title: Scotland national rugby union team

text: In August 2016 it was announced that Gregor Townsend would replace Vern Cotter as Scotland head coach in June 2017 when his contract expired.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: "Flashing Lights" is a song by American hip-hop artist Kanye West. It features Detroit R&B singer Dwele and contains background vocals from Australian singer Connie Mitchell. West co-wrote and co-produced the song with Eric Hudson and released it on November 12, 2007 as the fourth single for his third studio album, "Graduation". The single's cover art was designed by Japanese pop artist Takashi Murakami. The single received acclaim from music critics upon release.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: West first unveiled "Flashing Lights" on August 27, 2007, at an album listening session for "Graduation" in New York City, where he played the song over a clip from the 2004 Hong Kong film "2046" which he later released on his official blog. The song features Detroit R&B singer Dwele on its chorus and contains additional vocals provided by Connie Mitchell of the Australian electronic group Sneaky Sound System. The collaboration came about when Kanye met Mitchell's bandmates Angus McDonald and Daimon Downey at a diner in Sydney, Australia. Seeking musical inspiration, West asked McDonald for ideas, who in turn suggested that he be introduced to Mitchell. After their meeting, West asked Mitchell to record vocals for the song, as well as certain other tracks on "Graduation." Mitchell later admitted that while she previously didn't know who West was and never really cared for hip-hop, the collaboration had changed her views.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: As a result of its popularity, "Flashing Lights" was utilized by multiple media outlets. In December 2007, the song was used in an ad campaign for French vodka Cîroc, featuring spokesperson Sean Combs. It is featured in the popular action-adventure video game "Grand Theft Auto IV" on the in-game contemporary hip-hop radio station, "The Beat 102.7". The song came to be included on "Now That's What I Call Music 27". In January 2009, "Flashing Lights" was used once again for the highly conceptualized promotional TV spots co-directed by Emnet Mulugeta and Marcus Engstrand of the upcoming part two of the fifth season "Nip/Tuck". The promo won gold at the North American Promax Awards. The song has been confirmed to be included within the setlist of the turntable music video game "". The song appeared in one episode of the MTV series "My Life as Liz".


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: "Flashing Lights" is an electronic-tinged hip-hop/R&B song composed in the key of F♯ minor. It is written in common time and moves at 90 beats per minute. The main and background vocal range for the song spans a tenth, from C to E. Opening with a gradual, rising crescendo of symphonic strings before transforming into a moderately-paced, synth-driven beat, "Flashing Lights" tells the operatic narrative of man contemplating the complexities of a tragic relationship. After the introduction, in which Mitchell's processed vocals repeat the titular hook four times, West raps the two verses, each one followed by the chorus sung by Dwele coupled with the hook. Following a break, the song enters a passage where its heavily manipulated hook echoes in and out before the coda draws the composition to a close.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: "Flashing Lights" received widespread acclaim from music critics and was widely regarded as one of the best songs on "Graduation". Alex Fletcher of "Digital Spy" highly approved of the single, awarding it a four-star review and asserting that it "easily demonstrates why West is the hottest property in US music at the moment. Mixing chilled-out electronics, jittering synths and laid-back, old-skool hip-hop, he creates a sumptuous track that grows more intriguing with every listen." "Billboard" gave a favorable review, claiming that it "does a great job of reintroducing "Miami Vice"-esque keys." "Rolling Stone" also gave the song a positive review, stating that within it, "West single-handedly takes hip-hop back to its pre-Run-DMC disco days." "PopMatters" complimented "Flashing Lights" for its glitzy sound as well as its futuristic feel. "Stylus Magazine" music reviewer Jayson Greene heralded the "gorgeously airy" single as "one of the most unabashedly graceful things heard on a commercial hip-hop record in years."


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: "Flashing Lights" was listed as the 31st-best song of 2007 by "Stylus Magazine". The song was also listed at number 13 on "Pitchfork"s "The 100 Best Tracks of 2008". It was later cited as the 52nd best song of the entire decade by "Pitchfork", which wrote, "It's classic Kanye-- self-possessed, superfluously art-ridden, probably too clever by half. In Kanye's post-everything museum, da Vinci sidles up next to a bust of Julius; a Karen O-repping blog post follows one dedicated to 10-ft. tall "Chewing Gum Sculptures"; Parisian house mingles with stadium hip-hop. 'But what do I know?' goes the hook, pop-pushing curiosity still intact." MTV named it the second best hip-hop single of 2008.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: Fueled by the momentum of "Graduation"'s release, even before actually being released as a single, "Flashing Lights" entered the "Billboard" Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart at number 23 for the issue date of October 13, 2007. The next week, the song descended two spaces to the 25th position. Two weeks later, "Flashing Lights" rebounded and climbed up to peak at number twelve on the chart for the issue dated November 3. "Flashing Lights" debuted at number 61 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for the chart week of November 10, 2007. The next week, the song yielded a single space and moved down to number 61. However, it rebounded the following week and moved up to number 47 on the issue dated November 24. Over the course of the following five weeks, "Flashing Lights" climbed upwards on the chart before finally peaking at number twelve on the issue date of December 29. The song later reached this position again on the issue dated February 2, where it remained for two weeks in a row before relapsing. The song entered the Hot Rap Tracks chart at number 25 on the issue dated November 11, where it stayed for two weeks. By the issue dated December 29, the song had climbed up 20 spaces to reach the fifth position, where it remained for an additional three weeks. "Flashing Lights" peaked at number two on the chart for the issue date of January 26, 2008, where it stayed for two weeks in a row.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: "Flashing Lights" first appeared on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 22 for the issue date of November 24, 2007. The next week, it climbed 19 places to reach its peak on the chart at number three. "Flashing Lights" was the "Hot Shot Debut" of the week on the Hot 100, debuting at number 75 on November 29. The next week, the single climbed up to number 57 for the issue date of December 15. In its third week on the chart, "Flashing Lights" moved up another seven spaces to reach number 50. The following week, it ascended eleven places to the 39th position for the issue dated December 29. The song moved up three spaces the week after to reach number 36. On the issue date of January 12, "Flashing Lights" fell 13 places to number 49. However, the single experienced a rebound the next week and ascended fourteen spaces to the 35th position. The song rose again the following week to reach number 30 for the issue dated January 26. "Flashing Lights" peaked at the number 29 spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on the issue date of February 2, 2008, making it the lowest peaking song in the 2008 "Billboard" Year-End.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: In Canada, the song debuted at number 88 on the issue date of February 23, 2008. The next week, it climbed up to reach number 67. The following week, "Flashing Lights" moved up another seven spaces to peak at number 54 on the issue dated March 3. Despite only charting at number 29, in the UK, the song has remained successful and is played on the KISS network daily. The song's highest European chart performance occurred in Belgium, where it charted at number five for the issue date of April 12, 2008. On the issue date of May 3, "Flashing Lights" debuted and peaked at number 84 on the European Hot 100.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: In total, three separate videos were made for "Flashing Lights" with the one aired on television being the third and final version. The third music video was first unveiled before an audience of two hundred guests at the "Entertainment Weekly" Grammy Award after-party on February 10, 2008. It was intended to premiere on BET on February 13, 2008, but was subsequently pulled from schedule. West decided to premiere the video on his official blog that same day. The video was co-directed by Spike Jonze along with West himself and produced by Jonathan Becker and Joshua Greenberg of Bucks Boys Productions. Filmed in January 2008 entirely in slow-motion, the video begins with a Ford Mustang Bullit rolling onto the screen and stopping at dusk in the desert outside Las Vegas, Nevada. As the bright, red taillights turn off, the song breaks into its titular refrain and Houston-based "Playboy" model Rita G. exits the vehicle dressed in a wig, fur coat and large black sunglasses. Walking a distance away from the car, she strips down to her lingerie and lights her clothes on fire. As she walks back towards the car with flames at her back, West's vocals begin. Kanye himself finally makes his appearance when the woman opens the trunk to reveal him lying in it tied up and gagged. She gently strokes his helpless, terrified face and gives him a light kiss, before retrieving a nearby shovel. As the camera dollies out, the woman raises the shovel over her head and repeatedly stabs it into the trunk. The video then abruptly cuts to the words "Flashing Lights" written red letters against a black screen before concluding over a minute earlier than the album version of the song.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: The second video for the single leaked onto the internet on May 23, 2008. It casts UK model Charlotte Carter-Allen as a young woman who becomes overwhelmed by the New York City nightlife. Less than a week apart, the first music video shot for "Flashing Lights" was released on May 29. Directed by Martin de Thurah, filmed in Berlin, Germany and bearing resemblance to a murder-mystery tale, this version features West pursuing a mysterious woman wearing a couture gown played by American model Sessilee Lopez, along with multiple enigmatic characters under the roof of a haunted mansion. This version was listed at number two on the Viral Video Chart on May 30. Following the releases, West clarified on his blog he did not release the two videos. He had produced more than one version of the same video as is common practice and only selected the one he was the happiest with; the rest were leaked. The third video was voted as the eleventh best music video of 2008 by "Rolling Stone". "Pitchfork" listed the same version as the fifteenth best music video of the decade. "Slant Magazine" named it the 17th best music video of the 2000s decade.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: In August 2010, during an Ustream session, West admitted that "Flashing Lights" is his favorite music video that he has done so far in his career. In June 2015, French rapper Nekfeu takes inspiration in Kanye West for the music video of his song "Égérie", where he offers an epilogue of "Flashing Lights".


