title: Tetraphobia

text: When Beijing lost its bid to stage the 2000 Olympic Games, it was speculated that the reason China did not pursue a bid for the following 2004 Games was due to the unpopularity of the number 4 in China. Instead, the city waited another four years, and would eventually host the 2008 Olympic Games, the number eight being a lucky number in Chinese culture.


title: Tetraphobia

text: In recent years China has also avoided using the number 4 in aircraft registrations. An example is China Southern Airlines, with their A330s. One A330 is registered as B-8363, while the next is B-8365 and following B-8366. After B-8366 there is B-1062, B-1063 then B-1065, to avoid using the number 4 as in B-8364 and 1064. However this policy only applies for aircraft that end with 4, so one will see B-8426 but not B-8264.


title: Tetraphobia

text: In Hong Kong, some apartments such as Vista Paradiso and The Arch skip all the floors from 40 to 49, which is the entire 40s. Immediately above the 39th floor is the 50th floor, leading many who are not aware of tetraphobia to believe that some floors are missing. Tetraphobia is not the main reason, but rather as an excuse to have apartments with 'higher' floors, thus increasing the price, because higher floors in Hong Kong apartments are usually more expensive (see 39 Conduit Road). For Cantonese speakers, 14 and 24 are considered more unlucky than the individual 4, because 14 () sounds like "will certainly die" (, ), and 24 () sounds like "easy to die" (, ).


title: Tetraphobia

text: Due to the blending of East Asian and Western cultures, it is possible in some buildings that both the thirteenth floor and the fourteenth floor are skipped, causing the twelfth floor to precede the fifteenth floor, along with all the other 4s. Thus a building whose top floor is numbered 100 would, in fact, have just eighty floors.


title: Tetraphobia

text: In Japan, the number 4 is avoided in apartments and hospitals. The number 49 is also considered unlucky, as its pronunciation is similar to the Japanese term "shiku", meaning 'to suffer and die'.


title: Tetraphobia

text: In Taiwan, not using house numbers ending in 4 without also skipping numbers on the opposite side of the road often results in the numbers on two sides of a street getting more and more out of sync as one advances.


title: Tetraphobia

text: In buildings of Malaysia, where Chinese are significant in population with 25% of Malaysians and 75% of Singaporeans being Chinese, the floor number 4 or house address with number 4 is occasionally skipped. The practice is more prevalent in private condominiums, especially those built by ethnic Chinese-owned companies. The fourth floor may be either omitted completely or substituted with "3B".


title: Tetraphobia

text: Singaporean public transport operator SBS Transit has omitted the number plates for some of its buses whose numbers end with "4" due to this, so if a bus is registered as SBS***3*, SBS***4* will be omitted and the next bus to be registered will be SBS***5*. Note that this only applies to certain buses and not others and that the final asterisk is the checksum letter and not a number. For example, if the bus is registered as SBS7533J, SBS7534G will be omitted and the next bus to be registered will be SBS7535D.


title: Tetraphobia

text: Singaporean public transport operator SMRT has omitted the "4" as the first digit of the serial number of the train cars as well as the SMRT Buses NightRider services .


title: Tetraphobia

text: In Indonesia since the 2000s, an increasing number of skyscrapers skip floors ending with, or contains implicit references to, the number 4 (as well as the 13th floor), especially in those funded by Chinese Indonesians. For example, in Plaza Semanggi (owned by Lippo Group, which was founded by Chinese Indonesian Mochtar Riady), 4th floor is replaced by 3A. In The Energy Tower and most high-rises developed by Agung Sedayu Propertindo, 39th floor is followed by 50th floor. Some buildings, mostly owned by non-Chinese, have a 4th floor. Examples are government buildings, the Sarinah department store, and most buildings developed by Indonesian state-owned enterprises.


title: Tetraphobia

text: In Vietnam, the Sino-Vietnamese words for "four" ( or ) are used more in formal contexts like referring to "Wednesday" (). When spoken, its sound is differentiated clearly from the word for "death" (). is also used in formal contexts and proper nouns, and have to be used in compounds like (immortal) or (Sichuan). The word is often used instead in the place of . Tetraphobia does not occur in Vietnam as the Sino-Vietnamese words for four and death are not used very often. Its native Vietnamese equivalents, (four) and (death), are the words mainly used for death and four.


title: Tetraphobia

text: In South Korea, tetraphobia is less extreme. The number 4 sounds like the hanja for "death" (사) (although Korean has no tones), so the floor number 4 or room number 4 is almost always skipped in hospitals, funeral halls, and similar public buildings. In other buildings, the fourth floor is sometimes labelled "F" (for "Four") instead of "4" in elevators. Apartment numbers containing multiple occurrences of the number 4 (such as 404) are likely to be avoided to an extent that the value of the property is adversely affected. The national railroad, Korail, left out the locomotive number 4444 when numbering a locomotive class from 4401 upwards.


title: Tetraphobia

text: Efforts to accommodate tetraphobia-related sensitivities have been seen in Canada, which has a significant population of Chinese descent. Richmond Hill, Ontario banned the number four on new houses in June 2013. Property developers in Vancouver omitted the number from new buildings until October 2015, when the city banned non-sequential numbering schemes.


title: Tetraphobia

text: In the Aria Hotel in Las Vegas, among others, numbers 40-49 are skipped for the same reasons they may be omitted in China.


title: Tetraphobia

text: The software platform Symbian, used by Finnish telecommunications firm Nokia in their Series 60 platform, avoids releases beginning with 4, as it did when it was EPOC and owned by Psion (there was no Psion Series 4, and there was no 4th edition of S60). This was done "as a polite gesture to Asian customers". Similarly, Nokia did not release any products under the 4xxx series, although some of Nokia's other products do contain the number 4, such as the Series 40 platform, and the Nokia 3410. However, as of the Mobile World Congress 2019 event, the company had announced the Nokia 4.2.


title: Tetraphobia

text: When area code 306 was nearing exhaustion in 2011, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission originally proposed that the new area code be 474. However, representatives from SaskTel requested that the new area code be 639 instead, to avoid the negative connotations of 4 in Asian cultures. 639 was subsequently approved as the new area code.


title: Tetraphobia

text: The Chinese smartphone manufacturer OnePlus chose to name its smartphone model after the 3 and 3T the 5, avoiding the number 4.


title: Tetraphobia

text: The "British Medical Journal" reported in a study that looked at mortality statistics in the United States over a 25-year period. They found that on the fourth day of the month, Asian people were thirteen percent more likely to die of heart failure. In California, Asians were twenty-seven percent more likely to die of a heart attack on that day. The purpose of the study was to see if psychological stress caused by belief in this superstition could indeed trigger deadly heart attacks and other fatal incidents.


title: Chris Williams (actor)

text: Chris Williams is an American actor, voice actor and comedian known for his role in "". He also starred as "Eddie" on the CBS series "The Great Indoors".


title: Chris Williams (actor)

text: Williams has appeared on numerous television shows including "", "JAG", "The Shield", "Weeds", "Reno 911!", "Californication," and popularly as fictional rap artist Krazee-Eyez Killa on "Curb Your Enthusiasm". In 2007, he guest starred on "Monk" in the episode "Mr. Monk and the Really, Really Dead Guy". On February 3, 2010, he made an appearance on his older sister Vanessa Williams' series "Ugly Betty" as Wilhelldiva Hater, a female impersonator of her character. In 2012, he was featured in an Apple commercial. In 2016, he began starring as the bodyguard of tech billionaire Gavin Belson on the HBO comedy series "Silicon Valley".


title: Chris Williams (actor)

text: Williams was raised Roman Catholic and is a graduate of Georgetown University. He is the great-great-grandson of Republican politician William A. Feilds,


title: Chris Williams (actor)

text: a former slave who became an African-American legislator in the Tennessee House of Representatives. He is of African-American, English, Welsh, Irish, Finnish, Italian, and Portuguese descent.


title: Robbie Rist

text: American actor. He is known for playing Cousin Oliver in "The Brady Bunch", Martin in "Grady" and "Little John" in "Big John, Little John". Rist is also known for voicing assorted characters in television shows, games and movies, including Stuffy, the overly-proud stuffed dragon in "Doc McStuffins," Whiz in "Kidd Video," Star in "Balto," Maroda in "Final Fantasy X," Choji Akimichi in "Naruto," and Michelangelo in the films "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (1990), "" (1991), "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III" (1993), and "Casey Jones" (2011). Additionally, he and director Anthony C. Ferrante provided music for the "Sharknado" film and the theme song for the "Sharknado" franchise. He played Ted Baxter's adopted son on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show".


title: Robbie Rist

text: As a child, Rist played Cousin Oliver in the final six episodes of "The Brady Bunch". With the regular children all growing older, his inclusion was intended to reintroduce a cute, younger child to the series. However, the idea backfired as most viewers disliked the Oliver character and the plan became moot as ABC had opted to not renew the series even before his debut. This gave rise to the TV term "Cousin Oliver Syndrome", also known as "add-a-kid". Oliver uttered the final line of the final episode: "Me! Cousin Oliver! / Gosh it was only a suggestion," but the character and Rist were subsequently omitted from later original-cast revivals of the series.


title: Robbie Rist

text: After "The Brady Bunch", he appeared as Glendon Farrell in "Lucas Tanner" starring David Hartman, "Little John" in the Saturday Morning series "Big John, Little John", Tommy in the series premiere for the short-lived CBS drama series "Bronk", and Martin in the short-lived "Sanford and Son" spin-off "Grady". During 1975-77, Rist played David, son of Ted Baxter (Ted Knight) on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show". He also appeared in three episodes of "The Bionic Woman". In 1980, Rist played "Dr. Zee" on "Galactica 1980". He made four guest appearances on "CHiPs" and the short-lived CBS series "Whiz Kids", and also played "Booger" in a failed "Revenge of the Nerds" TV pilot. In 1986, Rist had a notable supporting role as Milo in the action film, "Iron Eagle" which was a box-office hit despite being critically panned.


