title: Gyeongju

text: The city remains an important centre of Korean Buddhism. East of the downtown area lies Bulguksa, one of South Korea's largest Buddhist temples; nearby is Seokguram, a famed Buddhist shrine. Traditional prayer locations are found on mountains throughout Gyeongju. Such mountains include Namsan near the city center, Danseok-san and Obong-san in the west, and the low peak of Hyeong-san on the Gyeongju-Pohang border. Namsan in particular is often referred to as "the sacred mountain" due to the Buddhist shrines and statues which cover its slopes. In addition, Gyeongju is the birthplace of Cheondoism, an indigenous religion to Korea based on Korean shamanism, Taoism and Korean Buddhism, with elements drawn from Christianity. The religion evolved from Donghak (lit. East learning) disciplines established by Choe Je-u. His birthplace of Yongdamjeong, located in Hyeongok-myeon, is regarded as a sacred place to followers of Cheondogyo.


title: Gyeongju

text: The cuisine of Gyeongju is generally similar to other areas of Gyeongsang province: spicy and salty. However, it has distinctive tastes according to region and several local specialties known nationwide. The most famous of these is "Gyeongju bread" or "Hwangnam bread", a red-bean pastry first baked in 1939 and now sold throughout the country. "Chalboribbang", made with locally produced glutinous barley, is also a pastry with a filling of red bean paste. Local specialties with a somewhat longer pedigree include "beopju", a traditional Korean liquor produced by the Gyeongju Choe in Gyo-dong. The brewing skill and distill master were designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties by South Korea government.


title: Gyeongju

text: Other local specialities include "ssambap", "haejangguk", and "muk". "Ssambap" refers to a rice dish served with vegetable leaves, various "banchan" (small side dishes) and condiments such as "gochujang" (chili pepper paste) or "ssamjang" (a mixture of soybean paste and "gochujang") to wrap them together. Most "ssambap" restaurants in Gyeongju are gathered in the area of Daenuengwon or Grand Tumuli Park. "Haejangguk" is a kind of soup eaten as a hangover cure, and means "soup to chase a hangover". A street dedicated to "haejangguk" is located near Gyeongju National Museum, where 20 "haejangguk" restaurants are gathered to serve the Gyeongju-style "haejangguk". The soup is made by boiling soybean sprout, sliced "memilmuk" (buckwheat starch jelly), sour kimchi (pickled vegetables) and gulfweed in a clear broth of dried anchovy and Alaska pollack.


title: Gyeongju

text: The east district of Gyeongju, Gampo-eup town, is adjacent to the sea, so fresh seafood and "jeotgal" (fermented salted seafood) are abundant. There are over 240 seafood restaurants in Gampo Harbor offering various dishes made with seafood caught in the sea, such as "hoe" (raw fish dishes), "jeonboktang" (an abalone soup), grilled seafood and others.


title: Gyeongju

text: As of 2007, Gyeongju city had two stadiums, two gymnasiums, two tennis courts, one swimming pool and others as public sport facilities as well as various registered private sports venues. Many of public sport facilities are located in Hwangseong Park with an area of including a luxuriant pine trees forest. The site was originally the location of the artificial forest of Doksan which was established for "feng shui" purposes during the Silla period. It was also used as a training ground for hwarang warriors and hunting spot for Silla kings, and was reported to be King Jinpyeong's favorite location. In 1975, Hwangseong Park was designated a "city neighborhood park" and it currently consists of the multi-purpose Gyeongju Public Stadium, Football Park (with seven football fields and one futsal field), and one gymnasium, as well as Horimjang field for "gukgung" or Korean traditional archery and a ssireum wrestling ring. In addition, it contains a gateball field, an inline skating rink, jogging courses, and cycling roads. The Gyeongju Public Stadium was completed in 1982 and can accommodate 20,000 people at capacity.


title: Gyeongju

text: Angang Field Hockey Stadium, located in the district of Angang-eup, is home to Gyeongju City Hockey, which is one of four professional women's field hockey teams in South Korea. The team was formed in 1994, and is governed by the Sport and Youth Division of Gyeongju City. Although not an initial successful team, Gyeongju City Hockey won the first trophies both at National Division Hockey Championships and National Sports Festival in 2000. In 2002, Gyeongju City Hockey took a first prize and three second prizes, and in 2008, the team won the first prize at the 51st National Division Hockey Championships.


title: Gyeongju

text: The city plays host to two annual marathon events. The Gyeongju International Marathon, held in October, garners elite level competition while the larger Gyeongju Cherry Blossom Marathon caters more for amateur fun runners. The Cherry Blossom Marathon has been held each year in Gyeongju since 1992, usually in April, to improve relations with Japan (a country with a long history of marathon running). The race, mainly sponsored by Gyeongju city and the district, attracted 13,600 participants in 2009 including about 1,600 foreigners.


title: Gyeongju

text: The economy of Gyeongju is more diverse than the city's image as a tourist haven would suggest. Although tourism is important to the economy, most residents work in other fields. Over 27,000 are employed in manufacturing compared to roughly 13,500 in the hospitality industry.


title: Gyeongju

text: The number involved in tourism has remained constant over recent years, while the manufacturing sector added about 6,000 jobs from 1999 to 2003. The manufacturing sector is closely tied to nearby cities, utilizing Gyeongju's transit links with Ulsan, Pohang, and Daegu. As in Ulsan and Daegu the automotive parts industry plays an important role. Of the 1,221 businesses incorporated in Gyeongju almost a third are involved in auto-parts manufacture.


title: Gyeongju

text: Fishing takes place in coastal towns, especially in Gampo-eup in the city's northeast, with 436 registered fishing craft in the city. Fishing industry in Gyeongju is generally in a declined status due to relatively inconvenient transport conditions and lacks of subordinate facilities. Much of the catch from these boats goes direct from the harbor to Gyeongju's many seafood restaurants. Mainly, sauries, anchovies, rays are harvested and a small number of abalone and wakame farming takes place. Local specialties include "myeolchijeot" (fermented anchovy), abalone, wakame, and squid.


title: Gyeongju

text: Agriculture is still important, particularly in the outlying regions of Gyeongju. According to the 2006 statistical yearbook of Gyeongju, rice fields occupy an area of , which is 70% of the total cultivated acreage of . The remaining consists of fields under other crops and farmsteads. Crop production is centered in the fertile river basins near the Hyeongsan River. The main crops are rice, barley, beans and corn. Vegetables such as radish and napa cabbage and fruits are also important crops. Apples are mainly produced in the districts of Geoncheon-eup, Gangdong-myeon and Cheonbuk-myeon and Korean pear are cultivated in Geoncheon-eup and Angang-eup. The city plays a leading role in the domestic production of beef and mushrooms. Button mushrooms harvested in Geoncheon-eup are canned and exported. The cultivated acreage and the number of households engaging in agriculture is however declining.


title: Gyeongju

text: A small amount of quarrying activity takes place in the city, with 46 active mines and quarries in Gyeongju. Most are engaged in the extraction of kaolin, fluorspar and Agalmatolite and Kaolin is exported.


title: Gyeongju

text: As the capital of Silla, commerce and trading in Gyeongju developed early on. "Samguk Sagi" has records on the establishment of "Gyeongdosi" (capital area market) in March, 490 during King Soji's reign, and "Dongsi" (East Market) in 509, during King Jijeung's reign. In the 1830s, Gyeongju had five five-day markets which remained very active until the late 1920s. Due to its size "Gyeongju Bunaejang" (Gyeongju village market) was referred to as one of the two leading markets in the Yeongnam area, along with "Daegu Bunaejang". Transportation developed in the late period of the Japanese occupation, as the Jungang Line and the Daegu Line and the connecting route between Pohang and the northwestern part of Japan were set up, leading to increasing population and developing commerce. After the 1960s, traditional periodic markets gradually transformed into regular markets as the city was flourishing. In periodic markets, agricultural and marine products, industrial products, living necessaries, wild edible greens, herbs, and cattle are mainly traded. As of 2006, Gyeongju had eight regular markets, nine periodic markets and the Gyeongju department store. Traditional periodic markets declined and have become token affairs these days.


title: Gyeongju

text: Gyeongju is a major tourist destination for South Koreans as well as foreign visitors. It boasts the 1000 years of Silla heritage with vast number of ancient ruins and archaeological sites found throughout the city, which help to attract 6 million visiting tourists including 750,000 foreigners per year. The city government has parlayed its historic status into a basis for other tourism-related developments such as conferences, festivals, and resorts.


title: Gyeongju

text: Many Silla sites are located in Gyeongju National Park such as the Royal Tomb Complex, the Cheomseongdae observatory that is one of the oldest surviving astronomical observatories in


title: Gyeongju

text: East Asia, the Anapji royal pond garden, and the Gyerim forest. Gyeongju National Museum hosts many important artifacts and national treasures that have been excavated from sites within the city and surrounding areas.


title: Gyeongju

text: Much of Gyeongju's heritage are related to the Silla kingdom's patronage of Buddhism. The grotto of Seokguram and the temple of Bulguksa were the first Korean sites to be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995. In addition, the ruins of the old Hwangnyongsa temple, said to have been Korean's largest, are preserved on the slopes of Toham Mountain. Various Silla-era stone carvings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are found on mountainsides throughout the city, particularly on Namsan.


title: Gyeongju

text: A significant portion of Gyeongju's tourist traffic is due to the city's promotion of itself as a site for various festivals, conferences, and competitions. Every year since 1962, the Silla cultural festival has been held in October to celebrate and honour the dynasty's history and culture. It is one of the major festivals of Korea. It features athletic events, folk games, music, dance, literary contests and Buddhist religious ceremonies. Other festivals include the Cherry Blossom Marathon in April, the Korean Traditional Liquor and Cake festival in March, and memorial ceremonies for the founders of the Silla Dynasty and General Kim Yu-sin.