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: After providing a surprise appearance at a concert held by Kid Sister in New York City's American Museum of Natural History on January 25, 2008, West remained onstage to perform "Can't Tell Me Nothing," "Good Life" and "Flashing Lights". It was there he also announced that he was set to premiere the music video for "Flashing Lights" in the coming weeks. He performed "Flashing Lights" live for the opening of Japanese artist Takashi Murakami's exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum on April 4. During the song's second verse, West playfully courted a woman sitting in the front row, holding her hand as he recited the lyrics.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: West included "Flashing Lights" within the setlist of his Glow in the Dark Tour. In the space opera storyline of the conceptual concert, West attempts to harness the energy emitted by aliens that have taken on the form of the shooting stars mentioned in the song to power his "Spaceship" and make his escape from a planet devoid of creativity. However, the plan fails and the ship plummets from the sky, crashing back to the ground to the tune of "All Falls Down". Near the end of the tour's North American leg, West performed the song during the final night of Lollapalooza 2008 in August in his hometown of Chicago, where he co-headlined the festival with Nine Inch Nails.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: In August, West also played "Flashing Lights" at the Exdo Event Center in Denver for a private show held for Bono's humanitarian organization ONE. During his performance, he produced a freestyle that included improvised lines touching on Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama as well as his late mother. Kanye performed the song during his appearance at the Knitting Factory in New York City on September 9. West provided a live rendition of "Flashing Lights" during his appearance on VH1 Storytellers on February 28, 2009. "Flashing Lights" was performed at while West headlined the Met Gala on May 5, 2009.


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: The song was remixed by Canadian indie pop musician Colin Munroe, who retitled it "I Want Those Flashing Lights" and made his own music video. It eventually caught the attention of Kanye West, who expressed his affinity by posting its accompanying video directed by Philip Sportel up on his official blog. The official remix of "Flashing Lights" featured R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly. A HBCU Marching Band performed "Flashing Lights" at the Georgia Dome Battle of the Bands on January 26, 2008. Styles P released a freestyle over the instrumental. The song has been covered during live performances by "Lorde".


title: Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)

text: Canadian nu-jazz band Badbadnotgood made an instrumental cover of the song. Italian jazz-rap Studio Murena produced a new version of the song adding lyrics to Badbadnotgood's cover.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The Basilica of San Vitale is a late antique church in Ravenna, Italy. The sixth-century church is an important surviving example of early Christian Byzantine art and architecture. It is one of eight structures in Ravenna inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Its foundational inscription describes the church as a basilica, though its centrally-planned design is not typical of the basilica form. Within the Roman Catholic Church it holds the honorific title of basilica for its historic and ecclesial importance.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The church's construction began in 526 on the orders of Bishop Ecclesius of Ravenna. At the time, Ravenna was under the rule of the Ostrogoths. Bishop Maximian completed construction in 547, preceding Justinian's creation of the Exarchate of Ravenna, which followed his partial re-conquest of the Western Roman Empire.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The construction of the church was sponsored by local banker and architect Julius Argentarius. Very little is known of Julius, but he also sponsored the construction of the nearby Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe at around the same time. A donor portrait of Julius Argentarius may appear among the courtiers on the Justinian mosaic. The final cost amounted to 26,000 solidi equal to 36.11 lbs of gold. It has been suggested that Julius originated in the eastern part of the Byzantine Empire, where there was a long-standing tradition of public benefactions.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The central vault used a western technique of hollow tubes inserted into each other, rather than bricks. This method was the first recorded structural use of terra-cotta forms, which later evolved into modern structural clay tile. The ambulatory and gallery were vaulted only later in the Middle Ages.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The Baroque frescoes on the dome were made between 1778 and 1782 by S. Barozzi, Ubaldo Gandolfi and Jacopo Guarana.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The main building of the church is laid out octagonally. The building combines Roman and Byzantine elements. The dome, shape of doorways, and stepped towers are typical of Roman style, while the polygonal apse, capitals, narrow bricks, and an early example of flying buttresses are typical of the Byzantine. The church is most famous for its wealth of Byzantine mosaics. St Vitale boasts the largest and best preserved mosaics outside of Istanbul. The church is of extreme importance in Byzantine art, as it is the only major church from the period of the Emperor Justinian I to survive virtually intact. Furthermore, it is thought to reflect the design of the Byzantine Imperial Palace Audience Chamber, of which nothing at all survives. The belltower has four bells. The tenor bell dates to the 16th century. According to legends, the church was erected on the site of the martyrdom of Saint Vitalis. However, there is some confusion as to whether this is the Saint Vitalis of Milan, or the Saint Vitale whose body was discovered (together with that of Saint Agricola) by Saint Ambrose in Bologna in 393.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The central section is surrounded by two superposed ambulatories. The upper one, the "matrimoneum", was possibly reserved for married women. A series of mosaics in the lunettes above the triforia depict sacrifices from the Old Testament: the story of Abraham and Melchizedek, and the Sacrifice of Isaac; the story of Moses and the Burning Bush, Jeremiah and Isaiah, representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel, and the story of Abel and Cain. A pair of angels, holding a medallion with a cross, crowns each lunette. On the side walls the corners, next to the mullioned windows, have mosaics of the Four Evangelists, under their symbols (angel, lion, ox and eagle), and dressed in white. Especially the portrayal of the lion is remarkable in its ferocity.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The cross-ribbed vault in the presbytery is richly ornamented with mosaic festoons of leaves, fruit and flowers, converging on a crown encircling the Lamb of God. The crown is supported by four angels, and every surface is covered with a profusion of flowers, stars, birds and animals, including many peacocks. Above the arch, on both sides, two angels hold a disc and beside them a representation of the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem. They symbolize the human race (Jerusalem representing the Jews, and Bethlehem the Gentiles).


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: All these mosaics are executed in the Hellenistic-Roman tradition: lively and imaginative, with rich colors and a certain perspective, and with a vivid depiction of the landscape, plants and birds. They were finished when Ravenna was still under Gothic rule . The apse is flanked by two chapels, the "prothesis" and the "diaconicon", typical for Byzantine architecture.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: Inside, the intrados of the great triumphal arch is decorated with fifteen mosaic medallions, depicting Jesus Christ, the twelve Apostles and Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius, the sons of Saint Vitale. The theophany was begun in 525 under bishop Ecclesius. It has a great gold fascia with twining flowers, birds, and horns of plenty. Jesus Christ appears, seated on a blue globe in the summit of the vault, robed in purple, flanked by angels, offering with his right hand the martyr's crown to Saint Vitale, while on his left Bishop Ecclesius offers a model of the church.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: At the foot of the apse side walls are two famous mosaic panels, completed in 547. On the right is a mosaic depicting the East Roman Emperor Justinian I, clad in Tyrian purple with a golden halo, standing next to court officials, generals Belisarius and Narses, Bishop Maximian, palatinae guards and deacons. The halo around his head gives him the same aspect as Christ in the dome of the apse, but is part of the tradition of rendering the imperial family with haloes described by Ernst Kantorowicz in The King's Two Bodies. Justinian himself stands in the middle, with soldiers on his right and clergy on his left, emphasizing that Justinian is the leader of both church and state of his empire. The later insertion of the Bishop Maximian's name above his head suggests that the mosaic may have been modified in 547, replacing the representation of the prior bishop with that of Maximian's.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: The gold background of the mosaic shows that Justinian and his entourage are inside the church. The figures are placed in a V shape; Justinian is placed in the front and in the middle to show his importance with Bishop Maximian on his left and lesser individuals being placed behind them. This placement can be seen through the overlapping feet of the individuals present in the mosaic.


title: Basilica of San Vitale

text: Another panel shows Empress Theodora solemn and formal, with golden halo, crown and jewels, and a group of court women as well as eunuchs. The Empress holds the Eucharistic vessel for the Precious Blood, and her panel differs from that of Justinian in having a more complex background, with a fountain, cupola, and lavish hangings.


title: How I Met Your Dad

text: How I Met Your Dad is a television pilot of a TV series to serve as a spin-off of "How I Met Your Mother", created by original series creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas, with Emily Spivey. This series was expected to debut 2014, but was shelved indefinitely. 20th Television opted not to order "How I Met Your Dad" to series. The plot focuses on Sally on the journey of how she met her daughter's father. She lives in New York with her friends, is getting divorced from her first husband, and has no idea what she is doing with her life.


title: How I Met Your Dad

text: In April 2021, it was announced that "How I Met Your Father" had been ordered to series by Hulu, based on a rewrite of the "How I Met Your Dad" pilot by Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger, and with Hilary Duff attached to play lead character Sophie.


title: How I Met Your Dad

text: In the year 2044, Sally Javits (Meg Ryan) begins writing a series of letters to her daughter Cricket explaining how she met her father. In 2014, three days after separating from her first husband Gavin (Anders Holm) and moving in with her brother Danny (Andrew Santino) and his husband Todd (Drew Tarver), who themselves are seeking to adopt a baby, Sally (younger version played by Greta Gerwig) is set up on a blind date with Frank (Nicholas D'Agosto) by her best friend Juliet (Tiya Sircar), with the intent of having a one-night stand. After instead connecting deeply with Frank, Sally decides to reconnect with Gavin, only to change her mind after realizing Gavin would not even get out his best wine to celebrate them getting back together and they are too fundamentally different as a couple to continue being married. After Danny and Todd succeed in acquiring a surrogate mother to have a child with, the group go out drinking to celebrate, where Sally tells Frank that she believes it is best that they just be friends. In 2044, Sally reveals that Frank is her daughter's father.


title: How I Met Your Dad

text: On November 15, 2013, it was announced that CBS and the series' producer 20th Century Fox Television would launch "How I Met Your Dad", a woman-centric variation executive-produced by Bays, Thomas, and Emily Spivey. The new series would possibly have featured a new bar and would not have tied into the original series. The primary cast of the series was revealed on March 14, 2014, to be Greta Gerwig, Drew Tarver, Nicholas D'Agosto, Krysta Rodriguez and Andrew Santino. Tiya Sircar was cast on March 26, 2014, replacing Krysta Rodriguez in the series. On April 23, 2014, Meg Ryan was announced to voice future Sally.


title: How I Met Your Dad

text: On May 14, 2014, CBS passed on picking up "How I Met Your Dad" since show creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays did not want to reshoot the pilot. Nina Tassler, the entertainment president at CBS, stated that "there were elements of the pilot that didn't work out". Talks of the series being "shopped" to other networks emerged. Netflix, FOX and NBC were named as possible candidates for picking up the show.


