title: Marquese Chriss

text: Chriss made his debut for the Suns in their season opener on October 26, 2016, against the team that originally drafted him, the Sacramento Kings. In 22 minutes off the bench, he recorded seven points, four rebounds, two assists, and one block in a 113–94 loss. With Chriss playing alongside Devin Booker and fellow rookie Dragan Bender, the Suns became the first NBA team to have three teenagers on the floor in the same game. He made his first start for the Suns on November 8 against the Portland Trail Blazers, recording seven points, four rebounds, and one block in 20 minutes of play during the 124–121 loss. On December 13, he recorded his first career double-double with 14 points and 12 rebounds in a 113–111 overtime win over the New York Knicks. On January 25, 2017, he was named in the U.S. Team for the 2017 Rising Stars Challenge. Five days later, Chriss had his first 20-point game in a 115–96 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. On February 2, he was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for games played in January, after averaging 8.3 points, 3.6 rebounds, and 1.4 steals for the month. Two days later, he scored a career-high 27 points in a 137–112 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks. On March 5, he had a career-best five blocked shots in a 109–106 win over the Boston Celtics. His five blocks were the most by a Suns rookie since Amar'e Stoudemire had six in November 2002. On March 15, he tied his career high of five blocks in a 107–101 loss to the Sacramento Kings. On April 1, he recorded 19 points and a career-high 13 rebounds in a 130–117 loss to Portland. As a rookie, Chriss played in all 82 games—the only Suns player to do so in 2016–17. At the season's end, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team, becoming the 14th player in franchise history to be named All-Rookie.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: In July 2017, Chriss re-joined the Suns for the 2017 NBA Summer League. In five games, Chriss averaged 14.4 points, 6.0 rebounds, 1.0 assists and 1.0 blocks per game. On December 26, 2017, Chriss tied a career high with 13 rebounds in a 99–97 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. On January 12, 2018, Chriss missed the Suns' game against the Houston Rockets due to a hip injury, ending a streak of 124 consecutive games to begin his career. It was the longest streak by a Sun since Kyle Macy played in the first 329 games of his pro career from 1980 to 1984. He returned to action on January 26 after missing six games, and was 1-for-12 from the field for three points in a 107–85 loss to the New York Knicks. On January 31, in a 102–88 win over the Dallas Mavericks, Chriss reached 100 career steals, three-pointers and blocks at 20 years, 213 days old. He became the third youngest player ever to reach 100 of each with only LeBron James and Kevin Durant doing so younger. On April 1, Chriss scored a season-high 22 points against the Golden State Warriors. He topped that mark on April 6 with 23 points against the New Orleans Pelicans.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On August 31, 2018, Chriss was traded, alongside Brandon Knight, to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Ryan Anderson and De'Anthony Melton. On October 30, 2018, after missing the first five games of the season with a sprained left ankle, Chriss made his debut for the Rockets, recording four points and two rebounds in a 104–85 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. The Rockets declined the $4 million option for the 2019–20 season on Chriss' rookie contract, which would make him a free agent at the conclusion of the season.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On February 7, 2019, Chriss was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade involving the Rockets and Sacramento Kings. On March 12, Chriss was suspended for one game without pay due to an altercation with Serge Ibaka during a game against the Toronto Raptors.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On October 1, 2019, Chriss signed with the Golden State Warriors. He was waived by the Warriors on January 7, 2020, to make room for two-way contract player, Damion Lee, who was given a guaranteed contract for the remainder of the 2019–20 season. Chriss averaged 7.3 points and 5.4 rebounds per game, earning respect from teammates and coaches. The Warriors faced a hard cap that season that prevented them from keeping both Lee and Chriss. On January 15, the Warriors re-signed Chriss to a two-way contract, which was later converted into a 2-year rest-of-season contract. On December 26, 2020, Chriss suffered a broken right leg and missed the rest of the season.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On March 25, 2021, Chriss was traded along with cash considerations to the San Antonio Spurs in exchange for the draft rights to Cady Lalanne. Chriss was waived by the Spurs three days later.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On September 23, 2021, Chriss signed with the Portland Trail Blazers, but was waived on October 16 after four preseason games.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On December 21, 2021, Chriss signed a 10-day contract with the Dallas Mavericks. He signed a second 10-day contract with the Mavericks on December 31, and signed a third 10-day contract on January 10, 2022. He signed a two-year contract on January 15.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On June 24, 2022, Chriss was traded alongside Boban Marjanović, Trey Burke, Sterling Brown, and the draft rights to Wendell Moore Jr. to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Christian Wood.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: On September 30, 2022, Chriss was traded, along with Trey Burke, David Nwaba, and Sterling Brown, to the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange for Derrick Favors, Ty Jerome, Maurice Harkless, Théo Maledon and a future second-round pick. On October 17, Chriss was waived by the Thunder.


title: Marquese Chriss

text: Chriss is the fourth-oldest of 9 brothers and sisters. He has three older and three younger sisters, and is the oldest of four brothers. His father is Steven Chriss. His mother is Shawntae Wright, a licensed clinical social worker in Placer County, California. Chriss' stepfather, Michael Wright, had lived in Tacoma, Washington, and the visits to the Northwest were considered an influence to him going to the University of Washington.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Mato Grosso ( – lit. "Thick Bush") is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.9% of the Brazilian GDP.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Neighboring states (from west clockwise) are: Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. The state is roughly 82.2% of the size of its southwest neighbor, the nation of Bolivia. A state with a flat landscape that alternates between vast "chapadas" and plain areas, Mato Grosso contains three main ecosystems: the Cerrado, the Pantanal and the Amazon rainforest.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, with caves, grottoes, tracks, and waterfalls, is one of its tourist attractions. The extreme northwest of the state has a small part of the Amazonian forest. The Xingu Indigenous Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso. Farther south, the Pantanal, the world's largest wetland, is the habitat for nearly one thousand species of animals and many aquatic birds.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The terrain of Mato Grosso is varied and includes cliffs, canyons, and waterfalls. It is home to the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, a unique environment of sandstone mountains that have eroded into amazingly varied terrain.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The biologically rich Pantanal, one of the world's largest wetland/prairie ecosystems, is also located within this state. Much environmental degradation has occurred to the Pantanal since the late 20th century because of development, and efforts to contain or slow it have had limited success. The Pantanal has a habitat similar to that of the Everglades in Florida in the United States, although the Pantanal is on a much larger scale.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The Bororo Indians live in the Mato Grosso area. As late as 1880, soldiers patrolled lands on the outskirts of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso's capital and largest city, to protect settlers from Bororo raids.


title: Mato Grosso

text: By the end of the 19th century, although severely reduced by disease and by warfare with explorers, slave traders, prospectors, settlers, and other indigenous groups, as many as five to 10 thousand Bororo continued to occupy central and eastern Mato Grosso, as well as western Goiás. The southwestern part of this state was ceded by Brazil to Bolivia in exchange for the then-Bolivian territory of Acre, according to the Treaty of Petrópolis in 1903.


title: Mato Grosso

text: This historically remote area attracted expeditions of exploration in the early 20th century that sought to find lost civilizations. A notable example was British Captain Percy Fawcett's expedition to find the Lost City of Z which he believed existed in the jungles of Brazil. Certain proponents of the Hollow Earth hypothesis speculated that the region had sites of access to the interior of the earth and its settlements.


title: Mato Grosso

text: In 1977, the state was split into two halves, and the neighboring state of Mato Grosso do Sul was created from the other part of its territory.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Mato Grosso had a high rate of population growth in the 20th century due to timber, ranching and agricultural development. The state as a whole has one of the lowest population densities of any Brazilian state. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), 3,441,998 people resided in the state as of 2018. The population density was 3.8 inhabitants/km.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Ethnically, the state includes a relatively high proportion of caboclos (persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry), as do other areas of interior Brazil. The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 1,532,000 Brown (Mixed) people (50.92%); 1,179,000 White people (39.16%); 239,000 Black people (7.93%); 41,000 Amerindian people (1.37%); and 14,000 Asian people (0.45%).


title: Mato Grosso

text: Portuguese is the official national language and the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also taught as part of the official high school curriculum.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Agriculture is the largest component of the state's GDP at 40.8%, followed by the service sector at 40.2%. The industrial sector represents 19% of the GDP (2004). Mato Grosso's major exports include soybeans (83%), wood (5.6%), meats (4.8%), and cotton (3.3%) (2002).


title: Mato Grosso

text: In 2020, Mato Grosso was the leader in the national grain production, with 28.0%. It's the largest producer of soy in Brazil, with 26.9% of the total produced in 2020 (33.0 million tons); the largest producer of maize in the country; the largest producer of cotton in Brazil, with around 65% of national production (1.8 out of the 2.8 million tons harvested in the country).; the sixth largest producer of sugarcane in the country, 16 million tons harvested in the 2019/20 harvest.; and the third largest producer of beans, with 10.5% of Brazilian production. In sunflowers, the state was the largest national producer in 2019, with 60,000 tons. In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Mato Grosso produced 287,000 tons at this year.


title: Mato Grosso

text: In 2019, the cattle herd from Mato Grosso reached the mark of 30 million cattle, the largest cattle herd in the country, representing almost 14% of national production alone. In 2018, Mato Grosso was the fifth largest pork producer in the country, with a herd of around 2.5 million animals.