title: Gyeongju

text: There were 15 hotels including Hilton Hotel, Gyeognju Chosun Hotel, and 276 lodging facilities, and 2,817 restaurants in Gyeongju in 2006.


title: Gyeongju

text: Gyeongju's emerging tourist attraction is the Hwangnidan-gil. The address of Hwangnidan-gil is 1080, Poseok-ro, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province. There are about 80 stores, including restaurants, cafes, bookstores, and gift shops. Hwangnidan-gil became popular through social networking sites, and neighboring Gyeongju's historical site is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The advantage of the Hwangnidan-gil is the result of voluntary efforts by merchants without help from local governments.


title: Gyeongju

text: Gyeongju has two main local newspapers; the "Gyeongju Sinmun" and the "Seorabeol Sinmun". Both are weekly newspapers providing news via online as well and their headquarters are located in the neighborhood of Dongcheon-dong. The Gyeongju Sinmun was founded in 1989 and provides various news and critics on anything concerning Gyeongju. Its online newspaper, Digital Gyeongju Sinmun opened in December, 2000 to provide live local news out of the limit as a weekly newspaper and to establish mutual information exchanges from Gyeongju locals. In 2001, Gyeongju Sinmun started to present Gyeongju Citizen Awards to people who try to develop the local industry and economy, culture and education, and welfare service. Since 2003, the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant headquarter co-hosts the awards with Gyeongju Sinmun.


title: Gyeongju

text: The "Seorabeol Sinmun" was established in 1993, however, from November 15, 2000, to November 10, 2005, its publication was stopped for financial difficulties after the 1997 Asian economic crisis had left a strong impact on the nationwide economy. Since 2006, Seorabeol Sinmun presents Serabeol Awards to people having devouring to develop Gyeongju.


title: Gyeongju

text: Several major feature films have been filmed in the city, including "Kick the Moon", "On the Occasion of Remembering the Turning Gate", "Taegukgi", "Chwihwaseon" and others. In 2009, the filming of the "Queen Seondeok", a popular MBC TV series took place in a studio at Silla Millennium Park located in Bomun Lake Resort.


title: Gyeongju

text: Gyeongju is strongly associated with the education tradition of Hwarangdo ("Way of the Flower of Young Men") which was established and flourished during the Silla period. It is a military and philosophical code that offered the basis of training to Hwarang, a military cadet of youths from the aristocratic class. The training equally emphasized practicing academic and martial arts based on Buddhism and patriotism. A number of Silla's greatest generals and military leaders such as Kim Yu-sin were Hwarang who played a central role in Silla unification of the Korean peninsula. As Silla was integrated into the next ruling dynasty, Goryeo, the system declined and was officially disbanded in the Joseon dynasty. However, the spirit and discipline were revived in the second half of the 20th century as a form of Korean martial arts with the same name.


title: Gyeongju

text: Formal education has a longer history in Gyeongju than anywhere else in South Korea. The "Gukhak", or national academy, was established here in 682, at the beginning of the Unified Silla period. Its curriculum focused on the Confucian classics for local officials. After the fall of Silla in the 10th century, the Gukhak closed. However, due to Gyeongju's role as a provincial center under the Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties, the city was home to state-sponsored provincial schools ("hyanggyo") under both dynasties such as Gyeongju Hyanggyo. During the later Joseon dynasty there were several seowon, or private Confucian academies, were set up in the city such as Oksan Seowon and Seoak Seowon.


title: Gyeongju

text: The education system of Gyeongju is the same as elsewhere in the country. Schooling begins with preschools; there are 65 in the city. This is followed by six years in elementary schools; Gyeongju has 46. Subsequently, students pass through three years of middle school. There are 19 middle schools in Gyeongju. High school education, which lasts for three years, is not compulsory, but most students attend and graduate from high school. Gyeongju is home to 21 high schools, of which 11 provide specialized technical training. At each of these levels, there is a mix of public and private institutions. All are overseen by the Gyeongju bureau of North Gyeongsang's Provincial Office of Education. Gyeongju is home to a school for the mentally disabled, which provides education to students from preschool to adult age.


title: Gyeongju

text: Gyeongju is home to four institutions of tertiary education. Sorabol College is a technical college in the district of Chunghyo-dong that offers majors specializing in tourism, leisure, health care and cosmetic treatments.


title: Gyeongju

text: Each of Gyeongju's three universities reflects the city's unique role. Dongguk and Uiduk universities are Buddhist institutions, reflecting that religion's link to the city. Gyeongju University, formerly Korea Tourism University, is strongly focused on tourism, reflecting its importance in the region.


title: Gyeongju

text: According to the 2008 yearbook of Gyeongju, the total number of medical institutions was 224 with 3,345 beds, including two general hospitals, thirteen hospitals, 109 clinics, five nursing homes, forty two dental hospitals, two Korean traditional medicine hospitals and 50 Korean traditional medicine clinics. There are also twenty eight medical institutions related to Gyeongju Health Center affiliated to the Gyeongju City government.


title: Gyeongju

text: The two general hospitals are associated with two major universities in Gyeongju and nearby Daegu. One is the Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, located in the district of Seokjang-dong, which is affiliated with Dongguk University Medical School and Center. The Gyeongju Hospital was opened in a seven-story building in 1991 to provide Gyeongju locals with a quality medical service and train medical specialists in the region. After various renovations the hospital currently has 24 departments including a radiation oncology center and 438 beds. It is also assigned as a teaching and learning hospital and in partnership with Dongguk University Oriental Hospital. The other general hospital is a branch of Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Hospital in Daegu. It is the successor of Gyeongju Christianity Hospital founded in 1962, and was reborn as the current general hospital in 1991. The Gyeongju Dongsan Hospital is located in the district of Seobu-dong and has 12 departments in a three-story building.


title: Gyeongju

text: Water supply and sewage disposal are municipal services which are respectively handled by the Water Supply Office and Water Quality and Environment Office. Water comes from the Hyeongsan River, the multi-purpose Deokdong Dam and several streams. The city is divided into seven water districts, with eight filtration plants and seven sewage treatment plants. One of the sewage treatment plants, Angang Sewage Disposal Plant began operating in April 2005 by the co-investment of the Government of North Gyeongsang and Gyeongju City with a fund of 44,300,000,000 won to install facilities to prevent the pollution of the Hyeongsan River, which is a main water source for Gyeongju and Pohang residents. The plant is located on a spacious site with in Homyeong-ri, Gangdong-myeon in Gyeongju where nature friendly facilities provide recreational venues for the locals. Through of sewer pipes and 14 pumping stations, the plant has a capacity of 18,000 tonnes of domestic sewage per day that comes from Angang-eup, and Gangdong-myeon. The facilities have high-powered disposal equipment developed by related industrial companies to maintain the discharged water at the first or second degree in quality, so that it is used as river maintenance flow and agricultural water in case a drought occurs.


title: Gyeongju

text: Other utilities are provided by private entities or South Korean government-owned companies. Seorabeol City Gas, an affiliate of GS Group, provides gas to the Gyeongju residents, while, electrical power is supplied by the public enterprises, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power via the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant. The plant is known for the only nuclear power plant operating PHWRs (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) in South Korea and supplies about 5% of South Korea's electricity. The owner, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power began to build the Wolseong 1 in the districts of Yangnam-myeon, Yangbuk-myeon and Gampo-eup in 1976. Since 1983, the power plant has been providing commercial service and operating with the PHWRs that has a capacity of 678,000 kW. As the construction of each Wolseong 2, 3 and 4 with a capacity of 70,000 kW were completed respectively in 1997, 1998 and 1999, Wolseong Nuclear Power plant site has been successfully operating the four PHWRs plants. New project, Sinwolseong No. 1 and No. 2 are currently under construction which is estimated to be completed until 2011–12. The Wolseong Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Center, which treats and stores low and intermediate level radioactive waste from the local power plants, is overseen and inspected by the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS).


title: Gyeongju

text: The city lies at the junction of two minor lines operated by the Korean National Railroad. The Jungang Line runs from Seoul to Gyeongju and carries trains from the Daegu Line, which originates in Dongdaegu. In Gyeongju, the Jungang line connects to the Donghae Nambu Line which runs between Pohang and Busan. The Gyeongbu Expressway, which runs from Seoul to Busan, passes through Gyeongju, and Provincial highway 68, aided by the South Korean government, connects Seocheon in the South Chungcheong province to Gyeongju. Additionally national highways such as Route 4, 7, 14, 20, 28, 31, and 35 crisscross the city. Since the city is a popular tourist destination, nonstop bus services are available from most major cities in South Korea.


title: Gyeongju

text: High-speed rail does not serve central Gyeongju, but the KTX Gyeongbu Line stops at the nearby Singyeongju Station, in Geoncheon-eup, west of Gyeongju's city center.


title: Chicago Fire (season 6)

text: The sixth season of "Chicago Fire", an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on May 10, 2017, by NBC. The season premiered on September 28, 2017 with a timeslot change from Tuesday at 10:00 p.m. to Thursday at 10:00 p.m. The season contained twenty-three episodes and concluded on May 10, 2018.


title: Chicago Fire (season 6)

text: The show follows the lives of the firefighters and paramedics working at the Chicago Fire Department at the firehouse of Engine 51, Truck 81, Squad 3, Ambulance 61 and Battalion 25.


title: The Killer (comics)

text: The Killer ("Le Tueur") is a French comic book by writer Matz and artist Luc Jacamon which follows the life of an initially unnamed assassin (later revealed to be named Christian).


title: The Killer (comics)

text: The series was published in 12 albums by Casterman. It was translated into English and published by Archaia Studios Press, who turned each album into 2 comic books.