title: How I Met Your Dad

text: Ultimately, nothing came of those talks. It was reported that the options on the cast contracts had expired and they had been released from their contracts and co-creator Carter Bays denied any rumors that the spin-off pilot will be reshot. On July 11, 2014, Bays confirmed that the spin-off project was officially dead. Six days later, Nina Tassler said that CBS would "love the opportunity to take another shot" at the pilot and that she would continue to "hound" Carter Bays and Craig Thomas, even though they shot down the idea of a new version of the project stating that they had both moved on.


title: How I Met Your Dad

text: In 2016, two years after the project was announced to be "dead", a full script of the pilot episode was leaked online. In 2020, 4 years after, the original full pilot episode, owned by 20th Century Studios and originally meant just for a sales presentation, was also leaked by Reddit user "howimetyourdadleak" on the How I Met Your Mother subreddit, which contains only some small changes from the previously leaked script.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara! (; ) is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language gangster film directed by Milan Luthria and produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor. A sequel to 2010's "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai", the film stars Akshay Kumar, Imran Khan and Sonakshi Sinha, with Sonali Bendre in a special appearance. The film's title is an intentional misspelling of "Once upon a time in Mumbai Dobaara", done in accordance with Ekta's belief in numerology and astrology.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Filming began on 27 August 2012 in Mumbai, with filming moving to Oman in September, becoming the first major Indian production filmed in the sultanate. Footage was shot in beach in Qantab, Qurum, and at the Shangri-La's Barr Al Jissah Resort & Spa in Muscat. The film's visual effects (VFX) were by Reliance MediaWorks, and a team of 40 artists augmented 600 digital shots in one month. The live action sequences were filmed with RED and Arri's Alexa digital motion-picture camera. "Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" was well-promoted, and the film's second trailer was shown on prime-time slots on four television channels. Hollywood actor Al Pacino was shown the theatrical trailer of the film.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The film released worldwide on 15 August 2013, on the eve of Independence Day in India. This was later scheduled to avoid clashing with Shah Rukh Khan's "Chennai Express", which was released on 9 August. "Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" received mixed to negative reviews from critics, and became a box-office failure, despite grossing against a budget of .


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The film begins where its predecessor ended, with reigning don Shoaib Khan earning respect after his mentor, Sultan Mirza handed over his power to Shoaib in 1975, only to be assassinated by him as revenge for a public humiliation immediately after.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Twelve years later, in 1987, Khan is still a charismatic, suave womaniser, who has extended his empire to the Middle East. His only friends are Javed (who oversees his illegal work), his former love Mumtaz, and Aslam, a teenager Khan met during a visit to the slums in which he grew up.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: An older Khan returns to Bombay to kill Rawal, who opposed his ambition to take the reins in Bombay. Although the city was his first love, rising starlet Jasmine wins his heart. Khan advances Jasmine's career by rigging awards, and showers her with gifts; he becomes obsessed with her. He sends Aslam and another trustworthy aide, Jimmy, to kill Rawal. Jimmy fails, accidentally killing his girlfriend, Mona, and flees. He is soon captured by the police, hot on Khan's trail after learning about his arrival in Bombay. Jimmy, loyal to Khan, does not crack during his interrogation and is freed due to lack of evidence. The police intend to draw Khan out from hiding; he has eluded them for twelve years, and this is their last chance to take him on Indian soil.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Khan, suspicious that Jimmy has become a police informer, decides to kill him but Aslam offers to do the deed to deflect police attention. He, Dedh Tang and several thugs masquerade as rival biker gangs and stage a brawl. Plain-clothes police officers try to control the chaos when Aslam corners Jimmy. When a police officer stops Aslam, Khan appears out of nowhere, murders Jimmy and injures the policeman. A chase ensues; the police fail to catch the two, who escape in Khan's Mercedes.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Although Khan has bought Jasmine a house, she rejects his advances, saying that she has never seen him as being more than a friend. Angry and disappointed, Khan slaps her and tells her to leave. He angrily destroys the set of the film she is cast in, leaving with her a twenty-four-hour deadline to accept his proposal. Jasmine returns home to see that Khan has filled her house with expensive presents. Her mother is taken aback when Jasmine explains that Khan is a gangster with whom she'd prefer not to associate. Her family questions the sense in rejecting a man as powerful and dangerous as Khan.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Later in the night, Jasmine meets Aslam at his uncle's restaurant. He tries to explain his love for her, only to be interrupted and told that she is engaged and the two should stop seeing one another. Dejected and disappointed, Aslam meets with Khan, who seems unusually pensive. The two lament their relationships, not knowing they are both in love with the same woman. Just before Khan is about to reveal the name of his romantic interest, a phone rings – Khan, jubilant, announces that his proposal has been accepted and orders Aslam to pick up his new "bhabhi," or sister-in-law.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Aslam arrives at the address Khan has given him and, much to his shock, sees Jasmine walking towards his car. Initially angry that he is still following her, the two realise that they have been caught up in a complicated affair – that Aslam, unbeknownst to Jasmine, works for Khan, and that Jasmine was the one he had been sent to pick up. Before either can speak, a car containing Rawal and his henchmen arrives at a distance. Rawal shoots Jasmine, having learned of her relationship with Khan and hoping that hurting her lure the gangster into a vulnerable position.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Jasmine remains unconscious at the hospital as Khan arrives. He accuses Aslam of being in love with his fiancée – an accusation which Aslam denies as Khan reveals in an attempt to pacify Aslam that he has masterminded a plan to murder Rawal and ensure his own dominance over the Mumbai underworld. Khan intends to fabricate a story of him feuding with Aslam to tempt Rawal and his rivals into contacting Aslam. The "news" reaches Rawal, who seems delighted at the prospect of being able to turn Khan's right-hand man against him.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: When Rawal calls Aslam at the hospital, Aslam, now fully aware of Khan's feelings towards Jasmine, seems unsure whether to abide by Khan's plan. He reluctantly provides Rawal with an address, ending the phone call by telling him to "murder the bastard." Khan, lying in wait outside the address with a sniper rifle, kills Rawal and his henchmen when they arrive. Khan, having consolidated power, savours his victory and walks into a police station undeterred as a taunt to law enforcement. However, Dedh Tang accidentally reveals Aslam's feelings for Jasmine in the midst of celebration. Khan, infuriated, diverts the car to the hospital to confront Aslam, who has continued to stay with Jasmine as she recovers from being shot by Rawal. Knowing that his friend is in danger, Dedh Tang honks the horn of the car repeatedly after Shoaib and his henchmen enter the building, alerting Aslam to the danger and giving him time to escape. Entering to see an empty bed where Jasmine had before been laying, Khan realises that Dedh Tang had given him away.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Khan sends his aide Akbar to kill Aslam after he and Jasmine flee to Aslam's uncle's restaurant in Dongri. Aslam assures Jasmine that Khan, though violent, would never hurt him. Their conversation is interrupted by a car's horn honking – running outside, Aslam is ambushed by Akbar after discovering the body of Dedh Tang, who has been killed by Shoaib for aiding the couple in their escape. Aslam, though injured and initially losing the fight, kills Akbar with a shovel. He calls Khan to tell him that the murder of Dedh Tang has, in effect, erased his deep-seated loyalty to his former boss. Khan responds by telling Aslam that sending Akbar was a mistake, as he must be the one to kill the man he views as also having betrayed him by "stealing" Jasmine.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Aslam and Khan confront one another as the police, having been alerted to Khan's location by a storekeeper, descend upon Dongri. Shoaib rains down blows and insults upon Aslam, urging him to defend himself in front of Jasmine. Nevertheless, Aslam, who still feels indebted and bound to Khan, does not fight back until Inspector Sawant appears through the gathered crowd – even then, Aslam only pushes Khan away so that Khan is not shot by the officer. Reacting quickly, Khan draws a pistol of his own and shoots Sawant before turning his weapon on Jasmine and Aslam. Jasmine, through tears and while holding a bleeding Aslam, tells Khan that he is truly evil and will never have her love. Khan seems to recognise the truth in her words as he drops his weapon and stares at the couple. Just then, more police officers arrive on the scene and open fire on Khan, who, now injured, is dragged away by one of his henchmen. He and Aslam, both alive but bloodied, lock eyes and reach out for another, having finally put aside their differences.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: In the last scene, a bullet-ridden, dejected Khan reads a letter in Urdu he was unable to give Jasmine in the cargo hold of a ship leaving the city forever.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Tanuj Garg, CEO of Balaji Motion Pictures, announced on Twitter that principal photography began on 27 August 2012 in Mumbai. Female lead Sonakshi Sinha joined the cast and crew two days later after completing her previous film, "Son of Sardaar", with Ajay Devgn. The overseas shooting schedule began in September in Oman, the first major Indian production filmed in the sultanate.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Portions of the film were shot on a beach in Qantab, on the corniche in Qurum, and at the Shangri-La's Barr Al Jissah Resort & Spa in Muscat. When director Milan Luthria became ill with a virus, shooting was postponed for three days. To make up the lost time Luthria persuaded Kumar to work on two consecutive Sundays, the first time he had worked on a Sunday since Priyadarshan's 2006 "Bhagam Bhag". The remainder of the film was shot on location in Khala, on the Sassoon Docks and at Mukesh Mills in Mumbai. The shoot was wrapped up by January 2013.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The film's visual effects (VFX) were by Reliance MediaWorks, which also produced computer-generated imagery (CGI) for Balaji Motion Pictures and Luthria for its prequel, "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai" (2010). Since the company was also generating VFX for the yet-unreleased "Chennai Express" (2013) its roster of animators and compositors was divided into two teams. The "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" team consisted of 40 artists, who augmented 600 digital shots in one month. Luthria informed the company that "Dobaara!" was set during the 1980s, with car chases requiring visual effects. About 25 percent were shot against chroma key backgrounds, since they would have been difficult to film otherwise. Scenes in the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in the United Arab Emirates were recreated three-dimensionally with polygonal modelling in Autodesk Maya instead of the live-action plates used for shots in Muscat. Adobe Photoshop and ZBrush were used to add texture to matte paintings in the background and the 3D models. Outdoor shots in Mumbai (such as Colaba Causeway and Ballard Pier) were replaced by interior and exterior live-action plates from Oman. According to Sanjiv Naik, the film's VFX supervisor, the last few scenes were the most difficult ones to shoot. In the last scene where Khan is lying wounded in the cargo hold of a ship, the camera zooms out to reveal the word "Mumbai". The VFX shot was captured in 2,000 frames which took 15 days to complete, with the camera panning out only 30 feet in reality. Except for the interior shot of Kumar, the remaining shots were digital. The live action was filmed with RED and Arri's Alexa digital motion-picture camera.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Emraan Hashmi, who appeared in the original film, was initially chosen to play the lead role. However, Luthria was looking for an older actor and chose Kumar for the role of Shoaib Khan (based on Dawood Ibrahim). In February 2012 it was announced that there were two male leads in the film, the second said to be Shahid Kapoor, but the following month Imran Khan was confirmed as the second male lead. Many actresses were considered for the female lead, including Illeana D'Cruz, Kareena Kapoor, Kangana Ranaut, Asin Thottumkal, Sonam Kapoor and Deepika Padukone, but in April it was reported that Sonakshi Sinha had been cast. Sonali Bendre was also signed as a lead character in the film. The film marked Bendre's first role since "Shankar Dada MBBS". Bendre did not charge her fees for the film owing to the fact that Sobha Kapoor, one of the producers of the film has been the friend of her Mother-in-law for the past 40 years also out of gratitude for Luthria, who shot her first song "Sambhala hai Maine" in the 1994 film "Naaraaz". In November 2012, it was announced that the film was scheduled for release on Eid 2013. TV actor Chetan Hansraj was signed as an antagonist in the film. Kumar revealed during the trailer launch of the film about having no aspirations to set new benchmarks on a role previously enacted by Hashmi. Khan in preparation for his role in the film drew inspiration from Jackie Shroff and Anil Kapoor, copying their mannerisms, behaviour and dressing style by watching DVD's of films starring them produced in the 1980s. Back in those days copying mannerism of film stars drew appreciation from peers.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Akshay Kumar played a fictitious gangster based on Dawood Ibrahim. Kumar's character's look was revealed on a reality show on Aapka Colors. Kumar's entrance on the show was supposed to be accompanied by music after a scene from the prequel (choreographed by director Milan Luthria), followed by an action sequence. The scene had a "minor glitch", believed to be a failed attempt to sabotage Kumar's entrance. The scene was performed twice, taking a toll on Kumar's back and leading to the cancellation of a public appearance. The film would reportedly feature a scene with Kumar watching a cricket match, but whether the match was between India and Pakistan at the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium during the 1980s was unconfirmed. The first trailer premiered in Mumbai on 27 May 2013, where many of the film's outdoor scenes were shot. To promote the film, Kumar flew from New York (where he was on holiday with his family) to Birmingham to watch the India-Pakistan ICC Champions Trophy match on 15 June 2013 at Edgbaston Cricket Ground. A second trailer of the film was released on 1 July 2013, with narration by Kumar's character (Shoaib Khan), revealing plot details such as the rivalry between Kumar's and Imran Khan's characters for Jasmine's love. The trailer described Khan as the film's antihero, featuring action sequences between Shoaib Khan and Aslam (Imran Khan). Mohar Basu of Koimoi praised the second trailer, its background score, direction and action choreography, saying it "is even better than the film's first trailer" and has "an explosive impact on its audiences".


