title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: Tolstoy was largely inspired by the writings of American Christian anarchists Adin Ballou and William Lloyd Garrison, who also shared his viewpoint that all governments who waged war were an affront to the New Testament and Christian ethics. Tolstoy discusses Ballou and Garrison's texts and biographies at length in the book, including a whole excerpt of Ballou's "Non-Resistance Catechism" (originally published in 1844). As the Russian Orthodox Church was at the time an organization merged with the Russian state which was completely subservient to the state's policies, Tolstoy sought to separate its teachings from what he believed to be the true gospel of Christ, specifically the Sermon on the Mount.


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: Tolstoy advocated nonviolence as a solution to nationalist woes and as a means for seeing the hypocrisy of the church. In reading Jesus' words in the Gospels, Tolstoy notes that the modern church is a heretical creation:


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: Tolstoy presented excerpts from magazines and newspapers relating various personal experiences, and gave keen insight into the history of non-resistance from the very foundation of Christianity, as being professed by a minority of believers. In particular, he confronts those who seek to maintain "status quo":


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: In 1894, Constance Garnett, who translated the work into English, wrote the following in her translator's preface:


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: One cannot of course anticipate that English people, slow as they are to be influenced by ideas, and instinctively distrustful of all that is logical, will take a leap in the dark and attempt to put Tolstoy's theory of life into practice. But one may at least be sure that his destructive criticism of the present social and political regime will become a powerful force in the work of disintegration and social reconstruction which is going on around us.


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: Mohandas Gandhi wrote in his autobiography "The Story of My Experiments with Truth" () that Tolstoy's book "overwhelmed" him, and "left an abiding impression". Gandhi listed Tolstoy's book, as well as John Ruskin's "Unto This Last" and the poet Shrimad Rajchandra (Raychandbhai), as the three most important modern influences in his life. Reading this book opened up the mind of the world-famous Tolstoy to Gandhi, who was still a young protester living in South Africa at the time.


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: In 1908, Tolstoy wrote "A Letter to a Hindu", which Gandhi would read, and which outlined the notion that only by using love as a weapon through passive resistance could the native Indian people overthrow the colonial British Empire. This idea ultimately came to fruition through Gandhi's organization of nationwide nonviolent strikes and protests during the years 1918–1947. In 1909, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish "A Letter to a Hindu" in his native language, Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death a year later in 1910. The letters concern practical and theological applications of nonviolence, as well as Gandhi's wishes for Tolstoy's health. Tolstoy's last letter to Gandhi "was one of the last, if not the last, writings from his pen."


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: "The Kingdom of God is Within You" also had a great effect upon James Bevel, a major 1960s strategist of the civil rights movement. After reading the book while serving in the U.S. Navy, Bevel came to the conclusion that he would be unable to kill another person. He thereafter sought and was granted an honorable discharge, and entered a seminary for religious training.


title: The Kingdom of God Is Within You

text: "The Kingdom of God is Within You" is the key phrase in which furthers the idea of nonviolence. Jesus said, "for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you" in response to the Pharisees asking when the Kingdom of God will come. The saying has numerous explanations including that enlightenment is within you, in your heart, and your spark of God has always been there. Saint Francis described it as "What you are looking for is what is looking". Therefore only a nonviolent, peaceful nature will result in nonviolent, peaceful, Kingdom of God outcomes.


title: Barry Mannakee

text: Barry Albert Mannakee (1 June 1947 – 15 May 1987) was a police officer with the Royal Protection Squad and bodyguard to Diana, Princess of Wales. Mannakee was transferred from his role as bodyguard for Diana following what was described as an "inappropriate" relationship between the two. Mannakee died in a road traffic accident in 1987, leading to a conspiracy theory that his death was not an accident. An inquest found no evidence of this.


title: Barry Mannakee

text: Mannakee was a police officer with the Royal Protection Squad. In 1985, he became bodyguard to Diana, Princess of Wales. In 1986, he was transferred to Diplomatic Protection Group based in central London. Mannakee was married to Susan, and they had two daughters, Michelle and Clare.


title: Barry Mannakee

text: On a videotape recorded by the voice coach of Diana, Princess of Wales, Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that from 1984 through to 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment." Although she never used his name, it is thought she was referring to Mannakee. In 1986, Mannakee was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad after his managers had determined his relationship with Diana had been "inappropriate..." with Diana saying on the tape that Mannakee had been "chucked out" from his role as her bodyguard following suspicion that the two were having an affair. She said "I was only happy when he was around" and that his death was "the biggest blow of my life."


title: Barry Mannakee

text: Shortly after 10 pm on 15 May 1987, Mannakee was killed on the way to his home in Loughton when the Suzuki motorbike he was riding as a passenger, driven by a fellow police officer Steven Peat, crashed into a Ford Fiesta driven by 17-year-old Nicola Chopp, who had passed her driving test six weeks earlier, on the A11 road in Woodford, north-east London. After waiting for a car to turn left, Chopp turned right across the motorbike's path. Peat swerved to avoid the car, but a collision occurred and Mannakee was


title: Barry Mannakee

text: catapulted into the rear side window of Chopp's car and died almost instantly after breaking his spine in two places. Peat and Chopp both survived. An inquest into Mannakee's death concluded it was an accident.


title: Barry Mannakee

text: Conspiracy theories emerged surrounding the death of Mannakee, because he had been replaced as Diana's bodyguard after a suspected affair between the two. It was claimed that some of Mannakee's family believed that the security services were behind his death.


title: Barry Mannakee

text: Chopp stated that she had been pressured into admitting responsibility for the collision, describing how, on the night of the incident, she saw "dazzling lights" from a 'mystery car' and said: "I have always wondered if some more sinister forces were at work that night, although I could never prove it. I believe, with conviction, I was not the cause of Barry Mannakee's death." However, no other vehicles were found to be involved.


title: Barry Mannakee

text: In 2004, Lord Brocket said that, while he was serving a prison sentence for fraud, a fellow-prisoner who was a former police officer told him that forensic evidence in a secret file showed the Suzuki bike had been deliberately tampered with.


title: Barry Mannakee

text: Peat said the crash was "nothing more" than an accident, a view shared by Mannakee's former wife and the police officers who originally investigated the crash. William Langley of "The Telegraph" wrote that the ride home with Peat had been impromptu to save time and it was therefore unlikely the crash could have been planned.


title: Barry Mannakee

text: The death of Mannakee was reinvestigated during the inquiry into the death of Diana, as part of Operation Paget, overseen by Sir John Stevens.


title: Sable (video game)

text: Players control Sable, a young girl who embarks on a coming-of-age rite of passage: a search for an appropriate mask and return to her nomadic clan. Exploring the ruined desert planet of Midden, Sable encounters several characters who help her find her place in the world, as well as giving her several tasks that often involve solving puzzles and platforming through rock formations or ancient ruins.


title: Sable (video game)

text: "" is an open world exploration video game, in which the player can roam and adventure in a non-linear way. The game has no combat or set storyline, since the narrative is explored through NPC dialogue and environmental cues, such as remnants of an ancient civilization left to interpretation. It emphasizes simple puzzle-solving and discovery, traversing sand dunes and ruins. Platforming mechanics are put into place through a stamina gauge that allows for running and climbing, as well as the ability to glide in mid-air.


title: Sable (video game)

text: Parts of the game are customizable, such as Sable's hoverbike and clothing, including the story driven masks. Both hoverbike parts and clothing items can be acquired either by simply exploring the game's world, or by completing quests given by an array of characters, which often revolve around collecting small materials such as bugs or fruit. While clothing is purely cosmetic, with the exception of a few masks, different hoverbike parts affect how the player traverses the world of Midden, with different parts offering several degrees of manoeuvrability, acceleration and top speed.


title: Sable (video game)

text: Daniel Fineberg and Gregorios Kythreotis began development on "Sable" in 2017, working in a shed belonging to the latter's parents. The two-person indie development team is known as Shedworks. Writer Meg Jayanth also contributed to the game, while musician American singer-songwriter, Michelle Zauner using the name of her band Japanese Breakfast provided the game's soundtrack.


title: Sable (video game)

text: The game's concept came from the planet Jakku on "". Its art style was inspired by the sci-fi works of Jean Giraud, aka Mœbius. The game was also inspired by "Breath of the Wild", of "The Legend of Zelda" series. Each of the game's environments are hand-crafted.


title: Sable (video game)

text: The game premiered at the E3 2018 PC Gaming Show, where it was nominated for Best Independent Game. Originally scheduled for 2019, the game was twice delayed for a 2021 release. Its release was supported by Raw Fury and Microsoft. The game was showcased at the 2021 Tribeca Film Festival, where it competed for the inaugural Tribeca Games Award.


title: Sable (video game)

text: "Sable" received "generally favorable" to "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Sable (video game)

text: Jonathan Peltz, writing for "Wired", praised the game as "[...] gorgeous and endlessly GIF-able". Alice Bell of "Rock Paper Shotgun", credited the game for looking "[...] fabulous in the flesh" and managing to meet the aesthetic expectations set by trailers and teased content. However, she faulted the game for a number of small irritations, including clunky driving mechanics and difficult navigation, comparing these to the annoyances caused by grains of sand in reality. "Inverse"'s Tomas Franzese praised the game for its relaxing qualities. "The Washington Post" liked the game's approach to the post-game, saying that it adopted "one of the most easygoing approaches to an endgame I’ve come across in an open-world game".


title: Sable (video game)

text: "PC Gamer"'s Natalie Clayton enjoyed the various points of interest placed throughout the world, describing it as "enigmatic" and "memorable". "GameSpot" praised the writing of the title, especially praising how it helped normalize characters, "The writing is a strong point, too, namely because it's relatively understated. These characters are just regular people going about their lives, and this is reflected in their personable dialogue". "Game Informer" liked the side content of the game, noting how it created "narrative variety" and made use of unexplored parts of the map. "The Guardian" felt the open-ended nature of Sable's world and narrative helped set it apart from other open world games, saying that, "There are whispered points of interest, but there is no wearying to-do list, and as such your journey and destination are uniquely, wonderfully personal".


