title: Sydney Roosters

text: In 1975, the Eastern Suburbs Roosters set a record 19-match winning streak on their way to their 11th premiership. In a 1935 match against Canterbury, Dave Brown scored 45 points, the highest score and victory margin for the club (the 87–7 scoreline is equivalent to 106–8 under the contemporary scoring system). The winning margin is the second largest overall, behind St. George's 91–6 win over Canterbury a week earlier.


title: Sydney Roosters

text: The club's record attendance for a regular season game at its home ground—the Sydney Football Stadium—stands at 40,864, achieved in a match on ANZAC Day against the St George Illawarra Dragons in 2017. The club's record attendance for a regular season game at the SCG stands at 50,130 on 4 May 1974 against the Manly Sea Eagles


title: Sydney Roosters

text: The 2000 grand final between the Sydney Roosters and the Brisbane Broncos attracted 94,277 spectators to the Olympic Stadium.


title: Sydney Roosters

text: In 2000, the Sydney Roosters named their "Team of the Century", which included players from 1908 to 2000. The official team is listed below along with their Sydney Roosters cap number.


title: Sydney Roosters

text: In 2007, the Sydney Roosters announced "The Centurions", a team consisting of those regarded as the greatest players to have played 100 or more games for the club between 1908 and 2007. The team was selected by Ray Chesterton, Ian Heads, David Middleton and Alan Clarkson and was unveiled at the centenary season launch at the Michael Algeri Pavilion on 10 March 2007.


title: Sydney Roosters

text: Premierships – 151911, 1912, 1913, 1923, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1945, 1974, 1975, 2002, 2013, 2018, 2019


title: Sydney Roosters

text: Runners-up – 151908, 1919, 1921, 1928, 1931, 1934, 1938, 1941, 1960, 1972, 1980, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2010


title: Sydney Roosters

text: Minor Premierships – 201912, 1913, 1923, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1945, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1981, 2004, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018


title: Sydney Roosters

text: Presidents Cup – 161910, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1927, 1938, 1948, 1949, 1955, 1978, 1987, 1993


title: Sydney Roosters

text: On 27 March 2018, the Sydney Roosters applied for, and won, a license to participate in the inaugural 2018 NRL Women's season. Adam Hartigan was named as the coach of the women's side.


title: Sydney Roosters

text: In June 2018, the club used up the maximum of fifteen marquee signings ahead of the inaugural season which subsequently commenced in September. Players signed included Karina Brown, Isabelle Kelly and Ruan Sims.


title: Sydney Roosters

text: The club finished runners-up in the inaugural NRL Women's Premiership, losing to the Brisbane Broncos by 34–12 in the 2018 NRL Women's Premiership Grand Final. Zahara Temara claimed the 2018 Player of the Season award.


title: Sydney Roosters

text: In 2019, Rick Stone took over as coach. The club, however, failed to win a match, claiming the wooden spoon. Tallisha Harden was awarded the club's Best & Fairest Player for the 2019 season.


title: Sydney Roosters

text: Jamie Feeney was appointed the head coach for the 2020 season, being determined to turn the club's fortunes around. He was assisted by Kylie Hilder and John Strange. Feeney immediately appointed Corban McGregor as the club's new captain. The club also announced the big signing of Sevens Rugby star and 2016 Gold Medalist, Charlotte Caslick.


title: 108 (number)

text: The number 108 is considered sacred by the Dharmic Religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.


title: 108 (number)

text: In Hindu tradition, the Mukhya Shivaganas (attendants of Shiva) are 108 in number and hence Shaiva religions, particularly Lingayats, use malas of 108 beads for prayer and meditation.


title: 108 (number)

text: Similarly, in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Lord Krishna in Brindavan had 108 followers known as gopis. Recital of their names, often accompanied by the counting of a 108-beaded mala, is often done during religious ceremonies.


title: 108 (number)

text: The Sri Vaishnavite Tradition has 108 Divya Desams (temples of Vishnu) that are revered by the 12 Alvars in the "Divya Prabandha", a collection of 4,000 Tamil verses. There are also 18 pithas (sacred places).


title: 108 (number)

text: The Sudarshana Chakra is a spinning, discus weapon with 108 serrated edges, generally portrayed on the right rear hand of the four hands of Vishnu.


title: 108 (number)

text: In Jainism, the total number of ways of Karma influx (Aasrav). 4 Kashays (anger, pride, conceit, greed) x 3 karanas (mind, speech, bodily action) x 3 stages of planning (planning, procurement, commencement) x 3 ways of execution (own action, getting it done, supporting or approval of action).


title: 108 (number)

text: In Buddhism, according to Bhante Gunaratana this number is reached by multiplying the senses smell, touch, taste, hearing, sight, and consciousness by whether they are painful, pleasant or neutral, and then again by whether these are internally generated or externally occurring, and yet again by past, present and future, finally we get 108 feelings. 6 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 108.


title: 108 (number)

text: Tibetan Buddhist malas or rosaries (Tib. ཕྲེང་བ Wyl. phreng ba, "Trengwa") are usually 108 beads; sometimes 111 including the guru bead(s), reflecting the words of the Buddha called in Tibetan the Kangyur (Wylie: Bka'-'gyur) in 108 volumes.


title: 108 (number)

text: The Lankavatara Sutra has a section where the Bodhisattva Mahamati asks Buddha 108 questions and another section where Buddha lists 108 statements of negation in the form of "A statement concerning X is not a statement concerning X." In a footnote, D.T. Suzuki explains that the Sanskrit word translated as "statement" is "pada" which can also mean "foot-step" or "a position." This confusion over the word "pada" explains why some have mistakenly held that the reference to 108 statements in the Lankavatara refer to the 108 steps that many temples have.


title: 108 (number)

text: In Japan, at the end of the year, a bell is chimed 108 times in Buddhist temples to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations (Bonnō) a person must overcome to achieve nirvana.


title: 108 (number)

text: In the neo-Gnostic teachings of Samael Aun Weor, an individual has 108 chances (lifetimes) to eliminate his egos and transcend the material world before "devolving" and having the egos forcefully removed in the infradimensions.


title: 108 (number)

text: Many East Asian martial arts trace their roots back to Buddhism, specifically, to the Buddhist Shaolin Temple. Because of their ties to Buddhism, 108 has become an important symbolic number in a number of martial arts styles.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist is an American adult animated sitcom that originally ran on Comedy Central from May 28, 1995, to February 13, 2002. The series starred the voice talents of Jonathan Katz, H. Jon Benjamin, and Laura Silverman. The show was created by Burbank, California, production company Popular Arts Entertainment (executive producers: Tim Braine and David Pritchard), with Jonathan Katz and Tom Snyder, developed and first made by Popular Arts for HBO Downtown Productions. Boston-based Tom Snyder Productions became the hands-on production company, and the episodes were usually produced by Katz and Loren Bouchard. It won a Peabody Award in 1998.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: The show was computer-animated in a crude, easily recognizable style produced with the software Squigglevision (a device Snyder had employed in his educational animation business) in which all persons and animate objects are in color and have constantly squiggling outlines, while most other inanimate objects are static and usually shades of gray.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: The original challenge Popular Arts faced was how to repurpose recorded stand-up comedy material. To do so, they based Dr. Katz's patients on stand-up comics for the first several episodes, simply having them recite their stand-up acts. The secondary challenge was how to affordably animate on cable TV at the time. Snyder (a boyhood friend of Braine's) had Squigglevision, an inexpensive means of getting animation on cable, which could not afford traditional animation processes. A partnership between Popular Arts, Tom Snyder Productions and Jonathan Katz was formed, and thus, "Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist" was born.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: The first episode of "Dr. Katz" aired on May 28, 1995. A total of 81 episodes were produced, with the sixth and final season (of 18 episodes) beginning on June 15, 1999. Only the first six of the final season episodes were aired on Comedy Central immediately, though they did air in international markets. After a five-month delay, another nine episodes ran during a Christmas Eve marathon. The final three episodes were broadcast for the first time in the United States on February 13, 2002, during an event dubbed "Dr. Katz goes to the Final Three."


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: A comic strip of the same name was produced by the Los Angeles Times Syndicate from March 1997 to January 2000. One book collection was published, "Hey, I've Got My Own Problems". Writers included Bill Braudis and Dave Blazek, with artwork by Dick Truxaw.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: In 2007, Comedy Central presented "An Evening with Dr. Katz: Live from the Comedy Central Stage", a live-action special taped in front of a live audience at the Hudson Theater on Santa Monica Boulevard in Los Angeles, featuring Jonathan Katz reprising his role as Dr. Katz. Comedians Maria Bamford, Kathy Griffin, Andy Kindler and Paul F. Tompkins appeared in person as celebrity "clients"; Jon Benjamin and Laura Silverman reprised their respective roles from the animated series. This special was included in the "Complete Series" DVD compilation. In January 2008, live performances were presented over two nights as part of SF Sketchfest in San Francisco, California. On the first night, Jonathan Katz's guest list included Maria Bamford, Brian Posehn and Bob Odenkirk. The surprise guest that evening was Robin Williams. At the end of the "session" Katz revealed that he had multiple sclerosis in real life. On the second night, the clients were Jon Benjamin (reprising his role as Katz's son), Andy Kindler and Eugene Mirman. Show co-creator, Tom Snyder appeared as Katz's therapist, Dr. Snydor. B. J. Novak was not on the announced list.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: The show returned to SF Sketchfest in January 2015. This performance, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the program, featured