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Producer Ekta Kapoor promoted the film's second trailer on 5 July 2013, buying prime-time (8 to 11 pm) slots on four television channels. She also spent 20 million rupees for a slot on a leading channel for a promotion for the film. Akshay Kumar, Sonakshi Sinha and Imran Khan (the three leads) promoted the film on "Comedy Nights with Kapil", hosted by Kapil Sharma. The show was telecasted on 3 August 2013. Kumar, Sinha, Khan, Kapoor and most of the other cast and crew visited the Dargah Sharif (a shrine to the Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer) on Monday morning, 5 August, to pray for the film's success and the well-being of all involved.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Hollywood actor Al Pacino enjoyed the film's promotion, saying that the promos and posters reminded him of "The Godfather" when business associate Barry Navidi showed him the theatrical trailer (Pacino portrayed Michael Corleone, son of Vito Corleone). Akshay Kumar said of Pacino's response: "A touch of appreciation is always held dearly in an actor's arms, even if it's from the simplest of people like our beloved spot boys. But to have your work spoken of so kindly by the world's most admired gangster Al Pacino himself – I had goose-bumps thinking about him watching the promo! I was so humbled, not only as an actor but as a fan of his legendary work. I pray he enjoys the final piece as much as he enjoyed the promo!" Actor Rishi Kapoor, on whom the original version of the song Tayyab Ali was picturised in "Amar Akbar Anthony", praised Imran Khan's performance and the song after an impromptu meeting with Khan (who was concerned about comparisons between the versions) during a dubbing session for the film.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The film's title has been changed several times. The media first referred to the production as "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2", although it was earlier officially known as "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Again". Due to the producer's beliefs in astrology and numerology, the film was renamed "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara" ("again" in Hindi). A "y" and an extra "a" were added, making it "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!".


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: It was promoted at the unveiling of a line of LED televisions by manufacturer Arise India with appearances by Kumar, Sinha, Khan and Kapoor. In addition to visiting the Dargah Sharif and the Balaji shrine in South India to pray for the success of her films before their release, Kapoor fasted during Ramazan for the film's success and planned visits to Mumbai's Mohamed Ali Road to celebrate iftaari and feed the poor. "Chennai Express" and "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" were originally not scheduled for release by Pakistani distributors and exhibitors, but deals were finalised to release both films in Pakistan. In an effort to discourage cinema audience from using Mobile phones at theatres with the help of a short-film featuring Kumar in his character, Shoaib Khan from the film. The short directed by Luthria was shown in PVR Cinemas from 31 May 2013 till the film's theatrical release. The film is available on Netflix.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The soundtrack of "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" features five songs, with three of them were composed by Pritam, and two of them by Anupam Amod. The latter also recreated the song "Tayyab Ali" which is originally composed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal and written by Anand Bakshi, from the 1977 film "Amar Akbar Anthony". The lyrics for all the songs were penned by Rajat Arora, including the recreated version of "Tayyab Ali". The first single "Ye Tune Kya Kiya", sung by Javed Bashir and composed by Pritam, was released on 13 June 2013, as the lead single from the soundtrack album. The full soundtrack album was released by T-Series on 17 July 2013, with all tracks available for digital download as singles on the digital music platform iTunes. The music video of "Tayyab Ali" was shot in six days at Film City in Mumbai. The video for the fifth song "Bismillah" was shot at Film City and a Mumbai nightclub which was modified to evoke the 1980s. The song was released by T-Series on 7 August 2013, two days before Eid-Ul-Fitr, to capitalise on Eid celebrations nationwide.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The soundtrack of the film received mainly-positive reviews. Rumnique Nannar of Bollyspice gave the soundtrack three-and-a-half stars, saying "the album succeeds in all respects, since it features a remake, a retro song, and two gems, and manages to fit with the film's tone and mood of the 80s". Movie Talkies also gave the soundtrack three-and-a-half stars, remarking that "the soundtrack of "OUATIMD" is an excellent effort from Pritam and is sure to be lapped up by the audiences in much the same way as its predecessor. It sure might be a short album with just four songs in it but suffice to say, Quality wins over Quantity". Rajiv Vijayakar of Bollywood Hungama said that "the soundtrack has only four songs but nevertheless emerges as one of the better albums of this year" praising the first three tracks identifying "Tu Hi Khwahish" and "Chugliyaan" as the finest and weakest links of the album respectively. Bryan Durham of "The Times of India" said that "brevity seems to be the soul of the "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobaara" soundtrack", highlighting "Yeh Tune Kya Kiya" as the best song." Mohar Basu reviewed the soundtrack for Koimoi, summarising it to be "just about alright... in comparison to its predecessor turned out to be drab!"


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The film which at the beginning was scheduled to be released on Eid, 8 August 2013 was pushed back to 15 August 2013, to avoid clashing with Rohit Shetty's directorial venture, "Chennai Express" starring Shah Rukh Khan. The decision was made by Jitendra on Shah Rukh Khan's request after a meeting was held between the producers of the respective films so as to provide both each of the films ample opportunity of earning-well at the box office without diminishing each other's profits.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" was released on 1,300–1,600 screens for India's 67th Independence Day, and some cinemas were sold out. The screen count increased on 16 August to 2,500–2,700 nationwide.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" received mixed-to-negative reviews. Anupama Chopra gave the film three out of five stars in "The Hindustan Times": "Once Upon Ay Time in Mumbaai Dobaara! had me cheering for the bad guy. Which, at least in the movies, is never a bad thing. The film gets one extra star for Akshay Kumar, who makes a stellar killer". Madhureeta Mukherjee awarded the film 3.5 out of five stars in "The Times of India", telling readers to watch the film only for its flattering dons and their heroines, saying "there's nothing criminal about it!" She praised Milan Luthria for capturing the essence of the film's setting and Kumar's portrayal of Shoaib Khan: ""Bhai" act with flamboyance and mojo ... He gets a chance to do what he does best – "herogiri" (albeit less menacing, more entertaining), with charisma and clap-trap dialoguebaazi" but criticised Imran Khan's "ill-at-ease" rogue, the second half of the film for being "at times too overbearing" and said, "this film has its moments, but it's not as compelling as the prequel." Vinayak Chakrovorty gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars in "India Today": "OUATIMD should remind Bollywood what we all always knew: Never make a sequel just for the heck of it if you don't have a genuine idea to entertain". Subhash K. Jha termed the film as "one of the most ill-timed gangster dramas" criticising the acting of all the three leads, praising only the short cameo of Sonali Bendre.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The film drew a number of negative reactions from the film critics. Subhra Gupta gave the film a half-star out of five in "The Indian Express", saying "After all the shoot-outs and bang-bangs are over, you are left with a film which leaves you with so little new that you wonder if there's any juice left in this style of the retro gangsta flick. Or are we heading for a third-time-in-Mumbai-Tibara?" Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave the film 1.5 out of five stars, describing the film as the "equivalent of getting a root canal". He criticised the naivety of the three leads: Kumar for his "in-your-face flamboyance", Khan for playing an "urban rich kid slumming it out at a dress-up party" and both for "rat-a-tat punch lines", but praised Sonali Bendre's cameo as Mumtaz. Mohar Basu gave the film two out of five stars in Koimoi, criticising the melodrama and the "lacklustre chemistry", remarking that the film "lacks the effervescence and naturalness of its prequel".


