls, including an impressive 93.75 (out of 100) points on Taylor Made bucking bull, Smokeless Wardance, in the short-go round. During the long-go round, the roof was closed, but during the short-go, the roof was opened.


title: Chase Field

text: The stadium has hosted Monster Energy Supercross rounds from 1999 to 2015. Monster Jam came to Chase Field every year in late January about two weeks after Monster Energy Supercross. Both events moved to the University of Phoenix Stadium in 2016.


title: Chase Field

text: WWE hosted the Royal Rumble at Chase Field on January 27, 2019, marking nearly 16 years that a WWE event was held at a baseball stadium since WrestleMania XIX at Safeco Field in Seattle and the first Royal Rumble to be held outdoors.


title: Chase Field

text: Chase Field's roof is opened or closed depending on the game-time temperature. Even when the roof is closed, the park's windows allow enough sunlight to play in true daylight without overheating the stadium. The roof takes about 4½ minutes to open or close at a cost of $2–$3.


title: Chase Field

text: While the ballpark had a grass surface, the roof would be kept open to expose the playing surface to sunlight. When necessary, it would be closed three hours before game time using two 200-horsepower motors triggered from a control room in the upper deck above left-center field. A massive HVAC system then dropped the temperature inside the park to about 78 °F (25.5 °C) by the time the gates open. The chilled water system, which has cooling power equivalent to 2,500 homes of , also serves more than 30 buildings in downtown Phoenix. The cooling plant, located in a separate building right outside the ballpark, freezes water overnight to reduce daytime electricity demand. Originally, the HVAC system didn't cool above row 25 of the upper level, exposing fans in the higher rows to the brunt of Phoenix' oppressive summer heat. Subsequent improvements kept virtually all of the facility in air-conditioned comfort.


title: Chase Field

text: Chase Field is served by Westbound METRO Rail's Washington at 3rd Street station and Eastbound METRO Rail's Jefferson at 3rd Street station.


title: Glen Ballard

text: Basil Glen Ballard Jr. (born May 1, 1953) is an American songwriter, lyricist, and record producer. He is best known for co-writing and producing Alanis Morissette's 1995 album "Jagged Little Pill", which won Grammy Awards for Best Rock Album and Album of the Year, and was ranked by "Rolling Stone" as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. He is also well known for his collaborations with composer Alan Silvestri. He was involved in the recording and writing of Michael Jackson's albums "Thriller", "Bad" and "Dangerous". As a writer, he co-wrote songs including "Man in the Mirror" (1987) and "Hand in My Pocket" (1995). He is the founder of Java Records. He won the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for "Believe" ("The Polar Express").


title: Glen Ballard

text: In 2011, Ballard founded his own production company known as Augury, focused on developing music-driven projects in film, television, and theater. He was involved in the development of the eight-part TV series "The Eddy", centering around a jazz club in Paris, which aired on Netflix in May 2020.


title: Glen Ballard

text: Ballard wrote the screenplay for "Clubland", a music-driven film about an aspiring musician in Los Angeles. He has written songs in half a dozen films, including "The Slugger's Wife", "Navy Seals", "The Polar Express", and "".


title: Glen Ballard

text: Ballard was involved in the development of the TV series "The Eddy", broadcast by Netflix in May 2020. Ballard also co-wrote the music for the series and served as an executive producer. He wrote new songs with Alan Silvestri for the 2022 live-action film adaptation of Disney's "Pinocchio".


title: Glen Ballard

text: Ballard co-wrote the music and lyrics for "Ghost the Musical" with David A. Stewart and Bruce Joel Rubin, which opened in London's West End on July 19, 2011, and opened on Broadway in the spring of 2012.


title: Glen Ballard

text: On January 31, 2014, it was announced that a stage musical of the film "Back to the Future" was in production. The show, which is being co-written by original writers Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, premiered in Manchester, on February 20, 2020. Ballard will team with Alan Silvestri to compose a new score, with the addition of original songs from the film, including "The Power of Love", "Johnny B. Goode" and "Earth Angel".