title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: The show's star from 2010, Matt Smith announced in June 2013 that he would be leaving "Doctor Who" following the 2013 Christmas episode "The Time of the Doctor". His replacement was announced, after several weeks of speculation, on a special live broadcast called "Doctor Who Live: The Next Doctor" on 4 August as Peter Capaldi, who up to that point was best known for portraying spin doctor Malcolm Tucker in the BBC comedy series "The Thick of It". Capaldi had previously appeared on the show as Caecilius in "The Fires of Pompeii", as well as John Frobisher in the "Doctor Who" spin-off "".


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: In October 2013, actress Neve McIntosh stated in an interview that recurring characters Madame Vastra, Jenny Flint and Strax (known to fans as "the Paternoster Gang") were due to return in the series premiere "Deep Breath". On 24 February 2014, it was announced that "Gavin & Stacey" actor Samuel Anderson would join the cast as the recurring character Danny Pink, a teacher and Clara's colleague at Coal Hill School.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Beyond the return of the Paternoster Gang, and the casting of Samuel Anderson, the first major guest star of the series was announced in March 2014 when it was revealed that Keeley Hawes had been cast in episode five as a character named Ms. Delphox. Subsequently, Tom Riley, Ben Miller, Hermione Norris, Frank Skinner, Foxes, Christopher Fairbank, Sanjeev Bhaskar, and Chris Addison were cast in guest roles.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Jemma Redgrave and Ingrid Oliver reprised their roles of Kate Stewart and Osgood, respectively, last seen in the fiftieth anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor", in the two-part series final "Dark Water" / "Death in Heaven". Michelle Gomez was later cast as a character named Missy, described as "The Gatekeeper of the Nethersphere" and was originally announced to be featured in the series finale; however Gomez also appeared in the series' first, second, sixth, ninth and tenth episodes as part of a recurring story arc. In "Dark Water", it was revealed that Missy is in fact The Master, with Gomez taking over the role from John Simm.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: The series was officially ordered on 20 May 2013, and led by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat, who returned as showrunner from the previous series, alongside executive producer Brian Minchin. At Comic-Con 2013, Moffat said that, although much of the focus at that point remained on the 50th anniversary and Christmas specials, development for series 8 was under way, stating that the scripts were arriving for the series, knowing the plot and conclusion of the series' episodes.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: In an interview with "Doctor Who Magazine", Moffat likened his initial plans for the Twelfth Doctor to Tom Baker's first season, with the Doctor being tricky to deal with at the beginning, but with the benefit of familiar characters to ease through the transition; Moffat also commented on the situation of Clara having to deal with the Doctor changing. Moffat also stated that, unlike the situation with Colin Baker, reference would be made to Peter Capaldi's previous appearances in the Whoniverse, specifically "The Fires of Pompeii" (2008) and "Torchwood" (2009). Moffat stated that he remembered Russell T Davies creating a plan to explain Capaldi's repeat appearances in "Doctor Who"-related media, and how he contacted Davies to confirm that the plan still worked with Capaldi portraying the Twelfth Doctor.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Chris Chibnall, who had written five previous episodes of "Doctor Who", and a few for "Torchwood", indicated in April 2013 that he had been approached by Moffat to contribute to Series 8. The subsequent success of his drama series, "Broadchurch", led Chibnall to state that his schedule would not allow him to contribute to this particular series, although he was willing to write for "Doctor Who" in the future.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Neil Cross, who wrote two episodes in Series 7, also stated a desire to write for Series 8. Cross confirmed that he would be writing at least one episode for Series 8 in August 2013, while Neil Gaiman, who contributed one episode to Series 6 and another episode to Series 7, and Frank Cottrell-Boyce also stated that they were developing scripts. However, neither were able to confirm initially whether these would be for Series 8 or a subsequent series. On 4 July 2014, it was confirmed Boyce would also write an episode. In a 2022 newsletter, Grant Morrison revealed they had pitched ideas for episodes, including for a new monster, but none were commissioned.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: On 7 January 2014, it was announced that former producers Peter Bennett (producer in 2010, who had also worked on spin-off "Torchwood" and former showrunner Russell T Davies' "Wizards vs Aliens") and Nikki Wilson (script editor and producer from 2009 to 2010) would produce the series. Will Oswald edited Episodes 1, 2, 5 and 6.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: On 26 March 2014, it was announced that Mark Gatiss would write either one or two episodes for the series. In a Q&A in Brazil he said that he believed that Jane Austen should feature in an episode, just like other famous authors who have appeared on the show, such as William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, and Agatha Christie.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: The introduction of a new lead actor brought about another change to the title sequence. The sequence for Series 8 was inspired by a fan-made sequence produced by Billy Hanshaw, an illustrator and 3D animator from Leeds, who posted it on YouTube. This eventually came to the attention of Steven Moffat, who subsequently based the official sequence on Hanshaw's work.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: As director of the first block, Ben Wheatley was able to make lasting modifications to the TARDIS set. Wheatley had the cinematographer change the central column from green to golden, and had the art department create a replica of Tommy Westphall's snowglobe from "St. Elsewhere", which Wheatley placed in the TARDIS set as a reference to the theory that all television exists in a shared dream reality.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: In August 2013, actress Jenna Coleman initially announced that filming was scheduled to begin in January 2014, after the broadcast of Peter Capaldi's initial appearance in the Christmas special that would contain the Doctor's regeneration.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: In late 2013, announcements were made for various directing appointments for the new series, with a total of six episodes allocated initially; in October, the first two episodes of the series were allocated to Ben Wheatley, with production due to start in December 2013. In November and December two further episodes were each allocated to Paul Murphy and Douglas Mackinnon. The first read through took place on 17 December 2013.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Filming began on 6 January 2014 in Cardiff, with Peter Capaldi and Jenna Coleman shooting their first scenes for Series 8 on 7 January 2014. On 22 February 2014 it was announced that Paul Wilmshurst would also direct an episode. On 11 May 2014, it was announced that an episode directed by Wilmshurst and written by Harness would be filming in Lanzarote, the second time "Doctor Who" has filmed there after the 1984 serial "Planet of Fire". Filming took place in Volcán del Cuervo, also known as the Raven's Volcano. On 14 May 2014 it was announced that American director Rachel Talalay would be directing two episodes of the eighth series. On 2 July 2014 filming for the finale took place at the Box Cemetery in Llanelli, previously the location for the final scenes of the seventh series mid-season finale "The Angels Take Manhattan". On 4 July 2014 it was announced that Sheree Folkson would direct an episode. On 19 July 2014 filming with the Cybermen took place outside St Paul's Cathedral in London, which had previously been the setting of 1968's "The Invasion". Filming on the series was completed on 6 August 2014.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: On 10 June 2014, the BBC announced a "World Tour" promoting Series 8 to take place from 7–19 August 2014 and featuring Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman and Steven Moffat. They visited seven cities across five continents in 12 days, where they attended fan events and media interviews. The destinations were Cardiff, London, Seoul, Sydney, New York City, Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro. On 13 July 2014 the first full-length trailer was aired on BBC One, during the final half-time of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Leading up to the launch of the series, four teaser trailers were released on 23 May, 27 June, 4 July and 27 July 2014. On 7 August 2014 an interview with Peter Capaldi was shown on BBC News, featuring clips from the second episode. Starting on 18 August, the BBC released a series of six short teasers counting down to the series' premiere.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: On 6 July 2014, the scripts and rough "pre air screeners" for the first five episodes of the series were inadvertently leaked online from BBC Worldwide's Latin America headquarters. The leaked scripts were immediately shared online, prompting wide coverage in the media. In a statement, BBC Worldwide asked people with access to the leaked material to keep the storylines of the five episodes secret.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: On 12 July, the black and white, watermarked "pre air screener" of "Deep Breath" was uploaded to The Pirate Bay. The video was a rough cut of series 8's first episode, missing many visual effects, but otherwise mostly complete. The video leak was also widely covered in the media, but the BBC confirmed the leak was from the same source as the script, and had been contained. Despite the fact that the initial version of "Into the Dalek" contained a glitch that prevented downloading, a workable version found its way online by the second week of August 2014.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: "Robot of Sherwood" was subsequently leaked in the third week of August, with fears that the rough cuts of the next three episodes, which were also included in the exposed file, would also be made available through file sharing sites. "Listen" and "Time Heist" were also leaked later on.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Series 8 was initially slated to be broadcast starting in the late summer of 2014, with Steven Moffat acknowledging this likelihood in July 2013, prior to the announcement of Peter Capaldi's casting. In September however it was suggested that the broadcast date would likely be pushed back to the third quarter of 2014, which would tie in with the production starting in January 2014 and typically lasting up to 9 months before the transmission of the first episode. It was also suggested that the series would be a twelve rather than thirteen episode run. In an October 2013 interview, Steven Moffat said that there would be at least 13 episodes in the series.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: In February 2014, Ben Wheatley, director of the first two episodes, stated that his episodes would begin airing in the summer of 2014.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: At the final 50th anniversary event at the BFI in December 2013, Steven Moffat confirmed that the series would contain 13 episodes and would be broadcast in the second half of 2014. He also stated that it would not be split into two parts, instead being transmitted continuously. Moffat also announced that this would be the standard broadcast format for future series. A teaser trailer released on 23 May 2014 revealed that the eighth series would air in August 2014. An extended teaser released on 27 June 2014 showed the airdate to be 23 August 2014.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: The first episode, "Deep Breath", had its world premiere on 7 August 2014, at the Cardiff visit on the World Tour. Following additional preview screenings at other World Tour visits, the story also received a worldwide cinema release at participating cinemas on 23 August 2014, the same day as its television broadcast.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: BBC America in the United States aired the series the same day as the United Kingdom, and in Canada, it was aired on Space, the science fiction/fantasy channel. ABC TV in Australia aired the series live with the UK.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: The opening episode of the series "Deep Breath" was released as a standalone DVD and Blu-ray on 15 September 2014 in Region 2, 9 September 2014 in Region 1, and 10 September 2014 in Region 4. A 5-disc DVD and Blu-ray boxset containing all 12 episodes was released 24 November 2014 in Region 2, 19 November in Region 4 and 9 December 2014 in Region 1. The 3D edition of "Dark Water" and "Death in Heaven" will receive a 3D Blu-ray release on 22 September 2015 in Region 1.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Critical reaction to series 8 was highly positive, with some critics labelling it a return to form and one of "Doctor Who" strongest seasons. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 88%, based on 26 reviews, and an average score of 8.17/10, with the website's critics consensus stating that "Like a TARDIS dropping down in a burst of excitement, Peter Capaldi adds a revitalizing blast of boldness and humor to "Doctor Who"s time-tested formula." Metacritic gave the series a weighted average score of 80/100, signifying "generally favourable reviews". Ian Jane of "DVD Talk" gave the series 4.5 out of 5, calling it an improvement over the Matt Smith years, praising Capaldi's performance for "[breathing] new life to the show", Clara's character development and the writing, and found the series' flaws not to overshadow its overall quality. Many critics gave favourable praise towards the show's renewed focus on character development and the darker tone of the stories, yet the "Radio Times" reported that the latter element drew a degree of controversy after it received criticism from parents of young children.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Critical reception to individual episodes was predominantly positive, with "Listen" and "Dark Water" receiving critical acclaim after many critics noted them as potential classics and some of "Doctor Who" finest episodes. "Deep Breath", "Into the Dalek", "Time Heist", "The Caretaker", "Flatline" and "Death in Heaven" also received predominantly positive reviews from critics. "Kill the Moon" widely divided critics after its broadcast - some praised it as a classic matching that of "Listen", while others found it a weak or badly-scripted episode. Dan Martin, writing for "The Guardian", criticised "Mummy on the Orient Express"; despite other critics giving the episode positive reviews—his focus was on the display of "sexual tension" between the Doctor and Clara that went against views of the show's cast, who previously stated that there would be no flirting between the two.


