title: Bostock v. Clayton County

text: In a "Slate" article, Mark Joseph Stern wrote that Gorsuch's argument "rests on textualism" and described it as "remarkably dismissive" of Alito's dissenting opinion. Stern agreed with Gorsuch, writing, "Alito does not want the court to stretch Title VII beyond its application—as expected by Congress in 1964—and that approach is not textualism", adding that Alito's opinion "elevates the alleged mental processes of long-dead lawmakers over the ordinary meaning of words". Michael D. Shear, a White House correspondent for "The New York Times", wrote, "Justice Gorsuch employed a fundamentally conservative principle—a literal reading of the words of a statute—to reach a decision that contrasts sharply with the conclusions of the other conservative justices on the court". Carrie Severino, the president of the conservative Judicial Crisis Network and a former law clerk of Justice Thomas, said, "Justice Scalia would be disappointed that his successor has bungled textualism so badly today, for the sake of appealing to college campuses and editorial boards".


title: Bostock v. Clayton County

text: The religious journal "First Things" editor R. R. Reno called the opinion unworkable sophistry, comparing it to "Dred Scott v. Sandford": "Historians may look back and judge Bostock the twenty-first-century analogue to "Dred Scott", the Supreme Court decision that imposed the Southern slave regime on the entire country and contributed to the intolerable contradictions that led to the Civil War. Gorsuch’s majority opinion leaves no wiggle room. It ties affirmations of homosexuality and transgenderism to our most basic conceptions of equality. And it does so by denying that there are any moral, legal, or even metaphysical differences between men and women."


title: Bostock v. Clayton County

text: Jonathan Skrmetti, Chief Deputy Attorney General of Tennessee (which, with a number of other states, had filed an amicus brief on behalf of the employers in "Bostock"), observed that all three opinions in "Bostock" adopted a textualist approach. Echoing a comment made by Justice Elena Kagan in memorializing Scalia, Skrmetti argued that "Bostock" shows "we really are all textualists now". He characterized Gorsuch's majority opinion in "Bostock" as "glorifying textualism in its narrowest literalist conception". Gorsuch's majority opinion, Skrmetti argues, means that this "narrow" form of textualism—which, on Skrmetti's view, does not look to legislative history or other potential sources of the meaning of the statute—is now ascendant. But Skrmetti notes that where a statute is ambiguous, such tools might still be available to judges in interpreting statutes.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley () is a market town in South Yorkshire, England. As the main settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the fourth largest settlement in South Yorkshire. In Barnsley, the population was 96,888 while the wider Borough has seen an increase of 5.8%, from 231,200 in 2011 census to 244,600 in 2021 census. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is located between the cities of Sheffield, Manchester, Doncaster, Wakefield, and Leeds. The larger towns of Rotherham and Huddersfield are nearby.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley's former industries include linen, coal mining, glassmaking and textiles. These declined in the 20th century, but Barnsley's culture is rooted in its industrial heritage and it has a tradition of brass bands, originally created as social clubs by its mining communities.


title: Barnsley

text: The town is near to the M1 motorway and is served by Barnsley Interchange railway station on the Hallam and Penistone Lines. Barnsley has competed in the second tier of English football for most of its history, but won the FA Cup in 1912 and competed in the Premier League during the 1997–98 season.


title: Barnsley

text: The first reference to Barnsley occurs in 1086 in the "Domesday Book", in which it is called Berneslai and has a population of around 200. The origin of the name Barnsley is subject to debate, but Barnsley Council claims that its origins lie in the Saxon word "Berne", for barn or storehouse, and "Lay", for field.


title: Barnsley

text: The town was in the parish of Silkstone and developed little until in the 1150s when it was given to the Pontefract Priory. The monks built a town where three roads met: the Sheffield to Wakefield, Rotherham to Huddersfield and Cheshire to Doncaster routes. The Domesday village became known as Old Barnsley, and a town grew up on the new site.


title: Barnsley

text: The monks erected a chapel of ease dedicated to Saint Mary, which survived until 1820 , and established a market. In 1249, a Royal charter was granted to Barnsley permitting it to hold a weekly market on Wednesdays and annual four-day fair at Michaelmas. By the 1290s, three annual fairs were held. The town was the centre of the Staincross wapentake, but in the mid-16th century had only 600 inhabitants.


title: Barnsley

text: From the 17th century, Barnsley developed into a stop-off point on the route between Leeds, Wakefield, Sheffield and London. The traffic generated as a result of its location fuelled trade, with hostelries and related services prospering. A principal centre for linen weaving during the 18th and 19th century, Barnsley grew into an important manufacturing town.


title: Barnsley

text: The first passenger station to serve Barnsley was opened by the North Midland Railway in 1840. Barnsley station (latter called Cudworth railway station) was located some away at Cudworth. On 1 January 1850 the Manchester and Leeds Railway opened Barnsley Exchange station, close to the town centre. On 1 May 1870 the Midland Railway opened Regent Street station, a temporary structure. A new station was opened by the MR on the Regent Street site on 23 August 1873. As it incorporated the old court house in its construction Regent Street station was renamed Barnsley Court House station.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley became a municipal borough in 1869, and a county borough in 1913. The town's boundaries were extended to absorb Ardsley and Monk Bretton in 1921 and Carlton in 1938.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley was the site of a human crush that resulted in the deaths of 16 children in 1908, at a public hall now known as "The Civic", when children were rushing to watch a film in the building.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley has a long tradition of glass-making, however Barnsley is most famous for its coal mines. In 1960, there were 70 collieries within a radius of Barnsley town centre, but the last of these closed in 1994. The National Union of Mineworkers still has its HQ in Barnsley.


title: Barnsley

text: George Orwell mentioned the town in "The Road to Wigan Pier". He arrived in the town on 11 March 1936 and spent a number of days in the town living in the houses of the working class miners while researching for the book. He wrote very critically of the council's expenditure on the construction of Barnsley Town Hall and claimed that the money should have been spent on improving the housing and living conditions of the local miners.


