text: The 27 district encompasses the San Gabriel Valley, including Alhambra, Altadena, Arcadia, Bradbury, Claremont, East Pasadena, Glendora, Monrovia, Monterey Park, Pasadena, Rosemead, San Antonio Heights, San Gabriel, San Marino, Sierra Madre, South Pasadena, South San Gabriel, Temple City, and Upland. The incumbent is Democrat Judy Chu, who was re-elected with 79.2% of the vote in 2018.


title: 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in California

text: The 28th district is based in the San Fernando Valley and includes West Hollywood, Burbank, parts of Pasadena, Glendale, the Verdugo Hills communities of Sunland and Tujunga, as well as parts of central Los Angeles including Hollywood, the Hollywood Hills, Echo Park, Silver Lake, and Los Feliz. The incumbent is Democrat Adam Schiff, who was re-elected with 78.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 29th district is based in the eastern San Fernando Valley, taking in the city of San Fernando as well as the Los Angeles communities of Van Nuys, Pacoima, Arleta, Panorama City, Sylmar and parts of Sun Valley and North Hollywood. The incumbent is Democrat Tony Cárdenas, who was re-elected with 80.6% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 30th district is based in the western San Fernando Valley, including the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Canoga Park, Chatsworth, Encino, Granada Hills, Northridge, Porter Ranch, Reseda, Sherman Oaks, Studio City, Tarzana, Toluca Lake, West Hills, Winnetka, and Woodland Hills, as well as Calabasas, Bell Canyon, and Hidden Hills. The incumbent is Democrat Brad Sherman, who was re-elected with 73.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 31st district encompasses parts of the Inland Empire, including San Bernardino, Rancho Cucamonga, Redlands, and parts of Rialto. The incumbent is Democrat Pete Aguilar, who was re-elected with 58.7% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 32nd district takes in the eastern San Gabriel Valley, including Baldwin Park, El Monte, West Covina, San Dimas, Azusa, and southern Glendora. The incumbent is Democrat Grace Napolitano, who was re-elected with 68.8% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 33rd district spans the coastal region of Los Angeles County, including the Beach Cities, Westside Los Angeles, and the Palos Verdes Peninsula. The incumbent is Democrat Ted Lieu, who was re-elected with 70.0% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 34th district is located entirely in the city of Los Angeles and includes the Central, East, and Northeast neighborhoods, such as Chinatown, Downtown, Eagle Rock, and Koreatown. The incumbent is Democrat Jimmy Gomez, who was re-elected with 72.5% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 35th district takes in southwestern San Bernardino County, including Chino, Fontana, Montclair, Ontario, as well as Pomona. The incumbent is Democrat Norma Torres, who was re-elected with 69.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 36th district encompasses eastern Riverside County, including the desert communities of Palm Springs, Palm Desert, Indio, Coachella, Rancho Mirage, Desert Hot Springs, Indian Wells, and Cathedral City, as well as Calimesa, Banning, Beaumont, San Jacinto, and Hemet. The incumbent is Democrat Raul Ruiz, who was re-elected with 59.0% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 37th district encompasses west and southwest Los Angeles, as well as Culver City and Inglewood. The incumbent is Democrat Karen Bass, who was re-elected with 89.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 38th district takes encompasses southeastern Los Angeles County, as well as a small sliver of Orange County, taking in La Palma. The incumbent is Democrat Linda Sánchez, who was re-elected with 68.9% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 39th district encompasses parts of the San Gabriel Valley, taking in La Habra Heights, Diamond Bar, Walnut, Hacienda Heights and Rowland Heights, as well as northern Orange County, including Fullerton, La Habra, Brea, Buena Park, Placentia, and Yorba Linda (the hometown of Republican President Richard Nixon). The district also takes in a small portion of southwestern San Bernardino County, covering Chino Hills. The incumbent Representative, Democrat Gil Cisneros, who flipped the district and was elected in 2018, lost reelection to Republican candidate Young Kim. Kim became one of the first three Korean-American women elected to Congress.


text: The 40th district is centered around East Los Angeles and also includes Downey, Bellflower, and Commerce. The incumbent is Democrat Lucille Roybal-Allard, who was re-elected with 77.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 41st district is located in the Inland Empire and takes in western Riverside County, including Jurupa Valley, Moreno Valley, Perris, and Riverside. The incumbent is Democrat Mark Takano, who was re-elected with 65.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 42nd district is encompasses western and southwestern Riverside County, and includes Eastvale, Norco, Corona, Temescal Valley, Lake Elsinore, Canyon Lake, Wildomar, north Temecula, Murrieta and Menifee. The incumbent is Republican Ken Calvert, who was re-elected with 56.5% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 43rd district is based in southern Los Angeles County and includes portions of Los Angeles and Torrance, as well as all of Hawthorne, Lawndale, Gardena, Inglewood and Lomita. The incumbent is Democrat Maxine Waters, who was re-elected with 77.7% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 44th district is based in southern Los Angeles County and includes Carson, Compton, Lynwood, North Long Beach, and San Pedro. The incumbent is Democrat Nanette Barragán, who was re-elected with 68.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 45th district is based in central Orange County, encompassing Irvine, Tustin, North Tustin, Villa Park, Anaheim Hills, eastern Orange, Laguna Hills, Laguna Woods, Lake Forest, Rancho Santa Margarita, Coto de Caza and Mission Viejo. The incumbent is Democrat Katie Porter, who flipped the district and was elected with 52.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 46th district is based in north-central Orange County, taking in Anaheim, Santa Ana, western Orange, and eastern Garden Grove. The incumbent is Democrat Lou Correa, who was reelected with 69.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 47th district is centered in Long Beach and extends into northwestern Orange County, taking in parts of Garden Grove and Westminster, and taking all of Stanton, Los Alamitos, and Cypress. The incumbent is Democrat Alan Lowenthal, who was reelected with 64.9% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 48th district encompasses coastal Orange County, taking in Seal Beach, Sunset Beach, Huntington Beach, Midway City, Fountain Valley, Costa Mesa, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Aliso Viejo, and Laguna Niguel, as well as parts of Westminster and Garden Grove. The incumbent is Democrat Harley Rouda, who flipped the district and was elected with 53.6% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 49th district encompasses the northern coastal areas of San Diego County, including the cities of Oceanside, Vista, Carlsbad, and Encinitas, as well as a small part of southern Orange County, taking in Dana Point, Ladera Ranch, San Clemente, and San Juan Capistrano. The incumbent is Democrat Mike Levin, who flipped the district and was elected with 56.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 50th district covers inland San Diego County consisting of suburban and outlying areas of the county, including Fallbrook, San Marcos, Valley Center, Ramona, Escondido, Santee, Lakeside, parts of El Cajon and a slice of southwestern Riverside County, taking in parts of Temecula. The incumbent was Republican Duncan D. Hunter, who was re-elected with 51.7% of the vote in 2018. On December 3, 2019, Hunter pleaded to guilty to campaign finance violations and resigned from office effective January 13, 2020.


text: The 51st district runs along the border with Mexico and includes Imperial County and southern San Diego, including western Chula Vista, Imperial Beach, and National City. The incumbent is Democrat Juan Vargas, who was re-elected with 71.2% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 52nd district is based in San Diego County, including coastal and central portions of the city of San Diego in addition to Carmel Valley, La Jolla, Point Loma, downtown San Diego, and the suburbs of Poway and Coronado. The incumbent is Democrat Scott Peters, who was re-elected with 63.8% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 53rd district encompasses eastern San Diego and its eastern suburbs, including, eastern Chula Vista, western El Cajon, Bonita, La Mesa, Lemon Grove, and Spring Valley. The incumbent is Democrat Susan Davis, who was re-elected with 69.1% of the vote in 2018. On September 4, 2019, Davis announced she would not seek re-election.


title: Scarlet Spider

text: The Scarlet Spider is an alias used by several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most notably Ben Reilly and Kaine Parker, both of whom are genetic replicates of the superhero Spider-Man.


title: Scarlet Spider

text: Both the Ben Reilly and Kaine Parker incarnations of Scarlet Spider will make their cinematic debuts in the 2023 feature film "", depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Forces.


title: Scarlet Spider

text: Benjamin "Ben" Reilly, a clone of the original Spider-Man created by the Jackal, is the first major version of the Scarlet Spider.


title: Scarlet Spider

text: To continue his superhero activities, Peter Parker was forced to use the Scarlet Spider identity due to all of his Spider-Man costumes being ruined, while Ben Reilly pretended to be the former in prison.


title: Scarlet Spider

text: Joseph "Joe" Wade is the only character to operate as a villain under the Scarlet Spider alias. An undercover FBI agent, he's assigned to investigate the second Doctor Octopus. However, Doctor Octopus discovers Joe and traps his body in a virtual reality chamber before using his thoughts to power a hard-light holographic duplicate of the Scarlet Spider to tarnish the Scarlet Spider name. Despite this, Joe is unable to stop himself from committing acts of violence. The true Scarlet Spider (Ben Reilly) attacks Doctor Octopus' lair, damaging the machine while Joe is still inside. This turned Joe into a mechanized version of the Scarlet Spider with superhuman strength and speed, claws on his fingertips, the ability to fire webbing from his wrists, crawl up walls, and fire laser "stingers" from his eyes. After the imposter goes on a rampage, the second Spider-Man (Ben Reilly) joins forces with the New Warriors to stop the cybernetic Scarlet Spider before the FBI put him in custody so Joe can undergo medical treatment to remove the technology.


