title: Symbolic link

text: In POSIX-compliant operating systems, symbolic links are created with the codice_1 system call. The codice_2 shell command normally uses the codice_3 system call, which creates a hard link. When the codice_4 flag is specified, the symlink() system call is used instead, creating a symbolic link. Symlinks were introduced in 4.1c.1 BSD Unix from U.C. Berkeley.


title: Symbolic link

text: After creating the symbolic link, some operations can be used to treat it as an alias for the target. However, the codice_5, codice_6 and codice_7 operations are unique to symbolic links and do not apply to the target; by using those system calls, programs that examine the file system (e.g., codice_8, codice_9) can report on symbolic links (instead of their targets, if any). Because the codice_10 and codice_11 system calls are coded to operate directly on symbolic links, file system management commands (e.g., codice_12, codice_13) affect the symbolic link itself (instead of being applied to the symbolic link target, if any). The codice_12 (delete file) command removes the link itself, not the target file. Likewise, the codice_13 command moves or renames the link, not the target. The codice_16 command has options that allow either the symbolic link or the target to be copied. Commands which read or write file contents will access the contents of the target file.


title: Symbolic link

text: The POSIX directory listing application, codice_8, denotes symbolic links with an arrow after the name, pointing to the name of the target file (see following example), when the long directory list is requested (codice_18 option). When a directory listing of a symbolic link that points to a directory is requested, only the link itself will be displayed. In order to obtain a listing of the linked directory, the path must include a trailing directory separator character ('/', slash).


title: Symbolic link

text: Note: In the example below do not create "three" directory before creation of link in /tmp directory.


title: Symbolic link

text: Early implementations of symbolic links stored the symbolic link information as data in regular files. The file contained the textual reference to the link's target, and the file mode bits indicated that the type of the file is a symbolic link.


title: Symbolic link

text: This method was slow and an inefficient use of disk-space on small systems. An improvement, called fast symlinks, allowed storage of the target path within the data structures used for storing file information on disk (inodes). This space normally stores a list of disk block addresses allocated to a file. Thus, symlinks with short target paths are accessed quickly. Systems with fast symlinks often fall back to using the original method if the target path exceeds the available inode space. The original style is retroactively termed a slow symlink. It is also used for disk compatibility with other or older versions of operating systems.


title: Symbolic link

text: Although storing the link value inside the inode saves a disk block and a disk read, the operating system still needs to parse the path name in the link, which always requires reading additional inodes and generally requires reading other, and potentially many, directories, processing both the list of files and the inodes of each of them until it finds a match with the link's path components. Only when a link points to a file in the same directory do "fast symlinks" provide significantly better performance than other symlinks.


title: Symbolic link

text: The vast majority of POSIX-compliant implementations use fast symlinks. However, the POSIX standard does not require the entire set of file status information common to regular files to be implemented for symlinks. This allows implementations to use other solutions, such as storing symlink data in directory entries.


title: Symbolic link

text: The file system permissions of a symbolic link are not used; the access modes of the target file are controlled by the target file's own permissions. Some operating systems, such as FreeBSD, offer the ability to modify file permissions and filesystem attributes of a symbolic link, through codice_19 and codice_20 system calls respectively.


title: Symbolic link

text: A traditional Unix filesystem has a tree structure, however symbolic links allow it to contain loops.


title: Symbolic link

text: NTFS 3.1 introduced support for symbolic links for any type of file. It was included with Windows XP, but was only enabled by default for kernel mode programs; Windows Vista and later versions of Windows enabled support for symbolic links to user mode applications, as well, and supplied the command line utility codice_21 for creating them. Third-party drivers are required to enable support for NTFS symbolic links in Windows XP. Unlike junction points, a symbolic link can also point to a file or remote Server Message Block (SMB) network path. Additionally, the NTFS symbolic link implementation provides full support for cross-filesystem links. However, the functionality enabling cross-host symbolic links requires that the remote system also support them.


title: Symbolic link

text: Symbolic links are designed to aid in migration and application compatibility with POSIX operating systems. Microsoft aimed for Windows Vista's symbolic links to "function just like UNIX links". However, the implementation differs from Unix symbolic links in several ways. For example, Windows Vista users must manually indicate when creating a symbolic link whether it is a file or a directory. Windows 7 and Vista support a maximum of 31 reparse points (and therefore symbolic links) for a given path (i.e. any given path can have at most 31 indirections before Windows gives up). Only users with the new "Create Symbolic Link" privilege, which only administrators have by default, can create symbolic links. If this is not the desired behavior, it must be changed in the Local Security Policy management console. Additionally, NTFS symbolic links to files are distinct from NTFS symbolic links to directories and therefore cannot be used interchangeably, unlike on POSIX where the same symbolic link can refer to either files or directories.


title: Symbolic link

text: In Windows Vista and later, when the working directory path ends with a symbolic link, the current parent path reference, , will refer to the parent directory of the symbolic link rather than that of its target. This behaviour is also found at the shell level in at least some POSIX systems, including Linux, but never in accessing files and directories through operating system calls. For instance, bash builtin commands and operate on the current logical directory. is often used in scripts to determine the actual current working directory. When any path is used with a system call, any use of will use the actual filesystem parent of the directory containing the pseudo-directory entry. So, and may return completely different results.


title: Symbolic link

text: The Windows 2000 version of NTFS introduced reparse points, which enabled, among other things, the use of Volume Mount Points and junction points. Junction points are for directories only, and moreover, local directories only; junction points to remote shares are unsupported. The Windows 2000 and XP Resource Kits include a program called "" to create junction points; a more powerful one named "Junction" was distributed by Sysinternals' Mark Russinovich.


title: Symbolic link

text: Not all standard applications support reparse points. Most noticeably, Backup suffers from this problem and will issue an error message 0x80070003 when the folders to be backed up contain a reparse point.


title: Symbolic link

text: Shortcuts, which are supported by the graphical file browsers of some operating systems, may resemble symbolic links but differ in a number of important ways. One difference is what type of software is able to follow them:


title: Symbolic link

text: Almost like shortcuts, but transparent to the Windows shell. They are implemented as ordinary folders (which need to have the "read only" and/or "system" attribute) containing a shortcut named "target.lnk" which refers to the target and a (hidden) "desktop.ini" with (at least) the following contents:


title: Symbolic link

text: Folder shortcuts are created and used from the Windows shell in the "network neighborhood" for example.


title: Symbolic link

text: The "shell objects" or "shell folders" are defined in the Windows registry and can be used to implement a sort of symbolic link too. Like folder shortcuts, they are transparent to the Windows shell.


title: Symbolic link

text: A minimal implementation is (the CLSID "{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}" is used as a placeholder):


title: Symbolic link

text: The "My Documents" folder on the "Desktop" as well as the "Fonts" and the "Administrative Tools" folders in the "Control Panel" are examples of "shell objects" redirected to file-system folders.


title: Symbolic link

text: Cygwin simulates POSIX-compliant symbolic links in the Microsoft Windows file system. It uses identical programming and user utility interfaces as Unix (see above), but creates Windows shortcuts (.lnk files) with additional information used by Cygwin at the time of symlink resolution. Cygwin symlinks are compliant with the POSIX standard in terms of how they are resolved, and with Windows standards in terms of their on-disk representation.


title: Symbolic link

text: Additionally, Cygwin can be set up to support native Windows symbolic links which can be used out of Cygwin without restrictions. This requires:


title: Symbolic link

text: Some differences exist, however. Cygwin has no way to specify shortcut-related information – such as working directory or icon – as there is no place for such parameters in codice_22 command. To create standard Microsoft .lnk files Cygwin provides the codice_23 and codice_24 utilities.


title: Symbolic link

text: The Cygwin User's Guide has more information on this topic. MSYS2, which is based on Cygwin, has a similar set of settings but defaults to copying the files.


title: Symbolic link

text: MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System c. 1963 and Incompatible Timesharing System both have linked files where the name of the target file is specified in a directory entry.


title: Symbolic link

text: The command creating symbolic links is codice_25, which is also used for hard links. Internally the dos.library returns an error code indicating that a target is a soft link if you try to perform actions on it that are only legal for a file, and applications that wish to follow the symbolic link then needs to explicitly make a call to follow the link and retry the operation. The AmigaDOS shell will follow links automatically.


title: Symbolic link

text: In Mac OS, applications or users can also employ "aliases", which have the added feature of following the target, even if it is moved to another location on the same volume. This is not to be confused with the shell command alias.


title: Symbolic link

text: In the OS/2 operating system, symbolic links somewhat resemble shadows in the graphical Workplace Shell. However, shadows, due to the fully object-oriented System Object Model, are considerably more powerful and robust than a simple link. For example, shadows do not lose their capabilities when renamed or when either the object or subject of the link is relocated.


title: Symbolic link

text: Symbolic links may be implemented in a context-dependent or variable fashion, such that the link points to varying targets depending on a configuration parameter, run-time parameter, or other instantaneous condition.


title: Symbolic link

text: A "variable" or "variant symbolic link" is a symbolic link that has a variable name embedded in it. This allows some flexibility in filesystem order that is not possible with a standard symbolic link. Variables embedded in a symbolic link may include user and environment specific information.


title: Symbolic link

text: Pyramid Technology's OSx Operating System implemented "conditional symbolic links" which pointed to different locations depending on which universe a program was running in. The universes supported were AT&Ts's SysV.3 and the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD 4.3). For example: if the ps command was run in the "att" universe, then the symbolic link for the directory "/bin" would point to "/.attbin" and the program "/.attbin/ps" would be executed. Whereas if the ps command was run in the "ucb" universe, then "/bin" would point to "/.ucbbin" and "/.ucbbin/ps" would be executed. Similar Conditional Symbolic Links were also created for other directories such as "/lib", "/usr/lib", "/usr/include".