title: Mato Grosso

text: In 2017, Mato Grosso had 1.15% of the national mineral participation (fifth place in the country). Mato Grosso had production of gold (8.3 tons at a value of R$1 billion) and tin (536 tons at a value of R$16 million). In addition, in gemstones, the state is the second largest national producer of diamond, having extracted 49,000 carats in the year 2017. The city of Juína is the main one in this activity in the state. The state also has a small production of sapphire and jasper.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Mato Grosso had an industrial GDP of R$17.0 billion in 2017, equivalent to 1.4% of the national industry. It employs 141,121 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (32.0%), Food (27.9%), Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (18.6%), Beverages (4.5%) and Oil Products Oil and Biofuels (3.9%). These five sectors concentrate 86.9% of the state's industry.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Mato Grosso had, in 2020, 141,171 km of municipal roads; on the roads of the state of Mato Grosso there were 22,399 km of unpaved roads, 7,281 km of paved roads and 81 km of duplicated highways. In the federal road network, there were 3,649 km of roads, including 330 km of duplicated highways. Mato Grosso, despite being a more recently occupied state, already has a 2-lane highway in each direction connecting the capital Cuiabá to one of the largest cities in the state, Rondonópolis, then to the border with Mato Grosso do Sul.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Marechal Rondon International Airport, located from the city center of Cuiabá, in the suburb of Várzea Grande, started receiving international flights in 1996. It now serves more than half a million passengers a year.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The runway at Marechal Rondon was opened to traffic in 1956. In February 1975, Infraero took over the airport's administration and began various upgrades to meet the needs of the airport complex.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The connects Mato Grosso with the state of São Paulo and sea ports. Rumo Logística only operates freight trains on the line, which runs as far inland as Rondonópolis. An extension northward to Cuiabá and Lucas do Rio Verde is planned as of 2021.


title: Mato Grosso

text: It crosses the large Rollemberg–Vuolo Bridge over the Paraná River when passing into Mato Grosso do Sul.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The state flag has similar colors to the flag of Brazil, with blue symbolizing the sky, green the vegetation, and white standing for peace. The star is yellow to symbolize the gold which attracted the first settlers. The flag was adopted by Decree No. 2 of January 31, 1890, just a few days after the adoption of the national flag. The Mato Grosso state flag was abolished by Law No. 1.046 of October 8, 1929, but reinstated by article 140 of the Constitution of the State of Mato Grosso on July 11, 1947.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The largest sandstone cavern in Brazil, Aroe Jari, extends nearly , and several prehistoric inscriptions can be found inside.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The Pantanal's backbone is the Paraguay River, which cuts through the region from north to south. The Miranda, Aquidauna, Taquari, and Cuiabá rivers flow into the Paraguay River. From October to April, the high waters reveal outsized lakes, bays, river branches, and outlets.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The Transpantaneira Highway connects the town of Poconé to Jofre Port, along the Cuiabá River bank. It is a dirt road with 126 wooden bridges, and extends for . On the way, it is possible to observe wild animals, especially alligators, capybaras, and birds, among other wild animals.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The Águas Quentes State Park, the first protected area in Mato Grosso, is known for the healing powers of its thermal waters.


title: Mato Grosso

text: The Gruta da Lagoa Azul State Park (Portuguese: "Parque Estadual Gruta da Lagoa Azul") is a state park in the municipality of Nobres, Mato Grosso, with an area of . Its primary attraction is a limestone cave with a pool of blue water and unusual cave formations. These have suffered from vandalism, causing the cave to be closed until measures to protect it could be implemented.


title: Mato Grosso

text: Cuiabá was one of 12 cities chosen to host the games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which took place in Brazil.


title: Mato Grosso

text: In the state were born the medalists of the World Championships Felipe Lima in swimming and David Moura in judo, in addition to the world champions of futsal Vinícius and Lenísio.


title: Altitude

text: Altitude or height (also sometimes known as depth) is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The exact definition and reference datum varies according to the context (e.g., aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, or atmospheric pressure). Although the term "altitude" is commonly used to mean the height above sea level of a location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage.


title: Altitude

text: In aviation, the term altitude can have several meanings, and is always qualified by explicitly adding a modifier (e.g. "true altitude"), or implicitly through the context of the communication. Parties exchanging altitude information must be clear which definition is being used.


title: Altitude

text: Aviation altitude is measured using either mean sea level (MSL) or local ground level (above ground level, or AGL) as the reference datum.


title: Altitude

text: Pressure altitude divided by 100 feet (30 m) is the flight level, and is used above the transition altitude ( in the US, but may be as low as in other jurisdictions). So when the altimeter reads the country-specific flight level on the standard pressure setting the aircraft is said to be at "Flight level XXX/100" (where XXX is the transition altitude). When flying at a flight level, the altimeter is always set to standard pressure (29.92 inHg or 1013.25 hPa).


title: Altitude

text: On the flight deck, the definitive instrument for measuring altitude is the pressure altimeter, which is an aneroid barometer with a front face indicating distance (feet or metres) instead of atmospheric pressure.


title: Altitude

text: The Earth's atmosphere is divided into several altitude regions. These regions start and finish at varying heights depending on season and distance from the poles. The altitudes stated below are averages:


title: Altitude

text: The Kármán line, at an altitude of above sea level, by convention defines represents the demarcation between the atmosphere and space. The thermosphere and exosphere (along with the higher parts of the mesosphere) are regions of the atmosphere that are conventionally defined as space.


title: Altitude

text: Regions on the Earth's surface (or in its atmosphere) that are high above mean sea level are referred to as high altitude. High altitude is sometimes defined to begin at above sea level.


title: Altitude

text: At high altitude, atmospheric pressure is lower than that at sea level. This is due to two competing physical effects: gravity, which causes the air to be as close as possible to the ground; and the heat content of the air, which causes the molecules to bounce off each other and expand.


title: Altitude

text: The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection. Sunlight in the visible spectrum hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly , and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.


title: Altitude

text: However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. This is known as an adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the adiabatic lapse rate, which is approximately 9.8 °C per kilometer (or per 1000 feet) of altitude.


title: Altitude

text: Note that the presence of water in the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. Water vapor contains latent heat of vaporization. As air rises and cools, it eventually becomes saturated and cannot hold its quantity of water vapor. The water vapor condenses (forming clouds), and releases heat, which changes the lapse rate from the dry adiabatic lapse rate to the moist adiabatic lapse rate (5.5 °C per kilometer or per 1000 feet).


title: Altitude

text: As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an international standard atmosphere (ISA) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 °C per kilometer (3.56 °F per 1,000 feet). The actual lapse rate can vary by altitude and by location.


title: Altitude

text: Finally, note that only the troposphere (up to approximately of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes notable convection; in the stratosphere, there is little vertical convection.


title: Altitude

text: Medicine recognizes that altitudes above start to affect humans, and there is no record of humans living at extreme altitudes above for more than two years. As the altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, which affects humans by reducing the partial pressure of oxygen. The lack of oxygen above can cause serious illnesses such as altitude sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, and high altitude cerebral edema. The higher the altitude, the more likely are serious effects. The human body can adapt to high altitude by breathing faster, having a higher heart rate, and adjusting its blood chemistry. It can take days or weeks to adapt to high altitude. However, above , (in the "death zone"), altitude acclimatization becomes impossible.


title: Altitude

text: There is a significantly lower overall mortality rate for permanent residents at higher altitudes. Additionally, there is a dose response relationship between increasing elevation and decreasing obesity prevalence in the United States. In addition, the recent hypothesis suggests that high altitude could be protective against Alzheimer's disease via action of erythropoietin, a hormone released by kidney in response to hypoxia.


title: Altitude

text: However, people living at higher elevations have a statistically significant higher rate of suicide. The cause for the increased suicide risk is unknown so far.


title: Altitude

text: For athletes, high altitude produces two contradictory effects on performance. For explosive events (sprints up to 400 metres, long jump, triple jump) the reduction in atmospheric pressure signifies less atmospheric resistance, which generally results in improved athletic performance. For endurance events (races of 5,000 metres or more) the predominant effect is the reduction in oxygen which generally reduces the athlete's performance at high altitude. Sports organizations acknowledge the effects of altitude on performance: the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF), for example, marks record performances achieved at an altitude greater than with the letter "A".


title: Altitude

text: Athletes also can take advantage of altitude acclimatization to increase their performance. The same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase performance back at sea level. These changes are the basis of altitude training which forms an integral part of the training of athletes in a number of endurance sports including track and field, distance running, triathlon, cycling and swimming.


title: Altitude

text: Decreased oxygen availability and decreased temperature make life at high altitude challenging. Despite these environmental conditions, many species have been successfully adapted at high altitudes. Animals have developed physiological adaptations to enhance oxygen uptake and delivery to tissues which can be used to sustain metabolism. The strategies used by animals to adapt to high altitude depend on their morphology and phylogeny. For example, small mammals face the challenge of maintaining body heat in cold temperatures, due to their small volume to surface area ratio. As oxygen is used as a source of metabolic heat production, the hypobaric hypoxia at high altitudes is problematic.


title: Altitude

text: There is also a general trend of smaller body sizes and lower species richness at high altitudes, likely due to lower oxygen partial pressures. These factors may decrease productivity in high altitude habitats, meaning there will be less energy available for consumption, growth, and activity.


title: Altitude

text: However, some species, such as birds, thrive at high altitude. Birds thrive because of physiological features that are advantageous for high-altitude flight.


title: Compression stockings

text: Compression stockings (Flight Socks, Support Bandage) are a specialized hosiery designed to help prevent the occurrence of, and guard against further progression of, venous disorders such as edema, phlebitis and thrombosis. Compression stockings are elastic compression garments worn around the leg, compressing the limb. This reduces the diameter of distended veins and increases venous blood flow velocity and valve effectiveness. Compression therapy helps decrease venous pressure, prevents venous stasis and impairments of venous walls, and relieves heavy and aching legs.


title: Compression stockings

text: Knee-high compression stockings are used not only to help increase circulation, but also to help prevent the formation of blood clots in the lower legs. They also aid in the treatment of ulcers of the lower legs.


title: Compression stockings

text: Unlike traditional dress or athletic stockings and socks, compression stockings use stronger elastics to create significant pressure on the legs, ankles and feet. Compression stockings are tightest at the ankles and gradually become less constrictive toward the knees and thighs. By compressing the surface veins, arteries and muscles, they force circulating blood through narrower channels. As a result, the arterial pressure is increased, which causes more blood to return to the heart and less blood to pool in the feet.