title: The Killer (comics)

text: "Volume One" (collects "The Killer" #1-4: "Long Fire" and "Vicious Cycle", hardcover, 128 pages, September 2007, )


title: The Killer (comics)

text: "Volume Two" (collects "The Killer" #5-10: "The Debt", "Blood Ties", and "The Killer Instinct", hardcover, 176 pages, March 2010, )


title: The Killer (comics)

text: "Volume Three" (collects: "Modus Vivendi", "Ordinary Mortals" and "The Natural Order Of Things", hardcover, 176 pages, February 2011, )


title: The Killer (comics)

text: "Volume Four" (collects: "Unfair Competition", and "Putting Your Heart In It", hardcover, 128 pages, April 2013, )


title: The Killer (comics)

text: "Volume Five" (collects: "One Track Mind", and "Fight or flight", hardcover, 128 pages, February 2017, )


title: The Killer (comics)

text: The Volume One collected edition won "Best Indy Book" in IGN's Best of 2007. The edition also won "Best Comic You Didn’t Read This Year" from Newsarama and was nominated for "Best U.S. Edition of International Material" in the 2008 Eisner Awards.


title: The Killer (comics)

text: The series is being made into a film by Paramount Pictures which will be directed by David Fincher. In February 2021, it was announced that Fincher has moved the project to Netflix with news that Andrew Kevin Walker will write the script. Michael Fassbender is in talks to star in the film. Production began in November 2021. Tilda Swinton will costar.


title: Gas laws

text: The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases.


title: Gas laws

text: In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas of fixed amount at constant temperature. He observed that volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at a constant temperature.


title: Gas laws

text: Boyle's law, published in 1662, states that, at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant. It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container. It can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases: if a container, with a fixed number of molecules inside, is reduced in volume, more molecules will strike a given area of the sides of the container per unit time, causing a greater pressure.


title: Gas laws

text: where is the pressure, and is the volume of a gas, and is the constant in this equation (and is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article).


title: Gas laws

text: Charles's law, or the law of volumes, was found in 1787 by Jacques Charles. It states that, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, assuming in a closed system.


title: Gas laws

text: the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas, at constant pressure (P), is directly proportional to its temperature (T).


title: Gas laws

text: where ""V"" is the volume of a gas, ""T"" is the absolute temperature and "k" is a proportionality constant (which is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article).


title: Gas laws

text: Gay-Lussac's law, Amontons' law or the pressure law was found by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808. It states that, for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.


title: Gas laws

text: Avogadro's law (hypothesized in 1811) states that at a constant temperature and pressure, the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of the gas present in the container. This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP (273.15 K, 1 atm) is about 22.4 L. The relation is given by


title: Gas laws

text: The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyle's Law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed mass (quantity) of gas:


title: Gas laws

text: These equations are exact only for an ideal gas, which neglects various intermolecular effects (see real gas). However, the ideal gas law is a good approximation for most gases under moderate pressure and temperature.


title: French Connection

text: The French Connection was a scheme through which heroin was smuggled from Indochina through Turkey to France and then to the United States and Canada, sometimes through Cuba. The operation started in the 1930s, reached its peak in the 1960s, and was dismantled in the 1970s. It was responsible for providing the vast majority of the heroin used in the United States at the time. The operation was headed by Corsican criminals Paul Carbone (and his associate François Spirito) and Antoine Guérini, and also involved Auguste Ricord, Paul Mondoloni and Salvatore Greco.


title: French Connection

text: Illegal heroin labs were first discovered near Marseille, France, in 1937. These labs were run by Corsican gang leader Paul Carbone. For years, the Corsican underworld had been involved in the manufacturing and trafficking of heroin, primarily to the United States. It was this heroin network that eventually became known as "the French Connection".


title: French Connection

text: The Corsican Gang was protected by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the SDECE after World War II in exchange for working to prevent French Communists from bringing the Old Port of Marseille under their control.


title: French Connection

text: Historically, the raw material for most of the heroin consumed in the United States came from Indochina, then Turkey. Turkish farmers were licensed to grow opium poppies for sale to legal drug companies, but many sold their excess to the underworld market, where it was manufactured into heroin and transported to the United States. The morphine paste was refined in Corsican laboratories in Marseille, one of the busiest ports in the western Mediterranean Sea. The Marseille heroin was considered high quality.


title: French Connection

text: Marseille served as a perfect shipping point for all types of illegal goods, including the excess opium that Turkish farmers cultivated for profit. The convenience of the port at Marseille and the frequent arrival of ships from opium-producing countries made it easy to smuggle the morphine base to Marseille from the Far East or the Near East. The French underground would then ship large quantities of heroin from Marseille to New York City.


title: French Connection

text: The first significant post-World War II seizure was made in New York on February 5, 1947, when seven pounds (3 kg) of heroin were seized from a Corsican sailor disembarking from a vessel that had just arrived from France.


title: French Connection

text: It soon became clear that the French underground was increasing not only its participation in the illegal trade of opium, but also its expertise and efficiency in heroin trafficking. On March 17, 1947, 28 pounds (13 kg) of heroin were found on the French liner "St. Tropez". On January 7, 1949, more than 50 pounds (22.75 kg) of opium and heroin were seized on the French ship "Batista".


title: French Connection

text: After Paul Carbone's death, the Guérini clan was the ruling dynasty of the Unione Corse and had systematically organized the smuggling of opium from Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries. The Guérini clan was led by Marseille mob boss Antoine Guérini and his brothers, Barthelemy, Francois and Pascal.


title: French Connection

text: In October 1957, a meeting between Sicilian Mafia and American Mafia members was held at the Grand Hotel et des Palmes in Palermo to discuss the international illegal heroin trade in the French Connection.


title: French Connection

text: The first major French Connection case occurred in 1960. In June, an informant told a drug agent in Lebanon that Mauricio Rosal, the Guatemalan Ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, was smuggling morphine base from Beirut, Lebanon to Marseille. Narcotics agents had been seizing about 200 pounds (90 kg) of heroin in a typical year, but intelligence showed that the Corsican traffickers were smuggling in 200 pounds (90 kg) every other week. Rosal alone, in one year, had used his diplomatic status to bring in about 440 pounds (200 kg).


title: French Connection

text: The Federal Bureau of Narcotics's 1960 annual report estimated that from 2,600 to 5,000 pounds (1,200 to 2,300 kg) of heroin were coming into the United States annually from France. The French traffickers continued to exploit the demand for their illegal product, and by 1969, they were supplying the United States with 80 percent of its heroin.


title: French Connection

text: On April 26, 1968, a record setting seizure was made, of heroin smuggled to New York concealed in a Citroën DS on the "SS France (1960)" ocean liner. The total amount smuggled during the many transatlantic voyages of just this one car was according to arrested smuggler Jacques Bousquet.


title: French Connection

text: Because of this increasing volume, heroin became readily available throughout the United States. In an effort to limit the source, US officials went to Turkey to negotiate the phasing out of opium production. Initially, the Turkish government agreed to limit their opium production starting with the 1968 crop.


title: French Connection

text: At the end of the 1960s, after Robert Blemant's assassination by Antoine Guérini, a gang war sparked in Marseille, caused by competition over casino revenues. Blemant's associate Marcel Francisci continued the war over the next years.


title: French Connection

text: Former New York City Police Department Narcotics Bureau detective Sonny Grosso has stated that the kingpin of the French Connection heroin ring during the 1950s into the 1960s was Corsican Jean Jehan. Although Jehan arranged the famous 1962 deal gone wrong of 64 pounds of "pure" heroin, he was never arrested for his involvement in international heroin smuggling. According to Grosso, all warrants for the arrest of Jehan were left open. For years thereafter, Jehan was reported to be seen arranging and operating drug activities at will throughout Europe. According to William Friedkin, director of the 1971 film "The French Connection", Jehan had been a member of the French Resistance to Nazi Occupation during World War II and, because of that, French law enforcement officials refused to arrest him. Friedkin was told that Jehan died peacefully of old age at his home in Corsica.


title: French Connection

text: Following five subsequent years of concessions, combined with international cooperation, the Turkish government finally agreed in 1971 to a complete ban on the growing of Turkish opium, effective June 29, 1971. During these protracted negotiations, law enforcement personnel went into action. One of the major roundups began on January 4, 1972, when agents from the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) and French authorities seized 110 pounds (50 kg) of heroin at the Paris airport. Subsequently, traffickers Jean-Baptiste Croce and Joseph Mari were arrested in Marseille. One such French seizure from the French Connection in 1973 netted 210 pounds (95 kg) of heroin worth $38 million.


title: French Connection

text: In February 1972, French traffickers offered a United States Army sergeant $96,000 () to smuggle 240 pounds (109 kg) of heroin into the United States. He informed his superior who in turn notified the BNDD. As a result of this investigation, five men in New York and two in Paris were arrested with 264 pounds (120 kg) of heroin, which had a street value of $50 million. In a 14-month period, starting in February 1972, six major illicit heroin laboratories were seized and dismantled in the suburbs of Marseille by French national narcotics police in collaboration with U.S. drug agents. On February 29, 1972, French authorities seized the shrimp boat, "Caprice des Temps", as it put to sea near Marseille heading towards Miami. It was carrying 915 pounds (415 kg) of heroin. Drug arrests in France skyrocketed from 57 in 1970 to 3,016 in 1972.


title: French Connection

text: Also broken up as part of this investigation was the crew of Vincent Papa, whose members included Anthony Loria Sr. and Virgil Alessi. The well-organized gang was responsible for distributing close to a million dollars worth of heroin up and down the East Coast of the United States during the early 1970s, which in turn led to a major New York Police Department (NYPD) corruption scheme. The scope and depth of this scheme are still not known, but officials suspect it involved corrupt NYPD officers who allowed Papa, Alessi, and Loria access to the NYPD property/evidence storage room, where hundreds of kilograms of heroin lay seized from the now-infamous French Connection bust, and from which the men would help themselves and replace missing heroin with flour and corn starch to avoid detection.


title: French Connection

text: The substitution was discovered only when officers noticed insects eating all the bags of "heroin". By that point an estimated street value of approximately $70 million worth of heroin had already been taken. The racket was brought to light and arrests were made. Certain plotters received jail sentences, including Papa, who was later murdered in federal prison in Atlanta, Georgia.