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: , <onlyinclude>also known simply as , is a Japanese light novel series written by Yashichiro Takahashi with illustrations by Noizi Ito. ASCII Media Works published 26 novels from November 2002 to November 2012 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. The story focuses on Yuji Sakai, a high school boy who inadvertently becomes involved in an age-old conflict between forces of balance and imbalance in existence. In the process, he befriends a fighter for the balancing force and names her "Shana". The series incorporates fantasy and slice of life elements into its tale.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: Two manga adaptations were published by ASCII Media Works in "Dengeki Daioh" and "Dengeki Maoh". Between 2005 and 2012, the series was adapted by J.C.Staff into three 24-episode anime television series, a four-episode original video animation (OVA) series, an animated film and an additional stand alone OVA episode. A PlayStation 2 video game was released in March 2006, and it was ported to the Nintendo DS in March 2007. Viz Media licensed the novels and the first manga series for release in North America, but stopped publishing both prematurely. Geneon originally licensed the first television series for release in North America, but the license later transferred to Funimation, who also licensed the remaining anime properties. Critics praised the series for its execution of typical story elements.</onlyinclude>


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: "Shakugan no Shana" details an age-old conflict between those who inhabit the , a parallel universe to the human world. The Crimson Realm is populated by who are able to manipulate the , a fundamental power within any biological entity and functions as "fuel" for one's existence. Denizens whose power stands out among their peers are known as , and Lords that are even more powerful are known as . Denizens who do not care about the balance between the Crimson Realm and the human world collect Power of Existence from humans to use for their own purposes. It is the duty of , humans who have formed contracts with a Crimson Lord, to maintain the two worlds' balance by killing any Denizens disrupting it. Denizens and Flame Haze fight with the use of powerful magic spells called , which are also known as Unrestricted Spells or Unrestricted Methods. One such spell is the , which creates a space where the Crimson Realm and the human world intermingle and all sorts of causalities, including time, are stopped for ordinary living beings.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: The story largely takes place in Misaki City in Japan and begins when high school student Yuji Sakai is thrown into the middle of this conflict and encounters a Flame Haze girl with flaming red eyes and hair dressed in all black wielding a katana. The girl informs him that he died some time ago, and that he is a , a human with greatly diminished Power of Existence, and whose remaining Power of Existence will slowly run out. In addition, Yuji is a , a special kind of Torch who contains a , a magical object created by Denizens that can provide special abilities or even Powers of Unrestraint; additionally, Mystes can move within Seals. Unfazed by his apparent death, Yuji befriends the girl and names her "Shana" after her sword. They later discover that the Treasure Tool within Yuji is the , which restores his Power of Existence every night at midnight.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: As time goes on, Shana and Yuji encounter several more Flame Haze, such as Margery Daw and Wilhelmina Carmel, and Denizens in Misaki City. An organization of Denizens called Bal Masqué discovers that Yuji possesses the Reiji Maigo and attempt to use the Treasure Tool on two separate occasions. Bal Masqué is led by three Lords called the Trinity: Hecate, Sydonay, and Bel Peol. They serve under a Crimson God known as the , who resides within the Reiji Maigo. When the Snake of the Festival emerges, it merges its consciousness with Yuji's, assuming command over Bal Masqué, and together they formulate an elaborate plan to create a parallel world called Xanadu, which will serve as a paradise for Denizens with unlimited Power of Existence. Shana, and all of the other Flame Haze around the world, oppose the creation of Xanadu, which would eventually cause a large-scale disruption in the human world, the Crimson Realm and Xanadu itself.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: Shana formulates a countermeasure and is ultimately successful in adding a single law to Xanadu where the Denizens are not allowed to eat humans anymore. With Xanadu created, the Denizens depart to the new world, soon followed by hundreds of Flame Haze determined to help enforce order on it. Yuji intends to go to Xanadu alone and make sure humans and Denizens can eventually learn to coexist, but Shana refuses to be left behind. In the end, Yuji accepts Shana's feelings and the two kiss, which activates a spell left to Yuji by Crimson Lord Lamia that restores his existence, so Yuji is no longer a Torch. With the help of another spell from Lamia, Yuji successfully restores all humans in Misaki City whose existence was absorbed by the Denizens before he and Shana depart for Xanadu together.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: In an early draft of what would later become "Shakugan no Shana", Yashichiro Takahashi set the story in a different dimension and described the main character as having the initial personality of Shana, but the appearance of an older woman similar to Margery Daw. However, after talking with an editor, Takahashi rewrote the character to have the appearance of a young girl. In doing so, he used Shana's small build to symbolize a story of growth and to emphasize the physical conflict between her and her opponents. Noizi Ito was contacted in early August 2002 to be the illustrator for the series, and she was very excited to work on the project after she read the manuscript for the first novel; this was the first time Ito drew illustrations for a book.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: Shortly before writing "Shakugan no Shana", Takahashi made his debut as an author with "A/B Extreme", which was awarded an honorable mention in the eighth Dengeki Novel Prize by MediaWorks (now ASCII Media Works) in 2001. By his own admission, "A/B Extreme" was too difficult for readers to understand, so for his next work, he set out to write something easier to grasp. As such, the initial premise of "Shakugan no Shana" was to write a boy meets girl story in a school setting, though initially love was not one of the themes included. He was given the freedom to write as he pleased based on this premise after showing it to his editor.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: "Shakugan no Shana" began as a light novel series written by Yashichiro Takahashi, with illustrations drawn by Noizi Ito. ASCII Media Works published 26 volumes between November 9, 2002 and November 10, 2012 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint; 22 comprise the main story, while the other four are side story collections. A short story was later published in the September 2017 issue of ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki Bunko Magazine". Viz Media licensed the novels for English distribution in North America, but they only released two volumes in 2007. The novels are also licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., and in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: A 160-page guide book titled was published on December 10, 2005 by ASCII Media Works. Two more guide books were published by ASCII Media Works for the anime adaptations: on October 27, 2006 with 176 pages, and on October 19, 2009 with 168 pages. Four 128-page art books illustrated by Ito were published by ASCII Media Works: on February 25, 2005, on August 9, 2007, on August 10, 2009, and on August 9, 2013.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: A manga adaptation, illustrated by Ayato Sasakura, was serialized in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine "Dengeki Daioh" between the April 2005 and October 2011 issues. The individual chapters were collected and published in ten "tankōbon" volumes from October 27, 2005 and October 27, 2011. A special limited edition version of volume two was bundled with a booklet titled "Grimoire" including contributions from guest artists and writers for various illustrations, manga, and short stories. Viz Media licensed the manga for English distribution in North America. Viz released six volumes between April 17, 2007 and September 21, 2010, but then cancelled the release of the final four volumes. The manga is also licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media, and in Germany by Egmont.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: A second manga illustrated by Shii Kiya, titled , is based on the events of the tenth novel and began serialization in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine "Dengeki Black Maoh" on September 19, 2007. The manga was later transferred to "Dengeki Maoh" and ran in that magazine between the December 2009 and September 2012 issues. Five volumes were released between January 27, 2009 and September 27, 2012. The manga is licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., and in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: A 24-episode anime television series adaptation of "Shakugan no Shana" aired in Japan between October 6, 2005 and March 23, 2006 on TV Kanagawa. Produced by J.C.Staff and directed by Takashi Watanabe, the screenplay was written by Yasuko Kobayashi, and chief animator Mai Otsuka based the character design used in the anime on Noizi Ito's original designs. The sound director is Jin Aketagawa, and the soundtrack is composed by Kow Otani. The series was later released by Geneon in eight DVD compilation volumes from January to August 2006. Later, an original video animation (OVA) episode titled "Shakugan no Shana SP", which takes place after the events of episode 13, was released on December 8, 2006.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: An anime film based on the first novel that was released in Japanese theaters on April 21, 2007 as one of three films released at Dengeki Bunko's Movie Festival. The staff who produced the anime series returned to produce the film. The version shown in theaters was 65 minutes in length. Those who saw the film in theaters could buy a short book titled "Shakugan no Shana M" containing two short stories written by Takahashi published by ASCII Media Works under the imprint Dengeki Gekijō Bunko. The film was released on DVD in Japan on September 21, 2007 in regular and special editions, which featured the full length 90-minute director's cut version. It was later released on Blu-ray Disc (BD) in Japan on July 27, 2011.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: "Shana" production staff would again return to produce two additional TV series and an OVA series. The 24-episode second season, titled , aired between October 5, 2007 and March 28, 2008 on MBS. The series was later released by Geneon to eight DVD compilation volumes from January to August 2008. A four-episode OVA series titled "Shakugan no Shana S" was released on BD/DVD from October 23, 2009 to September 29, 2010. The 24-episode third season, titled , aired between October 8, 2011 and March 24, 2012 on Tokyo MX. The series was released by Geneon on eight BD/DVD compilation volumes from December 2011 to July 2012.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: Geneon licensed the first TV series for North American distribution, but after Geneon withdrew from the North American market, Funimation Entertainment took up the manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution rights, though Geneon still retained the license. A DVD box set was released by Funimation in September 2008, and was re-released in September 2009 under Funimation's "Viridian Collection". Funimation later re-licensed the first series and re-released it in a BD/DVD combo pack on August 21, 2012. The series made its North American television debut on September 10, 2012 on the Funimation Channel. The first season and its accompanying OVA were also licensed by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand, and by MVM Films in the United Kingdom. Funimation later licensed the film, the second and third TV series, and the OVA series for release in North America, with a different English dub cast compared to the first anime season.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: For the first "Shakugan no Shana" anime series, four theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme by Mami Kawada was released in November 2005, and the second opening theme "Being" by Kotoko was released in March 2006. The first ending theme by Yoko Takahashi was released in October 2005, and the second ending theme by Yoko Ishida was released in February 2006. The original soundtrack for the first anime series was released in January 2006. For the "Shakugan no Shana" film, two theme song singles were released: the ending theme by Love Planet Five—made up of Kotoko, Kawada, Eiko Shimamiya, Mell, and Kaori Utatsuki—was released in April 2007; the insert song by Kawada was released in May 2007. The film's original soundtrack was released in September 2007.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: For "Shakugan no Shana Second", two theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme "Joint" by Kawada was released in October 2007, and the second opening theme "Blaze" by Kotoko was released in March 2008. The first ending theme is "Triangle" by Kawada and was released on the single for "Joint", and the second ending theme "Sociometry" by Kotoko was released on the single for "Blaze". The song "Sense" by Kawada was used as the final ending theme for episode 24, and was released on Kawada's album "Savia" in March 2008. The original soundtrack for "Shakugan no Shana Second" was released in January 2008. For "Shakugan no Shana S", the single for the opening theme "Prophecy" by Kawada was released in November 2009, and the ending theme "All in Good Time" by Kawada was released on her album "Linkage" in March 2010. The song "Portamento" by Kawada was used as an insert song in episode 4, and was released on "Savia".