title: Doctor Who (series 8)

text: Selected pieces of score from this series, as composed by Murray Gold, were released in a 3-CD set on 18 May 2015 by Silva Screen Records along with music from the 2014 Christmas special "Last Christmas".


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Alena Sergeyevna Kostornaia (; born 24 August 2003) is a Russian figure skater. She is the 2020 European champion, the 2019–20 Grand Prix Final champion, a six-time Grand Prix medalist (including gold at the 2019 Internationaux de France and the 2019 NHK Trophy), and the 2019 CS Finlandia Trophy champion. Competing domestically, she is a three-time Russian senior national medalist (silver 2020, bronze 2018 and 2019). She previously held the world record for the highest senior short program score in women's skating. Kostornaia is currently the eighth-highest ranked women's singles skater in the world by the International Skating Union following the 2020–21 figure skating season.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: At the junior level, Kostornaia is the 2018 Junior World silver medalist, the 2018–19 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, the 2017–18 Junior Grand Prix Final silver medalist, and a two-time Russian junior national silver medalist (2018, 2019). She currently holds the world record for the highest junior short program score in women's skating.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia is the tenth woman in history to have landed the triple Axel jump in a senior international competition. Kostornaia is the third woman after teammate Elizaveta Tuktamysheva and Rika Kihira of Japan to attempt and land the maximum number of triple jumps allowed in one senior international competition: four in the short program and eight in the free skate (see Zayak rule). She first accomplished this at the 2019 Internationaux de France, and later landed all twelve triples cleanly at the 2019–20 Grand Prix Final.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia was born on 24 August 2003 in Moscow to parents Sergei and Tatiana. She has a younger brother, Stepan. Although she registers her name as "Alena" with the ISU, Kostornaia uses the romanization of "Aliona" on her official Instagram account. In a May 2020 Q&A with former teammate Anna Shcherbakova, Kostornaia stated that she wants to become a neurosurgeon once she retires from figure skating.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: In her free time, Kostornaia enjoys horseback riding and as such often receives horse and unicorn stuffed toys from fans. She also has a number of pets, including a rabbit gifted to her by her fans, a cat, and a Maltipoo named Audrey.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: As of September 2021, Kostornaia is a student at the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism where she is studying psychology.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia began learning to skate in 2007. Her parents initially put her in skating as a way to channel her energy. From 2012 to 2017, she was coached by Elena Zhgun in Moscow.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia sustained an injury in 2016. She finished 16th at the 2017 Russian Junior Championships. Eteri Tutberidze and Sergei Dudakov became her coaches in 2017.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia's international debut was in early October 2017, at a 2017–18 ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) competition in Gdańsk, Poland; ranked first in the short program and second in the free skate, she won the gold medal by a margin of 1.36 points over the silver medalist, her training partner Daria Panenkova. She won silver behind Sofia Samodurova at JGP Italy by a margin of 0.04 points. Her placements qualified her for the 2017–18 Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final, where she won silver, placing second in the short program and first in the free skate. At the senior level, Kostornaia won bronze at the 2018 Russian Figure Skating Championships. She later won silver at the 2018 Russian Junior Championships behind teammate Alexandra Trusova by a margin of 0.58 points.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: In March 2018, Kostornaia competed at the 2018 World Junior Championships. She placed second in the short program and the free skate, winning the silver medal behind Trusova.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia learned to perform a triple Axel in the preceding year, and originally planned to introduce it in competition. However, she lost the jump following growth during the offseason. Kostornaia started her season by competing in the 2018 JGP series. She won the gold medal at her first JGP event of the season in Linz, Austria. She was ranked first in both the short program and the free skate and won the gold medal by a margin of more than 11 points over the silver medalist, her teammate Alena Kanysheva.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: She skated her second JGP event of the season at JGP Ostrava, where she again placed first in both the short program and the free skate. She won the gold medal by a margin of about 2 points over the silver medalist, Kim Ye-lim. With two JGP victories, she qualified for the 2018–19 Junior Grand Prix Final, where she won the gold medal after placing first in both the short program and the free skate. She outscored her teammate and training partner Trusova by about 2.5 points. At this event, Kostornaia scored her personal best score of 217.98 points, and also set a new junior-level ladies' record for the short program (76.32 points).


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: At the 2019 Russian Championships, Kostornaia placed third in the short program due to a fall during her step sequence, which she attributed to being "too relaxed" as she was nearing the end of the program and had already completed all of her jumping passes. She then placed third in the free skate as well, winning her second consecutive national bronze medal.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia participated in the 2019 Russian Junior Championships, winning the short program and placing second in the free skate. She placed second overall, winning her second consecutive junior national silver medal. After the event, she was named to the Russian team for the 2019 World Junior Championships along with training mates Trusova and Anna Shcherbakova. However, on 4 March, the first day of the event, Kostornaia withdrew from the competition due to a medical condition, subsequently revealed by choreographer Daniil Gleikhengauz to be leg inflammation that required four weeks away from training. She was replaced by Ksenia Sinitsyna.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: For her programs, Kostornaia retained her short program from the previous season and revised a "Twilight"–themed exhibition program from the previous year to serve as her free skate, citing how much she enjoyed skating it. Shortly after debuting her programs at the Russian test skates, Kostornaia resumed training the triple Axel jump. Kostornaia debuted on the senior international level at the 2019 CS Finlandia Trophy, where she placing first in both the short program and free skate. She incorporated two triple Axels in her free skate, becoming the tenth woman in history to land the jump in an international competition, and earned a total combined score of 234.84, 22.31 points ahead of silver medalist Elizaveta Tuktamysheva.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Making her senior Grand Prix debut at the 2019 Internationaux de France, Kostornaia ranked first in the short program, incorporating a triple Axel into it for the first time. She then became the fourth woman ever, after Mao Asada, Rika Kihira and Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, to land two fully rotated triple Axels in a free skate, placing first in the segment with a personal best score of 159.45 points. She took the gold medal over training mate and reigning World and Olympic champion Alina Zagitova by a margin of 19.94 points. At the 2019 NHK Trophy, Kostornaia performed a clean skate with a successful triple Axel to place first in the short program, 5.15 points over Rika Kihira, who also landed a triple Axel, and set a new world record score of 85.04 for the ladies' short program at the senior level. In the free, she again placed first and won the event with a personal best total score of 240.00. Kostornaia became the top qualifier for the Grand Prix Final in Torino, with two gold medal finishes and 30 points overall.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: At the 2019–20 Grand Prix Final, she broke her own world record by scoring 85.45 points in the short program, placing first. In spite of having the only clean free skate amongst the ladies, Kostornaia ranked second in that segment, 0.51 point behind teammate Anna Shcherbakova. However, her lead from the short program was enough to not only win the title by almost 7 points over Shcherbakova, but also to break the world record for the combined total score in ladies' singles skating, previously held by Alexandra Trusova. She became the fifth figure skater in any discipline to win the Junior Grand Prix Final and Grand Prix Final in consecutive years.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia competed next at the 2020 Russian National championships, where she again won the short program, setting a ten-point lead over second-place Anna Shcherbakova. However, she placed second in the free skate, due to mistakes on her double Axel and triple flip-triple toe loop combination. She received the silver medal, two points behind Shcherbakova, and secured a spot on the European and World teams.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: At the 2020 European Championships, Kostornaia was in the lead following a clean short program. She placed second in the free skate behind Shcherbakova, receiving a deduction for falling on her last jumping pass, a triple Lutz, but still scored enough to claim the European title by three points. Upon being interviewed after her victory, she expressed surprise at the results, as she had not expected to win in light of the mistake.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: After the 2020 World Championships were cancelled over concern about the COVID-19 pandemic, Kostornaia officially ended her season undefeated at every international competition of her senior debut.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: On 31 July 2020, it was announced by Russian media outlet R-Sport that Kostornaia had chosen to part ways with coach Eteri Tutberidze to train in the camp of coach Evgeni Plushenko. This news was first reported by Tutberidze herself via Instagram where she claimed that the split was due to Kostornaia's refusal to share the ice with other teammates. Kostornaia herself initially declined to comment on her departure. Although she left Tutberidze with two new programs set, including a new free program to three variations of Lovely by Billie Eilish and Khalid, Plushenko stated in an interview with TASS that he and his team would set two more new programs for Kostornaia for the season, potentially with international choreographers. While her new short program ended up being choreographed by her coach, Sergei Rozanov, her new free program was choreographed remotely by Canadian former ice dancer and choreographer Shae-Lynn Bourne due to COVID-19 travel restrictions.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: At the 2020 Russian test skate event, Kostornaia only performed her short program as her free program was not finalized due to limited training time. Her coach, Evgeni Plushenko, also stated that Kostornaia was recovering from an unspecified injury and had not yet returned to top form. Due to the injury and late coaching change, Kostornaia was assigned to the final two events in the 2020–21 Russian Cup series, a domestic competition series used to determine qualification to the Russian Figure Skating Championships. She was also assigned to compete at the 2020 Rostelecom Cup.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia opened her competitive season at the fourth stage of the domestic Russian Cup series held in Kazan, Russia on 8 November. She won the short program by a small margin over teammate Alexandra Trusova with a score of 78.15, despite a step-out on her triple flip-triple toe loop combination and a loss of control on her Biellmann spin. In the free skate, she placed second behind Trusova and won the silver medal overall. At the 2020 Rostelecom Cup, Kostornaia cleanly skated her short program and placed first in that segment with a score of 78.84 points, four points ahead of Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, who performed a triple Axel but made an error executing her combination. She dropped to the silver medal position behind Tuktamysheva in the free skate, after underrotating three triple jumps and losing levels on several non-jump elements. She remarked afterward: "you need jumps like the triple Axel and quads to compete at the highest level, so it is in my plans and I'm working towards that."