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: Katz with Jon Benjamin and Tom Snyder again portraying his son and therapist, respectively. The patients for this production were Ron Funches, Pete Holmes, Morgan Murphy and Emo Philips. Also in 2015, live performances took place at the Moontower Comedy & Oddity Festival in Austin, Texas on April 23 and 24. Staged therapy sessions included Andy Kindler, Emo Philips, Maria Bamford, Dom Irrera, Dana Gould, and Eddie Pepitone. The show was again staged at SF Sketchfest in January 2016. The patients who booked "appointments" that night included Janeane Garofalo, Andy Kindler, Maria Bamford, The Sklar Brothers, and Chelsea Peretti. As part of the 16th Annual SF Sketchfest, in San Francisco, California there was a live performance on January 20, 2017. Katz did a short stand up comedy set Guest "patients" included Kevin Pollak, Natasha Leggero, Tom Papa, Moshe Kasher and Scott Aukerman. Leggero joined Kasher's session midway through for couples therapy. The two are married in real life.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: An audio-only version of the show was produced for Audible. The first three episodes were released in June 2017 and were released Thursdays. It ran for 15 episodes. Guests have included Ray Romano, Sarah Silverman, and Ted Danson. A full-length audiobook titled "Dr. Katz: The Audiobook" was released as an Audible exclusive in 2018 featuring all-new content.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: Dr. Katz is a professional psychotherapist. He is a laid-back, well-intentioned man who enjoys playing the guitar and spending time at the bar with his friend Stanley and bartender Julie. Therapy sessions - normally two per episode, with the patients played by well-known comics and actors - anchor the show. Those that feature comics generally consist of onstage material contributed by the guest, while Dr. Katz offers insights or simply lets them talk. Therapy sessions that feature actors contain more interpersonal dialogue between Dr. Katz and his patient.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: Interspersed between therapy sessions are scenes involving Dr. Katz's daily life, which includes his aimless, childish 24-year-old son Ben (Jon Benjamin), his uninterested and unhelpful secretary, Laura (Laura Silverman), and his two friends: Stanley (Will LeBow) and bartender Julie, voiced by one of the show's producers, Julianne Shapiro. In later episodes, Todd (Todd Barry), a video store clerk, becomes a regular character.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: Most episodes begin with Dr. Katz and Ben at breakfast. The plots include events like Ben attempting to become a radio personality, believing he has ESP, or suffering from a moral conundrum after receiving a chain letter. The development of these plots alternates with the segments of Dr. Katz and his guests in therapy sessions.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: Much of the show's content, particularly dialogue between Dr. Katz and Ben, is improvised through a process called "retroscripting", in which a vague outline is developed but the actual dialogue is ad-libbed. This style, as well as the animation technique Squigglevision, would reappear in "Home Movies", a cartoon on which many members of the Dr. Katz cast and crew worked.


title: Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist

text: Season 2 has a score of 81 on Metacritic, based on 6 reviews. The show has won 5 awards, including a Peabody Award and a Daytime Emmy. In 2015, PopMatters asserted that the show was "Still Wise and Just As Funny" as it was when it first aired. In 2016 Jonathan Katz noted ""Dr. Katz" has such a loyal fan base, even now."


title: Ray Chen

text: Ray Chen (born 6 March 1989) is a Taiwanese-Australian violinist. He was the first prize winner of the 2009 Queen Elisabeth Competition and the 2008 International Yehudi Menuhin Violin Competition.


title: Ray Chen

text: Born in Taipei, Taiwan, Chen began learning violin at the age of four. Within five years he completed all 10 levels of the Suzuki Music Education (Suzuki method) in Brisbane, Australia. Chen was invited to play solo with the Queensland Philharmonic Orchestra at the age of eight. He was also invited to perform at the opening celebration concert of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.


title: Ray Chen

text: Chen was chosen as Australia's 4MBS's "Young Space Musician of the Year" in 1999. He was awarded the Sydney May Memorial Scholarship of the Australian Music Examinations Board (AMEB) for being the youngest and most talented musician. Chen was awarded his Licentiate Diploma of Music with distinction by the AMEB at age 11. At age 13, he won first prize in the Australian National Youth Concerto Competition (NYCC), and in 2005 won first prize in the 2005 Australia National Kendall Violin Competition. Professor Goetz Richter, chair of the String Unit at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music has described Chen as "one of the most talented and accomplished young violinists to have emerged from Australia." His violin teachers have included Kerry Smith and Professor Peter Zhang (Sydney Conservatorium). Chen graduated with a bachelor of music degree in violin performance under Aaron Rosand at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia.


title: Ray Chen

text: In the summers of 2006 and 2007, Chen attended the Encore School for Strings, studying under David Cerone at the Cleveland Institute of Music. In 2008 he attended the Aspen Music Festival on a full tuition fellowship, studying with Cho-Liang Lin (Juilliard School) and Paul Kantor (Cleveland Institute of Music).


title: Ray Chen

text: In April 2008 Chen won the senior division first prize of the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists in Cardiff, Wales. (In 2004 he had won jointly the third prize of the junior division in that competition.) Chen then came to the attention of Maxim Vengerov, who served on the competition jury, and was engaged for performances including debuts with the Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra in Saint Petersburgand at the International Rostropovich Festival with the Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra in Baku, under the baton of Vengerov.


title: Ray Chen

text: Following his success at the Menuhin Competition, Chen won the first prize of the 2009 Queen Elisabeth Competition in Brussels, Belgium, bringing him numerous concert engagements, a recording, and a three-year loan of the "Huggins" Stradivarius from the Nippon Music Foundation. He was the competition's youngest participant. As Grand Prize winner, he was immediately launched on a concert tour, performing with the Royal Flemish Philharmonic (DeFilharmonie) under Jaap van Zweden and Aldert Vermeulen, the National Orchestra of Belgium under Rumon Gamba, and the Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra under Emmanuel Krivine, as well as in recitals throughout Belgium.


title: Ray Chen

text: Chen was signed by Sony Classical in 2010. He has recorded the César Franck Violin Sonata, the violin concertos of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Felix Mendelssohn, and more.


title: Ray Chen

text: Chen won the Newcomer Award in the 2011 Echo Klassik Awards. He was invited to perform at the annual Nobel Prize Concert in 2012, playing Max Bruch's Violin Concerto in G minor with the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra.


title: Ray Chen

text: In April 2016, he was the youngest juror ever of the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists in London, with Pamela Frank, Joji Hattori, Martin Engstroem, Ning Feng, Julia Fischer, Dong-Suk Kang, Tasmin Little and Jeremy Menuhin.


title: Ray Chen

text: After the short-term loan of "Huggins", he was lent the 1715 "Joachim" Stradivarius from the Nippon Music Foundation until 2019. As of October 2019, he is the recipient of the 1735 "Samazeuilh" Stradivarius loaned by the Nippon Music Foundation.


title: Ray Chen

text: On 12th September 2022, he announced that he had received the 1714 “Dolphin” Stradivarius, which was loaned by the Nippon Music Foundation for a year. This Stradivarius was played by the legendary violinist Jascha Heifetz.


title: Ray Chen

text: On November 20, 2021, Sting's single "What Could Have Been", featuring Chen, was in the third act of the "League of Legends" animated series "Arcane"; this single was released the same day. They then opened The Game Awards 2021 with the song.


title: Ray Chen

text: In 2022 Ray was one of the collaborators on Jay Chou's song and video, "Greatest Works of Art," which went to number one in China, racking up over 500 million views on Weibo and other Chinese streaming services within 48 hours of release.


title: Ray Chen

text: Chen is frequently noted for his online presence, being one of the first classical musicians of his stature to embrace social media. He began making funny videos on his Facebook page in 2014, and soon began creating humorous content for his eponymous YouTube channel pertaining to violin playing, classical music, and being Ray Chen. The YouTube classical music comedy duo TwoSetViolin cite Chen as an influence in their decision to start doing comedy on their channel and Chen has guested on their channel numerous times. Chen continues to create content for Instagram and other social media platforms, and hosts a Discord community, as well.


title: Ray Chen

text: In 2021 Chen launched an app with developer Rose Xi under the title Pocket Conservatory. Conceived as a community-building and practice motivation app for musicians, Pocket attracted 3,500 users immediately (with another 4,000 on the waitlist) in 117 countries. In 2022 Pocket rebranded as Tonic and continued to add users in preparation for a wider launch.


title: Ray Chen

text: Chen has also designed a violin case for Gewa, is in a multi-year marketing partnership with clothing design house Armani, and wrote a blog for Vogue Italia.


title: Ray Chen

text: The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).


title: SpaceX Crew-4

text: SpaceX Crew-4 was the Crew Dragon's fourth NASA Commercial Crew operational flight, and its seventh overall crewed orbital flight. The mission launched on 27 April 2022 at 07:52 UTC before docking with the International Space Station (ISS) at 23:37 UTC. It followed shortly after the private Axiom 1 mission to the ISS earlier in the month utilizing SpaceX hardware. Three American (NASA) astronauts and one European (ESA) astronaut were onboard the mission.


title: SpaceX Crew-4

text: Crew-4 was the maiden flight of the Crew Dragon spacecraft named "Freedom", named such by the crew because it "celebrates a fundamental human right, and the industry and innovation that emanate from the unencumbered human spirit". The booster used on this mission was the B1067, which makes it the first Commercial Crew mission to use a booster on its fourth flight (it previously was used to launch SpaceX Crew-3 in 2021).


title: SpaceX Crew-4

text: NASA astronauts Kjell Lindgren and Robert Hines were announced on 12 February 2021 to the crew. Samantha Cristoforetti was named the commander of Expedition 68 on 28 May 2021. Jessica Watkins was named mission specialist on 16 November 2021. Cristoforetti was later removed as commander of Expedition 68 due to the shortening of the Crew-4 mission.


title: SpaceX Crew-4

text: The mission duration was 170 days. The European part of the mission is called Minerva, named after the Roman goddess of wisdom, and it is European astronaut Cristoforetti's second mission to the ISS.


title: Koo (social network)

text: Koo is an Indian microblogging and social networking service, based in Bengaluru, India. As of November 2022, the company is valued at over $275 million. The microblogging site was co-founded by entrepreneurs Aprameya Radhakrishna and Mayank Bidawatka. Radhakrishna had founded online cab booking service TaxiForSure, which was subsequently sold to Ola Cabs. While the app was launched in early 2020, its participation and the subsequent winning of the government's Atmanirbhar App Innovation Challenge which selected the best apps from some 7000 entries across the country.