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: For "Shakugan no Shana Final", four theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme "Light My Fire" by Kotoko was released in November 2011, and the second opening theme "Serment" by Kawada was released in February 2012. The first ending theme "I'll Believe" by Altima was released in December 2011, and the second ending theme "One" by Altima was released in February 2012. The song by Kawada was used as the final ending theme for episode 24. Three insert songs by Kawada were also used in "Shakugan no Shana Final": "u/n" in episode 15 released on the single for "Serment", "Akai Namida" in episode 19, and "Hishoku no Sora" in episode 24.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: Three volumes of albums titled "Shakugan no Shana Assorted Shana" containing image songs, audio dramas and background music tracks were released between February and April 2006. Three volumes of albums titled "Shakugan no Shana II Splendide Shana" containing images songs and audio dramas were released between February and May 2008. Three volumes of albums titled "Shakugan no Shana F Superiority Shana" containing audio dramas, background music tracks, and short versions of theme songs from "Shakugan no Shana Final" were released between February and July 2012. The third "Superiority Shana" album also included the song "Kōbō". A compilation album of songs used in the series was released on January 24, 2018.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: A weekly radio drama of "Shakugan no Shana" aired four episodes between November 29 and December 20, 2003 on "Dengeki Taishō". The scenario was an original side-story written by Takahashi, and takes place between the first and second light novel volumes. The cast for the radio drama was different from the anime adaptations. A CD compilation of the radio drama titled "Shakugan no Shana Drama Disc", including an additional audio drama, was eligible for mail orders up to March 31, 2004. Another drama CD was released with the April 2008 issue of Tokuma Shoten's "Animage" magazine; the cast is the same as with the anime versions.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: An action RPG visual novel titled "Shakugan no Shana", developed by Vridge and published by MediaWorks, was released on March 23, 2006 for the PlayStation 2 (PS2). A 36-page A4-sized art book titled featuring illustrations by Ito was available to those who pre-ordered the game. The game was re-released as a "Best" version on February 7, 2008. The story was written by Takahashi, and features character designs by Ito. The opening theme song is "Exist" by Rie Kugimiya, which was released on volume one of the "Assorted Shana" albums. The player assumes the role of Yuji Sakai during the visual novel aspect, where much of the game's duration is spent on reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents the story's narrative and dialogue.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: The game follows a branching plot line through eight chapters with five possible endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. Every so often, the player will come to a point where he or she is given the chance to choose from multiple options. Text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. Sometimes during text progression, an "active countdown" minigame appears, which requires the player to press the game buttons in a specific order in a set time limit. Success or failure in these minigames influence which endings are viewed. During the turn-based battle sequences, the player assumes the role of Shana. The player uses a combination of fire, powers of unrestraint, and treasure tools to battle Crimson Denizens; and Shana is also able to use a special attack and defend.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: A Nintendo DS port of the game titled "Shakugan no Shana DS", developed by Vridge and published by MediaWorks, was released on March 29, 2007. Those who pre-ordered the game received a calendar spanning April 2007 to March 2008, and an art book of rough sketches by Ito titled was available for a limited time with the purchase of the game. A new story for the DS version was written by Takahashi. The game also contains an image gallery that allows the player to see what Shana and Yoshida Kazumi look like in different clothes, and a battle mode that lets the player fight against the computer with a character other than Shana.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: Shana appears as a playable character in the crossover RPG "" for the Nintendo DS, and other characters from "Shakugan no Shana" also appear in the game. Shana appears in the 2014 fighting game "", which features various Dengeki Bunko characters.


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: In October 2014, the novels were reported to have sold over 8.6 million copies. As reported on the obi strip on volume 4 of the "Shakugan no Shana" manga released in January 2008, 1.2 million copies of the manga had been sold. Theron Martin from Anime News Network reviewed the manga and called it "inferior" to the anime, and notes the anime develops characters better than the manga. Martin also critiques the art, saying the background art has little detail, and while the action scenes are handled well enough, they are still sub-par compared to the same scenes in the anime. Martin concludes the review by warning the readers that "[if] this is your first exposure to the franchise, look to the anime version to see it done right."


title: Shakugan no Shana

text: When reviewing the anime, Martin thought the first "Shakugan no Shana" always manages to slightly exceed expectations, and while its story elements may be typical, its execution is not. Martin noted that Shana's Flame Haze transformation is a visual highlight of the series, and other details are shown equal care. Reviewer Chris Beveridge of Mania.com felt uncomfortable about the morbid nature of the series. While Beveridge did not think the series is "groundbreaking", it proves to be a "solid title" that continuously gets better. The pacing in the middle of the first season was criticized for quickly ending an arc before "going into a storyline that feels out of character for the show." Martin's review of "Shakugan no Shana Final" was less positive; he described Yuji as having been made into a different character (though his complexity was praised), criticized the addition of a large number of prominent characters without sufficient development, and described some things as not making sense, although he praised Shana's development over the course of the third series.


title: Apetor

text: Tor Eckhoff (22 November 1964 – 27 November 2021), also known as Apetor (), was a Norwegian industrial worker and YouTuber known primarily for his videos where he drank vodka while performing daring activities on frozen waters, like ice skating, swimming in ice holes and diving. He died in 2021 after he fell through the ice of a lake west of Kongsberg, Norway, while recording a video. At the time of his death, he lived in Sandefjord where he worked in a paint factory run by the chemicals company Jotun.


title: Apetor

text: His YouTube career lasted from 2006 until his death in 2021, though his channel first started gaining popularity in 2011. His videos, in which he remained mostly silent, were popular worldwide, especially in Poland. The ones he recorded during the winter were his most well-known, though also being controversial in nature due to their perceived dangerdrinking alcohol before swimming near-naked in below-freezing temperaturesbut some also characterised them as artistic for their presentation and content. Despite his success, he did not make a living out of his videos, creating them primarily for his own enjoyment.


title: Apetor

text: Tor Rathje Eckhoff was born in Kristiansund, Norway, on 22 November 1964 to professor Johan Arent Rathje Eckhoff and secretary Kari Elisabeth Anderssen. He was the second of three brothers, Jan and Ulf. He moved to Sandefjord at the age of 6. Eckhoff studied history, philosophy, and nordic literature at the University of Bergen, graduating in 1993 with a cand.mag. On 17 December 1993, he had a child with his partner, Tove Skjerven, with whom he would live for 30 years. His mother died in 1994, and his father in 2008; his brother Ulf died of cancer in October 2021. Eckhoff worked at a paint factory in Sandefjord, which was run by the chemicals company Jotun. This would remain his long-term place of employment from 2008 until his death in 2021.


title: Apetor

text: Eckhoff had an interest in evolutionary biology, being fascinated with the close genetic relationship between humans and apes. He had an affinity for the outdoors, often going camping during the summer, along with mountain climbing, especially around Jotunheimen. He was fond of the Volvo 240 and 142 series of cars, owning a 1968 model of the latter. Despite the frequent appearance of winter swimming in his videos, he rarely did it in his spare time, nor did he drink alcohol often outside of his videos.


title: Apetor

text: In June 2013, Eckhoff reported that he had been robbed of his recording and camping equipment after he left them at a quay to moor his boat. He suspected two men piloting a large motorboat of the theft, noting that their boat had run full throttle into the port when he was gone. He reported the incident to the police, though he did not notice the brand of the boat. A few days later, he wrote on Facebook that his belongings had been returned, and that they had been taken unintentionally by someone from Kongsberg.


title: Apetor

text: In November 2018, Eckhoff uploaded a video to YouTube revealing that he had been diagnosed with colorectal cancer in March of that year, and underwent surgery later in June. He clarified in the video that it was not due to lifestyle choices, but from chronic inflammatory bowel disease. After the surgery, he had to use a colostomy bag. He was focused on enjoying the small things in life through his videos, a feeling reinforced by his survival from cancer.


title: Apetor

text: Eckhoff joined YouTube on 10 October 2006 and posted his first video a day later. The moniker he used online, Apetor, consisting of the word ape and his given name Tor, stemmed from his aforementioned interest in the close relationship between humans and apes. He used his channel to document his trips, sharing footage of wildlife and scenic views, both domestically and abroad. At first, his videos were filmed with a compact camera, before upgrading to a higher quality video camera in 2009, when he also started editing his videos in an effort to get more views. He stated that other people were not present during the filming of his videos, despite people being worried for his safety. The software he used to edit his videos was the free Apple-developed application iMovie.