title: Compression stockings

text: Treatment is usually prescribed by a physician to relieve all manifestations of chronic venous disease and prevent venous troubles. Compression stockings are recommended under the following conditions:


title: Compression stockings

text: Edema is a condition where the opposing forces that occur in the small blood vessels and capillaries cause a net ultrafiltration of plasma water into the soft tissues.


title: Compression stockings

text: Chronic peripheral venous insufficiency is when the veins cannot pump deoxygenated blood back to the heart.


title: Compression stockings

text: Varicose veins are saccular and distended veins which can expand considerably and may cause painful venous inflammation. Once developed, they will not disappear on their own. The formation of varicose veins is an externally visible sign of venous weakness.


title: Compression stockings

text: Deep vein thrombosis occurs when blood flow decreases (especially in the lower extremities), causing blood to pool in the legs and leading to blood clot (thrombus) formation. Evidence does not suggest a benefit in post thrombotic syndrome rates following DVT. Compression stockings are beneficial in reducing symptomless deep vein thrombosis among airline passengers flying for 7 hours or more.


title: Compression stockings

text: Pharmacological (warfarin, unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin) and mechanical measures (graded compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression devices, and venous foot pumps) are used to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in clinical practice. For cases in which the bleeding risk is high and pharmacologic measures are contraindicated, the use of mechanical prophylaxis is recommended. Graduated compression stockings can effectively prevent VTE in hospitalized patients by applying different pressure to the leg. The meta-analysis of general surgical patients revealed that graduated compression stockings decreased their risk of developing VTE by 68% compared to placebo.


title: Compression stockings

text: Twenty randomized controlled trials analyzed the effectiveness of graduated compression stockings alone or with other additional prophylaxis in prevention of deep vein thrombosis. These trials included 1,681 patients after general surgery, orthopedic surgery, and medical patients. They concluded that graduated compression stockings are effective in deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in patients who have undergone general and orthopedic surgery.


title: Compression stockings

text: Combining graduated compression stockings with other mechanical and pharmacological measures can increase the effectiveness of VTE prophylaxis by 60%. However, another study performed in France involved 407 ICU patients and showed no difference in the effectiveness of the VTE prevention for patients who used compression stockings alone or in combination with intermittent pneumatic devices.


title: Compression stockings

text: Lymphedema occurs when a body part swells due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid, occurring when there is interference with the normal drainage of lymph fluid back into the blood, commonly swelling the arm, leg, neck or abdomen.


title: Compression stockings

text: Phlebitis is the term used when inflammation and clotting occurs in a vein, most often a leg vein, due to infection, inflammation, or trauma. People with varicose veins are more often affected. Inflammation occurs suddenly, causing the thrombus to adhere firmly to the vein wall and risking clogging a superficial vein.


title: Compression stockings

text: Lipodermatosclerosis is the term used to refer to the inflammation of subcutaneous fat, a form of panniculitis.


title: Compression stockings

text: Hormones released during pregnancy and the expanding uterus (pressure on the inferior vena cava – the major vein returning blood up to the heart) can affect leg veins.


title: Compression stockings

text: The use of elastic compression stockings can reduce volumetric variations during standing hours. The use of stockings for the entire day is more effective than just half the day or not using compression stockings at all.


title: Compression stockings

text: Many physicians and vein specialists recommend wearing compression stockings after varicose vein stripping, but studies show that wearing an elastic compression stocking has no additional benefit after the application of elastic bandaging for three days in post-operative care following the stripping of the great saphenous vein as assessed by control of limb, edema, pain, complications and return to work.


title: Compression stockings

text: Caution should be used in those with advanced peripheral obstructive arterial disease, heart failure, septic phlebitis, oozing dermatitis and advanced peripheral neuropathy in regard to wearing compression stockings.


title: Compression stockings

text: First the proper size stocking is determined by measuring the legs. Aseptic technique is not necessary unless the skin is open. The person is placed in the supine position in bed for fifteen minutes prior to measuring for fit. This allows for venous return and stability before measuring.


title: Compression stockings

text: Stockings are best applied upon waking before the person has gotten out of bed, has been sitting or standing and before venous stasis or edema has had a chance to develop.


title: Compression stockings

text: Fit is critical to the therapeutic effect of compression stockings. A study listed in the "American Journal of Nursing in August" 2008 showed that compression stockings were incorrectly sized in just under 30% of the cases studied. It found that additional education was needed not only for patients, but also for medical staff.


title: Compression stockings

text: These stockings are designed to remedy impaired "musculovenous pump" performance caused by incompetent leg vein valves. They are woven in such a way that the compression level is highest around the ankle and lessens towards the top of the hose.


title: Compression stockings

text: Doctors will typically recommend these stockings for those who are prone to blood clots, lower limb edema, and blood pooling in the legs and feet from prolonged periods of sitting or inactivity. They are also frequently used to address complications caused by diabetes, lymphedema, thrombosis, cellulitis, and other conditions.


title: Compression stockings

text: They are worn by those who are ambulatory in most cases, helping calf muscles to perform their pumping action more efficiently to return blood to the heart. In some cases, they are worn by those at increased risk of circulatory problems, such as diabetics, whose legs are prone to excessive swelling. A common indicator for the prescription of such stockings is chronic peripheral venous insufficiency, caused by incompetent perforator veins. Low-pressure compression stockings are available without prescription in most countries, and may be purchased at a pharmacy or medical supply store. Stockings with a higher pressure gradient, say, above 25–30 mmHg, may require a prescription from a doctor.


title: Compression stockings

text: Vascular doctors and nurses may use special pads to ensure uniform higher pressure around the circumference of the ankle (to smooth out the irregular cross-sectional profile.)


title: Compression stockings

text: Self-prescription is reasonably safe assuming that the compression gradient is 15–20 mmHg, the ABI (for both legs) is >1.0 and that the stockings fit correctly. "Firm" gradient stockings (20–30 mmHg and 30–40 mmHg) should generally be worn only on medical advice.


title: Compression stockings

text: The graduated (gradient, graded) compression stockings and anti-embolism compression stockings come in knee-high and thigh-high length. A meta-analysis by Sajid et al. was done to compare knee-high and thigh-high graded compression stockings in regards of deep vein thrombosis prevention in medical and surgical patients. The analysis determined that there was a 6% risk of developing deep vein thrombosis when wearing knee-high stockings and 4% when wearing thigh-high stockings, but also found significant heterogeneity, and thus it concluded that there is not enough evidence that one length is superior to the other, and suggests that knee-high compression stockings should be the first choice for the deep vein thrombosis prevention in medical and surgical patients. Knee-high stockings are more comfortable, easier to apply, and wearing them increases patients' compliance with treatment. Knee-high stockings are easier to size for limb measurement than thigh-high compression stockings. Thigh-high compression stockings may create a tourniquet effect and cause localized restriction when rolled down. A study of patients treated for post-thrombotic syndrome, performed in Italy, revealed that redness and itching of the skin was reported in 41% of patients wearing thigh-high and 27% in patients wearing knee-high compression stockings. Consequently, 22% of thigh-high wearers and 14% of knee-high wearers stopped the treatment.


title: Compression stockings

text: Compression stockings are constructed using elastic fibers or rubber. These fibers help compress the limb, aiding in circulation.


title: Compression stockings

text: Compression stockings are offered in different levels of compression. The unit of measure used to classify the pressure of the stockings is mmHg. They are often sold in a variety of pressure ranges.


title: Compression stockings

text: Use of compression therapy is not new. As early as the Neolithic period (5000-2500 BCE), images of soldiers with bandaged lower extremities were found in the drawings of the caves of Tassili in Sahara. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, which dates to roughly 1600 BCE, included additional evidence of mechanical compression therapy for legs. Hippocrates treated his patients' leg ulcers with tight bandages, which were described in his "Corpus Hippocraticum" (450–350 BCE). Galen (130-200 CE) used wool and linen compression bandages to prevent blood from pooling in the legs, and Oribassius (324 CE) would use tight bandages to treat leg ulcers.


title: Compression stockings

text: During the Middle Ages, the leading use of leg compression bandages was mainly for therapy. This is evidenced by the works of Avicenna (980–1037); Giovanni Michele Savonarola (1384–1468); Ambroise Paré (1510–1590); Girolamo Fabrizio di Acquapendente (1537–1619); and other scientists. Guy de Chauliac in his book "Chirurgica Magna" described the use of compression bandages to treat enlarged veins of the legs. Giovanni Michele Savonarola also treated varicose veins with the help of the leg bandages and described their proper application in his work "Practice". In 1628, William Harvey discovered the link between venous stasis and the external pressure. Following that discovery, various compression measures were introduced for therapy: laced stockings, elastic bands, and tight bandages with resin. Later, new textile materials started to be used for the production of compression stockings: natural or cellulose fibers (silk, cotton, coconut) and chemical (acrylic, nylon, polyester). It was only at the end of the 19th century, after Fisher and Lasker, German phlebologists, discovered that the application of the external pressure helped to treat blood clots in the lower extremities, that compression stockings started to be used for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.


title: Compression stockings

text: These stockings are commonly referred to as TED hose, short for thromboembolism-deterrent hose. They are used to support the venous and lymphatic drainage of the leg.


title: Compression stockings

text: There is a possible link between a common physical defect in the heart and potentially deadly stroke that could occur during long aeroplane flights. The connection, called "economy class stroke syndrome," has been reported in healthy, young travelers who had ischemic strokes during or shortly after long air trips. Prolonged sitting associated with air travel is known to be a cause of clots in the legs. Upward of 30 percent of the population is estimated to have patent foramen ovale (PFO), a common condition where a small hole exists between the right and left sides of the heart. PFO rarely causes any adverse medical condition and can be determined only through specific diagnostic tests such as an echocardiogram.


title: Ryan Thomas

text: Ryan James Thomas (born 10 June 1984) is an English former actor. He is known for playing the role of Jason Grimshaw on ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" from 2000 until 2016. In 2018, he played Rafael Humphreys in Australian soap opera "Neighbours", and won the twenty-second and final series of "Celebrity Big Brother".