title: Koo (social network)

text: Prior to Koo, its parent company — Bombinate Technologies Pvt Ltd — launched and is operating Vokal, a question-and-answer app supporting Indian vernacular languages. According to data sourced from Crunchbase, the company raised Series A funding in 2018 from a clutch of investors including Blume Ventures, Kalaari Capital and Accel Partners India. In the latest round of funding announced earlier this month, former Infosys CFO TV Mohandas Pai's 3one4 Capital also joined the list of those investing in Bombinate Technologies.


title: Koo (social network)

text: According to statistics provided by analytics provider Sensor Tower, Koo saw 26 lakh (2.6 million) installs from Indian app stores in 2020, compared to 2.8 crores (28 million) installs observed for Twitter. From February 6 to February 11, the installations of Koo increased rapidly. The app increased in popularity after a weeklong standoff between Twitter and the Government of India over Twitter's refusal to block accounts which criticized the country's ruling party during the 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest. The government demanded that Twitter block the accounts of hundreds of activists, journalists, and politicians, accusing them of spreading misinformation. Twitter complied with a majority of the orders, but refused some, citing freedom of expression. Following this standoff, many Cabinet Ministers such as Piyush Goyal and various government officials moved to Koo and urged supporters to follow. This led to a surge in Koo's user base. In April 2021, Ravi Shankar Prasad became the first minister with 25 lakh followers on Koo.


title: Koo (social network)

text: Koo was the go-to alternative to Twitter in Nigeria after the country indefinitely banned Twitter for deleting a tweet by Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari. The tweet had threatened a crackdown on regional separatists "in the language they understand". Twitter claimed the post was in violation of Twitter rules, but gave no further details. Twitter was officially banned in Nigeria on June 5, 2021. The Government of Nigeria created their official Koo account five days later on June 10.


title: Koo (social network)

text: As of May 2021, Koo investors include Accel Partners, Kalaari Capital, Blume Ventures, Dream Incubator, 3one4 Capital, Blume Ventures, IIFL, and Mirae Asset. On 26 May 2021, Koo raised $30 million (about ₹218 crore) in Series B funding, led by Tiger Global. After raising $30 million from Tiger Global, Koo's valuation increased, reaching over $100 million, up from about $25 million in February. Shunwei Capital sold its whole stake in Koo by March 2021.


title: Koo (social network)

text: After crises involving the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk, Koo became an attractive social network for Brazilian users. According to one of the founders, Aprameya Radhakrishna, until the 16th of November, only two thousand Brazilian users used Koo, which placed Brazil in position 75 on the list of countries with the most lifetime unique users. On the 18th alone, more than a million Brazilians registered on the social network, which placed Brazil in second place on the list. The app featured at number 1 in the Google's Play Store and Apple's App Store in Brazil. Soon Portuguese support was added in the App. Koo received so many submissions and comments that the site became unstable. Personalities such as Felipe Neto, Casimiro, Bruno Gagliasso and Pocah created their accounts on the social network. However, it became a joke and became a meme in Brazil due to its name, which has the same pronunciation as "cu", a vulgar term for buttocks. Koo held a poll on Twitter asking Brazilians if the name of the social network should be changed, which was rejected. "Koo" reached the Top 3 of Twitter's trending topics in Brazil.


title: Koo (social network)

text: In February 2021, a cybersecurity expert showed a data breach on the app, but the company rejected the claim.


title: Koo (social network)

text: On February 19, 2022, an update caused a vulnerability allowing profiles to be hacked. KooForBrasil's Twitter profile admitted the failure and apologized saying that there had never been an invasion before.


title: Koo (social network)

text: Koo's interface is similar to that of Twitter, allowing users to categorize their posts with hashtags and tag other users in mentions or replies. Koo uses a yellow and white interface.


title: Koo (social network)

text: On 4 May 2021, Koo introduced a new feature called "Talk to Type" which allows its users to create a post with the app's voice assistant.


title: Koo (social network)

text: Koo was first launched in Kannada and supports Hindi, English, Portuguese, Tamil, Telugu, Assamese, Marathi, Bangla, Gujarati, Punjabi, Hausa.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The butterfly (colloquially shortened to fly) is a swimming stroke swum on the chest, with both arms moving symmetrically, accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the "dolphin kick"). While other styles like the breaststroke, front crawl, or backstroke can be swum adequately by beginners, the butterfly is a more difficult stroke that requires good technique as well as strong muscles. It is the newest swimming style swum in competition, first swum in 1933 and originating out of the breaststroke.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The peak speed of the butterfly is faster than that of the front crawl due to the synchronous pull/push with both arms and legs, which is done quickly. Yet since speed drops significantly during the recovery phase, it is overall slightly slower than front crawl, especially over longer distances. Another reason it is slower is because of the extremely different physical exertion it puts on the swimmer compared to the front crawl.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The breaststroke, backstroke, and front crawl can all be swum easily even if the swimmer's technique is not the best. The butterfly, however, is unforgiving of mistakes in style; it is very difficult to overcome a poor butterfly technique with brute strength. Many swimmers and coaches consider it the most difficult swimming style. The main difficulty for beginners is the synchronous over-water recovery, especially when combined with breathing, since both arms, the head, shoulders, and part of the chest have to be lifted out of the water for these tasks. Once the efficient technique has been developed, it becomes a smooth, fast stroke.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The International Swimming Hall of Fame credits Australian Sydney Cavill as the originator of the butterfly stroke. Cavill (1881–1945), the son of "swimming professor" Frederick Cavill, was 220 yards amateur champion of Australia at the age of 16. He followed his famous brothers to America and coached notable swimmers at San Francisco's Olympic Club.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: In late 1933, Henry Myers swam a butterfly stroke in competition at the Brooklyn Central YMCA. The butterfly style evolved from the breaststroke. David Armbruster, swimming coach at the University of Iowa, researched the breaststroke, especially considering the problem of drag due to the underwater recovery. In 1934 Armbruster refined a method to bring the arms forward over the water in a breaststroke. He called this style "butterfly". While the butterfly was difficult, it brought a great improvement in speed. One year later, in 1935, Jack Sieg, a swimmer also from the University of Iowa, developed a kick technique involving swimming on his side and beating his legs in unison, similar to a fish tail, and then modified the technique afterward to swim it face down. He called this style "Dolphin fishtail kick". Armbruster and Sieg quickly found that combining these techniques created a very fast swimming style consisting of butterfly arms with two dolphin kicks per cycle. Richard Rhodes claims that Volney Wilson invented the 'Dolphin' after studying fish, and used it to win the 1938 US Olympic Trials, earning him a disqualification.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: This new style was substantially faster than a regular breaststroke. Using this technique Jack Sieg swam 100 yards in 1:00.2. However, the dolphin fishtail kick violated the breaststroke rules set by FINA and was not allowed. Therefore, the butterfly arms with a breaststroke kick were used by a few swimmers in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin for the breaststroke competitions. In 1938, almost every breaststroke swimmer was using this butterfly style, yet this stroke was considered a variant of the breaststroke until 1952, when it was accepted by FINA as a separate style with its own set of rules. The 1956 Summer Olympics were the first Olympic games where the butterfly was swum as a separate competition, 100 m (women) and 200 m (men).


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The butterfly technique with the dolphin kick consists of synchronous arm movement with a synchronous leg kick. Good technique is crucial to swim this style effectively. The wave-like body movement is also very significant in creating propulsion, as this is the key to easy synchronous over-water recovery and breathing.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: In the initial position, the swimmer lies on the breast, the arms are stretched to the front, and the legs are extended to the back.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The butterfly stroke has three major parts, the pull, the push, and the recovery. These can also be further subdivided. From the initial position, the arm movement starts very similarly to the breast stroke. At the beginning the hands sink a little bit down with the palms facing outwards and slightly down at shoulder width, then the hands move out to create a Y. This is called catching the water. The pull movement follows a semicircle with the elbow higher than the hand and the hand pointing towards the center of the body and downward to form the traditionally taught "keyhole".