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" and its predecessor "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai" have been described as having a storyline and characters similar to the life of Dawood Ibrahim. Luthria and Kapoor have "repeatedly drilled home the notion that Shoaib Khan could be any gangster and not necessarily Dawood" a position that Kumar has also stated.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" opened well, with sold-out showings (particularly in Delhi, Mumbai, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Hyderabad) due to its release on Independence Day eve. Due to limited screen availability (about 1,000), Balaji Motion Pictures negotiated with the producers of "Chennai Express" to release 1,000 more screens for a total of 2,700. Despite the low number of screens, the film netted on its opening day. Due to competition from "Chennai Express" the film earned ( three-day) over its extended four-day weekend, considered a poor result. Earnings dropped on Monday to . The film did better on Tuesday and Wednesday due to Raksha Bandhan, earning on both days. It earned ( seven-day) during its eight-day first week. During its second weekend the film dropped nearly 90 percent, earning to bring its total to . The film earned during its second week, bringing its total to . Despite this, it was declared a "flop" by Box Office India. The film did not do well overseas, earning $1.55 million during its first weekend. In total, the film grossed () worldwide.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: Satellite rights to "Once Upon Time in Mumbai Dobaara!" were acquired by Sony Max, along with three other films produced by Balaji Motion Pictures. The other films, acquired for about to , were "Ek Thi Daayan", "Lootera" and "Shootout at Wadala"; the latter was acquired for . Satellite rights to the film were later confirmed as . After the film's poor box-office performance, its producers and Sony Max moved its world television premiere up to 29 September 2013, within a month of the film's theatrical release.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: The film was scheduled to be released on DVD and Blu-ray by Shemaroo Entertainment in early November, and pre-release orders were available on Flipkart, Amazon and other online shopping sites in early October. On Amazon, the expected delivery date was 7 November 2013 for Blu-ray preorders, with the DVD released by 26 October. The Blu-ray version was released on 27 October as a 50 GB single disc with 1080p H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video and an aspect ratio of 2.35:1 (instead of the 2.39:1 theatrical ratio) and Dolby DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 and Dolby Digital 5.1 audio. The film was made available on Netflix.


title: Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!

text: After the film's mainly negative reviews Akshay Kumar lashed out at critics, accusing them of lacking an understanding of the audience and the basic ideas of filmmaking. There were rumours about a feud between Kumar and Ekta Kapoor about the former's distancing himself from the project and not promoting it enough. The three leads attended the inaugural 2013 Indian Premier League match between Kolkata Knight Riders and Delhi Daredevils to promote the film, but the match organisers asked their cameramen not to focus on the actors. After this, a disappointed Kumar asked Kapoor to re-arrange the film's marketing schedule.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: The Warrenpoint ambush, also known as the Narrow Water ambush, the Warrenpoint massacre or the Narrow Water massacre, was a guerrilla attack by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) on 27 August 1979. The IRA's South Armagh Brigade ambushed a British Army convoy with two large roadside bombs at Narrow Water Castle outside Warrenpoint, Northern Ireland. The first bomb was aimed at the convoy itself, and the second targeted the incoming reinforcements and the incident command point (ICP) set up to deal with the incident. IRA volunteers hidden in nearby woodland also allegedly fired on the troops, who returned fire. The castle is on the banks of the Newry River, which marks the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: Eighteen British soldiers were killed and over twenty were seriously injured, making it the deadliest attack on the British Army during the Troubles. An English civilian was also killed and an Irish civilian wounded, both by British soldiers firing across the border after the first blast. The attack happened on the same day that the IRA assassinated Lord Louis Mountbatten, a close relative of the British royal family.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: The ambush took place on the A2 road at Narrow Water Castle, just outside Warrenpoint, in the south of County Down in Northern Ireland. The road and castle are on the northern bank of the Newry River (also known as the Clanrye River), which marks the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The Republic's side of the river, the Cooley Peninsula in County Louth, was an ideal spot from which to launch an ambush: it was thickly wooded, which gave cover to the ambushers, and the river border prevented British forces giving chase.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: On the afternoon of 27 August, a British Army convoy of one Land Rover and two four-ton lorries—carrying soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment—was driving from Ballykinler Barracks to Newry. The British Army were aware of the dangers of using the stretch of road along the Newry River and often declared it out of bounds. However, they would sometimes use it to avoid setting a pattern.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: At 16:40, as the convoy was driving past Narrow Water Castle, an fertiliser bomb, hidden among strawbales on a parked flatbed trailer, was detonated by remote control by IRA members watching from across the border in County Louth. The explosion caught the last lorry in the convoy, hurling it on its side and instantly killing six paratroopers, whose bodies were scattered across the road. There were only two survivors amongst the soldiers travelling in the lorry; they both received serious injuries. The lorry's driver, Anthony Wood (aged 19), was one of those killed. All that remained of Wood's body was his pelvis, welded to the seat by the fierce heat of the blast.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: According to the soldiers, immediately after the blast they were targeted by rifle fire from the woods on the Cooley Peninsula on the other side of the border, and this view was supported by two part-time firefighters assisting the wounded, who were "sure they had been fired on from the Omeath side of the water". Shortly afterwards, the two IRA members arrested by the Garda Síochána (the Republic of Ireland's police force) and suspected of being behind the ambush, were found to have traces of gunsmoke residue on their hands and on the motorbike they were riding. The IRA's first statement on the incident, however, denied that any shots had been fired at the troops, and according to Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) researchers, the soldiers might have mistaken the sound of ammunition cooking off for enemy gunfire. Nevertheless, at the official inquiry the soldiers declared on oath that they had been fired on.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: The surviving paratroopers radioed for urgent assistance, and reinforcements were dispatched to the scene by road. A rapid reaction unit was sent by Gazelle helicopter, consisting of Lieutenant-Colonel David Blair, commanding officer of the Queen's Own Highlanders, his signaller Lance Corporal Victor MacLeod, and army medics. Another helicopter, a Wessex, landed to pick up the wounded. Colonel Blair assumed command once at the site.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: William Hudson, a 29-year-old from London, was killed by the British Army and his cousin Barry Hudson, a 25-year-old native of Dingle, was wounded when shots were fired across the Newry River into the Republic of Ireland about 3 km from the village of Omeath, County Louth.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: The pair were partners in 'Hudson Amusements' and had been operating their amusements in Omeath for the duration of the Omeath Gala. When the first explosion was heard across the Lough, the pair went down to the shore to see what was unfolding. The pair made their way to Narrow Water on the southern side of the border to get a better view of what was happening on the northern side. Barry Hudson was shot in the arm and as he fell to the ground he saw his cousin, who was the son of a coachman at Buckingham Palace, fall to the ground, shot in the head. He died almost immediately.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: The IRA had been studying how the British Army behaved after a bombing and correctly predicted that they would set up an incident command point (ICP) at the stone gateway on the other side of the road. At 17:12, thirty-two minutes after the first explosion, another bomb hidden in milk pails exploded at the gateway, destroying it and hurling lumps of granite through the air. It detonated as the Wessex helicopter was taking off carrying wounded soldiers. The helicopter was damaged by the blast but did not crash.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: The second explosion killed twelve soldiers: ten from the Parachute Regiment and the two from the Queen's Own Highlanders. Lt.Colonel Blair was the second lt. colonel to be killed in the Troubles up until then, following Lt.Colonel Corden-Lloyd of the 2nd Battalion Royal Green Jackets in 1978. Only one of Colonel Blair's epaulettes remained to identify him as his body had been vaporised in the blast. The epaulette was taken from the scene by Brigadier David Thorne to a security briefing with prime minister Margaret Thatcher to "illustrate the human factor" of the attack. Mike Jackson, then a major in the Parachute Regiment, was at the scene soon after the second explosion and later described seeing human remains scattered over the road, in the water and hanging from the trees. He was asked to identify the face of his friend, Major Peter Fursman, still recognisable after it had been ripped from his head by the explosion and recovered from the water by divers from the Royal Engineers.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: Press photographer Peter Molloy, who arrived at the scene after the first explosion, came close to being shot by an angry paratrooper who saw him taking photographs of the dead and dying instead of offering to help the wounded. The soldier was tackled by his comrades. Molloy said, "I was shouted at and called all sorts of things but I understood why. I had trespassed on the worst day of these fellas' lives and taken pictures of it."