title: Scarlet Spider

text: The Scarlet Spiders, secretly all clones of Michael Van Patrick, work with the and wear advanced versions of the Iron Spider armour.


title: Scarlet Spider

text: Kaine Parker, a clone of the original Spider-Man also created by the Jackal, is the fifth major version of the Scarlet Spider.


title: Scarlet Spider

text: In the alternate future MC2, Felicity Hardy, daughter of Felicia Hardy and Flash Thompson, adopts the Scarlet Spider identity to irritate her mother. She attempts to convince Spider-Girl to take her on as a sidekick, but the latter refuses. Undeterred, she continues to fight crime until several near-death experiences cause her to give up the identity. Although she has no actual powers, she is skilled in martial arts and gymnastics and utilizes an array of spider-themed weaponry.


title: Rainbow Sun Francks

text: Rainbow Sun Francks (born 3 December 1979) is a Canadian actor known for his role as Lt. Aiden Ford in the television show "Stargate Atlantis", and his recurring roles on "The Listener", "The Umbrella Academy" and "High Fidelity".


title: Rainbow Sun Francks

text: Francks was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He is the son of Canadian actor and musician Don Francks and African-American dancer Lili Red Eagle, who is originally from North Richmond, California. He is an adopted member of the Plains Cree First Nation. He is also the younger brother of Cree Summer.


title: Rainbow Sun Francks

text: Francks was an on-air personality at MuchMusic, a Canadian music video and variety television channel. He starred in "Stargate Atlantis" Season 1 as US Marine Lieutenant Aiden Ford. His role was reduced to that of a recurring character for Season 2, and was written out entirely for Season 3 and 4 (he made a brief cameo in a dream sequence in season 5). He played the role of Dev Clark on "The Listener". He produces a hip hop group known as The Oddities. Francks is also involved with a video game website, "Console Creatures".


title: Business process

text: A business process, business method or business function is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks by people or equipment in which a specific sequence produces a service or product (serves a particular business goal) for a particular customer or customers. Business processes occur at all organizational levels and may or may not be visible to the customers. A business process may often be visualized (modeled) as a flowchart of a sequence of activities with interleaving decision points or as a process matrix of a sequence of activities with relevance rules based on data in the process. The benefits of using business processes include improved customer satisfaction and improved agility for reacting to rapid market change. Process-oriented organizations break down the barriers of structural departments and try to avoid functional silos.


title: Business process

text: A business process begins with a mission objective (an external event) and ends with achievement of the business objective of providing a result that provides customer value. Additionally, a process may be divided into subprocesses (process decomposition), the particular inner functions of the process. Business processes may also have a process owner, a responsible party for ensuring the process runs smoothly from start to finish.


title: Business process

text: Broadly speaking, business processes can be organized into three types, according to von Rosing et al.:


title: Business process

text: A complex business process may be decomposed into several subprocesses, which have their own attributes but also contribute to achieving the overall goal of the business. The analysis of business processes typically includes the mapping or modeling of processes and sub-processes down to activity/task level. Processes can be modeled through a large number of methods and techniques. For instance, the Business Process Modeling Notation is a business process modeling technique that can be used for drawing business processes in a visualized workflow. While decomposing processes into process types and categories can be useful, care must be taken in doing so as there may be crossover. In the end, all processes are part of a largely unified outcome, one of "customer value creation." This goal is expedited with business process management, which aims to analyze, improve, and enact business processes.


title: Business process

text: An important early (1776) description of processes was that of economist Adam Smith in his famous example of a pin factory. Inspired by an article in Diderot's Encyclopédie, Smith described the production of a pin in the following way:


title: Business process

text: One man draws out the wire; another straights it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on is a peculiar business; to whiten the pins is another ... and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.


title: Business process

text: Smith also first recognized how the output could be increased through the use of labor division. Previously, in a society where production was dominated by handcrafted goods, one man would perform all the activities required during the production process, while Smith described how the work was divided into a set of simple tasks, which would be performed by specialized workers. The result of labor division in Smith's example resulted in productivity increasing by 24,000 percent (sic), i.e. that the same number of workers made 240 times as many pins as they had been producing before the introduction of labor division.


title: Business process

text: It is worth noting that Smith did not advocate labor division at any price and "per se". The appropriate level of task division was defined through experimental design of the production process. In contrast to Smith's view which was limited to the same functional domain and comprised activities that are in direct sequence in the manufacturing process, today's process concept includes cross-functionality as an important characteristic. Following his ideas, the division of labor was adopted widely, while the integration of tasks into a functional, or cross-functional, process was not considered as an alternative option until much later.


title: Business process

text: American engineer, Frederick Winslow Taylor greatly influenced and improved the quality of industrial processes in the early twentieth century. His Principles of Scientific Management focused on standardization of processes, systematic training and clearly defining the roles of management and employees. His methods were widely adopted in the United States, Russia and parts of Europe and led to further developments such as "time and motion study" and visual task optimization techniques, such as Gantt charts.


title: Business process

text: In the latter part of the twentieth century, management guru Peter Drucker focused much of his work on simplification and decentralization of processes, which led to the concept of outsourcing. He also coined the concept of the "knowledge worker – as differentiated from manual workers – and how knowledge management would become part of an entity's processes.


title: Business process

text: a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization, in contrast to a product focus's emphasis on what. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. ... Taking a process approach implies adopting the customer's point of view. Processes are the structure by which an organization does what is necessary to produce value for its customers.


title: Business process

text: This definition contains certain characteristics a process must possess. These characteristics are achieved by a focus on the business logic of the process (how work is done), instead of taking a product perspective (what is done). Following Davenport's definition of a process we can conclude that a process must have clearly defined boundaries, input and output, that it consists of smaller parts, activities, which are ordered in time and space, that there must be a receiver of the process outcome – a customer – and that the transformation taking place within the process must add customer value.


title: Business process

text: Hammer & Champy's (1993) definition can be considered as a subset of Davenport's. They define a process as:


title: Business process

text: a collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output that is of value to the customer.


title: Business process

text: As we can note, Hammer & Champy have a more transformation oriented perception, and put less emphasis on the structural component – process boundaries and the order of activities in time and space.


title: Business process

text: Rummler & Brache (1995) use a definition that clearly encompasses a focus on the organization's external customers, when stating that


title: Business process

text: a business process is a series of steps designed to produce a product or service. Most processes (...) are cross-functional, spanning the ‘white space' between the boxes on the organization chart. Some processes result in a product or service that is received by an organization's external customer. We call these primary processes. Other processes produce products that are invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective management of the business. We call these support processes.


title: Business process

text: The above definition distinguishes two types of processes, primary and support processes, depending on whether a process is directly involved in the creation of customer value, or concerned with the organization's internal activities. In this sense, Rummler and Brache's definition follows Porter's value chain model, which also builds on a division of primary and secondary activities. According to Rummler and Brache, a typical characteristic of a successful process-based organization is the absence of secondary activities in the primary value flow that is created in the customer oriented primary processes. The characteristic of processes as spanning the white space on the organization chart indicates that processes are embedded in some form of organizational structure. Also, a process can be cross-functional, i.e. it ranges over several business functions.


title: Business process

text: a set of linked activities that take an input and transform it to create an output. Ideally, the transformation that occurs in the process should add value to the input and create an output that is more useful and effective to the recipient either upstream or downstream.


title: Business process

text: This definition also emphasizes the constitution of links between activities and the transformation that takes place within the process. Johansson et al. also include the upstream part of the value chain as a possible recipient of the process output. Summarizing the four definitions above, we can compile the following list of characteristics for a business process:


title: Business process

text: Frequently, identifying a process owner, (i.e., the person responsible for the continuous improvement of the process) is considered as a prerequisite. Sometimes the process owner is the same person who is performing the process.


title: Business process

text: Workflow is the procedural movement of information, material, and tasks from one participant to another. Workflow includes the procedures, people and tools involved in each step of a business process. A single workflow may either be sequential, with each step contingent upon completion of the previous one, or parallel, with multiple steps occurring simultaneously. Multiple combinations of single workflows may be connected to achieve a resulting overall process.


title: Business process

text: Business process re-engineering (BPR) was originally conceptualized by Hammer and Davenport as a means to improve organizational effectiveness and productivity. It can involve starting from a "blank slate" and completely recreating major business processes, or involve comparing the "as-is" process and the "to-be" process and mapping the path for change from one to the other. Often BPR will involve the use of information technology to secure significant performance improvement. The term unfortunately became associated with corporate "downsizing" in the mid-1990s.


title: Business process

text: Though the term has been used contextually to mixed effect, "business process management" (BPM) can generally be defined as a discipline involving a combination of a wide variety of business activity flows (e.g., business process automation, modeling, and optimization) that strives to support the goals of an enterprise within and beyond multiple boundaries, involving many people, from employees to customers and external partners. A major part of BPM's enterprise support involves the continuous evaluation of existing processes and the identification of ways to improve upon it, resulting in a cycle of overall organizational improvement.