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The push pushes the palm backward through the water underneath the body at the beginning and at the side of the body at the end of the push. The swimmer only pushes the arms 1/3 of the way to the hips, making it easier to enter into the recovery and making the recovery shorter and making the breathing window shorter. The movement increases speed throughout the pull-push phase until the hand is the fastest at the end of the push. This step is called the release and is crucial for the recovery. The speed at the end of the push is used to help with the recovery.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: In the recovery, the arms are swung sideways across the water surface to the front, with the elbows straight. The arms should be swung forward from the end of the underwater movement; the extension of the triceps in combination with the butterfly kick will allow the arm to be brought forwards quickly in a relaxed manner. In contrast to the front crawl recovery, the arm recovery is a ballistic shot, letting gravity and momentum do most of the work. The only other way of lifting the arms and the shoulders out of the water would be by dropping one's hips. Therefore, the recovery, at least the acceleration of the arms, is in no way relaxed . It is important not to enter the water too early, because this would generate extra resistance as the arms move forward in the water against the swimming direction, however, during longer distances, this is difficult to avoid, and it is more important to avoid dropping one's hips. A high elbow recovery, as in front crawl, would be disadvantageous because of the natural undulations that are partially caused by the recovery and the relaxed movement caused by the momentum of a triceps extension. Limitations of the shoulder movement in the human body make such a motion unlikely. The hands should enter into the water with a narrow V shape (at 11 and 1 o'clock, if viewed like a clock) with thumbs entering first and pinkies last.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The arms enter the water with the thumbs first at shoulder width. A wider entry loses movement in the next pull phase, and if the hands touch, it will waste energy. The cycle repeats with the pull phase. However, some swimmers prefer to touch in front, because it helps them catch water – as long as they can do this efficiently, they are not losing anything.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The legs are synchronized with each other which uses a whole different set of muscles. The shoulders are brought above the surface by a strong up and medium down kick, and back below the surface by a strong down and up kick. A smooth undulation fuses the motion together.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The feet are pressed together to avoid loss of water pressure. The feet are naturally pointing downwards, giving downwards thrust, moving up the feet and pressing down the head.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: There is no actual stipulation in competitive butterfly rules that a swimmer make a fixed number of pulses in butterfly–the swimmer may kick as little or as much as they may wish. While competitive rules allow such a choice, the typical method of swimming butterfly is with two kicks.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: As butterfly originated as a variant on breaststroke, it would be performed with a breaststroke or whip kick by some swimmers. While breaststroke was separated from butterfly in 1953, the breaststroke kick in butterfly was not officially outlawed until 2001. However a number of Masters swimmers were upset with the change since they came from a time when butterfly was usually swum with a breaststroke kick. FINA was then convinced to allow a breaststroke kick in Masters swimming. Given the option, most swimmers choose to use a dolphin kicking action, but there still is a small minority of swimmers who prefer the breaststroke kick, for recreational swimming and even for competition.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: There is only a short window for breathing in the butterfly. If this window is missed, swimming becomes very difficult. Optimally, a butterfly swimmer synchronizes the taking of breaths with the undulation of the body to simplify the breathing process; doing this well requires some attention to butterfly stroke technique. The breathing process begins during the underwater "press" portion of the stroke. As the hands and forearms move underneath the chest, the body will naturally rise toward the surface of the water. With minimum effort, the swimmer can lift the head to fully break the surface. The swimmer breathes in through the mouth. The head goes back in the water after the arms come out of the water as they are swinging forward over the surface of the water. If the head stays out too long, the recovery is hindered.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: Normally, a breath is taken every other stroke. This can be sustained over long distances. Often, breathing every stroke slows the swimmer down. (At a certain level, a breathing stroke becomes just as fast as a nonbreathing stroke; therefore, very experienced competitors, such as Michael Phelps, may breathe every stroke.) Other intervals of breathing practised by elite swimmers include the "two up, one down" approach in which the swimmer breathes for two successive strokes and then keeps their head in the water on the next stroke, which is easier on the lungs. Swimmers with good lung capacity might also breathe every 3rd stroke during sprints for the finish. Some swimmers can even hold their breaths for an entire race (assuming that it is a short one). To be able to swim with best results it is important to keep one's head down when taking a breath. If the swimmer lifts his or her head too high the swimmer's hips often drop, creating drag, thus slowing the swimmer down. The closer one's head is to the water the better one swims is the general technique used by swimmers.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: Swimming butterfly is difficult if the core is not utilized, and correct timing and body movement makes swimming butterfly much easier. The body moves in a wave-like fashion, controlled by the core, and as the chest is pressed down, the hips go up, and the posterior breaks the water surface and transfers into a fluid kick. During the push phase, the chest goes up and the hips are at their lowest position. In this style, the second pulse in the cycle is stronger than the first pulse, as the second pulse is more in flow with the body movement.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: Although butterfly is very compatible with diving, the resulting reduction in wave drag does not lead to an overall reduction of drag. In the modern style of the butterfly stroke one does only little vertical movement of the body.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: Butterfly uses the regular start for swimming. After the start a gliding phase follows under water, followed by dolphin kicks swim under water. Swimming under water reduces the drag from breaking the surface and is very economical. Rules allow for 15 m of underwater swimming before the head must break the surface, and regular swimming begins.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: During turns and during the finish, both hands must simultaneously touch the wall while the swimmer remains swimming face down. The swimmer touches the wall with both hands while bending the elbows slightly. The bent elbows allow the swimmer to push himself or herself away from the wall and turn sideways. One hand leaves the wall to be moved to the front underwater. At the same time the legs are pulled closer and moved underneath of the body towards the wall. The second hand leaves the wall to be moved to the front over water. It is commonly referred to as an "over/under turn" or an "open turn". The legs touch the wall and the hands are at the front. The swimmer sinks under water and lies on the breast, or nearly so. Then the swimmer pushes off the wall, keeping a streamline position with the hands to the front. Similar to the start, the swimmer is allowed to swim 15 m underwater before the head must break the surface. Most swimmers dolphin kick after an initial gliding phase.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: The finish requires the swimmer to touch the wall with both hands at the same time, in the same horizontal plane.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: Two main styles of butterfly stroke seen today are: "arm pull up simultaneous with dolphin kick" and "arm pull down simultaneous with dolphin kick".


title: Butterfly stroke

text: After head goes underwater, both arms go underwater but still higher than head. After first dolphin kick, "pull both arms immediately with downward motion". While pulling arms, legs are relaxed, both knees and waist are slightly bent to prepare dolphin kick. After arms push water backward, pull arms up simultaneous with dolphin kick. In this style, turning point from drowning to floating is at the time of downward arm motion.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: After head goes underwater, both arms go underwater until lower than head. After first dolphin kick, "raise both arms with relax". While rising arms, bend both knees and waist to send body back to the surface and prepare dolphin kick. Pull both arms downward while executing dolphin kick. After this sequence, immediately push the water backward. In this style, turning point from drowning to floating is at the time of waist bend.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: Two additional styles of butterfly stroke are similar to the two styles above, but without a "second" dolphin kick. This allows the swimmer to conserve energy and be more relaxed.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: SW 8.1 From the beginning of the first arm stroke after the start and each turn, the body shall be kept on the breast. Under water kicking on the side is allowed. It is not permitted to roll onto the back at any time.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: SW 8.2 Both arms shall be brought forward together over the water and brought backward simultaneously throughout the race, subject to SW 8.5.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: SW 8.3 All up and down movements of the legs must be simultaneous. The legs or the feet need not be on the same level, but they shall not alternate in relation to each other. A breaststroke kicking movement is not permitted.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: SW 8.4 At each turn and at the finish of the race, the touch shall be made with both hands simultaneously, at, above or below the water surface.


title: Butterfly stroke

text: SW 8.5 At the start and at turns, a swimmer is permitted one or more leg kicks and one arm pull under the water, which must bring him or her to the surface. It shall be permissible for a swimmer to be completely submerged for a distance of not more than 15 metres after the start and after each turn. By that point, the head must have broken the surface. The swimmer must remain on the surface until the next turn or finish.


title: Haratin

text: Haratin (), also referred to as Haratine, Harratin (singular: Hartani), are an ethnic group found in western Sahel and southwestern Maghreb. The Haratin are mostly found in modern Mauritania (where they form a plurality), Morocco, Western Sahara, and Algeria. In Tunisia and Libya, they are referred to as Shwashin, Chouachin, Chouachine (singular: Shwashin, Chouchan).


title: Haratin

text: The Haratin are both culturally and ethnically distinct from modern sub-Saharan Africans and speak Maghrebi Arabic dialects as well as various Berber languages. They have traditionally been characterised as the descendants of former Sub-Saharan slaves and as one of the original inhabitants of the Sahara.


title: Haratin

text: They form the single largest defined ethnolinguistic group in Mauritania where they account for 40% of the population (~1.5 million). In parts of Arab-Berber Maghreb, they are sometimes referred to as a "socially distinct class of workers".


title: Haratin

text: The Haratin have been, and still commonly are socially isolated in some Maghrebi countries, living in segregated, Haratin-only ghettos. They are commonly perceived as an endogamous group of former slaves or descendants of slaves. They favourably adopted Islam under the Arabs and Berbers and were forcibly recruited into the Moroccan army by Ismail Ibn Sharif (Sultan of Morocco from 1672–1727) to consolidate power.


title: Haratin

text: Traditionally, many Haratin have held occupations in agriculture – as serfs, herdsmen, and indentured workers.


title: Haratin

text: The origin and meaning of the name Haratin (singular Hartani) is controversial. Some claim that it comes from the Berber word "ahardan" (pl. "ihardin") referring to skin color, more specifically "dark color". This word is absent from the Arabic language and has been used by the Sanhaja tribe and Zenata tribe before the arrival of the Beni Ḥassān. Others claim it comes from the Arabic phrase "al-Hurr al-Thani" or second class (second group of free people). Neither of these claims have much proof.


title: Haratin

text: The Haratin form an ethnic group distinct from Arab and Tuareg populations, as well as from the contemporary ethnic groups of sub-Saharan Africa. However, in countries such as Morocco, they are sometimes classified either as Berber or Arab, depending on their language and society they are found in. In Mauritania, however, where there are nearly 1.5 million Haratin, they have developed a separate sense of ethnic identity.


title: Haratin

text: During the Roman occupation of Mauretania, the Godala Berber tribe fled to the south towards the Draa oasis and enslaved the local Haratin population. They have historically inherited their slave status and family occupation, have been endogamous, and socially segregated. Some communities differentiated two types of slaves, one called "'Abid" or "slave" and "Haratin" or "freed slave". However, per anthropologist John Shoup, both 'Abid and Haratin were not free to own land or had equivalent property rights. Regardless of whether they were technically free or not, they were treated as socially inferior in the communities they lived in. Being denied the right and the ability to own any land, they historically survived by accepting a patron-client serf relationship either as domestic servant or as share-cropping labor ("khammasin").


title: Haratin

text: They became a common target of mandatory conscription by the Moroccan ruler Ismail Ibn Sharif as he sought to build a military that had no social or cultural attachment to any other Arab or Berber group in Maghreb. He conscripted the majority of able-bodied male Haratin and 'Abid that were present in Morocco at the time. This army was then commonly coerced into a series of wars in order to consolidate Ibn Sharif's power.


title: Haratin

text: In Mauritania, the Haratin form one of the largest ethnic groups and account for as much as 40% of the Mauritanians. They are sometimes referred to as "Black Moors", in contrast to Beidane, or "White Moors". The Haratin there are primarily Hassaniya Arabic.


title: Haratin

text: The Haratin of Mauritania, according to anthropologist Joseph Hellweg, who specializes in West African studies, were historically part of a social caste-like hierarchy that likely developed from a Bedouin legacy between the 14th and 16th century. The "Hassan" monopolized the occupations related to war and politics, the "Zwaya" (Zawaya) the religious roles, the "Bidan" (White Moors) owned property and held slaves (Haratins, Black Moors). Each of these were immovable castes, endogamous, with hereditary occupations and where the upper strata collected tribute ("horma") from the lower strata of Mauritanian society, considered them socially inferior, and denied them the right to own land or weapons thereby creating a socio-economically closed system.