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: On 4 December, it was announced that Kostornaia had withdrawn from the fifth stage of the Russian Cup after contracting COVID-19. Kostornaia later withdrew from the 2021 Russian Championships on 22 December due to lack of training time caused by her recovery from the virus. On 19 January 2021, it was announced that Kostornaia was selected to participate in the Channel One Russia Figure Skating Cup, a domestic team tournament featuring six skaters or teams in each discipline, competing against one another in teams of three. Kostornaia earned her place in the event because of the strength of her performance at the 2020 European Championships as she was unable to perform at the 2021 national championships, and was chosen to compete alongside fellow top contenders Anna Shcherbakova, Alexandra Trusova, Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, Daria Usacheva, and Kamila Valieva. She later withdrew from the event on 3 February due to incomplete recovery from COVID-19.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia announced on Instagram on 28 January that she had developed a new free program, again choreographed by Shae-Lynn Bourne. Vice President of the ISU Alexander Lakernik visited one of Kostornaia's training sessions to help polish the program. In addition to her new free skate to "My Way" and "Yellow Moon" by Luca D'Alberto, Kostornaia also debuted a new short program to Antonio Vivaldi's "The Four Seasons: Winter" at the 2021 Russian Cup Final. The Final was widely perceived as a contest between Kostornaia and Elizaveta Tuktamysheva for the third spot on the Russian ladies' team for the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm. She struggled in the short at the event, only executing a tight double toe loop after a messy landing on the triple flip in her intended triple flip-triple-toe loop combination, placing sixth in the segment. She maintained her standing in the free skate to finish sixth overall, two placements below Tuktamysheva. The Final marked the end to Kostornaia's competitive season as Tuktamysheva was named to the World Championship team on 1 March.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: On 3 March, it was reported by TASS that Kostornaia was in the process of negotiating a return to her former coach, Eteri Tutberidze, pending agreement from Tutberidze herself. When asked about the transfer, Kostornaia would neither confirm or deny the rumors. Sports.ru also reported on the situation with the additional detail that Tutberidze was hesitant to accept due to doubts that Kostornaia would be able to regain her previous form after struggling with a back injury and a stress fracture on her leg. On 6 March, it was announced that Tutberidze had accepted Kostornaia back into her group for a two-month probationary period, during which Kostornaia would have to adhere completely to the team's training regimen and regain her triple Axel in order to continue permanently.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Due to her struggles during the 2020–21 season, Kostornaia was excluded from Russian national team for the 2021–22 season and was instead named to the reserve team as first alternate. Main national team members and reserve team members receive the same amount of funding from the Russian Figure Skating Federation, with the primary difference between the two being the amount of funds allocated to the skater's club.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia debuted her programs for the Olympic season at the 2021 Russian test skate event where she attempted the triple Axel again for the first time since the 2019–20 season. She landed one of her two attempts cleanly. At her first international assignment of the season, the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, Kostornaia did not attempt the triple Axel in the short program, opting instead to skate cleanly under the advisement of her coaches, and placed second in the segment behind Russian teammate Elizaveta Tuktamysheva. In the free program, Kostornaia struggled with her technical elements, placing fourth in the segment, but managed to remain on the podium, winning the bronze medal behind training mates Kamila Valieva and Tuktamysheva.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Due to travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was concern that Kostornaia, along with several other members of the Russian delegation, would not receive her travel visa in time to compete at her first Grand Prix assignment of the season, the 2021 Skate Canada International. Fortunately, Kostornaia and her compatriots received their passports and visas on 25 October, just four days before the start of the competition. On 26 October, it was announced by Match TV that Kostornaia had chosen to change both of her programs in advance of Skate Canada, switching to a short program set to "New York, New York", and revisiting the free skate choreographer Daniil Gleikhengauz had originally set for her for the 2020–21 season to three variations of Billie Eilish and Khalid's "Lovely."


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: At Skate Canada, Kostornaia placed third in the short program. She attempted and landed her triple Axel, though it was called on the quarter, and trailed behind Valieva and Tuktamysheva. She was fourth in the free skate, but remained in third place overall. She said afterward that she had "made some errors, but was pleased with my results." At her second event, the 2021 Internationaux de France, Kostornaia skated a clean short program without a triple Axel. She attempted and fell on it in the free skate, but landed her other jumps, taking the silver medal. She skated the free skate with dramatic makeup she cited as a tribute to Billie Eilish, "who is also not afraid to look different than others, and I really relate to that". Due to her placements at her two Grand Prix assignments, Kostornaia qualified to the final women's spot in the 2021–22 Grand Prix Final, but the event was canceled due to travel restrictions related to the Omicron variant.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: On 13 December 2021, it was announced by Sports.ru that Kostornaia had been forced to withdraw from the 2022 Russian Championships due to a hand fracture that would keep her off the ice for 20 days. She declined to comment on the injury, but her inability to compete was largely perceived by figures in Russian figure skating as the end to her bid to qualify to the Russian team for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Kostornaia later confirmed in a video on her YouTube channel that the injury was the result of a bad fall on a failed triple Axel attempt. She returned to training in February, where she suffered a new fracture in her left wrist while restoring her jumps.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: In an Instagram post made on 14 December, Kostornaia stated that she planned to continue to compete for another Olympic quadrennial. On 2 March 2022, Russian media outlet Sports.ru reported that Kostornaia had been asked to leave the Tutberidze training group by her coaches and would begin training under Elena Buianova. She commenced training with Buianova on 8 March.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: On 7 August 2022, Kostornaia's coach, Elena Buyanova, announced that Kostornaia would undergo hip surgery on 8 August to repair an existing injury. The surgery was later delayed, and ultimately took place in September.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia's skating technique is distinguished by her strong program components, particularly her skating skills and artistic interpretation of her programs, combined with her ability to execute difficult technical elements, such as her now trademark triple Axel. Unlike her training-mates at Sambo-70, Kostornaia is often considered a product of the Elena Tchaikovskaia school of figure skating as her first coach, Elena Zhgun, was a student of Tchaikovskaia's and passed her knowledge of strong skating basics on to Kostornaia from a young age. She is often compared to her training-mates Anna Shcherbakova and Alexandra Trusova as the three entered the international junior and senior competitive circuits together and for many seasons were considered one another's primary rivals by both fans and specialists. Of the three (sometimes referred to as the 3A as their names all begin with the letter A), Kostornaia is widely considered the most artistic, with Trusova being her technical counterpart and Shcherbakova falling somewhere in the middle.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: In 2019, Olympic champion Tara Lipinski referred to Kostornaia as part of the future hope of the Russian women's figure skating, singling her out as "a figure skater who proves that you can achieve technical excellence in landing triple axels and perhaps even quads in the near future. At the same time, she does not forget about basics such as balance which viewers of the sport admire as well as her presentation of fine emotional qualities in the execution of her programs."


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia has a history of increasing the difficulty of the technical elements in her programs to remain at the top of the ladies field. During the 2019–20 season, she began incorporating a triple Axel into her programs in order to compete with Shcherbakova and Trusova, who were both performing multiple quadruple jumps in their free programs. She has stated in the past that she hopes to eventually add a quad Salchow to her technical arsenal.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Kostornaia is a two-time Silver Doe prize recipient (2019, 2020) for Best Sportsman of the Year. Silver Doe awards are presented annually by the Federation of Sports Journalists of Russia in recognition of distinguished athletic achievement.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: In July 2020, Kostornaia was named the inaugural recipient of the ISU Skating Awards prize for Best Newcomer, an award given to the most successful senior debutante in the 2019–20 season. Kostornaia was nominated for the award through popular vote by figure skating fans and then selected as the winner by a committee of judges.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Alena has set the junior world record scores 2 times under the current +5 / -5 GOE (Grade of Execution) system.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Note: Because of the introduction of the new +5 / -5 GOE (Grade of Execution) system which replaced the previous +3 / -3 GOE system, ISU has decided that all statistics start from zero for the season 2018–19. All previous records are now historical.