title: Barnsley

text: The Town Hall itself is visible behind some gardens; the building is made of white stone and has an impressive clock tower. Opened on 14 December 1933, Barnsley Town Hall is the seat of local government in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley was created a county borough in 1913, administered independently of the West Riding of Yorkshire. In 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, the county borough was abolished and Barnsley became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in the new county of South Yorkshire, along with nine urban districts and parts of two rural districts of the surrounding area, including many towns and villages including Penistone and Cudworth.


title: Barnsley

text: Elections to Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council have seen the Labour Party retain control of the council at every election. Following the latest election in 2012 the council has 53 Labour, 5 Barnsley Independent Group and 5 Conservative councillors. The borough council elects the mayor every year. On the day of the election, a parade takes place in front of the town hall in honour of the new mayor.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley is split into four constituencies, Barnsley Central, whose MP is Dan Jarvis of the Labour Party, Barnsley East, whose MP is Stephanie Peacock of the Labour Party, Penistone and Stocksbridge, whose MP is Miriam Cates of the Conservative Party, and Wentworth and Dearne, whose MP is John Healey of the Labour Party.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley is located in the valley of the River Dearne at the eastern foothills of the Pennines, near the uplands of the Peak District to the west. Geologically, the town is located within the area of the South Yorkshire Coalfield, consisting of the middle coal measures and sandstones laid down in the Carboniferous period. The town is approximately north of Sheffield, south of Leeds, south of Wakefield and east of Manchester.


title: Barnsley

text: Ardsley, Athersley, Barugh Green, Birdwell, Darton, Carlton, Cawthorne, Cudworth, Cundy Cross, Darfield, Dodworth, Elsecar, Gawber, Higham, Honeywell, Hoyland, Kendray, Kexbrough, Kingstone, Lundwood, Mapplewell, Monk Bretton, Tankersley, New Lodge, Oakwell, Old Town, Pogmoor, Royston, Shafton, Smithies, Silkstone, Staincross, Stairfoot, Thurnscoe, Wilthorpe, Woolley Colliery, Worsbrough (includes Worsbrough Bridge, Worsbrough Common, Worsbrough Dale, Worsbrough Village, and Ward Green), Wombwell.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley is within a green belt region that extends into the borough and wider surrounding counties. It is in place to reduce urban sprawl, prevent the towns in the Barnsley/Dearne Valley conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage brownfield reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.


title: Barnsley

text: The green belt surrounds the Barnsley built-up area, separating towns and villages throughout the borough. Larger outlying communities such as Cudworth, Dodworth, Kendray, Monk Bretton, and Worsbrough are also exempt from the green belt area. However, nearby smaller villages, hamlets and rural areas such as Swaithe, Smithley, Low Laithes, and Upper Norcroft are 'washed over' by the designation. Much semi-rural land on the fringes is also included. The green belt was first defined in 1979, and the area in 2017 amounted to some , 77% of the borough.


title: Barnsley

text: A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests, with rural landscape features, greenfield areas and facilities including the River Dearne valley, and tributaries Cawthorne Dyke and Tanyard Beck; Hugset and Dovecliffe Woods; Worsbrough Mill Park and reservoir; Dearne Valley Park; Trans Pennine Trail; Kendray recreation ground; Locke Park; Stainborough Cricket Club and Park; Wentworth Castle and gardens; Barnsley Colliery; Monk Bretton Priory; Laithes Lane playing fields; and Barnsley Golf Club. Beyond Penistone, the green belt also borders the Peak District National Park.


title: Barnsley

text: The town was known for a thriving linen trade prior to the arrival of the coal industry. From the 1850s onwards, a large number of coal pits were opened, mostly in the villages surrounding the town, especially those to the east. Coal mining was the major industry of the town until the late 1950s, when a long-term decline set in. All the mines in the borough are now closed, the last to shut being Goldthorpe Colliery in 1994. Wire, linen and glass making were also major industries, but only glass making remains, with one company still operating. The coat of arms for the town has both a coal miner and a glass-blower supporting a shield and depicting local families and other industries, above a ribbon bearing the town's motto, "Spectemur agendo" ("Let us be judged by our acts").


title: Barnsley

text: Major companies in Barnsley include online retailer ASOS, the largest cake bakery in Europe, Premier Foods (formerly Lyons Bakery) who make the Mr Kipling Cake brand, Ardagh Glass (glass bottle makers), Symphony Kitchens, Premdor, several double glazing joinery manufacturers and a number of other large food manufacturers. Most of these businesses are based on industrial parks outside the town centre including many on reclaimed former coal mine sites. The town centre is now moving towards a service economy.


title: Barnsley

text: In July 2007, unemployment stood at 2.8% in Barnsley West & Penistone, 4.2% in Barnsley Central and 4.0% in Barnsley East & Mexborough, compared to the national average of 3.1%. Between 1997 and 2007, unemployment fell by 55.2%, 52.5% and 52.5% in the three areas respectively.


title: Barnsley

text: The western half of the borough stretches from the M1 to the edge of the Peak District and is rural in character. This western part includes the market town of Penistone and Wentworth Castle and its Grade I listed gardens, Cannon Hall Park and Museum, Cawthorne Jubilee Museum, Wortley Hall and gardens, and Wortley Top Forge (16th century Forge).


title: Barnsley

text: In 2002, Barnsley Council and partners launched a consultation, "Rethinking Barnsley". It led to a regeneration programme centred on the town centre which is still underway. Developments included the transport interchange, a cultural centre in the old Civic Hall, a Digital Media Centre (opened August 2007), and new offices and apartments throughout the town centre. At the same time new housing areas were developed. Business parks on the M1 at Junctions 37 and 36, and in the Dearne Valley, have expanded job opportunities. Unemployment is now below the national average. The economic development of Barnsley is led by the Barnsley Development Agency.