title: French Connection

text: Ultimately, the Guérini clan was exterminated during internecine wars within the French underworld. In 1971, Marcel Francisci was accused by the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics of being involved in the trafficking of heroin between Marseilles and New York City. On 16 January 1982, Marcel Francisci was shot to death as he was entering his car in the parking lot of the building where he lived in Paris, France.


title: Steve Timmons

text: Steve Dennis Timmons (born November 29, 1958) is an American former volleyball player who represented the United States at three consecutive Summer Olympics starting in 1984, winning gold in 1984 and 1988 plus a bronze in 1992.


title: Steve Timmons

text: Steve played volleyball and basketball at Newport Harbor High School. He then attended Orange Coast College (OCC), playing for the OCC Pirates basketball team that won the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) state basketball championship and the Pirates volleyball team that was runner-up in the CCCAA state volleyball championship. Timmons then attended the University of Southern California, playing for the Trojans volleyball team that won the 1980 NCAA men's volleyball tournament.


title: Steve Timmons

text: Timmons' Olympic teammate, Karch Kiraly, has also been a teammate on other teams, including the USA team at the 1986 World Championship and the 1986 Goodwill Games, as well as professional teammates with Italian league team Porto Ravenna Volley, where they won the Italian Volleyball League in 1991 and the CEV Champions League in 1992.


title: Steve Timmons

text: Timmons co-founded and is the former president of Redsand, an action sports clothing and lifestyle brand, which he sold in 2003.


title: Steve Timmons

text: Timmons was married to basketball executive Jeanie Buss, daughter of Jerry Buss, from 1990 to 1993. From 1997 to 2018, he was married to actress Debbe Dunning (Heidi on "Home Improvement") and they have three children together.


title: Hell's Kitchen (American season 4)

text: Season 4 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network starting on April 1, 2008. The show was originally planned to air later in the season, but instead was aired as a replacement for shows that were affected by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Episode 5 of season 4 garnered the highest viewership in the show's history at 11.94 million viewers.


title: Hell's Kitchen (American season 4)

text: Culinary student Christina Machamer won the season and was awarded a "senior sous chef" position with a $250,000 salary at the Gordon Ramsay at The London restaurant in The London West Hollywood hotel – not an executive chef position as mentioned in show-related publicity and press releases. The London West Hollywood restaurant opened on May 27, 2008, while the series was still airing.


title: Hell's Kitchen (American season 4)

text: There were 15 chefs (eight men and seven women) who competed in season four. It is the first season to begin with an odd number of contestants, repeated in season 6 with its total of 17 contestants (because of the addition of a contestant from the previous season).


title: Hell's Kitchen (American season 4)

text: Each week, the best member (as determined by Ramsay) from the losing team during the latest service period was asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two was sent home by Ramsay. In Episode 1, the teams selected captains for service, though Ramsay changed both captains during service.


title: Bouillon cube

text: A bouillon cube (Canada and US), stock cube (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa and UK), or broth cube (Asia) is dehydrated broth or stock formed into a small cube about wide. It is typically made from dehydrated vegetables or meat stock, a small portion of fat, MSG, salt, and seasonings, shaped into a small cube. Vegetarian and vegan types are also made. Bouillon is also available in granular, powdered, liquid, and paste forms.


title: Bouillon cube

text: Dehydrated meat stock, in the form of tablets, was known in the 17th century to English food writer Anne Blencowe, who died in 1718, and elsewhere as early as 1735. Various French cooks in the early 19th century (Lefesse, Massué, and Martin) tried to patent bouillon cubes and tablets, but were turned down for lack of originality. Nicolas Appert also proposed such dehydrated bouillon in 1831.


title: Bouillon cube

text: Portable soup was a kind of dehydrated food used in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a precursor of meat extract and bouillon cubes, and of industrially dehydrated food. It is also known as "pocket soup" or "veal glue". It is a cousin of the "glace de viande" of French cooking. It was long a staple of seamen and explorers, for it would keep for many months or even years. In this context, it was a filling and nutritious dish. Portable soup of less extended vintage was, according to the 1881 "Household Cyclopedia",


title: Bouillon cube

text: "exceedingly convenient for private families, for by putting one of the cakes in a saucepan with about a quart of water, and a little salt, a basin of good broth may be made in a few minutes."


title: Bouillon cube

text: In the mid-19th century, German chemist Justus von Liebig developed meat extract, but it was more expensive than bouillon cubes.


title: Bouillon cube

text: The invention of the bouillon cube is also attributed to Auguste Escoffier, one of the most accomplished French chefs of his time, who also pioneered many other advances in food preservation, such as the canning of tomatoes and vegetables.


title: Bouillon cube

text: Industrially produced bouillon cubes were commercialized by Maggi in 1908, by Oxo in 1910, and by Knorr in 1912. By 1913, at least 10 brands were available, with salt contents of 59–72%.


title: Bouillon cube

text: The ingredients vary between manufacturers and may change from time to time. Typically, the ingredients consists of salt, hydrogenated fat, monosodium glutamate, flavor enhancers, and flavors.


title: Bouillon cube

text: Maggi bouillon cubes are manufactured from iodized salt, hydrogenated palm oil, wheat flour, flavor enhancers (monosodium glutamate, disodium inosinate, disodium guanylate), chicken fat, chicken meat, sugar, caramel, yeast extract, onion, spices (turmeric, white pepper, coriander), parsley.


title: Bouillon cube

text: Stock cubes are made by mixing already dry ingredients into a paste. The ingredients are usually mixed in a container (batch mixing), left to mature, and then shaped into the cube form. Alternatively, they can be mixed directly into an extruder.


title: Ferrari FF

text: The Ferrari FF (Type F151) (FF meaning "Ferrari Four", for four seats and four-wheel drive) is a grand tourer presented by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari on March 1, 2011, at the Geneva Motor Show as a successor to the 612 Scaglietti grand tourer. It is Ferrari's first production four-wheel drive model. The body style has been described as a shooting brake, a type of two-door coupé-based sporting estate. The FF has a top speed of and it accelerates from 0 to in 3.7 seconds. Ferrari states that the FF was the world's fastest four-seat automobile upon its release to the public. The FF costs US$300,000, with 800 being produced during the first year.


title: Ferrari FF

text: At the time of its introduction, the Ferrari FF had the largest road-going Ferrari engine ever produced: a F140 EB naturally aspirated direct injected 65° V12, which is rated at at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 6,000 rpm.


title: Ferrari FF

text: The FF is equipped with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission and paddle shift system similar to the California, the 458 Italia, and the F12berlinetta.


title: Ferrari FF

text: The new four-wheel drive system, engineered and patented by Ferrari, is called 4RM: it is around 50% lighter than a conventional system, and provides power intelligently to each of the four wheels as needed. It functions only when the manettino dial on the steering wheel is in the "comfort" or "snow" positions, leaving the car most often in the traditional rear wheel drive layout.


title: Ferrari FF

text: Ferrari's first use of four-wheel drive was in a prototype developed in the end of the 1980s, called the 408 4RM (abbreviation of "4.0 litre, 8 cylinder, 4 Ruote Motrici", meaning "four-wheel drive").


title: Ferrari FF

text: This system is based around a second, simple, gearbox (gears and other components built by Carraro Engineering), taking power from the front of the engine. This gearbox (designated "power take off unit", or PTU) has only two forward gears (2nd and 4th) plus reverse (with gear ratios 6% taller than the corresponding ratios in the main gearbox), so the system is only active in 1st to 4th gears. The connection between this gearbox and each front wheel is via independent Haldex-type clutches, without a differential.


title: Ferrari FF

text: Due to the difference in ratios "the clutches continually slip" and only transmit, at most, 20% of the engine's torque.


title: Ferrari FF

text: A detailed description of the system (based on a conversation with Roberto Fedeli, Ferrari's technical director) has been published.


title: Ferrari FF

text: The FF shares the design language of contemporary Ferrari automobiles, including the pulled-back headlights of the 458 Italia, and the twin circular taillights seen on the 458 as well as the 599 GTB Fiorano. Designed under the direction of Lowie Vermeersch, former design director at Pininfarina, and Flavio Manzoni, Ferrari's Styling Centre,<ref name="designboom.com/technology/ferrari-ff-production-line-manufacturing-facilities"></ref> work on the shooting brake concept initially started following the creation of the Sintesi show car of 2007. Distinctive styling elements include a large "egg-crate" grille, defined side skirts, and four exhaust tips. The shooting brake configuration is a departure from the conventional wedge shape of modern Ferrari automobiles, and the FF has been likened to the similarly shaped 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Drogo race car. The FF's exterior design produced a .


title: Ferrari FF

text: The shooting brake design, with its folding rear seats gives the Ferrari FF a boot capacity of between . Luxury is the main element of the interior and the use of leather is incorporated throughout, just like the predecessors of the FF. Creature comforts like premium air conditioning, GPS navigation system, carpeting and sound system are also used.


title: Ferrari FF

text: The Ferrari SP FFX, introduced in 2014, is a one-off based on the FF. Its most notable feature is its custom body that features a more traditional coupé rear end in place of the FF's shooting brake tail. The car was commissioned by a customer in Japan and was built by Ferrari's special vehicles division to Pininfarina's design. Originally, when patent drawings surfaced online many sources thought the SP FFX was the design for the next generation Ferrari California.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Mia Wallace is a fictional character portrayed by Uma Thurman in the 1994 Quentin Tarantino film "Pulp Fiction". It was Thurman's breakthrough role and earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. The character became a cultural icon.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Mia was the featured character of the film's promotional material, appearing on a bed with a cigarette in hand.