title: Apetor

text: His first breakthrough video, uploaded in 2011, was "On Thin Sea Ice 2", acquiring over one million views in the span of a week. It featured him ice skating, drinking vodka, diving through sea ice, and making seal-like sounds with his mouth. For parts of it he had other people present acting as helpers, but was completely alone when he went under the ice. Despite claims that he had not done extreme sport or winter swimming before the video, he had filmed himself practicing falling through frozen waters safely before. Clips from the video were featured without his permission in the video compilation "People Are Awesome 2011", which had earned 4.5 million views by February 2012, and 30 million by August. Though Eckhoff commented on the illegality of publishing it without his permission, he did not mind due to the brevity of the clips, and said that he considered his inclusion "an honour".


title: Apetor

text: Following the strong positive reactions to "On Thin Sea Ice 2", he was encouraged to upload more videos like it. He established the business Apetor Film in March 2011 to facilitate the "production of film, video, and television programmes." The follow-up, "On Thin Sea Ice 3", featured him supposedly swimming to a ferry to buy alcohol in the middle of winter. In the fourth "On Thin Ice" video, he continued by cutting a hole in the ice with a chainsaw before dunking his head in it and diving into it, in addition to cutting out an ice doughnut and wearing it around his neck. He would end up uploading a total of thirteen videos in the "On Thin Ice" series, many of which gaining millions of views, with "On Thin Ice 4", for instance, earning 351,000 views in a single day after appearing on the front page of Reddit in 2013, at that point having reached 4 million views in under three years.


title: Apetor

text: The most popular video on his channel was "The First Snow 4", acquiring over 94 million views before his death; The video has over 100 million views as of 2022. Part of the annual "First Snow" videos started in 2014, it featured him submerging himself in a frozen bathtub while drinking vodka. In a similar video, "A day in November", uploaded in 2014 after a year long break, he also got into an icy bath, earning 610,000 views in 5 days. Another popular series on his channel was the Christmas videos, where he performed various stunts of similar calibre to his "On Thin Ice" series, like skating across ice using a chainsaw. His vodka of choice, Vikingfjord, made frequent appearances on his channel, though he claimed that he had no connection to the brand, and that he had never been in touch with the company that produces it.


title: Apetor

text: He collaborated with of the Norwegian state-sponsored entertainment YouTube channel in late 2019, when they went swimming together in winter conditions. In a 2021 interview, Fredriksen attributed much of Eckhoff's international success to him not speaking often in his content beside making strange noises, and to what Fredriksen deemed to be the absurdist humour present in his videos. Despite this success, Eckhoff remained humble, and did not make a living off his videos, earning a few hundred dollars a month in 2015. He expressed that he only made videos for fun, and that he had not been trying to impart any messages with them. His video production was, by his own words, a continuation of his interest in photography, which he developed in the 1980s.


title: Apetor

text: Eckhoff's videos were popular internationally, with the largest sections of his viewership being from European countries like Poland and Russia, but also in the United States; in 2016, Eckhoff recounted the story of how two Polish fans arrived at his home in the rural village of Kodal, where they bathed in a bathtub featured on his channel after enquiring about it. He posited that his popularity in Poland in particular was due to their cultural tendencies of vodka-drinking and winter swimming. He became the first Norwegian YouTuber over the age of 50 to acquire one million subscribers, which alongside his subscriber count of 1.2 million by the time of his death, made him one of the most popular YouTubers in Norway. In spite of his international success, only 1.5 percent of his views came from his own country.


title: Apetor

text: Clips of his videos have appeared on major television channels in Norway and internationally, including on the Norwegian news channel TV 2, on the American network G4, and on the American news network CBS, all in 2011, in addition to an appearance on the Australian breakfast show programme Sunrise in 2016. On a 2012 episode of the Norwegian entertainment programme , he talked about several TV stations getting into contact with him, notably the British TV show Rude Tube, alongside several other unspecified American, French and Japanese ones.


title: Apetor

text: Eckhoff has remarked on the ability of his content to affect the global perception of Norway: "[H]ere the tourism industry is, working to bring tourists here, and then I arrive tearing the whole thing down. It's become a bit like "polar bears in the streets" because of it all. Do they really believe all Norwegians do these kinds of things?" Others have corroborated these thoughts, like Kåre Gåsholt of Sandefjords Blad, referring to him as the likely biggest private disseminator of nature in Norway. Tourism in Sandefjord, the town he lived in, experienced a surge due to his channel. In 2018, for example, a group of 16 tourists arrived from Szczecin, Poland, to swim in the waters, with Eckhoff showing up to greet them. Many of the tourists also made recurrent visits to the town.


title: Apetor

text: The unique content featured in Eckhoff's videos has been labelled artistic, with of noting his ability to "strike a nerve that crosses borders" with his videos. He continued that Eckhoff's humour will "live long across the entire world". Writing on his silent, yet humorous demeanor, Rafał Krause of compared him to Mr. Bean, adding further that his dynamic editing, with frequent changes of perspective, was akin to avant-garde cinema. On a similar note, his video "On Thin Sea Ice 2" was featured at the 37th annual Banff Mountain Film Festival in 2013 under the tagline "Slide away with simple pleasures: skating, bathing, and a little vodka!" Out of the 380 films entered, it was one of 28 to be screened at the festival, which took place in 285 locations in 30 countries, for example at the Arlington Theatre in California, and the Queenstown Memorial Centre in Queenstown, New Zealand.


title: Apetor

text: For all their popularity, his stunts had not been without criticism, with some comparing them to Russian roulette. Analysts on Discovery Channel, for example, stated that his alcohol intake mixed with extreme cold to be deadly, concluding that the reason he was able to resist the cold as well as he could while swimming was due to being intoxicated, after noting the diminishing amount of alcohol left in the bottle between video takes. Eckhoff refuted their comments, stating that they were "inventing facts" about the circumstances. He explained that he had only drunk a few sips, adding that the decreasing alcohol level was due to him filming on separate days with different bottles.


title: Apetor

text: In February 2021, after the production of a video at lake Eikern, Eckhoff described being scolded after clambering out of the lake by someone concerned for his safety. Although frequently acquiring scrapes and cuts in the video process, he disagreed with the sentiments that the stunts he performed were dangerous, saying "Many regard falling through ice as life-threatening, but if you know what you're doing and have ice claws, then it's usually fine." He further added with a smile: "I shouldn't be cocky, I could very well die out here someday." On previous occasions he had mentioned rehearsing falling through ice adequately enough to justify his activities. This was in light of a near-fatal ice-skating accident he experienced in 2007, when he fell through the ice at lake Goksjø at night, after which he became determined to practice "going into the water, and getting back out again".


title: Apetor

text: In May 2020, the video service Memmo, an online platform offering personalised video messages from celebrities, launched its Norwegian branch, with Eckhoff being one of the many taking part. By December, he had created and sent 263 videos to buyers, with a large portion being birthday and Christmas greetings, for apiece. He noted that he only made around from each video due having to pay income tax on profits, and the platform taking 25%.


title: Apetor

text: In an August 2021 video uploaded to his YouTube channel, Eckhoff revealed that he would partake in the 2022 Harald Zwart film "Lange Flate Ballær 3", the sequel to "" and "Lange Flate Ballær 2", with him playing a villain. Later the same month, he was pictured by press at a shooting of the film in Fredrikstad. The following month, he uploaded a teaser for the film to his channel. Premiering in theatres on 1 April 2022, Eckhoff starred among Samantha Fox, Ulrikke Brandstorp, and Harald Rønneberg, among others.


title: Apetor

text: On 26 November 2021, Eckhoff fell through the ice at Jakobs dam, a lake west of Kongsberg, while recording a video for his YouTube channel. After a witness reported hearing him calling for help, he was rescued by divers who performed CPR, before he was flown to Ullevål University Hospital by air ambulance. He died on 27 November at the hospital despite resuscitation attempts. The police reported that a hole had been cut into the ice of the lake, that he was alone at the scene of the accident, and that foul play was not suspected. His identity as the victim of the drowning was not disclosed until 28 November, when police reported on his death in a press release, with his family aware that his death was to be made public. At the time of his death, his channel had 1.2 million subscribers.