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: The Warrenpoint ambush was the deadliest attack on the British Army during the Troubles and the Parachute Regiment's biggest loss since World War II, with sixteen paratroopers killed. General Sir James Glover, Commander of British forces in Northern Ireland, later said it was "arguably the most successful and certainly one of the best planned IRA attacks of the whole campaign". The ambush happened on the same day that Lord Mountbatten, a prominent relative and close confidant of the British royal family, was killed by an IRA bomb aboard his boat at Mullaghmore, along with three others.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: Republicans portrayed the attack as retaliation for Bloody Sunday in 1972 when the Parachute Regiment shot dead 13 unarmed civilians during a protest march in Derry. Graffiti appeared in republican areas declaring "13 gone and not forgotten, we got 18 and Mountbatten". The day after the Mountbatten and Warrenpoint attacks, the Ulster Volunteer Force retaliated by shooting dead John Patrick Hardy (43), a Catholic civilian, at his home in Belfast's New Lodge estate. Hardy was allegedly targeted due to the mistaken belief that he was an IRA member.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: Very shortly after the ambush, IRA volunteers Brendan Burns and Joe Brennan were arrested by the Gardaí. They were stopped while riding a motorbike on a road opposite Narrow Water Castle. They were later released on bail due to lack of evidence. Burns died in 1988 when a bomb he was handling exploded prematurely. In 1998, former IRA member Eamon Collins claimed that Burns had been one of those who carried out the Warrenpoint ambush. No one has ever been criminally charged.


title: Warrenpoint ambush

text: According to Toby Harnden, the attack "drove a wedge" between the British Army and the RUC. Lieutenant-General Sir Timothy Creasey, General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland, suggested to Margaret Thatcher that internment should be brought back and that liaison with the Gardaí should be left in the hands of the military. Sir Kenneth Newman, the RUC Chief Constable, claimed instead that the British Army practice, since 1975, of supplying their garrisons in South County Armagh by helicopter gave too much freedom of movement to the IRA. One result was the appointment of Sir Maurice Oldfield to a new position of Co-ordinator of Security Intelligence in Northern Ireland. His role was to co-ordinate intelligence between the military, MI5 and the RUC. Another was the expansion of the RUC by 1,000 members. Tim Pat Coogan asserts that the deaths of the 18 soldiers hastened the move towards Ulsterisation.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: Craniopagus parasiticus is an extremely rare type of parasitic twinning occurring in about 2 to 3 of 5,000,000 births. In craniopagus parasiticus, a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped body is attached to the head of a developed twin. Fewer than a dozen cases of this type of conjoined twin have been documented in literature.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: The exact development of craniopagus parasiticus is not well known. However, it is known that the underdeveloped twin is a parasitic twin. Parasitic twins are known to occur "in utero" when monozygotic twins start to develop as an embryo, but the embryo fails to completely split. When this happens, one embryo will dominate development, while the other's development is severely altered. The key difference between a parasitic twin and conjoined twins is that in parasitic twins, one twin, the parasite, stops development during gestation, whereas the other twin, the autosite, develops completely.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: In normal monozygotic twin development, one egg is fertilized by a single sperm. The egg will then completely split into two, normally at the two-cell stage. If the egg splits in the early blastocyst stage, two inner cell masses will be present, eventually leading to the twins sharing the same chorion and placenta, but with separate amnions. However, the egg can split into two, but still have one blastocyst. This will lead to one inner cell mass and one blastocyst. Then, as the twins develop, they will share the same placenta, chorion, and amnion. This is thought to be the most likely reason why conjoined twins occur, and could possibly play a role in the development of craniopagus parasiticus.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: One hypothesis is that craniopagus parasiticus starts with the development of two fetuses from a single zygote that fail to separate at the head region around the second week of gestation. Some believe, however, that it occurs later in development, around the fourth week of gestation, at which time the two embryos fuse together near the anterior open neuropore.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: Another hypothesis is that there is joining of the somatic and placental vascular system of the twins, as well as a degeneration of the umbilical cord of the parasitic twin. This suggests that craniopagus parasiticus develops due to the lack of blood supply to one of the twins.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: In addition to craniopagus parasiticus, a few other conditions involve a child's, or animal's, birth with two heads or faces.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: Dicephalic parapagus is a condition where two heads are side by side on a single torso, with varying degrees of twinning of organs and structures within the torso.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: Diprosopus occurs when a single body and neck are present, but there is a duplication of the structures of the face. This is different from craniopagus parasiticus in that there is only one head, although there is a duplication of the craniofacial features. Diprosopus can range from having two fully formed faces to just a duplication of the nose or eyes. Cats with the condition are referred to as 'Janus cats'. A cat named Frankenlouie was a famous example noted by the "Guinness Book of World Records" in 2012 for being the longest surviving Janus cat.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: Few individuals survive until birth. For those who do, the only treatment available is to surgically remove the parasitic twin. Of the two documented attempts, however, one child died within hours and neither reached their second birthday. The problem with surgical intervention is that the arterial supplies of the head are so intertwined that it is very hard to control the bleeding, but it has been suggested that cutting off the parasitic twin's arterial supply might improve the odds of the developed twin's survival.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: Only ten cases of craniopagus parasiticus have been documented, out of a total of at least eighty known cases of craniopagus in general.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: Only ten cases of craniopagus parasiticus have been reported in the medical research literature. Of those cases, only four have survived birth. The first case on record is that of Everard Home's Two-Headed Boy of Bengal, whose skull is preserved at the Hunterian Museum at the Royal Society of Surgeons.


title: Craniopagus parasiticus

text: In the past, the use of terminology when describing parasitic twins has been somewhat inconsistent. By definition, a parasitic twin is joined to another twin in a certain anatomical location or position on the developed twin's body. The underdeveloped twin is termed the parasite, and the developed twin is termed the autosite. The autosite can have some abnormalities, as well. For the most part, however, it has developed enough that it can live on its own.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: Ryu Yamada is known as a delinquent in his high school. He has been bored with his classes after one year of attending school. One day, he accidentally falls from a flight of stairs onto Urara Shiraishi, the ace student at the school. Yamada wakes up to find he has swapped bodies with her. The two try to reverse the change and discover kissing triggers the body swap. On the suggestion of student council vice-president Toranosuke Miyamura, they revive the Supernatural Studies club. The supernatural-phenomenon-obsessed Miyabi Itou soon joins the club. The club encounters other "witches" with different powers are activated with a kiss on the lips. A transfer student, Kentaro Tsubaki, becomes a part of the club after nearly causing a fire to the old schoolhouse. Upon discovering the identity of the seventh witch, Rika Saionji, Yamada supposedly has his memories of the witches erased, but it instead affects the witches and the students involved. While the student council tries to impede his progress, Yamada restores the memories of the witches with a kiss, and gathers the seven witches for a ceremony where he wishes for the powers to go away. He confesses his love to Urara and they become a couple.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: He is recruited to the new student council where he learns he still has his witch copying power, but there are more witches. Although the student council tries to shield each other from the powers while discovering and allying with the witches, they find themselves facing opposition from students controlled by the Shogi (japanese chess) club, which has male students with new kinds of witch powers. The student council receives a vote of no confidence and must face a recall election. In the process of infiltrating the Japanese chess club, Yamada learns of a witch who was connected to his past. He works a deal with childhood friend-turned-rival Ushio Igarashi where he wishes for his memories to return; in exchange, Ushio would take seventh witch Nancy's ability. When the Japanese chess club continues to manipulate the campaign, Yamada uses his copied seventh witch power to erase the recent events, but Ushio beats him to the punch and they are both forgotten by the students.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: Yamada returns to the Supernatural Studies club as the school has to deal with new witches following the new school year. He also learns there are gaps in his and his schoolmates' memories of what happened at the end of his first school year, including those of whom he was dating at the time. Yamada then tries to find out the truth of what happened. He ultimately gathers the male witches to hold a ceremony to restore everyone's memories. As he goes through his senior year of high school, he plans to apply to a prestigious university. However, when Urara suddenly disappears from his life along with the witches powers and everyone else's memories of her, Yamada discovers she was the original witch. Urara had agreed to the witch powers in order to have a relationship with Yamada, but on the condition her memories of him to be erased again when she leaves school. However, when she returns at graduation, Yamada finds a way to get her to remember again.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: Ten years later, Yamada has become a successful businessman who is looked up to by his coworkers and keeps in touch with his high school friends, but has yet to propose to Urara. The two get married and some years later, share their story with their two children.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: Manga author Miki Yoshikawa's previous work, "Flunk Punk Rumble" (Yankee-kun to Megane-chan) ran in Kodansha's "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" from 2006–2011, with a total of 211 chapters. Her editor suggested for her next project that she write a one-shot for "Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine". She developed two stories: a prototype story for "Yamada-kun" and "The Demon's Classroom". The second story was initially chosen, but became difficult to run because the main character was a grade school girl. The prototype "Yamada" story eventually became the first chapter for "Yamada-kun".