title: Mia Wallace

text: At the beginning of casting Tarantino and Miramax were considering Isabella Rossellini and Meg Ryan for the part. Other actresses considered included Daryl Hannah, Joan Cusack, Halle Berry, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Holly Hunter and Alfre Woodard. Tarantino preferred Michelle Pfeiffer who auditioned for the role. Kate Beckinsale also auditioned.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Rosanna Arquette was considered but ended up portraying Jody in the film. Her sister Patricia was one of Tarantino's choices to play Mia as well. Other actresses on the list were Virginia Madsen, Marisa Tomei, Jennifer Beals, Pam Grier, Phoebe Cates, Bridget Fonda, Jasmine Guy, Angela Bassett, Annette O'Toole, Debra Winger, Robin Wright, Meg Tilly, Cynda Williams and N'Bushe Wright.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Thurman's agent Jay Moloney read a copy of the screenplay and felt Mia was perfect for her. Thurman, however was not as confident the role was right for her. She found the script frightening and vulgar. In spite of her misgivings she met Tarantino for a three hour lunch in Los Angeles, and later an hours long discussion in her New York apartment.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Mia was modeled after actress Anna Karina, a prominent figure of the French New Wave and muse of Jean-Luc Godard. For Mia's look in the film, costume designer Betsy Heimann created her appearance to be that of a female Reservoir Dog. She also included designer name brands like Chanel to show that she is the moll of a rich crime boss. Additionally her look was inspired by silent film stars and meant to invoke a femme fatale. Mia's personality and looks are also reminiscent of Elvira Hancock's (Michelle Pfeiffer) from Brian De Palma's "Scarface".


title: Mia Wallace

text: Mia is the wife of the crime boss Marsellus Wallace (Ving Rhames). Before meeting Marsellus, Mia was an aspiring actress who appeared in a television pilot called "Fox Force Five", which failed.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Marsellus goes out of town and asks Vincent Vega (John Travolta), one of his assassins, to take Mia out to dinner while he's gone. Vincent agrees, although he is worried about how it will look; when asked about taking her out, he repeatedly insists that "it's not a date". His friend and partner-in-crime and fellow hitman Jules Winnfield (Samuel L. Jackson) warns him not to forget his place, and tells him a story about Antwan "Tony Rocky Horror" Rockamora, one of Marcellus' men whom Marcellus threw out of a four-story window, supposedly because he gave Mia a foot massage.


title: Mia Wallace

text: When Vincent goes to pick Mia up at Marcellus's lavish house, she speaks to him over the intercom as she snorts cocaine in a separate room. The two then head to dinner at "Jack Rabbit Slim's", a 1950s-themed restaurant. During dinner, Mia and Vincent talk about subjects such as awkward silences, her acting career, 1950s and 1960s pop culture, and some gossip related to Vincent's business associates. When Vincent brings up what happened to Rockamora, Mia says that "The only thing Tony ever touched of mine was my hand when he shook it on my wedding day". Suddenly, the restaurant's DJ announces a twist contest, and Mia wants to win the trophy for first place. Though Vincent is reluctant, he gets up and dances the twist with Mia to Chuck Berry's "You Never Can Tell".


title: Mia Wallace

text: When Mia and Vincent return to the house to celebrate, Vincent goes to the bathroom while Mia dances Urge Overkill's cover of "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon". While Vincent contemplates what to do next in the bathroom, Mia finds a small bag of heroin inside Vincent's coat pocket, and snorts it, thinking that it is cocaine. When Vincent returns from the bathroom he finds Mia overdosing on the couch, and frantically drives her to the house of his heroin dealer Lance (Eric Stoltz), in an effort to save her. Lance gets a syringe full of liquid adrenaline, and has Vincent administer it directly into Mia's heart, which instantly resuscitates her, saving her life.


title: Mia Wallace

text: The two return to the Wallace house after the overdose. Embarrassed, Mia asks Vincent not to tell Marsellus about what happened, as it would surely mean big trouble for both of them. She tells Vincent her "Fox Force Five" joke.


title: Mia Wallace

text: When the boxer Butch Coolidge (Bruce Willis) double-crosses Marcellus by winning a rigged fight, Marcellus sends Vincent to kill him. Vincent sees Mia sitting with Marsellus, and Mia thanks him for dinner the day before.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Mia is seen in her bathing suit next to her swimming pool as her husband Marcellus talks to Jules on the phone.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Raven McCoy was Mia's character on "Fox Force Five". She is the deadliest woman in the world with a knife, raised by circus performers, who knows a massive amount of old jokes she learned from her grandfather, a Vaudeville performer. McCoy is a reference to three X-Men characters. Her first name comes from Raven Darkhölme and her last from Hank McCoy. Her background is the same as Nightcrawler's who was also raised by circus performers. The series itself came from "The Doll Squad".


title: Mia Wallace

text: In 2014 for the 20th anniversary of "Pulp Fiction" a play was produced based on the films of Tarantino. In it Mia Wallace was played by Rumer Willis, daughter of Bruce Willis. Willis rotated the portrayal with Lindsey Gort and Ginifer King on different nights. Lizzy Caplan portrayed Mia in a staged 2014 live reading of the "Pulp Fiction" screenplay.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Although her character was named "The Blonde Fox" (a different character than Wallace's on "Fox Force Five"), actress Evan Rachel Wood played a character inspired by Wallace and Thurman's character Beatrix "The Bride" Kiddo from Tarantino's "" for a 2019 stage musical based on Tarantino's films and featuring music from his films, titled "Fox Force Five and the Tyranny of Evil Men". The Blonde Fox was later portrayed by Lindsey Gort in a 2021 version of the play.


title: Mia Wallace

text: The character of Jane Margolis (Krysten Ritter) from the TV series "Breaking Bad" was inspired by Mia. In the 1997 parody film "Plump Fiction" a satirical version of Mia was played by Julie Brown. In the second season of "Community" for the episode "Critical Film Studies" the character Britta Perry (Gillian Jacobs) dresses as Mia for a "Pulp Fiction" party. In an episode of "All-American Girl" titled "Pulp Sitcom" guest starring Tarantino, Margaret Cho spoofs Mia, including the dance scene and drawing the air square.


title: Mia Wallace

text: After Margot Robbie asked Tarantino for permission, "Fox Force Five" became the working title for her 2020 film "Birds of Prey". Robbie said, "The five prominent women in "Birds of Prey" lined up perfectly with "Fox Force Five"." Lisa Rinna, Teddi Mellencamp Arroyave, Kyle Richards, Dorit Kemsley and Erika Girardi of "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" publicly adopted "Fox Force Five" as a term to refer to themselves. In 2022 the film "The 355" was released starring Jessica Chastain. It is "essentially a reimagined "Fox Force Five"."


title: Mia Wallace

text: The musical girl group The Spice Girls played characters inspired by the "Fox Force Five" for the music video to their 2nd single from their 1996 album "Spice", "Say You'll Be There". A year later in their 1997 film "Spice World", the group pays homage to "Fox Force Five" with a film-within-the-film called "Spice Force Five". In "The Lego Batman Movie", Batman (Will Arnett) discusses possible team names and mentions "Fox Force Five".


title: Mia Wallace

text: Mia's look became iconic and an influence in women's fashion for years to come. Cosmetics and fragrance lines from Urban Decay of L'Oréal and Tom Ford have been named and designed after her. Her outfit influenced fashion shows and designs from Marc Jacobs, Jil Sander, Tom Ford, Rag & Bone and Kate Sylvester. In 2021 Korean singer Jennie did a photo shoot for "Elle Korea" as Mia Wallace.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Mia's outfit also became one of the most popular Halloween costumes for decades to come. Actress Anya Taylor-Joy stated she has dressed up as Mia multiple times and that it is her "all-time favorite costume." Major retailers including Amazon and Walmart sell Mia Wallace Halloween costumes.


title: Mia Wallace

text: In 2012 rapper Wiz Khalifa released the "Taylor Allderdice" mixtape featuring the track "Mia Wallace". In 2015 the rock band Fall Out Boy released the single "Uma Thurman", influenced by Mia Wallace, The Bride from "Kill Bill" and Dick Dale's "Misirlou" which was featured in "Pulp Fiction". The chorus of the song is about Mia and Vincent Vega's dance scene. Fall Out Boy and Wiz Khalifa performed "Uma Thurman" live at the 2015 "Billboard" Music Awards featuring 12 dancers dressed as Mia Wallace.


title: Mia Wallace

text: The famous dance scene between Mia and Vincent Vega took inspiration from Disney's "The Aristocats" and a scene from Jean-Luc Godard's "Band à part" featuring Anna Karina and Claude Brasseur. It also took inspiration from a scene in Federico Fellini's "8½" featuring Barbara Steele and Mario Pisu.


title: Mia Wallace

text: The Mia-Vincent dance scene was imitated in the films "Antz" and "Be Cool". The latter with Travolta and Thurman again as different characters.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote that Uma Thurman's performance "is marvelous here, seductively scrappy as she teases Vincent."


title: Mia Wallace

text: Ivy O'Shannon wrote that the Mia Wallace we see through the majority of her story in "Pulp Fiction" is a façade and not the true Mia. She believes Mia moved to Los Angeles to pretend to be the badass she always wished she was. She wanted to be an actress and play characters like Raven McCoy. However, as it didn't work out she married a man who is not only wealthy but also feared. This led to her being sheltered and unseen and so she turned to drugs as a mask and through the mask acts as the badass she wished to play on screen. She wears this mask with Vincent through most of their evening together. O'Shannon concludes that we only see the true Mia after she overdoses on heroin and is resurrected by Vincent. She is resurrected with new perspective allowing the audience to finally see her unmasked.


title: Mia Wallace

text: Jason Bailey saw Mia as someone who easily controlled men. He thought she was manipulative but also very self-aware and someone who "easily transcend[ed]" her image. He compared three other characters to Mia: Phyllis Dietrichson (Barbara Stanwyck) in "Double Indemnity"; Kitty Collins (Ava Gardner) in "The Killers"; Gilda Farrell (Rita Hayworth) in "Gilda".


title: Mia Wallace

text: Thurman was nominated for the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.


