title: Wild yak

text: The wild yak is experiencing threats applied by several sources. Poaching, including commercial poaching, has remained the most serious threat; males are particularly impacted because of their more solitary habits. Disturbance by and interbreeding with livestock herds is also common. This may include the transmission of cattle-borne diseases, although no direct evidence of this has yet been found. Conflicts with herders themselves, as in preventive and retaliatory killings for abduction of domestic yaks by wild herds, also occur but appear to be relatively rare. Recent protection from poaching particularly appears to have stabilized or even increased population sizes in several areas, leading to the IUCN downlisting in 2008. In both China and India, the species is officially protected; in China it is present in a number of large nature reserves.


title: Wild yak

text: The wild yak is a reservoir for zoonotic diseases of both bacterial and viral origins. Such bacterial diseases include anthrax, botulism, tetanus, and tuberculosis.


title: Blair House

text: Blair House, also known as The President's Guest House, is an official residence in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The President's Guest House has been called "the world's most exclusive hotel" because it is primarily used as a state guest house to host visiting dignitaries and other guests of the president. Parts of the historic complex have been used for an official residence since the 1940s.


title: Blair House

text: Located just across Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House, it is a complex of four formerly separate homes—Blair House, Lee House, Peter Parker House, and 704 Jackson Place. Major interior renovation of these 19th century residences between the 1950s and 1980s resulted in them being joined together. Blair House is one of several residences owned by the United States government for use by the president and vice president of the United States; other such residences include the White House, Camp David, One Observatory Circle, the Presidential Townhouse, and Trowbridge House.


title: Blair House

text: President Harry S. Truman and his family lived in the original Blair House from 1948 to 1952 during the White House Reconstruction. Truman survived a 1950 assassination attempt there.


title: Blair House

text: Strictly speaking, "Blair House" refers to one of four existing structures that were merged to form a single building. The U.S. State Department generally uses the name "Blair House" to refer to the entire facility, saying, "Blair House is the building officially known as the President's Guest House." The General Services Administration refers to the entire complex as the "President's Guest House" and uses the name "Blair House" to denote the historic Blair House portion of the facility.


title: Blair House

text: Blair House was constructed in 1824; it is the oldest of the four structures that comprise the President's Guest House. The original brick house was built as a private home for Joseph Lovell, eighth surgeon general of the United States Army. It was acquired in 1836 by Francis Preston Blair, a newspaper publisher and influential advisor to President Andrew Jackson, and remained in his family for the following century.


title: Blair House

text: Francis Blair's son Montgomery Blair, who served as Postmaster General in Abraham Lincoln's administration, succeeded his father as resident of Blair House. At a meeting at Blair House on April 18, 1861, Francis Preston Blair Sr. relayed the previous day's offer by Abraham Lincoln to Robert E. Lee to command all the Union Forces in the approaching American Civil War. Later that same year, a conference here decided Admiral David Farragut would command an assault on New Orleans.


title: Blair House

text: In 1939, a commemorative marker was placed at Blair House by the United States Department of the Interior, becoming the first building to acquire a federally recognized landmark designation; prior landmarks had been monuments and historic sites other than buildings. It would be formally designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973.


title: Blair House

text: Beginning in 1942, the Blair family began leasing the property to the U.S. government for use by visiting dignitaries; the government purchased the property outright the following December. The move was prompted in part by a request from Eleanor Roosevelt, who found the casual familiarity Winston Churchill displayed during his visits to the White House off-putting. On one occasion, Churchill tried to enter Franklin Roosevelt's private apartments at 3:00 a.m. to wake the president for a conversation.


title: Blair House

text: During most of the presidency of Harry Truman, from 1948 to 1952, Blair House served as the residence of President Harry S. Truman and his family while the interior of the White House was being renovated. On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate President Truman in Blair House. The assassination was foiled, in part by White House policeman Leslie Coffelt, who killed Torresola but was mortally wounded by him.


title: Blair House

text: In 1859, Francis Preston Blair built a house next to Blair House for his daughter Elizabeth Blair Lee and son-in-law Samuel Phillips Lee. The property became known as Lee House.


title: Blair House

text: The Peter Parker House located at 700 Jackson Place and an adjacent home at 704 Jackson Place were constructed in 1860. Peter Parker House is so named because it was originally the home of physician Peter Parker. The U.S. government acquired both properties between 1969 and 1970, after having rented them for office space. Peter Parker House previously served as the headquarters of the Civil War Centennial Commission and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and is, like Blair House, a National Historic Landmark.


title: Blair House

text: During a renovation in the early 1950s, Blair House and Lee House were joined into a single facility that was informally known as Blair–Lee House.


title: Blair House

text: In the early 1980s, Congress appropriated $9.7 million for the property's further renovation and improvement. Federally appropriated funds were augmented with $5 million in private donations. The Jackson Place properties were internally combined into a single building and then merged with Blair–Lee House by way of a connecting structure occupying the alleyway that had separated them. The renovation and merger of the four properties resulted in their closure from 1982 through 1988.


title: Blair House

text: Notable guests who have stayed at the President's Guest House or the formerly separate Blair House include Queen Elizabeth II, Nikita Khrushchev, Vyacheslav Molotov, Emperor Akihito, Charles de Gaulle, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, François Mitterrand, Vladimir Putin, Boris Yeltsin, Hosni Mubarak, Margaret Thatcher, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Javier Perez de Cuellar, Nambaryn Enkhbayar, Aung San Suu Kyi, Narendra Modi, Lee Hsien Loong, Hamid Karzai, Benjamin Netanyahu and Justin Trudeau.


title: Blair House

text: In addition to foreign dignitaries, the President's Guest House has traditionally been made available by the outgoing president of the United States to the president-elect in the five days prior to his inauguration. In 1992, Bill Clinton chose to stay at the Hay–Adams Hotel instead of the guest house and, in 2009, a request by President-elect Barack Obama to take-up residence at the President's Guest House two weeks early was rejected because of its prior commitment to former Australian prime minister John Howard.


title: Blair House

text: During the state funeral of a former president of the United States, the former president's family customarily resides in the guest house for the duration of the observances.


title: Blair House

text: At the beginning of her tenure as vice president, Kamala Harris and her husband, second gentleman Doug Emhoff, lived at Blair House while repairs were made to Number One Observatory Circle, the vice president's residence. They moved from Blair House to Number One Observatory in early April 2021.


title: Blair House

text: The President's Guest House is located at the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and Jackson Place. Its southern side faces the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, while its eastern side faces Lafayette Square. To its western side along Pennsylvania Avenue, it is adjacent to the Renwick Gallery. Its northern side along Jackson Place abuts Trowbridge House, a separate presidential residence. Immediately behind the gardens of the President's Guest House is the New Executive Office Building.


title: Blair House

text: The Ross Garden is an enclosed garden at the rear of the property; it is named after Arthur Ross, who established an endowment to maintain the grounds in perpetuity.


title: Blair House

text: The residence consists of 119 rooms, including 14 bedrooms and 35 bathrooms. At , the President's Guest House is—by floor area—larger than the White House.


title: Blair House

text: The Coffelt Memorial Room is located in the basement of the property; it is named after police officer Leslie Coffelt, who was killed while defending Blair House against an attack by Puerto Rican separatists in 1950. The room is used as a day room by the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division detachment assigned to the property. It was dedicated in 1990 and contains a portrait of Coffelt and his framed medals, which were donated by his step-daughter.


title: Blair House

text: The Dillon Drawing Room, which was originally known as the Lee Drawing Room, was renamed in honor of former U.S. secretary of the treasury C. Douglas Dillon, who donated its unique wallpaper, a Chinese print from 1770. Dillon's wife Phyllis purchased the wallpaper on the recommendation of interior designer Eleanor Brown in 1964. The wallpaper was removed and refurbished between 1982 and 1988. The room is furnished with 18th century English pieces, along with Chinese vases from the Ming and Qing (Kangxi reign) dynasties. The Dillon Drawing Room is used by resident heads of state and chiefs of government to formally receive visitors.


title: Blair House

text: The head-of-state suite comprises the apartments designated for use by the principal resident. It consists of a sitting room, two bedrooms with adjoining dressing rooms, two bathrooms, and a powder room. It is furnished with 18th-century English antiques, which were valued at more than $1 million in 1987.


title: Blair House

text: The small library in the Blair House wing is stocked with approximately 1,500 books. Guests staying at the house traditionally present a book to deposit in the library. A portrait of Francis Blair hangs over the library's fireplace mantle.


title: Blair House

text: The centerpiece of the Lincoln Room is a portrait of Abraham Lincoln painted by 19th-century American portraitist Edward Dalton Marchant; it is one of a number of drawings, paintings, and photographs of Lincoln used to decorate this room. The sitting room in the Blair House wing of the complex was originally used by the Blair family to receive U.S. presidents. In this room in 1861, Montgomery Blair, acting on Lincoln's orders, offered the command of the Union Army to Robert E. Lee, an offer that Lee declined.


title: Blair House

text: In the Truman Study is a fireplace mantel that was originally installed in the White House. It was removed to Blair House during Truman's occupancy, when he used this room as his personal office. In 1987, the mantel was refinished in white enamel with gold-leaf accents. In 2004, before the state funeral of Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan used the Truman Study to receive visitors.