title: Business process

text: Knowledge management is the definition of the knowledge that employees and systems use to perform their functions and maintaining it in a format that can be accessed by others. The Duhon and the Gartner Group have defined it as "a discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise's information assets. These assets may include databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously un-captured expertise and experience in individual workers."


title: Business process

text: Customer Service is a key component to an effective business and business plan. Customer service in the 21st century is always evolving, and it is important to grow with your customer base. Not only does a social media presence matter, but also clear communication, clear expectation setting, speed, and accuracy. If the customer service provided by a business is not effective, it can be detrimental to the business success.


title: Business process

text: Total quality management (TQM) emerged in the early 1980s as organizations sought to improve the quality of their products and services. It was followed by the Six Sigma methodology in the mid-1980s, first introduced by Motorola. Six Sigma consists of statistical methods to improve business processes and thus reduce defects in outputs. The "lean approach" to quality management was introduced by the Toyota Motor Company in the 1990s and focused on customer needs and reduction of wastage.


title: Business process

text: Creating a strong brand presence through social media is an important component to running a successful business. Companies can market, gain consumer insights, and advertise through social media. "According to a Salesforce survey, 85% of consumers conduct research before they make a purchase online, and among the most used channels for research are websites (74%) and social media (38%). Consequently, businesses need to have an effective online strategy to increase brand awareness and grow." (Paun, 2020)


title: Business process

text: Customers engage and interact through social media and businesses who are effectively part of social media drive more successful businesses. The most common social media sites that are used for business are Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Businesses with the strongest brand recognition and consumer engagement build social presences on all these platforms.


title: Business process

text: Paun, Goran (2020). Building A Brand: Why A Strong Digital Presence Matters. Forbes. Sourced from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2020/07/02/building-a-brand-why-a-strong-digital-presence-matters/?sh=13cfa8747f02


title: Business process

text: Advances in information technology over the years, have changed business processes within and between business enterprises. In the 1960s, operating systems had limited functionality, and any workflow management systems that were in use were tailor-made for the specific organization. The 1970s-1980s saw the development of data-driven approaches, as data storage and retrieval technologies improved. Data modeling rather than process modeling was the starting point for building an information system. Business processes had to adapt to information technology because process modeling was neglected. The shift towards process-oriented management occurred in the 1990s. Enterprise resource planning software with workflow management components such as SAP, Baan, PeopleSoft, Oracle and JD Edwards emerged, as did business process management systems (BPMS) later.


title: Business process

text: The world of e-business created a need to automate business processes across organizations, which in turn raised the need for standardized protocols and web services composition languages that can be understood across the industry. The Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) and Business Motivation Model (BMM) are widely used standards for business modeling. The Business Modeling and Integration Domain Task Force (BMI DTF) is a consortium of vendors and user companies that continues to work together to develop standards and specifications to promote collaboration and integration of people, systems, processes and information within and across enterprises.


title: Business process

text: The most recent trends in BPM are influenced by the emergence of cloud technology, the prevalence of social media, mobile technology, and the development of analytical techniques. Cloud-based technologies allow companies to purchase resources quickly and as required independent of their location. Social media, websites and smart phones are the newest channels through which organizations reach and support their customers. The abundance of customer data collected through these channels as well as through call center interactions, emails, voice calls, and customer surveys has led to a huge growth in data analytics which in turn is utilized for performance management and improving the ways in which the company services its customers.


title: Business process

text: Business processes comprise a set of sequential sub-processes or tasks with alternative paths, depending on certain conditions as applicable, performed to achieve a given objective or produce given outputs. Each process has one or more needed inputs. The inputs and outputs may be received from, or sent to other business processes, other organizational units, or internal or external stakeholders.


title: Business process

text: Business processes are designed to be operated by one or more business functional units, and emphasize the importance of the "process chain" rather than the individual units.


title: Business process

text: Typically, some process tasks will be manual, while some will be computer-based, and these tasks may be sequenced in many ways. In other words, the data and information that are being handled through the process may pass through manual or computer tasks in any given order.


title: Business process

text: The above improvement areas are equally applicable to policies, processes, detailed procedures (sub-processes/tasks) and work instructions. There is a cascading effect of improvements made at a higher level on those made at a lower level.


title: Business process

text: For example, if a recommendation to replace a given policy with a better one is made with proper justification and accepted in principle by business process owners, then corresponding changes in the consequent processes and procedures will follow naturally in order to enable implementation of the policies.


title: Business process

text: Business processes must include up-to-date and accurate reports to ensure effective action. An example of this is the availability of purchase order status reports for supplier delivery follow-up as described in the section on effectiveness above. There are numerous examples of this in every possible business process.


title: Business process

text: Another example from production is the process of analysis of line rejections occurring on the shop floor. This process should include systematic periodical analysis of rejections by reason, and present the results in a suitable information report that pinpoints the major reasons, and trends in these reasons, for management to take corrective actions to control rejections and keep them within acceptable limits. Such a process of analysis and summarisation of line rejection events is clearly superior to a process which merely inquires into each individual rejection as it occurs.


title: Business process

text: Business process owners and operatives should realise that process improvement often occurs with introduction of appropriate transaction, operational, highlight, exception or M.I.S. reports, provided these are consciously used for day-to-day or periodical decision-making. With this understanding would hopefully come the willingness to invest time and other resources in business process improvement by introduction of useful and relevant reporting systems.


title: Business process

text: The span of control is the number of subordinates a supervisor manages within a structural organization. Introducing a business process concept has a considerable impact on the structural elements of the organization and thus also on the span of control.


title: Business process

text: Large organizations that are not organized as markets need to be organized in smaller units – departments – which can be defined according to different principles.


title: Business process

text: Information management, and the organization infrastructure strategies related to it, are a theoretical cornerstone of the business process concept, requiring "a framework for measuring the level of IT support for business processes."


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: Vinodhaya Sitham () is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language fantasy comedy drama film directed by Samuthirakani and produced by Abirami Media Works. The film stars Thambi Ramaiah and Samuthirakani. It was released on 13 October 2021 on ZEE5, and received critical acclaim.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: Parasuram is an assistant general manager in an MNC specialising in Electronics, in Chennai, with desire of retiring as general manager. He is a dominating individual who puts his own interests ahead of others, including that of his own family, comprising his wife Easwari, daughters Veena and Gayathri, and son Arun, who is working in the United States. Once while returning by road from Coimbatore, Parasuram meets with an accident and dies. When he wakes up, he finds himself in a strange dark place, where a gentleman approaches him and introduces himself as Time. Time informs Parasuram that his time at Earth is over.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: On hearing this, Parasuram begs him that his company and family depend on his work for everything. He asks Time to send him back so that he can put his family and company on a stabler condition, before leaving the world. Time agrees but gives him only three months time, based on secrecy about this agreement and on the condition that he is always with him. Thus, Parasuram survives the accident and returns home, with Time in tow.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: Over the course of the next three months, Parasuram faces many hurdles in his personal life, all witnessed by Time. He is bypassed in favour of Madhanagopal, a young IIM graduate for the post of General Manager, causing him to resign from his job in protest and leaves the office. Within minutes, he receives news that Easwari fell unconscious and was taken to hospital. There he finds Easwari has early stages of Parkinson's disease and is recommended to take her to US for further treatment. Time also make him realize that his savings will run out soon. Parasuram resumes his job. Parasuram's elder daughter Veena, for whom he was finalising an alliance with his best friend Krishnamoorthy's son, disagrees for the marriage. Before his eyes, she leaves home with her boyfriend.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: Within minutes, Arun returns home, and tells that he lost his job. Parasuram further finds out that Arun is in a live-in relationship with an Indian American girl named Andrea, who introduces herself as Mahalakshmi. Arun berates his father for always interfering in his life decisions and gives him an ultimatum: to either accept his love life or to expel him entirely. Due to Veena's decision, the next morning Parasuram fixes the marriage between Krishnamoorthy's son and his youngest daughter Gayathri, who accepts in order to save her father's reputation, despite wanting to study abroad.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: Weeks later, Parasuram is insulted in the board meeting, for being absent during a discussion. He rants about it to Time in a bar and is overheard by his MD. Parasuram's idea works and the company makes higher profit. The MD moves to become Chairman and Parasuram becomes the Managing Director, thus reaching higher than his ambition. He brings Easwari home and is shocked that Easwari is aware about Veena's and Arun's relationships and manages to convince Parasuram to accept them, which he does on realising (with Time's help) that Krishnamoorthy's son had a relationship with another woman, who was pregnant with their child, and he and Krishnamoorthy were forcing her to undergo an abortion. He then cancels Gayathri's wedding and allows her to study further. He carries out his responsibilities with humility and is no longer dominating as before. He also spends more time with his family and enjoys with them. He pays ahead in full for Gayathri's higher study in Switzerland.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: 10 days before the end of the three month period, Parasuram, realising that his death is near, pledges his organs. The same night Parasuram confesses that he had cheated two others in the past in the name of job and love, and completely regrets what he had done. Time reveals that Madhanagopal was the son of Venugopal, whom Parasuram cheated 30 years ago to get the job in an interview. Time says that Venugopal got the better life which was actually planned for Parasuram, and died happily. That was also one of the reason why Madhanagopal superseded him to being General manager.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: Time pinpoints that Parasuram ditched his poor lover Sathya 25 years ago, because he got a better offer of marrying Easwari who came with more money. Sathya attempted suicide, but survived, and progressed in life. She had moved ahead in life, reached higher places and is working as Governor of Meghalaya. Time makes a call to her so that Parasuram may apologise. But Satya cuts the call after hearing Parasuram's voice. Parasuram cries out that he thought everything was his accomplishment, while it was not solely because of his effort. Time realises that Parasuram's reformation is genuine and offers to accompany him to heaven, which he accepts wholeheartedly. While he walks with Time to heaven, it is shown in parallel that he has died in his sleep.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: During the credits, a politician comes across Time during a political rally. When the politician confronts Time for wearing a black shirt when all others are wearing white, Time informs him that his time is over. The screen then cuts to black.