title: Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)

text: Magenta Line (Line 8) is a metro rail line of the Delhi Metro, a rapid transit system in Delhi, India and the first driverless metro in India. The total length of the line is and it consists of 25 metro stations from Janakpuri West to Botanical Garden, out of which 10 are elevated and rest 15 are underground. Unlike the Airport Metro Express, this line directly serves Terminal 1 of the Indira Gandhi International Airport.


title: Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)

text: Janakpuri West metro station on the line contains India's tallest escalator with vertical height of 15.6 metres. The Magenta Line has interchanges with the Yellow Line at Hauz Khas, Blue Line at Janakpuri West & Botanical Garden and the Violet Line at Kalkaji Mandir of the Delhi Metro network.


title: Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)

text: Shankar Vihar metro station on the line is unique as it is the only station on the network where free movement of civilians is restricted by the military, as it falls in the Delhi Cantonment area and according to DMRC official "located right in the heart of the defence zone, it thus will cater primarily to defence personnel". The Hauz Khas metro station on this line is the deepest Metro station at a depth of 29 metres.


title: Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)

text: For the first time in India, the construction work of two parallel tunnels was completed together at Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South station. The Janakpuri West, Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South & Dashrath Puri stations have been executed by an HCC-Samsung joint venture.


title: Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)

text: The line was initially targeted for completion in December 2016, however, this date was extended due to difficult tunnelling conditions. The trials of the line began in August 2017. The line got inaugurated in two stages where the first section from Botanical Garden to Kalkaji Mandir was opened for public by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25 December 2017 and the second stage got inaugurated by Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal on 28 May 2018. The remaining section of the line became functional and opened for public use from 29 May 2018 at 06:00 hrs IST.


title: Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)

text: A stretch of 8.679 km having 9 stations on Botanical Garden – Kalkaji Mandir section was opened to public on 25 December 2017. The remaining portion of line opened on 28 May 2018.


title: Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)

text: In addition to Kalindi Kunj depot, the Magenta Line will have a new depot at Mangolpuri. Under this phase, the line will be further extended from Janakpuri West to Ramakrishna Ashram Marg, providing interchanges with Green, Red, Yellow, Pink and Blue lines, and improving connectivity in the northern parts of Delhi. The extension is expected to be completed by September 2024.


title: Quantum mind

text: The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses proposing that classical mechanics alone cannot explain consciousness, positing instead that quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition, may play an important part in the brain's function and could explain critical aspects of consciousness. These scientific hypotheses are as yet untested, and can overlap with quantum mysticism.


title: Quantum mind

text: Eugene Wigner developed the idea that quantum mechanics has something to do with the workings of the mind. He proposed that the wave function collapses due to its interaction with consciousness. Freeman Dyson argued that "mind, as manifested by the capacity to make choices, is to some extent inherent in every electron".


title: Quantum mind

text: Other contemporary physicists and philosophers considered these arguments unconvincing. Victor Stenger characterized quantum consciousness as a "myth" having "no scientific basis" that "should take its place along with gods, unicorns and dragons".


title: Quantum mind

text: David Chalmers argues against quantum consciousness. He instead discusses how quantum mechanics may relate to dualistic consciousness. Chalmers is skeptical that any new physics can resolve the hard problem of consciousness.


title: Quantum mind

text: David Bohm viewed quantum theory and relativity as contradictory, which implied a more fundamental level in the universe. He claimed that both quantum theory and relativity pointed to this deeper theory, which he formulated as a quantum field theory. This more fundamental level was proposed to represent an undivided wholeness and an implicate order, from which arises the explicate order of the universe as we experience it.


title: Quantum mind

text: Bohm's proposed order applies both to matter and consciousness. He suggested that it could explain the relationship between them. He saw mind and matter as projections into our explicate order from the underlying implicate order. Bohm claimed that when we look at matter, we see nothing that helps us to understand consciousness.


title: Quantum mind

text: Bohm discussed the experience of listening to music. He believed that the feeling of movement and change that make up our experience of music derive from holding the immediate past and the present in the brain together. The musical notes from the past are transformations rather than memories. The notes that were implicated in the immediate past become explicate in the present. Bohm viewed this as consciousness emerging from the implicate order.


title: Quantum mind

text: Bohm saw the movement, change or flow, and the coherence of experiences, such as listening to music, as a manifestation of the implicate order. He claimed to derive evidence for this from Jean Piaget's work on infants. He held these studies to show that young children learn about time and space because they have a "hard-wired" understanding of movement as part of the implicate order. He compared this hard-wiring to Chomsky's theory that grammar is hard-wired into human brains.


title: Quantum mind

text: Bohm never proposed a specific means by which his proposal could be falsified, nor a neural mechanism through which his "implicate order" could emerge in a way relevant to consciousness. He later collaborated on Karl Pribram's holonomic brain theory as a model of quantum consciousness.


title: Quantum mind

text: According to philosopher Paavo Pylkkänen, Bohm's suggestion "leads naturally to the assumption that the physical correlate of the logical thinking process is at the classically describable level of the brain, while the basic thinking process is at the quantum-theoretically describable level".


title: Quantum mind

text: It was suggested by theoretical physicists David Bohm and Basil Hiley that mind and matter both emerge from an "implicate order". Bohm and Hiley's approach to mind and matter is supported by philosopher Paavo Pylkkänen. Pylkkänen underlines "unpredictable, uncontrollable, indivisible and non-logical" features of conscious thought and draws parallels to a philosophical movement some call "post-phenomenology", in particular to Pauli Pylkkö's notion of the "aconceptual experience", an unstructured, unarticulated and pre-logical experience.


title: Quantum mind

text: Theoretical physicist Roger Penrose and anaesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff collaborated to produce the theory known as "orchestrated objective reduction" (Orch-OR). Penrose and Hameroff initially developed their ideas separately and later collaborated to produce Orch-OR in the early 1990s. They reviewed and updated their theory in 2013.


title: Quantum mind

text: Penrose's argument stemmed from Gödel's incompleteness theorems. In his first book on consciousness, "The Emperor's New Mind" (1989), he argued that while a formal system cannot prove its own consistency, Gödel's unprovable results are provable by human mathematicians. Penrose took this to mean that human mathematicians are not formal proof systems and not running a computable algorithm. According to Bringsjord and Xiao, this line of reasoning is based on fallacious equivocation on the meaning of computation. In the same book, Penrose wrote: "One might speculate, however, that somewhere deep in the brain, cells are to be found of single quantum sensitivity. If this proves to be the case, then quantum mechanics will be significantly involved in brain activity."


title: Quantum mind

text: Penrose determined that wave function collapse was the only possible physical basis for a non-computable process. Dissatisfied with its randomness, he proposed a new form of wave function collapse that occurs in isolation and called it "objective reduction". He suggested each quantum superposition has its own piece of spacetime curvature and that when these become separated by more than one Planck length, they become unstable and collapse. Penrose suggested that "objective reduction" represents neither randomness nor algorithmic processing but instead a non-computable influence in spacetime geometry from which mathematical understanding and, by later extension, consciousness derives.


title: Quantum mind

text: Hameroff provided a hypothesis that microtubules would be suitable hosts for quantum behavior. Microtubules are composed of tubulin protein dimer subunits. The dimers each have hydrophobic pockets that are 8 nm apart and may contain delocalized π electrons. Tubulins have other smaller non-polar regions that contain π-electron-rich indole rings separated by about 2 nm. Hameroff proposed that these electrons are close enough to become entangled. He originally suggested that the tubulin-subunit electrons would form a Bose–Einstein condensate, but this was discredited. He then proposed a Frohlich condensate, a hypothetical coherent oscillation of dipolar molecules, but this too was experimentally discredited.


title: Quantum mind

text: In other words, there is a missing link between physics and neuroscience. For instance, the proposed predominance of A-lattice microtubules, more suitable for information processing, was falsified by Kikkawa "et al.", who showed that all in vivo microtubules have a B lattice and a seam. The proposed existence of gap junctions between neurons and glial cells was also falsified. Orch-OR predicted that microtubule coherence reaches the synapses through dendritic lamellar bodies (DLBs), but De Zeeuw "et al." proved this impossible by showing that DLBs are micrometers away from gap junctions.


title: Quantum mind

text: In 2014, Hameroff and Penrose claimed that the discovery of quantum vibrations in microtubules by Anirban Bandyopadhyay of the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan in March 2013 corroborates Orch-OR theory. Experiments that showed that anaesthetic drugs reduce how long microtubules can sustain suspected quantum excitations appear to support the quantum theory of consciousness.


title: Quantum mind

text: In 2022, results of two experiments at the University of Alberta and Princeton University were announced at The Science of Consciousness conference, providing further evidence to support quantum processes operating within microtubules.


title: Quantum mind

text: Although these theories are stated in a scientific framework, it is difficult to separate them from scientists' personal opinions. The opinions are often based on intuition or subjective ideas about the nature of consciousness. For example, Penrose wrote:


title: Quantum mind

text: [M]y own point of view asserts that you can't even simulate conscious activity. What's going on in conscious thinking is something you couldn't properly imitate at all by computer... If something behaves as though it's conscious, do you say it is conscious? People argue endlessly about that. Some people would say, "Well, you've got to take the operational viewpoint; we don't know what consciousness is. How do you judge whether a person is conscious or not? Only by the way they act. You apply the same criterion to a computer or a computer-controlled robot." Other people would say, "No, you can't say it feels something merely because it behaves as though it feels something." My view is different from both those views. The robot wouldn't even behave convincingly as though it was conscious unless it really was—which I say it couldn't be, if it's entirely computationally controlled.


title: Quantum mind

text: A lot of what the brain does you could do on a computer. I'm not saying that all the brain's action is completely different from what you do on a computer. I am claiming that the actions of consciousness are something different. I'm not saying that consciousness is beyond physics, either—although I'm saying that it's beyond the physics we know now... My claim is that there has to be something in physics that we don't yet understand, which is very important, and which is of a noncomputational character. It's not specific to our brains; it's out there, in the physical world. But it usually plays a totally insignificant role. It would have to be in the bridge between quantum and classical levels of behavior—that is, where quantum measurement comes in.