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: Current ISU world bests highlighted in bold and italic. Previous ISU world best highlighted in bold. Historical ISU world best highlighted in bold and italic. Personal bests highlighted in "italic".


title: Alena Kostornaia

text: ! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #78FF78;" |Historical World Junior Record Holders (before season 2018–19)


title: Poisson regression

text: In statistics, Poisson regression is a generalized linear model form of regression analysis used to model count data and contingency tables. Poisson regression assumes the response variable "Y" has a Poisson distribution, and assumes the logarithm of its expected value can be modeled by a linear combination of unknown parameters. A Poisson regression model is sometimes known as a log-linear model, especially when used to model contingency tables.


title: Poisson regression

text: Negative binomial regression is a popular generalization of Poisson regression because it loosens the highly restrictive assumption that the variance is equal to the mean made by the Poisson model. The traditional negative binomial regression model is based on the Poisson-gamma mixture distribution. This model is popular because it models the Poisson heterogeneity with a gamma distribution.


title: Poisson regression

text: Poisson regression models are generalized linear models with the logarithm as the (canonical) link function, and the Poisson distribution function as the assumed probability distribution of the response.


title: Poisson regression

text: where x is now an ("n" + 1)-dimensional vector consisting of "n" independent variables concatenated to the number one. Here θ is simply "α" concatenated to β.


title: Poisson regression

text: Thus, when given a Poisson regression model θ and an input vector x, the predicted mean of the associated Poisson distribution is given by


title: Poisson regression

text: If "Y" are independent observations with corresponding values x of the predictor variables, then θ can be estimated by maximum likelihood. The maximum-likelihood estimates lack a closed-form expression and must be found by numerical methods. The probability surface for maximum-likelihood Poisson regression is always concave, making Newton–Raphson or other gradient-based methods appropriate estimation techniques.


title: Poisson regression

text: Given a set of parameters "θ" and an input vector "x", the mean of the predicted Poisson distribution, as stated above, is given by


title: Poisson regression

text: Now suppose we are given a data set consisting of "m" vectors formula_9, along with a set of "m" values formula_10. Then, for a given set of parameters "θ", the probability of attaining this particular set of data is given by


title: Poisson regression

text: By the method of maximum likelihood, we wish to find the set of parameters "θ" that makes this probability as large as possible. To do this, the equation is first rewritten as a likelihood function in terms of "θ":


title: Poisson regression

text: Note that the expression on the right hand side has not actually changed. A formula in this form is typically difficult to work with; instead, one uses the "log-likelihood":


title: Poisson regression

text: Notice that the parameters "θ" only appear in the first two terms of each term in the summation. Therefore, given that we are only interested in finding the best value for "θ" we may drop the "y"<nowiki>!</nowiki> and simply write


title: Poisson regression

text: To find a maximum, we need to solve an equation formula_15 which has no closed-form solution. However, the negative log-likelihood, formula_16, is a convex function, and so standard convex optimization techniques such as gradient descent can be applied to find the optimal value of "θ".


title: Poisson regression

text: Poisson regression may be appropriate when the dependent variable is a count, for instance of events such as the arrival of a telephone call at a call centre. The events must be independent in the sense that the arrival of one call will not make another more or less likely, but the probability per unit time of events is understood to be related to covariates such as time of day.


title: Poisson regression

text: Poisson regression may also be appropriate for rate data, where the rate is a count of events divided by some measure of that unit's "exposure" (a particular unit of observation). For example, biologists may count the number of tree species in a forest: events would be tree observations, exposure would be unit area, and rate would be the number of species per unit area. Demographers may model death rates in geographic areas as the count of deaths divided by person−years. More generally, event rates can be calculated as events per unit time, which allows the observation window to vary for each unit. In these examples, exposure is respectively unit area, person−years and unit time. In Poisson regression this is handled as an offset. If the rate is count/exposure, multiplying both sides of the equation by exposure moves it to the right side of the equation. When both sides of the equation are then logged, the final model contains log(exposure) as a term that is added to the regression coefficients. This logged variable, log(exposure), is called the offset variable and enters on the right-hand side of the equation with a parameter estimate (for log(exposure)) constrained to 1.


title: Poisson regression

text: A characteristic of the Poisson distribution is that its mean is equal to its variance. In certain circumstances, it will be found that the observed variance is greater than the mean; this is known as overdispersion and indicates that the model is not appropriate. A common reason is the omission of relevant explanatory variables, or dependent observations. Under some circumstances, the problem of overdispersion can be solved by using quasi-likelihood estimation or a negative binomial distribution instead.


title: Poisson regression

text: Ver Hoef and Boveng described the difference between quasi-Poisson (also called overdispersion with quasi-likelihood) and negative binomial (equivalent to gamma-Poisson) as follows: If "E"("Y") = "μ", the quasi-Poisson model assumes var("Y") = "θμ" while the gamma-Poisson assumes var("Y") = "μ"(1 + "κμ"), where "θ" is the quasi-Poisson overdispersion parameter, and "κ" is the shape parameter of the negative binomial distribution. For both models, parameters are estimated using Iteratively reweighted least squares. For quasi-Poisson, the weights are "μ"/"θ". For negative binomial, the weights are "μ"/(1 + "κμ"). With large "μ" and substantial extra-Poisson variation, the negative binomial weights are capped at 1/"κ". Ver Hoef and Boveng discussed an example where they selected between the two by plotting mean squared residuals vs. the mean.


title: Poisson regression

text: Another common problem with Poisson regression is excess zeros: if there are two processes at work, one determining whether there are zero events or any events, and a Poisson process determining how many events there are, there will be more zeros than a Poisson regression would predict. An example would be the distribution of cigarettes smoked in an hour by members of a group where some individuals are non-smokers.


title: Poisson regression

text: Other generalized linear models such as the negative binomial model or zero-inflated model may function better in these cases.


title: Poisson regression

text: Poisson regression creates proportional hazards models, one class of survival analysis: see proportional hazards models for descriptions of Cox models.


title: Poisson regression

text: When estimating the parameters for Poisson regression, one typically tries to find values for "θ" that maximize the likelihood of an expression of the form


title: Poisson regression

text: where "m" is the number of examples in the data set, and formula_20 is the probability mass function of the Poisson distribution with the mean set to formula_21. Regularization can be added to this optimization problem by instead maximizing


title: Poisson regression

text: for some positive constant formula_23. This technique, similar to ridge regression, can reduce overfitting.


title: West Mesa murders

text: The West Mesa Murders are the killings of eleven women whose remains were found buried in 2009 in the desert on the West Mesa of Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States. Several suspects have been named, but none were arrested or charged. While the killings were initially believed to be the work of a serial killer, the involvement of a sex trafficking ring has been suspected.


title: West Mesa murders

text: An anonymous tip to authorities at APD and FBI linked the murders to a suspect from Central America. Police have also suspected the involvement of a sex trafficking ring operating through neighboring Texas that targets sex workers during events throughout the Southwest, Southern, and Western United States, especially regularly scheduled events, such as the New Mexico state fair in this case, to take advantage of reliably heavier traffic. This small fragment of a human trafficking ring involves numerous population centers, including Las Vegas in Nevada, El Paso and Killeen in Texas, and Denver in Colorado.


title: West Mesa murders

text: Between 2001 and 2005, 11 women were buried by an unknown assailant in an arroyo bank on Albuquerque's West Mesa, in an undeveloped area within city limits. Satellite imagery taken between 2003 and 2005 shows tire marks and patches of disturbed soils in the area where the remains were recovered. By 2006, development had encroached on the area, and soon after, the site was disturbed, buried, and platted for residential development.


title: West Mesa murders

text: Due to the 2008 housing bubble collapse, development on the West Side halted before housing could be built at the burial site. After neighbors complained of flooding at the platted site (due to the burial of the natural arroyo), the developer built a retaining wall to channel storm water to a retention pond built in the approximate area of the burial site, inadvertently exposing bones to the surface.


title: West Mesa murders

text: On 2 February 2009, a woman walking a dog found a human bone on the West Mesa, and reported it to police. As a result of the subsequent police investigation, authorities discovered the remains of 11 women and girls and a fetus buried in the area. They were between 15 and 32 years of age, most were Hispanic, and most were involved with drugs and sex work.


title: West Mesa murders

text: The remains discovered in 2009 were identified as those of the following women and girls, all of whom disappeared between 2001 and 2005:


title: West Mesa murders

text: Syllania Edwards, a 15-year-old runaway from Lawton, Oklahoma, was the only African American, and the only victim from out of state. Michelle Valdez was four months pregnant at the time of her death.


title: West Mesa murders

text: On 9 December 2010, Albuquerque police released six photos of seven other unidentified women who may also be linked to West Mesa. Police would not say how or where they had obtained the photos. Some of the women appear to be unconscious, and many share the same physical characteristics as the original 11 victims. The following day the police released an additional photograph of another woman; this woman was subsequently identified by family members, who reported that she had died of natural causes several years earlier. On 13 December 2010, police reported that two of the women in the photos had been identified as alive, and could have valuable information if they can be located. In June 2018, more bones were found near the site of the burials, but these were later determined to be ancient and not related to the West Mesa murders.


title: West Mesa murders

text: Police suspect that the bodies were all buried by the same person or persons, and may be the work of a serial killer, who has since come to be referred to as the West Mesa Bone Collector.


title: West Mesa murders

text: No official suspects have ever been named in connection with the murders. In 2010, a reward of up to $100,000 was being offered for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the person or persons responsible.


title: West Mesa murders

text: Over time, a number of men have attracted police attention, though not named as full suspects, in connection with the murders.


title: West Mesa murders

text: Fred Reynolds was a pimp who knew one of the missing women and reportedly had photos of missing sex workers; he died of natural causes in January 2009.


title: West Mesa murders

text: Lorenzo Montoya lived less than three miles from the burial site. In 2006 there were reportedly dirt trails leading from his trailer park to the site. In December 2006, Montoya strangled a teenager at his trailer and then was shot to death by the teen's boyfriend. It would appear the killings stopped after his death.


title: West Mesa murders

text: In August 2010, police searched several properties in Joplin, Missouri associated with local photographer and businessman Ron Erwin in connection with the West Mesa cases. They confiscated "tens of thousands" of photos from the man, who reportedly used to visit the state fair in Albuquerque. Police confirmed that they had cleared Erwin as a suspect.