title: Ryan Thomas

text: Thomas was 16 when he made his on-screen debut as Jason Grimshaw in "Coronation Street" on 25 December 2000. In 2012, Thomas took part in a documentary called "Corrie Goes to Kenya", along with his co-stars Brooke Vincent (Sophie Webster), Sue Cleaver (who plays his on-screen mother Eileen Grimshaw) and Ben Price (Nick Tilsley). Thomas said that his time in Kenya changed him as a person and made him realise how much he has in life.


title: Ryan Thomas

text: Thomas left "Coronation Street" in June 2016, after nearly sixteen years in the role. He told Daniel Kilkelly of "Digital Spy" that he wanted "a different experience" and the chance to pursue other roles. His co-star Terence Maynard, who played his on-screen father Tony Stewart, was also a big factor in his decision to leave the soap. He added "It could be stage, it could be TV, or I could disappear and start learning my craft – start from the bottom and do some acting classes again. These are all things that I need to do because I feel like I haven't done them yet."


title: Ryan Thomas

text: He made his panto debut in late-2016 as Prince Charming in the Wyvern Theatre production of "Cinderella". The following year, he starred as Captain Hook in "Peter Pan" at Venue Cymru. In 2018, he played the role at the Beck Theatre, Hayes. In 2019 he starred in the role of Dick Whittington at the Grand Theatre in Wolverhampton.


title: Ryan Thomas

text: Thomas joined the cast of Australian television soap opera "Neighbours" in October 2017 as Rafael Humphreys. He made his on-screen debut during the 60-minute "Hit & Run" special on 12 February 2018.


title: Ryan Thomas

text: In August 2018, Thomas took part in the 22nd series of "Celebrity Big Brother". During the episode broadcast on 30 August, Thomas was seen play fighting with actress Roxanne Pallett. Pallett then accused him of intentionally punching her, although footage showed Thomas did not make physical contact. Big Brother issued Thomas with a warning, leading viewers to make 11,420 complaints to Ofcom about the incident. Pallett has since apologised to Thomas for what she has described as "an overreaction to what wasn't a malicious act". On 10 September 2018, Thomas was announced as the winner of the series.


title: Ryan Thomas

text: Thomas is the brother of former "Waterloo Road" and "Emmerdale" actor, Adam Thomas, and "Love Island" personality, Scott Thomas.


title: Ryan Thomas

text: He is of English, Indian and Caribbean ancestry. His paternal grandfather is from Mumbai, India, and emigrated to Manchester, England, in 1947. His paternal great-grandmother was a West Indian who had Caribbean ancestry.


title: Ryan Thomas

text: In 2013, he filed for bankruptcy following an unpaid tax bill of £40,000. Thomas was arrested in 2015 for being drunk and disorderly in a Lake District nightclub. He was fined £90.


title: Ryan Thomas

text: Thomas dated his "Coronation Street" co-star Tina O'Brien from 2003 until 2009. They have a daughter together. Thomas has been in a relationship with Lucy Mecklenburgh since 2017. They met while taking part in "Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls". He became engaged to Mecklenburgh in June 2019. They have two children together.


title: The Good Boss

text: The Good Boss () is a 2021 Spanish comedy-drama film directed and written by Fernando León de Aranoa and starring Javier Bardem. A corporate satire, the plot tracks a charismatic and manipulative factory owner meddling in the lives of his employees.


title: The Good Boss

text: The film received a record-breaking 20 nominations to the 36th Goya Awards, winning 6 (Best Picture, Director, Actor, Original Screenplay, Score and Editing).


title: The Good Boss

text: Julio Blanco, the charismatic and manipulative owner of a family-run factory of industrial scales in a Spanish provincial town, meddles in the lives of his employees in an attempt to win an award for business excellence.


title: The Good Boss

text: "The Good Boss" was produced by Reposado PC, The Mediapro Studio and Básculas Blanco AIE, with the participation of RTVE, TV3 and Orange. Filming began in Spain in October 2020 and wrapped in December 2020. It was shot in Móstoles and other locations across the Madrid region.


title: The Good Boss

text: The film premiered at the 69th San Sebastián International Film Festival on 21 September 2021. Distributed by Tripictures, it was then released theatrically in Spain on 15 October 2021. It became the 4th highest-grossing Spanish film release in the domestic market in 2021 with a revenue of 3,278,021 € and 518,254 viewers in the aforementioned year.


title: The Good Boss

text: Cohen Media Group acquired US rights to the film. Distributed by Bim, it theatrically released in Italy on 23 December 2021 as "Il capo perfetto", whereas, distributed by PRIS Audiovisuais, it opened in Portuguese theatres on 20 January 2022 under the title "O Bom Patrão". The film was set for a 28 April 2022 opening in Argentine theatres.


title: The Good Boss

text: "The Good Boss" was announced as the opening film of the 39th Miami Film Festival (4 March 2022). A 9 June 2022 release date was set for the film's opening in Chilean theatres, distributed by Star Distribution. It had a limited theatrical release in the United States on 26 August 2022, to be followed by a wider release on 2 September.


title: The Good Boss

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an 92% rating based on 105 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The critics consensus reads: "Led by Javier Bardem's charismatic performance and writer-director Fernando León de Aranoa's sharp humor, "The Good Boss" is a workplace satire worthy of promotion." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Good Boss

text: Guy Lodge of "Variety" gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Fernando León de Aranoa's corporate satire is too long and languidly paced to pull off its farcical inclinations, but it gets by on its star's magnetism."


title: The Good Boss

text: Jordan Mintzer of "The Hollywood Reporter" also gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Slickly entertaining, considering its rather weighty subject matter..."


title: The Good Boss

text: Javier Zurro of "El Español" deemed the film to be the best Aranoa film since the 2002 "Mondays in the Sun" and the best Spanish comedy in (many) years, a genre dominated for some time now by either family comedies or remakes of international titles, generally lacking in original proposals.


title: The Good Boss

text: Raquel Hernández Luján of "HobbyConsolas" gave the film 90 out of 100 points, deeming it "excellent", praising the "sharp script", the (actors') direction, and the "careful mise-en-scène".


title: The Good Boss

text: Quim Casas of "El Periódico de Catalunya" considered the film to be "a good tragicomedy of social criticism that could well be the counterpart to "Mondays in the Sun"".


title: The Good Boss

text: Jonathan Holland of "Screen Daily" considered the film to be "slickly-made and entertaining, but ultimately a little déjà vu". Plotwise, he deemed the film to be "as smooth and efficient as a well-run factory".


title: The Good Boss

text: Mirito Torreiro of "Fotogramas" gave "The Good Boss" 4 out of 5 stars, highlighting an immense, eminent Javier Bardem in one of his most dazzling performances to date ("he is, quite simply, the movie"), also considering that Aranoa offers viewers a dark comedy displaying a grim portrayal of labour relations.


title: The Good Boss

text: Reviewing for "Cinemanía", Santiago Alverú gave the film 5 out of 5 stars, writing that the political commitment from León de Aranoa and Javier Bardem mixed with the expressive talent of both of them have created a highly entertaining vindication, concluding that "except for Amancio Ortega, the whole of Spain should like it".


title: The Good Boss

text: The AACCE selected the film as the Spanish entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 94th Academy Awards over "" and "Parallel Mothers", and it made the 15-film pre-nomination shortlist in December 2021. It also chose the film as the Spanish submission for Best Ibero-American Film at the 64th Ariel Awards.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Midnight Marauders is the third studio album by American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest, released on November 9, 1993, by Jive Records. Recording sessions for the album occurred at Battery Studios, Platinum Island Studios and Scorcerer Sound in New York City. Its production was mainly handled by Q-Tip, with contributions from Skeff Anselm, Large Professor and the group's DJ, Ali Shaheed Muhammad. A culmination of the group's two previous albums ("People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm" and "The Low End Theory"), it features an eclectic, gritty sound based on jazz, funk, soul and R&B samples, in addition to socially conscious, positively-minded, and humorous lyrics.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: "Midnight Marauders" debuted at number eight on the "Billboard" 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The first two singles, "Electric Relaxation" and "Award Tour", charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100, before the release of the final single, "Oh My God". On January 14, 1994, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States. It was certified platinum by the RIAA nearly a full year later, on January 11, 1995, with shipments of one million copies.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: The album received mostly positive reviews from critics. In the following years, "Midnight Marauders" has acquired further acclamation from within the hip hop community for its production, chemistry and influence, with some regarding it as the group's best work, and one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. Several writers have credited it as a contributor to a "second golden age" of hip hop in the mid-1990s, as well as the pinnacle of the Native Tongues movement. In 2020, it was ranked at number 201 on "Rolling Stone" list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: A Tribe Called Quest sought to further develop the bass-heavy sound of its previous album, "The Low End Theory", with group member Q-Tip setting up his production equipment in the house basement of fellow member Phife Dawg's grandmother. Phife Dawg explained, "my grandmother gave him a key, the whole nine, he used to just go in and do his thing." Most of the album was planned in the basement, though Q-Tip also worked on outside projects there, including the beat for Nas's single "One Love", which appeared on his debut album "Illmatic" (1994). Rapper and producer Large Professor recalled the inviting, relaxed atmosphere in the basement: "[Phife Dawg] would just be there chilling, watching a basketball game or something, playing a video game and just listening to the beats, like, 'Yeah, yeah, I like that right there.' It was just so casual and cool  ... just kind of sitting there and chillin' out, going to get something to eat, going through sounds and picking the sounds out. Telling a few jokes, watching some television like that; it was really nice. It wasn't forced in any way."


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Phife Dawg recalled the pressure that the group faced to make a solid follow-up to "The Low End Theory": "Obviously, that's a two-year wait, so there was a lot of pressure like, 'Can they do it again?' Q-Tip is really hands on, Tip is a genius, so by the time he was finished sequencing the album, I was lookin' at him sayin, 'Yo, b, we did it again.'" The album's title, "Midnight Marauders", originated from Q-Tip's lyrics in the song "Vibes and Stuff" from "The Low End Theory", though it was later interpreted by group member Ali Shaheed Muhammad that "A Tribe Called Quest are like sound thieves looting for your ears."