title: Sable (video game)

text: Sable was nominated for the Best Debut Indie Game award at The Game Awards 2021, while also garnering nominations for the Golden Joystick Awards' 2021 categories of Best Audio and Best Indie Game. Sable was also elected as "PC Gamer"s Best Narrative of 2021.


title: Sable (video game)

text: In October 2021, Raw Fury announced that they had entered in a first-look deal with dj2 Entertainment to develop adaptations of games including "Sable", "Night Call", and "Mosaic" for film and television.


title: Sable (video game)

text: Sable (Original Video Game Soundtrack) is a soundtrack album by American indie rock band Japanese Breakfast for the 2021 video game "Sable". It was released digitally by Sony Masterworks and Dead Oceans on , with CD copies released on , and vinyl set for release on . The album was preceded by the single "Glider" on .


title: Sable (video game)

text: Michelle Zauner, the band's lead singer and songwriter, was contacted by Fineberg directly to compose the soundtrack, as he was aware of her enjoyment of video games. Zauner began writing the score with concept art and some written descriptions of places in the game for inspiration and guidance. The game's developers sought someone who had not previously composed a video game soundtrack in the hopes of avoiding stylistic conventions associated with scoring games. Zauner has called the song "Better the Mask", written for the game, her "favorite song [she has] ever written as an artist.".


title: Sable (video game)

text: The soundtrack of "Sable" consists mainly of ambient pop songs with "new age-inspired instrumentals that nicely conjure the environmental landscapes and moods of the game play". It combines synthesizers, guitars, and both digital and analogue percussion to craft "textured and deeply enveloping soundscapes". "Glider" and "Better the Mask" are two traditional indie pop tunes, with the later inspired by 1970s singer-songwriter music. The score is mainly location-based with different tracks differentiating the in-game cycle of night and day.


title: Sable (video game)

text: Matt Collar of AllMusic said that the album "evoke[s] the poignant lyricism of a Hayao Miyazaki anime soundtrack" and praised Zauner's "ability to translate wide-eyed filmic emotions into pop magic." "Pitchfork" writer Zhenzhen Yu called the score "Not so much an album as the nerve system of a narrative" and said that it would be "best experienced alongside the physical act of in-game exploration."


title: Doves as symbols

text: Doves, typically domestic pigeons white in plumage, are used in many settings as symbols of peace, freedom, or love. Doves appear in the symbolism of Judaism, Christianity, Islam and paganism, and of both military and pacifist groups.


title: Doves as symbols

text: In ancient Mesopotamia, doves were prominent animal symbols of Inanna-Ishtar, the goddess of love, sexuality, and war. Doves are shown on cultic objects associated with Inanna as early as the beginning of the third millennium BC. Lead dove figurines were discovered in the temple of Ishtar at Aššur, dating to the thirteenth century BC, and a painted fresco from Mari, Syria shows a giant dove emerging from a palm tree in the temple of Ishtar, indicating that the goddess herself was sometimes believed to take the form of a dove.


title: Doves as symbols

text: In the story "The Epic of Gilgamesh", the god of water, Enki, warns the character Utnapishtim that the gods are going to create a massive flood. He then tells Utnapishtim to build a giant boat to save all living beings from the flood. The cataclysmic storm arrives, lasting for seven days. After the storm subsides, Enki tells Utnapishtim to release a dove and a raven to find land. The dove merely circles and returns. Only then does Utnapishtim send forth the raven, which does not return, and Utnapishtim concludes the raven has found land.


title: Doves as symbols

text: The ancient Greek word for "dove" was "peristerá", which may be derived from the Semitic phrase "peraḥ Ištar", meaning "bird of Ishtar". In classical antiquity, doves were sacred to the Greek goddess Aphrodite, who absorbed this association with doves from Inanna-Ishtar. Aphrodite frequently appears with doves in ancient Greek pottery. The temple of Aphrodite Pandemos on the southwest slope of the Athenian Acropolis was decorated with relief sculptures of doves with knotted fillets in their beaks and votive offerings of small, white, marble doves were discovered in the temple of Aphrodite at Daphni. During Aphrodite's main festival, the Aphrodisia, her altars would be purified with the blood of a sacrificed dove. Aphrodite's associations with doves influenced the Roman goddesses Venus and Fortuna, causing them to become associated with doves as well.


title: Doves as symbols

text: In the Japanese mythology, doves are Hachiman's familiar spirit. Hachiman is the syncretic divinity of archery and war incorporating elements from both Shinto and Buddhism.


title: Doves as symbols

text: In Native American cultures, doves are viewed as symbols of gentleness and peace. A Cheyenne proverb goes as follows: “If a man is as wise as a serpent, he can afford to be as harmless as a dove.” The proverb is similar to Jesus Christ's statement from Matthew 10.16 – 22: "See, I am sending you out like sheep into the midst of wolves; so be wise as serpents and innocent as doves.” In addition, the Blackfoot tribe view the dove as a sacred bird that protects warriors in battle. Thus, Blackfoot warriors would wear dove feathers in battle.


title: Doves as symbols

text: According to the biblical story (Genesis 8:11), a dove was released by Noah after the Flood in order to find land; it came back carrying a freshly plucked olive leaf (Hebrew: עלה זית "alay zayit"), a sign of life after the Flood and of God's bringing Noah, his family and the animals to land. Rabbinic literature interpreted the olive leaf as "the young shoots of the Land of Israel" or the dove's preference for bitter food in God's service, rather than sweet food in the service of men.


title: Doves as symbols

text: In post-biblical Judaism, souls are envisioned as bird-like (Bahir 119), a concept that may be derived from the Biblical notion that dead spirits "chirp" (Isa. 29:4). The Guf, or Treasury of Souls, is sometimes described as a columbarium, a dove cote. This connects it to a related legend: the "Palace of the Bird's Nest", the dwelling place of the Messiah's soul until his advent (Zohar II: 8a–9a). The Vilna Gaon explicitly declares that a dove is a symbol of the human soul (Commentary to Jonah, 1). The dove is also a symbol of the people Israel (Song of Songs Rabbah 2:14), an image frequently repeated in Midrash.


title: Doves as symbols

text: The symbolism of the dove in Christianity is first found in the Old Testament Book of Genesis in the story of Noah's Ark, "And the dove came in to him at eventide; and, lo, in her mouth an olive-leaf plucked off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth". And, also, in the New Testament Gospels of Matthew and Luke, both passages describe after the baptism of Jesus, respectively, as follows, "And Jesus when he was baptized, went up straightway from the water: and lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending as a dove, and coming upon him". and, "And the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove. And a voice came from heaven: "You are my Son, whom I love; with you I am well pleased". The Holy Spirit descending on Jesus and appearing in the bodily form of a dove is mentioned in the other two Gospels as well (see and ).


title: Doves as symbols

text: The use of a dove and olive branch as a symbol of peace originated with the early Christians, who portrayed the act of baptism accompanied by a dove holding an olive branch in its beak and also used the image on their sepulchres.


title: Doves as symbols

text: Christians derived the symbol of the dove and olive branch from Greek thought, including its use of the symbol of the olive branch, and the story of Noah and the Flood. Although Jews never used the dove as a symbol of peace, it acquired that meaning among early Christians, confirmed by St Augustine of Hippo in his book "On Christian Doctrine" and became well established.


title: Doves as symbols

text: In Christian Iconography, a dove also symbolizes the Holy Spirit, in reference to Matthew 3:16 and Luke 3:22 where the Holy Spirit is compared to a dove at the Baptism of Jesus.


title: Doves as symbols

text: The early Christians in Rome incorporated into their funerary art the image of a dove carrying an olive branch, often accompanied by the word "Peace". It seems that they derived this image from the simile in the Gospels, combining it with the symbol of the olive branch, which had been used to represent peace by the Greeks and Romans. The dove and olive branch also appeared in Christian images of Noah's ark. The fourth century Vulgate translated the Hebrew "alay zayit" (leaf of olive) in Genesis 8:11 as Latin "ramum olivae" (branch of olive). By the fifth century, Augustine of Hippo wrote in "On Christian Doctrine" that "perpetual peace is indicated by the olive branch ("oleae ramusculo") which the dove brought with it when it returned to the ark".


title: Doves as symbols

text: In the earliest Christian art, the dove represented the peace of the soul rather than civil peace, but from the third century it began to appear in depictions of conflict in the Old Testament, such as Noah and the Ark, and in the Apocrypha, such as Daniel and the lions, the three young men in the furnace, and Susannah and the Elders.


title: Doves as symbols

text: Before the Peace of Constantine (313 AD), in which Rome ceased its persecution of Christians following Constantine's conversion, Noah was normally shown in an attitude of prayer, a dove with an olive branch flying toward him or alighting on his outstretched hand. According to Graydon Snyder, "The Noah story afforded the early Christian community an opportunity to express piety and peace in a vessel that withstood the threatening environment" of Roman persecution. According to Ludwig Budde and Pierre Prigent, the dove referred to the descending of the Holy Spirit rather than the peace associated with Noah. After the Peace of Constantine, when persecution ceased, Noah appeared less frequently in Christian art.


title: Doves as symbols

text: Medieval illuminated manuscripts, such as the Holkham Bible, showed the dove returning to Noah with a branch. Wycliffe's Bible, which translated the Vulgate into English in the 14th century, uses "a braunche of olyue tre with greene leeuys" ("a branch of olive tree with green leaves") in Gen. 8:11. In the Middle Ages, some Jewish illuminated manuscripts also showed Noah's dove with an olive branch, for example, the Golden Haggadah (about 1420).