title: West Mesa murders

text: In December 2010, convicted Colorado serial killer Scott Lee Kimball stated that he was being investigated for the West Mesa murders, but he denied killing the women.


title: West Mesa murders

text: In 2014, a breakthrough on a decades-old case caused Albuquerque police to become interested in Joseph Blea as a suspect for the murders. Blea has been dubbed the "Mid-School Rapist" for his activities in the 1980s; police say he would often break into the homes of 13- to 15-year-old girls who lived near McKinley Middle School in Albuquerque and rape them. In one case, there was a DNA sample but the rape test kit was not re-tested until 2010, eventually linking Blea to the rape. In 2015, Blea was also suspected by police of killing a sex worker; his DNA sample was located on the inner waistband and belt of a sex worker found dead on Central Ave, a notorious street for sex work in the eastern part of the city. In addition, a tree tag from a nursery was found in the area where the West Mesa victims' bodies were buried; it was tracked to a nursery Blea once frequented. Blea, in the Mid-School rape case, was sentenced to 36 years in June 2015, at 58 years of age.


title: Mary Wells

text: Mary Esther Wells (May 13, 1943 – July 26, 1992) was an American singer, who helped to define the emerging sound of Motown in the early 1960s.


title: Mary Wells

text: Along with The Supremes, The Miracles, The Temptations, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, and the Four Tops, Wells was said to have been part of the charge in black music onto radio stations and record shelves of mainstream America, "bridging the color lines in music at the time."


title: Mary Wells

text: With a string of hit singles composed mainly by Smokey Robinson, including "The One Who Really Loves You", "Two Lovers", and the Grammy-nominated "You Beat Me to the Punch", all in 1962, plus her signature hit, "My Guy" (1964), she became recognized as "The Queen of Motown" until her departure from the company in 1964, at the height of her success.


title: Mary Wells

text: Mary Esther Wells was born near Detroit's Wayne State University on May 13, 1943, to a mother who worked as a domestic, and an absentee father. One of three children, she contracted spinal meningitis at the age of two and struggled with partial blindness, deafness in one ear and temporary paralysis. At age 10, Wells contracted tuberculosis. During her early years, Wells lived in Black Bottom and struggled with poverty. By age 12, she was helping her mother with house cleaning work. She described the ordeal years later:


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells used singing as her comfort from her pain and by age 10 had graduated from church choirs to performing at local nightclubs in the Detroit area. Wells graduated from Detroit's Northwestern High School at the age of 17 and set her sights on becoming a scientist, but after hearing about the success of Detroit musicians such as Jackie Wilson and the Miracles, she decided to try her hand at music as a singer-songwriter.


title: Mary Wells

text: In 1960, 17-year-old Wells approached Tamla Records founder Berry Gordy at Detroit's Twenty Grand club, with a song she had intended for Jackie Wilson to record, since Wells knew of Gordy's collaboration with Wilson. However, a tired Gordy insisted Wells sing the song in front of him. Impressed, Gordy had Wells enter Detroit's United Sound Systems to record the single, titled "Bye Bye Baby". After a reported 22 takes, Gordy signed Wells to the Motown subsidiary of his expanding record label and released the song as a single in September 1960; it peaked at number 8 on the US "Billboard" R&B chart in 1961, and later crossed over to the pop singles chart, where it peaked at number 45.


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells' early Motown recordings reflected a rougher R&B sound than the smoother style of her biggest hits. Wells became the first Motown female artist to have a Top 40 pop single after the Mickey Stevenson-penned doo-wop song "I Don't Want to Take a Chance" hit number 33 in June 1961. In the fall of that year, Motown issued her first album and released a third single, the bluesy ballad "Strange Love". When that record bombed, Gordy set Wells up with the Miracles' lead singer Smokey Robinson. Though she was hailed as "the first lady of Motown", Wells was technically Motown's third female signed act: Claudette Rogers, of Motown's first star group the Miracles, has been referred to by Berry Gordy as "the first lady of Motown Records" due to her being signed as a member of the group, and in late 1959 Detroit blues-gospel singer Mable John had signed to the then-fledgling label a year prior to Wells' arrival. Nevertheless, Wells' early hits as one of the label's few female solo acts did make her the label's first female star and its first fully successful solo artist.


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells's teaming with Robinson led to a succession of hit singles over the following two years. Their first collaboration, 1962's "The One Who Really Loves You", was Wells's first hit, peaking at number 2 on the R&B chart and number 8 on the Hot 100. The song featured a calypso-styled soul production that defined Wells's early hits. Motown released the similar-sounding "You Beat Me to the Punch" a few months later. The song became her first R&B number 1 single and peaked at number 9 on the pop chart. The success of "You Beat Me to the Punch" helped to make Wells the first Motown star to be nominated for a Grammy Award when the song was nominated for Best Rock & Roll Recording in 1963.


title: Mary Wells

text: In late 1962, "Two Lovers" became Wells's third consecutive single to hit the Top 10 of "Billboard"s Hot 100, peaking at number 7 and becoming her second number 1 hit on the R&B chart. This helped to make Wells the first female solo artist to have three consecutive Top 10 singles on the pop chart. The track sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Wells's success at the label was recognized when she became a headliner during the first string of Motortown Revue concerts, starting in the fall of 1962. The singer showcased a rawer stage presence that contrasted with her softer R&B recordings.


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells's success continued in 1963 when she hit the Top 20 with the doo-wop ballad "Laughing Boy" and scored three additional Top 40 singles, "Your Old Standby", "You Lost the Sweetest Boy", and its B-side, "What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One". "You Lost the Sweetest Boy" was one of the first hit singles composed by Holland–Dozier–Holland, the songwriting and producing team, though Robinson remained Wells's primary producer.


title: Mary Wells

text: Also in 1963, Wells recorded a session of successful B-sides that arguably became as well known as her hits, including "Operator", "What Love Has Joined Together", "Two Wrongs Don't Make a Right" and "Old Love (Let's Try It Again)". Wells and Robinson also recorded a duet titled "I Want You 'Round", which would be re-recorded by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston.


title: Mary Wells

text: In 1964, Wells recorded "My Guy". The Smokey Robinson song became her trademark single, reaching number 1 on the Cashbox R&B chart for seven weeks and becoming the number 1 R&B single of the year. The song successfully crossed over to the "Billboard" Hot 100, where it eventually replaced Louis Armstrong's "Hello, Dolly!" at number 1, remaining there for two weeks. The song became Wells's second million-selling single.


title: Mary Wells

text: To build on the song's success, Motown released a duet album recorded with fellow Motown singing star Marvin Gaye, "Together". The album peaked at number 1 on the R&B album chart and number 42 on the pop album chart, and yielded the double-sided hits "Once Upon a Time" and "What's the Matter With You Baby".


title: Mary Wells

text: "My Guy" was one of the first Motown songs to break on the other side of the Atlantic, eventually peaking at number 5 on the UK chart and making Wells an international star. Around this time, the Beatles stated that Wells was their favorite American singer, and soon she was given an invitation to open for the group during their tour of the United Kingdom, thus making her the first Motown star to perform in the UK. Wells was only one of three female singers to open for the Beatles, the others being Brenda Holloway and Jackie DeShannon. Danny Tyrell accompanied her in live shows in Detroit. Wells made friends with all four Beatles and later released a tribute album, "Love Songs to the Beatles", in mid-decade.


title: Mary Wells

text: Ironically during her most successful year, Wells was having problems with Motown over her original recording contract, which she had signed at the age of 17. She was also reportedly angry that the money made from "My Guy" was being used to promote The Supremes, who had found success with "Where Did Our Love Go", just as "My Guy" was promoted, using the profits from another, earlier hit Motown song. Though Gordy reportedly attempted to renegotiate with Wells, the singer still asked to be freed from her contract with Motown.


title: Mary Wells

text: A pending lawsuit kept Wells away from the studio for several months, as she and Gordy brokered the contract details, with Wells fighting to gain a larger share of the royalties she had earned during her tenure with Motown. Finally, Wells invoked a clause that allowed her to leave the label, advising the court that her original contract was invalid, as she had signed while she was still a minor. Wells won her lawsuit and was awarded a settlement, leaving Motown officially in early 1965, whereupon she accepted a lucrative ($200,000) contract with 20th Century Fox Records.


title: Mary Wells

text: Part of the terms of the agreement of her release was that she could not receive any royalties from her past works with the label, including use of her likeness to promote herself.


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells worked on material for her new record label while dealing with other issues, including being bedridden for weeks suffering from tuberculosis. Wells's eponymous first 20th Century Fox release included the first single "Ain't It The Truth", its B-side "Stop Taking Me for Granted", the lone top 40 hit, "Use Your Head" and "Never, Never Leave Me". However, the album flopped, as did the Beatles tribute album she released not too long afterwards. Rumors have hinted Motown may have threatened to sue radio stations for playing Wells's post-Motown music during this time. After a stressful period in which Wells and the label battled over multiple issues after her records failed to chart successfully, the singer asked to be let go in 1965 and left with a small settlement.


title: Mary Wells

text: In 1966, Wells signed with Atlantic Records' subsidiary Atco. Working with producer Carl Davis, she scored her final Top 10 R&B hit with "Dear Lover", which also became a modestly successful pop hit, peaking at number 51. However, much like her tenure with 20th Century Fox, the singer struggled to come up with a follow-up hit, and in 1968, she left the label for Jubilee Records, where she scored her final pop hit, "The Doctor", a song she co-wrote with then-husband Cecil Womack. Meanwhile, she had attempted to develop a film career, but only managed a guest starring role in 1967's "Catalina Caper" (1967). In 1970, Wells left Jubilee for a short-lived deal with Warner Music subsidiary Reprise Records and released two Bobby Womack-produced singles. In 1972, Wells scored a UK hit with a re-issue of "My Guy", which was released on the Tamla-Motown label and climbed to number 14. Though a re-issue, Wells promoted the single heavily and appeared on the British TV show "Top of the Pops" for the first time. Despite this mini-revival, she decided to retire from music in 1974 to raise her family.