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Recording sessions for "Midnight Marauders" took place at Battery Studios, Platinum Island Studios and Scorcerer Sound in New York City, over a period of nine months, ending in September 1993. All songs were mixed at Battery Studios and mastered at The Hit Factory in New York City. Production was mainly handled by Q-Tip, with contributions from Skeff Anselm, Large Professor and Ali Shaheed Muhammad, who also contributed DJ scratching. Raphael Saadiq (credited as Raphael Wiggins) played bass guitar on the song "Midnight".


title: Midnight Marauders

text: The group hired Jive secretary Laurel Dann to be the album's "tour guide", having liked her voice, which is digitized throughout the album. With a sample of Cal Tjader's "Aquarius" as a backdrop, Dann opens the album on the track "Midnight Marauders Tour Guide", introducing herself as the woman on the album cover and describing the album's sound. She resurfaces on interludes at the end of some songs, providing information and adding to the overall aesthetic of the album. Q-Tip explained the decision to use her voice: "Everybody was used to hearing that kind of voice whether they were calling a phone company or they were on hold. There was always some type of monotone female voice that had a computerized vibe that was giving you information. So I thought how cool would it be if you called to pay your bill and then you would hear this female voice start rattling shit off like, 'Keep bouncing?'"


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Despite Jarobi White leaving the group midway through recording "The Low End Theory", the group maintained a "revolving door policy" with him, in which he would continue to attend recording sessions and supply the group with humor that became part of their songwriting process. Clarifying his role, he stated, "You come in [to the studio]. You might have had a bad day today. Some lady might have pushed you on the train  ... I walk in the studio and I'm bringing all my rambunctious silly stupid jokes and now we're all laughing." Because of his efforts, White is referenced on "Midnight Marauders".


title: Midnight Marauders

text: The production on "Midnight Marauders" is a return to the eclectic sampling that the group was originally known for, featuring samples of mainly 1970s jazz, funk, soul and R&B. The sound is noticeably grittier and funkier than "The Low End Theory", with John Bush of AllMusic noting that the group "moved closer to their harder contemporaries" and praising them for producing "the most inviting grooves heard on any early-'90s rap record." The album has been described as "hooky" and was given critical praise for its frequent horn hooks. Q-Tip implemented his drum layering technique to great effect on the album, varying the drum frequencies on each song. Describing the album's drum programming to "Vibe", Q-Tip said:


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Q-Tip also experimented with vocal sampling techniques on the album. For the song "Lyrics to Go", he sampled a portion of "Inside My Love" by Minnie Riperton, in which Riperton's whistle register is sustained throughout, giving "Lyrics to Go" a droning backdrop. The song "Sucka Nigga" contains a slowed-down sample of Rodney Cee's voice, taken from "M.C. Battle" with Busy Bee, which was featured in the old school hip hop film "Wild Style" (1983).


title: Midnight Marauders

text: While DJing at a party, Q-Tip played Jade's hit "Don't Walk Away"; noting the positive crowd reaction when the song's bassline began playing, he was inspired to sample the bassline for the album's lead single, "Award Tour". For "The Low End Theory", engineer Bob Power removed all excess noise from the samples, however, Q-Tip instructed him to leave the noise in the samples on "Midnight Marauders", adding to the gritty nature of the album. In addition, Q-Tip has stated that the album has more "sheen" to it than "The Low End Theory", having been recorded on an SSL mixing console rather than the Neve console they previously used.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: The lyricism on "Midnight Marauders" is often regarded as the best on any A Tribe Called Quest album, and the group's biggest improvement since their debut "People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm". The group's director Michael Rapaport stated, "They followed a classic and upped the ante. Put it like this: ["The Low End Theory"] would be the first run at the championship ring, but it takes a different mentality to stay focused and do it again." Subject matter on the album includes social issues, use of the word nigger and everyday life, as well as several sports references. Building on the lyrical interplay that was established on "The Low End Theory", Q-Tip and Phife Dawg are "practically telepathic" on some songs, providing a contrast in both delivery and style. AllMusic's John Bush described this contrast as "focused yet funky" and "polished but raw."


title: Midnight Marauders

text: All aspects of the group's lyricism improved on the album, including cadence, flow, diction and use of metaphors. The song "8 Million Stories" finds Phife Dawg storytelling, as he details "a laundry-list of mundane annoyances." On the single "Oh My God", he refers to himself as a "funky diabetic" in a moment of self-deprecation. Throughout the album, the group blends their brand of intelligence, reflection and positivity with humorous anecdotes. James Bernard of "Entertainment Weekly" praised the group for managing to "hold our attention without resorting to gun references or expletives."


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Tom Breihan of "Stereogum" noted that Q-Tip and Phife Dawg "sounded slicker and more comfortable than they ever had before." Owing to that comfort and their chemistry, the two occasionally performed each others's lyrics during the recording sessions. Describing the "Electric Relaxation" session to "XXL", Phife Dawg said, "On that record, [Q-Tip] wrote my lines and I wrote his—actually, we wrote our own lines, and when we recorded, we traded. That's why the whole back and forth, you know what I mean?"


title: Midnight Marauders

text: The album cover artwork depicts a woman painted in Afrocentric colors, continuing the artistic theme found on "The Low End Theory". According to "Ego Trip's Book of Rap Lists", there are a reported 71 different hip hop luminaries and radio DJs who adorned "Midnight Marauders". Andrew Noz of "Complex" called it one of hip hop's "last grand displays of cultural unity as the Coastal fallout loomed imminent." The cover was issued in three different color schemes: red, black and green, with black being the rarest. The book goes into detail as to which artists were on which particular album cover using a number scheme to easily identify each artist. The complete list of artists is as follows: 3rd Bass, Afrika Bambaataa, AMG, Ant Banks, Beastie Boys, Awesome Two, Black Moon, Busta Rhymes, Casual, Chi-Ali, Chubb Rock, Chuck D, The Cold Crush Brothers, Daddy-O of Stetsasonic, Dallas Austin, Del the Funky Homosapien, Diamond D, De La Soul, Doctor Dré, Doug E. Fresh, Fab Five Freddy, Grandmaster Dee of Whodini, Grandmaster Flash, Heavy D, Ice-T, Jazzy Jay, DJ Jazzy Joyce, Jungle Brothers, Kid Capri, Kool DJ Red Alert, Kool Moe Dee, Large Professor, Litro, Lords of the Underground, MC Lyte, Neek the Exotic, Organized Konfusion, The Pharcyde, Rashad Smith, Rock Steady Crew (Crazy Legs, Mr. Wiggles, Pee Wee Dance and Ruel), DJ Ron G, DJ Silver D, Sean Combs, Skeff Anselm, Souls of Mischief, Special Ed, Sweet Tee, Too Short and Zulu Nation Supreme Council.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: "Midnight Marauders" peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Two of its singles, "Award Tour" and "Electric Relaxation", charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 47 and 65, respectively. On January 14, 1994, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States. It was certified platinum by the RIAA nearly a full year later, on January 11, 1995, with shipments of one million copies. It became the first of three A Tribe Called Quest albums to be certified platinum by the RIAA, doing so 21 days before "The Low End Theory" achieved the feat.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: "Midnight Marauders" received widespread acclaim from music critics, with "Vibe" hailing it as "a rap classic" and "NME" calling it the group's "most complete work to date." James Bernard of "Entertainment Weekly" stated that the album "sounds as fresh" as "People's Instinctive Travels", praising its "smooth-as-butter" production and "whimsical vibe." "The Source" dream hampton credited the group for doing "what they've always done—ignore all of the current trends in hip-hop and deliver a solid collectable", adding that they "rely solely on their street poetry, Zulu delivery and be-bop beats" to attract consumers.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Colson Whitehead of "Spin" praised Q-Tip and Phife Dawg for "complementing each other's styles perfectly", finding that their lyrical interplay "evokes the spontaneity of an improv jam session", and also lauded the album's "smooth textures that bubble up from unseen, mellow depths." In his consumer guide for "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau quipped that it was "intelligent easy-listening rap", choosing the track "Steve Biko (Stir It Up)" as a highlight; he later commended the album, rating it higher than "The Low End Theory". In a negative review, Glenn Kenny of "Rolling Stone" felt that the "lively wit" of the group's previous work had been "replaced with tired boasts", also stating, "The music still has its beguiling moments, but nothing approaches the revelatory jazz stylings and laid-back cool of past work."


title: Midnight Marauders

text: John Bush of AllMusic praised the album for being "impeccably produced", "artistically adept" and "lyrically inventive." Bush also stated that it cemented the group's status as "alternative rap's prime sound merchants" and hailed them as "authors of the most original style since the Bomb Squad first exploded on wax." In Oliver Wang's book "Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide", writer Joseph Patel noted how the album helped unify hip hop in the early 1990s:


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Writing in "The New Rolling Stone Album Guide", Mac Randall wrote that it "certainly doesn't skimp on the funk." For About.com's 10 Essential Hip-Hop Albums, where the album was ranked seventh, writer Henry Adaso declared, "No other album showcased this amalgamation of jazz, soul, and rap better." Steve Juon of RapReviews.com lauded its "unparalleled level" of "lyrical brilliance by both Tip and Phife." It was ranked number 75 on "Pitchfork"s list of the Top 100 Favorite Records of the 1990s, with Rollie Pemberton stating that the group "produced a jazz-hop clinic that finds itself equal parts Pete Rock, Buckshot and Diamond D."