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: In the "Natalie" interview, Yoshikawa said that she had thought of the body swapping idea in the "Yankee-kun" days, and had researched some medical books on the differences between men and women, both physically and emotionally, but generally went with it because she liked the idea. "It just kind of came to me, but I was wondering how a guy finding himself in a girl's body would react, and the reverse". She treats a body-swapped character as an entirely different character. At Anime Expo 2015, she said that she initially thought about gender swapping first but later rejected that as a potential magic power.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: When it was noted that the main characters for both of her works were delinquents, Yoshikawa replied that those types of characters came easily for her, as she grew up in the lower end of Tokyo. The characters and their names are not based on her friends so that they can act crazy. At Anime Expo 2015, she said that the characters reflect different aspects of herself. She also said that the "Yamada-kun" characters go to a different school from the ones in "Yankee-kun" but that they live in adjacent neighborhoods.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: With regards to drawing, she tries to vary each kiss, but mostly uses the side angle to make sure it comes through. With regards to kisses between members of the same gender, she replied that wasn't intended to target any specific demographic but just "an inevitable outcome." At the time of Anime Expo, she said she had five assistants. She does her drawing by hand in black-and-white, and uses the computer for the filling in colors. She spends about half of her time on story, and the other half on actual drawing.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: The manga is written and illustrated by Miki Yoshikawa and serialized in Kodansha's "Weekly Shōnen Magazine". The first chapter was published in 2012's 12th issue, released on February 22, 2012. The series is also released in "tankōbon" volumes, the first of which was published on June 15, 2012, and the latest, volume 28, on April 17, 2017. On October 26, 2013, Crunchyroll announced a partnership with Kodansha where it would distribute chapters digitally to 170 countries using a new service called Crunchyroll Manga. This includes an English translated version. The series is licensed for a North American release by Kodansha USA, who began releasing the series in 2015. In July 2015, Yoshikawa attended Anime Expo as a guest of honor where she promoted her series. In January 2017, "Weekly Shonen Magazine" announced that the manga would be ending. It concluded on February 22, 2017 after running for exactly 5 years.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: A live-action drama began airing on August 10, 2013 on Saturdays on Fuji TV at 11:10pm. It stars Yusuke Yamamoto as the title character Ryū Yamada, and Mariya Nishiuchi as Urara Shiraishi. Its theme song is "Time Machine Nante Iranai" by former AKB48 headliner Atsuko Maeda. She described the song as "cheerful and fun" and hopes it will liven up the show. Sponsors include Samsung, which included the show's characters in their related commercials broadcast at the time.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: An animated promotional video (PV) was released by Liden Films on August 26, 2013. The video was directed by Seiki Takuno. Ryu Yamada was voiced by Ryōta Ōsaka, and Urara Shiraishi was voiced by Saori Hayami. In June 2014, Liden Films launched a website with news that it would be producing an original anime DVD (OAD). The OAD has two installments: the first was released on December 17, 2014 bundled with the manga volume 15, and the second is bundled with volume 17 for May 15, 2015. They were advertised as featuring all seven witches as well as hot springs scenes.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: In November 2014, Liden films announced plans to produce a TV anime series with the voice characters to reprise their roles from the OAD project. The director is Tomoki Takuno, who did "", "Love Live! School Idol Project", and the assistant director is Fumiaki Usui. The series writer is Michiko Yokote, and the chief animation director and character designer is Eriko Iida. Sound is being directed by Yota Tsuruoka and music composed by Masaru Yokoyama.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: A 12-episode anime television adaptation produced by Liden Films and directed by Tomoki Takuno aired in Japan between April 12 and June 28, 2015. The opening theme song is by WEAVER and the ending theme song is "CANDY MAGIC" by Mimi Meme Mimi.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: The first DVD and Blu-ray Disc box sets of the anime television series included a crossover anime short "Yamada-kun to 7-nin no Majo x Yankee-kun to Megane-chan" adapted from the manga by the same author.


title: Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches

text: Crunchyroll released the series on Blu-ray and DVD with an English dub. Funimation later released on home video in July 2017. Medialink holds the license to the series in Southeast Asia and South Asia.


title: Iron Man's armor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Tony Stark has worn different versions of the Iron Man armor throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). He has also built armor for James Rhodes (which became the War Machine armor), the Iron Spider suit for Peter Parker, and Pepper Potts' Rescue armor.


text: In "Iron Man" (2008), physical armor was built by Stan Winston Studios, with the digital version and other visual effects done by Industrial Light & Magic. Further appearances of the armor in the MCU were mainly created through visual effects. Iron Man comic book artist Adi Granov designed the Mark III, with further armors also being inspired by the armors from the comics.


text: "Iron Man" (2008) director Jon Favreau wanted the film to be believable by showing the eventual construction of the Mark III suit in its three stages. Stan Winston and his company were hired to build metal and rubber versions of the armors. The Mark I design was intended to look like it was built from spare parts: particularly, the back is less armored than the front, as Tony Stark would use his resources to make a forward attack. It also foreshadows the design of Obadiah Stane's Iron Monger armor. A single version was built and was designed to only have its top half worn at times. Stan Winston Studios built a , animatronic version of the Iron Monger suit. The animatronic required five operators for the arm, and was built on a gimbal to simulate walking. A scale model was used for the shots of it being made. The Mark II resembles an airplane prototype with visible flaps.


text: Iron Man comic book artist Adi Granov designed the Mark III with illustrator Phil Saunders. Granov's designs were the primary inspiration for the film's, and he came on board the film after he recognized his work on Jon Favreau's MySpace page. Saunders streamlined Granov's concept art, making it stealthier and less cartoonish in its proportions, and also designed the War Machine armor, but it was "cut from the script about halfway through pre-production." He explained that the War Machine armor "was going to be called the Mark IV armor and would have had weaponized swap-out parts that would be worn over the original Mark III armor," and that it "would have been worn by Tony Stark in the final battle sequence." Concerned with the transition between the computer-generated and practical costumes, Favreau hired Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) to create the bulk of the visual effects for the film after seeing "" (2007) and "Transformers" (2007). The Orphanage and The Embassy did additional work. To help with animating the more refined suits, information was sometimes captured by having Downey wear only the helmet, sleeves and chest of the costume over a motion capture suit.


text: For "Iron Man 2" (2010), ILM again did the majority of the effects, as it did on the first film. ILM's visual effects supervisor on the film, Ben Snow, said their work on the film was "harder" than their work on the first, stating that Favreau asked more of them this time around. Snow described the process of digitally creating the suits:


text: Because of how form-fitting the Mark V suitcase suit was required to be, the production team researched some of the classic comics armors, since they were seen as essentially variations on muscle suits. One specific aspect of an earlier armor was the color scheme from the Silver Centurion armor. The Mark VI armor was designed by Granov and Saunders to be sleeker than the Mark III, while retaining many of the Mark III qualities.


text: For "The Avengers" (2012), Saunders stated that "director Joss Whedon was looking for something that had the 'cool' factor of the suitcase suit" from "Iron Man 2", but would be tough enough to survive the alien army from the film's climax. Saunders reworked concepts from the first two films into the Mark VII, a design with "big ammo packets on the arms and a backpack". The chest piece, which had been triangular in the Mark VI, was changed back to the classic circular shape of the Mark III. Weta Digital also took over duties for animating Iron Man during the forest duel from ILM. Guy Williams, Weta's visual effects supervisor, said, "We shared assets back and forth with ILM, but our pipelines are unique and it's hard for other assets to plug into it. But in this case, we got their models and we had to redo the texture spaces because the way we texture maps is different." Williams said the most difficult part was re-creating Iron Man's reflective metal surfaces.


text: For "Iron Man 3" (2013), Chris Townsend served as visual effects supervisor. The film featured over 2,000 visual effects shots and was worked on by 17 studios: Weta Digital, Digital Domain, Scanline VFX, Trixter, Framestore, Luma Pictures, Fuel VFX, Cantina Creative, Cinesite, The Embassy Visual Effects, Lola, Capital T, Prologue, and Rise FX. Digital Domain, Scanline VFX, and Trixter each worked on separate shots featuring the Mark XLII armor, working with different digital models. The studios shared some of their files to ensure consistency between the shots. For the Mark XLII and Iron Patriot armors, Legacy Effects constructed partial suits that were worn on set. Townsend explained that "Invariably we'd shoot a soft-suit with Robert [Downey Jr.] then we'd also put tracking markers on his trousers. He would also wear lifts in his shoes or be up in a box so he'd be the correct height – Iron Man is 6'5".


text: The art department at Marvel worked closely with a team from Digital Domain, which created realistically-proportioned 3D versions of suits, including textures and lighting, from Marvel's 2D concept art. Those models were then used by Marvel and Weta Digital. The heads-up display features of the helmet were inspired by visualization techniques from MRI diagnostic pattern recognition and graph theory, particularly by the connectogram, a circular graph that maps all of the white-matter connections of the human brain.


text: Concept art released in March 2014 for "" (2015), revealed the inclusion of a "Hulkbuster"–like armor. Iron Man's armor in "" (2017), the Mark XLVII, is a recolored version of the MK XLVI armor introduced in "" (2016); this was done because Sony Pictures did not have the budget to create a new Iron Man suit. Feige requested the color scheme resemble the Ultimate Iron Man armor from the comics. For "" (2018), visual effects vendor Framestore created Iron Man's Mark 50 suit, based on the Bleeding Edge armor from the comics, which is made up of singular nanobots which move around his body to form a suit, and was developed alongside Marvel for about two years.


text: These armors were created before the beginning of "Iron Man 3" by Stark, where they were introduced, to help in different types of situations he might encounter. They are first referenced to as the "Iron Legion" in "Iron Man 3 Prelude" #2 (April 2013). The first Iron Legion is a set of specialized armors built for various situations that he might encounter such. Built due to his insomnia, he eventually destroys them due to the friction they cause between him and Pepper Potts. They appeared in "Iron Man 3" and consisted of armors Mark VIII through Mark XLI. The second Iron Legion is a set of drones built by Tony Stark in order to aid the Avengers. However, after the creation of the AI Ultron, it builds itself a body from a destroyed drone, and takes control of the rest.


title: Allium ursinum

text: Allium ursinum, known as wild garlic, ramsons, cowleekes, cows's leek, cowleek, buckrams, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek, Eurasian wild garlic or bear's garlic, is a bulbous perennial flowering plant in the amaryllis family Amaryllidaceae. It is native to Europe and Asia, where it grows in moist woodland. It is a wild relative of onion and garlic, all belonging to the same genus, "Allium". There are two recognized subspecies: "A. ursinum" subsp. "ursinum" and "A. ursinum" subsp. "ucrainicum".


title: Allium ursinum

text: The Latin specific name "ursinum" translates to 'bear' and refers to the supposed fondness of the brown bear for the bulbs; folk tales describe the bears consuming them after awakening from hibernation. Another theory is that the ""ursinum"" may refer to Ursa Major, as "A. ursinum" was perhaps one of the most northerly distributed "Allium" species known to the ancient Greeks, though this hypothesis is disputed. Common names for the plant in many languages also make reference to bears.


title: Allium ursinum

text: Cows love to eat them, hence the modern vernacular name of cows's leek. In Devon, dairy farmers have occasionally had the milk of their herds rejected because of the garlic flavour imparted to it by the cows having grazed upon the plant.


title: Allium ursinum

text: Ramsons is from the Saxon word "hramsa", meaning "garlic". There is evidence it has been used in English cuisine since Celtic Britons over 1,500 years ago.