title: Mary Wells

text: In 1977, Wells divorced Cecil Womack and returned to performing. She was spotted by CBS Urban president Larkin Arnold in 1978 and offered a contract with the CBS subsidiary Epic Records, which released "In and Out of Love" in October 1981. The album, which had been recorded in 1979, yielded Wells's biggest hit in years, the funky disco single, "Gigolo".


title: Mary Wells

text: "Gigolo" became a smash at dance clubs across the country. A six-minute mix hit number 13 on "Billboard"s Hot Dance/Club Singles chart and number 2 on the Hot Disco Songs chart. A four-minute radio version released to R&B stations in January 1982 achieved a modest showing at number 69. It turned out to be Wells's final chart single.


title: Mary Wells

text: After the parent album failed to chart or produce successful follow-ups, the Motown-styled "These Arms" was released, but it flopped and was quickly withdrawn, and Wells's Epic contract fizzled. The album's failure may have been due to light promotion. She still had one more album in her CBS contract, and in 1982, released an album of cover songs, "Easy Touch", which aimed for the adult contemporary radio format.


title: Mary Wells

text: Leaving CBS in 1983, she continued recording for smaller labels, gaining new success as a touring performer.


title: Mary Wells

text: On the April 21, 1984 edition of "American Top 40", Casey Kasem reported that Wells was attempting to establish a hot dog chain.


title: Mary Wells

text: In 1989, Wells was celebrated with a Pioneer Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation during its inaugural year.


title: Mary Wells

text: In 1990, Wells recorded an album for Ian Levine's Motorcity Records, but her voice began to fail, causing the singer to visit a local hospital. Doctors diagnosed Wells with laryngeal cancer. Treatments for the disease ravaged her voice, forcing her to quit her music career. Since she had no health insurance, her illness wiped out her finances, forcing her to sell her home. As she struggled to continue treatment, old Motown friends, including Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, members of the Temptations and Martha Reeves, made donations to support her, along with the help of admirers such as Dionne Warwick, Rod Stewart, Bruce Springsteen, Aretha Franklin and Bonnie Raitt. That same year, a benefit concert was held by fellow fan and Detroit R&B singer Anita Baker. Wells was also given a tribute by friends such as Stevie Wonder and Little Richard on "The Joan Rivers Show".


title: Mary Wells

text: In 1991, Wells brought a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Motown for royalties she felt she had not received upon leaving Motown Records in 1964 and for loss of royalties for not promoting her songs as the company should have. Motown eventually settled the lawsuit by giving her a six-figure sum. That same year, she testified before the United States Congress to encourage government funding for cancer research:


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells married twice: first, in 1960, to Detroit singer Herman Griffin; they divorced in 1963. Despite rumors, she never dated fellow Motown singer Marvin Gaye, who would go on to have successful duet partnerships with Kim Weston, Tammi Terrell and Diana Ross after Wells had left Motown.


title: Mary Wells

text: In 1966, Wells married singer-songwriter Cecil Womack, formerly of the Valentinos, and the younger brother of musician Bobby Womack. The marriage lasted until 1977 and they produced three children.


title: Mary Wells

text: In the summer of 1992, Wells's cancer returned and she was rushed to the Kenneth Norris Jr. Cancer Hospital in Los Angeles with pneumonia. With the effects of her unsuccessful treatments and a weakened immune system, Wells died on July 26, 1992, at the age of 49. After her funeral, which included a eulogy given by her old friend and former collaborator, Smokey Robinson, Wells was cremated, and her ashes were laid to rest in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in a Womack family crypt. Family friend Sam Cooke is buried in The Garden of Honor, about to the west.


title: Mary Wells

text: Though Wells has been eligible for induction to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, being nominated twice in 1986 and 1987, she has yet to achieve it.


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells earned one Grammy Award nomination during her career. Her song "My Guy" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells was given one of the first Pioneer Awards by the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in 1989. A year later, the foundation raised more than $50,000 to help with her treatment after her illness had wiped out all of her finances.


title: Mary Wells

text: Wells was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2006. She was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2017.


title: Chicken soup

text: Chicken soup is a soup made from chicken, simmered in water, usually with various other ingredients. The classic chicken soup consists of a clear chicken broth, often with pieces of chicken or vegetables; common additions are pasta, noodles, dumplings, or grains such as rice and barley. Chicken soup has acquired the reputation of a folk remedy for colds and influenza, and in many countries is considered a comfort food.


title: Chicken soup

text: Humans were already boiling food by the time that chicken was domesticated in the neolithic period, so it is likely that chickens were being boiled for soup.


title: Chicken soup

text: Modern American chicken soup, which typically includes root vegetables such as carrot, onion, leeks and celery, was a staple across Northern Europe and was brought to the United States by immigrants.


title: Chicken soup

text: Variations on the flavor are gained by adding root vegetables such as parsnip, potato, sweet potato and celery root; herbs such as bay leaves, parsley and dill; other vegetables such as zucchini, whole garlic cloves, lettuce, or tomatoes; and black pepper. The soup should be brought slowly to a boil and then simmered in a covered pot on a very low flame for one to three hours, adding water if necessary. Saffron or turmeric are sometimes added as a yellow colorant.


title: Chicken soup

text: Chicken soup can be a relatively low fat food: fat can be removed by chilling the soup after cooking and skimming the layer of congealed fat from the top. A study determined that "prolonged cooking of a bone in soup increases the calcium content of the soup when cooked at an acidic, but not at a neutral pH".


title: Chicken soup

text: Strictly speaking, chicken soup, unless qualified, implies that the soup is served as a thin broth, with pieces of meat, and possibly vegetables, and either noodles, rice, barley, or dumplings.


title: Chicken soup

text: Cream of chicken soup is a thick, creamy, soup made with chicken stock and pieces, combined with milk (or cream) and flour, which might contain vegetable pieces, depending on the recipe.


title: Chicken soup

text: Chicken soup has long been touted as a form of folk medicine to treat symptoms of the common cold and related conditions. In 2000, scientists at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha studied the effect of chicken soup on the inflammatory response "in vitro". They found that some components of the chicken soup inhibit neutrophil migration, which may have an anti-inflammatory effect that could "hypothetically" lead to temporary ease from symptoms of illness. However, since these results have been obtained from purified cells (and directly applied), the diluted soup "in vivo" effect is debatable. "The New York Times" reviewed the University of Nebraska study, among others, in 2007 and concluded that "none of the research is conclusive, and it is not known whether the changes measured in the laboratory really have a meaningful effect on people with cold symptoms."


title: Chicken soup

text: It has also been shown that chicken soup contains the amino acid cysteine, which is very similar to acetylcysteine, which is used by doctors for patients with bronchitis and other respiratory infections to help clear them.


title: Chicken soup

text: Chicken soup is also known as "Jewish penicillin", either as ersatz penicillin, or as alternative to penicillin.


title: Chicken soup

text: Many Chinese soups are based on chicken broth. Typical Chinese chicken soup is made from old hens and is seasoned with ginger, scallions, black pepper, soy sauce, rice wine and sesame oil. A more elaborate version can be made from freshly killed spent hen and various herbs such as ginseng, dried goji, and old ginger root. The soup is then boiled for hours.


title: Chicken soup

text: Bogotá, Colombia's capital, is known for a version of chicken soup called "ajiaco". Along with chicken, "ajiaco" typically includes maize, three types of potatoes, avocado, capers, and a herb called "guascas", and is served with a dollop of cream.


title: Chicken soup

text: "Sancocho de gallina" is another popular dish throughout Colombia and in neighboring countries. This is a broth that includes entire pieces of (often rather tough) soup hen on the bone with large pieces of plantain, potato, cassava and/or other vegetables. A bowl of "sancocho" is usually an entire meal.


title: Chicken soup

text: The Danish "hønsekødssuppe" is traditionally cooked using large hens specifically reserved for soup, known as "suppehøner" ("soup-hens"). Vegetables like celeriac, carrots, onions and leek are usually added and typical flavourings are thyme, laurels and white pepper. The soup may be served with small white dumplings and meatballs. As part of traditional housekeeping, the cooked meat is reserved for other dishes such as "høns i asparges" ("hens in asparagus") or "hønsesalat" ("hens-salad").


title: Chicken soup

text: The French serve chicken-based forms of bouillon and consommé. Typical French seasonings for chicken soup includes: bay leaves, fresh thyme, dry white wine and garlic.


title: Chicken soup

text: In Germany chicken soup is made with chicken broth, vegetables, such as carrots, spices and herbs and small noodles. For the broth, a large hen, called a "Suppenhuhn" (lit.: "soup hen"), may be boiled, and pieces of it—especially from the boiled breast—can later be added to the soup.


title: Chicken soup

text: In southern Germany homemade chicken soup typically consists of chicken broth, to which spices and semolina dumplings or noodles are added. Another dish made with chicken broth, pieces of chicken, boiled vegetables, and spices is known as "Hühnereintopf", meaning "chicken stew". Alternatively, homemade noodles may be added to the chicken broth, without vegetables, and with only pickling spice, salt and pepper added to it.


title: Chicken soup

text: In Ghana, chicken soup, also known as Chicken Light soup is made by cooking the chicken in a blended mixture of tomatoes, onions, pepper and other spices and sometimes garden eggs and is served primarily with fufu or on its own.


title: Chicken soup

text: In Greece, chicken soup is most commonly made in the "avgolemono" ("egg-lemon") fashion, wherein beaten eggs mixed with lemon are added to a broth slowly so that the mixture heats up without curdling, also adding rice or pasta like "kritharáki" ("little barley;" orzo), resulting in a thicker texture; it is a traditional remedy for colds, stomach aches, and hangovers.