title: Vinodhaya Sitham

text: "Sify" gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Vinodhaya Sitham is a neat feel-good fantasy drama that is worth a watch!". "Cinema Express" gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Through Vinodhaya Sitham, Samuthirakani and Co tell us that although there is very little we can do, it shouldn’t stop us from being... well, nice people. As Albus Dumbledore says in "Harry Potter", 'For the well-organised mind, death is but the next great adventure.' Did I ever think I’d be using a Harry Potter quote to sum up a Samuthirakani film? Well... that’s one Vinodhaya Sitham indeed." "Behindwoods" gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Vinodhaya Sitham engages well to an extent, and can be watched for the unique message it carries." Suganth of "The Times of India" gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Thambi Ramaiah anchors [the film] with a performance that is affecting at times and over-the-top often, but he manages to make us care about Parasuraman's fate. The supporting cast does what is expected of them, but the treatment of this material feels more TV serial-ish. The insistent background score, by C Sathya, which tries to feed us every emotion rather than make us experience them on our own, only fuels this feeling further."


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Knox County is located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 478,971, making it the third-most populous county in Tennessee. Its county seat is Knoxville, which is the third-most populous city in Tennessee. Knox County is included in the Knoxville metropolitan area. The county is located at the geographical center of the Great Valley of East Tennessee. Near the heart of the county is the origin of the Tennessee River, at the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Knox County was created after the American Revolutionary War on June 11, 1792, by Governor William Blount from parts of Greene and Hawkins counties. It was one of the few counties created when this area was still known as the Southwest Territory. It is one of nine United States counties named for American Revolutionary War general Henry Knox, who was appointed as the first United States Secretary of War. As population increased, parts of Knox County were taken out to form Blount (1795), Anderson (1801), Roane (1801), and Union (1850) counties.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: In 1783, James White and Francis Alexander Ramsey led an expedition to explore the Upper Tennessee Valley, now within the boundaries of Knox County. White moved to what is now the Riverdale community in the eastern part of the county in 1785, and the following year constructed a fort a few miles to the west. A community developed around the fortified trading post, ultimately becoming the city of Knoxville. Governor Blount designated the fort as the capital of the Southwest Territory in 1790, and gave the new town the name "Knoxville" after his superior, Henry Knox.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Blount began construction of his house, Blount Mansion, in the early 1790s. This is one of a number of late eighteenth-century structures that have been preserved in the county. The house still stands in downtown Knoxville. The Alexander McMillan House, built in the mid-1780s by Alexander McMillan (1749–1837), still stands in eastern Knox County. The Alexander Bishop House, built by Stockley Donelson in 1793, and a log house built in the same year by Nicholas Gibbs both still stand in the northern part of the county. Campbell's Station, a fort and stagecoach stop located in what is now Farragut, was built by Captain David Campbell (1753–1832) in 1787. John Sevier established a plantation, known as Marble Springs, in the southern part of the county in the 1790s. He was active in leading raids against the Cherokee people, who for years resisted with force American settlement in their territory.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Important railroad lines passed through Knox County, making it a strategic area both for Union and for Confederate forces throughout the Civil War. Since the mountainous terrain of East Tennessee was mostly unsuitable for plantation crops such as cotton, slavery was not as prevalent as it was in Middle and West Tennessee. The US 1860 census of Knox County showed a population of 20,020 white citizens and 2,370 enslaved African Americans. The lack of slavery combined with the vestiges of a once-strong abolitionist movement were two reasons most residents of Knox County, along with much of East Tennessee, were pro-Union. In February 1861, 89% of Knox Countians voted for the pro-Union ballot in a statewide referendum on secession. On June 8, 1861, the county voted against Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession by a margin of 3,108 to 1,226.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Prior to secession, Unionists from Knox County collaborated with other East Tennessee Unionists in an attempt to secede from Tennessee itself and remain part of the Union. Oliver Perry Temple, a Knoxville lawyer, was named to a three-man commission to appear before the General Assembly in Nashville and request East Tennessee and pro-Union Middle Tennessee counties be allowed to secede from the state. The attempt failed. After the second state referendum for secession passed in 1861, Knox County and the rest of Tennessee joined the Confederacy.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Knox County remained under Confederate control until September 3, 1863, when General Ambrose Burnside and the Union army marched into Knoxville unopposed. Parts of Middle Tennessee had been occupied by Union troops since 1862.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: With the success of Burnside's troops in the Knoxville Campaign, and especially during the decisive Battle of Fort Sanders, Knox County remained under Union control for the duration of the Civil War.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Knox County was an important venue for the quarrying and finishing of Tennessee marble, a type of limestone used in monument construction across the United States and Canada. Eleven quarries were operating in Knox County in 1882, and within ten years that number had doubled. Notable quarries in Knox included the Bond Quarry in Concord, an Evans Company quarry near Forks-of-the-River, and the Ross-Republic quarries near Island Home Park in South Knoxville. Finishing centers were located in Lonsdale and at the Candoro Marble Works in South Knoxville.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (3.4%) is water. The county lies amidst the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, which are characterized by long, narrow ridges, oriented northeast-to-southwest, alternating with similarly shaped valleys. Notable ridges in the county include Bays Mountain, McAnnally Ridge, Beaver Ridge, Sharp's Ridge and Copper Ridge. House Mountain, at , is the county's highest point, and is the focus of a state natural area.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The Holston and French Broad rivers join to form the Tennessee River in the eastern part of the county, an area known as "Forks-of-the-River." This section of the river is part of Fort Loudoun Lake, which is created by Fort Loudoun Dam on the river several miles downstream in Lenoir City.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Cherokee Caverns is 14 miles west of Knoxville and can be accessed by Highway 62. It was discovered in 1854 by Robert Crudgington, who noticed fog emerging between rocks on his farm. He dug the entrance open and explored the cave. His daughter Margaret Crudgington opened the cave to the public in 1929 under the name Gentrys Cave; the next year she changed the name to Grand Caverns.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The cave has been open to the public, sporadically, ever since, under a variety of names. It is currently called Cherokee Caverns, referring to the historic tribe who occupied this area at the time of European encounter.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Indian artifacts located in the cave indicate that another entrance to the cave existed at some time in the past.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 382,032 people, 157,872 households, and 100,722 families residing in the county. The population density was 751 people per square mile (290/km). There were 171,439 housing units at an average density of 337 per square mile (130/km). The racial makeup of the county was 88.10% White, 8.63% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.29% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. 1.26% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: There were 157,872 households, out of which 28.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.80% were married couples living together, 10.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.20% were non-families. 29.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.92.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.30% under the age of 18, 11.60% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 23.10% from 45 to 64, and 12.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.10 males.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The median income for a household in the county was $37,454, and the median income for a family was $49,182. Males had a median income of $35,755 versus $25,140 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,875. About 8.40% of families and 12.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.50% of those under age 18 and 9.70% of those age 65 or over.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 432,226 people, 177,249 households, and 110,757 families residing in the county. The population density was 821.72 persons per square mile. The average housing unit density was 348.92 units per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 86.78% White, 8.8% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 1.87% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, and 1.91% multiracial. Hispanics and/or Latinos (of any race) were 3.47% of the population.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Out of all the households, 29.68% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 47.04% were family households, 3.95% had a male householder with no wife present, 11.49% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.51% were non families. 29.65% of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 9.14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.95.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: 21.86% of the population was under the age of 18, 65.07% from ages 18 to 64, and 13.05% aged 65 and older. The median age was 37.2 years. 51.39% of the population was female, and 48.61% was male.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The median household income was estimated to be $52,458, and the per capita income was estimated to be $30,541. Approximately 13.5% of the population was below the poverty line.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 478,971 people, 191,925 households, and 118,160 families residing in the county.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Like most counties in heavily Unionist East Tennessee, Knox County has historically been strongly Republican. Although it is somewhat conservative for an urban county, it is slightly less Republican than the rest of East Tennessee. This is largely due to the influence of Knoxville, which has elected Democratic mayors and regularly sends Democrats to the state legislature. However, the suburban and rural areas are among the most Republican areas of Tennessee and the South.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Presidentially, Franklin Roosevelt carried the county in three of his four presidential elections, while several nearby counties are among the only counties in the nation to have never supported a Democratic candidate for president in their entire existence. Nevertheless, Democratic candidates have crossed the 40-percent mark only seven times since Roosevelt's death. In 1964, it was nearly swept up in Lyndon Johnson's national landslide; Johnson lost the county by only 334 votes. Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 are the only Democrats since then to come reasonably close to carrying the county, losing it by single-digit margins; in Clinton's case with Tennessean Al Gore on the ticket. Gore lost the county by 17 points in 2000 during his own bid for president, but still managed 40 percent. The Democrats would not cross the 40 percent threshold again until 2020, when Joe Biden received over 41 percent of the county's vote.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The government of Knox County, Tennessee operates under a home rule format. The county administrator, formerly known as the County Executive, is called the County Mayor. There is also an elected county commission, which consists of 11 members. Knox County is divided into nine commission districts, with one commissioner elected from each district. Two commissioners are elected countywide and serve as at-large representatives. The county commissioners' districts do not correspond with those of the city of Knoxville, which has its own mayor and city council. Residents of the county living within Knoxville city limits vote both in city and in county elections, are represented by city and county mayors, and pay city and county taxes. While the administration appears to be duplicated, services tend to be separated. Knox County runs the local school and library systems. Knoxville maintains a police department independent of the county sheriff. The property assessor's office, tax offices, and the Metropolitan Planning Commission are combined between the city and county governments. All Knox County elections are conducted on a partisan basis.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The county mayor is the head of the executive branch of Knox County Government. The current county mayor is Glenn Jacobs, better known by his WWE identity of Kane. According to the county's charter, the mayor is the chief financial officer of the county, which includes developing the county's annual budget, approving county contracts, etc. Other responsibilities of the county mayor's office include maintaining county roads, highways and bridges, codes enforcement and operating the county's health department and library system.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The mayor has the authority to veto resolutions and ordinances passed by the Knox County Commission. A majority-plus-one vote is required to override a mayoral veto, unless the vetoed legislation was required to have a two-thirds vote for original passage. In such cases, a two-thirds vote of the commission is required to override the veto.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The Knox County Board of Commissioners is the legislative body of Knox County and consists of 11 members: nine elected at the district level and two elected countywide to serve at-large. Commissioners meet multiple times each month, with their primary business meetings being a monthly work session and a monthly voting meeting. During the work session, commissioners generally debate items on the monthly agenda and take a non-binding vote on each item in advance of the more formal voting meeting, which is generally held the following week.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The Board of Commissioners approves resolutions, ordinances, honorariums, road names, as well as most county contracts and large expenditures. Resolutions require a single vote for passage, while ordinances require two votes, or "two readings". The County Commission also serves as the appropriating body of the county and must approve an annual budgetpresented by the mayorwhich includes funding for the various county departments, including the Knox County Schools. The body also sets the property tax rate for the county.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: The Knox County Sheriff serves as the top law enforcement office of the county, and is elected countywide. The sheriff is responsible for overseeing the county jail, providing courtroom officers, serving warrants and providing general law enforcement functions, such as patrol and criminal investigation.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: On February 11, 2017, Brandon Lambert was wanted on multiple warrants for property crimes. Sheriffs Deputies shot him to death in a Turkey Creek parking lot after, allegedly, his vehicle moved towards them. He was unarmed. There is no video of the shooting or the alleged movement of the vehicle. Knoxville Police Department investigated the incident and cleared all deputies.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: On July 27, 2019, Johnathan Binkley, age 35, died after being hogtied face down for four minutes. At least seven law enforcement officers were present at the time of death. Binkley was pronounced dead within an hour of being stopped. Binley's mother sued the Sheriff's department. The wrongful death suit was settle for $750,000 in March 2021.