title: Robbie Rist

text: As of 2006, Rist was acting, working with music and also working in film production. Rist produced a horror/comedy film, "Stump The Band", directed by William Holmes and JoJo Hendrickson.


title: Robbie Rist

text: In 2013, he portrayed Robbie the Bus Driver in the camp horror film "Sharknado". Rist said in an interview that his friend Anthony C. Ferrante came upon the film's poster at the American Film Market and became enthusiastic about the concept. When Ferrante said that he had been approached to direct the film, Rist insisted that Ferrante take the job, and that if he did, that he should have a part in it. He also mentioned that "Sharknado" was his very first red carpet premiere.


title: Robbie Rist

text: As an adult, Rist has worked as a voice actor, such as in the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" film series (as the voice of Michaelangelo); from 1984 to 1986, he starred in the Saturday morning cartoon "Kidd Video", playing the character Whiz both in live-action music videos and animated sequences. He was the voice of Star, a mauve-and-cream Siberian Husky, in the animated 1995 Universal Studios film "Balto", and to date, this is his first and only role in a full-length animated film. He was also the voice of Aaron in the PC game "Star Warped". An episode of "" titled "Baby Doll" contained a character called Cousin Spunky that was intended to boost sagging ratings of the fictional "Baby Doll" sitcom, a clear reference to Cousin Oliver (Rist lent his voice to the episode, but did not play Cousin Spunky; his character was an adult).


title: Robbie Rist

text: Rist was the voice of Stuffy, Doc's overly proud stuffed dragon, in Disney Junior's hit animated series "Doc McStuffins".


title: Robbie Rist

text: In 2009, he voiced Griffin in "Terminator Salvation". He also provided additional voices in "Final Fantasy XIII", as well as reprising his role as Michelangelo in a fan-made movie about Casey Jones.


title: Robbie Rist

text: Rist is also a musician and producer. He has performed as the lead singer, guitarist, bassist and/or drummer for several Los Angeles rock bands, including Wonderboy, The Andersons, Cockeyed Ghost, Nice Guy Eddie, and Steve Barton and the Oblivion Click. The list of west coast pop bands Rist has performed with numbers in the hundreds. He divides his time between film and music production, performing with Los Angeles alt-country band KingsizeMaybe and rock band Jeff Caudill & The Goodtimes Band (with Jeff Caudill of Orange County punk band Gameface and Michael "Popeye" Vogelsang of Orange County punk band Farside). Rist has also produced a number of records for bands, including Suzy & Los Quattro, Backline, Ginger Britt and the Mighty, Jeff Caudill, Steve Barton and the Oblivion Click, Nice Guy Eddie, Kingsizemaybe and The Mockers. Rist produced the album "Automatic Toaster" for The Rubinoos and played drums on that album. He currently is the drummer for the rock formation Your Favorite Trainwreck.


title: Robbie Rist

text: Rist and director Anthony C. Ferrante provided the music for the "Sharknado" film, initially writing about six songs for the first film. Rist and Ferrante would provide music for the sequel "Sharknado 2" as the band Quint, and perform its theme song "(The Ballad of) Sharknado", which had originally appeared in the first film but few in the initial audience noticed it. Quint was named after the character in "Jaws" and served as their band's name for future work on the franchise, including the song "Crash" in "Sharknado 3". They also released an EP called "Great White Skies" with several of the theme song's variants.


title: Robbie Rist

text: Rist and Don Frankel's power-pop group Sundial Symphony recorded two of Paul Levinson's songs -- "Merri Goes Round" and "Looking for Sunsets (In the Early Morning)" -- which were released by Big Stir Records in 2019.


title: Robbie Rist

text: In October 2016 and April 2019, Rist was seen promoting "The Brady Bunch" television series on the MeTV television network.


title: T. J. Warren

text: Anthony "T. J." Warren Jr. (born September 5, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Originally from Durham, North Carolina, Warren played college basketball as a small forward for the NC State Wolfpack in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). In the 2013–14 season, he earned consensus second-team All-American honors and was named the ACC Player of the Year after leading the conference in scoring with an average of 24.9 points per game. Warren was picked in the first round of the 2014 NBA draft with the 14th overall pick by the Phoenix Suns. He spent five seasons with the Suns before being traded to the Indiana Pacers in 2019.


title: T. J. Warren

text: Warren graduated from Brewster Academy, but Warren also attended Riverside High School and Word of God Christian Academy prior to Brewster. He averaged 14 points per game on Word of God's team and his team finished the season at 24–3. While at Brewster Academy in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, Warren was a small forward for his varsity basketball team. Warren earned 1st Team All NEPSAC honors and led his team to the National Prep Championship finishing with a record of 33-1. Ranked number 32 in the MaxPreps Class of 2012 Top 100, Warren became a hot commodity for college recruits. During his senior year of high school, Warren was viewed by multiple colleges, including North Carolina State University, Georgetown, and University of North Carolina. After visiting some of his prospective schools, Warren officially committed to North Carolina State University on November 2, 2011. Warren was recruited by Orlando Early, the assistant coach at NCSU. Warren was part of the second highest ranked college basketball draft class by CBSsports along with Tyler Lewis and Rodney Purvis. All three of the players were All-Americans and natives of North Carolina. He became the 23rd ranked prospect on the ESPN recruiting board for the 2012 recruiting class before committing to play for North Carolina State University.


title: T. J. Warren

text: As part of the 2012–13 NC State Wolfpack men's basketball team, as a freshman Warren averaged 12.1 points a game and 4.2 rebounds in 27 minutes per game earning him a spot on the ACC All-Freshmen Team. He also led the ACC in shooting percentage that year at .622, or 62.2%. Warren's best game that season came against Florida State on February 19, 2013, where he scored 31 points and had 13 rebounds. He helped lead the Wolfpack back into the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Tournament. As an 8 seed, they lost to Temple University in the first round of the NCAA tournament. The loss ended the team's season with a 24–11 record.


title: T. J. Warren

text: Warren decided to stay for his sophomore year despite being rated as one of the top 31 prospects in the NBA draft during his freshman year. His main influence was his father who convinced him that playing another year at NC State would benefit Warren more, by allowing him to further develop his basketball skills and also improve his draft spot for the NBA. His father is Tony Warren Sr., who played for NC State from 1977 to 1979 under Norm Sloan. Warren only averaged 27 minutes a game his freshman season, but knew his minutes would increase his sophomore year due to NC State's basketball team losing all of their starters from the previous year. Warren showed great great potential during his Freshman year, but didn’t get to put his talents on full display due to the fact that he played more of a sixth man role as opposed to starting.


title: T. J. Warren

text: Warren truly blossomed his sophomore year, he had career highs in points with 41 against Pittsburgh, followed by a 42-point performance versus Boston College. He led his team to the final 64 in NCAA tournament, with a 12 seed, after beating Xavier in the first four, but ended his sophomore season losing to St. Louis in the second round after scoring 28 points. For the year, Warren averaged 24.9 points and 7.1 rebounds per game while playing an average of 35.4 minutes per game.


title: T. J. Warren

text: Warren led his school to a 22–14 record and went 9–9 in the ACC in his sophomore year. He ended up leading the team with 7.1 rebounds per game and 1.8 steals per game. He was also the first player from the school to win ACC Player of the Year since Julius Hodge.


title: T. J. Warren

text: In April 2014, Warren declared for the NBA draft, foregoing his final two years of college eligibility.


title: T. J. Warren

text: In 2014, Warren was in the running for the 38th Annual Wooden Award which is awarded to the National Player of the Year for the collegiate basketball season. He was named to the Mid-Season Wooden Watch list where he was one of 25 players seriously considered for the award.


title: T. J. Warren

text: At the end of the 2014 season, Warren was one of the top in the ACC in offensive rebounds and was among the league leaders in both overall rebounding and steals. At the conclusion of the regular season, Warren was named ACC Player of the Year. Warren was also named second team All-American by the Associated Press and The Sporting News at the end of the season, as well as first team All-ACC.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On February 24, 2019, Warren was honored by NC State, with his no. 24 jersey being raised to the rafters of PNC Arena in a pregame ceremony.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On June 26, 2014, Warren was selected with the 14th overall pick by the Phoenix Suns in the 2014 NBA draft. On July 12, 2014, Warren made his NBA Summer League debut, recording 22 points and 4 rebounds in a loss to the Golden State Warriors. He went on to earn All-NBA Summer League second team honors. On August 8, 2014, he signed with the Suns. On October 21, 2014, Warren sustained a small crack in a bone in his left thumb, sidelining him for a few weeks. He returned from injury on November 9 to make his NBA debut against Golden State. He recorded no points in just over a minute of action in a 107–95 win. He went on to record his first NBA career points and rebounds with seven and three respectively in the Suns' 118–114 win over the Boston Celtics on November 17. During his rookie season, Warren received multiple assignments to the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA Development League.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On March 11, 2015, Warren had a season-best game with 17 points on 8-of-10 shooting and 5 rebounds in a 106–97 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On March 29, he scored a season-high 18 points in a season defining 109–97 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder. On April 4, he scored 15 of his 17 points in the fourth quarter against the Golden State Warriors in a close 107–106 loss. Finally, to end the 2014–15 season, Warren had his first professional start as a power forward in a loss to the Los Angeles Clippers.


title: T. J. Warren

text: In July 2015, Warren re-joined the Suns for the 2015 NBA Summer League. After averaging 22.4 points per game in Las Vegas, Warren earned All-NBA Summer League first team honors. On November 12, 2015, he tied his career-high of 18 points in a 118–104 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. Four days later, Warren surpassed that mark by scoring 19 points in a 120–101 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He was once again very efficient against the Lakers, being the ninth time he made two-thirds of his shots on at least nine attempts in his first 50 NBA appearances, becoming the first player since Yao Ming to do so. On November 27, he scored a then career-high 28 points in a loss to the Golden State Warriors. Two days later, he recorded his first career double-double with 15 points and 11 rebounds in a 107–102 win over the Toronto Raptors. On December 31, he scored a career-high 29 points in a loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder. On February 2, 2016, Warren was ruled out for the rest of the season with a broken right foot.