title: Haratin

text: In 1960, Mauritania officially abolished slavery, and made another update to its slavery law in 1981. However, even after the formalities, abolishment, and new laws, discrimination against Haratin is still widespread, and many continue to be, for all practical purposes, enslaved, while large numbers live in other forms of informal dependence on their former masters.


title: Haratin

text: Amnesty International reported that in 1994 90,000 Haratine still lived as "property" of their master, with the report indicating that "slavery in Mauritania is most dominant within the traditional upper class of the Moors." According to Mauritanian officials, any master-serf relationship is mutually consensual. This position has been questioned by the United Nations and human rights advocacy groups.


title: Haratin

text: The Amnesty International report states that "[s]ocial attitudes have changed among most urban Moors, but in rural areas, the ancient divide is still very alive." There have been many attempts to assess the real extension of slavery in modern Mauritania, but these have mostly been frustrated by the Nouakchott government's official stance that the practice has been eliminated. Amnesty further estimated that some 300,000 freed slaves continued to be in service of their former masters.


title: Haratin

text: On 27 April 2007 Messaoud Ould Boulkheir was elected speaker of the National Assembly, becoming the first black Haratin to hold the position.


title: Haratin

text: Haratin in Morocco are mostly concentrated in the southern part of the Drâa-Tafilalet region, specifically towns such as Zagora where they make up a significant portion of the populace.


title: Haratin

text: Haratin have been the slave strata of the Moroccan society through its recorded history. They were owned in every town and farming center before the time of Moroccan ruler Ismail Ibn Sharif. They provided domestic labor, farm labor, physical labor inside towns and markets, as well as were conscripted to fight wars.


title: Haratin

text: According to Remco Ensel – a professor of anthropology specializing in Maghreb studies, the word "Haratin" in Moroccan is a pejorative that connotes "subordination, disrepute" and in contemporary literature; it is often replaced with "Drawi", "Drawa", "Sahrawi", "Sahrawa", or other regional terms. The Moroccan Haritin, states Chouki El Hamel, a professor of history specializing in African Studies, are the diaspora of black West Africans who were forcefully transported across the Sahara and sold in Moroccan slave markets over centuries. They absorbed the "Arabo-centric values in the dominant interpretation of Islam", states El Hamel, over the generations and they see themselves as Muslim Moroccans, rather than by their ethnic or native group.


title: Haratin

text: The Haratin strata, as slave workers, were a major institution of Moroccan society through the 19th century. Yet, there has been a general lack of historical records about their origins and ethnography, leading to several constructed proposals, and their mention in older Moroccan literature is generally limited to their status as slaves and more focused on the rights on their owners. It is their contemporary economic and social marginalization that has awakened renewed interest in their history and their oral histories.


title: Haratin

text: The Haratins remain indispensable workers in modern oases societies, states Ensel, and continue to be mistreated in contrast to the upper strata called the "Shurfa". According to Remco Ensel, "Haratin," along with "Swasin" in Morocco and other northern fringe societies of the Sahara, were a part of a social hierarchy that included the upper strata of nobles, religious specialists, and literati, followed by freemen, nomadic pastoral strata, and slaves. The Haratin were hierarchically higher than the "'Abid" (descendant of slaves) at the very bottom, but lower than "Ahrar". This hierarchy, states Ensel, has been variously described as ethnic groups, estates, quasi-castes, castes, or classes.


title: Haratin

text: The Haratins historically lived segregated from the main society, in a rural isolation. Their subjugation was sometimes ideologically justified by nobles and some religious scholars, even though others disagreed. The social stratification of Haratin and their inter-relationships with others members of the society varied by valley and oasis, but whether the Haratins were technically 'unfreed, semi-freed, or freed' slaves, they were considered as "inferior" by other strata of the society. The Haratin remain a marginalized population of Morocco, just like other similar groups around the world.


title: Haratin

text: According to Human Rights Watch, Morocco alleges that slavery is widespread in the Sahrawi refugee camps run by the Polisario Front in southwestern Algeria; Polisario denies this and claims to have eradicated slavery through awareness campaigns. A 2009 investigative report by Human Rights Watch interviewed some dark-skinned Sahrawi people, who are a small minority in the camps; they stated that some "blacks" are "owned" by "whites" but this ownership is manifested only in "granting" marriage rights to girls. In other words, a dark-skinned girl must have an approval from her "master". Without this, the marriage can not be performed by a qadi.


title: Haratin

text: The report notes that Polisario claims to oppose any such discrimination, but raises questions about possible official collusion in, or indifference to, the practice. In addition, a case of an official document that grants freedom to a group of enslaved families has been found by HRW. The document in question dates as recently as 2007. The document was signed by a local judge or an official civil servant. Slavery is still engraved in memories due to historical and traditional reasons, and such cases are not as shocking as one might think to the society of the Sahrawi refugee camps. The Human Rights Watch concludes its chapter on slavery as follows, "In sum, credible sources testified to Human Rights Watch about vestiges of slavery that continue to affect the lives of a portion of the black minority in the Tindouf camps. The practices involve historical ties between families that involve certain rights and obligations that are not always clear. Being a slave does not necessarily preclude enjoying freedom of movement."


title: Haratin

text: Responding to questions about slavery, the Polisario has acknowledged the survival "to a limited extent, of certain practices related to antiquated thinking" and said it was "determined to combat and eradicate them whenever they emerge and no matter what shape they take." "We welcome this statement and urge the Polisario to be vigilant in pursuing this objective," said HRW.


title: Haratin

text: In the Algerian Sahara, the Haratin, who were marginalized by France during colonization, experienced social and political progress after the country's independence. This integration had started during the war of liberation; a discourse of emancipation and the absence of state racism, which constitutes a tradition of Algerian nationalism, had succeeded in mobilizing this social category. Social success through education allowed the former Haratin to be represented in local communities and to access the most influential positions.


title: Love, Antosha

text: Love, Antosha is a 2019 American documentary film directed and produced by Garret Price, focusing on the life and career of late actor Anton Yelchin. The film premiered in the Doc Premieres category at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2019. The film was released by Lurker Productions in New York and Los Angeles in August 2019.


title: Love, Antosha

text: The film reveals Yelchin's struggle with cystic fibrosis, which his parents told him about when he was 17 and he hid from close friends, colleagues, and the public. The film further shows Yelchin's passion for his artistic pursuits and close relationship with his parents. Nicolas Cage stars as the narrator of the film, reading Yelchin's various writings.


title: Love, Antosha

text: Jon Voight, Yelchin's co-star from the 2015 short film "Court of Conscience", initially suggested to Yelchin's parents to create a documentary. They first reached out to Drake Doremus, who had directed Yelchin in "Like Crazy", but Doremus felt he was too close to Yelchin to direct a film and suggested Garret Price.


title: Love, Antosha

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's consensus reads: "Using raw materials left behind by its subject, "Love, Antosha" takes a thoughtful -- and powerful -- look at a life and career cut short." Metacritic reports an aggregated score of 78 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Love, Antosha

text: Andrew Barker of "Variety" wrote that the film was "a touching and surprising portrait of an actor who had much more going on in his life — from a serious illness to some seriously left-field artistic inclinations — than was mentioned in his obituaries.”


title: Love, Antosha

text: Pat Padua of "The Washington Post" gave "Love, Antosha" 3 out of 5, saying that "at once charming and bittersweet. But the film loses focus a little as it heaps accolades on the late actor". Glenn Kenny of "The New York Times" said that "["Love, Antosha" is] affectionate, heartbreaking documentary about [actor's] life, directed by Garret Price, presents Yelchin as a soldier of cinema, and a lot more".


title: Love, Antosha

text: Stephen Farber of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that "Love, Antosha" is "a rich reminiscence of a gifted actor who died far too young". Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said in his opening comments "You feel the love in 'Love, Antosha' that’s for sure. But you also feel something else, a sadness that is close to overwhelming".


title: Culture of Korea

text: The traditional culture of Korea is the shared cultural and historical heritage of Korea and southern Manchuria before the division of Korea in 1945. Manchuria refers to the ancient geographical and historical region in Northeast Asia, including countries like China and Russia.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Since the mid-20th century, Korea has been split between the North Korean and South Korean states, resulting in a number of cultural differences that can be observed even today. the practice of Confucianism and Korean shamanism is deeply rooted in Korean culture.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The traditional dress known as "hanbok" (한복, 韓服) (known as "joseonot" [조선옷] in the DPRK). The "hanbok" consists of a shirt ("jeogori") and a skirt ("chima").


title: Culture of Korea

text: According to social status, Koreans used to dress differently, making clothing an important mark of social rank. Costumes were worn by the ruling class and the royal family. These upper classes also used jewelry to distance themselves from the ordinary people. A traditional item of jewellery for women was a pendant in the shape of certain elements of nature which was made of gemstones, to which a tassel of silk was connected.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Common people were often restricted to undyed plain clothes. This everyday dress underwent relatively few changes during the Joseon period. The basic everyday dress was shared by everyone, but distinctions were drawn in official and ceremonial clothes.


title: Culture of Korea

text: During the winter people wore cotton-wadded dresses. Fur was also common. Because ordinary people normally wore pure white undyed materials, the people were sometimes referred to as the "white-clad people".


title: Culture of Korea

text: "Hanbok" are classified according to their purposes: everyday dress, ceremonial dress and special dress. Ceremonial dresses are worn on formal occasions, including a child's first birthday (doljanchi), a wedding or a funeral. Special dresses are made for purposes such as shamans, officials.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Today the "hanbok" is still worn during formal occasions. The everyday use of the dress, however, has been lost. However, elderly still dress in hanbok as well as active estates of the remnant of aristocratic families from the Joseon Dynasty. Though this may be changing with something of a modern interest in the traditional dress among some of the young.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Traditionally, the hanbok was a wedding dress that dates back to the 14th century. It was a floor-length gown with an empire waist, fitted jacket, and sewn with vibrant or pastel colors. The use of the Hanbok in daily wear has dropped significantly over the last handful of decades. Park Hyung Sook has challenged the traditional hanbok that Korea is used to. Park Hyung Sook has been designing for decades before she ventured out on her own. She is known to wear her own designs paired with jeans or shorts for a more casual look. Her clothes are meant to be worn either casually or formally, it is not fast fashion but easy.