title: Quantum mind

text: In 2010, Lawrence Krauss was guarded in criticising Penrose's ideas. He said: "Roger Penrose has given lots of new-age crackpots ammunition... Many people are dubious that Penrose's suggestions are reasonable, because the brain is not an isolated quantum-mechanical system. To some extent it could be, because memories are stored at the molecular level, and at a molecular level quantum mechanics is significant."


title: Quantum mind

text: Hiroomi Umezawa and collaborators proposed a quantum field theory of memory storage. Giuseppe Vitiello and Walter Freeman proposed a dialog model of the mind. This dialog takes place between the classical and the quantum parts of the brain. Their quantum field theory models of brain dynamics are fundamentally different from the Penrose–Hameroff theory.


title: Quantum mind

text: In neuroscience, quantum brain dynamics (QBD) is a hypothesis to explain the function of the brain within the framework of quantum field theory.


title: Quantum mind

text: As described by Harald Atmanspacher, "Since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available, it is a legitimate question to ask whether quantum theory can help us to understand consciousness."


title: Quantum mind

text: The original motivation in the early 20th century for relating quantum theory to consciousness was essentially philosophical. It is fairly plausible that conscious free decisions (“free will”) are problematic in a perfectly deterministic world, so quantum randomness might indeed open up novel possibilities for free will. (On the other hand, randomness is problematic for goal-directed volition!)


title: Quantum mind

text: Ricciardi and Umezawa proposed in 1967 a general theory of quanta of long-range coherent waves within and between brain cells, and showed a possible mechanism of memory storage and retrieval in terms of Nambu–Goldstone bosons. This was later fleshed out into a theory encompassing all biological cells and systems in the quantum biodynamics of Del Giudice and co-authors. Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue later popularized these results and discussed the implications towards consciousness.


title: Quantum mind

text: Umezawa emphasizes that macroscopic and microscopic ordered states are both of quantum origin according to quantum field theory and points out the shortcomings of classical neuronal models in describing them. In 1981, theoretical exploration of the Ising model in yielded an exact solution on closed trees with arbitrary branching ratios greater than two, exhibiting an unusual phase transition in local-apex and long-range site-site correlations. This finding directly raises the possibility of multiple cooperative modes being present in ordering states long-range within neural networks and their constituents, with cooperative effects of the closed tree Ising model (structurally and connectivity dependent, with critical point a function of branching ratio and site-to-site energies of interaction) and Umezawa ordering of states (less structure dependent and with significantly greater degrees of freedom) independently or collectively guiding overall long-range macroscopic ordering often associated with higher cognitive functions in QBD.


title: Quantum mind

text: Karl Pribram's holonomic brain theory (quantum holography) invoked quantum mechanics to explain higher-order processing by the mind. He argued that his holonomic model solved the binding problem. Pribram collaborated with Bohm in his work on quantum approaches to mind and he provided evidence on how much of the processing in the brain was done in wholes. He proposed that ordered water at dendritic membrane surfaces might operate by structuring Bose–Einstein condensation supporting quantum dynamics.


title: Quantum mind

text: Henry Stapp proposed that quantum waves are reduced only when they interact with consciousness. He argues from the that the quantum state collapses when the observer selects one among the alternative quantum possibilities as a basis for future action. The collapse, therefore, takes place in the expectation that the observer associated with the state. Stapp's work drew criticism from scientists such as David Bourget and Danko Georgiev. Georgiev criticized Stapp's model in two respects:


title: Quantum mind

text: British philosopher David Pearce defends what he calls physicalistic idealism ("the non-materialist physicalist claim that reality is fundamentally experiential and that the natural world is exhaustively described by the equations of physics and their solutions") and has conjectured that unitary conscious minds are physical states of quantum coherence (neuronal superpositions). This conjecture is, according to Pearce, amenable to falsification, unlike most theories of consciousness, and Pearce has outlined an experimental protocol describing how the hypothesis could be tested using matter-wave interferometry to detect nonclassical interference patterns of neuronal superpositions at the onset of thermal decoherence. Pearce admits that his ideas are "highly speculative", "counterintuitive", and "incredible".


title: Quantum mind

text: CNET is a hypothesized neural signaling mechanism in catecholaminergic neurons that would use quantum mechanical electron transport. The hypothesis is based in part on the observation by many independent researchers that electron tunneling occurs in ferritin, an iron storage protein that is prevalent in those neurons, at room temperature and ambient conditions. The hypothesized function of this mechanism is to assist in action selection, but the mechanism itself would be capable of integrating millions of cognitive and sensory neural signals using a physical mechanism associated with strong electron-electron interactions. Each tunneling event would involve a collapse of an electron wave function, but the collapse would be incidental to the physical effect created by strong electron-electron interactions.


title: Quantum mind

text: CNET predicted a number of physical properties of these neurons that have been subsequently observed experimentally, such as electron tunneling in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) tissue and the presence of disordered arrays of ferritin in SNc tissue. The hypothesis also predicted that disordered ferritin arrays like those found in SNc tissue should be capable of supporting long-range electron transport and providing a switching or routing function, both of which have also been subsequently observed.


title: Quantum mind

text: Another prediction of CNET was that the largest SNc neurons should mediate action selection.  This prediction was contrary to earlier proposals about the function of those neurons at that time, which were based on predictive reward dopamine signaling.  A team led by Dr. Pascal Kaiser of Harvard Medical School subsequently demonstrated that those neurons do in fact code movement, consistent with the earlier predictions of CNET. While the CNET mechanism has not yet been directly observed, it may be possible to do so using quantum dot fluorophores tagged to ferritin or other methods for detecting electron tunneling.


title: Quantum mind

text: CNET is applicable to a number of different consciousness models as a binding or action selection mechanism, such as Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Sensorimotor Theory (SMT). It is noted that many existing models of consciousness fail to specifically address action selection or binding.  For example, O’Regan and Noë call binding a “pseudo problem,” but also state that “the fact that object attributes seem perceptually to be part of a single object does not require them to be ‘represented’ in any unified kind of way, for example, at a single location in the brain, or by a single process. They may be so represented, but there is no logical necessity for this.” Simply because there is no “logical necessity” for a physical phenomenon does not mean that it does not exist, or that once it is identified that it can be ignored.  Likewise, global workspace theory (GWT) models appear to treat dopamine as modulatory, based on the prior understanding of those neurons from predictive reward dopamine signaling research, but GWT models could be adapted to include modeling of moment-by-moment activity in the striatum to mediate action selection, as observed by Kaiser.  CNET is applicable to those neurons as a selection mechanism for that function, as otherwise that function could result in seizures from simultaneous actuation of competing sets of neurons. While CNET by itself is not a model of consciousness, it is able to integrate different models of consciousness through neural binding and action selection. However, a more complete understanding of how CNET might relate to consciousness would require a better understanding of strong electron-electron interactions in ferritin arrays, which implicates the many-body problem.


title: Quantum mind

text: In 2022, neuroscientists reported experimental MRI results that so far appear to imply nuclear proton spins of 'brain water' in the brains of human participants were entangled, suggesting brain functions that operate non-classically which may support quantum mechanisms being involved in consciousness as the signal pattern declined when human participants fell asleep. However, the results are far from unambiguous and if such brain functions indeed exist and are involved in conscious cognition, the extent and nature of their involvement in consciousness remains unknown.


title: Quantum mind

text: These hypotheses of the quantum mind remain hypothetical speculation, as Penrose and Pearce admit in their discussions. Until they make a prediction that is tested by experimentation, the hypotheses aren't based on empirical evidence. According to Krauss, "It is true that quantum mechanics is extremely strange, and on extremely small scales for short times, all sorts of weird things happen. And in fact, we can make weird quantum phenomena happen. But what quantum mechanics doesn't change about the universe is, if you want to change things, you still have to do something. You can't change the world by thinking about it."


title: Quantum mind

text: The process of testing the hypotheses with experiments is fraught with conceptual/theoretical, practical, and ethical problems.


title: Quantum mind

text: The idea that a quantum effect is necessary for consciousness to function is still in the realm of philosophy. Penrose proposes that it is necessary, but other theories of consciousness do not indicate that it is needed. For example, Daniel Dennett proposed a theory called multiple drafts model, which doesn't indicate that quantum effects are needed, in his 1991 book "Consciousness Explained". A philosophical argument on either side isn't scientific proof, although philosophical analysis can indicate key differences in the types of models and show what type of experimental differences might be observed. But since there isn't a clear consensus among philosophers, there isn't conceptual support that a quantum mind theory is needed.


title: Quantum mind

text: There are computers that are specifically designed to compute using quantum-mechanical effects. Quantum computing is computing using quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement. They are different from binary digital electronic computers based on transistors. Whereas common digital computing requires that the data be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses quantum bits, which can be in superpositions of states. One of the greatest challenges is controlling or removing quantum decoherence. This usually means isolating the system from its environment, as interactions with the external world cause the system to decohere. Some quantum computers require their qubits to be cooled to 20 millikelvins in order to prevent significant decoherence. As a result, time-consuming tasks may render some quantum algorithms inoperable, as maintaining the state of qubits long enough eventually corrupts the superpositions. There aren't any obvious analogies between the functioning of quantum computers and the human brain. Some hypothetical models of quantum mind have proposed mechanisms for maintaining quantum coherence in the brain, but they have not been shown to operate.


title: Quantum mind

text: Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon often invoked for quantum mind models. This effect occurs when pairs or groups of particles interact so that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the other(s), even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state has to be described for the whole system. Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, and polarization, performed on entangled particles are found to be correlated. If one particle is measured, the same property of the other particle immediately adjusts to maintain the conservation of the physical phenomenon. According to the formalism of quantum theory, the effect of measurement happens instantly, no matter how far apart the particles are. It is not possible to use this effect to transmit classical information at faster-than-light speeds (see Faster-than-light § Quantum mechanics). Entanglement is broken when the entangled particles decohere through interaction with the environment—for example, when a measurement is made or the particles undergo random collisions or interactions. According to Pearce, "In neuronal networks, ion–ion scattering, ion–water collisions, and long-range Coulomb interactions from nearby ions all contribute to rapid decoherence times; but thermally induced decoherence is even harder experimentally to control than collisional decoherence." He anticipated that quantum effects would have to be measured in femtoseconds, a trillion times faster than the rate at which neurons function (milliseconds).