title: T. J. Warren

text: In September 2016, Warren returned to the court for the first time in nine months. The following month, he was named the team's starting small forward to begin the season with P. J. Tucker out injured. On October 28, 2016, Warren scored a career-high 30 points in a 113–110 overtime loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder. On November 2, he had his third 20-point game of the season, scoring 27 points in a 118–115 overtime win over the Portland Trail Blazers. Two days later, Warren recorded 18 points and six rebounds, and made a critical game-winning dunk with 7.1 seconds left in overtime, to lead the Suns to a 112–111 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. On November 23, he was ruled out indefinitely due to a minor head injury. He returned to action on December 17 against the Oklahoma City Thunder after missing 13 games. He returned to the starting line-up on December 31 against the Utah Jazz, and on January 2, he led the Suns with 24 points in a 109–98 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. On March 9, he had 17 points and a career-high 13 rebounds in a 122–110 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. On April 7, he set a new career high with 16 rebounds to go with 23 points in a 120–99 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On September 26, 2017, Warren signed a four-year, $50 million contract extension with the Suns. On November 1, 2017, he scored 28 of his career-high 40 points in the second half of the Suns' 122–116 win over the Washington Wizards. On November 11, 2017, he had a 35-point effort in a 118–110 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On November 17, 2018, Warren scored 23 points in a 110–100 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder. It was his fifth straight 20-point game, a career best. On December 13, he scored a season-high 30 points in a 99–89 win over the Dallas Mavericks.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On June 20, 2019, Warren and the 32nd overall pick in the 2019 NBA draft were traded to the Indiana Pacers. The pick was then traded to the Miami Heat in exchange for three second-round picks. The Pacers sent money back to the Phoenix Suns. The trade was finalized on July 6, 2019. On February 12, 2020, Warren scored a team-high 35 points on 16-19 shooting, along with seven rebounds and four steals in a 118–111 victory over the Milwaukee Bucks. That season, he was one of three players on the roster using T. J. as their professional first name, along with teammates T. J. McConnell and T. J. Leaf.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On August 1, in the 2020 NBA Bubble, Warren scored a new career-high 53 points on 20/29 shooting (including 9/12 three-pointers scored) in a 127–121 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. He was also the first player to score 50+ points since the return of the NBA post hiatus. The performance was the third most points a player had ever scored in a single game in franchise history, behind Reggie Miller's 57 points in 1992, and Jermaine O'Neal's 55 points in 2005. On August 15, Warren was named to the All-Bubble First Team after averaging 31 points across the 8 bubble seeding games.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On December 31, 2020, the Indiana Pacers announced that Warren would undergo surgery to repair a small left navicular stress fracture. Warren underwent surgery for the stress fracture as planned on January 4, 2021.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On March 17, 2022, Warren was ruled out for the remainder of the 2021–22 season. He had not played a game during the season.


title: T. J. Warren

text: On July 7, 2022, Warren signed with the Brooklyn Nets. On December 2, Warren made his Nets debut, putting up 10 points, four rebounds, and one steal in a 114–105 win over the Toronto Raptors.


title: T. J. Warren

text: Warren is the son of former North Carolina State basketball player and rhythm and blues singer Tony Warren.


title: Nightflyers (TV series)

text: Nightflyers is an American horror science fiction television series on Syfy that premiered in the United States on December 2, 2018, and on Netflix, internationally on February 1, 2019. The series is based on the novella and series of short stories of the same name by George R. R. Martin. The first season consisted of ten episodes, which concluded on December 13, 2018. Syfy canceled the series in February 2019.


title: Nightflyers (TV series)

text: In 2093, a team of scientists embark on a journey into space aboard an advanced space ship called the "Nightflyer;" in order to make first contact with alien life-forms. When terrifyingly violent events begin to occur aboard, the team begins to question each other, but come to the realization that there must be something else on board the "Nightflyer" with them. It is up to the crew to save the ship themselves, to complete their mission.


title: Nightflyers (TV series)

text: In 2016, Syfy began developing a series based on Martin's novella after its acquisition. The series is also based on the film adaptation from 1987. George R. R. Martin was not involved directly with the series due to his exclusive contract with HBO, but was credited as an executive producer.


title: Nightflyers (TV series)

text: The series started its production in early 2018 on location in Limerick, Ireland, and also at the Limerick-based Troy Studios, with Daniel Cerone serving as the showrunner. Cerone also serves as a series executive producer, along with Gene Klein, David Bartis, and Doug Liman of Hypnotic; Alison Rosenzweig and Michael Gaeta of Gaeta Rosenzweig Films; and Lloyd Ivan Miller and Alice P. Neuhauser of Lloyd Ivan Miller Productions.


title: Nightflyers (TV series)

text: For the visual effects, Spin VFX is the main vendor, with Territory Studio supplying user interfaces and Switch Visual Effects providing additional support. The visual effects have to work seamlessly with the huge practical set built for the ship.


title: Nightflyers (TV series)

text: Netflix joined the series as a co-producer, and holds international airing rights in addition to secondary airing rights in the United States. "Nightflyers" premiered on Syfy on December 2, 2018. The first season consisted of ten episodes. The first season became available to stream on Netflix worldwide on February 1, 2019. Syfy canceled the series in February 2019.


title: Nightflyers (TV series)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 33% based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 5.41/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Unsettling without being particularly scary, "Nightflyers's" low-budget aesthetics and over-reliance on homage betray its intriguing philosophical pondering and impressive creative pedigree". Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 47 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Nightflyers (TV series)

text: Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club was disappointed that the show does not do more to upend genre conventions the way "Game of Thrones" successfully did, writing "the showrunner Jeff Buhler doesn’t quite know how to make it feel new again". McLevy praised the show for its "appealing visual style" despite budgetary limitations, and of the acting cast he singled out Maya Eshet, "who elevates every scene in which she appears". He compared the show to the film "Event Horizon" and called the show engaging but lacking depth, suggesting the show may appeal more to those who already enjoy the sci-fi horror genre.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: A Berliner is a German doughnut with no central hole, made from sweet yeast dough fried in fat or oil, with a marmalade or jam filling like a jelly doughnut, and usually icing, powdered sugar or conventional sugar on top.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: Sugar was very costly until the 16th century, and early doughnuts were usually stuffed with savory fillings like cheese, meat and mushroom. When imports from Caribbean sugar plantations made sugar more affordable, fruit preserves gained in popularity. In the late 15th century the German-language cookbook "Kuchenmeisterei" was published in Nuremberg (it was later translated into Polish in 1532). It was one of the first cookbooks printed using the Gutenberg press and contains the first known recipe for a jelly doughnut, called "Gefüllte Krapfen" made with jam-filled yeasted bread dough deep-fried in lard. It's unknown whether this innovation was the author's own or simply a record of an existing practice.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: The yeast dough contains a good deal of eggs, milk and butter. For the classical Pfannkuchen made in Berlin the dough gets balled, deep-fried in lard, whereby the distinctive bright bulge occurs, and then filled with jam. The filling is related to the topping: for plum-butter, powdered sugar; for raspberry, strawberry and cherry jam, sugar; for all other fillings, sugar icing, sometimes flavoured with rum. Today the filling usually is injected with a large syringe or pastry bag after the dough is fried in one piece.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: Today, Berliners can be purchased throughout the year, though they were traditionally eaten to celebrate on New Year's Eve ("Silvester") as well as the carnival holidays (Rosenmontag and Fat Tuesday). A common German practical joke is to secretly fill some Berliners with mustard instead of jam, especially on April Fool's Day, and serve them together with regular Berliners without telling anyone.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: The jelly-filled "krapfen" were called Berliners in the 1800s, based on the legend of a patriotic baker from Berlin who was a field baker for the Prussian regiment after he was turned down for military service. When the army was in the field, he "baked" the doughnuts the old-fashioned way, by frying them over an open fire. According to the tale, the soldiers called the pastry Berliner after the baker's hometown. The term "Bismarcken" (for Otto von Bismarck) came into use by the end of the 19th century.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: Immigrants from Central Europe settled in the United States in large numbers during the 19th century, and jelly doughnuts are called "bismarcks" in some parts of the Midwestern United States, Boston, and Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: The terminology used to refer to this delicacy differs greatly in various areas of modern Germany. While called "Berliner Ballen" or simply "Berliner" in Northern and Western Germany, as well as in Switzerland, the Berliners themselves and residents of Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony know them as "Pfannkuchen", which translates literarily and wrongly to "pancakes". A pancake in the rest of Germany is indeed a "Pfannkuchen", in Austria and sometimes Southern Germany called Palatschinken. The people of Berlin call their pancakes "Eierkuchen", which translates to "egg cakes".


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In parts of southern and central Germany (Bavaria), as well as in much of Austria, they are a variety of "Krapfen" (derived from Old High German "kraffo" and furthermore related to Gothic language "krappa"), sometimes called "Fastnachtskrapfen" or "Faschingskrapfen" to distinguish them from "Bauernkrapfen". In Hesse they are referred to as "Kräppel" or "Kreppel". Residents of the Palatinate call them also "Kreppel" or "Fastnachtsküchelchen" ("little carnival cakes"), hence the English term for a pastry called "Fasnacht"; further south, the Swabians use the equivalent term in their distinctive dialect: "Fasnetskiachla". In South Tyrol, Triveneto and other parts of Northern Italy, the food is called "kraffen" or "krapfen", while in the southern parts it can be referred as "bomba" or "bombolone".