title: Apetor

text: His last video, entitled "I am Not Dead, I am 57 Today", was uploaded on 22 November 2021, five days before his death. He had been uploading similar videos since 2017, celebrating his birthday every year. In the comment section of the video, he received an outpouring of support after his death, including comments from the aforementioned 4ETG, and from notable individuals like musicians Alan Walker and PelleK. Similar sentiments of grief were expressed in the comments of his other videos for several days after his death, in addition to various other social media platforms, including Facebook, Reddit, and the Polish Wykop, where internet users conveyed how their holidays would be sad in his absence. Candles were also lit in his memory by fans outside the , Czechia.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: Custer's Revenge (also known as Mystique Presents Swedish Erotica: Custer's Revenge) is an adult action game published by American Multiple Industries for the Atari 2600, first released in November 1982. The game gained notoriety owing to its goal of raping a Native American woman.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: The titular player character is based on Lieutenant Colonel and Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer, a famous American cavalry commander who is most well known for his major defeat and death at the Battle of Little Bighorn.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: Following the Christmas season of 1982, the rights to American Multiple Industries' games, including "Custer's Revenge", were sold off to the adult video game company PlayAround. Under PlayAround's parent company, Castlespring Enterprises, "Custer's Revenge" was re-branded as Westward Ho for the European market and given slight modifications to its original gameplay. These alterations included simple aesthetic changes such as the darkening in color of the Native American woman's skin tone. PlayAround also made a gender-reversed version of "Custer's Revenge" named General Retreat. The game was universally panned by critics and has been described as one of the worst video games ever made.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: "Custer's Revenge" is an action video game in which the player controls General Custer, who must advance through the playing field and avoid arrows in order to rape the Indian maiden Revenge, who is tied to a pole on the other side. The game consists of four numbered modes of play; modes 1 and 3 are single-player campaigns, while modes 2 and 4 are hotseat multiplayer modes. In modes 1 and 2, the player(s) must only avoid arrows, while in modes 3 and 4, cacti that appear and disappear at random intervals are added as obstacles. Custer can move left or right if the joystick is moved in those directions, while shifting the joystick up or down will cause Custer to stop.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: Custer begins the game with three lives, which are represented by small cacti on a black stripe at the bottom of the screen. If an arrow touches Custer's hat or if Custer comes into contact with a cactus, he loses a life to the tune of "Taps". It is possible for Custer to stand in between two arrows and not get hit. If Custer successfully reaches Revenge, the player must repeatedly press the fire button for Custer to penetrate her, which occurs to the "Charge" fanfare. Each penetration awards one point, and the player earns an extra life for every 50 points. The player(s) can accumulate no more than six lives at any given time. For every 50 points scored, Custer returns to his original position on the field, and the speed of the arrows increases. The arrow speed can also be increased by flipping the difficulty switch on the Atari console.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: "Custer's Revenge" quickly gained notoriety upon its release. Sold in a sealed package labeled "NOT FOR SALE TO MINORS" and selling for $49.95 (), it acknowledged that children might nonetheless see the game. The game's literature stated "if the kids catch you and should ask, tell them Custer and the maiden are just dancing." The makers elected to preview the game for women's and Native American groups, an act that many thought was a publicity stunt. Women's rights groups criticized the game, stating that it was a simulation of rape; the back of the packaging states "she's not about to take it lying down, by George! Help is on the way. By God! He's coming." Other groups such as Women Against Pornography, Native American spokespersons, and critics of the adult video game industry in general protested about the content of the game. Activists pressured legislators to outlaw the game, with Suffolk County voting to ban all "X-rated" games within their jurisdiction, and Los Angeles County voting 3-1 to ban "Custer's Revenge" alongside American Multiple Industries' other adult-only games "Bachelor Party" and "Beat 'Em & Eat 'Em". Multiple Industries subsequently pursued an $11 million lawsuit against Suffolk County and legislator Philip Nolan "because of a resolution authorizing the county executive to take action to halt sales and distribution" of the game. Oklahoma City, home to a large Native American population, also unanimously passed a resolution condemning the game as "distasteful" and "not in the best interests of the community". While both Ward 1 Councilman Bob McCoy and city attorney Walter Powell sought to block distribution within the city, and Multiple Industries did briefly halt distribution there, it was never officially banned by the city as is sometimes erroneously reported.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: Nevertheless, the focused media attention generated publicity for the game and its Streisand effect caused it to sell approximately 80,000 copies, twice as many copies as "Bachelor Party" and "Beat 'Em & Eat 'Em". Atari received numerous complaints about the game however and responded by trying to sue the game's makers. Stuart Kesten, President of American Multiple Industries, stated "our object is not to arouse, our object is to entertain [...] When people play our games, we want them smiling, we want them laughing." The game's designer, Joel Miller, said Custer was "seducing" the maiden and that she was a "willing participant". By April 1983, the game was withdrawn from circulation.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: In 1988, computer gaming magazine "Ahoy!" called "Custer's Revenge" "an [affront] to common decency", in contrast to more modern and 'tasteful' adult games. "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s Seanbaby placed it as number 9 in his "20 worst games of all time" feature.


title: Custer's Revenge

text: In 2008, the University of Calgary professor Tom Keenan cited "the hideous "Custer's Revenge" game", 26 years after its release, in an op-ed piece about current video game violence issues for the "Calgary Herald". That same year, the game was credited by Australian "PC Magazine" as being one of the worst games ever made, while Games.net ranked Custer's victim as fifth on the list of top ten "disturbingly sexual" game characters. In 2010, Custer placed eighth on machinima.com's list of the top perverts in gaming. UGO.com ranked it as tenth on the list of the most racist video games in history in 2010, also ranking the game's General Custer as the second most unsexy video game character of all time in 2012.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Holocaust (1978) is an American four-part television miniseries which explores the Holocaust from the perspectives of the fictional Weiss family, a family of Jews in Germany, and the perspective of a rising member of the SS, who gradually becomes a war criminal. "Holocaust" highlights numerous events which occurred both up to and during World War II, such as "Kristallnacht", the construction of Jewish ghettos, and later, the construction of death camps and the use of gas chambers.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Even though the miniseries won several awards and it also received positive reviews, it was also criticized. In "The New York Times", Holocaust survivor and political activist Elie Wiesel wrote that it was: "Untrue, offensive, cheap: as a TV production, the film is an insult to those who perished and to those who survived." However, the series played a major role in public debates on the Holocaust in West Germany after its showing in 1979 and its impact has been described as "enormous".


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: "Holocaust" is an account of two fictional German families from Berlin, prior to, and during World War II: one is Christian, whose members become Nazis out of economic necessity, and the other is Jewish, who become their victims.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: The "Aryan" Dorf family is headed by Erik (Michael Moriarty), a lawyer who struggles to find work to support his wife Marta (Deborah Norton) and two young children, Peter and Laura, during the economic hardships of the Depression in Germany. At his wife's insistence, Erik joins the Nazi Party to earn income. He rapidly advances within the SS and becomes the right-hand man of Reinhard Heydrich (David Warner), a top-level Nazi and one of the engineers of the "Final Solution". Coordinating mass murder disturbs Dorf at first, but he grows increasingly merciless as he discovers that ideological fervor gains him prestige. This backfires after a feud with SS field officers who resent his orders and they send an anonymous letter to Heydrich, accusing Dorf of having Communist sympathies. These accusations stunt his career. After Heydrich is assassinated in 1942, Dorf is put in charge of major extermination operations at Nazi death camps. Dorf continues to follow orders, and commits horrific war crimes while covering them up.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: The series also follows the Weiss family; a group of moderately wealthy German Jews, headed by Dr. Josef Weiss (Fritz Weaver) a Polish-born general physician. His German-born wife, Berta (Rosemary Harris), a talented pianist, is descended from a "Hoch-Deutsch" family whose ancestors were ethnic German "court Jews". They have three children—Karl (James Woods), an artist who is married to a Christian woman named Inga (Meryl Streep); Rudi, (Joseph Bottoms), a football player; and 16-year-old daughter Anna Weiss (Blanche Baker). Berta's parents are also featured.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: "Holocaust" begins in 1935 in Berlin, with the wedding of Karl Weiss and Inga Helms. The unemployed Erik and his sickly wife Marta consult with Dr. Josef Weiss who diagnoses her with a heart murmur. They learn the doctor had treated Erik's parents and him as a child.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: This miniseries spans the period from 1938 to 1945 and covers the unfolding of the Holocaust, the events from Kristallnacht to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the Sobibor death camp revolt, and ultimately the end of World War II and the liberation of the camps. It portrays the crimes of the Nazis, including the "Action T4" euthanasia murders of the disabled, the Babi Yar massacre, the deportations to and imprisonment in the ghettos, and the murders of millions in the death camps. Throughout the series, each member of the Weiss (and Palitz) family suffers hardships and ultimately meets a terrible fate.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: The Kristallnacht attacks in November 1938 were ostensibly in retaliation for the assassination of Nazi official Ernst vom Rath by Jewish 17-year-old Herschel Grynszpan. Much was staged and supported by the Nazis, as part of their economic and political persecution of Jews. So too it was, for the fictional Weiss (and Palitz) family.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Within days artist Karl Weiss is arrested and sent to Buchenwald concentration camp. Heinrich Palitz and his wife are forced to move in with their daughter, Berta, son-in-law Josef Weiss, and their two younger children still at home.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Dr. Josef Weiss already prohibited from treating "Aryan" patients, is deported to Poland as a foreign Polish citizen, along with Jewish patients Franz Lowy (George Rose) and his wife Chana (Käte Jaenicke). Josef's brother, Moses Weiss owns a pharmacy in Warsaw, and finds a place for the couple to stay. Josef starts working as a doctor in the Warsaw Ghetto hospital. In Berlin, Berta, and their children are forced to sell their home and Josef's clinic. They move into their daughter-in-law Inga's apartment, relying on her and her reluctant, even hostile, Nazi-supporting family for their survival.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Rudi runs away, trying to escape the Nazis' reach. Anna is raped by German SA stormtroopers. Nearly catatonic as a result, she is committed to Hadamar. She and others suffering from mental illness are killed under the Nazi Action T4. Eventually, Berta is deported from Berlin to Warsaw, where she reunites with her husband Josef. She teaches in the ghetto school, and Josef and Moses become members of the "Judenrat" (Jewish council) for the Ghetto.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Inga tries to contact Karl in Buchenwald, to no avail. Through a friend of Inga's family, Heinz Müller (Tony Haygarth), an SS officer stationed at Buchenwald, Inga is able to get letters to and from Karl, but only if she has sex with Müller. Inga initially refuses out of loyalty to Karl. When Müller threatens to have Karl keep doing heavy labor at risk of death, Inga submits to him, hoping to save Karl's life. Müller uses Inga's sexual contact with him to taunt Karl; he does arrange for an easier indoor job, and then transfer to Theresienstadt to work in its art studio.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Rudi Weiss reaches German-occupied Prague, Czechoslovakia, where he meets Helena Slomova (Tovah Feldshuh), whose parents have been deported. They fall in love and run away together, witnessing the Babi Yar massacre in Ukraine and meeting up with Jewish partisans. Rudi and Helena fight with them for years. When an attempted ambush of German troops fails, Rudi's partisans are annihilated, and Helena is killed. Rudi is sent to Sobibór death camp. He meets Leon Feldhandler and Alexander Pechersky, and escapes with them during the Sobibór uprising in October 1943. He decides to try to find his family in Europe.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Meanwhile, in the Warsaw ghetto, the Weisses and others learn about the death camps and join a resistance movement. They try to save lives in any way possible. Josef uses his position as doctor in the Ghetto hospital to rescue Jews from the trains by claiming they have contagious illnesses. Moses Weiss and others stockpile weapons bought outside the ghetto. Eventually Josef is caught and he and Berta, along with Franz and Chana Lowy, are deported to Auschwitz.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: On Passover of 1943, Moses and the others revolt against the Germans entering the ghetto for a last action, so they can determine their own deaths. Although they have some success, the SS eventually overwhelm the defenders, crushing the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and burning down most of the buildings. When Moses and the other survivors surrender to SS forces, they are immediately killed by firing squads.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: When Karl reaches Theresienstadt, he is commissioned as an artist. Inga sacrifices her freedom in order to reunite with Karl, and is sent to Theresienstadt where she becomes pregnant with Karl's child. Theresienstadt is kept as a showplace to fool Red Cross observers, but Karl begins secretly drawing the reality of the concentration camps. The SS learns of the art when one of the artists sells several works. SS, including Erik Dorf, and Theresienstadt officials, need to find out if more of these drawings exist, as they threaten their subterfuge. The artists are severely tortured but refuse to confess. Karl, the sole survivor of the arrested artists, is deported to Auschwitz, after learning that Inga is pregnant with their child.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Both of Karl's parents are killed in Auschwitz shortly before the liberation of the camp. Berta is last seen entering a gas chamber. Josef had been working on a road crew but Dorf reminds his superiors that Jews should not be used for slave labor when non-Jewish prisoners are available. Josef is also killed in the gas chamber. Karl is found dead in his barracks, after one final sketch.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: After the war ends, Dorf is captured by the United States Army and told that he will be tried for war crimes. Dorf protests, saying that he was mostly an observer, and that Nazi actions were legitimate. Confronted by evidence to the contrary, Dorf commits suicide by taking a cyanide pill.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Rudi meets Inga after Theresienstadt is liberated, having learned about the deaths of his parents and Karl. Inga says she had their baby and named him Josef, after her father-in-law. She plans to return with Josef to Berlin, but says she won't stay there. Rudi is commissioned with smuggling Jewish orphans into Palestine. Karl's drawings, which had been hidden from the SS by Inga, were given to a museum in Prague as a permanent record of the Holocaust.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: "Holocaust" was produced by Robert Berger, and it was filmed on location in Austria and West Berlin. It was broadcast in four parts from April 16 to April 19, 1978. The series earned a 49% market share; it was also well received in Europe.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: The 9½ hour program starred Fritz Weaver, Meryl Streep, James Woods, and Michael Moriarty, as well as a large supporting cast. It was directed by Marvin J. Chomsky, whose credits included ABC's miniseries "Roots" (1977). The teleplay was written by novelist-producer Gerald Green, who later adapted the script as a novel.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: In the U.S., "Holocaust" was released as a Region 1 DVD by Paramount Pictures and CBS Home Entertainment on May 27, 2008. The release of the Region 2 DVD followed on 15 August 2010.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: A disclaimer on the DVD packaging states that it may be edited from the original network broadcast version and it is shorter at 446 mins. The Region 4 DVD is unusually in native NTSC format, not having been converted to PAL. No information about the cut in footage has been released.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: In the U.S. and Canada, a 452-minute version was released as a 2-disc Blu-ray set on September 24, 2019.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: Some critics accused the miniseries of trivializing the Holocaust. The television format was believed to limit how realistic the portrayal could be. In addition, the fact that NBC made a financial gain as a result of advertising resulted in charges that it had commercialized a vast tragedy. The producers of the series refuted these charges by stating that it educated the public by raising its awareness of the Holocaust. With the exception of films such as "The Diary of Anne Frank" (1959), "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961), and "The Hiding Place" (1975), this was the first time in which many Americans had seen a lengthy dramatization of the Holocaust.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: The television critic Clive James commended the production. Writing in "The Observer" (reprinted in his collection "The Crystal Bucket"), he commented:


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: The historian Tony Judt described the series as "the purest product of American commercial television - its story simple, its characters mostly two-dimensional, its narrative structured for maximum emotional impact" and he also wrote that, when it is shown in Continental Europe, it was "execrated and abominated by European cinéastes from Edgar Reitz to Claude Lanzmann" and he responded to these negative reviews of the miniseries by noting that "these very limitations account for the show's impact", especially in West Germany, where it was aired over four consecutive nights in January 1979 and coincided with public interest in the Majdanek trials. The viewership was estimated to consist of up to 15 million households or 20 million people, approximately 50% of West Germany's entire adult population. Judt describes the public interest as "enormous".


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: After each part of "Holocaust" was aired, a companion show was aired in which a panel of historians answered viewers' questions by telephone. Thousands of shocked and outraged Germans called the panels. The German historian Alf Lüdtke wrote that the historians "could not cope" because thousands of angry viewers asked how such acts had happened. Subsequently, the "Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache" ranked the term "Holocaust" as the German Word of the Year for the publicity associated with it.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: During an introductory documentary that preceded the first broadcast of the series in Germany, Peter Naumann, then a right-wing terrorist with two accomplices, tried to blow up the transmission towers of the ARD transmitters at Koblenz and near Münster (station Nottuln), to prevent the broadcast. At the Koblenz transmitter, the supply cables were damaged, and the transmitter failed for one hour. Several hundred thousand television viewers could not see the program during this time. Naumann later became a politician with the NPD.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: The Polish community in the United States found the miniseries controversial and inaccurate. It argued against the portrayal of soldiers as Polish military who supervised transports of Jews and killed them during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. It noted that many Poles were also killed in the concentration and death camps. Around the world, various unrepentant Nazis also raged against the miniseries: Ernst Zundel led a fierce and unsuccessful attempt to have the show banned from airing in Canada, and a group of American Nazis who were aligned with James K. Warner tried and failed to have NBC grant them a "right of response" which would have granted them equal prime-time coverage to present their "alternate" view of World War II events.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: In 1982, during the rule of the military dictatorship of Chile, the series was censored by Televisión Nacional de Chile, beginning a row that ended when its programming director Antonio Vodanovic renounced the channel.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: "Holocaust" won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Limited Series, as well as acting awards for Meryl Streep, Moriarty, and Blanche Baker. Morton Gould's music score was nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score for a Movie or a Television Program. Co-stars David Warner, Sam Wanamaker, Tovah Feldshuh, Fritz Weaver, and Rosemary Harris were all nominated for, but did not win, Emmys. However, Harris won a Golden Globe Award (for Best TV Actress – Drama) for her performance, as did Moriarty (for Best TV Actor – Drama).


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: The series was watched by an estimated 120 million viewers in the United States when it was first broadcast in 1978. In 1979, "Holocaust" was broadcast in West Germany and it was watched by an estimated 20 million people, then about one-third of the entire population of West Germany. The series is credited with educating many Germans, particularly what was then the younger generation of German people, about the scale of common people's participation in the Holocaust. On its fortieth anniversary, the series was rebroadcast on German television in January 2019. A survey showed that fewer than half of all German school children then had any knowledge of the Auschwitz concentration camp.


title: Holocaust (miniseries)

text: In 2020, Alice Agnes Kirchner released an 89-minute documentary, "How the Holocaust Came To TV", describing the impact of the broadcast on the German audience in 1979.


The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists (also known as The Game: Undercover in the Secret Society of Pickup Artists) is a non-fiction book written by investigative reporter Neil Strauss as a chronicle of his journey and encounters in the seduction community.


title: The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists

text: The book was featured on "The New York Times" Bestseller List for two months after its release in September 2005, reaching prominence again in 2007 during the broadcast of the VH1 television series "The Pickup Artist," which was hosted by Mystery, Strauss's mentor in the book. In its original published hardcover format, the book was covered in black leather and bookmarked with red satin, similar to some printings of the Bible. Despite the reputation that "The Game" has gained as an exposé on the seduction community, it was primarily written as an autobiographical work. The follow-up book, "Rules of the Game", relies more on the how-to side of seduction and dating.


text: Strauss stumbles across the community while working on an article. Intrigued by the subculture, he starts participating in the online discussion groups, mainly out of frustration with his own romantic life. As he becomes more and more involved in the romantic community, Strauss attends a bootcamp conducted by a man identified only as "Mystery". The bootcamp consists of Strauss and other participants approaching women, and then Mystery and his counterpart, Sinn, giving them corrective advice on their behaviors, body language, and what to say. Strauss learns habits that, as he sees it, are often basic—and should have been taught to him by society in the first place.


text: The book then narrates the journey of how Strauss goes through the stages of becoming a pickup artist (a description of the members of the community) and gains the pseudonym "Style". He befriends many of the pickup artists, particularly Mystery. A good deal of the book focuses on how to obtain the elusive upper hand, or just hand, in a relationship. Strauss advocates various methods, mostly from the point of view of heterosexual men. He offers further guidelines for the process of seduction, which include preparing things to say before going out and telling groups of women surreptitiously impressive stories. He also uses "false time constraints" (a reason that the conversation could end very soon) to put the woman of interest in a situation where she must convince the man she is interesting, discusses how to very slowly increase the amount of physical contact, and more.


text: Strauss tells the story of his success, the spreading of the romantic community itself, and his life at "Project Hollywood", a high-end mansion and a lifestyle plan shared by Strauss, Mystery, Playboy, Papa, Tyler Durden, Herbal, and other members of the seduction community. He details how rivalries and animosity between members of the community lead to Project Hollywood's collapse and documents the start of "Real Social Dynamics" led by Tyler Durden and Papa. By the end of his story, Strauss concludes that a life of nothing but picking up women is "for losers", and he advocates incorporating pickup artist methods into a more balanced life.