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Since its release, "Midnight Marauders" has been included on several "best of" lists compiled by music writers and journalists. The following information is adapted from Acclaimed Music.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: "Midnight Marauders" helped establish a "second golden age" of hip hop, and has been regarded as the pinnacle of the Native Tongues movement. Hip-hop critics and writers have cited it as the group's best album, despite it not being as acclaimed as "The Low End Theory". Lauding it as the group's "masterwork", writer Joseph Patel stated, "It's hard to believe they could top "The Low End Theory", but A Tribe Called Quest did so." Steve Juon of RapReviews.com called "Midnight Marauders" "the best album that Tribe ever made" and an "overlooked work of genius." In 2020, "Rolling Stone" added the album to its revised list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking it at number 201.


title: Midnight Marauders

text: Q-Tip later contributed to the sound of hardcore hip hop during the mid-1990s, producing artists such as Nas, Mobb Deep, Crooklyn Dodgers and Cypress Hill, yet retaining elements of the sound he created on "Midnight Marauders". In "NME", producer Mark Ronson said that the album "changed the sound of East Coast hip-hop, which before was very noisy and aggressive. But "Midnight Marauders" just had this sheen to it — it wasn't too cleaned-up or sanitised, the snares still had that amazing 'crack' to them, but it sounded like nothing you'd ever heard before. It changed everything."


title: Midnight Marauders

text: In 2003, "Pitchfork" writer Rollie Pemberton stated that "a deep listen to this record unveils the sound that helped promote the current chilled vibe-oriented underground", citing the J Dilla-affiliated duo Frank n Dank, Madlib and 9th Wonder's former group Little Brother as examples. Other underground artists influenced by the album include Terrace Martin, Jean Grae, Currensy, RJD2, Oddisee, Hiatus Kaiyote and Karriem Riggins. In a 20th anniversary review of the album for "XXL", rapper Talib Kweli gave it a perfect "XXL" rating and stated, "It established Tribe as a commercial, mainstream almost pop group, but it did it by being completely true to their rudiments, and it did it by finding the greatest jazz samples and making the most classic underground hip-hop they could make. They were so good at making underground hip-hop that it went pop."


title: Midnight Marauders

text: The singer Bilal names it among his 25 favorite albums, explaining that, "It's just a special album to me. I like where they were as far as beat making. I think it changed a lot in hip-hop on that record."


title: Dermoid cyst

text: A dermoid cyst is a teratoma of a cystic nature that contains an array of developmentally mature, solid tissues. It frequently consists of skin, hair follicles, and sweat glands, while other commonly found components include clumps of long hair, pockets of sebum, blood, fat, bone, nail, teeth, eyes, cartilage, and thyroid tissue.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: As dermoid cysts grow slowly and contain mature tissue, this type of cystic teratoma is nearly always benign. In those rare cases wherein the dermoid cyst is malignant, a squamous cell carcinoma usually develops in adults, while infants and children usually present with an endodermal sinus tumor.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Ovaries normally grow cyst-like structures called follicles each month. Once an egg is released from its follicle during ovulation, follicles typically deflate. Sometimes fluid accumulates inside the follicle, forming a simple (containing only fluid) cyst. The majority of these functional cysts resolve spontaneously.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: While all ovarian cysts can range in size from very small to quite large, dermoid cysts are not classified as functional cysts. Dermoid cysts originate from pluripotent germ cells (which are present at birth) that differentiate abnormally, developing characteristics of mature dermal cells. Complications exist, such as torsion (twisting), rupture, and infection, although their incidence is rare. Dermoid ovarian cysts which are larger present complications which might require removal by either laparoscopy or laparotomy (traditional surgery). Rarely, a dermoid cyst can develop in the vagina.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Dermoid cysts can appear in young children, often near the lateral aspect of the eyebrow (right part of the right eyebrow or left part of the left eyebrow). Depending on the perceived amount of risk, these are sometimes excised or simply kept under observation.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: An inflammatory reaction can occur if a dermoid cyst is disrupted, and the cyst can recur if it is not completely excised. Sometimes complete excision is not practical if the cyst is in a dumbbell configuration, whereby it extends through a suture line in the skull.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: If dermoid cysts appear on the medial aspect, the possibility of an encephalocele becomes greater and should be considered among the differential diagnoses.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Dermoid cysts develop during pregnancy. They occur when skin cells and things like hair, sweat glands, oil glands or fatty tissue get trapped in the skin as a baby grows in the womb. Dermoid cysts are present at birth (congenital) and are common. It can be months or years before a dermoid cyst is noticed on a child because the cysts grow slowly.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Dermoid cyst symptoms are minor and the cysts are usually painless. They are not harmful to a child's health. If they become infected, the infection must be treated and the cyst should be removed. It is easier to remove cysts and prevent scars if the cyst is removed before it gets infected.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Spinal dermoid cysts are benign ectopic growths thought to be a consequence of embryology errors during neural tube closure. Their reported incidence is extremely rare, accounting for less than 1% of intramedullary spinal cord tumours. It has been proposed that a possible 180 cases of spinal dermoid tumours have been identified over the past century in the literature.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Dermoid cysts more often involve the lumbosacral region than the thoracic vertebrae and are extramedullary presenting in the first decade of life.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain the pathogenesis of spinal dermoids, the origin of which may be acquired or congenital.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Spinal abnormalities, e.g. intramedullary dermoid cysts may arise more frequently in the lumbosacral region (quite often at the level of the conus medullaris) and may be seen with other congenital anomalies of the spine including posterior spina bifida occulta as identified by the neuroradiological analysis.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: A small dermoid cyst on the coccyx can be difficult to distinguish from a pilonidal cyst. This is partly because both can be full of hair. A pilonidal cyst is a pilonidal sinus that is obstructed. Any teratoma near the body surface may develop a sinus or a fistula, or even a cluster of these. Such is the case of Canadian Football League linebacker Tyrone Jones, whose teratoma was discovered when he blew a tooth out of his nose.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: Treatment for dermoid cyst is complete surgical removal, preferably in one piece and without any spillage of cyst contents. Marsupialization, a surgical technique often used to treat pilonidal cyst, is inappropriate for dermoid cyst due to the risk of malignancy.


title: Dermoid cyst

text: The association of dermoid cysts with pregnancy has been increasingly reported. They usually present the dilemma of weighing the risks of surgery and anesthesia versus the risks of untreated adnexal mass. Most references state that it is more feasible to treat bilateral dermoid cysts of the ovaries discovered during pregnancy if they grow beyond 6 cm in diameter.


title: Spartacus: Vengeance

text: Spartacus: Vengeance is the second season of the American television series "Spartacus", a Starz television series, which follows "". It premiered on January 27, and concluded on March 30, 2012. Its story follows Spartacus (played by Liam McIntyre, who replaces Andy Whitfield on the role), after he and his fellow gladiators kill their master Batiatus and escape from his "ludus", or gladiatorial training school. Cast members and characters who return from the first season include Lucy Lawless as Lucretia, Peter Mensah as Oenomaus, Manu Bennett as Crixus, Dan Feuerriegel as Agron, Nick E. Tarabay as Ashur, Viva Bianca as Ilithyia, and Craig Parker as Gaius Claudius Glaber. Dustin Clare also reprises his role as Gannicus from "", the prequel to "Spartacus: Blood and Sand".


title: Spartacus: Vengeance

text: On June 6, 2012, Starz and Anchor Bay Entertainment announced the season would be released in DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats on September 11, 2012, in a three-disc set. It was then announced that a third and final season will start in 2013 and would be known as "".


title: Spartacus: Vengeance

text: "Spartacus" series creator Steven S. DeKnight said in an interview, There are a "couple of very strong candidates" for the role of Spartacus, and season two should begin production in New Zealand in April [2011]. DeKnight added that the "Spartacus" producers and Starz executives weren't always sure they would go forward without Andy Whitfield, who they said had brought "gravity and heart" to the role of the famous warrior. "It's unheard of to recast your titular character in a television show, and we did a lot of soul searching about whether we even wanted to try", DeKnight said. "And then Andy [Whitfield] said, 'I really think the show should go forward without me. I give you the blessing. I want this story told.


title: Spartacus: Vengeance

text: On 17 January 2011, it was announced that Australian film and TV actor Liam McIntyre had been selected to replace Whitfield.


title: Spartacus: Vengeance

text: On 26 February 2011 interview with "Entertainment Weekly", DeKnight revealed that the second season was set to air "the end of January" 2012. Additionally, he revealed that Lesley-Ann Brandt, the actress who portrayed the slave Naevia, would also not be able to return for season 2 due to the delay in production.


title: Spartacus: Vengeance

text: On November 7, 2011, Starz announced that the "Spartacus" premiere date was set for January 27, 2012.


title: Bill Shorten

text: William Richard Shorten (born 12 May 1967) is an Australian politician currently serving as Minister for Government Services and Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme since 2022. He previously served as leader of the opposition and leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 2013 to 2019. He has also served as a member of parliament (MP) for the division of Maribyrnong since 2007, and held several ministerial portfolios in the Gillard and Rudd governments from 2010 to 2013.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Born in Melbourne, Shorten studied law at Monash University. He worked in politics and in law before becoming an organiser with the Australian Workers' Union (AWU) in 1994. He was elected state secretary of the Victorian Branch of the AWU in 1998 before becoming AWU national secretary in 2001. In this role, Shorten played a prominent role as a negotiator following the Beaconsfield Mine collapse in 2006, which first brought him to national prominence.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten was elected to the House of Representatives at the 2007 federal election, winning the seat of Maribyrnong, before being immediately appointed a Parliamentary Secretary. Following the 2010 election, he was promoted to the cabinet, serving first as Assistant Treasurer, then as Minister for Financial Services and Superannuation and Minister for Workplace Relations in Julia Gillard's government. After Kevin Rudd replaced Gillard as prime minister in June 2013, Shorten was briefly Minister for Education until the Labor Party's defeat at the 2013 election.