title: Blair House

text: The centerpiece of the Treaty Room in the former Peter Parker House is a 22-seat mahogany table that sits on an 1890 Sarouk rug. A photographic portrait of Empress Dowager Cixi that was presented as a diplomatic gift to the United States by Qing Dynasty China in 1905 hangs in the room.


title: Blair House

text: The Lee Dining Room is used for formal banquets. It is lit by an 1825 Irish crystal chandelier. One hundred place settings of fine china and 150 place settings of sterling silver flatware were acquired from Tiffany & Co. in 1988 for use in the dining room.


title: Blair House

text: The President's Guest House is owned by the U.S. government and is managed by the office of the chief of protocol of the United States in cooperation with the Diplomatic Security Service, the Department of State's Bureau of Administration, and the Department of State's Office of Fine Arts. Maintenance and operation of the facility are paid for by the U.S. government. The Blair House Restoration Fund, a private organization, finances the preservation of historic furnishings and art. The board of trustees of the Blair House Restoration Fund is chaired by Selwa Roosevelt.


title: Blair House

text: The house is operated by full-time staff who are non-residential but customarily live-in during periods of occupancy by a visiting dignitary. In 2001, the staff included a general manager, an assistant general manager, two butlers, a doorman, four housekeepers, two chefs, a launderer, a curator, and several maintenance workers. Security for the facility is provided by the United States Secret Service during periods of occupancy by foreign heads of state and chiefs of government. During visits by other guests such as foreign ministers, the Diplomatic Security Service assumes the leading role.


title: Blair House

text: When a visiting foreign dignitary is in residence at the President's Guest House, the dignitary's official standard is displayed on the building's flagpole. In cases where dignitaries have no official standards, the dignitary's national flag is displayed instead. If two or more foreign visitors of equal rank are visiting Washington, neither is invited to stay at the President's Guest House to avoid the perception of favoritism.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (isothermal). The change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process in which temperature is held constant. At constant temperature, the Helmholtz free energy is minimized at equilibrium.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: In contrast, the Gibbs free energy or free enthalpy is most commonly used as a measure of thermodynamic potential (especially in chemistry) when it is convenient for applications that occur at constant "pressure". For example, in explosives research Helmholtz free energy is often used, since explosive reactions by their nature induce pressure changes. It is also frequently used to define fundamental equations of state of pure substances.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: The concept of free energy was developed by Hermann von Helmholtz, a German physicist, and first presented in 1882 in a lecture called "On the thermodynamics of chemical processes". From the German word "Arbeit" (work), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends the symbol "A" and the name "Helmholtz energy". In physics, the symbol "F" is also used in reference to "free energy" or "Helmholtz function".


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: The Helmholtz energy is the Legendre transformation of the internal energy "U", in which temperature replaces entropy as the independent variable.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where formula_3 is the internal energy, formula_4 is the energy added as heat, and formula_5 is the work done on the system. The second law of thermodynamics for a reversible process yields formula_6. In case of a reversible change, the work done can be expressed as formula_7 (ignoring electrical and other non-"PV" work) and so:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Because "F" is a thermodynamic function of state, this relation is also valid for a process (without electrical work or composition change) that is not reversible.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: The laws of thermodynamics are only directly applicable to systems in thermal equilibrium. If we wish to describe phenomena like chemical reactions, then the best we can do is to consider suitably chosen initial and final states in which the system is in (metastable) thermal equilibrium. If the system is kept at fixed volume and is in contact with a heat bath at some constant temperature, then we can reason as follows.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Since the thermodynamical variables of the system are well defined in the initial state and the final state, the internal energy increase formula_14, the entropy increase formula_15, and the total amount of work that can be extracted, performed by the system, formula_16, are well defined quantities. Conservation of energy implies


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: The volume of the system is kept constant. This means that the volume of the heat bath does not change either, and we can conclude that the heat bath does not perform any work. This implies that the amount of heat that flows into the heat bath is given by


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: The heat bath remains in thermal equilibrium at temperature "T" no matter what the system does. Therefore, the entropy change of the heat bath is


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Since the system is in thermal equilibrium with the heat bath in the initial and the final states, "T" is also the temperature of the system in these states. The fact that the system's temperature does not change allows us to express the numerator as the free energy change of the system:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: We see that the total amount of work that can be extracted in an isothermal process is limited by the free-energy decrease, and that increasing the free energy in a reversible process requires work to be done on the system. If no work is extracted from the system, then


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: and thus for a system kept at constant temperature and volume and not capable of performing electrical or other non-"PV" work, the total free energy during a spontaneous change can only decrease.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: This result seems to contradict the equation d"F" = −"S" d"T" − "P" d"V", as keeping "T" and "V" constant seems to imply d"F" = 0, and hence "F" = constant. In reality there is no contradiction: In a simple one-component system, to which the validity of the equation d"F" = −"S" d"T" − "P" d"V" is restricted, no process can occur at constant "T" and "V", since there is a unique "P"("T", "V") relation, and thus "T", "V", and "P" are all fixed. To allow for spontaneous processes at constant "T" and "V", one needs to enlarge the thermodynamical state space of the system. In case of a chemical reaction, one must allow for changes in the numbers "N" of particles of each type "j". The differential of the free energy then generalizes to


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where the formula_25 are the numbers of particles of type j and the formula_26 are the corresponding chemical potentials. This equation is then again valid for both reversible and non-reversible changes. In case of a spontaneous change at constant T and V, the last term will thus be negative.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Here the formula_28 are the external variables, and the formula_29 the corresponding generalized forces.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: A system kept at constant volume, temperature, and particle number is described by the canonical ensemble. The probability of finding the system in some energy eigenstate "r", for any microstate "i", is given by


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: "Z" is called the partition function of the system. The fact that the system does not have a unique energy means that the various thermodynamical quantities must be defined as expectation values. In the thermodynamical limit of infinite system size, the relative fluctuations in these averages will go to zero.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: The average internal energy of the system is the expectation value of the energy and can be expressed in terms of "Z" as follows:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: If the system is in state "r", then the generalized force corresponding to an external variable "x" is given by


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Suppose that the system has one external variable formula_38. Then changing the system's temperature parameter by formula_39 and the external variable by formula_40 will lead to a change in formula_41:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where "c" is some constant. The value of "c" can be determined by considering the limit "T" → 0. In this limit the entropy becomes formula_49, where formula_50 is the ground-state degeneracy. The partition function in this limit is formula_51, where formula_52 is the ground-state energy. Thus, we see that formula_53 and that


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: allow an efficient way of calculating thermodynamic variables of interest given the partition function and are often used in density of state calculations. One can also do Legendre transformations for different systems. For example, for a system with a magnetic field or potential, it is true that


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Computing the free energy is an intractable problem for all but the simplest models in statistical physics. A powerful approximation method is mean-field theory, which is a variational method based on the Bogoliubov inequality. This inequality can be formulated as follows.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Suppose we replace the real Hamiltonian formula_60 of the model by a trial Hamiltonian formula_61, which has different interactions and may depend on extra parameters that are not present in the original model. If we choose this trial Hamiltonian such that


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where both averages are taken with respect to the canonical distribution defined by the trial Hamiltonian formula_61, then the Bogoliubov inequality states


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where formula_65 is the free energy of the original Hamiltonian, and formula_66 is the free energy of the trial Hamiltonian. We will prove this below.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: By including a large number of parameters in the trial Hamiltonian and minimizing the free energy, we can expect to get a close approximation to the exact free energy.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where formula_68 is some exactly solvable Hamiltonian, then we can apply the above inequality by defining


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Here we have defined formula_70 to be the average of "X" over the canonical ensemble defined by formula_68. Since formula_61 defined this way differs from formula_68 by a constant, we have in general


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: holds. The free energy formula_66 is the free energy of the model defined by formula_68 plus formula_81. This means that


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: For a classical model we can prove the Bogoliubov inequality as follows. We denote the canonical probability distributions for the Hamiltonian and the trial Hamiltonian by formula_84 and formula_85, respectively. From Gibbs' inequality we know that:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: holds. To see this, consider the difference between the left hand side and the right hand side. We can write this as:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where the averages are taken with respect to formula_85. If we now substitute in here the expressions for the probability distributions:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Here we have used that the partition functions are constants with respect to taking averages and that the free energy is proportional to minus the logarithm of the partition function.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: We can easily generalize this proof to the case of quantum mechanical models. We denote the eigenstates of formula_61 by formula_99. We denote the diagonal components of the density matrices for the canonical distributions for formula_60 and formula_61 in this basis as:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: We assume again that the averages of H and formula_61 in the canonical ensemble defined by formula_61 are the same:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: for the expectation value of the operator Y in the state r. See here for a proof. Taking the logarithm of this inequality gives:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: The fact that the averages of H and formula_61 are the same then leads to the same conclusion as in the classical case:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: In the more general case, the mechanical term formula_120 must be replaced by the product of volume, stress, and an infinitesimal strain:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where formula_122 is the stress tensor, and formula_123 is the strain tensor. In the case of linear elastic materials that obey Hooke's law, the stress is related to the strain by


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: where we are now using Einstein notation for the tensors, in which repeated indices in a product are summed. We may integrate the expression for formula_125 to obtain the Helmholtz energy:


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: The Helmholtz free energy function for a pure substance (together with its partial derivatives) can be used to determine all other thermodynamic properties for the substance. See, for example, the equations of state for water, as given by the IAPWS in their IAPWS-95 release.


title: Helmholtz free energy

text: Hinton and Zemel "derive an objective function for training auto-encoder based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle". "The description length of an input vector using a particular code is the sum of the code cost and reconstruction cost. [They] define this to be the energy of the code, for reasons that will become clear later. Given an input vector, [they] define the energy of a code to be the sum of the code cost and the reconstruction cost." The true expected combined cost is


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: Janhit Mein Jaari () is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film directed by Jai Basantu Singh and written by Raaj Shaandilyaa. It stars Nushrat Bharucha, Paritosh Tripathi, Vijay Raaz among others.