title: Chicken soup

text: Hungarian chicken soup is a clear soup, a consommé, called Újházi chicken soup. A consommé with entire pieces of chicken, chicken liver and heart, with chunky vegetables and spices like whole black peppercorn, bay leaves, salt and ground black pepper. The vegetables boiled along with the pieces of chicken are usually carrots, celeriac, parsley root and parsnip. Soup vermicelli, semolina dumplings or thin Spätzle noodles or small dumplings are also added to the soup. Even other vegetables may be used, such as green peas, a whole tomato and whole onions boiled along with the soup, mushrooms, asparagus, celery, green pepper, cauliflower, kohlrabi, green beans or parsley, in different combinations.


title: Chicken soup

text: In Indonesia chicken soup might appear as "sayur sop", vegetable and chicken broth soup that contains chicken pieces, potato, green beans, carrot, celery, and fried shallot. Another chicken soup variant commonly found across the country is soto ayam; a turmeric yellow spicy chicken soup with vegetables and noodle or vermicelli, served with steamed rice, pieces of lontong or ketupat.


title: Chicken soup

text: In Italy, chicken soup is often served with pasta, in such dishes as "cappelletti in brodo", "tortellini in brodo" and "passatelli". Even when served on its own, the meat and any vegetables used are usually removed from the broth and served as a second dish.


title: Chicken soup

text: In Japan, chicken soup is known as "torijiru". Typically it starts with dashi, which is made from boiling konbu (kelp) and katsuobushi (dried skipjack tuna flakes), and not by boiling the chicken (whole chicken is not typically available in Japanese supermarkets). After the dashi is prepared, pieces of boneless chicken thigh meat are usually used and combined with vegetables like daikon radish, carrot, burdock, konnyaku, welsh onion, mushrooms, potatoes, and taro root. At the end, different seasonings are added depending on the region of the country or type of soup. It could be a miso-based soup or soy sauce-based. Cooking sake, mirin, salt, and vinegar are also used with the soy sauce or miso. The pork equivalent called "butajiru" is more popular than the chicken-based soup.


title: Chicken soup

text: Bone stocks for ramen are also often made with chicken stock, and it is almost invariably used in the less common "kotteri" variety.


title: Chicken soup

text: Chicken soup is a traditional dish of the European Jewish kitchen. The Russian and Polish Jewish communities use a relatively high proportion of chicken stock for their soup, made mostly from the bones.


title: Chicken soup

text: The soup is prepared with herbs like parsley and fresh dill or thyme, and is often served with "knaidlach" (matzah balls), "kreplach" (dumplings), lokshen (flat egg noodles), or "mandlen (Shkedei Marak in Israel)" (soup "almonds"). A traditional garnish was "eyerlekh" (little eggs). These unlaid chicken eggs were taken from a hen and boiled in the soup."" Modern health standards make these difficult to obtain now.


title: Chicken soup

text: "Samgyetang" is a Korean chicken soup with insam (Korean ginseng), daechu (dried jujube fruits), garlic, ginger, glutinous rice, and sometimes other medicinal herbs. It is believed to be not only a cure for physical ailments but also a preventer of sickness. "Dak baeksuk", a type of chicken broth with garlic, is also popular among Koreans. It is believed by some to help cure minor illnesses such as the common cold. Some types of baeksuk also contains noodles, similar to chicken noodle soup.


title: Chicken soup

text: Caldo de pollo, also known as Consome de Pollo, is a common Latin-American soup made with whole chicken pieces instead of chopped or shredded chicken, and large cuts of vegetables, such as half-slices of potatoes and whole leaves of cabbage. Another variation of chicken soup is caldo tlalpeño which is garnished with chopped avocado, white cheese, and a chipotle chile.


title: Chicken soup

text: Various forms of chicken soups exist in Pakistan. The most famous one is Chicken Corn Soup, served as a popular street food in the winter. White vinegar with green chilli slices, soy sauce, and red chilli sauce are condiments often served alongside chicken soup. Variations of chicken soup include Chicken and Egg Soup, Hot and Sour Soup, Chicken Noodle Soup and Simple Chicken Soup. 'Murghi ki Yakhni' is a simple, traditional chicken broth, often served as a remedy for the common cold.


title: Chicken soup

text: Aguadito de pollo is a traditional chicken soup in Peruvian cuisine consisting of chicken, cilantro, vegetables and spices.


title: Chicken soup

text: Caldo de Gallina (lit., "broth of hen"), the Peruvian form of chicken soup, is made with whole pieces of chicken instead of chopped or shredded chicken, along with potatoes, egg noodles, and hard-boiled eggs. Lime wedges and chili or aji pepper paste are added as condiments.


title: Chicken soup

text: Chicken soup in the Philippines is called "sopas" and has some western influences in it. While there are many variations in the recipe, it usually contains chicken strips in broth, onions, vegetables (mainly carrots, cabbage and celery), and macaroni noodles. It is cooked with evaporated milk to give it richer flavor. "Sopas" is normally associated with the cold, rainy season in the Philippines, and may thus be regarded as local comfort food.


title: Chicken soup

text: Another chicken soup is called "mami" which its style derives from its other Asian neighboring countries, especially East Asia and normally served with sliced chicken, broth, noodles, chopped vegetables. Mami is also associated with the cold, rainy season as well.


title: Chicken soup

text: Other chicken dishes are considered soups. "Tinola" has chicken cuts in broth, with ginger, chayote, and chili pepper leaves. "Sinampalukang manok" is sometimes regarded as a chicken version of "sinigang", but here the meat is browned first before being boiled in the water and it uses tamarind leaves. "Kadyos, manok, kag ubad" from the Western Visayas uses pigeon peas and banana pith.


title: Chicken soup

text: The Polish chicken soup is called rosół. It is commonly served with fine noodles, boiled carrots and parsley every Sunday. The broth is served separate from chicken meat.


title: Chicken soup

text: Rosół Królewski (royal rosół), made of three meats: beef or veal, white poultry (hen, turkey or chicken) and dark poultry as duck, goose (crop only), just a couple of dried king boletes, one single cabbage leaf and a variety of vegetables such as parsley, celery, carrot, and leek. The cooking must take at least six hours of sensitive boiling over a small fire. At the end, softly burnt onion is added to the soup.


title: Chicken soup

text: Rosół myśliwski (The hunter's rosół) is made of a variety of wild birds as well as pheasant, capercaillie, wood grouse, black grouse, or grey partridge, with a small addition of roe deer meat, a couple of wild mushrooms, and 2–3 juniper fruits.


title: Chicken soup

text: Chicken soup is known as canja, a chicken broth prepared with rice or pasta and shredded chicken meat. It is believed to help a person overcome colds and digestive problems, among other mild forms of sickness.


title: Chicken soup

text: In most regions of Romania, chicken soup known as supă de pui consists of a clear or dense sour soup with strained chicken and vegetable broth, often noodles have been added. Different versions, uses pieces of chicken and pieces of boiled vegetables (examples: onion, carrot, parsnip, celery, zucchini, peas, beans, leaves and root of parsley, peppers) and is seasoned usually with sour cream (smântână), tomato juice, lemon juice, or borș.


title: Chicken soup

text: In Taiwan-style chicken soup dried jujube fruits, dried shiitake, and other various herbs also sometimes added. While it may be possible to use regular ginseng in the recipe, a special type of ginseng called San qi is commonly used. This is grown almost exclusively in Wenshan County, Yunnan Province. The roots are powdered for ease of use, although it may also be possible to use the flowerheads.


title: Chicken soup

text: Ukrainians traditionally prefer an often simple chicken and vegetable bouillon with added noodles or rice, and a pinch of fresh herbs. Another type of chicken soup in Ukraine includes chicken, noodles, carrot, potato and onion. Some cooks add chopped boiled egg and even sour cream to their variations of the soup.


title: Chicken soup

text: Traditionally, chicken soup (or broth) in Britain is a clear and watery soup with chunky vegetables (such as carrot, celery and onion), chicken, salt and pepper. However, a thick, creamy variety called cream of chicken soup, which may not contain any vegetable pieces (depending on the recipe), is more popular today. A distinct version from Scotland that has become popular throughout the UK is cock-a-leekie soup, a clear, thin broth of shredded chicken and leeks.


title: Chicken soup

text: In the United States and Canada, chicken soup often has noodles or rice in it, thus giving it its common name of "chicken noodle soup". The term may have been coined in a commercial for the Campbell Soup Company in the 1930s. The original 21 varieties of Campbell's condensed soup featured a "chicken soup with noodles", but when it was advertised on the "Amos 'n' Andy" radio show in the 1930s by a slip of the tongue the soup was referred to as "chicken noodle soup". Traditionally, American chicken soup was prepared using old hens too tough and stringy to be roasted or cooked for a short time. In modern times, these fowl are difficult to come by, and broiler chickens (young chickens suitable for roasting or broiling) are often used to make soup.


title: Chicken soup

text: Often (but not always) sold as a condensed soup, canned chicken soup such as Campbell's Chicken Noodle Soup, is notable for its high sodium content: 890 mg per cup serving. This gives a cup bowl of soup about 2,500 mg of sodium, a full day's allowance in the case of this mainstream brand. Other condensed chicken soups produced by Campbell's, such as Chicken with Rice or Chicken & Stars Soup, have similar amounts, as do generic versions of the product.