title: Bill Shorten

text: After Rudd retired from politics, Shorten won a leadership election in October 2013 against Anthony Albanese to become leader of the Labor Party. He led Labor to a narrow loss at the 2016 election, before later leading Labor to an unexpected defeat at 2019 election, after which he announced his resignation as leader, with Albanese being elected unopposed to replace him. Following Labor's victory at the 2022 election, Shorten was appointed as the Minister for Government Services and the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). Shorten is a senior figure within the Labor Right.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten was born on 12 May 1967 at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, the son of Ann Rosemary (née McGrath) and William Robert Shorten. He has a twin brother, Robert. According to a statement given during the 2017–18 dual citizenship scandal, Shorten held British citizenship by descent until 2006, when he renounced it in order to run for parliament.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten's mother was a university academic and lawyer who completed a doctorate at Monash University and ended her career there as a senior lecturer in education. She completed a law degree later in life and practised as a barrister for six years. She was originally from Ballarat, descended from "a long line of Irish Australians" who arrived during the Victorian gold rush. Shorten's father was a marine engineer born in Tyneside, England. After settling in Australia he worked as a manager at the Duke and Orr Dry Docks on Melbourne's Yarra River, where he was frequently in contact with union leaders. Shorten's parents divorced in 1988 and his father remarried a few years later. He subsequently became estranged from his father, who died in 2000.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten grew up in Melbourne's south-east, living in Hughesdale. He attended St Mary's Catholic Primary School in Malvern East. He and his brother were offered scholarships to De La Salle College, but their mother instead chose to send them to Xavier College, Kew. They began attending Kostka Hall, the college's junior campus, in 1977. Shorten was chosen for the state debating team in 1984, his final year at the school. He excelled at fencing and was the state under-15 champion in the sabre division.


title: Bill Shorten

text: In 1985, Shorten began studying at Monash University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1989 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1992. He was active in student politics, both in the university's ALP Club and in Young Labor. He helped establish Network, a Labor Right-aligned faction of Young Labor; in 1986 it "took control of Young Labor from the Left for the first time". Shorten briefly worked in a butcher's shop during his first years at university, and was also a member of the Australian Army Reserve from 1985 to 1986, holding the rank of private. He volunteered in Senator Gareth Evans' office, and then after the 1988 Victorian state election was employed as a youth affairs adviser to Neil Pope, a Victorian government minister. He took a gap year in 1990, travelling overseas for the first time and backpacking through Central Europe. He was subsequently involved in Network's abortive attempt to take over the state branch of the Australian Theatrical and Amusement Employees' Association.


title: Bill Shorten

text: After graduating, Shorten worked for twenty months as a lawyer for Maurice Blackburn Cashman. In 1994, he began his union career as a trainee organiser under the ACTU's Organising Works program at the Australian Workers' Union (AWU), before being elected Victorian state secretary in 1998. His time as secretary was marked by a reform of the union's structures.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten was elected as the AWU's national secretary in 2001 and was re-elected in 2005. He resigned as Victorian state secretary of the AWU in August 2007. He was an active member of the Labor Party and was a member of the party's national executive until 2011, as well as the administrative committee of the Victorian branch. He was also director of the Superannuation Trust of Australia (now Australian Super) and the Victorian Funds Management Corporation. From December 2005 until May 2008 he was the Victorian state president of the Labor Party. He was also a member of the Australian Council of Trade Unions executive. Until early 2006, he was a board member of GetUp.org.au.


title: Bill Shorten

text: During his time as AWU national secretary, Shorten was the interim chief executive of the Australian Netball Players Association (ANPA), following an alliance between the AWU and ANPA in 2005. Shorten also served on the advisory board of the Australian Cricketers' Association.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Prior to the 1996 federal election, aged 28, Shorten contested Labor preselection for the Division of Maribyrnong. He was defeated by Bob Sercombe, who went on to retain the seat for Labor at the election. In February 1998, Shorten won preselection for the safe Labor seat of Melton at the 1999 state election. He was not a resident of the electorate, located on the rural–urban fringe to Melbourne's north-west. He subsequently resigned as a candidate in order to become state secretary of the AWU.


title: Bill Shorten

text: In 2005, Shorten announced that he would again seek preselection for the Division of Maribyrnong, challenging Bob Sercombe (the sitting member and a member of the Beazley shadow ministry). Justifying his challenge to an incumbent Labor MP, Shorten said, "...we haven't won a federal election since 1993. When your footy team loses four consecutive grand finals, you renew the team."


title: Bill Shorten

text: On 28 February 2006, Sercombe announced that he was withdrawing his candidacy for re-selection, a few days before the vote of local members in which Shorten was expected to poll very strongly. As a result, Shorten was selected unopposed to contest the seat. Later in 2006, during the Beaconsfield Mine collapse, Shorten, as National Secretary of the AWU, played a role as a negotiator and commentator on developments in the immediate aftermath and the ensuing rescue operations. The mine rescue operations drew mass national media coverage, and raised Shorten's political profile ahead of the 2007 election.


title: Bill Shorten

text: At the 2007 federal election, Shorten was elected to the House of Representatives as the Labor MP for Maribyrnong. It was speculated that with his high public profile and general popularity within the Labor Party, he might immediately be given a front-bench portfolio; however, when asked about the possibility, new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said that he believed parliamentary experience was essential when designating front-bench portfolios. Instead, Rudd announced that Shorten would become Parliamentary Secretary for Disabilities and Children's Services. As Parliamentary Secretary, Shorten pushed hard for the National Disability Insurance Scheme, something which was later to become a key policy of the Labor Government.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten would later become one of the main factional leaders involved in the replacement of Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labor Party with Julia Gillard in the 2010 leadership challenge.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Following the 2010 federal election, there was speculation that Shorten might seek to oust Prime Minister Julia Gillard from her position within the year; former Labor Prime Minister Bob Hawke and former Labor Opposition Leader Kim Beazley had both previously endorsed Shorten as a potential future Labor Leader. Shorten denied this speculation, and was promoted to the Cabinet as Minister for Financial Services and Superannuation. In 2011, he was also given the position of Minister for Workplace Relations.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Following a period of persistent leadership tensions, Shorten announced immediately before a June 2013 leadership ballot took place that he would back Rudd against Gillard, and would resign from the Cabinet should she win. Rudd subsequently won the ballot and became Prime Minister for a second time, appointing Shorten as Minister for Education, with particular responsibility for implementing the Gonski school funding reforms.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten is considered a moderate member of the Labor Party. As with recent Labor leaders, Shorten supports an Australian republic.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Following the defeat of the Labor government at the 2013 federal election, Kevin Rudd announced that he would stand down as Leader of the Labor Party. Shorten subsequently announced his candidacy to be his successor, in a contest with Anthony Albanese that would be the first time party members would be eligible to vote. Shorten subsequently gained 63.9% of the party caucus vote and 40.8% of the rank-and-file members' vote, which when weighted equally gave Shorten a 52.02% victory over Albanese.


title: Bill Shorten

text: His first speech acknowledged the role of women in his election success. He distanced himself from Tony Abbott's social conservatism, saying "I reject the assumption that merit is more located in the brains of men than women" and highlighting the proportion of women in Labor's leadership, with Tanya Plibersek as Deputy Leader and Penny Wong as Senate Opposition Leader.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten had been consistently polling better than Abbott and Labor better than the Abbott Coalition Government from the July 2014 Australian federal budget until the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot when Malcolm Turnbull succeeded Abbott as Prime Minister. Turnbull's honeymoon polling soared above Shorten with the Turnbull Coalition Government taking the lead over Labor. Brendan Nelson holds the record for lowest Newspoll "Better Prime Minister" rating of 7% (29 February-2 March 2008). Three leaders including Shorten hold the combined second-lowest rating of 14% – Simon Crean (28–30 November 2003), Malcolm Turnbull (27–29 November 2009) and Shorten (4–6 December 2015). The December 2015 Newspoll saw a continued 53-47 two-party vote to the government, however Turnbull's personal ratings were significantly lessened, with personal approval down eight to 52% and personal disapproval up eight to 30%. Some media outlets opined Turnbull's honeymoon to be over.


title: Bill Shorten

text: In early 2015, leading up to Australia Day, Shorten called for a new push for Australia to become a republic. Former ARM chair Malcolm Turnbull said upon his appointment as Prime Minister in September of the same year he would not pursue "his dream" of Australia becoming a republic until after the end of the Queen's reign, instead focusing his efforts toward the economy. In July 2017, Shorten revealed that should the Labor Party be elected to government at the 2019 federal election, they would legislate for a compulsory plebiscite on the issue. Should that plebiscite be supported by a majority of Australians, a referendum would be held, asking the public for their support for a specific model of government.


title: Bill Shorten

text: In 2015, Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16. In February 2016, Shorten called Cory Bernardi a "homophobe". In March 2016, Shorten committed that the party would oppose any effort to extend discrimination law exemptions to allow people who object to same-sex marriage to deny goods and services to same-sex couples.


title: Bill Shorten

text: In 2016, Shorten led Labor to gain 14 seats at the federal election when Malcolm Turnbull and the Liberal-National Coalition retained majority government by a single seat. The result was the closest since the 1961 federal election.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten led Labor into the Australian federal election in 2019. Labor had led most polls for the better part of two years, and every major opinion poll projected a Labor victory.


title: Bill Shorten

text: However, a number of factors, including third-party preferences in Queensland, allowed the Coalition–then led by Scott Morrison–to a surprise election victory, and regain its parliamentary majority. Shorten conceded defeat on election night and subsequently announced he would step down as the leader of the Labor Party. In a post-election review commissioned by the Labor Party in November 2019, the loss was partially attributed to Shorten's personal unpopularity. A separate study by the Australian National University found Shorten to be the least popular Labor leader since modern polling began, with his popularity representing "a historic low for any major party leader in recent times".