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In Slovenia it is "krof"; in Portugal it is "Bola de Berlim" (Berlin Ball); in Croatia it is "krafne"; while in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia it is called "krofne". In Poland they are known as "pączki", in Ukraine as ""; and in the Czech Republic as "kobliha". In Hungary, it is called "bécsi fánk", meaning "Viennese doughnut", as it was transited by Austria to the Hungarian kitchen. The pastry is called "Berlinerbol" in the Netherlands and Suriname, "Berlijnse bol" and "boule de Berlin" in Belgium, "hillomunkki" or (glazed) "berliininmunkki" or "piispanmunkki" in Finland, "berlinerbolle" in Norway, sufganiyot in Israel, "Berlínarbollur" in Iceland, "šiška" in Slovakia, and "gogoși" in Romania. In Denmark it is called "Berliner". In Turkey, they are known as "Alman Pastası" ("German Pie"). All of these are similar preparations.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In Argentina, the pastries are called "bolas de fraile" (lit. 'friar balls'); the reason for this relates to the anarchist bakers' union Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistencia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In English-speaking countries, Berliners are a type of doughnut usually filled with jam, jelly, custard, or whipped cream . In South Australia, however, the Kitchener bun is a Berliner cut on the side for the filling of jam and cream.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In Israel, a version of the pastry called "sufganiyah" (Hebrew: סופגנייה) is traditionally consumed during the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In Portugal, Berliners are slightly bigger than their German counterparts. They are known as "bolas de Berlim" (lit. Berlin ball), and the filling is frequently an egg-yolk-based yellow cream called "creme pasteleiro" (lit. confectioner's cream). The filling is inserted after a half-length cut and is always visible. Regular sugar is used to sprinkle it. They can be found in almost every pastry shop in the country.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: Such versions are also found in Latin American countries with German descended populations, such as in Mexico ("berlinesas"), Chile ("Berlín"), Paraguay ("bollo"), Venezuela ("bomba"), Uruguay and Argentina ("bola de fraile" or "suspiro de monja" or "berlinesa"), where it is filled not only with custard (called "crema pastelera"), but also with jam (especially red ones), dulce de leche, or manjar blanco.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In Brazil, they are known as sonho and are also widely consumed in the country. Their commercialization began in the 1920s in bakeries in São Paulo, with the use of leftover bread dough. They are presented filled, usually with pastry cream, chocolate, or dulce de leche.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In Finland, "berliininmunkki" (lit. Berlin's doughnut) is a commonly consumed pastry, although unlike a traditional Berliner, this variant has pink caramel colored frosting on top as opposed to regular or powdered sugar.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: In Tromsø, Norway, Berliners are eaten to celebrate the return of the sun at the end of the polar night on January 21. They are called a "solbolle" (lit. sun bun), and around 60,000 Berliners, roughly one per capita, are consumed in Tromsø on this day. In recent years, bakeries have also made a special type of Berliner called a "mørketidsbolle" (lit. polar night bun), with a yellow custard filing and a dark chocolate covering (to symbolize darkness covering the sun). This Berliner is eaten in the build up to and during the polar night period, from the end of the September until the start of Christmas.


title: Berliner (doughnut)

text: John F. Kennedy's words "" are standard German for "I am a Berliner", meaning a person from Berlin. Mentioned in Len Deighton's 1983 novel "Berlin Game", an urban legend has it that due to his use of the indefinite article ', ' is translated as "jelly doughnut", and that the population of Berlin was amused by the supposed mistake. This is incorrect, insofar as when leaving out ', the meaning only changes slightly (compare "I am Berliner" and "I am a Berliner"). The normal convention when stating a nationality or, for instance, saying one is from Berlin, would be to leave out the indefinite article '. However, Kennedy used the indefinite article here correctly to emphasize his relation to Berlin. Additionally, the word ' is not used in Berlin to refer to the '. These are simply called "" there and therefore no Berliner would mistake "Berliner" for a doughnut. Throughout the 1980s, the legend was spread even by reputable media like "The New York Times", "The Guardian", BBC and NBC.


title: Ground beef

text: Ground beef, minced beef or beef mince is beef that has been finely chopped with a knife, meat grinder (American English), mincer or mincing machine (British English). It is used in many recipes including hamburgers, bolognese sauce, meatloaf, meatballs and kofta.


title: Ground beef

text: It is not the same as mincemeat, which is a mixture of chopped dried fruit, distilled spirits, spices and historically (but nowadays rare) minced/ground meat.


title: Ground beef

text: In many countries, food laws define specific categories of ground beef and what they can contain. For example, in the United States, beef fat may be added to hamburger but not to ground beef if the meat is ground and packaged at a USDA-inspected plant. In the U.S., a maximum of 30% fat by weight is allowed in either hamburger or ground beef. The allowable amount in France is 5 to 20% (15% being used by most food chains). In Germany, regular ground beef may contain up to 15% fat while the special "Tatar" for "steak tartare" may contain less than 5% fat. Both hamburger and ground beef can have added seasoning, phosphate, extenders, or binders added, but no additional water is permitted. Ground beef is often marketed in a range of different fat contents to match the preferences of customers.


title: Ground beef

text: Ground beef is generally made from the less tender and less popular cuts of beef. Trimmings from tender cuts may also be used.


title: Ground beef

text: In a study in the U.S. in 2008, eight brands of fast food hamburgers were evaluated for recognizable tissue types using morphological techniques that are commonly used in the evaluation of tissue's histological condition. The study of the eight laboratory specimens found the content of the hamburgers included:


title: Ground beef

text: Ground beef in the United States may contain a meat-based product used as a food additive produced using technology known as advanced meat recovery systems or alternatively by using the slime system. Meat processing methods used by companies such as Beef Products, Inc. (BPI) and Cargill Meat Solutions produce lean, finely textured beef product, otherwise known as "pink slime," from fatty beef trimmings. This meat-based product is then treated with antimicrobial agents to remove salmonella and other pathogens, and is included in a variety of ground beef products in the U.S. From 2001, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has approved the product for limited human consumption. In a 2009 article by "The New York Times", the safety of the beef processing method used by BPI was questioned. After the USDA's approval, this product became a component in ground beef used by McDonald's, Burger King and many other fast-food chains as well as grocery chains in the U.S.


title: Ground beef

text: In government and industry records in testing for the United States' school lunch program, pathogens such as "E. coli" and salmonella were found dozens of times in meat from BPI, which raises questions about safety of the meat product and the effectiveness of the antimicrobial method used in meat recovery system of the company. Between 2005 and 2009, "E. coli" was found three times and salmonella 48 times. BPI had a rate of 36 positives for salmonella per 1,000 tests, compared to a rate of nine positives per 1,000 tests for other suppliers for the program. However, the program continued to source from BPI because its price was substantially lower than ordinary meat trimmings, saving about $1m a year for the program.


title: Ground beef

text: Cargill, among the largest hamburger makers in the U.S., is a big buyer of the meat-based product from BPI for its patties, according to the Times. It suspended buying meat from two plants owned by BPI for several months in 2006 after excessive levels of salmonella were found.


title: Ground beef

text: Although any cut of beef can be used to produce ground beef, chuck steak is a popular choice because of its rich flavor and meat-to-fat ratio. Round steak is also often used. In the United States, ground beef is usually categorized based on the cut and fat percentage:


title: Ground beef

text: Ground beef is popular as a relatively cheap and quick-cooking form of beef. Some of its best-known uses are in hamburgers, sausages and cottage pies. It is an important ingredient in meatloaf, sloppy joes, meatballs, and tacos. It can be used to make meat sauces, for example, lasagna and spaghetti bolognese in Italian cuisine. In the Middle East, it is used to make spicy kofta and meatballs. The Scottish dish mince and tatties uses it with mashed or boiled potatoes. In Lancashire, particularly Oldham, minced meat is a common filling for rag pudding. The Dutch slavink consists of ground meat (half beef, half pork) rolled in bacon.


title: Ground beef

text: Raw, lean, ground beef is used to make steak tartare, a French dish. More finely diced and differently seasoned, it is popular as a main course and as a dressing in Belgium, where it is known as filet américain ("American fillet").


title: Ground beef

text: Food safety of ground meat is problematic; bacterial contamination occurs frequently. Undercooked hamburgers contaminated with were responsible for four deaths in the U.S. in 1993 and hundreds of people fell ill. Ground beef must be cooked to 72 °C (160 °F) to ensure all bacterial contamination—whether it be endogenous to the product or contaminated after purchasing by the consumer—is killed. The color of cooked meat does not always indicate the beef has reached the required temperature; beef can brown before reaching 68 °C (155 °F).


title: Ground beef

text: To ensure the safety of food distributed through the National School Lunch Program, food banks, and other federal food and nutrition programs, the United States Department of Agriculture has established food safety and quality requirements for the ground beef it purchases. A 2010 National Research Council report reviewed the scientific basis of the Department's ground beef safety standards, compared the standards to those used by large retail and commercial food service purchasers of ground beef, and examined ways to establish periodic evaluations of the Federal Purchase Ground Beef Program. The report found that although the safety requirements could be strengthened using scientific concepts, the prevention of future outbreaks of foodborne diseases will depend on eliminating contamination during production and ensuring meat is properly cooked before it is served.


title: Ground beef

text: The 2013 horse meat scandal found traces of horsemeat in many UK and European foods and ready meals which were labelled as being minced/ground beef products mostly.


title: Matt Willig

text: Matthew Joseph Willig (born January 21, 1969) is an American actor and former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League.


title: Matt Willig

text: Willig was born in La Mirada, California. He played football and basketball at St. Paul High School (Santa Fe Springs, California). He played college football at the University of Southern California as a member of the 1989 Rose Bowl winning team. He was a public administration major.


title: Matt Willig

text: Willig played 14 years for the New York Jets, Atlanta Falcons, Green Bay Packers, St. Louis Rams, San Francisco 49ers, and Carolina Panthers. Willig was on the winning St. Louis Rams team in Super Bowl XXXIV, and on the Carolina Panthers' team in Super Bowl XXXVIII.