title: Doves as symbols

text: In Mandaeism, white doves, known as "ba" in Mandaic, symbolize the spirit ("ruha" in Mandaic). Sacrifices of white doves are also performed during some Mandaean rituals such as the Ṭabahata Masiqta.


title: Doves as symbols

text: Doves and the pigeon family in general are respected and favoured because they are believed to have assisted the final Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, in distracting his pursuers outside the cave of Thaw'r, in the great Hijra. As the Prophet took refuge within the cave, a pair of pigeons and a spider were sent to settle at the entrance of the cave; the spider creating a web and the pigeons creating a nest that they laid eggs in. Thus, the Prophet's pursuers assumed that, as both animals wouldn't have settled there if there were any disturbances, the Prophet and his companion Abu Bakar couldn't have taken refuge there, sparing them from capture.


title: Doves as symbols

text: Doves are often associated with the concept of peace and pacifism. They often appear in political cartoons, on banners and signs at events promoting peace (such as the Olympic Games, at various anti-war/anti-violence protests, etc.), and in pacifist literature. A person who is a pacifist is sometimes referred to as a dove (similarly, in American politics, a person who advocates the use of military resources as opposed to diplomacy can be referred to as a hawk).


title: Doves as symbols

text: Picasso's lithograph, "La Colombe" (The Dove), a traditional, realistic picture of a pigeon, without an olive branch, was chosen as the emblem for the World Peace Council in Paris in April 1949. At the 1950 World Peace Congress in Sheffield, Picasso said that his father had taught him to paint doves, concluding, "I stand for life against death; I stand for peace against war." At the 1952 World Peace Congress in Berlin, Picasso's "Dove" was depicted in a banner above the stage. Anti-communists had their own take on the peace dove: the group Paix et Liberté distributed posters titled "La colombe qui fait BOUM" (the dove that goes BOOM), showing the peace dove metamorphosing into a Soviet tank.


title: Doves as symbols

text: The rock dove, due to its relation to the homing pigeon and thus communications, is the main image in the crest of the Tactical Communications Wing, a body within the Royal Air Force.


title: Statue

text: A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size; a sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst one more than twice life-size is a colossal statue.


title: Statue

text: Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as public art. The world's tallest statue, "Statue of Unity", is tall and is located near the Narmada dam in Gujarat, India.


title: Statue

text: Ancient statues often show the bare surface of the material of which they are made. For example, many people associate Greek classical art with white marble sculpture, but there is evidence that many statues were painted in bright colors. Most of the color has weathered off over time; small remnants were removed during cleaning; in some cases small traces remained that could be identified. A travelling exhibition of 20 coloured replicas of Greek and Roman works, alongside 35 original statues and reliefs, was held in Europe and the United States in 2008: Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity. Details such as whether the paint was applied in one or two coats, how finely the pigments were ground or exactly which binding medium would have been used in each case—all elements that would affect the appearance of a finished piece—are not known. Richter goes so far as to say of classical Greek sculpture, "All stone sculpture, whether limestone or marble, was painted, either wholly or in part."


title: Statue

text: Medieval statues were also usually painted, with some still retaining their original pigments. The coloring of statues ceased during the Renaissance, since excavated classical sculptures, which had lost their coloring, became regarded as the best models.


title: Statue

text: The Venus of Berekhat Ram, an anthropomorphic pebble found in northern Israel and dated to at least 230,000 years before present, is claimed to be the oldest known statuette. However, researchers are divided as to whether its shape is derived from natural erosion or was carved by an early human. The Venus of Tan-Tan, a similar object of similar age found in Morocco, has also been claimed to be a statuette.


title: Statue

text: The Löwenmensch figurine and the Venus of Hohle Fels, both from Germany, are the oldest confirmed statuettes in the world, dating to 35,000-40,000 years ago.


title: Statue

text: Throughout history, statues have been associated with cult images in many religious traditions, from Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome to the present. Egyptian statues showing kings as sphinxes have existed since the Old Kingdom, the oldest being for Djedefre (c. 2500 BC). The oldest statue of a striding pharaoh dates from the reign of Senwosret I (c. 1950 BC) and is the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (starting around 2000 BC) witnessed the growth of block statues which then became the most popular form until the Ptolemaic period (c. 300 BC).


title: Statue

text: The focal point of the cella or main interior space of a Roman or Greek temple was a statue of the deity it was dedicated to. In major temples these could be several times life-size. Other statues of deities might have subordinate positions along the side walls.


title: Statue

text: The oldest statue of a deity in Rome was the bronze statue of Ceres in 485 BC. The oldest statue in Rome is now the statue of Diana on the Aventine.


title: Statue

text: For a successful Greek or Roman politician or businessman (who donated considerable sums to public projects for the honour), having a public statue, preferably in the local forum or the grounds of a temple was an important confirmation of status, and these sites filled up with statues on plinths (mostly smaller than those of their 19th century equivalents). Fragments in Rome of a bronze colossus of Constantine and the marble colossus of Constantine show the enormous scale of some imperial statues; other examples are recorded, notably one of Nero.


title: Statue

text: The wonders of the world include several statues from antiquity, with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.


title: Statue

text: While sculpture generally flourished in European Medieval art, the single statue was not one of the most common types, except for figures of the Virgin Mary, usually with Child, and the "corpus" or body of Christ on crucifixes. Both of these appeared in all size up to life-size, and by the late Middle Ages many churches, even in villages, had a crucifixion group around a rood cross. The Gero Cross in Cologne is both one of the earliest and finest large figures of the crucified Christ. As yet, full-size standing statues of saints and rulers were uncommon, but tomb effigies, generally lying down, were very common for the wealthy from about the 14th century, having spread downwards from royal tombs in the centuries before.


title: Statue

text: While Byzantine art flourished in various forms, sculpture and statue making witnessed a general decline; although statues of emperors continued to appear. An example was the statue of Justinian (6th century) which stood in the square across from the Hagia Sophia until the fall of Constantinople in the 15th century. Part of the decline in statue making in the Byzantine period can be attributed to the mistrust the Church placed in the art form, given that it viewed sculpture in general as a method for making and worshiping idols. While making statues was not subject to a general ban, it was hardly encouraged in this period. Justinian was one of the last Emperors to have a full-size statue made, and secular statues of any size became virtually non-existent after iconoclasm; and the artistic skill for making statues was lost in the process.


title: Statue

text: Italian Renaissance art identified the standing statue as the key form of Roman art to survive, and there was a great revival of statues of both religious and secular figures, to which most of the leading figures contributed, led by Donatello and Michelangelo. The equestrian statue, a great technical challenge, was mastered again, and gradually statue groups.


title: Statue

text: These trends intensified in Baroque art, when every ruler wanted to have statues made of themself, and Catholic churches filled with crowds of statues of saints, although after the Protestant Reformation religious sculpture largely disappeared from Protestant churches, with some exceptions in large Lutheran German churches. In England, churches instead were filled with increasing elaborate tomb monuments, for which the ultimate models were continental extravagances such as the Papal tombs in Rome, those of the Doges of Venice, or the French royal family.


title: Statue

text: In the late 18th and 19th century there was a growth in public open air statues of public figures on plinths. As well as monarches, politicians, generals, landowners, and eventually artists and writers were commemorated. World War I saw the war memorial, previously uncommon, become very widespread, and these were often statues of generic soldiers.


title: Statue

text: Starting with the work of Maillol around 1900, the human figures embodied in statues began to move away from the various schools of realism that been followed for thousands of years. The Futurist and Cubist schools took this metamorphism even further until statues, often still nominally representing humans, had lost all but the most rudimentary relationship to the human form. By the 1920s and 1930s statues began to appear that were completely abstract in design and execution.


title: Statue

text: The notion that the position of the hooves of horses in equestrian statues indicated the rider's cause of death has been disproved.


title: Intergluteal cleft

text: The intergluteal cleft or just gluteal cleft, also known by a number of synonyms, including natal cleft, butt crack, and cluneal cleft, is the groove between the buttocks that runs from just below the sacrum to the perineum, so named because it forms the visible border between the external rounded protrusions of the gluteus maximus muscles. Other names are the "anal cleft", "crena analis", "crena interglutealis", and "rima ani". Colloquially the intergluteal cleft is known as "bum crack" (UK) or "butt crack" (US). The intergluteal cleft is located superior to the anus.


title: Intergluteal cleft

text: There are several disorders that can affect the intergluteal cleft including inverse psoriasis, caudal regression syndrome, and pilonidal disease.


title: Length contraction

text: Length contraction is the phenomenon that a moving object's length is measured to be shorter than its proper length, which is the length as measured in the object's own rest frame. It is also known as Lorentz contraction or Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction (after Hendrik Lorentz and George Francis FitzGerald) and is usually only noticeable at a substantial fraction of the speed of light. Length contraction is only in the direction in which the body is travelling. For standard objects, this effect is negligible at everyday speeds, and can be ignored for all regular purposes, only becoming significant as the object approaches the speed of light relative to the observer.


title: Length contraction

text: Length contraction was postulated by George FitzGerald (1889) and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1892) to explain the negative outcome of the Michelson–Morley experiment and to rescue the hypothesis of the stationary aether (Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction hypothesis).


title: Length contraction

text: Although both FitzGerald and Lorentz alluded to the fact that electrostatic fields in motion were deformed ("Heaviside-Ellipsoid" after Oliver Heaviside, who derived this deformation from electromagnetic theory in 1888), it was considered an ad hoc hypothesis, because at this time there was no sufficient reason to assume that intermolecular forces behave the same way as electromagnetic ones. In 1897 Joseph Larmor developed a model in which all forces are considered to be of electromagnetic origin, and length contraction appeared to be a direct consequence of this model. Yet it was shown by Henri Poincaré (1905) that electromagnetic forces alone cannot explain the electron's stability. So he had to introduce another ad hoc hypothesis: non-electric binding forces (Poincaré stresses) that ensure the electron's stability, give a dynamical explanation for length contraction, and thus hide the motion of the stationary aether.