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: It was released theatrically on 10 June 2022 and later premiered on video on demand on ZEE5 from 15 July 2022. It received positive reviews from critics and audience, with praise for the message, humour and performances.


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: A story about a young girl who is a crusader and takes on a difficult job selling condoms. The film shows the struggles she faces amid the social taboo, and how she overcomes resistance from her family as well as the whole town. The film is told with Raaj Shandilya's trademark humor. The film follows a young girl selling condoms to make a living. She juggles her work towards improving women's lives, explaining the importance of protection and dealing with the resistance from her family members and in-laws regarding her job.


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: The principal photography of the film started in mid-September 2021 at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. However production was halted in November 2021 owing to COVID-19 pandemic in India. The film was wrapped up on 17 December 2021 in Chanderi, Madhya Pradesh.


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: Janhit Mein Jaari earned ₹43 lacs at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected ₹82 lacs. On the third day, the film collected ₹94 lacs, taking total domestic weekend collection to ₹2.19 crore.


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: The digital streaming rights of the film is owned by ZEE5. The film was streamed digitally on ZEE5 from 15 July 2022.


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: The music of the film is composed by Prini Siddhant Madhav, Amol - Abhishek and Sadhu Sushil Tiwari with lyrics written by Sameer Anjaan, Abhishek Talented, Raaj Shaandilyaa, Niket Pandey, Sadhu Sushil Tiwari and Rohit Sharma.


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: On 12 May 2022, the first song titled "Parda Daari" sung by Javed Ali and Dhvani Bhanushali was unveiled.


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: Rachana Dubey of "The Times of India" gave it three and a half stars out of five and found that "A punch-line heavy discussion on safe sex".


title: Janhit Mein Jaari

text: Akash Bhatnagar from Bollywood Bubble gave three and a half stars out of five and wrote, "Janhit Mein Jaari is a good and entertaining film. Nushrratt being the one with the most star-power here delivers to her promise. It's a good, clean film and deserves at least one viewing with the whole family."


title: Respiratory rate

text: The respiratory rate is the rate at which breathing occurs; it is set and controlled by the respiratory center of the brain. A person's respiratory rate is usually measured in breaths per minute.


title: Respiratory rate

text: The respiratory rate in humans is measured by counting the number of breaths for one minute through counting how many times the chest rises. A fibre-optic breath rate sensor can be used for monitoring patients during a magnetic resonance imaging scan. Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions.


title: Respiratory rate

text: Inaccuracies in respiratory measurement have been reported in the literature. One study compared respiratory rate counted using a 90-second count period, to a full minute, and found significant differences in the rates.. Another study found that rapid respiratory rates in babies, counted using a stethoscope, were 60–80% higher than those counted from beside the cot without the aid of the stethoscope. Similar results are seen with animals when they are being handled and not being handled—the invasiveness of touch apparently is enough to make significant changes in breathing.


title: Respiratory rate

text: Various other methods to measure respiratory rate are commonly used, including impedance pneumography, and capnography which are commonly implemented in patient monitoring. In addition, novel techniques for automatically monitoring respiratory rate using wearable sensors are in development, such as estimation of respiratory rate from the electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram, or accelerometry signals.


title: Respiratory rate

text: Breathing rate is often interchanged with the term breathing frequency. However, this should not be considered the frequency of breathing because realistic breathing signal is composed of many frequencies.


title: Respiratory rate

text: For humans, the typical respiratory rate for a healthy adult at rest is 12–15 breaths per minute. The respiratory center sets the quiet respiratory rhythm at around two seconds for an inhalation and three seconds exhalation. This gives the lower of the average rate at 12 breaths per minute.


title: Respiratory rate

text: Respiratory minute volume is the volume of air which is inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from the lungs in one minute.


title: Respiratory rate

text: The value of respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory dysfunction has been investigated but findings suggest it is of limited value.


title: Respiratory rate

text: One study found that only 33% of people presenting to an emergency department with an oxygen saturation below 90% had an increased respiratory rate. An evaluation of respiratory rate for the differentiation of the severity of illness in babies under 6 months found it not to be very useful. Approximately half of the babies had a respiratory rate above 50 breaths per minute, thereby questioning the value of having a "cut-off" at 50 breaths per minute as the indicator of serious respiratory illness.


title: Respiratory rate

text: It has also been reported that factors such as crying, sleeping, agitation and age have a significant influence on the respiratory rate. As a result of these and similar studies the value of respiratory rate as an indicator of serious illness is limited.


title: Respiratory rate

text: Nonetheless, respiratory rate is widely used to monitor the physiology of acutely-ill hospital patients. It is measured regularly to facilitate identification of changes in physiology along with other vital signs. This practice has been widely adopted as part of early warning systems.


title: Shuntaro Furukawa

text: Furukawa was born in Tokyo, Japan as the son of illustrator Taku Furukawa on January 10, 1972. He grew up playing games on Nintendo's Famicom console. Furukawa is a graduate of Kunitachi Senior High School, and graduated from Waseda University's School of Political Science and Economics in 1994.


title: Shuntaro Furukawa

text: In 1994, he joined Nintendo and worked as an accountant at the European headquarters for a decade. By the mid-2010s, he rose up in the corporate office, working in global marketing, the executive department. He also became an outside director of the partly owned The Pokémon Company as the Nintendo representative in the board of directors of the company, due to Nintendo owning 32% shares in the joint venture.


title: Shuntaro Furukawa

text: In 2015, he was promoted to the General Manager of Corporate Planning Department. In June 2016, with some company restructuring he joined the Nintendo Board of Directors as the Managing Executive Officer of the Corporate Analysis & Administration Division. Furukawa is fluent in English, and was involved in the development of and release manager of the Nintendo Switch. On June 28, 2018, he succeeded Tatsumi Kimishima as company president, becoming the sixth one in Nintendo's history.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL), sometimes referred to as the British Elite League or, for sponsorship reasons, the Viaplay Elite League, is an ice hockey league in the United Kingdom. Formed in 2003 following the demise of the Ice Hockey Superleague, it is the highest level of ice hockey competition in the United Kingdom.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The league operate three competitions for members; the play-offs determine the national champion for the season, following a regular season league competition for which separate champions are also crowned, and which selects and seeds the teams in the play-offs. Finally, a stand-alone cup competition, the Challenge Cup, is also held annually, beginning with the group stages followed by a knock-out format.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The league currently consists of one division of ten teams, with representation from all four nations of the United Kingdom – the only league in any sport to do so. In fourteen completed seasons the league championship has been won by five different teams, while the play-offs have crowned six different teams as national champions.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The day-to-day operation of the league is overseen by Chairman Tony Smith, Director of Hockey Operations Michael Hicks, Media Manager / Hockey Operations Luke Fisher and a board of directors. Disciplinary matters are handled by EIHL Hockey Operation's Department of Player Safety (DOPS). The level below the Elite League is the National Ice Hockey League. A system of promotion and relegation is not operated by the Elite League; teams enter the league on the basis of a decision by the board of directors.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: British ice hockey's structure underwent a major reorganisation in 1996. The British Hockey League (the highest senior competition since 1982, featuring the top two divisions of the sport) was disbanded and replaced by the Ice Hockey Superleague (top tier) and British National League (second tier).