title: Matt Willig

text: Willig portrayed Special Agent Simon Cade in season eight of "NCIS" until the first episode of season nine (airdate 20 September 2011). In 2009, he had a supporting role as a brutish caveman tormenting Jack Black and Michael Cera in the motion picture "Year One". He appeared as a gang member named Little Chino on the Showtime series, "Dexter" (2007). He has appeared as a bodyguard named Yuri on the NBC series "Chuck", and also has appeared in an episode of "My Name is Earl" entitled "Bullies". He also appeared in a season 7 episode of "Malcolm In the Middle", as Crash, a recovering alcoholic, and had a small role in the 1993 Hong Kong action movie, "Full Contact". He appeared in a minor role in "iCarly" as a truckdriver named "Sledghammer". He made another guest appearance on "The Suite Life on Deck" as a genie in season 2 episode 22. On "Sonny with a Chance" in the "Sonny Get Your Goat" episode, he appeared as "Limo", the mode of transportation to Tawni's motel room in a foreign country, and appeared in the Disney XD show "Pair of Kings". Willig also had a supporting role in the second episode of "Terriers". He played Mike Drake in the critically acclaimed independent thriller "The Employer". He also appears in the 2013 film "A Resurrection". In 2011, he was on the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless", as Billy Abbott's bodyguard, "Tank". More recently he played One Eye, a Mexican drug dealer, in "We're The Millers" and Gregorek in NBC's series "Grimm".


title: Matt Willig

text: In 2014, he appeared in Season 1 of "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" as Brandon Jacoby (Season 1, episode 14 : "The Ebony Falcon").


title: Matt Willig

text: In 2015, Willig had a recurring role as Lash in the third season of the science fiction television series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." He also played former NFL player Justin Strzelczyk in the film "Concussion".


title: Matt Willig

text: Willig has acted in numerous national commercial campaigns, including a Capital One spot with David Spade, a Bud Light spot, and as an action hero in a Halls commercial.


title: Matt Willig

text: Willig was raised Catholic. He supported the NOH8 Campaign in opposition to California Proposition 8, which made same-sex marriage illegal in the state of California. He criticized "the complete hypocrisy that goes on with the Church, and their stance on gays", and that he had "evolved into feeling that equality and treating everyone the same is the utmost important thing". Despite his disagreement with the Church's stance on same-sex marriage, he was still a practicing Catholic as of 2012.


title: Marshalls

text: Marshalls is an American chain of off-price department stores owned by TJX Companies. Marshalls has over 1,000 American stores, including larger stores named Marshalls Mega Store, covering 42 states and Puerto Rico, and 61 stores in Canada. Marshalls first expanded into Canada in March 2011.


title: Marshalls

text: Marshalls is one of the largest U.S. off-price family apparel and home fashion retailers, along with its sister company, TJ Maxx. Its slogans are "Your Surprise Is Waiting" and "Never Boring, Always Surprising".


title: Marshalls

text: Marshalls traces its history to 1956, when Alfred Marshall gathered a band of innovative entrepreneurs on the East Coast, including Bernard Goldston, Norman Barren, and Irving Blitt (Frank Estey and Bernard Ribas joined the entrepreneurs in 1960 by purchasing Bernard Goldston's shares), to collectively start up the "Brand Names For Less" concept. Marshalls did not carry clothing until Irving Blitt (who later handled the sporting goods concession) called his friend Al Marshall letting him know he had the opportunity to purchase factory second Arrow shirts while on a trip to New York.


title: Marshalls

text: Contemplating the dual postwar phenomena of a boom in the economy and growth in the suburbs, Marshall and associates came upon a way to meet it profitably. Together, they opened a self-service department store in Beverly, Massachusetts, offering apparel and homewares at alluringly low prices. Additional floor space was "sublet" to offer customers shoes, hardware, and sporting goods from separate sellers, but the separate ownership of those departments was invisible to the shopper. The original store also had a soda fountain/grill, which was another sublet of floor space, the "A & M Luncheonette" (for Alice & Mickey Masters, the proprietors).


title: Marshalls

text: The concept proved extremely successful. Ten years later, Marshalls had become the leading off-price retail chain in the nation. Given the volatility of the American economy in the 1970s, with recession affecting the spending habits of most shoppers, the off-price industry gathered speed. By buying up manufacturers' post-season, overrun, and close-out stock, Marshalls was able to offer fashionable, high-quality "designer" items at prices 20 to 60 percent less than those of the department stores.


title: Marshalls

text: In 1976, Marshalls was acquired by Melville Corporation. By 1993, Marshalls had expanded throughout 42 states including Hawaii, and had opened several downtown locations. In 1995, Marshalls was purchased by TJX, the parent company of its main rival, TJ Maxx, for $550 million.


title: Marshalls

text: Marshalls and T.J. Maxx operate as sister stores, and share a similar footprint throughout the country. While the two offer near-identical prices and have similar store layouts, Marshalls differentiates itself by featuring a larger emphasis on family footwear and larger men's and juniors departments.


title: Marshalls

text: TJX paid US$100 million settlement in California to settle an employee class-action suit in 2002, which alleged that Marshalls abused exempt/nonexempt classifications to avoid the payment of overtime or compensation time to employees in certain roles performing non-exempt job duties, as required by the federal Fair Labor Standards Act.


title: Marshalls

text: The enterprise has developed national and local partnerships with U.S. charitable organizations. All donations and fund-raising efforts from Marshalls are connected to helping children, families, and their communities with these programs:


title: Marshalls

text: Marshalls opened its first locations in Canada in March 2011. As of November 2016, Marshalls Canada had 50 stores with plans to operate approximately 100 stores across the country.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928). Together they received various accolades including two Academy Awards, and three Grammy Awards. They received nominations for an Laurence Olivier Award, a BAFTA Award, and five Golden Globe Awards. In 1976 they received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and the National Medal of the Arts in 2008.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Their work includes the live action films "The Parent Trap" (1961), "Mary Poppins" (1964), "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (1968), and "Bedknobs and Broomsticks" (1971) and the animated films "The Sword in the Stone" (1963), "The Jungle Book" (1967), "Charlotte's Web" (1973), "The Aristocats" (1970), and "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" (1977). Among their most famous works include the theme park songs "There's A Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" and "It's A Small World (After All)". According to "Time" Magazine, the latter song is the most performed song of all time.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: Sons of Russian-Jewish immigrants, Robert and Richard Sherman began writing songs together in 1951 on a challenge from their father, Tin Pan Alley songwriter Al Sherman. The brothers wrote together and with different songwriting partners throughout the rest of the decade.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: In 1958, Robert founded the music publishing company Music World Corporation, which later enjoyed a landmark relationship with Disney's BMI-affiliated publishing arm, Wonderland Music Company. That same year, the Sherman Brothers had their first top-ten hit with "Tall Paul", sung by Mouseketeer Judy Harriet on the Surf Records label and then covered by Mouseketeer Annette Funicello. They wrote the international hit "You're Sixteen," first recorded in 1960 by rockabilly singer Johnny Burnette, and a chart success again in 1973 for Ringo Starr. They also wrote the title song for Doris Day's album "Bright and Shiny", recorded in 1960 and released a year later.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: The success of these songs gained the attention of Walt Disney, who eventually hired the Sherman Brothers as staff songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. The first song they wrote on personal assignment by Walt Disney was "Strummin' Song" in 1961. It was used in the Annette Funicello made-for-television movie called "The Horsemasters". The first song that the Sherman Brothers contributed to a Disney movie was "Medfield Fight Song" from the film "The Absent-Minded Professor" (1961).


title: Sherman Brothers

text: While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical scores than any other songwriters in the history of film. They also wrote what is perhaps their best-known song, "It's a Small World (After All)", for the 1964 New York World's Fair. Since then, some have claimed that this has become the most translated and performed song on Earth, although this is largely due to the fact that it is played continuously at Disney's theme park "It's a Small World" attractions of the same name.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: In 1965, the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for "Mary Poppins", which includes the songs "Feed The Birds," "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious," and the Oscar-winning "Chim Chim Cher-ee." Since "Mary Poppins"' premiere, the Shermans have subsequently earned nine Academy Award nominations, two Grammy Awards, four Grammy Award nominations, and 23 gold- and platinum-certified albums.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney, completing the scores for the live-action musical films "The Happiest Millionaire" and "The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band" until Disney's death in 1966. Since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R. Broccoli's motion picture production "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" for United Artists in 1968, which garnered the brothers their third Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for its particularly memorable titular song.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: In 1970, the Shermans returned to Disney for a brief stint where they completed work on "The Aristocats" and "Bedknobs and Broomsticks". The latter film garnered the brothers their fourth and fifth Oscar nominations. 1972 saw the release of "Snoopy Come Home", for which the brothers received a Grammy nomination.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: In 1973, the Sherman Brothers also made history by becoming the only Americans ever to win First Prize at the Moscow Film Festival for "Tom Sawyer", for which they also authored the screenplay.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: In 1976, "The Slipper and the Rose" was picked to be the Royal Command Performance of the year. The performance was attended by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. A modern musical adaptation of the classic Cinderella story, "Slipper" also featured songs, score, and screenplay by the Sherman Brothers. Two further Academy Award nominations were garnered by the brothers for the film. That same year the Sherman Brothers received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame directly across from Grauman's Chinese Theatre.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: The Sherman Brothers' numerous other Disney and non-Disney top box office film credits include "The Jungle Book" (1967), "The Aristocats" (1970), "The Parent Trap" (1961), "The Parent Trap" (1998), "Charlotte's Web" (1973), "Huckleberry Finn" (1974), "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" (1977), "Snoopy, Come Home" (1972), "Bedknobs and Broomsticks" (1971), and "" (1989).