title: Knox County, Tennessee

text: Knoxville Area Transit provides city bus service, while McGhee Tyson Airport features a variety of regional flights to Midwestern and Southern cities.


title: Elastic collision

text: In physics, an elastic collision is an encounter (collision) between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies remains the same. In an ideal, perfectly elastic collision, there is no net conversion of kinetic energy into other forms such as heat, noise, or potential energy.


title: Elastic collision

text: During the collision of small objects, kinetic energy is first converted to potential energy associated with a repulsive or attractive force between the particles (when the particles move against this force, i.e. the angle between the force and the relative velocity is obtuse), then this potential energy is converted back to kinetic energy (when the particles move with this force, i.e. the angle between the force and the relative velocity is acute).


title: Elastic collision

text: A useful special case of elastic collision is when the two bodies have equal mass, in which case they will simply exchange their momenta.


title: Elastic collision

text: The "molecules"—as distinct from atoms—of a gas or liquid rarely experience perfectly elastic collisions because kinetic energy is exchanged between the molecules’ translational motion and their internal degrees of freedom with each collision. At any instant, half the collisions are, to a varying extent, "inelastic collisions" (the pair possesses less kinetic energy in their translational motions after the collision than before), and half could be described as “super-elastic” (possessing "more" kinetic energy after the collision than before). Averaged across the entire sample, molecular collisions can be regarded as essentially elastic as long as Planck's law forbids energy from being carried away by black-body photons.


title: Elastic collision

text: In the case of macroscopic bodies, perfectly elastic collisions are an ideal never fully realized, but approximated by the interactions of objects such as billiard balls.


title: Elastic collision

text: When considering energies, possible rotational energy before and/or after a collision may also play a role.


title: Elastic collision

text: In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. Consider particles 1 and 2 with masses "m", "m", and velocities "u", "u" before collision, "v", "v" after collision. The conservation of the total momentum before and after the collision is expressed by:


title: Elastic collision

text: As can be expected, the solution is invariant under adding a constant to all velocities (Galilean relativity), which is like using a frame of reference with constant translational velocity. Indeed, to derive the equations, one may first change the frame of reference so that one of the known velocities is zero, determine the unknown velocities in the new frame of reference, and convert back to the original frame of reference.


title: Elastic collision

text: In the limiting case where formula_9 is much larger than formula_10, such as a ping-pong paddle hitting a ping-pong ball or an SUV hitting a trash can, the heavier mass hardly changes velocity, while the lighter mass bounces off, reversing its velocity plus approximately twice that of the heavy one.


title: Elastic collision

text: In the case of a large formula_11, the value of formula_12 is small if the masses are approximately the same: hitting a much lighter particle does not change the velocity much, hitting a much heavier particle causes the fast particle to bounce back with high speed. This is why a neutron moderator (a medium which slows down fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a chain reaction) is a material full of atoms with light nuclei which do not easily absorb neutrons: the lightest nuclei have about the same mass as a neutron.


title: Elastic collision

text: Dividing each side of the top equation by each side of the bottom equation, and using formula_16, gives:


title: Elastic collision

text: That is, the relative velocity of one particle with respect to the other is reversed by the collision.


title: Elastic collision

text: Now the above formulas follow from solving a system of linear equations for formula_3, regarding formula_19 as constants:


title: Elastic collision

text: With respect to the center of mass, both velocities are reversed by the collision: a heavy particle moves slowly toward the center of mass, and bounces back with the same low speed, and a light particle moves fast toward the center of mass, and bounces back with the same high speed.


title: Elastic collision

text: The velocity of the center of mass does not change by the collision. To see this, consider the center of mass at time formula_23 before collision and time formula_24 after collision:


title: Elastic collision

text: The numerators of formula_29 and formula_30 are the total momenta before and after collision. Since momentum is conserved, we have formula_31.


title: Elastic collision

text: where "p" denotes momentum of any particle with mass, "v" denotes velocity, and "c" is the speed of light.


title: Elastic collision

text: Here formula_38represent the rest masses of the two colliding bodies, formula_39represent their velocities before collision, formula_40their velocities after collision, formula_41their momenta, formula_42 is the speed of light in vacuum, and formula_43 denotes the total energy, the sum of rest masses and kinetic energies of the two bodies.


title: Elastic collision

text: Since the total energy and momentum of the system are conserved and their rest masses do not change, it is shown that the momentum of the colliding body is decided by the rest masses of the colliding bodies, total energy and the total momentum. Relative to the center of momentum frame, the momentum of each colliding body does not change magnitude after collision, but reverses its direction of movement.


title: Elastic collision

text: Comparing with classical mechanics, which gives accurate results dealing with macroscopic objects moving much slower than the speed of light, total momentum of the two colliding bodies is frame-dependent. In the center of momentum frame, according to classical mechanics,


title: Elastic collision

text: One of the postulates in Special Relativity states that the laws of physics, such as conservation of momentum, should be invariant in all inertial frames of reference. In a general inertial frame where the total momentum could be arbitrary,


title: Elastic collision

text: We can look at the two moving bodies as one system of which the total momentum is formula_55, the total energy is formula_43 and its velocity formula_57 is the velocity of its center of mass. Relative to the center of momentum frame the total momentum equals zero. It can be shown that formula_57 is given by:


title: Elastic collision

text: Now the velocities before the collision in the center of momentum frame formula_60 and formula_61 are:


title: Elastic collision

text: Therefore, the classical calculation holds true when the speed of both colliding bodies is much lower than the speed of light (~300 million m/s).