text: Strauss mentions his experiments with sleeping habits, personal grooming tips, and encounters with celebrities such as Scott Baio, Tom Cruise, Andy Dick, Paris Hilton, Courtney Love, Dennis Rodman, and Britney Spears.


text: Neil Strauss was quoted in a review by Steven Poole in "The Guardian" as saying, "A side effect of sarging (socializing with the intent of finding and seducing a woman) is that it can lower one's opinion of the opposite sex", though the reviewer noted, "And yet, as he has described it, the inverse is true: a low opinion of the opposite sex is a prerequisite for sarging." Strauss was also quoted as saying, "The point was women; the result was men. Instead of models in bikinis lounging by the Project Hollywood pool all day, we had pimply teenagers, bespectacled businessmen, tubby students, lonely millionaires, struggling actors, frustrated taxi drivers, and computer programmers—lots of computer programmers." The reviewer remarked that "The sell is that, with the special techniques they learn from Mystery and other gurus, the ubergeeky can often give a convincing simulation of being a regular human being, even if, like one sarger in this book, they are in fact near-sociopaths."


text: Rafael Behr in "The Observer" wrote, "Some of the recommended techniques are sinister. One involves discreetly undermining a woman's self-esteem by paying her a backhanded compliment in the hope that she will hang around to seek your approval. This maneuver has its own name: 'the Neg.'"


text: Malcolm Knox wrote, "I doubt he has anything helpful for anyone except those men whose emotional maturity stalled at age 15." He also wrote, "If the reader is too far ahead of the author, a book has a problem. On page 406, Mystery's mother says his problems are caused by his low self-esteem. Strauss reflects: 'Only a mother could reduce a person's entire ambition and raison d'être to the one basic insecurity fueling it all.' No. It's taken 406 pages for Strauss to realize what most readers will have got by page 10." He notes the failure of Project Hollywood and the fact that the book does not recognize the role of women in selecting partners. He also writes, "The other false advertisement is that Strauss has 'penetrated' a 'secret society' of geeks-turned-gurus including Mystery, his rival Ross Jeffries and renegade PUA (pickup artist) teachers nicknamed Papa and Tyler Durden. Yet when Strauss writes about them in "The New York Times," they're thrilled."


text: Alexandra Jacobs wrote in "The New York Times" that Strauss "switched awkwardly between misogynistic comments and feeble attempts at self-awareness." She also notes that "he does come to perceive one curious thing about the PUA's: They seem far more interested in spending time with fellow PUA's, amassing, refining and discussing the game, than actually getting to know women. Call them SLB's (scared little boys)."


text: In 2006, Sony optioned the film rights, with comedy director Chris Weitz reported to be signing on to helm the project for Columbia Pictures. The film rights eventually shifted to Spyglass Entertainment, and the film is under development by MGM, with Brian Koppelman and David Levien rewriting a previous script by Dan Weiss. In 2016 James Franco was attached to produce the movie, and to play the role of Mystery.


text: A companion to "The Game," called "Rules of the Game" by Neil Strauss, containing two parts, "The Stylelife Challenge" and "The Style Diaries", was released on December 18, 2007.


text: Neil Strauss published a follow-up autobiographical work, "", in 2015. The book was published in a similar format to "The Game", and features a contrasting white imitation leather cover. Provisionally titled "Game Over", it focuses on Strauss's difficulties with long-term relationships, following his immersion in pickup.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: Massimo Bottura (; born 30 September 1962) is an Italian restaurateur and the chef patron of Osteria Francescana, a three-Michelin-star restaurant based in Modena, Italy ranked No.1 on The World's 50 Best Restaurants list twice and currently part of the Best of the Best list.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: Massimo Bottura was born and raised in Modena, Italy. He developed an interest in cooking from a young age while watching his mother, grandmother and aunt in the kitchen, preparing meals for the family.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: After secondary school, he enrolled in law school at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, but in 1986 he interrupted his studies and chose to join the family business, where he initially worked as a wholesaler of petroleum products.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: The same year he stopped working for his family and took over Trattoria del Campazzo, near Nonantola, where he deepened his knowledge of Emilian cuisine with the support of "rezdora" Lidia Cristoni. He later deepened his knowledge of classical French cuisine thanks to lessons given by Georges Coigny, consolidating his culinary foundations on a combination of regional Italian cuisine and classical French training.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 1993 he moved to New York and worked in an Italian café. There he met Lara Gilmore, his future wife. After nine months, he returned to Modena and in 1994 began an internship of several months with Alain Ducasse at his restaurant "Le Louis XV" in Monte Carlo. In 1995 he returned to Modena and took over a traditional trattoria in the heart of the city, Osteria Francescana, officially opened since 19 March of the same year.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 2000 Catalan chef Ferran Adrià invited Bottura to the kitchen of his restaurant "El Bulli" in Spain, where the Modenese chef learned the basics of molecular cuisine.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 2002 Bottura received his first Michelin star, followed by the second in 2006 and the third in 2012.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: On 19 March 1995 Bottura opened Osteria Francescana in the historic center of Modena. Here the chef presents his cuisine which balances innovation and tradition, with dishes that explore the deep roots of Italian cuisine by referencing history, art, and philosophy.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: Today, Osteria Francescana is a three Michelin starred restaurant held since 2012, and ranked first on The World's 50 Best Restaurants list twice, in 2016 and 2018.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: Since 2019, it has been part of the Best of the Best list, the category that includes all restaurants that ranked first in The World's 50 Best Restaurants and can no longer be voted in new editions of the list.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: The restaurant has also received top ratings from L'Espresso, Gambero Rosso and the Touring Club guides.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 2020, Osteria Francescana was awarded a Michelin Green Star in recognition of the chef's ongoing commitment against food waste and in favor of a more equitable and sustainable food system.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 2011, also in Modena, he took over the restaurant "Franceschetta58." While Osteria Francescana offers customers an iconoclastic take on Italian cuisine, Franceschetta58, Bottura's second restaurant, is a contemporary bistro serving local ingredients in a convivial atmosphere.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 2013, he participated in the Year of Italian Culture in the United States and was the main character in an episode of the fifth season of the program The Witness hosted by Pif.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 2018 he opened Gucci Osteria da Massimo Bottura in Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance, with the desire to honor the union of local traditions and multicultural encounters. In fact, the restaurant is awarded its first Michelin Star in 2019. In early 2020, Gucci Osteria da Massimo Bottura also opened its doors to the public in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and obtain its first Michel star the following year. More recently Gucci Osteria opened in Tokyo, in August 2021, and in Seoul, in February 2022, with great success as well. In November 2022, Gucci Osteria Tokyo was also awarded its first Michelin Star.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In February 2019, Bottura worked in collaboration with W Hotels to open Torno Subito at W Dubai – The Palm on Palm Jumeirah. In May of the same year, he opened a new hospitality concept with his wife Lara Gilmore: Casa Maria Luigia, a country inn located on an 18th-century property in the Modenese countryside.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In June 2020, along with other chefs, architects, Nobel laureates in economics and leaders of international organizations, he signed the call for a purple economy ("For a cultural renaissance of the economy") published in Corriere della Sera, El País and Le Monde.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In September of the same year, Massimo Bottura was appointed Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), on the occasion of the inauguration of the International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In June 2021, Massimo Bottura reopened the Cavallino restaurant in collaboration with Ferrari and architect and designer India Mahdavi, with the desire to give new light to this iconic place that represents the history of Ferrari and the culinary traditions of Emilia Romagna.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In addition to the restaurant business, since 1995 Massimo Bottura has dedicated himself to the production of PGI Balsamic Vinegar from Modena and extra virgin olive oil with his Villa Manodori line of condiments, the result of his constant quest for the best quality ingredients.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 2015, in conjunction with the EXPO Milan, Bottura carried out a project in collaboration with Caritas Ambrosiana: the Refettorio Ambrosiano; this project, aimed at welcoming people in need, with the help of more than fifty chefs allowed the recovery of about fifteen tons of food surplus resulting from the EXPO. The Refettorio Ambrosiano project is active to this day and the model has been replicated in different parts of the world.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In Brazil, the project was inaugurated during the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in collaboration with chef David Hertz: the Refettorio Gastromotiva.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: As a consequence of these projects, in 2016 Bottura and his wife founded Food for Soul, a nonprofit association that, through the daily work of Refettorios around the world, aims at contrasting food waste and social isolation through the power of beauty, the quality of ideas and the value of hospitality.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In order to raise awareness on these issues, in 2017 Massimo Bottura published the book "Bread is Gold" with Phaidon Press – "Il Pane è Oro," published in Italian by Ippocampo. The book collects recipes, ideas and experiences of the chefs who cooked at Refettorio Ambrosiano during its the first six months, to invite readers to see the ingredients in pantries and home refrigerators with different eyes.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: Since then, Food for Soul has developed several projects around the world in collaboration with local partners. By building community spaces where people are invited to connect around a meal, Food for Soul aims to demonstrate the value and potential of people, places, and food and encourage the community served to support social change.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Food for Soul Refettorios continued to work and support those most in need; not only that, a fundraiser was also launched through which more than 35 tons of surplus food were recovered in a single month and more than 100,000 meals were delivered to people in vulnerable situations and frontline health workers.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: After, Refettorio Ambrosiano and Refettorio Gastromotiva, Food for Soul opened Refettorio Felix in London, Refettorio Paris, Refettorio Antoniano in Bologna and Refettorio Made in Cloister in Naples. Despite the situation due to the pandemic in 2020 and 2021, Food for Soul has continued working on new projects to support local communities and contrast food waste and social isolation.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: Refettorios Mérida and Lima have opened there doors in 2020, along with Refettorio Harlem in New York and Refettorio San Francisco in California, while in 2021 it was the turn of Refettorio OzHarvest Refectory in Sydney and Refettorio Geneva in Switzerland, while other projects are currently in the works.