title: Length contraction

text: Eventually, Albert Einstein (1905) was the first to completely remove the ad hoc character from the contraction hypothesis, by demonstrating that this contraction did not require motion through a supposed aether, but could be explained using special relativity, which changed the notions of space, time, and simultaneity. Einstein's view was further elaborated by Hermann Minkowski, who demonstrated the geometrical interpretation of all relativistic effects by introducing his concept of four-dimensional spacetime.


title: Length contraction

text: First it is necessary to carefully consider the methods for measuring the lengths of resting and moving objects. Here, "object" simply means a distance with endpoints that are always mutually at rest, "i.e.", that are at rest in the same inertial frame of reference. If the relative velocity between an observer (or his measuring instruments) and the observed object is zero, then the proper length formula_1 of the object can simply be determined by directly superposing a measuring rod. However, if the relative velocity > 0, then one can proceed as follows:


title: Length contraction

text: The observer installs a row of clocks that either are synchronized a) by exchanging light signals according to the Poincaré–Einstein synchronization, or b) by "slow clock transport", that is, one clock is transported along the row of clocks in the limit of vanishing transport velocity. Now, when the synchronization process is finished, the object is moved along the clock row and every clock stores the exact time when the left or the right end of the object passes by. After that, the observer only has to look at the position of a clock A that stored the time when the left end of the object was passing by, and a clock B at which the right end of the object was passing by "at the same time". It's clear that distance AB is equal to length formula_2 of the moving object. Using this method, the definition of simultaneity is crucial for measuring the length of moving objects.


title: Length contraction

text: Another method is to use a clock indicating its proper time formula_3, which is traveling from one endpoint of the rod to the other in time formula_4 as measured by clocks in the rod's rest frame. The length of the rod can be computed by multiplying its travel time by its velocity, thus formula_5 in the rod's rest frame or formula_6 in the clock's rest frame.


title: Length contraction

text: In Newtonian mechanics, simultaneity and time duration are absolute and therefore both methods lead to the equality of formula_2 and formula_1. Yet in relativity theory the constancy of light velocity in all inertial frames in connection with relativity of simultaneity and time dilation destroys this equality. In the first method an observer in one frame claims to have measured the object's endpoints simultaneously, but the observers in all other inertial frames will argue that the object's endpoints were "not" measured simultaneously. In the second method, times formula_4 and formula_3 are not equal due to time dilation, resulting in different lengths too.


title: Length contraction

text: The deviation between the measurements in all inertial frames is given by the formulas for Lorentz transformation and time dilation (see Derivation). It turns out that the proper length remains unchanged and always denotes the greatest length of an object, and the length of the same object measured in another inertial reference frame is shorter than the proper length. This contraction only occurs along the line of motion, and can be represented by the relation


title: Length contraction

text: In this equation both "L" and "L" are measured parallel to the object's line of movement. For the observer in relative movement, the length of the object is measured by subtracting the simultaneously measured distances of both ends of the object. For more general conversions, see the Lorentz transformations. An observer at rest observing an object travelling very close to the speed of light would observe the length of the object in the direction of motion as very near zero.


title: Length contraction

text: Then, at a speed of (30 million mph, 0.0447) contracted length is 99.9% of the length at rest; at a speed of (95 million mph, 0.141), the length is still 99%. As the magnitude of the velocity approaches the speed of light, the effect becomes prominent.


title: Length contraction

text: The principle of relativity (according to which the laws of nature are invariant across inertial reference frames) requires that length contraction is symmetrical: If a rod rests in inertial frame S, it has its proper length in S and its length is contracted in S'. However, if a rod rests in S', it has its proper length in S' and its length is contracted in S. This can be vividly illustrated using symmetric Minkowski diagrams, because the Lorentz transformation geometrically corresponds to a rotation in four-dimensional spacetime.


title: Length contraction

text: Magnetic forces are caused by relativistic contraction when electrons are moving relative to atomic nuclei. The magnetic force on a moving charge next to a current-carrying wire is a result of relativistic motion between electrons and protons.


title: Length contraction

text: In 1820, André-Marie Ampère showed that parallel wires having currents in the same direction attract one another. In the electrons' frame of reference, the moving wire contracts slightly, causing the protons of the opposite wire to be locally "denser". As the electrons in the opposite wire are moving as well, they do not contract (as much). This results in an apparent local imbalance between electrons and protons; the moving electrons in one wire are attracted to the extra protons in the other. The reverse can also be considered. To the static proton's frame of reference, the electrons are moving and contracted, resulting in the same imbalance. The electron drift velocity is relatively very slow, on the order of a meter an hour but the force between an electron and proton is so enormous that even at this very slow speed the relativistic contraction causes significant effects.


title: Length contraction

text: This effect also applies to magnetic particles without current, with current being replaced with electron spin.


title: Length contraction

text: Any observer co-moving with the observed object cannot measure the object's contraction, because he can judge himself and the object as at rest in the same inertial frame in accordance with the principle of relativity (as it was demonstrated by the Trouton–Rankine experiment). So length contraction cannot be measured in the object's rest frame, but only in a frame in which the observed object is in motion. In addition, even in such a non-co-moving frame, "direct" experimental confirmations of length contraction are hard to achieve, because at the current state of technology, objects of considerable extension cannot be accelerated to relativistic speeds. And the only objects traveling with the speed required are atomic particles, yet whose spatial extensions are too small to allow a direct measurement of contraction.


title: Length contraction

text: In 1911 Vladimir Varićak asserted that one sees the length contraction in an objective way, according to Lorentz, while it is "only an apparent, subjective phenomenon, caused by the manner of our clock-regulation and length-measurement", according to Einstein. Einstein published a rebuttal:


title: Length contraction

text: Einstein also argued in that paper, that length contraction is not simply the product of "arbitrary" definitions concerning the way clock regulations and length measurements are performed. He presented the following thought experiment: Let A'B' and A"B" be the endpoints of two rods of the same proper length "L", as measured on x' and x" respectively. Let them move in opposite directions along the x* axis, considered at rest, at the same speed with respect to it. Endpoints A'A" then meet at point A*, and B'B" meet at point B*. Einstein pointed out that length A*B* is shorter than A'B' or A"B", which can also be demonstrated by bringing one of the rods to rest with respect to that axis.


title: Length contraction

text: Due to superficial application of the contraction formula some paradoxes can occur. Examples are the ladder paradox and Bell's spaceship paradox. However, those paradoxes can be solved by a correct application of relativity of simultaneity. Another famous paradox is the Ehrenfest paradox, which proves that the concept of rigid bodies is not compatible with relativity, reducing the applicability of Born rigidity, and showing that for a co-rotating observer the geometry is in fact non-Euclidean.


title: Length contraction

text: Length contraction refers to measurements of position made at simultaneous times according to a coordinate system. This could suggest that if one could take a picture of a fast moving object, that the image would show the object contracted in the direction of motion. However, such visual effects are completely different measurements, as such a photograph is taken from a distance, while length contraction can only directly be measured at the exact location of the object's endpoints. It was shown by several authors such as Roger Penrose and James Terrell that moving objects generally do not appear length contracted on a photograph. This result was popularized by Victor Weisskopf in a Physics Today article. For instance, for a small angular diameter, a moving sphere remains circular and is rotated. This kind of visual rotation effect is called Penrose-Terrell rotation.


title: Length contraction

text: In an inertial reference frame S, let formula_14 and formula_15 denote the endpoints of an object in motion. In this frame the object's length formula_2 is measured, according to the above conventions, by determining the simultaneous positions of its endpoints at formula_17. Meanwhile the proper length of this object, as measured in its rest frame S', can be calculated by using the Lorentz transformation. Transforming the time coordinates from S into S' results in different times, but this is not problematic, since the object is at rest in S' where it does not matter when the endpoints are measured. Therefore the transformation of the spatial coordinates suffices, which gives:


title: Length contraction

text: Likewise, according to the principle of relativity, an object that is at rest in S will also be contracted in S'. By exchanging the above signs and primes symmetrically, it follows that


title: Length contraction

text: Conversely, if the object rests in S and its proper length is known, the simultaneity of the measurements at the object's endpoints has to be considered in another frame S', as the object constantly changes its position there. Therefore, both spatial and temporal coordinates must be transformed:


title: Length contraction

text: Computing length interval formula_24 as well as assuming simultaneous time measurement formula_25, and by plugging in proper length formula_26, it follows:


title: Length contraction

text: Length contraction can also be derived from time dilation, according to which the rate of a single "moving" clock (indicating its proper time formula_3) is lower with respect to two synchronized "resting" clocks (indicating formula_4). Time dilation was experimentally confirmed multiple times, and is represented by the relation:


title: Length contraction

text: Suppose a rod of proper length formula_1 at rest in formula_37 and a clock at rest in formula_38 are moving along each other with speed formula_39. Since, according to the principle of relativity, the magnitude of relative velocity is the same in either reference frame, the respective travel times of the clock between the rod's endpoints are given by formula_40 in formula_37 and formula_42 in formula_38, thus formula_44 and formula_45. By inserting the time dilation formula, the ratio between those lengths is:


title: Length contraction

text: So since the clock's travel time across the rod is longer in formula_37 than in formula_38 (time dilation in formula_37), the rod's length is also longer in formula_37 than in formula_38 (length contraction in formula_38). Likewise, if the clock were at rest in formula_37 and the rod in formula_38, the above procedure would give


title: Length contraction

text: Additional geometrical considerations show that length contraction can be regarded as a "trigonometric" phenomenon, with analogy to parallel slices through a cuboid before and after a "rotation" in E (see left half figure at the right). This is the Euclidean analog of "boosting" a cuboid in E. In the latter case, however, we can interpret the boosted cuboid as the "world slab" of a moving plate.