title: Elastic collision

text: Equations sum of energy and momentum colliding masses formula_9 and formula_10, (velocities formula_21, formula_22, formula_97, formula_98 correspond to the velocity parameters formula_99, formula_100, formula_101, formula_102), after dividing by adequate power formula_103 are as follows:


title: Elastic collision

text: subtract squares both sides equations "momentum" from "energy" and use the identity formula_107, after simplicity we get:


title: Elastic collision

text: from the last equation, leading to a non-trivial solution, we solve formula_113 and substitute into the dependent equation, we obtain formula_114 and then formula_115, we have:


title: Elastic collision

text: It is a solution to the problem, but expressed by the parameters of velocity. Return substitution to get the solution for velocities is:


title: Elastic collision

text: For the case of two non-spinning colliding bodies in two dimensions, the motion of the bodies is determined by the three conservation laws of momentum, kinetic energy and angular momentum. The overall velocity of each body must be split into two perpendicular velocities: one tangent to the common normal surfaces of the colliding bodies at the point of contact, the other along the line of collision. Since the collision only imparts force along the line of collision, the velocities that are tangent to the point of collision do not change. The velocities along the line of collision can then be used in the same equations as a one-dimensional collision. The final velocities can then be calculated from the two new component velocities and will depend on the point of collision. Studies of two-dimensional collisions are conducted for many bodies in the framework of a two-dimensional gas.


title: Elastic collision

text: In a center of momentum frame at any time the velocities of the two bodies are in opposite directions, with magnitudes inversely proportional to the masses. In an elastic collision these magnitudes do not change. The directions may change depending on the shapes of the bodies and the point of impact. For example, in the case of spheres the angle depends on the distance between the (parallel) paths of the centers of the two bodies. Any non-zero change of direction is possible: if this distance is zero the velocities are reversed in the collision; if it is close to the sum of the radii of the spheres the two bodies are only slightly deflected.


title: Elastic collision

text: Assuming that the second particle is at rest before the collision, the angles of deflection of the two particles, formula_125 and formula_126, are related to the angle of deflection formula_127 in the system of the center of mass by


title: Elastic collision

text: where "v" and "v" are the scalar sizes of the two original speeds of the objects, "m" and "m" are their masses, "θ" and "θ" are their movement angles, that is, formula_131 (meaning moving directly down to the right is either a −45° angle, or a 315°angle), and lowercase phi ("φ") is the contact angle. (To get the x and y velocities of the second ball, one needs to swap all the '1' subscripts with '2' subscripts.)


title: Elastic collision

text: This equation is derived from the fact that the interaction between the two bodies is easily calculated along the contact angle, meaning the velocities of the objects can be calculated in one dimension by rotating the x and y axis to be parallel with the contact angle of the objects, and then rotated back to the original orientation to get the true x and y components of the velocities


title: Elastic collision

text: In an angle-free representation, the changed velocities are computed using the centers x and x at the time of contact as


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: Maximiliano "Maxi" Rubén Rodríguez (; born 2 January 1981) is an Argentine former footballer. Nicknamed "La Fiera" ("The Beast" in English), he was commonly used as a winger on both flanks but could also operate as an attacking midfielder.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: Rodríguez arrived in Spain in his early 20s, and went on to spend the bulk of his professional career there, playing for Espanyol and Atlético Madrid and amassing La Liga totals of 232 matches and 58 goals over eight seasons. He also spent two years with Liverpool in England, and began and ended his career at Newell's Old Boys.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: An Argentine international for 11 years, Rodríguez represented the country in three World Cups, finishing second in 2014.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: Born in Rosario, Santa Fe, Rodríguez came through the youth set-up at Newell's Old Boys in the Primera División. He played with the club for three seasons, before moving to Spain.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: In 2002, Rodríguez moved to La Liga to join RCD Espanyol, his league debut coming on 2 September in a 0–2 loss against Real Madrid. He played 37 matches in every campaign with the Catalans, scoring 15 goals during his last.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: At the start of the 2005–06 season, Rodríguez moved to Atlético Madrid for a transfer fee of €5 million, where he continued to post consistent numbers. In his second year he suffered, alongside teammate (and winger) Martin Petrov, a serious knee injury (anterior cruciate ligament), which limited him to only ten appearances.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: On 10 November 2009, Rodríguez put four goals past UD Marbella in the Copa del Rey round-of-32 second leg, in an eventual 6–0 home win (8–0 aggregate). After the 2007 departure of Fernando Torres to Liverpool, he was selected as the new club captain; he took no part in the "Colchoneros"' 2009–10 UEFA Europa League campaign, which ended in conquest.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: On 13 January 2010, Rodríguez completed a free transfer to Liverpool, signing a three-and-a-half-year deal; after securing his signature, Rafael Benítez described him as "comfortable on the ball, can pass and keep possession. He is good at getting into the box and scoring goals and a good finisher", and the player was given the number 17 shirt, making his debut for the club as a second-half substitute in a Premier League match against Stoke City on the 16th. His first full start came a week and a half later, in a 0–0 away draw to Wolverhampton Wanderers.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: Rodríguez picked up two league assists in his first games, both of which were for former Atlético teammate Torres. He scored his first competitive goal in a 4–0 win over Burnley at Turf Moor on 25 April 2010, playing the full 90 minutes.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: 2010–11 was a good individual season for Rodríguez, who netted ten league goals for the team, including hat-tricks against Birmingham City (5–0 home victory) and Fulham (5–2 at Craven Cottage). In the latter match, he scored twice in the opening seven minutes – the first being just after 32 seconds – and completed his exhibition with a 25-yard strike.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: On 8 July 2011, Rodríguez switched his jersey number to 11, and he scored two goals in a pre-season friendly with Malaysia shortly after, which finished with a 6–3 win. On 24 August, he was given his first start of the season in a League Cup tie against Exeter City, and netted the second in an eventual 3–1 away victory.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: On 20 November 2011, Rodríguez scored against Chelsea following a build-up with teammate Craig Bellamy, with Liverpool winning it 2–1 at Stamford Bridge. Nine days later, against the same opponent, in the same venue and again with the decisive pass being made by the Welshman, he found the net in a 2–0 League Cup win, and his team went on to win the latter competition.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: On 26 December 2011, Rodríguez scored just his second league goal of the season in a 1–1 draw at Anfield against Blackburn Rovers. He netted his last two on 10 April 2012, for a 3–2 away defeat of the same adversary.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: On 13 July 2012, after 73 official games and 17 goals scored, Rodríguez left Liverpool and returned to his first professional club Newell's Old Boys. He wrote an open letter to the Reds fans before his departure, thanking them for their support in his two-and-a-half-year stint.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: Rodríguez played his first match for the club since leaving on 5 August 2012, in a 0–0 draw against Club Atlético Independiente. According to him, football in his country was now "worse than ten years ago". In June 2013, he helped the team win the Torneo Final, being awarded the "Alumni" by directors and former directors of Argentinian football late in the year.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: In July 2017, the 36-year-old Rodríguez moved to Uruguayan club Peñarol. After winning the league in both of his seasons in Montevideo, he returned to Newell's on an 18-month contract in the last days of 2018.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: On 27 November 2021, Rodríguez confirmed his retirement at the age of 40, having been substituted to a standing ovation at home to Club Atlético Banfield in his final match. The following January, however, he joined Hughes Foot Ball Club in the Liga Venadense de Fútbol (a regional football league in Santa Fe Province) along with his childhood friend and Newell's teammate Ignacio Scocco, president of said club.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: Rodríguez won the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship with the Argentine under-20s on home soil, scoring four goals in seven matches including the first and last for the eventual winners. He made his full side debut in a friendly match against Japan on 8 June 2003, in which he also found the net.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: After being part of the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup squad, Rodríguez was called for the 2006 FIFA World Cup by national boss José Pékerman and, on 16 June, he scored twice in Argentina's 6–0 victory over Serbia and Montenegro in the group stage. In the round of 16, he scored the winning goal against Mexico in a 2–1 extra time victory: he controlled a cross-field pass from Juan Pablo Sorín with his chest before volleying it into the top corner of Oswaldo Sánchez's net from outside the penalty area with his left foot, in the 98th minute; in an unofficial online poll by FIFA, it was voted the best goal of the tournament.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: After Argentina lost the quarter-final game against Germany on 30 June 2006, Rodríguez punched opponent Bastian Schweinsteiger in the back. FIFA fined him CHF5,000 and suspended him from two matches in the 2007 Copa América for violent conduct. However, after a serious knee injury in a friendly with Spain in October 2006, he missed the continental competition as national team manager Alfio Basile, whom initially intended to select the player, eventually rested him for precaution.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: Rodríguez scored in Diego Maradona's first game in charge of Argentina, a 1–0 friendly win in Scotland. On 19 May 2010 he was named in the squad of 23 for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and, in the last home game before the finals five days later, scored twice against Canada, netting from a free kick from a sharp angle and after receiving a pass from Carlos Tevez in an eventual 5–0 rout.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: In June 2014, Rodríguez made Argentina's list for the 2014 World Cup. He started in his side's opening game, a 2–1 defeat of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Estádio do Maracanã, playing the first half before being substituted for Gonzalo Higuaín at half-time. He was only fielded again in the semi-finals against the Netherlands, converting the decisive penalty shootout attempt (0–0 after 120 minutes) to send his country to the final for the first time in 24 years.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: Rodríguez is the cousin of fellow footballers Alexis Rodríguez and Denis Rodríguez. All three played for Newell's at the same time.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

text: In 2009, Rodríguez appeared in a music video for Coti, starring alongside Atlético teammate Diego Forlán.