title: Barnsley

text: A large part of Barnsley town centre was constructed during the 1960s. The area around Cheapside and May Day Green, the Metropolitan Centre, is home to the market and many national high street chains such as Marks & Spencer, Carphone Warehouse, Vodafone, Boots, and The Body Shop. It is in the process of renovation to make space for a new retail and leisure development. Alhambra Shopping Centre, which was opened in 1991, houses retailers such as Next, Poundstretcher,and Primark. Other prominent areas include Queen Street, home to Marks and Spencer, Market Street, Eldon Street and the Victorian Arcade, which houses the majority of the independent and designer retailers in Barnsley. The town also has a large concentration of pubs and bars in the central district. There is also a twin auditorium cinema called Parkway Cinema Barnsley occupying what once was the Odeon Cinema on Eldon Street.


title: Barnsley

text: Outside the town centre are large retail units, retail parks and supermarkets, which include Asda, Morrisons, Currys, and Halfords.


title: Barnsley

text: The first bottle bank for glass recycling collection in the United Kingdom was introduced by both Stanley Race CBE, then president of the Glass Manufacturers' Federation and major employer Redfearn's (now Rexam Glass) and Ron England in Barnsley. The bottle bank opened on 24 August 1977.


title: Barnsley

text: The main transport hub is Barnsley Interchange, a combined rail and bus station that was opened on Sunday 20 May 2007 as the first project of the remaking Barnsley scheme.


title: Barnsley

text: Stagecoach Yorkshire run most bus services within Barnsley, operating to and from Barnsley Interchange. Stagecoach acquired the company from Yorkshire Traction in 2005.


title: Barnsley

text: Train services are provided by Northern Rail. Northbound services have half-hourly express service to , taking around 35 minutes or a slower service (via ) taking around 50 minutes. There is an hourly service to via the Penistone Line.


title: Barnsley

text: Southbound services include: four trains an hour to Meadowhall Interchange and , two local and two express routes. One service an hour continues to and . Evening and Sunday services operate less frequently.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley College is situated on a number of sites throughout the town centre, chiefly Old Mill Lane campus, SciTech Centre, Honeywell Sports campus, CUBE Construction Centre and STEM Centre. The University of Huddersfield has recently opened a campus in the town on Church Street besides Barnsley Town Hall. This is known as the University Campus Barnsley.


title: Barnsley

text: All 14 secondary schools in Barnsley were demolished and replaced by academy education centres, named 'SuperSchools'. These new schools combined all the previous LEA run comprehensive schools in the area into newly PFI built academies under the Building Schools for the Future programme.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley is home to a tradition of brass bands, which were originally created as social clubs for the mining communities. Grimethorpe Colliery Band, located in Grimethorpe, to the east of Barnsley, is perhaps the best known brass band in Britain. It rose to fame in the film "Brassed Off" and is now the 'artist in residence' at the Royal College of Music, London. The band has performed in Hyde Park during the Last Night of the Proms. Other events include Picnic In The Park, being held annually to raise funds for Barnsley Hospice


title: Barnsley

text: The 'Bard of Barnsley' Ian McMillan writes a column in the "Barnsley Chronicle". He was nominated for a chair of poetry at Oxford University, and appears on BBC Radio 4. Barnsley has long been known as "Tarn" by locals.


title: Barnsley

text: Ken Loach's 1969 film "Kes" was set and filmed in several villages in Barnsley, including Lundwood and Monk Bretton, using local actors such as Freddie Fletcher. His 1977 film "The Price of Coal" was set at a fictional Milton colliery in the Barnsley area, although the site of filming was Thorpe Hesley, near Rotherham.


title: Barnsley

text: There is a live rock and hip hop music scene, which reached its height in the Britpop years, around 1997, due to its close proximity to Sheffield and Manchester. The 1980s saw the rise of Saxon (metal band), Danse Society (Goth) and Party Day (Indie-rock). Two of the Arctic Monkeys studied music at Barnsley College.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley is the home of several live music venues such as The Underground, The Garrison, The Old No 7 and The Old School House. Barnsley formerly hosted the Barnsley Origin Music festival (BOMfest), an outdoor summer music festival which catered for local and national artists. It now hosts Barnsley Live, an annual music festival featuring local acts that takes place in the town centre over a weekend in June.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley Council operates five museums, Elsecar Heritage Centre, Cannon Hall, the Cooper Gallery Worsbrough Mill and Experience Barnsley which opened in the Town Hall in 2015. Other museums in Barnsley include the volunteer-run Darfield Museum and the Cawthorne Victoria Jubilee Museum. Other heritage sites include Wortley Top Forge, Wortley Hall, Wentworth Castle, Monk Bretton Priory and Pot House Hamlet.


title: Barnsley

text: HIVE Gallery is a contemporary art gallery founded in 2007 by Creative Barnsley and Patrick Murphy. It is situated in Elsecar Heritage Centre and curates eight contemporary art exhibitions per year. The HIVE programme ranges from supporting emerging contemporary artists to exhibiting the work of nationally and internationally known artists. Previous shows have included famous artists such as Sir Peter Blake and Patrick Caulfield.


title: Barnsley

text: The Academy Theatre is part of the Take 2 Centre where performances range from comedy to musicals. The Take 2 Centre houses The Take 2 Performing Arts Academy, The Stage Door Restaurant, and The Take 2 Music Centre.


title: Barnsley

text: The Civic, in Barnsley town centre, is a multi-purpose performance venue in a grade II listed building, The Civic was re-opened in March 2009 after a major redevelopment. The Civic has hosted high-profile acts such as Al Murray and Russell Howard. The Civic houses a contemporary art gallery that hosts touring exhibition from the V&A and the Flow Gallery in London. The Civic also curates its own work for touring, such as Little Black Dress and most recently Brazil +55.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley F.C. play in League One, the third tier of English football. Their home ground, Oakwell Stadium is situated in Oakwell, just outside the town centre. The club has had a mixed recent history. In the late 1990s they had a brief spell in the Premier League, but were relegated after one season. Subsequent seasons saw them relegated to the third tier of English football; they were promoted to the second tier in 2006, beating Swansea in the play off final. They were relegated in the 2013–14 season. After two seasons, Barnsley regained a place in the second tier, following a victory at Wembley in the 2016 Football League One play-off Final, and the winners of the 2016 Football League Trophy Final. They were again relegated to the third tier at the end of the 2017–18 season.