title: Length contraction

text: "Image": Left: a "rotated cuboid" in three-dimensional euclidean space E. The cross section is "longer" in the direction of the rotation than it was before the rotation. Right: the "world slab" of a moving thin plate in Minkowski spacetime (with one spatial dimension suppressed) E, which is a "boosted cuboid". The cross section is "thinner" in the direction of the boost than it was before the boost. In both cases, the transverse directions are unaffected and the three planes meeting at each corner of the cuboids are "mutually orthogonal" (in the sense of E at right, and in the sense of E at left).


title: Length contraction

text: In special relativity, Poincaré transformations are a class of affine transformations which can be characterized as the transformations between alternative Cartesian coordinate charts on Minkowski spacetime corresponding to alternative states of inertial motion (and different choices of an origin). Lorentz transformations are Poincaré transformations which are linear transformations (preserve the origin). Lorentz transformations play the same role in Minkowski geometry (the Lorentz group forms the "isotropy group" of the self-isometries of the spacetime) which are played by rotations in euclidean geometry. Indeed, special relativity largely comes down to studying a kind of noneuclidean trigonometry in Minkowski spacetime, as suggested by the following table:


title: Cruise/Wagner Productions

text: Cruise/Wagner Productions, also abbreviated as C/W Productions, was an American independent film production company. It was founded by actor Tom Cruise and his agent Paula Wagner in July 1992. Wagner had been representing Cruise for eleven years before the formation of C/W Productions. The company has grossed more than $2.9 billion in box office proceeds since its inception.


title: Cruise/Wagner Productions

text: Cruise/Wagner Productions was formed to give Cruise more creative freedom over his film projects and to give him the opportunity to produce and direct motion pictures. In October 1992, Cruise/Wagner Productions signed an exclusive three-year multi-picture financing and distribution deal with Paramount Pictures. The deal was renewed and expanded several times over the next fourteen years. In August 2006 Sumner Redstone, chairman of Viacom (parent company of Paramount Pictures) terminated that relationship citing Cruise's comments in the media about psychiatry, anti-depressants and Brooke Shields' handling of postpartum depression, and his taking up Scientology. However, the termination may have been more about money than anything else. Within a week, Daniel Snyder, owner of the Washington Redskins and two hedge funds, secured financial backing to buy the company.


title: Cruise/Wagner Productions

text: In November 2006, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer came to Cruise/Wagner with a deal that gave them a percentage of the ownership in United Artists in an effort to revive the floundering production company. This deal fell apart when Wagner left the studio in August 2008.


title: Korean honorifics

text: The Korean language has a system of honorifics that recognizes and reflects the hierarchical social status of participants with respect to the subject and/or the object and/or the audience. Speakers use honorifics to indicate their social relationship with the addressee and/or subject of the conversation, concerning their age, social status, gender, degree of intimacy, and speech act situation.


title: Korean honorifics

text: One basic rule of Korean honorifics is ‘making oneself lower’; the speaker can use honorific forms and also use humble forms to make themselves lower.


title: Korean honorifics

text: The honorific system is reflected in honorific particles, verbs with special honorific forms or honorific markers and special honorific forms of nouns that includes terms of address.


title: Korean honorifics

text: The Korean language can index deference or respect toward a sentence referent in subject or dative position through the application of lexical choices such as honorific particles.


title: Korean honorifics

text: There is no honorific expression for inanimate '에(-e)'. The honorific version of '에게(-ege)' is '께(-kke)'.


title: Korean honorifics

text: For example,  while -선생님- (-"seonsaengnim-)" ‘teacher’ is neutral and -선생님이- (-"seonsaengnimi-)" denotes the role of the noun as the subject of the sentence, -선생님께서- (-"seonsaengnimkkeseo-)" still means ‘teacher’, but it indicates that the sentence in which it occurs is an honorific sentence and the speaker is treating the subject, -선생님- (-"seonsaengnim-)", courteously.


title: Korean honorifics

text: In the Korean language, the honorific form of first person pronouns are humble forms, which speakers use to refer to themselves with humble pronouns and humble verb forms to make themself lower.


title: Korean honorifics

text: Korean second person pronouns do not appear in honorific conversation and professional titles and kinship terms are used instead, a phenomenon known as pronoun avoidance. The most common terms of address are kinship terms, which are divided into plain and honorific levels.


title: Korean honorifics

text: The honorific suffix -님 ("-nim") is affixed to many kinship terms to make them honorific. Thus, someone may address his own grandmother as 할머니 ("halmeoni") but refer to someone else's grandmother as 할머님 ("halmeonim").


title: Korean honorifics

text: Unlike the Japanese language, which allows a title to be used alone for addressing people when an honorific expression is required (e.g., 先生 (sensei) teacher, 社長 (shacho) company president, 教授 (kyojyu) professor), Korean does not allow lone titles for addressing people. It is impolite to address someone as 사장 (sajang) president, 교수 (gyosu) professor, etc. without a suffix such as the honorific suffix -님 ("-nim") except when addressing social equals or those lower in status.


title: Korean honorifics

text: '상대 높임법 (Addressee Honorification)' refers to the way the speaker uses honorifics towards the listener. '상대 높임법 (Addressee Honorification)' is the most developed honorification in Korean Language which is mainly realized by the closing expression, which is then largely divided into formal and informal forms, and categorised into 6 stages according to the degree of honorific.


title: Korean honorifics

text: Informal forms include the '해요 체 ("haeyo" form)' which is informal addressee-raising and the '해 체 ("hae" form)' which is informal addressee-lowering.


title: Korean honorifics

text: For example, you can write the following sentence differently by using different closing expressions.


title: Korean honorifics

text: One must use honorific sentence endings (습니다 and/or 에요/요) in a formal situation or when addressing acquaintances or strangers, regardless of their age or social status (except pre-adolescent children). The following are honorific endings for the four major types of sentences:


title: Korean honorifics

text: However, one does not need to use honorific endings when speaking to close friends or family members, making honorifics optional. In this situation, consider the addressee - some like to be addressed with respect while others prefer friendliness.


title: Korean honorifics

text: The setting, ages, occupations, and other factors contribute to the relations between speaker, addressee, and the referent within this system. Traditionally the Korean honorifics were based on hierarchical relation in society, such as rank in occupations, but this has changed over time to develop into a system based on politeness and closeness. Hierarchical based honorific ending are forgone with relationships such as one between older and younger sibling in which the younger sibling uses the “어/아” endings in place of 어요/아요” without change in respect, instead, exhibiting closeness in the relationship. Furthermore, the use of “chondae-n mal” (high formal speech) towards someone who is perceived as close could be rude and insensitive, whereas, the use of “pan mal” towards one who is a stranger or distant in social relation would be rude.


title: Korean honorifics

text: When the subject of the conversation is older or has higher seniority than the speaker, the Korean honorific system primarily index the subject by adding the honorific suffix -시 ("-si") or -으시 ("-eusi") into the stem verb.


title: Korean honorifics

text: A few verbs have suppletive humble forms, used when the speaker is referring to themself in polite situations. These include 드리다 ("deurida") and 올리다 ("ollida") for 주다 ("juda", "give"). 드리다 ("deurida") is substituted for 주다 ("juda") when the latter is used as an auxiliary verb, while 올리다 ("ollida", literally "raise up") is used for 주다 ("juda") in the sense of "offer".


title: Korean honorifics

text: Pronouns in Korean have their own set of polite equivalents (e.g., 저 ("jeo") is the humble form of 나 ("na", "I") and 저희 ("jeohui") is the humble form of 우리 ("uri", "we")). However, Korean language allows for coherent syntax without pronouns, effectively making Korean a so-called pro-drop language; thus, Koreans avoid using the second-person singular pronoun, especially when using honorific forms. Third-person pronouns are occasionally avoided as well, mainly to maintain a sense of politeness. Although honorific form of 너 ("neo", singular "you") is 당신 ("dangsin", literally, "friend" or "dear"), that term is used only as a form of address in a few specific social contexts, such as between people who are married to each other, or in an ironic sense between strangers. Other words are usually substituted where possible (e.g., the person's name, a kinship term, a professional title, the plural 여러분 "yeoreobun", or no word at all, relying on context to supply meaning instead).


title: Korean honorifics

text: The National Institute of Korean Language classifies "nim/ssi/gun/yang" as dependent nouns that follow a proper noun, and they prescribe that a space should appear between a noun and its dependent noun. (e.g. "Jaebeom nim" 재범 님) This is not to be confused with the affix "-nim" used with common nouns, since affixes are written without spaces. (e.g. "seonsaengnim" 선생님)


title: Korean honorifics

text: Korean has the vocative case markers which grammatically identify a person (animal, object etc.) being addressed so that they eliminate possible grammatical ambiguities. "-a" or "-ya" (Hangul: 아, 야) is a casual title used at the end of names. It is not gender exclusive. If a name ends in a consonant "-a" is used (e.g. "Jinyoung-a" 진영아), while -"ya" is used if the name ends in a vowel (e.g. "Yeji-ya" 예지야). -"a /" -"ya" is used only between close friends and people who are familiar with each other, and its use between strangers or distant acquaintances would be considered extremely rude. -"ya /" -"a" is only used hierarchically horizontally or downwards: an adult or parent may use it for young children, and those with equal social standing may use it with each other, but a young individual will not use -"a" or -"ya" towards one who is older than oneself or holds a higher status than oneself.


title: Korean honorifics

text: Middle Korean had three classes of the vocative case but practically only -아 / -야 is remaining in everyday life. -여 / -이여 is only used in literature and archaic expressions, and -하 has completely disappeared. See Korean vocative case for more information.