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten announced his resignation as Leader of the Labor Party on 18 May 2019, following Labor's defeat in the 2019 election. Anthony Albanese succeeded him as leader on 30 May, with Richard Marles as his deputy.


title: Bill Shorten

text: After Albanese assumed the leadership, Shorten was appointed as part of the shadow cabinet, as shadow minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) and for Government Services.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Following Labor's victory at the 2022 federal election, Shorten was sworn in as the Minister for the NDIS and Government Services on 1 June.


title: Bill Shorten

text: In March 2000, Shorten married Debbie Beale, daughter of businessman and former Liberal MP Julian Beale. They divorced in 2008. In 2009, Shorten married Chloe Bryce, daughter of then Governor-General Quentin Bryce.


title: Bill Shorten

text: The Shortens live in Moonee Ponds, Victoria with their daughter, as well as Chloe Shorten's other two children from her previous marriage to Brisbane architect Roger Parkin, who shares their parental responsibility.


title: Bill Shorten

text: In 2014, Shorten publicly identified himself as the senior ALP figure at the centre of a 2013 allegation of rape, said to have occurred in 1986. Shorten strongly denied the allegations in a statement, which was made after Victoria Police were advised from the Office of Public Prosecutions that there was no reasonable prospect of conviction. When in 2021, Liberal cabinet minister Christian Porter was the subject of a similar allegation, commentators (and even Porter himself) drew attention to the very different media treatment Porter received, although there were differences in the cases.


title: Bill Shorten

text: Shorten was raised Catholic, but converted to Anglicanism before his second marriage – as well as it being his wife's religion, he "had come to disagree with the [Catholic] Church on a number of issues".


title: Renée Fleming

text: Renée Lynn Fleming (born February 14, 1959) is an American soprano, known for performances in opera, concerts, recordings, theater, film, and at major public occasions. A recipient of the National Medal of Arts, Fleming has been nominated for 17 Grammy Awards and has won four times. Other notable awards have included the Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur from the French government, Germany's Cross of the Order of Merit, Sweden's Polar Music Prize and honorary membership in England's Royal Academy of Music. Unusual among artists whose careers began in opera, Fleming has achieved name recognition beyond the classical music world.


title: Renée Fleming

text: Fleming has a full lyric soprano voice. She has performed coloratura, lyric, and lighter spinto soprano operatic roles in Italian, German, French, Czech, and Russian, aside from her native English. A significant portion of her career has been the performance of new music, including world premieres of operas, concert pieces, and songs composed for her by André Previn, Caroline Shaw, Kevin Puts, Anders Hillborg, Nico Muhly, Henri Dutilleux, Brad Mehldau, and Wayne Shorter. In 2008, Fleming became the first woman in the 125-year history of the Metropolitan Opera to solo headline a season opening night gala. Conductor Sir Georg Solti said of Fleming: "In my long life, I have met maybe two sopranos with this quality of singing; the other was Renata Tebaldi."


title: Renée Fleming

text: Beyond opera, Fleming has sung and recorded lieder, chansons, jazz, musical theatre, and indie rock, and she has performed with a wide range of artists, including Luciano Pavarotti, Lou Reed, Wynton Marsalis, Paul Simon, Andrea Bocelli, Sting and John Prine. A 2018 Tony Award nominee, Fleming has acted on Broadway and in theatrical productions in London, Los Angeles and Chicago. Fleming has also recorded songs for the soundtracks of several major films, two of which won the Academy Award for Best Picture ("The Shape of Water" and ""). Fleming has made numerous television appearances, and she is the only classical singer to have performed the U.S. National Anthem at the Super Bowl.


title: Renée Fleming

text: Fleming has also become a frequent public speaker about the impact of music on health and neuroscience, winning a Research!America Award for her advocacy in this field.


title: Renée Fleming

text: Fleming was born on February 14, 1959, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, the daughter of two music teachers, and grew up in Churchville, New York. She has great-grandparents who were born in Prague and later emigrated to the US. Fleming attended Churchville-Chili High School.


title: Renée Fleming

text: She studied with Patricia Misslin at the Crane School of Music at the State University of New York at Potsdam. While at SUNY Potsdam, she took up singing with a jazz trio in an off-campus bar called Alger's. The jazz saxophonist Illinois Jacquet invited her on tour with his big band, but she chose instead to continue with graduate studies at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, with voice teacher John Maloy.


title: Renée Fleming

text: As a student, Fleming spent several summers at the Aspen Music Festival and School (AMFS), where she studied with Jan DeGaetani and was directed by Edward Berkeley. In Aspen, she appeared in the role of Anne Sexton in Conrad Susa's "Transformations" (1983); gave her first performance as Countess Almaviva in Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro" (1984), the role in which she later made most of her major opera house debuts; and sang the role of Anne in Stravinsky's "The Rake's Progress" (1987). She also performed scenes from "Der Rosenkavalier" during her time at Aspen, and the Marschallin in that opera became one of her calling-card roles at opera houses around the globe.


title: Renée Fleming

text: She won a Fulbright Scholarship in 1985, which enabled her to work in Europe with Arleen Augér and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. She then sang at jazz clubs to pay for further studies at the Juilliard School. While at Juilliard she sang in roles with the Juilliard Opera Center, appearing as Musetta in Puccini's "La bohème" and the Wife in Menotti's "Tamu-Tamu", among others. Her voice teacher at Juilliard was Beverley Peck Johnson.


title: Renée Fleming

text: Fleming began performing professionally in smaller concerts and with small opera companies while still a graduate student at Juilliard. She sang frequently in the "Musica Viva" concert series sponsored by the New York Unitarian Church of All Souls during the 1980s. In 1984 she sang nine songs by Hugo Wolf in the world premiere of Eliot Feld's ballet "Adieu", which she again performed in 1987 and 1989 at the Joyce Theater. In 1986 she sang her first major operatic role, Konstanze in "Die Entführung aus dem Serail", at the Salzburger Landestheater. Two years later she portrayed Thalie, Clarine and La Folie in Jean-Philippe Rameau's "Platée" with the Piccolo Teatro dell'Opera.


title: Renée Fleming

text: Her major break came in 1988 when she won the Metropolitan Opera Auditions at age 29. That same year she sang the Countess in "The Marriage of Figaro" in her debut with Houston Grand Opera. She reprised the role the following year in her debut at the Spoleto Festival. Also in 1989, Fleming made her debut with the New York City Opera as Mimì in "La bohème" under conductor Chris Nance and her debut with The Royal Opera, London, as Dircé in Cherubini's "Médée". She also was awarded a Richard Tucker Career Grant and won the George London Competition.


title: Renée Fleming

text: In 1990 she was once again honored by the Richard Tucker Music Foundation but this time with the highly coveted Richard Tucker Award. That same year she made her debut with Seattle Opera in her first portrayal of the title role in "Rusalka", a role that she has since recorded and reprised at many of the world's great opera houses. She also sang for the 50th anniversary of the American Ballet Theatre in their production of Eliot Feld's "Les Noces" and returned to the New York City Opera to sing both the Countess in "Le nozze di Figaro" and Micaëla in Bizet's "Carmen". She sang the title role in the U.S. premiere presentation of Donizetti's 1841 opera "Maria Padilla" with Opera Omaha. In addition, she sang the title role in Donizetti's "Lucrezia Borgia" with the Opera Orchestra of New York.


title: Renée Fleming

text: Fleming's first television appearance came in January 1991, singing the Cherry Duet from Mascagni's "L'amico Fritz" with Luciano Pavarotti on Live from Lincoln Center. Fleming made her Metropolitan Opera and San Francisco Opera debut portraying Countess Almaviva in "Le nozze di Figaro" in 1991. She was originally not scheduled to make her Met debut until the following season, but stepped in to replace Felicity Lott who had become ill. She returned to the Met later that year to sing Rosina in the world premiere of John Corigliano's "The Ghosts of Versailles". Continuing her progress, she made her Carnegie Hall debut performing music by Ravel with the New York City Opera Orchestra, sang "Rusalka" with Houston Grand Opera, and made her debut at the Tanglewood Music Festival as Ilia in Mozart's "Idomeneo" with Seiji Ozawa and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.


title: Renée Fleming

text: 1992 saw Fleming making her debut with Grand Théâtre de Genève as Fiordiligi in Mozart's "Così fan tutte", and she sang the role of Anna in Boieldieu's "La dame blanche" at Carnegie Hall with the Opera Orchestra of New York and the role of Fortuna in Mozart's "Il sogno di Scipione" at Alice Tully Hall, as part of Lincoln Center's "Festival of Mozart Operas in Concert".


title: Renée Fleming

text: Fleming sang the role of Alaide in Bellini's "La straniera" in a concert performance by the Opera Orchestra of New York; made her debut at the Rossini Opera Festival in the title role of Rossini's "Armida"; and debuted with the Lyric Opera of Chicago in the title role of Carlisle Floyd's "Susannah".


title: Renée Fleming

text: She also gave her New York City solo recital debut at Alice Tully Hall to great acclaim, sang her first Pamina in Mozart's "The Magic Flute" at the Metropolitan Opera, and performed Alban Berg's "Three Excerpts from "Wozzeck" and the ""Lulu" Suite" with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra under James Levine.


title: Renée Fleming

text: The same season saw her singing in the world premiere of Joan Tower's "Fanfare" with Pinchas Zukerman and the Aspen Chamber Symphony and in the world premiere of John Kander's "Letter From Sullivan Ballou" at the Richard Tucker Awards ceremony.


title: Renée Fleming

text: In June 1993, the American soprano Arleen Auger died, a victim of cancer. Fleming performed some recital pieces during Auger's funeral in Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel in New York City.


title: Renée Fleming

text: During the 1993/1994 season, Fleming sang her first Desdemona in Verdi's "Otello" and her first Ellen Orford in Britten's "Peter Grimes", both with the Metropolitan Opera. During the following summer, she made her debut at the Glyndebourne Festival as the Countess in "Le nozze di Figaro". In addition, she performed the role of Madame de Tourvel in the world premiere of Conrad Susa's "The Dangerous Liaisons". The 1994/1995 San Francisco Opera's season included her Salome in Massenet's "Hérodiade".


title: Renée Fleming

text: In 1995 Fleming portrayed the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier" with Houston Grand Opera; sang in Salomé in Massenet's "Hérodiade" with the Opera Orchestra of New York at Carnegie Hall; and sang Rusalka with the San Francisco Opera. Fiordiligi in "Così fan tutte" with Solti at Royal Festival Hall in London followed, as did a lauded recital at the Morgan Library.


title: Renée Fleming

text: A highlight of 1996 was her signing of an exclusive recording contract with the London/Decca label, making her the first American singer in 31 years to do so, the last having been Marilyn Horne.