title: Barnsley

text: Also in Barnsley, there is a women's football team called Barnsley WFC, who currently play in the North East Regional Women's Football League Premier Division.


title: Barnsley

text: Speedway racing was staged at a track near Barnsley at Lundwood. The track entered a team in the Northern Leagues of 1929 and 1930. Two-time British Under-21 Championship rider Josh Bates hails from the town. Greyhound racing was held at Dillington Park Stadium from 1934 -1990 and at the Dearne Athletic and Sports Stadium in Old Mill Lane, from 1934 to 1935. A third venue at the Queen's Ground was refused three times by the Corporation in 1936.


title: Barnsley

text: Dodworth ARLFC played in the second division of the BARLA run Pennine League, playing through the winter. They played at the Miners Welfare ground in Dodworth until deteriorating player participation forced the club to fold 5 games into the 2013/14 season.


title: Barnsley

text: The same fate befell Hoyland Vikings ARLFC, prompting talk of a merger. This however failed to materialise leaving only one club to represent the town.


title: Barnsley

text: The only representation now comes from the Dearne Valley Bulldogs in nearby Bolton on Dearne. Like Dodworth and Hoyland, they participate in the Pennine League.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley Broncos play in the RFL conference, which is a summer competition and runs from May to September. Also based at the Miners Welfare, Barnsley Broncos were set up to play in the less intense summer season.


title: Barnsley

text: Shaw Lane is the home to many sports in town, cricket, rugby union, squash, bowls, football, athletics and archery are all played to a high standard and host many of the towns teams including Barnsley CC and Barnsley RUFC. Peoples Sport in Barnsley is a project writing the history of participation in sport in Barnsley is in progress and is expected to be complete in 2015.


title: Barnsley

text: Ardsley Golf Club, Barnsley, (now defunct) first appeared in the 1930s. The club disappeared at the onset of the Second World War. Golf can still be played at Hillies in Wombwell and there is also a driving range at Staincross.


title: Barnsley

text: There are a number of cycling clubs in and around Barnsley, including Barnsley Road Club itself, the long-established Birdwell Wheelers and Team Cystic Fibrosis (a charity-focused team), together covering many different forms of cycle sport and leisure. There have also been various other initiatives set up to promote cycling in the town and district of Barnsley.


title: Barnsley

text: The following People, Military Units and Organisations and Groups have received the Freedom of the Town of Barnsley.


title: Valerie Hobson

text: Babette Louisa Valerie Hobson (14 April 1917 – 13 November 1998) was a British actress whose film career spanned the 1930s to the early 1950s. Her second husband was John Profumo, a British government minister who became the subject of the Profumo affair in 1963.


title: Valerie Hobson

text: Hobson was born at Sandy Bay, Larne, County Antrim, in Ulster. Her father, Robert Gordon Hobson (1877-1940), was a Commander in the Royal Navy, her mother was Violette (c. 1890-1955; née Hamilton-Willoughby).


title: Valerie Hobson

text: Before she was 11 years old, Hobson had begun to study acting and dancing at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts.


title: Valerie Hobson

text: In 1935, aged 17, she appeared as Baroness Frankenstein in "Bride of Frankenstein" with Boris Karloff and Colin Clive. She played opposite Henry Hull that same year in "Werewolf of London", the first Hollywood werewolf film. The latter half of the 1940s saw Hobson in perhaps her two most memorable roles: as the adult Estella in David Lean's adaptation of "Great Expectations" (1946), and as the refined and virtuous Edith D'Ascoyne in the black comedy "Kind Hearts and Coronets" (1949).


title: Valerie Hobson

text: In 1952, she divorced her first husband, film producer Anthony Havelock-Allan (1904–2003). In 1954, she married Brigadier John Profumo (1915–2006), a Member of Parliament (MP), giving up acting shortly afterwards. Profumo was a prominent politician of Italian descent.


title: Valerie Hobson

text: Hobson's last starring role was in the original London production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical play "The King and I", which opened at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on 8 October 1953. She played Mrs. Anna Leonowens opposite Herbert Lom's King. The show ran for 926 performances.


title: Valerie Hobson

text: After Profumo's ministerial career ended in disgrace in 1963, following revelations he had lied to the House of Commons about his affair with Christine Keeler, Hobson stood by him, and they worked together for charity for the remainder of her life, though she did miss their more public personas.


title: Valerie Hobson

text: Hobson's eldest son, Simon Anthony Clerveaux Havelock-Allan, was born in May 1944 with Down's syndrome, and died in January 1991. Her middle child, Mark Havelock-Allan, was born on 4 April 1951 and became a judge. Her youngest child is the author David Profumo (born 16 October 1955), who wrote "Bringing the House Down: A Family Memoir" (2006) about the scandal. In it, he writes his parents told him nothing of the scandal and that he learned of it from another boy at school.


title: Valerie Hobson

text: After her death, Hobson's body was cremated in accordance with her wishes. Half her ashes were interred in the family vault in Hersham. The rest were scattered on 1 January 1999 by her sons David Profumo and Mark Havelock-Allan, near the family's farm in Scotland. Hobson was portrayed by Deborah Grant in the film "Scandal" (1989), by Joanna Riding in Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical "Stephen Ward the Musical", which opened at the Aldwych Theatre on 19 December 2013, and by Emilia Fox in the BBC mini-series "The Trial of Christine Keeler" in 2019.


title: Rance (series)

text: Rance is a role-playing video-game series created, developed, and published by AliceSoft. It is the longest-running erotic video game series in history, with nearly 30 years between the first game and the conclusion of the series. The first installment, "Rance: The Quest for Hikari", was released in 1989, while the last main-series game, "Rance X: Showdown", was released in 2018.