title: Korean honorifics

text: "Ssi" (씨, 氏) is the most commonly used honorific used amongst people of approximately equal speech level. It is attached after the full name, such as "'Lee Seokmin ssi<nowiki>"</nowiki> (이석민 씨)", or simply after the first name, "<nowiki>"</nowiki>Seokmin ssi<nowiki>"</nowiki> (석민 씨)" if the speaker is more familiar with someone. Appending "ssi" to the surname, for instance <nowiki>"</nowiki>Park ssi<nowiki>"</nowiki> (박 씨) can be quite rude, as it indicates the speaker considers himself to be of a higher social status than the person he is speaking to.


title: Korean honorifics

text: "Nim" (Hangul: 님) (by itself after a proper noun) is the highest form of honorifics and above "ssi". "Nim" will follow addressees' names on letters/emails and postal packages. It is often roughly translated as "Mr." or "Ms./Mrs.". "-nim" (as an affix) is used as a commonplace honorific for guests, customers, clients, and unfamiliar individuals. "-nim" is also used towards someone who is revered and admired for having a significant amount of skill, intellect, knowledge, etc. and is used for people who are of a higher rank than oneself. Examples include family members ("eomeonim" 어머님 & "abeonim" 아버님), teachers ("seonsaengnim" 선생님), clergy (e.g. pastors – "moksanim" 목사님), and gods ("haneunim" 하느님 / hananim 하나님).


title: Korean honorifics

text: "Seonbae" (선배, 先輩) is used to address senior colleagues or mentor figures relating to oneself (e.g. older students in school, older/more experienced athletes, mentors, senior colleagues in academia, business, work, etc.). As with English titles such as Doctor, "seonbae" can be used either by itself or as a title. "Hubae" (후배, 後輩) is used to refer to juniors. Usually, people in senior and junior relationships call each other '선배님 (Seonbaenim)' (e.g. "Chaeryeong seonbaenim" 채령 선배님) and '후배님(Hubaenim)' at the first meeting.


title: Korean honorifics

text: "Gun" (군, 君) is used moderately in formal occasions (such as weddings), for young, unmarried males. "gun" is also used to address young boys by an adult. "yang" (양, 孃) is the female equivalent of "gun" and is used to address young girls. Both are used in a similar fashion to "ssi", following either the whole name or the first name in solitude.


title: Korean honorifics

text: For example, if the boy's name is '김유겸 (Kim Yugyeom)', it is used as '김유겸 군 (Kim Yugyeom-gun) 유겸 군 (Yugyeom-gun)'. And if the girl's name is '임나연 (Im Nayeon)', she can be called as '임나연 양 (Im Nayeon-yang)' or '나연 양 (Nayeon-yang)'.


title: Korean honorifics

text: When speaking to someone about another person, you must calculate the relative difference in position between the person you are referring to and the person you are speaking to. This is known as "apjonbeop" 압존법(壓尊法) or “relative honorifics”.


title: Korean honorifics

text: '압존법 (Relative honorifics)' is usually used in the home or relationship between teacher and student. For example, "할아버지, 아버지가 아직 안 왔습니다. (Harabeoji, abeojiga ajik an watseumnida.)" means "Grandfather, father hasn't come yet." Both grandfather and father are in higher position than the speaker, but grandfather is much higher than father. In this special case, Korean do not use honorific expression on father to admire grandfather.


title: Korean honorifics

text: Therefore, in this sentence, "아버지가 (abeojiga)" is used rather than "아버지께서 (abeojikkeseo)" and "왔습니다(watseumnida)" rather than "오셨습니다 (osyeotseumnida)".


title: Korean honorifics

text: For example, one must change the post positional particle and verb if the person you are speaking to is a higher position (age, title, etc.) than the person you are referring to. "부장님, 이 과장님께서는 지금 자리에 안 계십니다 (bujangnim, I gwajangnimkkeseoneun jigeum jarie an gyesimnida)" This means, "General Manager, Manager Lee is not at his desk now", with the bolded parts elevating the manager higher than the general manager, even though they both are in a higher position than you. The general manager would be offended by the fact that you elevated the manager above him.


title: Korean honorifics

text: However, '압존법(Relative honorifics)' in the workplace is far from Korean traditional language etiquette. In front of the superior, lowering another superior who is in a lower position may apply in private relationships, such as between family members and between teacher and student.


title: I Am Jazz

text: I Am Jazz (announced as All That Jazz) is an American reality television series on TLC about a transgender girl named Jazz Jennings. The series features Jazz and her family "dealing with typical teen drama through the lens of a transgender youth." "I Am Jazz" premiered on July 15, 2015.


title: I Am Jazz

text: Jazz Jennings, a South Florida teen, was assigned male at birth. Aged 4, Jennings was diagnosed with gender dysphoria in childhood, making her one of the youngest publicly documented people to be identified as gender dysphoric. Her parents, Greg and Jeanette, decided to support her female gender identity by her fifth birthday. Jazz has been in the spotlight since 2007, when at age 6, she was interviewed by Barbara Walters to discuss her gender identity. She participated in follow-up interviews, launched a foundation, and co-wrote a book, also called "I Am Jazz". She has also posted videos about her life on YouTube.


title: I Am Jazz

text: "I Am Jazz" focuses on the day-to-day lives of the "Jennings" family (the surname "Jennings" is a pseudonym, and any reference to the family's exact location is obscured). Jazz, who was about to enter high school when the series started in 2015, grapples with the usual teen angst in addition to her own challenges as a transgender girl. Her family, which includes her three siblings, parents and grandparents, also talk about their experiences.


title: I Am Jazz

text: The 11-part series involved filming five days a week, including both days on the weekend. The series was initially called "All That Jazz", but was retitled to "I Am Jazz". The show takes its title from a 2011 documentary, "I Am Jazz: A Family in Transition", that aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network.


title: I Am Jazz

text: The one-hour series premiere of "I Am Jazz" first aired at the same time Caitlyn Jenner was giving her acceptance speech for the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 2015 ESPY Awards on ABC.


title: I Am Jazz

text: On March 28, 2019, TLC renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on January 28, 2020. In June 2021, TLC renewed the series for a seventh season, with filming commencing the same month.


title: I Am Jazz

text: Critic Brian Lowry of "Variety" praised "I Am Jazz", calling it a "sensitively constructed series (in an admirable departure for the attention-seeking network)... Simply told and heartfelt, the show should add a welcome dimension to the education process, capturing the challenges associated with sexual identity at such a vulnerable age." James Poniewozik, in his review for "Time" magazine, stated that the reality show airing on the same network that recently pulled "19 Kids and Counting" off the air feels like a "change of an era." Poniewozik writes, ""I Am Jazz" is an engaging story of a teen girl who has transitioned. But it is also the story of everyone else, transitioning." Marc Silver of "The Washington Post" wrote about the boom of transgender-theme shows on TV, including Jenner's upcoming reality show, "I Am Cait": ""I Am Cait" will surely attract more viewers because of Jenner's fame. It's too soon to say how "Jazz" will fare. But, with her humor and honesty, she's a tough act for Caitlyn Jenner to follow."


title: Super Wings

text: Super Wings (, ) is an animated television series created by Gil Hoon Jung and produced by the company made by himself, FunnyFlux Entertainment, in South Korea, in association with Alpha Group Co., Ltd. from China with production support from the Educational Broadcasting System in South Korea and additional support from KOCCA.


title: Super Wings

text: The series follows a basic format, in which Jett interacts with other Super Wings at World Airport before being called to a delivery, being informed by Jimbo and given some facts about the location and a bit of the local language. Using this knowledge, he interacts with the kid or kids ordering the packages until they reach a problem, whereupon he calls for help from one or more of the Super Wings (some people ordering the packages are adults in certain episodes). The additional help would aid in solving the problem before they leave with Jett.


title: Super Wings

text: The format remained relevant in Season 2, though the interaction segments were dropped. Jimbo also no longer works at World Airport in this season, being replaced by his niece Sky while he takes an around-the-world vacation (though he still makes cameos in the locations Jett makes his deliveries). The assisting format was also altered, as typically more than one Super Wing ends up with Jett at the end of the episode.


title: Super Wings

text: Season 3 brings the interaction segment back to the fold, and sees Jimbo return as a maintenance technician. The rest of the format remains in place from Season 2, though the assistance method changes once again. Jett now receives help from a specialized "team" of Super Wings, rather than from a random selection. The episode count also dropped from 52 to 40.


title: Super Wings

text: Major changes came in Season 4, with much of the show now taking place on World Aircraft, a giant plane functioning as a mobile airport (with Jimbo as captain and Sky as communications officer). The kids now actually call the Super Wings to make specialized products (manufactured by Storm, a new character and World Aircraft's chief engineer), to be shipped in metal box like-containers rather than in cardboard boxes in past seasons. Jett now has a regular travel buddy and Rescue Rider talking dragon for deliveries, and they are instead given upgrades by way of a super charge beam rather than receiving help, although other Super Wings and dragons show up randomly in some episodes. The number of episodes remained at 40.


title: Super Wings

text: Season 5 is like Season 4, as the Super Wings are still in the World Aircraft (with Jimbo, Sky and Storm in their same positions). This season, however, the Super Wings have new companions: Super Pets, small creatures resembling Super Wings that can transform into all kinds of things for missions. They also have to face Golden Boy (a golden plane that can transform and use its arms like rockets) who appears regularly in episodes to prevent the Super Wings from trying to carry out their missions. Unlike in Season 4, Jett no longer calls Super Charge mode but rather Super Helps, a team made up of a Super Wing and its corresponding Super Pet.


title: Super Wings

text: Season 6 brings a new format of missions for the Super Wings squad: The World Guardians, Super Pets are not used in missions (they are now in the control room with Sky and Storm, while Jimbo is absent) and the Super Charge mode is replaced by the Super Balls and Super Dragons, a new type of item that contain elemental powers like wind, fire, polar, water, animal or lightning, and kids which Jett brings a pack can also join them, calling themselves the World Guardians Buddies. One of the major novelties of this season is the World Aircraft transforming into a giant robot called "World Robot", used when situations or problems may have become too complicated. Golden Boy is still around this season and has a new accomplice called Golden Wheels. Furthermore, they're not shy about making things worse on the World Guardians missions.