title: Allium ursinum

text: Early healers among the Celts, Teutonic tribes and ancient Romans were familiar with the wild herb and called it "herba salutaris", meaning 'healing herb'.


title: Allium ursinum

text: "Allium ursinum" is a bulbous, perennial herbaceous monocot, that reproduces primarily by seed. The narrow bulbs are formed from a single leaf base and produce bright green entire, elliptical leaves up to long x wide with a petiole up to long. The inflorescence is an umbel of six to 20 white flowers, lacking the bulbils produced by some other "Allium" species such as "Allium vineale" (crow garlic) and "Allium oleraceum" (field garlic). The flowers are star-like with six white tepals, about in diameter, with stamens shorter than the perianth.


title: Allium ursinum

text: It flowers in the British Isles from April to June, starting before deciduous trees leaf in the spring. The flower stem is triangular in cross-section and the leaves are broadly lanceolate, similar to those of the toxic lily of the valley ("Convallaria majalis").


title: Allium ursinum

text: It is native to temperate regions of Europe, from Britain east to the Caucasus. It is common in much of the lowland British Isles with the exception of the far north of Scotland, Orkney, Shetland, and the Channel Islands. The "ursinum" subspecies is found in western and central Europe, while the "ucrainicum" subspecies is found in the east and southeast.


title: Allium ursinum

text: "Allium ursinum" has been credited with many medicinal qualities and is a popular homeopathic ingredient. It is often used for treating cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive problems, as well as for the sterilisation of wounds.


title: Allium ursinum

text: Various minerals are found in much higher amounts in "Allium ursinum" than in clove garlic. It is sometimes called the “magnesium king” of plants because of the high levels of this mineral found in the leaves. Magnesium is known as the anti-stress mineral and protects the circulatory system, especially the heart.


title: Allium ursinum

text: It grows in deciduous woodlands with moist soils, preferring slightly acidic conditions. In the British Isles, colonies are frequently associated with bluebells ("Hyacinthoides non-scripta"), especially in ancient woodland. It is considered to be an ancient woodland indicator species.


title: Allium ursinum

text: All parts of the "Allium ursinum" plant are edible and have culinary uses, including the flower which can be used to garnish salads.


title: Allium ursinum

text: The leaves of the "Allium ursinum" are the most popular part to be used in food. Leaves can be used in raw salads and carry a very subtle garlicky flavour similar to that of garlic chives. When picked the leaves bruise, making them smell even stronger. When cooked the flavour of the leaves becomes softer and sweeter.


title: Allium ursinum

text: The leaf is often chopped and used to replace garlic and other herbs in many recipes. The bulb can be used in a similar way to clove garlic.


title: Allium ursinum

text: The leaves of "A. ursinum" are edible; they can be used as salad, herb, boiled as a vegetable, in soup, or as an ingredient for a sauce that may be a substitute for pesto in lieu of basil. Leaves are also often used to make garlic butter. The stems are preserved by salting and eaten as a salad in Russia. A variety of Cornish Yarg cheese has a rind coated in wild garlic leaves. The leaves can be pickled in the same way as Allium ochotense known as mountain garlic in Korea. The bulbs and flowers are also edible. It is used for preparing herbed cheese, a Van speciality in Turkey.


title: Allium ursinum

text: The leaves are also used as fodder. Cows that have fed on ramsons give milk that tastes slightly of garlic, and butter made from this milk used to be very popular in 19th-century Switzerland.


title: Allium ursinum

text: The first evidence of the human use of "A. ursinum" comes from the Mesolithic settlement of Barkær (Denmark), where an impression of a leaf has been found. In the Swiss Neolithic settlement of Thayngen-Weier (Cortaillod culture), a high concentration of pollen from "A. ursinum" was found in the settlement layer, interpreted by some as evidence for the use of "A. ursinum" as fodder.


title: Allium ursinum

text: Plants that may be mistaken for "A. ursinum" include lily of the valley, "Colchicum autumnale", "Arum maculatum", and "Veratrum viride" or "Veratrum album", all of which are poisonous. In Europe, where ramsons are popularly harvested from the wild, people are regularly poisoned after mistakenly picking lily of the valley or "Colchicum autumnale".


title: Allium ursinum

text: Grinding the leaves between the fingers and checking for a garlic-like smell can be helpful, but if the smell remains on the hands, one can mistake a subsequent poisonous plant for "bear garlic". When the leaves of "A. ursinum" and "Arum maculatum" first sprout, they look similar, but unfolded "Arum maculatum" leaves have irregular edges and many deep veins, while ramsons leaves are convex with a single main vein. The leaves of lily of the valley are paired, dull green and come from a single reddish-purple stem, while the leaves of "A. ursinum" emerge individually are initially shiny and are bright green.


title: Allium ursinum

text: As its name suggests, "A. ursinum" is an important food for brown bears. The plant is also a favourite of wild boar.


title: Allium ursinum

text: "A. ursinum" is the primary larval host plant for a specialised hoverfly, ramsons hoverfly ("Portevinia maculata").


title: Alberto Rosende

text: Alberto Carlos Rosende (born February 14, 1993) is an American actor and singer, known for his role as Simon Lewis in the Freeform supernatural drama "Shadowhunters" from 2016 to 2019. In 2019, he began starring as Firefighter Candidate Blake Gallo in the NBC drama "Chicago Fire".


title: Alberto Rosende

text: Rosende was born and raised in South Florida, to Martha Cristina Ferrucho and Alberto Carlos Rosende. His father is a major-general in the U.S. Army Reserve and was named Commanding General of the 63rd Readiness Division located in Mountain View, California, in October 2019. He has a younger brother, Diego, who works in the film production industry. He is of Colombian and Cuban descent. Rosende attended Fort Lauderdale Children's Theater, where he appeared in a number of productions, including starring as Link Larkin in "Hairspray". He attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Fort Lauderdale, where he was a member of STA Players, as Danny Zuko in "Grease", Emile De Becque in "South Pacific", and Dr. Lyman Sanderson in "Harvey". In April 2013, Rosende was diagnosed with testicular cancer. In 2015, Rosende graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts with a Bachelor of Fine Arts.


title: Alberto Rosende

text: Rosende's first professional acting credit was as a swing dancer in the 2013 short film "The Swing of Things". In 2015, he guest-starred in the CBS police procedural drama "Blue Bloods", in the fifth-season episode "Sins of the Father", as Carlos Santiago. That same year, he guest-starred in the NBC police procedural drama "" in the seventeenth-season episode "Catfishing Teacher" as Jordan Messina. On May 2, 2015, it was announced that Rosende had been cast as Simon Lewis in the Freeform supernatural drama "Shadowhunters", based on Cassandra Clare's "The Mortal Instruments" book series, which ran from January 12, 2016, to May 6, 2019.


title: David Farragut

text: David Glasgow Farragut (; also spelled Glascoe; July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and admiral in the United States Navy. He is remembered for his order at the Battle of Mobile Bay, usually paraphrased as "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead" in U.S. Navy tradition.


title: David Farragut

text: Born near Knoxville, Tennessee, Farragut was fostered by naval officer David Porter after the death of his mother. When he was 11 years old, Farragut served in the War of 1812 under the command of his adoptive father. He received his first command in 1823, at the age of 22, and went on to participate in anti-piracy operations in the Caribbean Sea. He then served in the Mexican–American War under the command of Matthew C. Perry, participating in the blockade of Tuxpan. After the war, he oversaw the construction of the Mare Island Navy Yard (now Mare Island Naval Shipyard), which was the first U.S. Navy base established on the Pacific Ocean.


title: David Farragut

text: Though Farragut resided in Norfolk, Virginia, prior to the Civil War, he was a Southern Unionist who strongly opposed Southern secession and remained loyal to the Union after the outbreak of the Civil War. Despite some doubts about Farragut's loyalty, Farragut was assigned command of an attack on the important Confederate port city of New Orleans. After defeating the Confederates at the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, Farragut captured New Orleans in April 1862. He was promoted to rear admiral after the battle and helped extend Union control up along the Mississippi River, participating in the siege of Port Hudson. With the Union in control of the Mississippi, Farragut led a successful attack on Mobile Bay, home to the last major Confederate port on the Gulf of Mexico. Farragut was promoted to admiral following the end of the Civil War and remained on active duty until his death in 1870.


title: David Farragut

text: James Glasgow Farragut was born in 1801 to George Farragut (born Jordi Farragut Mesquida, 1755–1817), a Catalan Balearic merchant captain from the Mediterranean island of Menorca, and his wife Elizabeth (née Shine, 1765–1808), of North Carolina Scotch-Irish American descent, at Lowe's Ferry on the Holston River in Tennessee. It was a few miles southeast of Campbell's Station, near Knoxville.


title: David Farragut

text: After serving in the Spanish merchant marine, George Farragut immigrated to North America in 1766 and served as a naval officer during the American Revolutionary War. He was first with the South Carolina Navy, then with the Continental Navy. George and Elizabeth moved west to Tennessee after his service in the Revolution, where he operated Lowe's Ferry and served as a cavalry officer in the Tennessee militia.


title: David Farragut

text: In 1805, George accepted a position at the U.S. port of New Orleans. He traveled there first and his family followed in a flatboat guided by hired rivermen. It was four-year-old James's first voyage. The family was still living in New Orleans when Elizabeth died of yellow fever. George Farragut made plans to place the young children with friends and family who could better care for them.


title: David Farragut

text: In 1808, after his mother's death, James agreed to live with United States Navy officer David Porter, whose father had served with George Farragut during the Revolution. In 1812, he adopted the name "David" in honor of his foster father, with whom he went to sea late in 1810. David Farragut grew up in a naval family, with foster brothers David Dixon Porter, a future Civil War admiral, and William D. Porter, who became a Commodore.


title: David Farragut

text: Farragut's naval career began as a midshipman when he was nine years old, and continued for 60 years until his death at the age of 69. This included service in several wars, most notably during the American Civil War, where he gained fame for winning several decisive naval battles.