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The loss of the Cardiff Devils and the Newcastle Jesters in 2001 reduced the membership of the Superleague to seven; and when the Manchester Storm and the Scottish Eagles folded within a week of one another at the beginning of the 2002–03 season, there were just five remaining teams. In December 2002, the Bracknell Bees announced their intention to resign from the league to join the BNL at the end of the season; and uncertainty surrounded the future of the London Knights and their London Arena home; which ultimately led to the Knights folding in 2003. Owing a large debt to Ice Hockey UK and facing the prospect of having only three members, the league placed itself into liquidation on 30 April 2003.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The three remaining clubs (Belfast Giants, Nottingham Panthers, and Sheffield Steelers) began considering the formation of a new league with a lower wage cap and larger commitment to British players to attract other clubs into joining them. In the weeks that followed they were joined by the Basingstoke Bison, Cardiff Devils, and Coventry Blaze of the British National League and two new organisations, from London and Manchester. A team based in Glasgow was also planned, but did not come to fruition. The new league met considerable opposition from the British National League and the governing body Ice Hockey UK. The IHUK wished for the remaining Superleague clubs to integrate themselves into the BNL and initially refused to grant the new league affiliation. The Superleague clubs were reluctant to join the predominantly British-trained league after several years of playing in an import-dominated league where British players were seldom able to step up to the standard of their North American and European counterparts. The Elite League instead preferred a twelve import limit with the rest of the team being British-trained players.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The refusal to grant affiliation caused a bitter row that showed little sign of being resolved. Despite not having the support of the governing body, the new league continued their plans. No affiliation would have meant that the clubs would have problems attaining work permits for their signings and finding officials to referee their matches. The row also threatened the future of the Nottingham Panthers, as the National Ice Centre were reluctant to allow a team from an unaffiliated league to hire their arena. The issue was resolved in August 2003 when the Panthers and the NIC announced an icetime agreement. The EIHL finally gained affiliation in August 2003, with only weeks to go before the beginning of the new season.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The new league began on 12 September 2003, when the Sheffield Steelers, who went on to become the inaugural league champions, defeated the newly formed London Racers 6–1 at Alexandra Palace. Charles, Prince of Wales dropped the first puck, after unveiling a plaque. The Racers endured a difficult first season, moving to a different rink only weeks into the season and having to wait 40 games to record a win, a 3–0 victory over the Cardiff Devils. The Racers finished the season with 10 points, 38 points behind second-to-last Basingstoke. The other new team, the Manchester Phoenix, fared slightly better, qualifying for the playoff finals after finishing sixth in the league, where they were defeated 6–1 by Nottingham in the semifinal. The club played at the 17,500 capacity MEN Arena which had been home to the Manchester Storm, but Phoenix crowds averaged 2,250, well below the break-even mark of 3,000. Late in the season, the Phoenix choose to play a game at IceSheffield rather than pay the considerable cost of hiring the arena for a mid-week game (which usually had lower attendances). In the close season they allowed fans to vote on the option of either suspending playing operations while a new rink was constructed or playing in exile away from Manchester while a new rink was built. Supporters opted to suspend playing operations pending the construction of a new facility.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The second season of the EIHL saw a series of games between the EIHL clubs and the members of the BNL. In addition to three home games and three away games against their Elite opponents, each club also played one home game and one away game against the BNL clubs in crossover match-ups. Results in these crossover games counted towards a team's points tally. The NHL lock-out also saw a number of NHL players join British clubs. Coventry won all three titles, winning the championship with an overtime victory over the Nottingham Panthers.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The crossover games with the BNL clubs were seen by many to be the first stage towards an amalgamation of the two organizations into one league; essentially reforming the original BHL. However, early in the season it was revealed that two teams from the BNL, the Edinburgh Capitals and Newcastle Vipers, were seeking to resign from the BNL and join the EIHL; preferring the standard of hockey that the EIHL had to offer. A withdrawal of these clubs would leave the BNL with only five remaining participating teams. This situation led to the resigning teams temporarily withdrawing their Elite League applications and entering into collective discussions on the entire BNL joining the EIHL instead. The Elite League offered the BNL clubs invitations to join the EIHL structure, which were declined by the remaining teams due to unfavourable terms. Subsequently, the Capitals and Vipers both resubmitted individual applications to the Elite League; both of which were accepted. This ultimately led to the dissolution of the BNL, with the five remaining teams joining the next tier of British hockey (which consisted of the English Premier Ice Hockey League in England and the Scottish National League in Scotland).


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: With the Edinburgh Capitals and Newcastle Vipers becoming the ninth and tenth members of the league, the 2005–06 season began with nine clubs (Manchester had opted to take another season out with no rink yet constructed). However, in November 2005, the London Racers withdrew their team from competition and immediately ceased operations. From their formation the Racers had suffered problems finding a rink with comparable facilities to those of their rivals and they had maintained only a very small fan base. The club had made the Lee Valley Ice Centre their home after playing only a small number of games at the Alexandra Palace in their first season. The facilities were very basic, seating only 900 people with an overall capacity of barely 1,000. In November 2005, during a game against the Nottingham Panthers; Panthers player Blaž Emeršič suffered a serious facial injury after colliding with a protruding object in the boards. Further concerns were raised when a game against the Sheffield Steelers was abandoned after a piece of plexiglas shattered in an irregular manner, injuring a spectator. When a similar event took place during practice a few days later; the Racers management began to question seriously the safety of the rink. With the Ice Centre unable to ensure the safety of players and spectators at Elite League games, the Racers were forced to suspend team operations effective immediately.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In January 2006, the Manchester Phoenix were granted planning permission to construct a new rink in Altrincham. A few weeks later, the Cardiff Devils also received planning permission for the construction of a new rink. The Wales National Ice Rink was earmarked for demolition and a campaign for the council to provide a new facility proved successful. With both clubs confirming their intent to take part the following season, speculation began about the possible inclusion of a tenth team to replace the London Racers. After the season was over, rumours about the possible admission of either Hull or Dundee became more and more widespread. On 22 June 2006, the Hull Stingrays were formally elected into the Elite Ice Hockey League as the tenth active member.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In June 2006, the EIHL announced the adoption of the "zero tolerance" interpretation of the rules with regard to holding, hooking and interference implemented in the National Hockey League during the 2005–06 season. These rules had proved highly successful in the NHL, increasing the pace of the game and leading to a rise in spectator numbers.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: On 25 August 2006, the Elite League announced a sponsorship deal with the low cost airline bmibaby. The agreement saw the company's name incorporated into the league's title and the airline's branding at each of the league's ten arenas. The deal was intended to last for seven seasons, but ended prematurely during the 2008–09 season.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: On 30 April 2009, the Manchester Phoenix announced that they would withdraw from the league, and play instead in the English Premier Ice Hockey League, due to cost issues. This news followed the announcement that the Basingstoke Bison were also leaving to play in the EPL for the 2009–10 season.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: After losing two teams at the end of the 2008–09 season the Elite League was boosted by a new franchise joining the league. The Braehead Clan were announced as the ninth team for the 2010–11 season. On 27 April 2010, the Dundee Stars were unanimously accepted into the League by the EIHL board as the tenth team.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The Hull Stingrays withdrew from the League on 11 August 2010, announced via the club's official website, and later confirmed on the BBC's site. However, after a takeover from the Coventry Blaze on 17 August 2010, the Hull Stingrays confirmed that they would indeed be participating in the league for the 2010–11 season. The Stingrays again withdrew, on 24 June 2015, as the club announced on its official website that it has been placed into liquidation.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: From the 2013–14 season onwards, the league has consisted of two conferences; each consisting of five teams. These are the Erhardt Conference and the Gardiner Conference. These can roughly be split into north and south, with the Erhardt featuring the teams from Belfast, Cardiff, Coventry, Nottingham, and Sheffield; and the Gardiner featuring the teams from Dundee, Edinburgh, Fife, and Glasgow along with Hull Stingrays until 2015, and their replacements Manchester Storm from 2015 onwards.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: On 27 April 2017 it was announced that the Milton Keynes Lightning and Guildford Flames were joining for the start of the 2017–18 season and that the league schedule would be increased to 56 games in the regular season with three new conferences of four teams.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Conference 1 consisted of the Braehead Clan, Dundee Stars, Edinburgh Capitals and Fife Flyers known as the Scottish Conference.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Conference 2 consisted of the Coventry Blaze, Guildford Flames, Manchester Storm and Milton Keynes Lightning known as the Southern Conference.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Conference 3 consisted of the Belfast Giants, Cardiff Devils, Nottingham Panthers and Sheffield Steelers known as the Arena Teams. This meant that teams would play teams in their own conference eight times (four home and four away) totaling 24 games and play the other conference's teams four times (two home and two away) totaling 32 games, giving the league a total of 56 games.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In April 2018, when the Murrayfield Ice Rink asked for bidders for the ice time at the arena, the Edinburgh Capitals and Murrayfield Racers (a newly formed team) bid for the rights with the Racers winning the opportunity. The Racers asked for permission to join the EIHL, but on 30 April the league refused their application and they subsequently joined the Scottish National League (SNL).


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: On 4 May, the EIHL released a statement explaining that they would have to move forward without the Edinburgh Capitals with a board meeting on 22 May to discuss the league future format and decide on any clubs wishing to participate in place of Edinburgh.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: After the conclusion of the 2018–19 season, the Milton Keynes Lightning officially left the EIHL after just two seasons in the league and moved to the newly created National Ice Hockey League (NIHL), returning the number of teams to 10. The three conference format was also scrapped.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The 2019–20 EIHL season was cancelled in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Only the Challenge Cup (won by Sheffield Steelers) was awarded with both the league and play-offs cancelled.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The 2020–21 EIHL season, originally scheduled for a September start, was suspended indefinitely on September 15, 2020, due to ongoing coronavirus restrictions and continuing social distancing which made the league season a non-starter.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: While there were tentative plans for a shortened league season, featuring a handful of sides to potentially begin play in January 2021, this idea - and the prospect of a 2020–21 season - were shelved by the league in February 2021 due to concerns around funding.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Then, in March 2021, the Elite League announced that four of the English teams (Coventry, Manchester, Nottingham and Sheffield) would take part in the 'Elite Series' between April–May 2021, a total of 24 games to be played at Nottingham's Motorpoint Arena, culminating in a best-of-three play-off final series. Nottingham claimed the trophy by virtue of a 2–0 series win over the Sheffield Steelers in the final, winning game one 5-3 and game two 5–2.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In the 2021–22 EIHL season, the first full season to be completed since 2018–19 due to the impacts of the Covid pandemic, the Belfast Giants won both the Elite League title and the Challenge Cup, while the Cardiff Devils won the play-offs.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In May 2022, all ten Elite League clubs agreed to increase the gameday roster size from 19 to 20 - to take effect from the 2022–23 season. Import numbers in a gameday squad were once again capped at 14.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The league consisted of three conferences, the results of which were compiled in one league table, up until the end of the 2018–19 season:


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Teams played each other six times (three home, three away), making for a 60-game regular season, but after the departure of Milton Keynes Lightning in 2019, the conference system was scrapped for the first time since 2011–12. Each team now plays 54 games.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Two points are awarded for a win and one for an overtime or penalty shootout defeat. Overtime consists of five minutes of three-on-three hockey and ends immediately if a goal is scored. The team that has most points at the end of the regular season is declared champion. Each team receives a regular season participation trophy.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The playoffs are contested by the teams with the best regular season records. The winner is crowned the champion of the British Championship. The number of teams competing in the playoffs has varied. However, since the 2006–07 season, the top eight teams of the regular season have qualified for the quarter-finals, with their league position determining their seeding. All quarter-finals are two-legged ties. Both the semi-finals and the final take place over a single weekend in April at the National Ice Centre in Nottingham.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The Challenge Cup has taken a number of different formats, ranging from a table formed from the results of designated league fixtures to groups of four teams playing on a round-robin basis at the beginning of the season. During some seasons, Elite League games have also been classed as Challenge Cup games and points counted for both. The semi-finals and final are two-legged games, the winner being the team with the highest aggregate score at the end of the second game. All quarter- and semi-finalists receive a playoff participation trophy.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The Aberdeen Lynx (currently competing in the Scottish National League) have stated that their ambition is to establish an Elite League team in the city in the future.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The Nottingham Panthers and Glasgow Clan owner Neil Black is rumoured to be setting up a new EIHL franchise in London, playing at Wembley Arena. Black has also stated in the past that he would like to see franchises in Manchester (which has now been achieved) and Dublin.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Wayne Scholes, owner of the Telford Tigers (currently in the English Premier League), has stated that his organisation does not have any immediate plans to make the step up, but has not ruled out the possibility of joining the EIHL in the future, saying that "We have had conversations with the Elite League before but they have to invite you. You can't approach them. It is one of those things where they want to see that you have got two or three years of really good solid success. They want to see that it is sustainable and that you are up to a certain standard, and then they will reach out. At that point, it's a discussion that we will have but right now we are pretty happy where we are."


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The following table sets out the League champions, National champions and Challenge Cup winners of the EIHL era only. Several previous top-tier leagues, such as the Sekonda Super League have also existed, in which some EIHL clubs competed successfully, and the end-of-season play-offs and Challenge Cup both have a long history prior to the founding of the EIHL, again feature many of the teams currently in EIHL.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Elite League teams rely heavily on players from outside the United Kingdom (termed "imports"). The majority of these players are from North America, and typically played in the minor North American leagues such as the ECHL and AHL before coming to Britain. For example, of the 21 players to play for champions Belfast Giants in the 2005–06 season, 10 were Canadian, 8 were British and 3 were American. The league restricts the number of import players which can be dressed for a game, with a current limit of 14 imports. Player turnover is high, with a large proportion of players spending a single season at a team before moving on, and multi-year contracts are uncommon.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: As would be expected in a league dominated by North American players, the style of ice hockey in Britain is similar to that played in North America, and has a more physical style than that played in other, technically natured European countries. This was demonstrated during the 2004–05 NHL lock-out. Of the NHL players to join Elite League teams, the majority were players noted for physical play rather than puck-handling skills; such as Wade Belak and Eric Cairns.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: While British players account for a minority of Elite League players, the league supplies the majority of players for the Great Britain team. All 22 players in the Great Britain squad for the 2018 World Championships played for Elite League teams in the preceding season.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, Sky Sports and the BBC's "Grandstand" programme covered the British Hockey League and Superleague and their important games and competitions regularly.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: However, in 2001 the Superleague sold its broadcasting rights to Premium TV Ltd who planned to set up a new sports channel, which never materialised. British ice hockey was left without coverage from any television network. This situation continued through the final seasons of the Superleague and into the first seasons of the Elite League.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In 2005, Elite League officials concluded an agreement with the North American Sports Network to provide a weekly highlights and news programme. These usually provide highlights from a game recorded the previous weekend and are an hour in length.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In September 2007, the Elite League announced a deal with Sky Sports for a weekly show of Elite League highlights.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In 2010, Sky Sports showed the playoff final between the Belfast Giants and Cardiff Devils live, the first time Sky had shown a live game for several years. Sky Sports have recently announced plans to show live games along with a weekly highlight show during the 2010–11 season.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In the 2013–14 season, Premier Sports acquired the rights to film and broadcast 23 games from the Elite League with a live game shown every Saturday night from 23 November onwards.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: On 6 December 2016, it was announced that a new TV show called "Facing Off" would be broadcast on a UK free-to-air channel called "Front Runner TV" every Thursday, Friday and Saturday to show the highlights of the week's EIHL games. The deal ran to the end of 2016–17 EIHL season.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Then, on 20 July 2018, the EIHL agreed a two-year deal with FreeSports to broadcast one live EIHL game every two weeks, alongside a pre-season preview show, highlights package, and live coverage of the end of season play-off final. The coverage, which is available via Freeview, Sky, Virgin, FreeSat, TalkTalk, BT Vision and online via the TVPlayer, will be fronted by Aaron Murphy who previously commentated on the league for Premier Sports.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In January 2020, the league announced that Premier Sports would show live coverage of the 2020 Challenge Cup final and 2020 Elite League play-off final.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In September 2021, the league confirmed that Premier Sports had become headline sponsors and the EIHL's exclusive television partners for three seasons, beginning from the 2021–22 season. Coverage would again be fronted by Aaron Murphy, with analysis from Paul Adey, and consist of 27 live matches - including 23 league games, the Challenge Cup final and the end of season play-off final weekend. During this time, the league was known as the Premier Sports Elite League. In November 2022, following news Viaplay had acquired Premier Sports, the Elite League's title sponsors changed to the Viaplay Elite League to reflect the rebrand.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Ice hockey receives little national media coverage in the United Kingdom. Some national newspapers list results and provide short summaries of the league's news but more extensive coverage remains minimal. There was a small surge in interest during the 2004–05 season when newspapers such as "The Times" reported on the NHL players playing the Elite League as a result of the lock-out but since the lock-out ended, coverage has returned to its previous levels.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Of the national newspapers only the "Daily Star" has a regular ice hockey column, which appears on Tuesday and Sunday.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Coverage in the towns and cities where Elite League clubs are based is more extensive, and local newspapers have dedicated ice hockey reporters who cover the local team. Local radio stations such as BBC Coventry & Warwickshire, BBC Radio Nottingham and BBC Radio Sheffield all provide programming on the sport. Radio Sheffield also provides a weekly ice hockey programme "Iceline" while Radio Nottingham has broadcast a similar programme, "Powerplay", since the later stages of the 2005–06 season, and has a 15-minute weekly preview of games on Saturday evenings during the ice hockey season after the station's coverage of the local football teams is completed. BBC Coventry & Warwickshire have also followed suit with "Faceoff", a programme broadcast on the first Thursday of the month during the season.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The Cardiff Devils are given weekly highlights coverage on local TV station, "Made in Cardiff", which is available on Freeview Ch23, Sky Guide Ch134 and Virgin Ch159.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In attendance, the EIHL ranks seventh among the European top leagues with a 2,842 average. Three teams are among the top 100 of the continent, 2016 Challenge Cup champions Nottingham Panthers at 38th (5,720 average), the 2016 league champions Sheffield Steelers at 64th (4,830) and the 2012 league champions Belfast Giants at 70th (4,603)


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Previously, the EIHL champions were invited to play in the Continental Cup, Europe's second-level club competition. For the 2009–10 tournament, the EIHL's entrants began the tournament in the penultimate (third) group stage. However, with the introduction of the Champions Hockey League, this has changed. From the 2015–16 season, the top two teams in the EIHL participate in the CHL, with either the team that wins the post-season playoffs, or the team finishing third if the playoffs winner is one of the top two, entering the Continental Cup.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: During the 2012–13 NHL Lockout, several NHL players plied their trade in the Elite League, including; Matt Beleskey, Paul Bissonnette, Drew Miller, Tom Sestito and Anthony Stewart.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The league has had a reputation for attracting ex-NHL players, including Dustin Kohn who played for the Sheffield Steelers, Kevin Westgarth who played for the Belfast Giants, Cam Janssen, formerly of the Nottingham Panthers, ex-Braehead Clan captain Matt Keith and Stefan Della Rovere, Ryan O'Marra of the Coventry Blaze, and Brian McGrattan who played for the Nottingham Panthers.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Elsewhere Jared Staal – brother of NHLers Eric, Marc and Jordan – played a season for the Edinburgh Capitals while Patrick Bordeleau played a season with the Cardiff Devils.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Other recent ex-NHL players in the league include Jason Williams, Ric Jackman, Jay Rosehill, Jim Vandermeer, Pavel Vorobyev, Michael Garnett, Tim Wallace, Aaron Johnson, Dylan Olsen, Patrick Dwyer, and Chris Stewart.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Meanwhile, in being drafted by the Arizona Coyotes in 2018, Sheffield Steelers forward Liam Kirk became the first English born and trained player to be drafted by an NHL side. Kirk signed a three-year, entry-level contract with Arizona in June 2021.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: The main criticism levelled at the EIHL is that the league is too expensive, an accusation given credence by the collapse of the London Racers mid-season in 2005, and the continued financial problems experienced by a number of other member clubs (most notably the Basingstoke Bison and Manchester Phoenix in 2008–09).