title: Super Wings

text: In 2010, "Super Wings" arose out of Little Airplane Wissie () which took place in Ciel City. The main character of this series, Jett, was originally named Wissie. Here, Wissie and his friends are not transforming robots, unlike in the current concept.


title: Super Wings

text: "Super Wings" was announced in September 2013, and had a licensing market debut at that year's MIPJunior in Cannes, France.


title: Super Wings

text: In Season 3, Jett receives help from a team of Super Wings instead of just one. Whenever a Super Wings team is selected, his wings symbol changes to that of the assisting team and he gains a new helmet and equipment related to the team (with the exception of Team Jerome and Big Team).


title: Super Wings

text: Alpha Animation and Culture held the distribution rights of the series in Mainland China and the rest of Asia, as well as the Middle East. The series was internationally distributed by CJ E&M.


title: Super Wings

text: In South Korea, "Super Wings" premiered on September 1, 2014, on EBS1. The initial airings on EBS included a segment which celebrated certain children's birthdays during the closing credits. The show was repeated on some of children's interest channels on multichannel platforms in the country since then: Tooniverse, owned by CJ E&M, was one such channel. Season 2 premiered on March 1, 2017, on EBS1.


title: Super Wings

text: In China, the series was syndicated, distributed by Alpha to television stations. In Japan, the series was broadcast on BS11. However, the series first aired only as a season 2 and 3 (not including season 1). In the United States, "Super Wings" also premiered on March 14, 2015, on Sprout (now Universal Kids) and also streamed on Netflix. In Canada, the series premiered on March 3, 2015, on Treehouse TV (owned by Corus), while a French version aired on Ici Radio-Canada Télé's children's block. In the UK and Ireland, "Super Wings" premiered on Cartoonito and Tiny Pop on February 6, 2017.


title: Super Wings

text: In the Arab World, the series was broadcast on Spacetoon on March 7, 2016, while in the Saudi Arabia, the series was broadcast on Basma on 2018. In Singapore, the series debuted on Okto on October 14, 2017. In Hong Kong, the series debuted on Now TV (Hong Kong) on April 25, 2019. In Indonesia, the series was originally broadcast on GTV (formerly Global TV). However, the third season debuted on RTV on April 29, 2019. The fourth season debuted on August 5, 2020. In Israel, the series was broadcast on Hop! Channel.


title: Super Wings

text: In Germany, the series was broadcast on Super RTL and KiKA. In Russia, the series was broadcast on Carousel. In Poland, the series was broadcast on TVP ABC. In Ukraine, the series was broadcast on PLUSPLUS. In France, the series was broadcast on TF1, Gulli & Piwi+. In Croatia, the series was broadcast on RTL Kockica. In Thailand, the series was broadcast on and Toonie. In the Netherlands, the series was broadcast on RTL Telekids. In Spain, the series was broadcast on Clan. In Angola, the series wad broadcast on ZTV. In Latin America and Brazil, it first aired on Discovery Kids on April 13, 2015.


title: Super Wings

text: In China, Alpha Animation and Culture (and the Auldey brand which also operates Alpha's toy division) held master/international toy license. In the United States and Canada, the toys were respectively sold by Auldey Toys and Imports Dragon. In South Korea, David Toy owned the Korean toy license. In the United States, Canada and France, Nelvana (itself owned by Corus) owned consumer products rights to "Super Wings".


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The 2019 Alberta general election was held on April 16, 2019, to elect 87 members to the 30th Alberta Legislature. In its first general election contest, the Jason Kenney-led United Conservative Party (UCP) won 54.88% of the popular vote and 63 seats, defeating incumbent Premier Rachel Notley. The governing Alberta New Democratic Party (NDP) were reduced to 24 seats and formed the Official Opposition. The United Conservative Party was formed in 2017 from a merger of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Wildrose Party after the NDP's victory in the 2015 election ended nearly 44 years of Progressive Conservative rule.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The NDP won 24 seats in total: including all but one of the seats in Edmonton (19), three seats in Calgary (Calgary-Buffalo, Calgary-McCall and Calgary-Mountain View), and the seats of Lethbridge-West and St. Albert. The UCP won the remaining 63 seats in the province. Two other parties that won seats in the 2015 election, the Alberta Party and the Alberta Liberals, failed to win any seats, making this election the first Alberta general election since 1993 where only two parties won seats.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The "Election Act" fixes the election date to a three-month period, between March 1 and May 31 in the fourth calendar year after the preceding election day which in this case was May 5, 2015. However, this did not affect the powers of the Lieutenant Governor to dissolve the Legislative Assembly before this period.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: This election resulted in the highest voter turnout since 1982 at 68%, rising from 57% in the last general election held in 2015. It marked only the fifth change of government since Alberta became a province in 1905, and also the first time an incumbent government failed to win a second term.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The 2015 Alberta general election resulted in a New Democratic majority government headed by Rachel Notley. The New Democrats surprise victory ended the 44-year government led by the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, becoming the fourth change in governing party in Alberta's 110 year history. The Wildrose Party formed the Official Opposition under leader Brian Jean, while the incumbent Progressive Conservatives came third place, but were left without a leader after Jim Prentice resigned as leader and disclaimed his seat. The Alberta Liberal Party elected one member with interim leader David Swann capturing his seat, while the Alberta Party elected its first candidate to the Legislature in leader Greg Clark.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: Major changes in leadership of opposition parties occurred over the next four years. Former Conservative Party of Canada Member of Parliament and Minister Jason Kenney was elected in the 2017 Progressive Conservatives leadership election on a platform of uniting the right wing parties in Alberta which occurred after Wildrose members voted 95 per cent in favour of merging into the new United Conservative Party and forming the Official Opposition. Later the 2017 United Conservative Party leadership election saw Jason Kenney elected as party leader and leader of the Opposition.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The interim leader of the Alberta Liberal Party and sole Member of the Legislative Assembly declined to contest the 2017 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election, which saw David Khan elected leader of the party. The Alberta Party saw two Members of the Legislative Assembly cross the floor over the four year period. Party leader Greg Clark resigned as leader in 2017, and the 2018 Alberta Party leadership election saw former Progressive Conservative MLA and Edmonton Mayor Stephen Mandel elected as party leader.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: Following the NDP's election in 2015 the new government's first bill "An Act to Renew Democracy in Alberta" which amended the "Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act" was passed by the Legislature. The bill banned corporate and union donations to political parties, set rules for political parties accessing loans and reinforced that only Albertans are able to make political contributions. The next year the government introduced further amendments reducing political contributions from $15,000 per year to a total of $4,000 per year (inclusive of parties, constituency associations, candidates, leadership contests, and nominations). The election reforms were supported by the Wildrose opposition, but commentators pointed out the changes hurt the Progressive Conservatives which relied on large corporate donations. Reforms also limited party expenses to $2 million between the writ and when polls close, limiting candidates to $50,000 per general election and $23,000 for by-elections. Third party advertisers were limited to $150,000 during the official election period, and limited to $3,000 for supporting or opposing a candidate.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: Under the "Electoral Boundaries Commission Act" requires that a Commission be appointed during the first session of the Legislature following every second general election. The Commission requires a non-partisan chair, two government members recommended by the Premier, and two opposition members. Due to the decision by Premier Jim Prentice to call an early election in 2015, the Commission was required to be formed before the prescribed date in time for the next election in 2019. Previous Commissions had provided for modest redistributions in favour of Alberta's cities which according to Political Scientist Roger Epp brought forward "deep rural anxieties" regarding declining population and influence in Alberta.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The Commission was provided with a mandate which kept the size of the Legislature fixed at 87 seats. The Commission was appointed, led by Justice Myra Bielby made only incremental changes adding one new seat in Calgary and Edmonton, as well as a seat in the Airdrie area. The Commission did however make significant statements on the rural-urban divide in Alberta, noting "Alberta is no longer entirely or primarily rural in nature" and a "disproportionate preservation of the rural voice" was no longer acceptable or feasible under law. While the "Electoral Boundaries Commission Act" permits up to four districts to be formed with a population 50 per cent lower than the average population, the Commission only recommended that two of these districts be formed. The districts include Central Peace-Notley which had a population of 28,993 and area of , and Lesser Slave Lake which had a population of 27,818, compared to the average population of electoral districts of 46,803 following redistribution.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: A minority opinion was presented by Commission members appointed by the opposition, arguing that Alberta's rate of growth was a threat to "a critical part of our history, culture, and primary economic voice" which is at risk of being lost through continued redistribution.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The previous redistribution occurred in 2010 when an additional four constituencies were added, increasing the number from 83 to the present 87. Following the 2016 Canadian census the largest constituency Calgary-South East had grown to 79,034, while the smallest constituency Dunvegan-Central Peace-Notley had a population of 25,192.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The United Conservative Party made a small improvement in its overall share of the popular vote compared to the combined vote of the Progressive Conservative and Wildrose parties which preceded it. The party won 63 seats. The UCP finished no lower than second place in any constituency. UCP leader Jason Kenney won re-election in his constituency.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The Alberta New Democratic Party lost about one-fifth of its vote share, although due to the considerably higher turnout compared to 2015 it actually gained votes. The NDP with 24 seats formed the opposition in the Alberta legislature. The NDP finished first or second in 85 out of 87 ridings. NDP leader and outgoing premier Rachel Notley won re-election in her constituency.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: No other party elected any MLAs, with the centrist Alberta Party being the only other party to run a full slate of candidates. The Alberta Party more than quadrupled its overall popular vote, but failed to win any seats. All three Alberta Party incumbents were defeated, with former leader Greg Clark (the only MLA previously elected under the Alberta Party banner) being the only Alberta Party candidate to finish as high as second place. Current Alberta Party leader Stephen Mandel, a former mayor of Edmonton and PC cabinet minister, finished third in his own riding.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The Alberta Liberal Party finished fourth in the overall popular vote, with its vote share falling by more than three quarters. They were shut out of the legislature for the first time since 1982. Liberal Leader David Khan placed fourth in his constituency, which was formerly represented by his retiring predecessor David Swann.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: A number of minor parties, including several running to the right of the UCP, contested the election, but none came close to winning any seats. The Alberta Independence Party (which fielded the most candidates after the UCP, NDP and AP) finished fifth in the overall popular vote. The Freedom Conservative Party finished sixth, although they ran fewer candidates compared to the other parties. On average, FCP candidates polled the most votes outside the three largest parties. The FCP's only incumbent (party founder and leader Derek Fildebrandt), who had been originally elected as a representative for the now defunct Wildrose Party, finished a distant third in his own riding. The Green Party of Alberta finished seventh in the overall popular vote and the Alberta Advantage Party finished eighth.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The last time only two parties took all of the seats was in 1993, and the only time before that was in 1913 after the defeat of Socialist Party MLA Charles O'Brien and before the rise of farmer and labour parties. Incumbent Independent MLA Rick Strankman – previously a UCP MLA – finished second place in his riding.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: This was the first provincial election in which eligible voters could cast ballots at any advance poll in the province, not just at stations in a persons riding the program was called "Vote Anywhere" by Elections Alberta.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: Notley's 24-member caucus is the largest Official Opposition caucus since the Liberals won 32 seats in 1993. The overall result for the NDP (both in total seats and share of the vote) was the second best in the party's history after its 2015 win.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: ! 492 ||87 ||87 ||87 ||style="text-align:right" | – || 1,906,366 || 100.00% ||style="text-align:right" | –