title: Sherman Brothers

text: Outside the motion-picture realm, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit "Over Here!" (1974) was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year and broke box-office records for its Off-Broadway revival (2019). The Sherman Brothers have also written numerous top-selling songs including "You're Sixteen," which reached "Billboard"'s Hot 100 top 10 twice: first with Johnny Burnette in 1960 and then at #1 with Ringo Starr more than thirteen years later. Other top-ten hits include "Pineapple Princess," "Let's Get Together," and more.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for the Disney film "The Tigger Movie". This film marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: In 2002, "Chitty" hit the London stage, receiving rave reviews. "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" is currently the most successful stage show ever produced at the London Palladium, boasting the longest run in that century-old theater's history. On April 28, 2005, a second "Chitty" company premiered on Broadway (New York City) at the Foxwoods Theatre. The Sherman Brothers wrote an additional six songs specifically for the new stage productions.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: In 2003, four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time in a British nationwide poll reported by the BBC. Most notably, "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (1968) topped the list at #1. In later years, with Robert's move to London, the brothers wrote new songs for the stage musical presentation of "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". For their contributions to the motion picture industry, the Sherman brothers have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Blvd. and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 9, 2005. On November 16, 2006, "Mary Poppins" premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: On November 17, 2008, the Sherman Brothers received the National Medal of Arts, which is the highest honor conferred on artists or patrons of the arts by the United States Government. The award was presented by United States President George W. Bush in an East Room ceremony at The White House.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: On May 22, 2009, "", a critically acclaimed documentary film about the pair, was theatrically released. The film was directed and produced by their sons, Gregory V. Sherman and Jeff Sherman, and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. In October 2009, Disney released a 59-track, two-CD compendium of their work for the studio spanning 42 years. The CD is titled "The Sherman Brothers Songbook". On March 11, 2010, the Sherman Brothers were presented with a specialized window on Main Street, U.S., at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, in honor of their contribution to Disney theme parks. On May 17, 2010, the Sherman Brothers received the "Career Achievement Award" at The Theatre Museum's 2010 Awards Gala in New York City.


title: Sherman Brothers

text: From 2002, Robert Sherman lived in London, England. He moved from Beverly Hills, while Richard Sherman remained in California. Robert Sherman died in London on March 6, 2012.


title: Austin Carlile

text: Austin Robert Carlile (born September 27, 1987) is an American musician and baseball coach from Pensacola, Florida. He achieved prominence as formerly the lead vocalist of Attack Attack! and Of Mice & Men. After leaving Of Mice & Men, he began coaching youth baseball in Costa Rica. A high school athlete, multiple surgeries from Marfan syndrome during his teenage years turned him towards music. In December 2016, Carlile departed from Of Mice & Men due to his Marfan syndrome and the effects that his vocal performances were having on his body.


title: Austin Carlile

text: Carlile formed Attack Attack! (originally called Ambiance) around 2006 when Johnny Franck, Andrew Whiting, Nick White, and Andrew Wetzel met Carlile while playing in local high school bands. In 2008, halfway through a tour supporting Maylene and the Sons of Disaster, Confide, A Static Lullaby, and Showbread. Carlile was replaced by Nick Barham, brother of former Sleeping with Sirens drummer Gabe Barham. Carlile said it was for "personal reasons" that he left the band, while the band released a separate statement.


title: Austin Carlile

text: On October 8, 2009, the same day Carlile announced that he was no longer a part of Attack Attack!, he officially announced the formation of his new project, Of Mice & Men, with Jaxin Hall (bassist). Their first release was "Seven Thousand Miles for What?". They also did a cover of Lady Gaga's "Poker Face", then soon after released "No Really, It's Fine". Soon after, Austin and Jaxin started to gather up the other members of the band. The band recruited several members of already-existing bands, such as Phil Manansala (lead guitarist) from A Static Lullaby, and Valentino Arteaga (drummer) from Lower Definition. Their self-titled debut album was officially announced to be released on February 23, 2010, but was delayed until March 9 for finishes on production. In 2010, Austin was unable to tour with Of Mice & Men, because he needed to have major heart surgery, and his health prevented him from touring. Jerry Roush from Sky Eats Airplane served as the tour replacement for Austin. Roush then became a permanent substitute, even after Carlile was able to tour again.


title: Austin Carlile

text: In September 2010, shortly after the departure of Craig Owens of Chiodos, rumors that Carlile would replace him circulated quickly, but were denied when Brandon Bolmer was announced as vocalist. A fake tweet from Carlile's account was produced making it seem that Carlile would be joining Chiodos as vocalist. Carlile re-joined the band on January 3, 2011. In November 2012, after the death of Suicide Silence singer Mitch Lucker, Carlile appeared on "" singing the song "O.C.D.".


title: Austin Carlile

text: In the early morning of March 30, 2013, Carlile was arrested in Bowling Green, Ohio with drum technician Lionel Robinson II, he was later charged with felonious assault. The band missed two shows on the "Right Back at It Again" tour with A Day to Remember and Chunk! No, Captain Chunk! as a result. Carlile's mugshot was released two days later. Carlile was released on bail and ordered not to have any contact with the victim. On April 29, 2013, Carlile's original charge of felonious assault was reduced to misdemeanor assault by the judge, and he was subsequently found guilty. He was fined $1,000 plus court expenses, although $800 of the fine was suspended.


title: Austin Carlile

text: In October 2016, the band pulled out in the midst of a European tour so that Carlile could seek medical treatment after experiencing pain during a show in Portsmouth. In late November, Carlile elaborated in a series of tweets that, as a sufferer of Marfan syndrome, he wouldn't "get better" and that he had undergone multiple surgeries "just so I can function/live."


title: Austin Carlile

text: On December 30, 2016, Austin Carlile posted on his Instagram and Twitter an open letter stating that he's leaving the band to focus on healing, moving on, and getting better after settling in Costa Rica, saying "...with the closing of one door, another will open." He also said that he "will not stop playing music" and that he is "still able to sing and I'm hungry for what is next to come even though I have no idea what that may be."


title: Austin Carlile

text: It was revealed on February 17, 2017 that one of the other reasons Carlile had left the band was because he wasn't allowed to write what he wanted on the next record. In a reply to an Instagram comment about whether or not he would be working with Of Mice & Men in the future, he said "No I will no longer be writing with them, one of the reasons I left. They weren't going to let me write what I wanted on next record. That's not gonna happen. I will write what I want despite what that means giving up."


title: Austin Carlile

text: On May 13, 2005, Carlile's mother died at the age of 38 due to an aneurysm. She also had undiagnosed Marfan syndrome, a disease Carlile would genetically inherit. Although raised Catholic, Carlile became disillusioned with the religion for a while in the wake of his mother's sudden death. However, on July 3, 2016, Carlile was baptized and identifies as Christian ever since. Allegedly, since his time in Costa Rica some visiting ministers prayed for him and the symptoms of his condition subsided where he could again live an active and healthy lifestyle. On June 21, 2019, he got engaged to his now wife, Marivel Gavaldon who has a daughter from a previous relationship named Lovelokai. Carlile resides in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. On January 15, 2021, Gavaldon gave birth to their daughter, Lilikoi.


title: Austin Carlile

text: Carlile was accused of the alleged rape and sexual misconduct of multiple women from recent cases that are alleged to have occurred over several years. The cases had been submitted to the American music magazine "Alternative Press". The magazine interviewed more than 10 suspected victims after multiple women made allegations against Carlile. The magazine constructed an investigative article on the cases to which they ultimately decided to not publish, which resulted in controversy. They explained on social media "For legal purposes regarding the Austin Carlile accusations, the story couldn't run as it was told. [...] We do not condone any of the accusations & this story WILL be heard."


title: Austin Carlile

text: On June 10, 2020, "Alternative Press" founder Mike Shea posted a statement explaining why the Carlile investigation was never published as expected. On June 18, Carlile denied the accusations made against him in a statement.


title: Hiroshige

text: Utagawa Hiroshige (, ; ), born Andō Tokutarō (; 1797 – 12 October 1858), was a Japanese "ukiyo-e" artist, considered the last great master of that tradition.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige is best known for his horizontal-format landscape series "The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō" and for his vertical-format landscape series "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo". The subjects of his work were atypical of the "ukiyo-e" genre, whose typical focus was on beautiful women, popular actors, and other scenes of the urban pleasure districts of Japan's Edo period (1603–1868). The popular series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji" by Hokusai was a strong influence on Hiroshige's choice of subject, though Hiroshige's approach was more poetic and ambient than Hokusai's bolder, more formal prints. Subtle use of color was essential in Hiroshige's prints, often printed with multiple impressions in the same area and with extensive use of "bokashi" (color gradation), both of which were rather labor-intensive techniques.


title: Hiroshige

text: For scholars and collectors, Hiroshige's death marked the beginning of a rapid decline in the "ukiyo-e" genre, especially in the face of the westernization that followed the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Hiroshige's work came to have a marked influence on western European painting towards the close of the 19th century as a part of the trend in Japonism. Western European artists, such as Manet and Monet, collected and closely studied Hiroshige's compositions. Vincent van Gogh even went so far as to paint copies of two of Hiroshige's prints from "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo": "Plum Park in Kameido" and "Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi bridge and Atake"


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige was born in 1797 in the Yayosu Quay section of the Yaesu area in Edo (modern Tokyo). He was of a samurai background, and is the great-grandson of Tanaka Tokuemon, who held a position of power under the Tsugaru clan in the northern province of Mutsu. Hiroshige's grandfather, Mitsuemon, was an archery instructor who worked under the name Sairyūken. Hiroshige's father, Gen'emon, was adopted into the family of Andō Jūemon, whom he succeeded as fire warden for the Yayosu Quay area.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige went through several name changes as a youth: Jūemon, Tokubē, and Tetsuzō. He had three sisters, one of whom died when he was three. His mother died in early 1809, and his father followed later in the year, but not before handing his fire warden duties to his twelve-year-old son. He was charged with prevention of fires at Edo Castle, a duty that left him much leisure time.