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Both the Edinburgh Capitals and Newcastle Vipers made public statements about their potentially perilous financial situations, casting further doubt over both their own, and the league's sustained viability.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: This perceived problem with expenditure was given further credence when the Hull Stingrays announced, on 11 August 2010, that they were ceasing operations immediately, due to insufficient funds from sponsorships to guarantee completing the season. They were, however, taken over on 17 August 2010 by the Coventry Blaze and therefore the Hull Stingrays continued to operate. However, Hull did fold in 2015.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In 2011, the Newcastle Vipers announced that they would not be able to compete in the 2011–12 season due to financial difficulties and lack of a permanent home stadium. Newcastle had, up to this point, been playing their home games at Whitley Bay ice rink. A proposed new stadium in the Newcastle area did not materialise.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Despite there being a limited number of suitable venues for league expansion, there have been various attempts during the EIHL's lifespan to expand the league. After the successful addition of the Braehead Clan and the Dundee Stars for the 2010–11 season, the EIHL reported that it had entered discussions with the Fife Flyers formerly of the defunct BNL, and then resident in the SNL.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: On 24 June 2011, it was confirmed that the Fife Flyers had been admitted to the EIHL in time for the commencement of the 2011–12 season.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Further to this, Neil Black, owner of the Nottingham Panthers and Glasgow Clan has expressed the desire to see a Manchester team back in the EIHL by 2015, along with teams in Dublin and London, subject to there being suitable venues available.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: In mid-2013, stories began to circulate that the EIHL had approached AEG with the intention of placing a London-based franchise into Wembley Arena. League chairman Tony Smith confirmed that a franchise had been awarded to a London-based group for a franchise located within the capital.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: On 29 March 2016, it was announced that the Milton Keynes Lightning (playing in the second-tier English Premier League) would be joining the Elite League for the 2017–18 season. They remained in the league for two seasons.


title: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: On 24 February 2017, it was announced that the Guildford Flames would make the step-up to the Elite League for the following season, thus expanding the league to twelve teams.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: Andrew John Bailey (born 30 March 1959) is a British central banker who has been Governor of the Bank of England since 16 March 2020.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: Previously he served as the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from January 2004 until April 2011, Deputy Governor of the Bank of England for Prudential Regulation from April 2013 to July 2016 and Chief Executive of the Financial Conduct Authority from 2016 to 2020.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: Bailey attended Wyggeston Boys' Grammar School, Leicester, from where he went to Queens' College, Cambridge, where he gained a bachelor's degree in History (promoted to MA by seniority in 1985) and a PhD from the Faculty of History, University of Cambridge in 1984 with a thesis on "The impact of the Napoleonic Wars on the development of the cotton industry in Lancashire: a study of the structure and behaviour of firms during the Industrial Revolution".


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: After university, Bailey became a research officer at the London School of Economics, before joining the Bank of England in 1985.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: He has worked at the Bank of England in a number of areas, most recently as executive director for banking services and as Chief Cashier, as well as head of the bank's Special Resolution Unit (SRU). Previous roles include Governor's private secretary, and head of the International Economic Analysis Division in Monetary Analysis.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: Between the onset of the financial crisis in August 2007 and until April 2011, Bailey was responsible for the bank's special operations to resolve problems in the banking sector, and in 2009 was chairman and chief executive of Dunfermline Building Society Bridge Bank Ltd.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: On 1 April 2013, Bailey became the chief executive of the new Prudential Regulation Authority and the first deputy governor of the Bank of England for Prudential Regulation.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: On 26 January 2016, it was announced that Andrew Bailey would take over as CEO of the UK Financial Conduct Authority. He replaced Tracey McDermott, who became acting CEO after Martin Wheatley resigned following a vote of no confidence by George Osborne in July 2015.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: In September 2019, allegations were made of Bailey falling asleep during a meeting between campaigners acting on behalf of the British Steel Pension Scheme (BSPS) and the FCA and of him failing to take swift action to protect those affected by what would become one of the UK's biggest pension mis-selling scandals. A subsequent National Audit Office probe into the case concluded that members of the BSPS suffered significant financial losses because the FCA failed to take action on numerous reports of some FCA-authorised firms giving unsuitable transfer advice. This led to parliamentarians commenting that the FCA was asleep at the wheel.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: In March 2020, the Treasury Select Committee criticised the performance of the Financial Conduct Authority. The committee said it would monitor closely the culture, operations and transparency of the FCA. This followed damning criticisms of the watchdog by consumer and industry groups during Bailey’s tenure as its chief executive.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: On 3 June 2019, it was reported in "The Times" that Bailey was the favourite to replace Mark Carney as the new Governor of the Bank of England. Sajid Javid had also intervened in support of Bailey. According to "The Economist": "He is widely seen within the bank as a safe pair of hands, an experienced technocrat who knows how to manage an organisation."


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: In 2021, Bailey objected to the title of a report by the House of Lords' Economic Affairs Committee, "Quantitative easing: a dangerous addiction?", saying "[Addiction] is a word that has a very damaging and particular meaning to many people who are suffering. I think it is wrong to use that word loosely, and frankly I think it was a very poor choice of language".


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: In February 2022, Bailey faced criticism from union leaders over his comments asking workers not to demand a pay rise, in the context of the current cost-of-living crisis. When pressed by parliamentarians as to Bailey's salary (in contrast to the average earnings of care workers) Bailey replied with an approximate figure of £500,000, also stating "I can't tell you exactly what it is, I don't carry that around in my head".


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: In May 2022, Bailey stated that rising food prices is a "major worry" for the UK and other countries. He stated how it "is a major, major worry and it's not just I have to tell you a major worry for this country. There's a major worry for the developing world as well. And so if I had to sort of, sorry for being apocalyptic for a moment, but that is a major concern." Bailey said the war in Ukraine was affecting food supplies.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: Following the "mini-budget", Bailey said on Monday that the BoE "will not hesitate" to raise interest rates if needed to meet its 2% inflation target, and that it was watching financial markets "very closely" following sharp moves in asset prices.


title: Andrew Bailey (banker)

text: He is married to Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey, professor of political science and head of the Department of Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).


title: Royal Crescent

text: The Royal Crescent is a row of 30 terraced houses laid out in a sweeping crescent in the city of Bath, England. Designed by the architect John Wood, the Younger and built between 1767 and 1774, it is among the greatest examples of Georgian architecture to be found in the United Kingdom and is a Grade I listed building. Although some changes have been made to the various interiors over the years, the Georgian stone facade remains much as it was when first built.


title: Royal Crescent

text: The crescent has 114 Ionic columns on the first floor with an entablature in a Palladian style above. It was the first crescent of terraced houses to be built and an example of ""rus in urbe"" (the country in the city) with its views over the parkland opposite.


title: Royal Crescent

text: Many notable people have either lived or stayed in the Royal Crescent since it was built over 240 years ago, and some are commemorated on special plaques attached to the relevant buildings. Of the crescent's 30 townhouses, 10 are still full-size townhouses; 18 have been split into flats of various sizes; one is the No. 1 Royal Crescent museum and the large central house at number 16 is The Royal Crescent Hotel & Spa.


title: Royal Crescent

text: The street that is known today as "the Royal Crescent" was originally named "The Crescent." It is claimed that the adjective "Royal" was added at the end of the 18th century after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany had stayed there. He initially rented number one and later bought number 16. The Royal Crescent is close to Victoria Park and linked via Brock Street to The Circus which had been designed by John Wood, the Elder.


title: Royal Crescent

text: The land on which the Royal Crescent stands was bought from Sir Benet Garrard of the Garrard baronets, who were the landlords, in December 1766. Between 1767 and 1775 John Wood designed the great curved facade with Ionic columns on a rusticated ground floor. Each original purchaser bought a length of the façade, and then employed their own architect to build a house behind the facade to their own specifications; hence what can appear to be two houses is occasionally just one. This system of town planning is betrayed at the rear and can be seen from the road behind the Crescent: while the front is uniform and symmetrical, the rear is a mixture of differing roof heights, juxtapositions and fenestration. This architecture, described as ""Queen Anne fronts and Mary-Anne backs"", occurs repeatedly in Bath. It was the first crescent of terraced houses to be built and an example of ""rus in urbe"" (the country in the city) with its views over the parkland opposite.


title: Royal Crescent

text: In front of the Royal Crescent is a ha-ha, a ditch on which the inner side is vertical and faced with stone, with the outer face sloped and turfed, making an effective but invisible partition between the lower and upper lawns. The ha-ha is designed so as not to interrupt the view from Royal Victoria Park, and to be invisible until seen from close by. It is not known whether it was contemporary with the building of the Royal Crescent, however it is known that when it was first created it was deeper than it is at present. The railings between the crescent and the lawn were included in the Heritage at Risk Register produced by English Heritage but have been restored and removed from the register.


title: Royal Crescent

text: In 2003, the archaeological television programme "Time Team" dug the Royal Crescent in search of a Roman cemetery and the Fosse Way. The remains of a Roman wall were found behind the crescent and evidence of possible Iron and Bronze Age settlement on the lawn in front.