title: Culture of Korea

text: For one of her collections, she focused on black and white pieces that can be worn to brunch, the office, or even formal events. It is a drastic difference from the rainbow colors that used to be worn by Korea’s royalty and upper-class citizens of the Joseon Dynasty, where the colors of your hanbok spoke of your status. Some of Park's designs consisted of mini skirts with ruffles, spaghetti straps, polka dots, and other vivid designs. Park Hyung Sook and her sister Geum Sook, launched their first collection titled GrangHanA in 2014.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Just like most things, when it comes to changing something that has not changed in many decades, there is always pushback. When Park was asked about opening a shop outside of Korea, she was touched. Although many critics of the hanbok told her that the design should be left alone, she countered them. Hanbok is a garment that is beautiful in its own way, and many have tried to keep it from changing. Many have questioned the logic behind keeping hanbok where it is, within Korea, and not letting it venture out. Many designers have tried to take Hanbok overseas.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The Korean In Me, a designer brand, also released a collection of modern hanbok that has been embraced by people all over the world. Their designs feature embroidered dragons and phoenix patterns originally reserved for royalty, and peonies embroidered on wedding dresses representing honor and wealth. Giving the hanbok a meaningful design that links them to the culture and heritage of Korea.


title: Culture of Korea

text: In recent years, with the rise of attention to K-Pop, (Korean Pop Music), interest in Korean culture has spiked to an all-time high. Many groups, such as BTS, BlackPink, KARD, and many more, have been praised for showing their culture and heritage by wearing Hanbok in music videos, award shows, and other public appearances.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Rice is the staple food of Korea. Having been an almost exclusively agricultural country until recently, the essential recipes in Korea are shaped by this experience. The main crops in Korea are rice, barley, and beans, but many supplementary crops are used. Fish and other seafood are also important because Korea is a peninsula.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Fermented recipes were also developed in early times and often characterize traditional Korean food. These include pickled fish and pickled vegetables. This kind of food provides essential proteins and vitamins during the winter.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Kimchi is one of the famous foods of Korea. Kimchi is pickled vegetables which contain vitamins A and C, thiamine, riboflavin, iron, calcium, carotene, etc. There are many types of kimchi including cabbage kimchi, spring onion kimchi, cucumber kimchi, radish kimchi, and sesame kimchi.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Side Dishes or (Banchan) are commonly eaten with meals in Korea. The main dish is almost always served with side dishes. Some commonly eaten side dishes are: Kimchi, Pickled Radish, Soybean Sprouts, Glass Noodles (Japchae), Cucumber Salad, and Seasoned Spinach.


title: Culture of Korea

text: A number of dishes have been developed. These can be divided into ceremonial foods and ritual foods. Ceremonial foods are used when a child reaches 100 days, at the first birthday, at a wedding ceremony, and the sixtieth birthday. Ritual foods are used at funerals, at ancestral rites, shaman's offerings and as temple food.


title: Culture of Korea

text: A distinguishing characteristic of Temple Food is that it does not use the common five strong-flavoured ingredients of Korean cuisine--(garlic, spring onion, wild rocambole, leek, and ginger), and meat.


title: Culture of Korea

text: For ceremonies and rituals, rice cakes are vital. The colouring of the food and the ingredients of the recipes are matched with a balance of yin and yang.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Today, surasang (traditional court cuisine) is available to the whole population. In the past, vegetable dishes were essential. However, meat consumption has increased. Traditional dishes include "ssambap", "bulgogi", "sinseollo", "kimchi", "bibimbap", and "gujeolpan".


title: Culture of Korea

text: Originally tea was used for ceremonial purposes or as part of traditional herbal medicine. Some of teas made of fruits, leaves, seeds or roots are enjoyed. Five tastes of tea are distinguished in Korea: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and pungent.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The traditional Korean calendar was based on the lunisolar calendar. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian. Observances and festivals are rooted in Korean culture. The Korean lunar calendar is divided into 24 turning points (절기, ), each lasting about 15 days. The lunar calendar was the timetable for the agrarian society in the past, but is vanishing in the modern Korean lifestyle.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The Gregorian calendar was officially adopted in 1895, but traditional holidays and age reckoning are still based on the old calendar. Older generations still celebrate their birthdays according to the lunar calendar.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The biggest festival in Korea today is Seollal (the traditional Korean New Year). Other important festivals include Daeboreum (the first full moon), Dano (spring festival), and Chuseok (harvest festival).


title: Culture of Korea

text: In the Goryeo period, jade green celadon ware became more popular. In the 12th century, sophisticated methods of inlaying were invented, allowing more elaborate decorations in different colors. In Arts of Korea, Evelyn McCune states, "During the twelfth century, the production of ceramic ware reached its highest refinement. Several new varieties appeared simultaneously in the quarter of a century, one of which, the inlaid ware must be considered a Korean invention." William Bowyer Honey of the Victoria and Albert Museum of England after World War II wrote, "The best Corean (Korean) wares were not only original, they are the most gracious and unaffected pottery ever made. They have every virtue that pottery can have. This Korean pottery, in fact, reached heights hardly attained even by the Chinese."


title: Culture of Korea

text: White porcelain became popular in the 15th century and soon overtook celadon ware. White porcelain was commonly painted or decorated with copper.


title: Culture of Korea

text: During the Imjin wars in the 16th century, Korean potters were brought back to Japan where they heavily influenced Japanese ceramics.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Many Japanese pottery families today can trace their art and ancestry to these Korean potters whom the Japanese captured during its attempted conquests of the Korean peninsula.


title: Culture of Korea

text: In the late Joseon period (late 17th century) blue-and-white porcelain became popular. Designs were painted in cobalt blue on white porcelain.


title: Culture of Korea

text: There is a unique set of handicrafts produced in Korea. Most of the handicrafts are created for particular everyday use, often giving priority to practical use rather than aesthetics. Traditionally, metal, wood, fabric, lacquerware, and earthenware were the main materials used, but later glass, leather or paper have sporadically been used.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Many sophisticated and elaborate handicrafts have been excavated, including gilt crowns, patterned pottery, pots or ornaments. During the Goryeo period the use of bronze was advanced. Brass, that is copper with one third zinc, has been a particularly popular material. The dynasty, however, is most prominently renowned for its use of celadon ware.


title: Culture of Korea

text: During the Joseon period, popular handicrafts were made of porcelain and decorated with blue painting. Woodcraft was also advanced during that period. This led to more sophisticated pieces of furniture, including wardrobes, chests, tables or drawers. It is part of a craft that goes back well over a millennium, keeping alive a tradition that remains unchanged from at least the seventeenth century. It is this tradition that has made Korean furniture one of the most sought-after styles of exotic furniture by antique dealers and collectors worldwide. Immediately recognizable as Korean, this unique art was only "discovered" by the West in the late 1940s and 1950s.


title: Culture of Korea

text: In Korea, there is a distinction between court dance and folk dance. Common court dances are "jeongjaemu" (정재무) performed at banquets, and "ilmu" (일무), performed at Korean Confucian rituals."Jeongjaemu" is divided into native dances (향악정재, "hyangak jeongjae") and forms imported from Central Asia and China (당악정재, "dangak jeongjae"). "Ilmu" are divided into civil dance (문무, "munmu") and military dance (무무, "mumu"). Many mask dramas and mask dances are performed in many regional areas of Korea. The traditional clothing is the , it is a special kind of dress that women wear on festivals. It is pink with multiple symbols around the neck area.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Traditional choreography of court dances is reflected in many contemporary productions, and the strong dance tradition in the country carries on to this day, with many dance groups forming over the last few decades.


title: Culture of Korea

text: "Taekkyon", a traditional Korean martial art, is central to the classic Korean dance. "Taekkyon", being a complete system of integrated movement, found its core techniques adaptable to mask, dance and other traditional artforms of Korea. "Taekwondo", a Korean martial art, began in the 1940s in Korea.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The earliest paintings found on the Korean peninsula are petroglyphs of prehistoric times. With the arrival of Buddhism from India via China, different techniques were introduced. These techniques quickly established themselves as the mainstream techniques, but indigenous techniques still survived. Among them were the Goguryeo tomb murals. These murals inside many of the tombs are an invaluable insight into the ceremonies, warfare, architecture, and daily life of ancient Goguryeo people. Balhae kingdom, a successor state of Goguryeo, absorbed much of traditional Goguryeo elements.


title: Culture of Korea

text: There is a tendency towards naturalism with subjects such as realistic landscapes, flowers and birds being particularly popular. Ink is the most common material used, and it is painted on mulberry paper or silk. Humorous details are sometimes present.


title: Culture of Korea

text: In the 18th century, indigenous techniques were advanced, particularly in calligraphy and seal engraving.


title: Culture of Korea

text: During the Joseon period, new genres of Korean painting flourished, such as "chaekgeori" (paintings of books) and "munjado" (paintings of letters), revealing the infatuation with books and learning in Korean culture.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Arts are both influenced by tradition and realism. For example, Han's near-photographic "Break Time at the Ironworks" shows muscular men dripping with sweat and drinking water from tin cups at a sweltering foundry. Jeong Son’s "Peak Chonnyo of Mount Kumgang" is a classical Korean landscape of towering cliffs shrouded by mists.


title: Culture of Korea

text: There is a genre distinction between folk music and court music. Korean folk music is varied and complex in different ways, but all forms of folk music maintain a set of rhythms (called 장단; Jangdan) and a loosely defined set of melodic modes. Korean folk music is Pansori (판소리) performed by one singer and one drummer. Occasionally, there might be dancers and narrators. They have been designated an intangible cultural property in UNESCO's Memory of the world, and Pungmul (풍물) performed by drumming, dancing and singing. Samul Nori is a type of Korean traditional music based on Pungmul, and Sanjo (산조) that is played without a pause in faster tempos. Nongak (농악) means "farmers' music".