title: Hiroshige

text: Not long after his parents' deaths, perhaps at around fourteen, Hiroshige—then named Tokutarō— began painting. He sought the tutelage of Toyokuni of the Utagawa school, but Toyokuni had too many pupils to make room for him. A librarian introduced him instead to Toyohiro of the same school. By 1812 Hiroshige was permitted to sign his works, which he did under the art name Hiroshige. He also studied the techniques of the well-established Kanō school, the nanga whose tradition began with the Chinese Southern School, and the realistic Shijō school, and likely the linear perspective techniques of Western art and uki-e.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige's apprentice work included book illustrations and single-sheet "ukiyo-e" prints of female beauties and kabuki actors in the Utagawa style, sometimes signing them Ichiyūsai or, from 1832, Ichiryūsai. In 1823, he passed his post as fire warden on to his son, though he still acted as an alternate. He declined an offer to succeed Toyohiro upon the master's death in 1828.


title: Hiroshige

text: It was not until 1829–1830 that Hiroshige began to produce the landscapes he has come to be known for, such as the "Eight Views of Ōmi" series. He also created an increasing number of bird and flower prints about this time. About 1831, his "Ten Famous Places in the Eastern Capital" appeared, and seem to bear the influence of Hokusai, whose popular landscape series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji" had recently seen publication.


title: Hiroshige

text: An invitation to join an official procession to Kyoto in 1832 gave Hiroshige the opportunity to travel along the Tōkaidō route that linked the two capitals. He sketched the scenery along the way, and when he returned to Edo he produced the series "The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō", which contains some of his best-known prints. Hiroshige built on the series' success by following it with others, such as the "Illustrated Places of Naniwa" (1834), "Famous Places of Kyoto" (1835), another "Eight Views of Ōmi" (1834). As he had never been west of Kyoto, Hiroshige-based his illustrations of Naniwa (modern Osaka) and Ōmi Province on pictures found in books and paintings.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige's first wife helped finance his trips to sketch travel locations, in one instance selling some of her clothing and ornamental combs. She died in October 1838, and Hiroshige remarried to Oyasu, sixteen years his junior, daughter of a farmer named Kaemon from Tōtōmi Province.


title: Hiroshige

text: Around 1838 Hiroshige produced two series entitled "Eight Views of the Edo Environs", each print accompanied by a humorous "kyōka" poem. "The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō" saw print between about 1835 and 1842, a joint production with Keisai Eisen, of which Hiroshige's share was forty-six of the seventy prints.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige produced 118 sheets for the "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo" over the last decade of his life, beginning about 1848.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige II was a young print artist, Chinpei Suzuki, who married Hiroshige's daughter, Otatsu. He was given the artist name of "Shigenobu". Hiroshige intended to make Shigenobu his heir in all matters, and Shigenobu adopted the name "Hiroshige" after his master's death in 1858, and thus today is known as Hiroshige II. However, the marriage to Otatsu was troubled and in 1865 they separated. Otatsu was remarried to another former pupil of Hiroshige, Shigemasa, who appropriated the name of the lineage and today is known as Hiroshige III. Both Hiroshige II and Hiroshige III worked in a distinctive style based on that of Hiroshige, but neither achieved the level of success and recognition accorded to their master. Other students of Hiroshige I include Utagawa Shigemaru, Utagawa Shigekiyo, and Utagawa Hirokage.


title: Hiroshige

text: In his declining years, Hiroshige still produced thousands of prints to meet the demand for his works, but few were as good as those of his early and middle periods. He never lived in financial comfort, even in old age.


title: Hiroshige

text: In no small part, his prolific output stemmed from the fact that he was poorly paid per series, although he was still capable of remarkable art when the conditions were right — his great "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo" ( "Meisho Edo Hyakkei") was paid for up-front by a wealthy Buddhist priest in love with the daughter of the publisher, Uoya Eikichi (a former fishmonger).


title: Hiroshige

text: In 1856, Hiroshige "retired from the world," becoming a Buddhist monk; this was the year he began his "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo". He died aged 62 during the great Edo cholera epidemic of 1858 (whether the epidemic killed him is unknown) and was buried in a Zen Buddhist temple in Asakusa. Just before his death, he left a farewell poem:


title: Hiroshige

text: (The Western Land in this context refers to the strip of land by the Tōkaidō between Kyoto and Edo, but it does double duty as a reference to the paradise of the Amida Buddha).


title: Hiroshige

text: Despite his productivity and popularity, Hiroshige was not wealthy—his commissions were less than those of other in-demand artists, amounting to an income of about twice the wages of a day labourer. His will left instructions for the payment of his debts.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige produced over 8,000 works. He largely confined himself in his early work to common "ukiyo-e" themes such as women ( ) and actors ( ). Then, after the death of Toyohiro, Hiroshige made a dramatic turnabout, with the 1831 landscape series "Famous Views of the Eastern Capital" ( ) which was critically acclaimed for its composition and colors. This set is generally distinguished from Hiroshige's many print sets depicting Edo by referring to it as "Ichiyūsai Gakki", a title derived from the fact that he signed it as Ichiyūsai Hiroshige. With "The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō" (1833–1834), his success was assured. These designs were drawn from Hiroshige's actual travels of the full distance of . They included details of date, location, and anecdotes of his fellow travelers, and were immensely popular. In fact, this series was so popular that he reissued it in three versions, one of which was made jointly with Kunisada. Hiroshige went on to produce more than 2000 different prints of Edo and post stations Tōkaidō, as well as series such as "The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidō" (1834–1842) and his own "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji" (1852–1858). Of his estimated total of 5000 designs, these landscapes comprised the largest proportion of any genre.


title: Hiroshige

text: He dominated landscape printmaking with his unique brand of intimate, almost small-scale works compared against the older traditions of landscape painting descended from Chinese landscape painters such as Sesshu. The travel prints generally depict travelers along famous routes experiencing the special attractions of various stops along the way. They travel in the rain, in snow, and during all of the seasons. In 1856, working with the publisher Uoya Eikichi, he created a series of luxury edition prints, made with the finest printing techniques including true gradation of color, the addition of mica to lend a unique iridescent effect, embossing, fabric printing, blind printing, and the use of glue printing (wherein ink is mixed with glue for a glittery effect). Hiroshige pioneered the use of the vertical format in landscape printing in his series Famous Views of the Sixty-odd Provinces. "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo" (issued serially between 1856 and 1859) was immensely popular. The set was published posthumously and some prints had not been completed — he had created over 100 on his own, but two were added by Hiroshige II after his death.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige was a member of the Utagawa school, along with Kunisada and Kuniyoshi. The Utagawa school comprised dozens of artists, and stood at the forefront of 19th century woodblock prints. Particularly noteworthy for their actor and historical prints, members of the Utagawa school were nonetheless well-versed in all of the popular genres.


title: Hiroshige

text: During Hiroshige’s time, the print industry was booming, and the consumer audience for prints was growing rapidly. Prior to this time, most print series had been issued in small sets, such as ten or twelve designs per series. Increasingly large series were produced to meet demand, and this trend can be seen in Hiroshige’s work, such as "The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidō" and "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo".


title: Hiroshige

text: In terms of style, Hiroshige is especially noted for using unusual vantage points, seasonal allusions, and striking colors. In particular, he worked extensively within the realm of "" () pictures of famous places. During the Edo period, tourism was also booming, leading to increased popular interest in travel. Travel guides abounded, and towns appeared along routes such as the Tōkaidō, a road that connected Edo with Kyoto. In the midst of this burgeoning travel culture, Hiroshige drew upon his own travels, as well as tales of others’ adventures, for inspiration in creating his landscapes. For example, in "The Fifty-three Stations on the Tōkaidō" (1833), he illustrates anecdotes from "Travels on the Eastern Seaboard" ( , 1802–1809) by Jippensha Ikku, a comedy describing the adventures of two bumbling travelers as they make their way along the same road.