title: Royal Crescent

text: In the late 19th century five cast iron lamp columns with decorative scrollwork were added. In 1921, architect Robert Tor Russell used the Crescent as a source of inspiration to design the central business district of Connaught Place, New Delhi, India.


title: Royal Crescent

text: During the Bath Blitz of World War II, known as the Baedecker Raids or Baedeker Blitz, some bomb damage occurred, the most serious being the gutting of numbers 2 and 17 by incendiaries. After World War II, during a period of redevelopment which is described as the "Sack of Bath", the City Council considered plans that would have seen the Crescent transformed into Council offices. These were unsuccessful.


title: Royal Crescent

text: During the 20th century many of the houses which had formerly been the residences of single families with maids or other staff were divided into flats and offices. However, the tradition of distinguished gentlefolk retiring to the crescent continued. The whole crescent was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1950. Number 16 became a guest house in 1950. In 1971 it was combined with number 15 to become the "Royal Crescent Hotel" occupying the central properties of the Crescent, which were renovated and additional rooms in pavilions and coach houses within the gardens included in the accommodation. It was sold in 1978 to John Tham, the chairman of the London Sloane Club, and restored. It was later purchased by Von Essen Hotels, which became insolvent in 2011. In September 2011 it was expected that London & Regional Properties would purchase the hotel, but negotiations ended in January 2012 without a deal. On 2 April 2012, investment company the Topland Group announced that it had purchased the Royal Crescent Hotel.


title: Royal Crescent

text: In the 1970s the resident of No 22, Miss Amabel Wellesley-Colley, painted her front door yellow instead of the traditional white. Bath City Council issued a notice insisting it should be repainted. A court case ensued which resulted in the Secretary of State for the Environment declaring that the door could remain yellow. Other proposals for alteration and development including floodlighting and a swimming pool have been defeated.


title: Royal Crescent

text: The first resident of Number 1 was Thomas Brock, Town Clerk of Chester, for whom Brock Street was named. His sister Elizabeth had married the architect of the Crescent, John Wood, the Younger. Brock's first tenant at No. 1 was Henry Sandford, a retired Irish MP who rented the house from 1776 until his death in Bath in 1796. Sandford was described as a 'gentleman of the most benevolent disposition'. William Wilberforce stayed at Number 2 in 1798. Christopher Anstey, a well-known writer of the time, was resident in number 4 from 1770 until 1805, although the plaque to him is placed on number 5. Jean Baptiste, Vicomte du Barre took over number 8 in 1778 and hosted parties and gambling. He died in a duel on Claverton Down and is buried in the churchyard at the Church of St Nicholas in Bathampton. From 1768 to 1774 number 9 was home to Philip Thicknesse, a soldier of fortune. Number 11 was home to the family of Thomas Linley, a singing-master and conductor of the concerts from 1771. His eldest daughter Elizabeth Ann Linley, a singer in her own right, eloped with the playwright and poet Richard Brinsley Sheridan. The centre house of the crescent (#16) was used as a residence and to host blue stocking events by Elizabeth Montagu.


title: Royal Crescent

text: In the nineteenth century the popularity of the Crescent and 'taking the waters' at the Roman Baths diminished somewhat. Amongst the residents of Royal Crescent during this time were the electoral reformer Francis Burdett who lived at number 16 from 1814 to 1822 and his daughter Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts. The retired Admiral William Hargood lived at number 9 from 1834 until 1839 and in 1866 the same house was home to Edward Bulwer-Lytton. The jurist and explorer Thomas Falconer briefly lived at number 18 before his death in 1882. A few years later the house next door at number 17 became home to Isaac Pitman who developed the most widely used system of shorthand, now known as Pitman shorthand. English professor George Saintsbury took up residence at number 1A in 1916.


title: Royal Crescent

text: The houses and flats in the Crescent are a mixture of tenures. After World War II when there was a shortage of housing and the city council bought up older properties, including some in Royal Crescent, as public housing to rent out. The Housing Act 1985 changed the succession of Council Houses and facilitated the transfer of council housing to not-for-profit housing associations. Several were subsequently sold into private ownership, however one remains in council ownership.


title: Royal Crescent

text: No. 1 Royal Crescent is a historic house museum, owned and maintained by the Bath Preservation Trust through its membership to illustrate how wealthy owners of the late 18th century might have furnished and occupied such a house. It was purchased in 1967 by Major Bernard Cayzer, a member of the family that made its fortune through the Clan shipping line. He donated it to the Trust with an amount of money for its restoration and furnishing. The restoration was led by Philip Jebb. The Bath Preservation Trust was working during 2012–13 to re-unite Number One with its original servants' wing at Number 1A Royal Crescent, which has been in use as a separate dwelling for many years. No. 1 serves as the Trust's headquarters. Number 15 and 16 are still used as a hotel.


title: Royal Crescent

text: Bath and North East Somerset council made an order banning coaches and buses from the crescent, after many years of complaints by residents that the tours given to tourists were disruptive, particularly because of the amplified commentary given by tour guides on open top buses.


title: Royal Crescent

text: The crescent is long and each building is almost high, including small rooms with dormer windows in the attic. The ground floor is plain emphasising the columns and windows of the first floor. The 114 columns are in diameter reaching , each with an entablature deep in a Palladian style. The central house (now the Royal Crescent Hotel) boasts two sets of coupled columns with a single window between them which is the middle of the crescent.


title: Royal Crescent

text: They are built of Bath stone. They have slate roofs but were originally stone tiled. The appearance of each house is very similar with only minor variations between them for example some have small balconettes on the first floor. Many of the windows have been restored to their original style with glazing bars rather than the horned plate glass sash windows which had been installed in the 19th or early 20th centuries. Some of the window sills had also been lowered. This has been reversed at Number 1 but policy has since changed with a decision to keep the alterations which were made in the 19th century. In front of the houses are cast iron railings which are mirrored by those on the opposite side of the road at the top of Victoria Park. The road is surfaced with pennant stone laid when the crescent was constructed.


title: Royal Crescent

text: In 1965, the black comedy "The Wrong Box" (1966) used the Crescent extensively as a location, standing in for London.


title: Royal Crescent

text: The 1965 film "Catch Us If You Can" had a sequence filmed outside the Crescent, and in one of its houses.


title: Royal Crescent

text: In 2007, a TV edition of Jane Austen's "Persuasion" included many scenes shot at the Crescent, where the Elliot family was supposedly living while in Bath.


title: Royal Crescent

text: The fictional heroine of 2008 BBC1 archaeology thriller "Bonekickers" was depicted as living in the Crescent.


title: Royal Crescent

text: In 2020, the Crescent was first used in the Netflix series "Bridgerton" and continued to be used in later seasons.


title: Manga artist

text: A is a comic artist who writes and/or illustrates manga. As of 2006, about 3,000 professional manga artists were working in Japan.


title: Manga artist

text: Most manga artists study at an art college or manga school or take on an apprenticeship with another artist before entering the industry as a primary creator. More rarely a manga artist breaks into the industry directly, without previously being an assistant. For example, Naoko Takeuchi, author of "Sailor Moon", won a Kodansha Manga Award contest and manga pioneer Osamu Tezuka was first published while studying an unrelated degree, without working as an assistant.


title: Manga artist

text: A manga artist will rise to prominence through recognition of their ability when they spark the interest of institutions, individuals or a demographic of manga consumers. For example, there are contests which prospective manga artist may enter, sponsored by manga editors and publishers. This can also be accomplished through producing a one-shot. While sometimes a stand-alone manga, with enough positive reception it can be serialized in a weekly, monthly, or quarterly format. They are also recognized for the number of manga they run at any given moment.


title: Manga artist

text: The manga corresponds to the medium of art the artist uses: comics, or Japanese comics, depending on how the term is used inside or outside Japan.


title: Manga artist

text: The -"ka" (家) suffix implies a degree of expertise and traditional authorship. For example, this term would not be applied to a writer creating a story which is then handed over to a manga artist for drawing. The Japanese term for such a writer of comics is .


title: Manga artist

text: In a 2010 message Japan Cartoonists Association chairman, Takashi Yanase says: "[w]hile Japan is often said to be world's cartoon kingdom, not a few people will surely be wondering what exactly the Japanese mean by the term 'cartoon'. Unfortunately, there is no hard-and-fast definition that can be offered, since the members of this association lay claim to an extensive variety of works."


title: Manga artist

text: Traditionally in order to become a manga artist, one would need to send their work into a competition held by various publishing companies. If they won their work would be published and they would be assigned an editor and officially "debut" as a manga artist. Nowadays there are many self-published manga artists on the internet posting their work on websites. It is possible for these manga artists' works to be officially picked up by a publishing company, such as Shueisha. For example, "One-Punch Man" started off as a webcomic before Shueisha began publishing a manga remake on "Tonari No Young Jump."


title: Manga artist

text: While Japan does have a thriving independent comic market for amateur and semi-professional artists, creating manga professionally is rarely a solo effort. Manga artists must work with an assortment of others to get their work completed, published, and into the hands of readers.