title: Culture of Korea

text: Korean court music can be traced to the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. Korean court musics include A-ak, Dang-ak and Hyang-ak. The traditional Korean music is still played and sung a lot.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The principles of temple gardens and private gardens are the same. Korean gardening is greatly influenced by Chinese gardens.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The lotus pond is an important feature in the Korean garden. If there is a natural stream, often a pavilion is built next to it, allowing the pleasure of watching the water. Terraced flower beds are a common feature in traditional Korean gardens.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The Poseokjeong site near Gyeongju was built in the Silla period. It highlights the importance of water in traditional Korean gardens. The garden of Poseokjeong features an abalone-shaped watercourse. During the last days of the Silla kingdom, the king's guests would sit along the watercourse and chat while wine cups were floated during banquets.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Korean traditional architecture is greatly influenced by the Chinese traditional architecture. Korean traditional houses are called Hanok (Hangul:한옥).Sites of residence are traditionally selected using traditional geomancy. While the geomancy had been a vital part of Korean culture and Korean Shamanism since prehistoric times, geomancy was later re-introduced by China during the Three Kingdoms period of Korea's history.


title: Culture of Korea

text: A house is built against a hill and face south to receive as much sunlight as possible. This orientation is still preferred in modern Korea. Geomancy also influences the shape of the building, the direction it faces, and the material the house is constructed with.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Traditional Korean houses can be structured into an inner wing (안채, "anchae") and an outer wing (사랑채, "sarangchae"). The individual layout largely depends on the region and the wealth of the family. Whereas aristocrats used the outer wing for receptions, poorer people kept cattle in the "sarangchae". The wealthier a family, the larger the house. However, it was forbidden to any family except for the king to have a residence of more than 99 "kan". A "kan" is the distance between two pillars used in traditional houses.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The inner wing normally consisted of a living room, a kitchen, and a wooden-floored central hall. More rooms may be attached to this. Poorer farmers would not have any outer wings. Floor heating (온돌, "ondol") has been used in Korea since prehistoric times. The main building materials are wood, clay, tile, stone, and thatch. Because wood and clay were the most common materials used in the past not many old buildings have survived into present times.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The original religion of the Korean people was Shamanism, which though not as widespread as in ancient times, still survives to this day. Female shamans or "mudang" are often called upon to enlist the help of various spirits to achieve various means.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Buddhism and Confucianism were later introduced to Korea through cultural exchanges with Chinese dynasties. Buddhism was the official religion of the Goryeo dynasty, and many privileges were given to Buddhist monks during this period. However, the Joseon period saw the suppression of Buddhism, where Buddhist monks and temples were banned from the cities and confined to the countryside. In its place a strict form of Confucianism, which some see as even more strict than what had ever been adopted by the Chinese, became the official philosophy. Korean Confucianism was epitomized by the seonbi class, scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Throughout Korean history and culture, regardless of separation, the traditional beliefs of Korean Shamanism, Mahayana Buddhism and Confucianism have remained an underlying influence of the religion of the Korean people as well as a vital aspect of their culture. In fact, all these traditions coexisted peacefully for hundreds of years. They still exist in the more Christian South and in the North, despite pressure from its government.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Korean culture is deeply influenced by the Buddhism as Buddhism has become inherent aspect of the Korea culture, including the secular Korean traditions followed by the non-Buddhist Koreans. A 2005 government survey indicated that about a quarter of South Koreans identified as Buddhist. However, the actual number of Buddhists in South Korea is ambiguous as there is no exact or exclusive criterion by which Buddhists can be identified, unlike the Christian population. With Buddhism's incorporation into traditional Korean culture, it is now considered a philosophy and cultural background rather than a formal religion. As a result, many people outside of the practicing population are deeply influenced by these traditions. Thus, when counting secular believers or those influenced by the faith while not following other religions, the number of Buddhists in South Korea is considered to be much larger. Similarly, in officially atheist North Korea, while Buddhists officially account for 4.5% of the population, a much larger number (over 70%) of the population are influenced by Buddhist philosophies and customs.


title: Culture of Korea

text: When Buddhism was originally introduced to Korea from Former Qin[the 4th century state in Northern China] in 372, about 800 years after the death of the historical Gautama Buddha[founder of Buddhism], shamanism[a religious practice] was the indigenous religion. The Samguk yusa and Samguk sagi record the following 3 monks who were among the first to bring Buddhist teaching, or Dharma, to Korea in the 4th century during the Three Kingdoms period: Malananta – an Indian Buddhist monk who came from Serindian area of southern China's Eastern Jin Dynasty and brought Buddhism to the King Baekje of Baekje in the southern Korean peninsula in 384 CE, Sundo – a monk from northern Chinese state Former Qin brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea in 372 CE, and Ado – a monk who brought Buddhism to Silla in central Korea. As Buddhism was not seen to conflict with the rites of nature worship, it was allowed by adherents of Shamanism to be blended into their religion. Thus, the mountains that were believed by shamanists to be the residence of spirits in pre-Buddhist times later became the sites of Buddhist temples.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Though it initially enjoyed wide acceptance, even being supported as the state ideology during the Goryeo (918–1392 CE) period, Buddhism in Korea suffered extreme repression during the Joseon (1392–1897 CE) era, which lasted over five hundred years. During this period, Neo-Confucianism overcame the prior dominance of Buddhism. Only after Buddhist monks helped repel the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) did the persecution of Buddhists stop. Buddhism in Korea remained subdued until the end of the Joseon period when its position was strengthened somewhat by the colonial period, which lasted from 1910 to 1945. However, these Buddhist monks did not only put an end to Japanese rule in 1945, but they also asserted their specific and separate religious identity by reforming their traditions and practices. They laid the foundation for many Buddhist societies, and the younger generation of monks came up with the ideology of "Mingung Pulgyo", or "Buddhism for the people." The importance of this ideology is that it was coined by the monks who focused on common men's daily issues.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The contemporary culture of South Korea developed from the traditional culture of Korea which was prevalent in the early Korean nomadic tribes. By maintaining thousands of years of ancient Korean culture, South Korea has split on its own path of cultural development away from North Korean culture since the division of Korea in 1945. The industrialization [the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale], urbanization [process of population movement to cities] and westernization [the adoption of or assimilation by the Western culture] of South Korea, especially Seoul [the capital of South Korea], have brought many changes to the way Korean people live. Changing economics and lifestyles have led to a concentration of population in major cities and depopulation of the rural countryside, with multi-generational [root word: generation] households separating into nuclear family [a group of two parents and their children] living arrangements. Today, many Korean cultural elements, especially popular culture, have spread across the globe and have become some of the most prominent cultural forces in the world.


title: Culture of Korea

text: In North Korea, a central theme of cultural expression is to take the best from the past and discard capitalist elements. Popular, vernacular styles and themes in the arts such as literature, art, music and dance are esteemed as expressing the truly unique spirit of the Korean nation.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Ethnographers, [i.e. people who do qualitative research that involves immersing yourself in a particular community or organisation to observe their behavior and interactions up close,] devote much energy to restoring and reintroducing cultural forms that have the proper proletarian, or folk, spirit and that encourage the development of collective consciousness.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Proletarian refers to the Marxism study of the classes in terms of Capitalism[not to be confused with the caste system, developed by the Aryans], including the Proletarians and Bourgeoisie. Other classes include landlords, petty bourgeoisie, peasants, and lumpenproletariat also exist, but are not primary in terms of the dynamics of capitalism.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Last but not least, lively, optimistic musical and choreographic expressions are stressed when it comes to dance. Group folk dances and choral singing are traditionally practiced in some, but not all parts of Korea. They were being promoted throughout North Korea in the early 1990s among schools and university students. Farmers' music bands have also been revived.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Both Mandarin Chinese and Korean are used as official languages in Yanbian. "Vice News" described the prefecture as both "West Korea" and "The Third Korea" due to the prominence of both North and South Korean culture.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The Museum of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was planned in 1960, and constructed in 1982. It contains over 10,000 exhibits, including 11 first-level artifacts. The exhibits' labels and explanations are in 2 languages, which is in Korean and Chinese. Guided tours are also available in both of these languages.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The Jongmyo Shrine was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list in 1995 and is located in Seoul. The shrine is dedicated to the spirits of the ancestors of the royal family of the Joseon Dynasty. It is heavily influenced by Korean Confucian tradition. An elaborate performance of ancient court music (with accompanying dance) known as "Jongmyo jeryeak" is performed there each year.


title: Culture of Korea

text: When it was built in 1394 it was to be one of the longest buildings in Asia. There are 19 memorial tablets of kings and 30 of their queens, placed in 19 chambers. The shrine was burnt to the ground during the Imjin wars, but rebuilt in 1608.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Changdeokgung is also known as the "palace of illustrious virtue". It was built in 1405, burnt to the ground during the Imjin wars in 1592 and reconstructed in 1609. For more than 300 years Changdeokgung was the site of the royal seat. It is located in Seoul.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The surroundings and the palace itself are well matched. Some of the trees behind the palace are now over 300 years old, besides a preserved tree which is over 1000 years old. Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1997.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Bulguksa is also known as the temple of the "Buddha Land" and home of the "Seokguram Grotto". The temple was constructed in 751 and consists of a great number of halls. There are two pagodas placed in the temple.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The "Seokguram" grotto is a hermitage of the Bulguksa temple. It is a granite sanctuary. In the main chamber a Buddha statue is seated. The temple and the grotto were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1995.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Haeinsa is a large temple in the South Gyeongsang province. It was originally built in 802 and home to the "Tripitaka Koreana" wood blocks, the oldest Buddhist wooden manuscripts in the world. The carving of these wood blocks was initiated in 1236 and completed in 1251. The wood blocks are testimony to the pious devotion of king and his people.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The word "Tripitaka" is Sanskrit and stands for three baskets, referring to the Buddhist laws of aesthetics. The "Tripitaka Koreana" consists of 81'258 wood blocks and is the largest, oldest, and most complete collection of Buddhist scripts. Amazingly there is no trace of errata or omission on any of the wood blocks. The "Tripitaka Koreana" is widely considered as the most beautiful and accurate Buddhist canon carved in Hanja.