title: Rance (series)

text: The "Rance" series follows the titular character, Rance, as he saves a number of kingdoms, defeats demon invaders, and causes mischief in the in-game world, "The Continent." He has appeared in most of the main series games as the playable character, accompanied by his loyal slave, Sill Plain. The main series has ten main games, with two spinoffs following the event of "Rance IV", the original canon concluding with "Kichikuou Rance" ("Brutal King Rance"). In addition, the first three games, "Rance: The Quest for Hikari", "Rance II: The Rebellious Maidens", and "Rance III: The Fall of Leazas" were remade in the late 2000s and early 2010s, to better fit into the main canon.


title: Rance (series)

text: Rance, a mercenary with the Keith Guild, accepts a mission to find and rescue the daughter of a rich family. Rance travels to the kingdom of Leazas and investigates the castle town, while Sill investigates at the all-girls Paris Academy, where the kidnapped girl attended school. The first game made under the AliceSoft brand, it was released on the PC-8800 and PC-9800 series of computers, as well as the Sharp X68000, the MSX 2 and 2+, the FM TOWNS, and the PC88VA. A Windows 95–03 version of the game was released in the late 1990s, about eight years after the first game was released.


title: Rance (series)

text: "Rance 01: Quest for Hikari", released for Windows in 2013, has the same setting as "Rance: The Quest for Hikari", and replaces the latter in the main canon. The game features an improved gameplay system, and introduces more new content compared to "Rance 02", the remake of "Rance II". The game was officially released in English by MangaGamer in 2020, bundled with "Rance 02: The Rebellious Maidens".


title: Rance (series)

text: The city of Kathtom, a member of the Free City Zone, is suddenly entombed underground by the Four Mages who were tasked to guard the town by Ragishss Cryhausen, the city's former guardian. Rance sets out with Sill to defeat them, but soon learns that their minds were corrupted by the power of the rings that they wield. Rance sets out to prevent them from receiving the magic power the rings grant. It was released in 1990 on the same computer systems as the first "Rance" game was.


title: Rance (series)

text: A graphical remake of "Rance II: The Rebellious Maidens", released for Windows in 2009. It was the genesis for the other early "Rance" series re-releases. It did not contain as much new content as the next two re-releases, "Rance 01: The Quest for Hikari" and "Rance 03: The Fall of Leazas". The later released Kai version includes the completely rewritten script to better fit the main canon. The game was officially released in English by MangaGamer in 2020, bundled with "Rance 01: The Quest for Hikari".


title: Rance (series)

text: Leazas, a kingdom ruled by Queen Lia, is invaded by the warring empire of Helman, to the west. Fiends, nigh-invulnerable monsters who drank the blood of the Archfiend, are believed to be the cause of the attack, and to solve that problem, Rance sets out to find Chaos the Dark Sword, a weapon capable of breaking the Fiends' invincibility field. It was released in 1991 on the PC-9800 series of computers, along with Sharp X68000 and the FM TOWNS; an early Windows release, similar to those that the first two "Rance" games received, was also released.


title: Rance (series)

text: A complete reimagining of "Rance III: The Fall of Leazas", released for Windows in 2015. The graphics are renewed, while the story is changed to better fit into the main canon. It is the most advanced of the early "Rance" re-releases.


title: Rance (series)

text: This game directly follows the events of "Rance III". Rance, having defeated the Fiends of Helman and saved Leazas, is teleported to Ylapu, a giant floating island above Leazas. There, Rance must find a way to escape from the island, but is hindered by agents of Leazas and Helman who come to retrieve him to The Continent. The legacy alluded to by the game's title is a powerful magical artifact left by the Holy Magic Sect. It was released in 1993 for the PC-9800 series and the FM TOWNS.


title: Rance (series)

text: Rance accepts a quest to stop a horde of underground monsters from attacking the Happiness Pharmaceutical building, where Ibeprofun, a healing medicine, is produced. They discover that the perpetrators are the Angel Army; one of their commanders escapes, which begins the next game, "Rance 4.2 ~ Angel Army ~".


title: Rance (series)

text: In a continuance of the previous game, "Rance 4.1 ~ Save the Medicine Plant! ~", Rance chases down the remainder of the Angel Army, while himself being chased after by an assassination group and three "Rare Gal-Monsters," a class of unique enemies that he offended in "Rance IV: The Legacy of the Sect". The two games were released in 1995 for the PC-9800 series, with a separate on-disc version.


title: Rance (series)

text: The game was intended to a "What if..." conclusion of the "Rance" series for if AliceSoft were to go under before the series was to be completed, however, its great popularity allowed the company to continue its production of games. Rance, bored of his normal life, gathers a group of outlaw bandits and takes over some towns in southern Helman. The imperial army quickly puts down Rance's rebellion and take Sill captive; however, he escapes to Leazas, where he marries the country's queen to become a tyrant "brutal king," commanding his own army to seek his revenge on Helman. Large opposition forces arise tried to remove the tyrant ruler from power; yet, Rance continues his trials to re-assert his power as the King of Leazas, retrieve Sill from Helman control, and take over the world. Rance, in fulfilling his general role as an epic hero, saves The Continent from destruction by a greater evil. Released in 1996, it is the first grand strategy game in the "Rance" series, and was the basis for "Sengoku Rance" and other non-"Rance" titles by AliceSoft with similar gameplay. It was also the first AliceSoft game released primarily for Windows and all other Rance games would follow.


title: Rance (series)

text: A soft reboot of the "Rance" series, released in 2002 after a 6-year hiatus following "Brutal King Rance". "Rance 5D: The Lonely Girl" is based on a unique roulette system, where the role-playing elements are determined by randomization. In the game, Rance is traveling through the Continent, when he and Sill stumble upon Genbu Castle, a castle leading to another dimension. They must then escape the dimension, along with a new ally, Rizna Lanfbitt of Zeth. The game was officially released in English by MangaGamer in 2016, bundled with "Rance VI: The Collapse of Zeth".