title: Hiroshige

text: Hiroshige’s "The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō" (1833–1834) and "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo" (1856–1858) greatly influenced French Impressionists such as Monet. Vincent van Gogh copied two of the "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo" which were among his collection of ukiyo-e prints. Hiroshige's style also influenced the Mir iskusstva, a 20th-century Russian art movement in which Ivan Bilibin and Mstislav Dobuzhinsky were major artists. Dobuzhinsky confessed of Hiroshige's influence "I liked to choose a viewpoint of my own so that the composition would be striking, unusual; in that, I had the constant example of Hiroshige before my eyes". Cézanne and Whistler were also amongst those under Hiroshige's influence. Hiroshige was regarded by Louise Gonse, director of the influential "Gazette des Beaux-Arts" and author of the two volume "L'Art Japonais" in 1883, as the greatest painter of landscapes of the 19th century.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Chicago's demographics show that it is a large and ethnically diverse metropolis. It is the third largest city and metropolitan area in the United States by population, and the city was home to over 2.7 million people in 2020, accounting for over 25% of the population in the Chicago metropolitan area; home to approximately 9.6 million. The racial makeup of the city in 2010 was 45.3% white and with in that 45.3%, 12.9% identify as having serb ancestry(31.7% non-Hispanic white), 32% black, 5% Asian, and 3% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the population is 28% Hispanic and 72% belong to non Hispanic background. English is the primary language of the city, and Christianity accounts as the predominant faith.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: During its first century as a city, Chicago grew at a rate that ranked among the fastest growing in the world. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world. Within fifty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population had tripled to over 3 million. The city's population peaked in the 1950 Census, although two of the three most recent Censuses as of 2022 have shown moderate growth.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 2,695,598 people and 1,194,337 households residing within the city limits of Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. The 2000 United States Census had shown the population density of the city itself was 12,750.3 people per square mile (4,923.0/km), making it one of the nation's most densely populated cities. There were 1,152,868 housing units at an average density of 5,075.8 per square mile (1,959.8/km). Of the 1,061,928 households in the 2000 census, 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% were non-families. The median income for a household in the city was $38,625 in 2000, and the median income for a family was $46,748. Males had a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. Below the poverty line were 19.6% of the population and 16.6% of the families.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: According to 2019 US Census Bureau American Community Survey one-year estimates (which is conducted annually for cities over 65,000 via sampling), the population of Chicago, Illinois was 50.8% White (33.5% Non-Hispanic White and 17.3% Hispanic White), 29.0% Black or African American, 7.0% Asian, 0.4% Native American and Alaskan Native, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.6% Some Other Race, and 3.2% from two or more races. The White population continues to remain the largest racial category as Hispanics in Chicago primarily identify as White (60.2%) with others identifying as Other Race (32.5%), Multiracial (3.9%), Black (1.8%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (1.0%), Asian (0.5%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.1%). By ethnicity, 28.8% of the total population is Hispanic-Latino (of any race) and 71.2% is Non-Hispanic (of any race). If treated as a separate category, Hispanics are the largest minority group in Chicago, Illinois.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: In 2000, 21.7% of the population was foreign born; of this, 56.3% came from Latin America, 23.1% from Europe, 18.0% from Asia and 2.6% from other parts of the world. In 1996, Chicago had the sixth highest foreign-born population in the United States.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: In 2016, the population of Hispanics exceeded that of Blacks to become Chicago's largest minority group with non-Hispanic Whites representing 32.6% of the population, Hispanics at 29.7% of the population, and Blacks at 29.3% of the population. The large Hispanic population is rather recent, with the segregation between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites being low when compared to Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites. Over the years neighborhoods have seen gradual ethnic change with White ethnic neighborhoods like Brighton Park transitioning to Hispanic, while former Latino neighborhoods like West Town transition to majority non-Hispanic White.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: The vast majority of Chicago Hispanics are of Mexican descent. As of the 2010 Census, 578,100 residents of the City of Chicago, had full or partial Mexican origins.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largest African American population, behind only New York City and Atlanta.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: The main ethnic groups in Chicago include Irish, German, Italian, Mexican, Assyrian, Arab, Bangladeshi, Jews, English, Bosnian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Czech, Greek, Black, Korean, Chinese, Indian, Filipino, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Albanian, Pakistani, Polish, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Swedish, Ukrainian, Dutch, Belgian, Cuban, Vietnamese, and Puerto Rican.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Chicago has a large Irish American population, with many still residing on the South Side. The early years of Chicago coincided with the significant rise in Irish immigration in the 1830s and 1840s. Some Irish already lived in Chicago when it was incorporated as a city in 1837. In the next few years Irish numbers grew rapidly, particularly after the arrival of refugees from the Great Famine. By 1850 Irish immigrants accounted for about one-fifth of the city's population. Many of the city's politicians are descendants of this group, including previous mayor Richard M. Daley. The Irish were able to assert themselves in politics due to their large population but also the fact that they knew English and that – thanks to the geographic position of Ireland on the periphery of Europe – they did not have ancestral ethnic rivalries. As the old saying went, ""A Lithuanian won’t vote for a Pole, and a Pole won’t vote for a Lithuanian. A German won’t vote for either of them. But all three will vote for a turkey. – an Irishman." Only the WASPs hated the Irish, and the WASPs all lived on the North Shore."" The Irish gained entry to Chicago's Fire and Police Departments and have kept family traditions of participation in these units. The Irish laid the foundations for many of the city's Roman Catholic churches, schools and hospitals. The Irish are still very active in the city's politics.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Germans have constituted a major portion of ethnic whites in Chicago since the beginning of the city's history. When the Great Plains opened up for settlement in the 1830s and 1840s, many German immigrants stopped in Chicago to earn additional money before moving West to claim a homestead. Those with skills in demand could—and often did—stay. From 1850, when Germans constituted one-sixth of Chicago's population, until the turn of the 20th century, people of German descent constituted the largest ethnic group in the city, followed by Irish, Poles, and Swedes. In 1900, 470,000 Chicagoans—one out of every four residents—had either been born in Germany or had a parent born there. Although their numbers dropped because of reduced emigration from Germany and because World War I had made it unpopular to acknowledge one's German heritage, 22 percent of Chicago's population still did so in 1920. One of the most distinct of these German groups were the Volga Germans, or ethnic Germans having lived along the Volga River in Russia. They largely clustered in Jefferson Park on the city's Northwest Side, coming to the area mostly between the years 1907–1920. By 1930 450 families of Volga German heritage were living in the Jefferson Park area, most of whom originated from "Wiesenseite". Chicago also hosts the headquarters of the largest Lutheran body in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: The city has one of the largest Assyrian Diaspora populations, with the Assyrian community of Metropolitan Chicago numbering as many as 80,000. Additionally, The Patriarchal see of the Assyrian Church of the East was based in Chicago for several decades up until 2015 when it was moved to Erbil.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Polish people have been prevalent from the city's early history, but the largest waves of immigration were in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; they have been influential in the economic and social development of Chicago. This is one of the most important centers of Polonia. The Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park celebrates Polish culture annually on Labor Day weekend. The Southwest Side is home to the largest concentration of Gorals (Carpathian highlanders) outside Europe. The southwest side is also the location of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America. Many Polish churches are found in Chicago, built in the Polish Cathedral style of architecture. Some can be seen from the Kennedy Expressway, other roadways, and public transportation routes, as well as from the neighborhood streets.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Chicago has one of the largest concentrations of Italian Americans in the US, with more than 500,000 living in the metropolitan area. Chicago has the third largest Italian American population in the United States, behind only New York City and Philadelphia. Chicago's Italian community has historically been based along the Taylor Street and Grand Avenue corridors on the West Side of the city. There are also significant Italian populations scattered throughout the city and surrounding suburbs.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: The first Bosnians settled in Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, joining other immigrants seeking better opportunities and better lives. As the former Yugoslavia continued to find its identity as a nation over the last century, the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina sought stability and new beginnings in the city of Chicago many intending to return to their homeland. Bosnian Muslims were early leaders in the establishment of Chicago's Muslim community. In 1906, they established Dzemijetul Hajrije (The Benevolent Society) of Illinois to preserve the community's religious and national traditions as well as to provide mutual assistance for funerals and illness. The organization established chapters in Gary, Indiana, in 1913, and Butte, Montana, in 1916, and is the oldest existing Muslim organization in the United States. The Bosnians were the first Muslims in the United States to incorporate an Islamic Association in 1906 in Chicago, Illinois. There are approximately 70,000 Bosnian Americans in Chicago. 40,000 of them came as refugees during the 1990s and early 2000s.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Other prevalent European ethnic groups include the Czechs, and Ukrainians. At the turn of the 20th century, Chicago was the third-largest Czech city in the world, after Prague and Vienna. There are approximately 14,000 Ukrainians living within the Chicago city limits. Chicago has a small community of Swedish Americans. Swedish Americans make up 0.9% of Chicago's population, and they number at 23,990. After the Great Chicago Fire, many Swedish carpenters helped to rebuild the city, which led to the saying "the Swedes built Chicago." Swedish influence is evident in Andersonville on the far north side.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: The city has a large population of Bulgarians, Lithuanians, Croats, Jews, Greeks and Serbs. Chicago has a sizeable Romanian American community, , the Lithuanian population is over 100,000 and was formerly over 300,000; the world's oldest continuously published Lithuanian-language newspaper "Draugus" is based in Chicago. The city is the seat of the Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Chicago has the third-largest South Asian population in the United States, especially many Indians, Bangladeshi and Pakistanis. The Devon Avenue corridor on the far north side is one of the largest South Asian neighborhoods/markets in North America. As of the 2010 Census, Chicago has the third-largest Puerto Rican population in the continental United States, after New York City and Philadelphia, and the fourth largest Mexican population in the United States after Los Angeles, San Antonio, and Houston. There are about 185,000 Arabs in Cook County with another 75,000 in the five surrounding counties. Chicago is the center of the Palestinian and Jordanian immigrant communities in the United States, and additionally has a large Assyrian population.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: There is a substantial Romani community in Chicago. The Roma first came to Chicago during the large waves of Southern and Eastern European immigration to the United States in the 1880s until World War I. They were following Serbian and Hungarian immigrants who found work in the steel mills and factories of the city.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: The city saw an increase of 20,606 people from July 1, 2007 to July 1, 2008, according to census data. This marked the second consecutive year of population increase, while still not yet returning to the official Census 2000 population level.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: There were more than 1,061,928 households, of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% were non-families. Of all households, 32.6% were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.50.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Of the city population, 26.2% were under the age of 18, 11.2% were from 18 to 24, 33.4% were from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: The median income for a household in the city was $38,625, and the median income for a family was $42,724. Males had a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,175. Below the poverty line were 19.6% of the population and 16.6% of the families. Of the total population, 28.1% of those under the age of 18 and 15.5% of those 75 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Population estimates in 2008 put the number of people in the city proper at 2,853,114, while suburban populations continue to grow, with estimates at 9,785,747 for the combined city and suburbs.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Chicago has one of the largest LGBTQ+ populations in the United States. In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBTQ+.


title: Demographics of Chicago

text: Christianity is predominant among the city's population who worship (71%). The Chicago metropolitan area also includes adherents of Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and the Baháʼí Faith, among others.


title: Taylor Mitchell

text: Taylor Josephine Stephanie Luciow, known by her stage name Taylor Mitchell (August 27, 1990October 27, 2009), was a Canadian country folk singer and songwriter from Toronto. Her debut and only album, "For Your Consideration", received encouraging reviews and airplay. Following a busy summer performance schedule, which included an appearance as a young performer at the Winnipeg Folk Festival, Taylor embarked on a tour of Eastern Canada with a newly acquired license and car.


title: Taylor Mitchell

text: Mitchell died at the age of 19 of injuries and blood loss after eastern coyotes mauled her while she was walking in Cape Breton Highlands National Park's Skyline Trail. Her death is the only known fatal coyote attack on an adult and the only known fatal coyote attack on a human ever confirmed in Canada. It shocked experts and led to a reassessment of the risk to humans from the predator behaviour of coyotes.