title: Chicken soup

text: Canned chicken soup with much less sodium than the traditional formulation is available, including many varieties produced by Campbell's, some with as little as 100 mg of sodium. Campbell's claims production of a chicken noodle soup that will find broad consumer acceptance—in short, that will sell—is very difficult, so it has to balance healthfulness with sodium content.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: Maheshwari Amma, better known by her stage name K. P. A. C. Lalitha, was an Indian film and stage actress who worked primarily in Malyalam. She started her acting career with K. P. A. C., a theatre collective in Kayamkulam, Kerala. In a career spanning five decades, she starred in over 550 films.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: Lalitha won two National Film Awards for Best Supporting Actress along with four Kerala State Film Awards. In 2009, she was honoured with the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Filmfare Awards South. Lalitha latterly served as the chairperson of Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi. She was married to the late Malayalam filmmaker Bharathan.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: Lalitha was born as Maheshwari Amma in a Malayalam speaking family at Kayamkulam. She was born to Kadaykatharayil Veettil K. Ananthan Nair and Bhargavi Amma, as the eldest among five children; her four siblings were Indira, Babu, Rajan and Shyamala. She is the child born 5 years after her Parent's marriage. Her father was a photographer who was from Kayamkulam and mother was a housewife who was from Aranmula. She was her Father's pet while her Mother was very strict. She spent most of her childhood at Ramapuram near Kayamkulam.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: Her family migrated to Changanassery, Kottayam for her to join dance class. In a young age itself she had very much interest in dance. She learned to dance when she was a child under the guidance of Chellappan Pillai and then under Kalamandalam Gangadharan. She started acting in plays when she was 10 years old.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: Her first appearance on stage was in the play "Geethayude Bali". She later joined K.P.A.C. (Kerala People's Arts Club), which was a prominent leftist drama troupe in Kerala. She was given the screen-name Lalitha and later, when she started acting in movies, the tag K.P.A.C. was added to her screen-name to differentiate it from another actress known as Lalitha.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: Her first movie was the film adaptation of "Koottukudumbam" directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan. In 1978 she married Bharathan, a noted Malayalam film director. She took a break from film acting for sometime, doing only a few films.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: The second era of her career started with "Kattathe Kilikkoodu" (1983) directed by her husband. Her pairing with Innocent was hugely popular with the audience between 1986 and 2006 with successful films like Gajakesariyogam, Apporvam Chillar, Makkal Mahatmiyam, Shubha Yatra, My Dear Muthachan, Kannanum Polisum, Arjunan Pillaiyum Anju Makkalum, Injankaddai Mathan and Sons, Pavam Pavam Rajakumaram. During this time, she did many critically acclaimed roles including those in "Kattukuthira" (1990), "Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam" (1986), "Ponn Muttyidunna Tharavu" (1988), Kottayam Kunjachan (1990), "Vadakkunokkiyantram" (1989), "Innathe Program" (1991), "Dasharatham" (1989), Kanalkkattu (1991),"Venkalam" (1993), "Godfather" (1991), "Amaram" (1991), "Vietnam Colony" (1993), "Pavithram" (1993), "Manichitrathazhu" (1994), "Spadikam" (1995), and "Aniyathipraavu" (1997). She won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "Amaram" (1991), a film directed by her husband Bharathan.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: In 1998, when her husband Bharathan died, she took a break for a few months, only to come back with an acclaimed performance in Sathyan Anthikkad directed "Veendum Chila Veetukaryangal" (1999). K.P.A.C. Lalitha's notable roles after that were in "Shantham" (2000), "Life Is Beautiful" (2000) and "Valkannadi" (2002). She won her second National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in "Shantham" (2000), directed by Jayaraj.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: K.P.A.C. Lalitha acted in over 500 films in Malayalam cinema. Apart from Malayalam, she acted in some Tamil films including "Kadhalukku Mariyadhai" (1997), Maniratnam's "Alai Payuthey" (2000) and "Kaatru Veliyidai" (2017). Particularly, her performance in Tamil film "Kadhalukku Mariyadhai" as Shalini's mother won her critical acclaim.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: Lalitha has a daughter Sreekutty and a son Sidharth who debuted as an actor in the movie "Nammal", which was directed by Kamal. After a short career in acting, he chose a career in film direction. In 2012, he made his directorial debut with "Nidra", which is the remake of 1984 film with the same title written and directed by his father Bharathan.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: She published an autobiography, titled "Katha Thudarum" ("Story To Be Continued"), which won the Cherukad Award in 2013.


title: K. P. A. C. Lalitha

text: Lalitha died in Thrippunithura on 22 February 2022, at the age of 74. She had been hospitalized since November 2021 due to multiple health issues, including liver ailment and diabetes. Her mortal remains was taken to her home in Wadakkancherry, and was cremated with full state honours.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: The Jordanian annexation of the West Bank formally occurred on 24 April 1950, after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, during which Transjordan occupied territory that had previously been part of Mandatory Palestine and had been earmarked by the UN General Assembly Resolution 181 of 29 November 1947 for an independent Arab state to be established there alongside a Jewish state mainly to its west. The annexation tripled the population of Transjordan, from 400,000 to 1,300,000, and the country became a dualistic society with the Palestinian and Transjordanian communities remaining distinct.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: During the war, Jordan's Arab Legion took control of territory on the western side of the Jordan River, including the cities of Jericho, Bethlehem, Hebron, Nablus and eastern Jerusalem, including the Old City. Following the end of hostilities, the area that remained under Jordanian control became known as the West Bank.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: During the December 1948 Jericho Conference, hundreds of Palestinian notables in the West Bank gathered, accepted Jordanian rule and recognized Abdullah as ruler. The West Bank was formally annexed on 24 April 1950, but the annexation was widely considered as illegal and void by most of the international community. A month afterwards, the Arab League declared that they viewed the area "annexed by Jordan as a trust in its hands until the Palestine case is fully solved in the interests of its inhabitants." Recognition of Jordan's declaration of annexation was granted only by the United Kingdom, the United States, and Iraq, with disputed claims that Pakistan also recognized the annexation.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: When Jordan transferred its full citizenship rights to the residents of the West Bank, the annexation more than doubled the population of Jordan. The naturalized Palestinians enjoyed equal opportunities in all sectors of the state without discrimination, and they were given half of the seats of the Jordanian parliament.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: After Jordan lost the West Bank to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, the Palestinians there remained Jordanian citizens until Jordan renounced claims to and severed administrative ties with the territory in 1988.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: Prior to hostilities in 1948, Palestine (modern-day West Bank, Gaza Strip and Israel) had been administered by the British Empire pursuant to the Mandate for Palestine, having captured it from the Ottomans in 1917. The British, as custodians of the land, implemented the land tenure laws in Palestine, which it had inherited from the Ottoman (as defined in the Ottoman Land Code of 1858), applying these laws to both Arab and Jewish tenants, legal or otherwise. Toward the expiration of the British Mandate, Arabs aspired for independence and self-determination, as did the Jews of the country.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: On 29 November 1947 the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 181 which envisaged the division of Palestine into three parts: an Arab State, a Jewish State and the City of Jerusalem. The proposed Arab State would include the central and part of western Galilee, with the town of Acre, the hill country of Samaria and Judea, an enclave at Jaffa, and the southern coast stretching from north of Isdud (now Ashdod) and encompassing what is now the Gaza Strip, with a section of desert along the Egyptian border. The proposed Jewish State would include the fertile Eastern Galilee, the Coastal Plain, stretching from Haifa to Rehovot and most of the Negev desert. The Jerusalem Corpus Separatum was to include Bethlehem and the surrounding areas. The proposed Jewish State covered 56.47% of Mandatory Palestine (excluding Jerusalem) with a population of 498,000 Jews and 325,000 Arabs while the proposed Arab State covered 43.53% of Mandatory Palestine (excluding Jerusalem), with 807,000 Arab inhabitants and 10,000 Jewish inhabitants and in Jerusalem, an international trusteeship regime where the population was 100,000 Jews and 105,000 Arabs.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: In March 1948, the British Cabinet had agreed that the civil and military authorities in Palestine should make no effort to oppose the setting up of a Jewish State or a move into Palestine from Transjordan.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: The United States, together with the United Kingdom favoured the annexation by Transjordan. The UK preferred to permit King Abdullah to annex the territory at the earliest date, while the United States preferred to wait until after the conclusion of the Palestine Conciliation Commission brokered negotiations.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: Following the End of the British Mandate for Palestine and Israel's declaration of independence on 14 May 1948, the Arab Legion, under the leadership of Sir John Bagot Glubb, known as Glubb Pasha, was ordered to enter Mandatory Palestine and secure the UN designated Arab area.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: By the end of the war, Jordanian forces had control over the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. On 3 April 1949, Israel and Jordan signed an armistice agreement. The main points included:


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: The remainder of the area designated as part of an Arab state under the UN Partition Plan was partly occupied by Egypt (Gaza Strip), partly occupied and annexed by Israel (West Negev, West Galilee, Jaffa). The intended international enclave of Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: After the invasion, Jordan began making moves to perpetuate the Jordanian occupation over the Arab part of Palestine. King Abdullah appointed governors on his behalf in the Arab cities of Ramallah, Hebron, Nablus, Bethlehem, Ramla and the Arab controlled part of Jerusalem, that were captured by Legion in the invasion. These governors were mostly Palestinians (including Aref al-Aref, Ibrahim Hashem and Ahmed Hilmi Pasha), and the Jordanians described them as "military" governors, so that it would not anger the other Arab states, which opposed Jordan's plans to incorporate the Arab part of Palestine into the kingdom. The king made other smaller moves towards the annexation of the West Bank: He ordered Palestinian policemen to wear the uniforms of the Jordanian police and its symbols; he instituted the use of Jordanian postage stamps instead of the British ones; Palestinian municipalities were not allowed to collect taxes and issue licenses; and the radio of Ramallah called the locals to disobey the instructions of pro-Husseini officials and obey those of the Jordanian-backed governors.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: The December 1948 Jericho Conference, a meeting of prominent Palestinian leaders and King Abdullah I, voted in favor of annexation into what was then Transjordan. Transjordan became the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan" on 26 April 1949. Military occupation concluded on November 2, 1949 via promulgation of the Law Amending Public Administration Law in Palestine whereby the laws of Palestine were declared to remain applicable. In the Jordanian parliament, the West and East Banks received 30 seats each, having roughly equal populations. The first elections were held on 11 April 1950. Although the West Bank had not yet been annexed, its residents were permitted to vote.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: Jordan formally annexed the West Bank on 24 April 1950, giving all residents automatic Jordanian citizenship. West Bank residents had already received the right to claim Jordanian citizenship in December 1949.


title: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

text: Unlike any other Arab country to which they fled after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Palestinian refugees in the West Bank (and on the East Bank) were given Jordanian citizenship on the same basis as existing residents.