title: Rance (series)

text: Rance, continuing his trials from "Rance 5D: The Lonely Girl", travels to Zeth, a kingdom to the south-west of Leazas. He offends Radon, a high governmental official, and is sent to a slave camp. Sill, despite having previously been sold to Rance from the Zethan slave trade, is treated very kindly. While within the slave camp, Rance joins the resistance group "Ice Flame," which seeks to change the inequality of Zethan society, in which non-magic users are treated as second-class citizens. "Rance VI: The Collapse of Zeth", released in 2004, is one of the most well-received installments in the "Rance" series, primarily due to its borrowing of story elements from the non-canon "Brutal King Rance". The game was officially translated by MangaGamer in 2016, bundled with "Rance 5D: The Lonely Girl".


title: Rance (series)

text: Rance sets out for Nippon, an island archipelago to the east of the Continent, which is modeled after the Warring-States Period of Japanese history. The original English translation of this game, that of Yandere Translations, gave the "Rance" series, and AliceSoft in general, a noticeable presence in the western world. "Sengoku Rance", also known as "Rance VII", was one of AliceSoft's best-selling titles of all time. In the game, Rance, having been entrusted by an ill Oda Nobunaga to command the Oda clan in his place, seeks to take over Nippon and have sex with as many beautiful Nipponese women as he can. The game was released in Japan in 2006, and an official English translation by MangaGamer was released in 2019.


title: Rance (series)

text: Also known as "Rance VIII", it directly follows the events of "Sengoku Rance". Rance returns to the Continent to seek a cure for the curse that was placed on Sill by the Archfiend. While attempting to convince the Queen of Pencilcow, a kingdom to the west of Leazas, to cure Sill, he offends her, and she places a curse on him that he must become much stronger to overcome. He then journeys around the Continent, seeking a cure for both himself and for Sill. This installment focuses more on the individual stories of its various characters than on continuing the greater storyline of the series itself. The game was released in 2011, and an official English translation by MangaGamer was released in 2021


title: Rance (series)

text: An expansion of "Rance Quest", this game follows Rance as he quests around the Continent to break the curse incurred upon himself in the previous game. The game focuses on the addition of sundry quests, through which Rance can adventure, ostensibly to cure his curse, although primarily in practice to assuage the effects of the curse. The expansion includes an alternate ending that segues into "Rance IX", and was directly implemented into the official English release, without needing to be purchased separately.


title: Rance (series)

text: The government of Helman has fallen into the hands of Stessel Ignon, who corrupts the country and plans to take over the entirety of the Continent. A revolutionary force gathers, seeking to replace the former emperor to the throne, and they solicit the aid of Rance, who agrees, hoping to find a way to remove Sill's curse. The Prime Minister, Stessel, has been planning this, and his actions have been seen earlier in the "Rance" series; he pushed for the war between Helman and Leazas in the events of "Rance III: The Fall of Leazas". The game was released in 2014, and an official English translation by MangaGamer is in progress, though a release date has not yet been confirmed.


title: Rance (series)

text: The conclusion of the "Rance" series, it was released on 23 February 2018. The war amongst the Fiends of the Monster Realm has ended, and they now invade the human realm, to their east. Rance leads the combined forces of all humanity to battle the attacking Fiends. It is known to have the largest video game script ever written. An official English translation by MangaGamer is in progress, though a release date has not yet been confirmed.


title: Rance (series)

text: The "Rance" series has featured a large number of characters throughout its installments. A number of characters are shown below.


title: Rance (series)

text: The main playable and the titular character of the "Rance" series. He is a powerful warrior who was created to the "kichiku" character archetype. He was based out of a town in the Free Cities Alliance, where he accepts jobs from Keith's Guild when he is low on money. He lives in the "Rance Castle," which he had built after the events of "Rance Quest". The games generally feature quests and other missions that he embarks upon to gain or regain the money he has lost.


title: Rance (series)

text: A powerful magic user that generally accompanies Rance on his quests. He bought her from a slave camp in Zeth, where she was born; she now must travel with him wherever he goes. She was frozen in ice at the end of "Sengoku Rance" and freed at the end of "Rance IX: The Helmanian Revolution".


title: Rance (series)

text: An organic-base android that functions as a pet to Rance. An accident during her creation caused her to have lower intelligence and an inability to gain a higher level. She was created in the events of "Rance IV: The Legacy of the Sect". She is a noted magic user, although she is not as powerful as Sill due to her limitations.


title: Rance (series)

text: The Queen of Leazas, who married Rance in "Brutal King Rance". She brought a new age of prosperity to the kingdom, which led to an antagonism brewed amongst a number of foreign countries and noblemen. She became the queen after her two brothers were killed in a succession dispute. She grants her handmaiden, Maris Amaryllis, a large amount of governing power, whilst regularly taking maidens by way of Kanami Kentou, a Nipponese ninja under her command. Her serial kidnapping was eventually thwarted by Rance.


title: Rance (series)

text: A Nipponese ninja who was taken in by Queen Lia Leazas after she got lost on the Continent. She is generally engaged in assisting the queen in getting the affection of Rance, although she was used to gather maidens until the events of "Rance: The Quest for Hikari".


title: Rance (series)

text: A magic user, originally from Zeth; she is first encountered by Rance in the Genbu Castle dimension in "Rance 5D: The Lonely Girl" when he accidentally enters there. She is incredibly naïve, and that naïveté caused her a lot of pain while trapped in the alternate dimension; while a kind spirit helped her, it was Rance that enabled her to escape. She is now in the protection of the King of Zeth, a childhood friend of hers whom she knew before she was imprisoned.


title: Rance (series)

text: A noted businesswoman, who seeks to marry Rance in order to increase her luck. She was born as a miko, but after predicting her own future as one of great misfortune, became obsessed with luck and wealth; this caused her to strive towards business, where she succeeded. She is first encountered in "Rance 5D: The Lonely Girl", while seeking a man who has great luck.


title: Rance (series)

text: The leader of the Zeth resistance group Ice Flame. She is introduced to Rance when he enters the Zeth slave camp in "Rance VI: The Collapse of Zeth", and takes control of her resistance group. The game continues, Zeth is made more equal, and the resistance groups is disbanded. She becomes one of the Four Lords who guard Zeth, the first non-magic user to do so.