title: Eric Schweig

text: Eric Schweig (born Ray Dean Thrasher; 19 June 1967) is an Indigenous Canadian actor best known for his role as Chingachgook's son Uncas in "The Last of the Mohicans" (1992).


title: Eric Schweig

text: Schweig was born in Inuvik, Northwest Territories. He is of mixed race (Inuvialuk, Chippewa-Dene and German). He is the oldest of seven children, who were all adopted out as part of the Canadian government's failed attempt at forcing Inuit and First Nations children to assimilate into white society. Schweig's biological mother died of alcoholism in 1989. He never met her. "She didn’t drink a drop of alcohol until we were taken away," says Schweig. "We were part of the whole assimilation program—forcibly taken away, although my adoptive parents told me I wasn't." Schweig was adopted at six months of age by an English-speaking German-French family. He spent his childhood in Inuvik until he was six, when his family moved to Bermuda. They later moved back to Canada.


title: Eric Schweig

text: "I eventually grew tired of living in a prison without walls and ran away when I was 16. What transpired between then and now has been a roller coaster of alcohol, drugs, violence, failed relationships, despair and confusion. Who am I? Where do I come from? Where is my family? Where do I belong? When life's mystery has been shattered by strangers watching over you, a lot of these questions are lost."


title: Eric Schweig

text: Schweig ran away to Toronto, Ontario, where he supported himself by framing houses. In 1985, he was part of the cast of "The Cradle Will Fall", an experimental adaptation of Frank Wedekind's "Spring Awakening" produced by Theatre of Change at the Actor's Lab; this was his first experience as an actor. In 1987, at twenty years old, he was approached by a producer who suggested he audition for a role in the movie called "The Shaman's Source" (1990). With little formal education or experience he won the role. The film launched his career in the film industry.


title: Eric Schweig

text: Schweig's numerous screen credits (over thirty) include his portrayal of Uncas in the epic motion picture "The Last of the Mohicans" (1992) and Pike Dexter in the movie "Big Eden" (2000), for which he won the Grand Jury Prize at the Outfest film festival. In 1992, he was cast as Black Thunder in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation mini-series "By Way of the Stars". Among his period film credits since "The Last of the Mohicans", Eric became the famous Mohawk leader Joseph Brant/Thayendanegea for TNT's telefilm "The Broken Chain" (1993), playing for the first time the main character in a movie (Schweig appeared with Wes Studi again for this motion picture). It was shot primarily in North Carolina. He starred in Disney's "The Scarlet Letter" and "Tom and Huck" with Amy Wright in 1995. In 1996 he appeared as a Comanche protagonist, Buffalo Hump, in the Larry McMurtry miniseries Dead Man's Walk. More recently, he played the lead role in films addressing more contemporary issues facing aboriginal and Native American people: "Skins" (2002), "Cowboys and Indians: The J.J. Harper Story" (2003) and "One Dead Indian" (2006).


title: Eric Schweig

text: During the 1990s, Schweig began carving masks as a natural extension of his artistic expression. Since his childhood, Eric found he was emotionally pre-disposed to carving small objects out of wood (figures, kayak, etc.). Under the tutelage of artist Vern Etzerza, he studied traditional Pacific Coast before directing his talent specifically towards custom and traditional Inuit Spirit Masks, in collaboration with master carver Art Thompson. His collection of masks are not only successful attempts to reconnect with his heritage and with Inuit art, but his carvings are also necessary labours of psychological resilience facing a traumatized childhood. As a disastrous consequence of this uprooting and abuse, Schweig struggled for many years with alcohol abuse. He has stated that "Big Eden" (2000) was the first movie in which he was entirely sober. His fame as an actor gives him the opportunity to share his life's experience in numerous speaking engagements in Canada and the United States of America. He is able to make large audiences aware of aboriginal issues, including adoption, the foster care system, addictions, and suicide. He currently resides in Vancouver BC working at Vancouver Native Health's "Positive Outlook" program where residents of the city's downtown eastside who are HIV positive can gain access to health care, hot meals, and social programming to maintain community connections.