title: Manga artist

text: Most professionally published manga artists work with an editor, who is considered the boss of the manga artist and supervises series production. The editor gives advice on the layout and art of the manga, vets the story direction and pace, ensures that deadlines are met, and generally makes sure that the manga stays up to company standards. Naoki Urasawa compared the relationship between a manga artist and their editor to that of the one between a music producer and a recording artist, specifically citing George Martin's relationship with The Beatles. The editor may also function as a brand manager and publicist for a series. When a manga is the basis for a media franchise, the editor may also supervise the designs for anime adaptations, and similar products, though this duty may also fall to the manga artist or an agent. An example of a manga artist and their editor is Akira Toriyama and Kazuhiko Torishima.


title: Manga artist

text: A manga artist may both write and illustrate a series of their own creation, or may work together with an author. The manga artist typically has a strong influence on dialog even when paired with a writer, as any conversation must fit within the physical constraints imposed by the art. Takeshi Obata of "Death Note", Tetsuo Hara of "Fist of the North Star", and Ryoichi Ikegami of "Sanctuary" are all successful manga artists who have worked with writers through the majority of their careers.


title: Manga artist

text: Most manga artists have assistants who help them complete their work in a clean and timely manner. The duties of assistants vary widely, as the term incorporates all people working for a manga artist's art studio, but is most commonly used to refer to secondary artists. The number of assistant artists also varies widely between manga artists, but is typically at least three. Other manga artists instead form work groups known as "circles" but do not use additional assistants, such as the creative team CLAMP. A few manga artists have no assistants at all, and prefer to do everything themselves, but this is considered exceptional.


title: Manga artist

text: Assistants are commonly used for inking, lettering, and shading, though the predominance of black and white art in manga means that unlike in the western comic industry, a studio rarely employs a colorist. Some manga artists only do the sketchwork for their art, and have their numerous assistants fill in all of the details, but it is more common for assistants to deal with background and cameo art, leaving the manga artist to focus on drawing and inking the characters. Assistants may also be employed to perform specialized artistic tasks. Go Nagai, for instance, at one time employed a specialist to draw helicopters and other military vehicles, Kaoru Mori employed a historical consultant for "Emma", and series that incorporates photorealistic architecture, animals, computer-rendered imagery, or other technically demanding effects may employ or contract separate artists trained in those techniques. Assistants almost never help the manga artist with the plot of their manga, beyond being a sounding board for ideas. A manga artist's assistants might be listed in the credits for a manga tankōbon, and short interviews with or illustrations by assistant artists are a common form of bonus material in these collections, but they typically do not receive individual credits.


title: Manga artist

text: Most manga artists started out as assistants, such as Miwa Ueda to Naoko Takeuchi, Leiji Matsumoto to Osamu Tezuka, Kaoru Shintani to Leiji Matsumoto, and Eiichiro Oda, Hiroyuki Takei and Mikio Itō to Nobuhiro Watsuki, who was himself an assistant to Takeshi Obata. It is also possible for an assistant to have an entire career as such without becoming an independent manga artist. Assistants, particularly specialists, may work with several different manga artists at the same time, and many assistants also self-publish works of their own in the dōjinshi scene.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: Susanna (; : "lily"), also called Susanna and the Elders, is a narrative included in the Book of Daniel (as chapter 13) by the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches and Eastern Orthodox Churches. It is one of the additions to Daniel, placed in the Apocrypha by Protestants, with Anabaptists, Lutherans, Anglicans and Methodists regarding it as non-canonical but useful for purposes of edification. The text is not included in the Jewish Tanakh and is not mentioned in early Jewish literature, although it does appear to have been part of the original Septuagint from the 2nd century BC, and was revised by Theodotion, a Hellenistic Jewish redactor of the Septuagint text ( 150 AD).


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: A fair Hebrew wife named Susanna was falsely accused by lecherous voyeurs. As she bathes in her garden, having sent her attendants away, two elders, having previously said goodbye to each other, bump into each other again when they spy on her bathing. The two men realize they both lust for Susanna. When she makes her way back to her house, they accost her, demanding she have sexual intercourse with them. When she refuses, they have her arrested, claiming that the reason she sent her maids away was to be alone as she was having intercourse with a young man under a tree.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: She refuses to be blackmailed and is arrested and about to be put to death for adultery when the young Daniel interrupts the proceedings, shouting that the elders should be questioned to prevent the death of an innocent.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: After being separated, the two men are cross-examined about details of what they saw but disagree about the tree under which Susanna supposedly met her lover. In the Greek text, the names of the trees cited by the elders form puns with the sentences given by Daniel. The first says they were under a mastic tree (, ), and Daniel says that an angel stands ready to cut (, ) him in two. The second says they were under an evergreen oak tree (, ), and Daniel says that an angel stands ready to saw (, ) him in two.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: The great difference in size between a mastic and an oak makes the elders' lie plain to all the observers. The false accusers are put to death, and virtue triumphs.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: The Greek puns in the texts have been cited by some as proof that the text never existed in Hebrew or Aramaic, but other researchers have suggested pairs of words for trees and cutting that sound similar enough to suppose that they could have been used in an original.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: The Greek text survives in two versions. The received version is due to Theodotion; this has superseded the original Septuagint version, which now survives only in Syriac translation, in Papyrus 967 (3rd century CE), and exceptionally in a single medieval manuscript, known as Codex Chisianus 88.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: Sextus Julius Africanus did not regard the story as canonical. Jerome (347–420), while translating the Vulgate, treated this section as a non-canonical fable.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: In his introduction, he indicated that Susanna was an apocryphal addition because it was not present in the Hebrew text of Daniel. Origen received the story as part of the 'divine books' and censured 'wicked presbyters' who did not recognize its authenticity ("Hom Lev 1.3."), remarking that the story was commonly read in the early Church ("Letter to Africanus"); and claimed the two Elders who had accused Susanna were Ahab ben Kolaiah and Zedekiah ben Masseiah, (Jeremiah 21:20); he also noted the story's absence in the Hebrew text, observing (in "Epistola ad Africanum") that it was "hidden" by the Jews in some fashion. Origen's claim is reminiscent of Justin Martyr's charge that Jewish scribes 'removed' certain verses from their Scriptures ("Dialogue with Trypho: C.71-3"). Although omitted from current Jewish scripture, the story of Susanna is acknowledged to have been part of Jewish tradition in the Second Temple period.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: The story is portrayed on the Lothair Crystal, an engraved rock crystal made in the Lotharingia region of northwest Europe in the mid 9th century, now in the British Museum.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: The story was frequently painted from about 1470. Susanna is the subject of paintings by many artists, including (but not limited to) Lorenzo Lotto ("Susanna and the Elders", 1517), Guido Reni, Rubens, Van Dyck ("Susanna and the Elders"), Tintoretto, Rembrandt, Tiepolo, and Artemisia Gentileschi ("Susanna and the Elders", 1610). Some treatments, especially in the Baroque period, emphasize the drama, others concentrate on the nude; a 19th-century version by Francesco Hayez (National Gallery, London) has no elders visible at all. The Uruguayan painter Juan Manuel Blanes also painted two versions of the story, most notably one where the two voyeurs are not in sight, and Susanna looks to her right with a concerned expression on her face.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: In 1681 Alessandro Stradella wrote an oratorio in two parts "La Susanna" for Francesco II, Duke of Modena, based upon the story.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: Susanna (and not Peter Quince) is the subject of the 1915 poem "Peter Quince at the Clavier" by Wallace Stevens, which has been set to music by the American composer Dominic Argento and by the Canadian Gerald Berg.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: American artist Thomas Hart Benton (1889–1975) painted a modern Susanna in 1938, now at the de Young Museum in San Francisco. He consciously included pubic hair, unlike the statue-like images of classical art. The fable was set during the Great Depression, and Benton included himself as one of the voyeurs.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: The Belgian writer Marnix Gijsen borrows elements of the story in his first novel "Het boek van Joachim van Babylon", 1947.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: Pablo Picasso, too, rendered the subject in the mid-twentieth century, depicting Susanna much as he depicts his other less abstract reclining nudes. The elders are depicted as paintings hanging on the wall behind her. The picture, painted in 1955, is part of the permanent collection at the Museo Picasso Málaga.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: The American opera "Susannah" by Carlisle Floyd, which takes place in the American South of the 20th century, is also inspired by this story, with the addition of a traveling preacher who seduces Susannah.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: Shakespeare refers to this biblical episode in the trial scene of "The Merchant of Venice", where first Shylock and then Gratiano praise Portia as being "A second Daniel" because of her sound judgments. Shakespeare is assumed to have named his eldest daughter after the biblical character.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

text: The story is also repeated in the "One Thousand and One Nights" under the name "The Devout Woman and the Two Wicked Elders".


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: The Kingdom of God Is Within You (pre-reform Russian: ; post-reform ) is a non-fiction book written by Leo Tolstoy. A Christian anarchist philosophical treatise, the book was first published in Germany in 1894 after being banned in his home country of Russia. It is the culmination of 30 years of Tolstoy's thinking, and lays out a new organization for society based on an interpretation of Christianity focusing on universal love.


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: "The Kingdom of God Is Within You" is a key text for Tolstoyan proponents of nonviolence, of nonviolent resistance, and of the Christian anarchist movement.


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: The title of the book originates from . In the book, Tolstoy speaks of the principle of nonviolent resistance when confronted by violence, as taught by Jesus Christ. When Christ says to turn the other cheek, Tolstoy asserts that Christ means to abolish violence, even the defensive kind, and to give up revenge. Tolstoy rejects the interpretation of Roman and medieval scholars who attempted to limit its scope.