title: Rance (series)

text: The Pope of the Church of Alice, the dominant religion on The Continent. She first appeared in "Rance Quest" as a bishop in the church; she became the Pope when the former one, Duran Teyuran, died. She has a great knowledge of curses, and helped free Sill from her curse at the end of "Rance IX: The Helmanian Revolution".


title: Rance (series)

text: She was saved by Rance whilst being attacked by monsters during the events of "Rance Quest" and made into his slave. She is a member of the Church of Alice, and is very respectful to Crook, the church's Pope. She is a very powerful guard in combat.


title: Rance (series)

text: A former prince of Helman, who led the war against Leazas in the events of "Rance III: The Fall of Leazas". He has a key role in "Rance IX: The Helmanian Revolution", where Rance aids him in a large force seeking to take back the country from its current, corrupt state.


title: Rance (series)

text: A hentai OVA based upon the series, "Rance: Sabaku no Guardian", was released on December 25, 1993. It was not directly related to the events of any game in the series. It consisted of two episodes.


title: Rance (series)

text: A second original video animation series, "Rance 01: Hikari wo Motomete The Animation", was an adaptation of the re-release of the first game, "Rance 01: The Quest for Hikari", and was released from December 26, 2014 to June 24, 2016. Consisting of four episodes, the OVA was directed by Takashi Nishikawa and animated by studio Seven.


title: Let's Eat Grandma

text: Let's Eat Grandma are a British pop group formed in 2013 by musicians Rosa Walton and Jenny Hollingworth. They released their debut studio album "I, Gemini" in 2016 through Transgressive Records. Their second studio album, "I'm All Ears", was released in 2018. Let's Eat Grandma describe their music as "experimental sludge pop".


title: Let's Eat Grandma

text: Rosa Walton and Jenny Hollingworth were both raised in Norwich, a city in Norfolk. They originally met in reception class when they were four, and began making music together at 13. They originally began creating music as a playtime activity, with their first songs being titled "The Angry Chicken" and "Get That Leg Off the Banister". Their band name is taken from a grammatical joke meant to emphasise the importance of comma placement. They became members of the local Norwich music scene, before they caught the attention of the musician Kiran Leonard, who passed their work on to their future manager.


title: Let's Eat Grandma

text: Their debut album, "I, Gemini", is composed of songs that were mostly written when Rosa and Jenny were younger. These songs include singles "Deep Six Textbook", which is about playing truant, and "Eat Shiitake Mushrooms", which was inspired by some graffiti the girls saw while walking around town in Norwich. The album was released by Transgressive Records on 17 June 2016, and received positive reviews in "NME", "The Guardian", "Pitchfork", and "Q".


title: Let's Eat Grandma

text: Their second studio album "I'm All Ears" was released 29 June 2018, and was preceded by the singles "Hot Pink", "Falling Into Me", "It's Not Just Me", and "Ava". "I'm All Ears" received widespread acclaim from music critics, and won Album of the Year at the Q Awards.


title: Let's Eat Grandma

text: On 20 September 2021, the duo released a single, "Hall of Mirrors", accompanied by a video. In November 2021, they announced that their third album, "Two Ribbons", would be released in April 2022, containing 10 songs, and released the title track and music video the same day.


title: Let's Eat Grandma

text: Walton also produced the song "I Really Want to Stay at Your House" for the video game "Cyberpunk 2077" which would go on to feature prominently in the 2022 anime series "".


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Carl Eugene Watts (November 7, 1953 – September 21, 2007), also known by his nickname Coral, was an American serial killer dubbed "The Sunday Morning Slasher" who murdered numerous women and girls over an 8-year period. He is suspected of being the most prolific serial killer in United States history. He died of prostate cancer while serving two sentences of life imprisonment without parole in a Michigan prison for the murders of Helen Dutcher and Gloria Steele, although the number of his victims may have exceeded 100.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Carl Eugene Watts was born in Killeen, Texas to Richard Eugene Watts and Dorothy Mae Young. His father was a private first class in the Army, and his mother was a kindergarten art teacher. When Watts was less than two years of age, his parents separated and he was raised by his mother. Watts and his mother moved to Inkster, Michigan, and in 1962, Dorothy Mae married a mechanic named Norman Caesar with whom she had two daughters.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: When Watts was 8, he was infected with meningitis which caused him to be held back in the eighth grade. Upon his return to school, Watts had difficulty keeping up with other students. At school, he would often receive failing grades, and was reading at a fourth grade level by age 15.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: On June 29, 1969, 15-year-old Watts was identified by police in the assault of 26-year-old Joan Gave, a woman on his paper route, and checked in to the Lafayette Clinic, a mental hospital in Detroit. According to a psychiatric assessment, Watts was revealed to have mild intellectual disability with an I.Q. of 75, and to have a delusional thought process.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: A police officer interrogating Watts after his arrest later stated that he appeared to be "very, very intelligent" with an "excellent memory." He was released from the Lafayette Clinic upon his 16th birthday and returned to the clinic for outpatient treatment multiple times in the following years.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Watts' time as a serial killer began when he was 20 years old in 1974, by kidnapping his victims from their homes, torturing them, and then murdering them. On October 30, 1974, Watts tortured and brutally murdered 20-year-old Gloria Steele, who was believed to be his second victim. She was found with 33 stab wounds to her chest. He may have also been involved in the disappearance of Nadine Jean O'Dell who was 16 years old when she disappeared on August 16, 1974. She was last seen walking down John Daly Street in Inkster, Michigan. Her body has never been found and no one witnessed her presumed abduction. Watts almost always killed young white women, using methods such as strangulation, stabbing, bludgeoning, and drowning. Victims ranged between the ages of 14 and 44. Watts murdered dozens of women between 1974 and 1982, and despite the many women he murdered, he was not discovered as a serial killer for almost eight years.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: There were several reasons for this. He attacked in several different jurisdictions and even different states. Even with the advent of DNA testing, it was still nearly impossible to connect them because he rarely performed sexual acts on his victims; his crimes were not thought to be sexually motivated. Watts was questioned for murder in 1975, but there was not enough evidence to convict him, although he had spent a year in prison for attacking a woman who survived.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Canadian authorities believe Watts crossed the border into Windsor, Ontario that October, assaulting 20-year-old Sandra Dalpe outside her apartment, leaving her near death with multiple wounds to the face and throat but she survived. Dalpe recounted the incident on a Season 4 episode of "I Survived..." ("Laurie/Sandra/Melinda: Serial Killers"), which originally aired on September 30, 2012. By that time, Watts had fallen under scrutiny from local homicide investigators. A task force was organized in July 1980 to probe the Sunday slashings, and Watts was placed under sporadic surveillance; a November court order permitted officers to plant a homing device in his car.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: On May 23, 1982, Watts broke into the apartment of Lori Lister and Melinda Aguilar in Houston. As she arrived home from work, he choked Lister into unconsciousness under the stairs below the apartment. He then entered the apartment and began to choke Aguilar as well. Aguilar feigned unconsciousness while Watts tied her hands behind her back with a wire. He dragged Lister's body upstairs and into the bathroom and started filling the bathtub preparing to drown her.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: While Watts was preoccupied with Lister, Aguilar was able to slip free and jump out a window to seek help. Lister was rescued and Watts was later arrested after fleeing the scene. While in custody, police began to link Watts with the recent murders of a number of women.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Until early 1981, he had lived in Michigan, where authorities suspected him of being responsible for the murders of at least ten women and girls. Watts was previously questioned about the murders in 1975, but there had not been enough evidence to convict him. At that time, Watts had spent a year in prison for attacking a woman, who survived.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Prosecutors in Texas did not feel they had enough evidence to convict Watts of murder, so in 1982, they arranged a plea bargain. If Watts gave full details and confessions to his crimes, they would give him immunity from the murder charges and he would, instead, face just a charge of burglary with intent to murder. This charge carried a 60-year sentence. He agreed with the deal and promptly confessed in detail to 12 murders in Texas. However, Michigan authorities refused to go in on the deal so the cases in that state remained open.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Watts later claimed he had killed 40 women, and has also implied that there were more than 80 victims in total. He would not confess outright to having committed these murders, however, because he did not want to be seen as a "mass murderer".