title: Eric Schweig

text: In 2017, Eric adopted two foster siblings. When asked about the transition to fostering, Eric said, "I went from 30 years of bachelorhood to Mr. Mom overnight. Everything changed, I went from only having to consider myself for every decision to centering everything on my foster kids. It was a real 180". Eric now lives in Vancouver with his son and daughter.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Redstone Arsenal (RSA) is a United States Army post and a census-designated place (CDP) adjacent to Huntsville in Madison County, Alabama, United States and is part of the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. The Arsenal is a garrison for various tenants across the Department of Defense, Department of Justice, and NASA. RSA has benefited from decisions by the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The Redstone Arsenal CDP had a residential population of 837 as of the 2020 census. The base contains a government and contractor workforce that averages 36,000 to 40,000 personnel daily.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Established during World War II as a chemical manufacturing facility, in the immediate post-war era the Arsenal was used for research and development by German weapons rocket scientists who were brought to the U.S. as part of Operation Paperclip. The team first worked on ballistic missiles, starting with V-2 rocket derivatives, before moving on to a series of ever larger designs. Many of their tests were carried out at White Sands Missile Range and flights between the two locations were common. In late 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the US Air Force.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Cold War had moved to space, and the US intended to compete with the Soviet Union there as well as across the globe. The Arsenal served as the primary site for space launch vehicle design into the 1960s.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Redstone Arsenal is located at . According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Redstone CDP has a total area of , all land. Redstone Arsenal contains extensive wetland areas associated with the Tennessee River and several local springs, much of which is maintained by the Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: A total of 651 prehistoric archaeological sites were archived at Redstone Arsenal to date. At least 22 have components dating to the Paleo-Indian period (9200 to 8000 BC). The Paleo-Indian projectile point called the Redstone Point was named after Redstone Arsenal where it was first identified.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Euroamerican settlers began to establish homesteads on the land that is now Redstone Arsenal by the first decade of the 19th century. Prior to the Civil War, the landscape was dominated by several large plantations, the remains of which survive as archaeological sites. The land played a peripheral role during the Civil War with activity limited to the posting of pickets along the Tennessee River bank. Following the war, many of the large plantations were increasingly divided into smaller parcels owned by small farmers, who included former slaves and their descendants. By the start of the 20th century, many of the farms were owned by absentee owners, with the land being worked by tenants and sharecroppers. The remains of hundreds of tenant and sharecropper houses still dot the landscape around the installation.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, the approximately area of rolling terrain, which contained some of the richest agricultural land in Madison County, included such small farming communities as Spring Hill, Pond Beat, Mullins Flat, and Union Hill. Although there was no electricity, indoor plumbing, or telephones, few roads, and fewer cars or tractors, the people who lived in the area that one former resident recalled as being "nearly out of the world" prospered enough to support their own stores, mills, shops, gins, churches, and schools. A total of 46 historic cemeteries including slave cemeteries, plantation family cemeteries, and late 19th to early 20th century community cemeteries are maintained on the installation as Redstone Arsenal cemeteries.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: As part of the mobilization leading to U.S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in Edgewood, Maryland. It was announced by the War Department on July 3, 1941. Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants and sharecroppers. Most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department. A land-use agreement was arranged with the Tennessee Valley Authority for the Army to use about of land along the Tennessee River.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The military installation was originally composed of three separate entities: the Huntsville Arsenal and the Huntsville Depot (later the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot), which were operated under the auspices of the Chemical Warfare Service; and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, operated by the United States Army Ordnance Department. The name "Redstone" drew on the region's red rocks and soil.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: In its early years, the arsenal produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as phosgene, Lewisite, and mustard gas. The use of toxic gases in warfare was banned under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, but the U.S. signed with the reservation that it be allowed to use chemical weapons against aggressors who used them. The facility also produced carbonyl iron powder (for radio and radar tuning), tear gas, and smoke and incendiary devices. The arsenal also produced small pyrotechnic devices including small solid-fuel rockets during the war. In recognition of its production record, the arsenal received the Army-Navy "E" Award four times, the first on 31 October 1942. The ordnance plant was renamed Redstone Arsenal in 1943. Through the war years, more than 27,000,000 items of chemical munitions were produced and 45,200,000 ammunition shells were loaded. Redstone Army Airfield was established in 1943 for the 6th Army Air Force to test incendiary devices in preparation for the firebombing of Japanese cities.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Three days after the announcement of the Japanese surrender, production facilities at the installation were put on standby. After the war, Huntsville Arsenal was briefly used as the primary storage facility for the Chemical Warfare Service, and for manufacture of gas masks and dismantling of surplus incendiary bombs. Most of the wartime civilian workforce was furloughed, dropping to 600 from a wartime high of around 4,400. Much of the arsenal land was leased for agriculture, and many of the buildings were leased for local industry. By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Major political and commercial efforts were made in searching for government or business tenants for the space. In early 1948, several buildings of Huntsville Arsenal were leased by the newly formed Keller Motors Corporation with the intention of establishing a major automobile manufacturing complex. Only 18 Keller prototype vehicles were built before the firm's president and primary organizer, George Keller, suddenly died and the operation folded.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The Army Air Forces was searching for a site to establish a major air development center and considered Huntsville Arsenal. In 1949, a competing site near Tullahoma, Tennessee was selected. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army then directed that Huntsville Arsenal be advertised for sale by 1 July 1949. The proposed sale never happened, because the Army found it needed the land for the new mission of developing and testing rocket systems. Thiokol Corporation moved operations to Redstone Arsenal from Maryland in the summer of 1949 to research and develop rocket propellants, while Rohm and Haas began work on rockets and jet propulsion. On 30 June 1949, Huntsville Arsenal was deactivated and consolidated with the other two entities to become Redstone Arsenal. Command responsibilities were assumed by Redstone.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: At the close of World War II, a number of key German scientists and engineers were brought to the United States under Operation Paperclip. Colonel Holger Toftoy arranged for 127 individuals, including Wernher von Braun, to receive contracts for work on Army missiles. In late 1945, they began arriving at Fort Bliss, Texas, where, using components brought from Germany, started upgrading the V-2 missile. Testing was done at the nearby White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: On 1 June 1949, the Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army designated Redstone Arsenal as the Ordnance Rocket Center, its facility for ordnance rocket research and development. In April 1950, the Fort Bliss missile development operation, then with 130 German contract employees, 120 civil-service employees, and 500 military personnel, was transferred to Redstone Arsenal. This became the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC), with Major James Hamill as acting commander and von Braun as technical director. An initial project was the Major tactical missile.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Upon the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, OGMC was given the mission of developing a surface-to-surface ballistic missile with an objective range of . Starting with an upgraded Major missile, the design went through a series of improvements and ultimately became the PGM-11 with the popular name Redstone rocket. To expedite development, an existing engine was used, greatly reducing the operational range to between 58 and 200 miles.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: During the Korean War, ammunition production was resumed at Redstone Arsenal. From July 1951 through July 1955, around 38,700,000 rounds of chemical artillery munitions were produced.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The Ordnance Missile Laboratories (OML) was formed in 1952 to coordinate research and development within the OGMC. Holger Toftoy, who had originally recruited von Braun and his team of missile specialists, was assigned to Huntsville and promoted to Brigadier General as director of the OML. Test operations were under Kurt Debus, who set up the Interim Test Stand and the launch facility at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Redstone static fire testing began in the spring of 1953, followed by the first launch at Cape Canaveral on 20 August 1953.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: In addition to the Redstone rocket development, the OML had many other research and development programs. Under Toftoy, the organization included the R&D Division under Col. Miles Birkett Chatfield, the Field Service Division under Maj. Ben Keyserling, and the Industrial Division. In the R&D Division there were the Surface-to-Air Projects under Maj. Rudy Axelson, the Surface-to-Surface Division under Maj. Dan Breedon, and Special Projects under Lt. Colonel John O'Conner. Projects in Surface-to-Air included the Nike B (later called the Nike Hercules), Hawk and others. Surface-to-Surface projects were the Honest John, Little John, Lacrosse, and Corporal Type III; the liquid-fueled Corporal Type III was soon canceled and the solid Thiokol fueled Sergeant project started. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology was an Army research operation at that time, as NASA did not exist at the time. It was JPL that designed the Corporal system and later was the R&D designer of the Sergeant.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: At a 1954 meeting of the Spaceflight Committee of the American Rocket Society, von Braun proposed placing a satellite into orbit using the Redstone with clusters of small solid-fuel rockets on top. The proposal, Project Orbiter, was rejected in 1955.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: In March 1952, the commanding officer at Redstone Arsenal officially established the Provisional Redstone Ordnance School. In December, the Ordnance Guided Missile School (OGMS) was established, taking over the provisional operation. The OGMS greatly expanded through the years, occupying a large land area with many buildings and providing a wide variety of missile and munitions courses for thousands of students from the U.S. as well as many foreign countries. The name was later changed to the Missile and Munitions Center & School in 1966 and then to the Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School in the mid-1980s. In 1994, the School Brigade disbanded and was replaced by the reformed 59th Ordnance Brigade, which had previously disbanded in Europe in 1992. The school was then renamed the Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School in 2002 and moved to Fort Lee in 2011.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), commanded by Maj. Gen. John Medaris, was formed on 1 February 1956, taking over from Redstone Arsenal the facilities and personnel of OGMC. Von Braun was the Director of ABMA's Development Operations Division. Redstone Arsenal then became an Army post, supporting the ABMA and, in the future, other agencies. Medaris also commanded RSA, and BG Toftoy was deputy.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The ABMA's primary mission was developing and fielding the Army's first intermediate-range ballistic missile, the Jupiter. By August 1958, the system was delivered to the Air Force for early deployment overseas. Jupiter later proved to be a significant bargaining chip in the Cuban Missile Crisis. During his command, Medaris' operation also fielded the PGM-11 Redstone and MIM-23 Hawk missiles, accelerated the development of the Nike Zeus system, and began development of the MGM-31 Pershing missile system, which later played a role in ending the Cold War.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: As part of the 1957–58 International Geophysical Year, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union proposed to launch a scientific satellite. Although von Braun had proposed in 1954 that the OML could place a satellite in Earth orbit, the Naval Research Laboratory, using its Vanguard rocket, was given this assignment.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: On 4 October 1957, the USSR orbited "Sputnik I", the first Earth satellite. A second Sputnik was launched a month later. On 6 December 1957, a first attempt to launch a satellite-carrying Vanguard failed. Toftoy, Medaris, and von Braun immediately pleaded for the opportunity to show what the Army's "space team" could do. The go-ahead was given and on 31 January 1958, America's first satellite, "Explorer I", was placed into orbit using a modified Jupiter launch vehicle (a four-stage system designated Juno I).


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) was formed in March 1958. Headquartered at Redstone Arsenal and commanded by Maj. Gen. Medaris, AOMC had several subordinate elements, including ABMA, White Sands Missile Range, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology. Another local activity, the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency (ARGMA), was formed and added to AOMC in June.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Six months after "Explorer I", President Dwight Eisenhower created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on 29 July 1958. On 21 October 1959, he approved the transfer of all Army space-related activities to NASA. This was accomplished effective 1 July 1960, when 4,670 civilian employees, about $100 million worth of buildings and equipment, and of land transferred from RSA/ABMA's Development Operations Division to NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Von Braun was MSFC's first director.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) was activated on 1 August 1962 at Redstone Arsenal, absorbing all of the personnel, facilities, and projects remaining in the prior AOMC. On 12 March 1964, the Francis J. McMorrow Missile Laboratories were dedicated in memory of MICOM's first commander, who died while in command.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Dating from the start of AMC, Project Nike involving anti-aircraft missiles had been conducted. As the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) came into being, a much higher-performance system was needed for ICBM defense. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) examined the requirements and recommending a system, designated Nike-X, incorporating phased-array radars, high-performance computers, and separate low-altitude (Sprint) and high-altitude (Spartan) high-velocity interceptor missiles. To manage this development, in 1963 MICOM created the Nike-X Project Office headed by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Ivy O. Drewry.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: The People's Republic of China exploded its first thermonuclear bomb in June 1967. Hence, ABM system requirements were revised and the Sentinel System was born, replacing Nike-X. In 1968, the Army Ballistic Missile Defence Agency (ABMDA) was formed, taking over Sentinel and other ballistic missile defense projects previously under MICOM. Commanded by BG Drewry, ABMDA established operations adjacent to Redstone Arsenal in the Cummings Research Park. In May 1974, all ballistic missile defense efforts were consolidated under a single manager in the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, which eventually evolved into today's U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: On 17 July 1997, the former Army Missile Command combined with the aviation portion of the U.S. Army Aviation and Troop Command (ATCOM), creating a new organization at RSA, the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM).


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: On 13 January 2021, it was announced that Redstone Arsenal is the preferred location for the headquarters of the United States Space Command.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Redstone Arsenal remains the center of testing, development, and doctrine for the Army's missile programs. Besides the U.S. Army Materiel Command and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command, Redstone houses the Tactical UAV Project Office, Redstone Test Center (RTC), the Missile Defense Agency, the Missile and Space Intelligence Center, and other operations.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: After operating as a tenant on Redstone Arsenal for over half a century, the Ordnance Munitions and Maintenance School was moved to Fort Lee, Virginia.


title: Redstone Arsenal

text: Redstone Arsenal continues to host the Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA's field center for propulsion analysis and development, which developed the Saturn rocket family in the 1960s and propulsion systems for the Space Shuttle in the 1970s and '80s.