title: Quantum mind

text: Another possible conceptual approach is to use quantum mechanics as an analogy to understand a different field of study like consciousness, without expecting that the laws of quantum physics will apply. An example of this approach is the idea of Schrödinger's cat. Erwin Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create entanglement of a large-scale system by making it dependent on an elementary particle in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's survival depended on the state of a radioactive atom—whether it had decayed and emitted radiation. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that "the cat is both alive and dead" until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics. But since Schrödinger's time, physicists have given other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, ""when" does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" In the same way, one can ask whether the act of making a decision is analogous to having a superposition of states of two decision outcomes, so that making a decision means "opening the box" to reduce the brain from a combination of states to one state. This analogy about decision-making uses a formalism derived from quantum mechanics, but doesn't indicate the actual mechanism by which the decision is made. In this way, the idea is similar to quantum cognition. This field clearly distinguishes itself from the quantum mind, as it is not reliant on the hypothesis that there is something micro-physical quantum-mechanical about the brain. Quantum cognition is based on the quantum-like paradigm, generalized quantum paradigm, or quantum structure paradigm that information processing by complex systems such as the brain can be mathematically described in the framework of quantum information and quantum probability theory. This model uses quantum mechanics only as an analogy, but doesn't propose that quantum mechanics is the physical mechanism by which it operates. For example, quantum cognition proposes that some decisions can be analyzed as if there is interference between two alternatives, but it is not a physical quantum interference effect.


title: Quantum mind

text: The quantum mind hypothesis remains theoretical until and unless quantum effect on neurological or mental processes can be validated through scientific experiment. Is there a way to show that consciousness is impossible without a quantum effect? Can a sufficiently complex digital, non-quantum computer be shown to be incapable of consciousness? Perhaps a quantum computer will show that quantum effects are needed. In any case, complex computers that are either digital or quantum computers may be built. These could demonstrate which type of computer is capable of conscious, intentional thought. But they don't exist yet, and no experimental test has been demonstrated.


title: Quantum mind

text: Quantum mechanics is a mathematical model that can provide some extremely accurate numerical predictions. Richard Feynman called quantum electrodynamics, based on the quantum-mechanics formalism, "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen. So it is not impossible that the model could provide an accurate prediction about consciousness that would confirm that a quantum effect is involved. If the mind depends on quantum mechanical effects, the true proof is to find an experiment that provides a calculation that can be compared to experimental measurement. It has to show a measurable difference between a classical computation result in a brain and one that involves quantum effects.


title: Quantum mind

text: The main theoretical argument against the quantum-mind hypothesis is the assertion that quantum states in the brain would lose coherency before they reached a scale where they could be useful for neural processing. This supposition was elaborated by Max Tegmark. His calculations indicate that quantum systems in the brain decohere at sub-picosecond timescales. No response by a brain has shown computational results or reactions on this fast of a timescale. Typical reactions are on the order of milliseconds, trillions of times longer than sub-picosecond timescales.


title: Quantum mind

text: Daniel Dennett uses an experimental result in support of his multiple drafts model of an optical illusion that happens on a time scale of less than a second or so. In this experiment, two different-colored lights, with an angular separation of a few degrees at the eye, are flashed in succession. If the interval between the flashes is less than a second or so, the first light that is flashed appears to move across to the position of the second light. Furthermore, the light seems to change color as it moves across the visual field. A green light will appear to turn red as it seems to move across to the position of a red light. Dennett asks how we could see the light change color before the second light is observed. Velmans argues that the cutaneous rabbit illusion, another illusion that happens in about a second, demonstrates that there is a delay while modelling occurs in the brain and that this delay was discovered by Libet. These slow illusions that happen at times of less than a second don't support a proposal that the brain functions on the picosecond time scale.


title: Quantum mind

text: According to David Pearce, a demonstration of picosecond effects is "the fiendishly hard part – feasible in principle, but an experimental challenge still beyond the reach of contemporary molecular matter-wave interferometry. [...] The conjecture predicts that we'll discover the interference signature of sub-femtosecond macro-superpositions."


title: Quantum mind

text: The problem with trying to use quantum mechanics in the action of the brain is that if it were a matter of quantum nerve signals, these nerve signals would disturb the rest of the material in the brain, to the extent that the quantum coherence would get lost very quickly. You couldn't even attempt to build a quantum computer out of ordinary nerve signals, because they're just too big and in an environment that's too disorganized. Ordinary nerve signals have to be treated classically. But if you go down to the level of the microtubules, then there's an extremely good chance that you can get quantum-level activity inside them.


title: Quantum mind

text: For my picture, I need this quantum-level activity in the microtubules; the activity has to be a large-scale thing that goes not just from one microtubule to the next but from one nerve cell to the next, across large areas of the brain. We need some kind of coherent activity of a quantum nature which is weakly coupled to the computational activity that Hameroff argues is taking place along the microtubules.


title: Quantum mind

text: There are various avenues of attack. One is directly on the physics, on quantum theory, and there are certain experiments that people are beginning to perform, and various schemes for a modification of quantum mechanics. I don't think the experiments are sensitive enough yet to test many of these specific ideas. One could imagine experiments that might test these things, but they'd be very hard to perform.


title: Quantum mind

text: A demonstration of a quantum effect in the brain has to explain this problem or explain why it is not relevant, or that the brain somehow circumvents the problem of the loss of quantum coherency at body temperature. As Penrose proposes, it may require a new type of physical theory.


title: Quantum mind

text: Quantum mind theories are often conflated with quantum woo, which is the justification of irrational beliefs by an obfuscatory reference to quantum physics. Buzzwords like "energy field", "probability wave", or "wave-particle duality" are used to magically turn thoughts into something tangible in order to directly affect the universe. Some have turned quantum woo into a career, such as Deepak Chopra, who often presents ill-defined concepts of quantum physics as proof for God, a "quantum soul" existing "apart from the body" and human "access to a field of infinite possibilities".


title: Quantum mind

text: According to Lawrence Krauss, "You should be wary whenever you hear something like 'Quantum mechanics connects you with the universe' ... or 'quantum mechanics unifies you with everything else'. You can begin to be skeptical that the speaker is somehow trying to use quantum mechanics to argue fundamentally that you can change the world by thinking about it." A subjective feeling is not sufficient to make this determination. Humans don't have a reliable subjective feeling for how we do a lot of functions. According to Daniel Dennett, "On this topic, "Everybody's an expert..." but they think that they have a particular personal authority about the nature of their own conscious experiences that can trump any hypothesis they find unacceptable."


title: Quantum mind

text: An ethically objectionable practice by proponents of quantum mind theories involves the practice of using quantum-mechanical terms in an effort to make the argument sound more impressive, even when they know that those terms are irrelevant. Dale DeBakcsy notes that "trendy parapsychologists, academic relativists, and even the Dalai Lama have all taken their turn at robbing modern physics of a few well-sounding phrases and stretching them far beyond their original scope in order to add scientific weight to various pet theories". At the very least, these proponents must make a clear statement about whether quantum formalism is being used as an analogy or as an actual physical mechanism, and what evidence they are using for support. An ethical statement by a researcher should specify what kind of relationship their hypothesis has to the physical laws.


title: Quantum mind

text: Misleading statements of this type have been given by, for example, Deepak Chopra. Chopra has commonly referred to topics such as quantum healing or quantum effects of consciousness. Seeing the human body as being undergirded by a "quantum-mechanical body" composed not of matter but of energy and information, he believes that "human aging is fluid and changeable; it can speed up, slow down, stop for a time, and even reverse itself", as determined by one's state of mind. Robert Carroll states that Chopra attempts to integrate Ayurveda with quantum mechanics to justify his teachings. Chopra argues that what he calls "quantum healing" cures any manner of ailments, including cancer, through effects that he claims are literally based on the same principles as quantum mechanics. This has led physicists to object to his use of the term "quantum" in reference to medical conditions and the human body. Chopra said: "I think quantum theory has a lot of things to say about the observer effect, about non-locality, about correlations. So I think there’s a school of physicists who believe that consciousness has to be equated, or at least brought into the equation, in understanding quantum mechanics." On the other hand, he also claims that "[quantum effects are] just a metaphor. Just like an electron or a photon is an indivisible unit of information and energy, a thought is an indivisible unit of consciousness." In his book "Quantum Healing", Chopra stated the conclusion that quantum entanglement links everything in the Universe, and therefore it must create consciousness. In either case, the references to the word "quantum" don't mean what a physicist would claim, and arguments that use the word "quantum" shouldn't be taken as scientifically proven.


title: Quantum mind

text: Chris Carter includes statements in his book "Science and Psychic Phenomena" of quotes from quantum physicists in support of psychic phenomena. In a review of the book, Benjamin Radford wrote that Carter used such references to "quantum physics, which he knows nothing about and which he (and people like Deepak Chopra) love to cite and reference because it sounds mysterious and paranormal... Real, actual physicists I've spoken to break out laughing at this crap... If Carter wishes to posit that quantum physics provides a plausible mechanism for psi, then it is his responsibility to show that, and he clearly fails to do so." Sharon Hill has studied amateur paranormal research groups, and these groups like to use "vague and confusing language: ghosts 'use energy', are made up of 'magnetic fields', or are associated with a 'quantum state.


title: Quantum mind

text: Statements like these about quantum mechanics indicate a temptation to misinterpret technical, mathematical terms like entanglement in terms of mystical feelings. This approach can be interpreted as a kind of scientism, using the language and authority of science when the scientific concepts don't apply.