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: For the 2019 Alberta general election all parities cumulatively raised a total of $7.9 million and spent $11.3 million. At the constituency level, Calgary-Mountain View had the highest expenses at a total of $212,354, including four candidates which exceed $40,000. Of the 38 candidates which exceeded $45,000 in expenses, 21 were elected. Third party advertisers raised a total of $2.1 million and spent $1.9 million during the election. Unions contributed 46 per cent of the revenue for third party advertisers, corporations contributed 39 per cent, and individuals contributed 15 per cent.


title: 2019 Alberta general election

text: The final list of candidates was published by Elections Alberta on March 29, 2019. The official results were published on May 14, 2019.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: "Thou shalt not commit adultery" is found in the Book of Exodus of the Hebrew Bible. It is considered the sixth commandment by Roman Catholic and Lutheran authorities, but the seventh by Jewish and most Protestant authorities. What constitutes adultery is not plainly defined in this passage of the Bible, and has been the subject of debate within Judaism and Christianity. The word fornication means illicit sex, prostitution, idolatry and lawlessness.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: The mitzvah against adultery is interpreted to refer to sexual relations between a man and a married woman. The mitzvah are as follows:


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: In the Torah, if a husband suspected his wife of adultery, there was a prescribed ordeal she underwent to determine her guilt or innocence. A separate procedure was to be followed if a newly-wed husband became suspicious that his wife had been promiscuous before marriage. Alternatively, to enforce capital punishment for adultery, at least two witnesses were required, and both the man and woman involved were subject to punishment. While cases of adultery could thus be difficult to prove, divorce laws added over the years enabled a husband to divorce his wife on circumstantial evidence of adultery, without witnesses or additional evidence. If a woman committed unlawful intercourse against her will, she was not guilty of adultery, because she did not act as a free agent. Punishment was not inflicted in such cases, and the legal consequences of adultery did not follow.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: In the first century, enforcement of the ordeal of the bitter water became less common, as additional restrictions were put on prosecution of capital cases of adultery. In the year 40, before the destruction of the Second Temple, the Jewish courts relinquished their right to inflict capital punishment. Changes in punishment for adultery were enacted: The adulterer was scourged, and the husband of the adulteress was not allowed to forgive her crime, but was compelled to divorce her, and she lost all her property rights under her marriage contract. The adulteress was not allowed to marry the one with whom she had committed adultery; if she did, they were forced to separate.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: Although legal enforcement was inconsistently applied, the mitzvah remained. Adultery is one of three sins (along with blasphemy / idolatry and murder) that are to be resisted to the point of death. This was the consensus of the rabbis at the meeting at Lydda, during the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: The mitzvah to practice sexual relations only within marriage is affirmed by Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform rabbis into modern times. They point out that sexual relations outside of marriage undermine marriage and even love itself, and also emphasize the positive role of sexual relations in strengthening and promoting love within marriage.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: In the gospels, Jesus affirmed the commandment against adultery and seemed to extend it, saying, "But I say to you, anyone who looks on a woman to lust after her has committed adultery with her already in his heart." He taught his audience that the outward act of adultery does not happen apart from sins of the heart: "From within people, from their hearts, come evil thoughts, unchastity, theft, murder, adultery, greed, malice, deceit, licentiousness, envy, blasphemy, arrogance, folly. All these evils come from within and they defile." However, some commentators, including Thomas Aquinas, say that Jesus was making the connection with the commandment, "You shall not covet your neighbor's wife."


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: According to the gospels, Jesus quoted the book of Genesis regarding the divine origin of the marriage relationship, concluding, "So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore, what God has joined together, no man must separate." Jesus dismissed expedient provisions allowing for divorce for nearly any reason, and cited sexual immorality (a breaking of the marriage covenant) as the only reason why a person may divorce without committing adultery. The Apostle Paul similarly taught (commonly called the Pauline privilege):


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: In the gospel of John is an account of a woman caught in adultery. Leaders responsible for executing justice brought her to Jesus and asked for his judgment. Jesus clearly identified adultery with sin; however, his statement "Let him who is without sin cast the first stone" did not refer to the precepts of law but to conscience. Some commentators point out that if the woman was caught in adultery, there should also have been a man standing trial. The law clearly stated that both parties were to receive the death penalty. By not bringing the guilty man to justice, these leaders shared in the guilt and were not fit to carry out the punishment. Not condoning her adultery, Jesus warns the woman in parting, "Go and sin no more"


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: Within marriage, regular sexual relations are expected and encouraged. "The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband. For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. Likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does." As "one flesh," the husband and wife share this right and privilege; the New Testament does not portray intimacy as something held in reserve by each spouse to be shared on condition. "Stop depriving one another, except by agreement for a time that you may devote yourselves to prayer, and come together again lest Satan tempt you because of your lack of self-control." A stated reason for maintaining marital relations is to reduce the temptation to adultery.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: Scripture itself states that Paul was unmarried, but does not clarify whether he never married or was widowed. Nevertheless, they point out he realized the practical advantages of remaining single. He referred to contentment in celibacy as "a gift," and sexual desire as the more common condition of people. For this reason, he recommends that most people are better off married, in order to preclude being tempted beyond what they can bear or going through life "burning with passion."


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: According to the "Catechism of the Catholic Church", those who are engaged must refrain from sexual relations until after the marriage ceremony. This exercise of restraint in order to keep the commandment against adultery is also seen as important practice for fidelity within marriage:


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: The tradition of the Catholic Church has understood the commandment against adultery as encompassing the whole of human sexuality and so pornography is declared a violation of this commandment. Several other sexual activities that may or may not involve married persons are also directly addressed and prohibited in the Catechism.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: Adultery is viewed not only as a sin between an individual and God but as an injustice that reverberates through society by harming its fundamental unit, the family:


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: , published in 1566, defined adultery even more strictly than at present, stating "This commandment, then, resolves itself into two heads; the one expressed, which prohibits adultery; the other implied, which inculcates purity of mind and body." Thus linking the commandment against adultery to the sin of lust in general.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: John Calvin understood the commandment against adultery to extend to sexual relations outside of marriage:


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: Matthew Henry understood the commandment against adultery to prohibit sexual immorality in general, and he acknowledged the difficulty people experience: "This commandment forbids all acts of uncleanness, with all those fleshly lusts which produce those acts and war against the soul." Henry supports his interpretation with Matthew 5:28, where Jesus warns that whoever looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: John Wesley believed this scripture and the sure judgment of God, even though adulterers "frequently escape the sentence of men."


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: Martin Luther observed that there were many more people in his day who were unmarried for various reasons than in biblical times, which condition increased both temptation and sexual activities that are displeasing to God:


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: Luther neither condemns nor denies human sexuality, but, like the Apostle Paul, points out that God instituted the marriage relationship to provide for its proper enjoyment. Luther comments that each spouse should intentionally cherish the other, and that this will contribute to love and a desire for chastity, which will make fidelity easier.


title: Thou shalt not commit adultery

text: The so-called "Wicked Bible", printed in 1631, omits the word "not", reading "Thou shalt commit adultery." Historians are divided as to whether this was a typographical error or the attempt of a competitor to sabotage the print-run.


title: Slim Thug

text: Stayve Jerome Thomas (born September 8, 1980), better known by his stage name Slim Thug, is an American rapper. He initially gained mainstream attention for his contribution to the hit single by rapper Mike Jones, "Still Tippin'". In July 2005, he released his debut album "Already Platinum", which reached number two on the "Billboard" 200 chart. That same year, he was featured on the Beyoncé "Pink Panther" song "Check on It", which reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and won the MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video.


title: Slim Thug

text: At age 17, he performed freestyle raps at local high school parties. He began his rap career with Swishahouse in the late 1990s. After realizing how much money he could make distributing his own mixtapes, he parted ways with Swishahouse on good terms and formed his own independent label, Boss Hogg Outlawz. Thomas bought two record stores and worked in real estate. Stayve attended Eisenhower High School.