title: Culture of Korea

text: Hwaseong is the fortification of the city Suwon south of Seoul in South Korea. Its construction was completed in 1796 and it features all the latest features of Korean fortification known at the time. The fortress also contains a magnificent palace used for the King's visit to his father's tomb near the city.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The fortress covers both flat land and hilly terrain, something rarely seen in East Asia. The walls are 5.52 kilometres long and there are 41 extant facilities along the perimeter. These include four cardinal gates, a floodgate, four secret gates and a beacon tower.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The Sansa are Buddhist mountain monasteries located throughout the southern provinces of the Korean Peninsula. The spatial arrangement of the seven temples that comprise the property, established from the 7th to 9th centuries, present common characteristics that are specific to Korea – the ‘madang’ (open courtyard) flanked by four buildings (Buddha Hall, pavilion, lecture hall and dormitory). They contain a large number of individually remarkable structures, objects, documents and shrines. These mountain monasteries are sacred places, which have survived as living centres of faith and daily religious practice to the present.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The sites of "Gochang", "Hwasun" and "Ganghwa" were added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage in 2000. These sites are home to prehistoric graveyards which contain hundreds of different megaliths. These megaliths are gravestones which were created in the 1st century B.C. out of large blocks of rock. Megaliths can be found around the globe, but nowhere in such a concentration as in the sites of Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The historic area around Gyeongju was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage in 2000. Gyeongju was the capital of the Silla kingdom. The tombs of the Silla rulers can still be found in the centre of the city. These tombs took the shape of rock chambers buried in an earthen hill, sometimes likened with the pyramids. The area around Gyeongju, in particular on the Namsan mountain, is scattered with hundreds of remains from the Silla period. Poseokjeong is one of the most famous of these sites, but there is a great number of Korean Buddhist art, sculptures, reliefs, pagodas and remains of temples and palaces mostly built in the 7th and 10th century.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The Complex of Koguryo Tombs lies in Pyongyang, Pyong'an South Province, and Nampo City, South Hwanghae Province, North Korea. In July 2004 it became the first UNESCO World Heritage site north of the 38th parallel.


title: Culture of Korea

text: The site consists of 63 individual tombs from the later Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It was founded around northern Korea and Manchuria around 32 BC, and the capital was moved to Pyongyang in 427. This kingdom dominated the region between the 5th and 7th century AD.


The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in California was held on November 3, 2020, to elect the 53 U.S. representatives from the state of California, one from each of the state's 53 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the United States House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate, and various state and local elections.


title: 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in California

text: This is the first general election since 1994 where a Republican defeated an incumbent House Democrat in California. This year, despite the statewide dominance by Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden, a record-breaking number of Republicans defeated Democratic House incumbents: Young Kim defeated Gil Cisneros in District 39, Michelle Park Steel defeated Harley Rouda in District 48, and David Valadao defeated TJ Cox in District 21 to reclaim his old seat. This happened even as Democrats won the statewide combined House vote by a wider margin than Biden. Mike Garcia also defeated Christy Smith in District 25 to retain the seat he flipped in the May 12 special election to fill the seat vacated by Katie Hill.


text: The 1st district covers the northeastern part of the state bordering Nevada and Oregon. The incumbent is Republican Doug LaMalfa, who was re-elected with 54.9% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 2nd district encompasses the North Coast, stretching from the Golden Gate Bridge to the Oregon border, taking in San Rafael, Petaluma, Novato, Windsor, Healdsburg, Ukiah, Fort Bragg, Fortuna, Eureka, Arcata, McKinleyville, and Crescent City. The incumbent is Democrat Jared Huffman, who was re-elected with 77.0% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 3rd district takes in areas north and west of Sacramento. It consists of Colusa, Sutter, and Yuba counties plus portions of Glenn, Lake, Sacramento, Solano, and Yolo counties. The incumbent is Democrat John Garamendi, who was re-elected with 58.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 4th district encompasses the suburbs of Sacramento and the Sierra Nevada. The incumbent is Republican Tom McClintock, who was re-elected with 54.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 5th district encompasses much of California's wine country. It includes Cotati, Rohnert Park, Santa Rosa, Sonoma, Napa, American Canyon, Vallejo, Benicia, Hercules, and part of Martinez. The incumbent is Democrat Mike Thompson, who was re-elected with 78.9% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 6th district takes in Sacramento and its surrounding suburbs, including West Sacramento and North Highlands. The incumbent is Democrat Doris Matsui, who was re-elected with 80.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 7th district is located in southern and eastern Sacramento County, including the cities of Elk Grove, Folsom, and Rancho Cordova. The incumbent is Democrat Ami Bera, who was re-elected with 55.0% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 8th district includes most of the eastern desert regions of the state. It stretches from Mono Lake to Twentynine Palms and consists of Inyo and Mono counties plus most of San Bernardino County. The incumbent is Republican Paul Cook, who was re-elected with 60.0% of the vote in 2018. Cook announced on September 17, 2019, that he would not seek re-election, instead planning to run for an open seat on the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors.


text: The 9th district is centered around the San Joaquin Delta, taking in Stockton, Antioch, Galt, Oakley, Lathrop, and Lodi. The incumbent is Democrat Jerry McNerney, who was re-elected with 56.5% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 10th district covers San Joaquin Valley, including the cities of Oakdale, Manteca, Modesto, Tracy, and Turlock. The incumbent is Democrat Josh Harder, who flipped the district and was elected with 52.3% of the vote in the 2018 district election.


text: The 11th district encompasses parts of the East Bay, including Alamo, Antioch, Bay Point, Blackhawk, Clayton, Concord, Danville, Diablo, El Cerrito, El Sobrante, Kensington, Lafayette, Moraga, Orinda, Pittsburg, Pleasant Hill, San Pablo, Richmond and Walnut Creek. The incumbent is Democrat Mark DeSaulnier, who was re-elected with 74.1% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 12th district is based entirely within San Francisco. The incumbent is the Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (Democratic), who was re-elected with 86.8% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 13th district takes in northern Alameda County, encompassing Alameda, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, Piedmont, and San Leandro. The incumbent is Democrat Barbara Lee, who was re-elected with 88.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 14th district is located on the San Francisco Peninsula, taking in most of San Mateo County and a small part of southwestern San Francisco. The incumbent is Democrat Jackie Speier, who was re-elected with 79.2% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 15th district encompasses eastern Alameda County, including Castro Valley, Dublin, Fremont, Hayward, Livermore, Pleasanton, Sunol, Union City, and parts of Contra Costa County, including San Ramon and part of Danville. The incumbent is Democrat Eric Swalwell, who was re-elected with 73.0% of the vote in 2018, and ran in the 2020 presidential race. Swalwell joined the House race after ending his presidential campaign.


text: The 16th district is located in central San Joaquin Valley, including the cities of Madera, Merced, and the western half of Fresno. The incumbent is Democrat Jim Costa, who was re-elected with 57.5% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 17th district encompasses parts of the Silicon Valley, taking in Sunnyvale, Cupertino, Santa Clara, Milpitas, Newark, most of Fremont, and a small part of northern San Jose. The incumbent is Democrat Ro Khanna, who was re-elected with 75.3% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 18th district encompasses the western San Francisco South Bay and includes the cities of Palo Alto, Redwood City, Menlo Park, Stanford, Los Altos, Mountain View, Campbell, Saratoga, and Los Gatos, as well as part of San Jose. The incumbent is Democrat Anna Eshoo, who was re-elected with 74.5% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 19th district is based in the eastern San Francisco South Bay centering on San Jose, as well as taking in Morgan Hill. The incumbent is Democrat Zoe Lofgren, who was re-elected with 73.8% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 20th district encompasses the Monterey Bay, including Santa Cruz, Salinas, and Gilroy. The incumbent is Democrat Jimmy Panetta, who was re-elected with 81.4% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 21st district covers San Joaquin Valley, including Coalinga, Delano, Hanford, and parts of Bakersfield, specifically East Bakersfield and Downtown Bakersfield. The incumbent is Democrat TJ Cox, who flipped the district and was elected in 2018 with 50.4% of the vote.


text: The 22nd district covers San Joaquin Valley, including eastern Fresno, Clovis, Tulare, and Visalia. The incumbent is Republican Devin Nunes, who was re-elected with 52.7% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 23rd district is based in the southern Central Valley, taking in parts of Bakersfield, Porterville, California City, Ridgecrest, western Lancaster, Rosamond, and Quartz Hill. The incumbent is House Minority Leader, Republican Kevin McCarthy, who was re-elected with 63.7% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 24th district is based in the Central Coast and includes San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties. The incumbent is Democrat Salud Carbajal, who was re-elected with 58.6% of the vote in 2018.


text: The 25th district is based in northern Los Angeles County and eastern Ventura County, and includes the cities of Santa Clarita, Simi Valley, Palmdale, and eastern Lancaster. The seat was vacant from November 3, 2019, to May 19, 2020. Democrat Katie Hill resigned after she was alleged to have had inappropriate relations with one of her congressional staffers. Hill had flipped the district in 2018 and was elected with 54.4% of the vote. A special election to fill Hill's vacancy was held before the general election in 2020. Republican Mike Garcia won the special election with 54.9% of the vote, and was seated on May 19, 2020.


text: The 26th district is based in the southern Central Coast and is located entirely within Ventura County, taking in Camarillo, Oxnard, Ventura, Santa Paula, Thousand Oaks, Westlake Village, Moorpark, and parts of Simi Valley. The incumbent is Democrat Julia Brownley, who was re-elected with 61.9% of the vote in 2018.