title: Massimo Bottura

text: In March 2020, after the temporary closure of Osteria Francescana due to the first covid-19 lockdown, Massimo and his daughter Alexa started Kitchen Quarantine, a series of Instagram lives conducted by the Bottura family every night during quarantine. The project was created to interact with families around the world, cook together and exchange ideas on how to reduce household food waste; an innovative way to bring an extra smile during a particularly difficult time for communities around the world. The 24th annual Webby Awards honored Massimo Bottura with a 2020 Webby Special Achievement Award as Chef of the Year for his the Kitchen Quarantine series, showcasing his family meals to fans around the world.


title: Caucasian War

text: The Caucasian War (; "Kavkazskaya vojna") or Caucasus War was a 19th century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It consisted of a series of military actions waged by the Russian Imperial Army and Cossack settlers against the native inhabitants such as the Adyghe, Abaza–Abkhaz, Ubykhs, Chechens, and Dagestanis as the Tsars sought to expand.


title: Caucasian War

text: Russian control of the Georgian Military Road in the center divided the Caucasian War into the Russo-Circassian War in the west and the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan in the east. Other territories of the Caucasus (comprising contemporary eastern Georgia, southern Dagestan, Armenia and Azerbaijan) were incorporated into the Russian Empire at various times in the 19th century as a result of Russian wars with Persia. The remaining part, western Georgia, was taken by the Russians from the Ottomans during the same period.


title: Caucasian War

text: The war took place during the administrations of three successive Russian Tsars: Alexander I (reigned 1801–1825), Nicholas I (1825–1855), and Alexander II (1855–1881). The leading Russian commanders included Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov in 1816–1827, Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov in 1844–1853, and Aleksandr Baryatinskiy in 1853–1856. The famous Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, who gained much of his knowledge and experience of war for his book "War and Peace" from these encounters, took part in the hostilities. The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin referred to the war in his Byronic poem "The Prisoner of the Caucasus" (Russian: Кавказский пленник; "Kavkazskij plennik"), written in 1821. Mikhail Lermontov, often referred to as "the poet of the Caucasus", participated in the battle near the river Valerik which inspired him to write the poem of the same name of the river dedicated to this event. In general, the Russian armies that served in the Caucasian wars were very eclectic; as well as ethnic Russians from various parts of the Russian empire they included Cossacks, Armenians, Georgians, Caucasus Greeks, Ossetians, and even soldiers of Muslim background like Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, Turkmen and even some Caucasian Muslim tribes who sided with the Russians against fellow Muslims of Caucasus. Muslim soldiers of Imperial Russian Army had played some parts on religious discussion and wooing allies for Russia against their fellow Muslim brethren in the Caucasus.


title: Caucasian War

text: The Russian invasion encountered fierce resistance. The first period of the invasion ended coincidentally with the death of Alexander I and the Decembrist Revolt in 1825. It achieved surprisingly little success, especially compared with the then recent Russian victory over the "Grande Armée" of Napoleon in 1812.


title: Caucasian War

text: Between 1825 and 1833, little military activity took place in the Caucasus against the native North Caucasians as wars with Turkey (1828/1829) and with Persia (1826–1828) occupied the Russians. After considerable successes in both wars, Russia resumed fighting in the Caucasus against the various rebelling native ethnic groups in the North Caucasus, and that was the start of the Caucasian genocide committed by Russians, most of the terminated people were from the Circassian nation.


title: Caucasian War

text: Russian units again met resistance, notably led by Ghazi Mollah, Gamzat-bek, and Hadji Murad. Imam Shamil followed them. He led the mountaineers from 1834 until his capture by Dmitry Milyutin in 1859. In 1843, Shamil launched a sweeping offensive aimed at the Russian outposts in Avaria. On 28 August 1843, 10,000 men converged, from three different directions, on a Russian column in Untsukul, killing 486 men. In the next four weeks, Shamil captured every Russian outpost in Avaria except one, exacting over 2,000 casualties on the Russian defenders. He feigned an invasion north to capture a key chokepoint at the convergence of the Avar and Kazi-Kumukh rivers. In 1845, Shamil's forces achieved their most dramatic success when they withstood a major Russian offensive led by Prince Vorontsov.


title: Caucasian War

text: During the Crimean War of 1853–1856, the Russians brokered a truce with Shamil, but hostilities resumed in 1855. Warfare in the Caucasus finally ended between 1856 and 1859, when a 250,000 strong army under General Baryatinsky broke the mountaineers' resistance.


title: Caucasian War

text: The war in the Eastern part of the North Caucasus ended in 1859; the Russians captured Shamil, forced him to surrender, to swear allegiance to the Tsar, and then exiled him to Central Russia. However, the war in the Western part of the North Caucasus resumed with the Circassians (i.e. Adyghe, but the term is often used to include their Abkhaz–Abaza kin as well) resuming the fight. A manifesto of Tsar Alexander II declared hostilities at an end on June 2 (May 21 OS), 1864. Among post-war events, a tragic page in the history of the indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus (especially the Circassians), was Muhajirism, or population transfer of the Muslim population to the Ottoman Empire.


title: Caucasian War

text: Many Circassians were forced to emigrate and leave their home to the Ottoman Empire and to a lesser degree Persia. The genocide of Terek Cossacks during the Civil war was a continuation of the genocide of Circassians, former allies of the Russian Empire who supported the Communists. Most of the historical Circassian territories were historically distributed amongst the allies of the Russian Empire, such as certain Vainakh and Turkic families. However, many of those new settlers were exiled by Stalin in 1944, and some of those lands was redistributed, this time, to Georgians and Ossetians. Though many of the exiled people have returned, many lands, granted to them by the Russian empire, are still inhabited by Ossetians. The Georgians left all the lands given to them as they did not consider it theirs since the land was not within Georgia itself, but in neighbouring Russia. This still generates tensions (East Prigorodny Conflict) in the former war theaters of the Caucasian war. Today, there are three titular Circassian republics in Russia: Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, and Karachayevo-Cherkessia. Other historical Circassian territories such as Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, and southwestern Rostov Oblast have much smaller communities of Circassians. The diaspora in Syria is repatriating to Russia. Circassians from Kosovo also returned to Russia after the civil war in Kosovo.


title: Caucasian War

text: According to one source, the population in Greater and Lesser Kabarda decreased from 350,000, before the war, to 50,000 by 1818. According to another version, in 1790 the population was 200,000 people and in 1830 30,000 people. As a percentage of the total population of the North Caucasus, the number of the remaining Circassians was 40% (1795), 30% (1835) and 25% (1858). Similarly: Chechens 9%, 10% and 8.5%; Avars 11%, 7% and 2%; Dargins 9.5%, 7.3% and 5.8%; Lezghins 4.4%, 3.6% and 3.9% .


title: Amadeus (play)

text: Amadeus is a play by Peter Shaffer which gives a fictional account of the lives of composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri, first performed in 1979. It was inspired by Alexander Pushkin's short 1830 play "Mozart and Salieri", which Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov used in 1897 as the libretto for an opera of the same name.


title: Amadeus (play)

text: The play makes significant use of the music of Mozart, Salieri and other composers of the period. The premieres of Mozart's operas "The Abduction from the Seraglio", "The Marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni", and "The Magic Flute" are the settings for key scenes. It was presented at the Royal National Theatre, London in 1979, then moved to Her Majesty's Theatre in the West End followed by a Broadway production. It won the 1981 Tony Award for Best Play and Shaffer adapted it for the 1984 film of the same name.


title: Amadeus (play)

text: [Since the play's original run, Shaffer extensively revised his play, including changes to plot details; the following is common to all revisions.]


title: Amadeus (play)

text: The composer Salieri is an old man, having long outlived his fame. Speaking directly to the audience, he claims to have used poison to assassinate Mozart and promises to explain himself. The action then flashes back to the eighteenth century, at a time when Salieri has not met Mozart but has heard of him and his music. He adores Mozart's compositions and is thrilled at the chance to meet him, during a salon at which some of Mozart's compositions will be played. But when he finally catches sight of Mozart he is deeply disappointed to find him lacking the grace and charm of his compositions. Mozart is crawling around on his hands and knees, engaging in profane talk with his future bride Constanze Weber.


title: Amadeus (play)

text: Salieri cannot reconcile Mozart's boorish behaviour with the genius that God has inexplicably bestowed upon him. A devout Catholic all his life, Salieri cannot believe that God would choose Mozart over him for such a gift. Salieri renounces God and vows to do everything in his power to destroy Mozart as a way of retaliating against his Creator. Salieri pretends to be Mozart's ally to his face while doing his utmost to destroy his reputation and any success his compositions may have. On more than one occasion, only the intervention of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor allows Mozart to continue (interventions which Salieri opposes and then is all too happy to take credit for when Mozart assumes it was "he" who intervened). Salieri humiliates Mozart's wife when she comes to Salieri for aid. He smears Mozart's character with the Emperor and the court. A major theme in "Amadeus" is Mozart's repeated attempts to win over the aristocratic "public" with increasingly brilliant compositions, which are always frustrated either by Salieri or by the aristocracy's inability to appreciate Mozart's genius. Salieri attempts suicide with a razor in a last attempt to be remembered, leaving a false confession of having murdered Mozart with arsenic. He survives and his confession is met with disbelief, leaving him to wallow once again in mediocrity.