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Watts is now suspected to have killed more than 100 women, which would make him the most prolific serial killer in American history.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Watts was sentenced to the agreed 60 years. However, shortly after he began serving time, the Texas Court of Appeals ruled that he had not been informed that the bathtub and water he attempted to drown Lori Lister in was considered a deadly weapon. The ruling reclassified him as a nonviolent felon, making him eligible for early release.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: At the time, Texas law allowed nonviolent felons to have three days deducted from their sentences for every one day served as long as they were well behaved. Watts was a model prisoner, and had enough time deducted from his sentence that he could have been released as early as May 9, 2006. The law allowing early release was abolished after public outcry, but could not be applied retroactively according to the Texas Constitution.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: In 2004, Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox went on national TV asking for anyone to come forward with information in order to try to convict Watts of murder to ensure he was not released. Joseph Foy of Westland, Michigan, came forward to say that he had seen a man fitting Watts' description murder Helen Dutcher, a 25-year-old woman who died after being stabbed twelve times on December 1, 1979. Foy identified Watts by his eyes, which he described as being "evil" and devoid of emotion. Although Watts had immunity from prosecution for the 12 killings he had admitted to in Texas, he had no immunity agreement in Michigan. Before his 2004 trial, law enforcement officials asked the trial judge to allow the Texas confessions into evidence, to which he agreed.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Watts was promptly charged with the murder of Helen Dutcher. A Michigan jury convicted him on November 17, 2004, after hearing eyewitness testimony from Joseph Foy.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: On December 7, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days later, authorities in Michigan started making moves to try him for the murder of Western Michigan University student Gloria Steele, who was stabbed to death in 1974.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

text: Watts' trial for the Steele murder began in Kalamazoo, Michigan on July 25, 2007; closing arguments concluded July 26. The following day the jury returned a guilty verdict. Watts was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole on September 13. He was incarcerated at a maximum security prison in Ionia, Michigan. He died of prostate cancer on September 21, 2007, in a Jackson, Michigan hospital.


The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, or simply the Carnegie Classification, is a framework for classifying colleges and universities in the United States. It was created in 1970 by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Indiana University's Center for Postsecondary Research manages the classification system with the exception of the voluntary Classification on Community Engagement which is managed by the Public Purpose Institute at Albion College. The framework primarily serves educational and research purposes, where it is often important to identify groups of roughly comparable institutions. The classification includes all accredited, degree-granting colleges and universities in the United States that are represented in the National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).


title: Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education

text: The Carnegie Classification was created by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education in 1970. The classification was first published in 1973 with updates in 1976, 1987, 1994, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2018 and 2021. To ensure continuity of the classification framework and to allow comparison across years, the 2015 Classification update retains the same structure of six parallel classifications, initially adopted in 2005. The 2005 report substantially reworked the classification system, based on data from the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 school years.


text: In 2015, the Carnegie Foundation transferred responsibility for the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education to the Center for Postsecondary Research of the Indiana University School of Education in Bloomington, Indiana. The voluntary Classification on Community Engagement is managed by the Public Purpose Institute at Albion College. In March 2022, the universal and elective Carnegie classifications moved to the nonprofit American Council on Education in Washington, D.C.


text: "Doctorate-granting Universities" are institutions that awarded at least 20 research/scholarly doctorates in 2013–14. Professional doctorates (M.D., J.D., etc.) are not included in this count but were added as a separate criterion in 2018–19. The framework further classifies these universities by their level of research activity, as measured by research expenditures, number of research doctorates awarded, number of research-focused faculty, and other factors. A detailed list of schools can be found in the list of research universities in the United States.


text: "Master's Colleges and Universities" are institutions that "awarded at least 50 master's degrees in 2013–14, but fewer than 20 doctorates."


text: "Baccalaureate Colleges" are institutions where "bachelor's degrees accounted for at least 10 percent of all undergraduate degrees and they awarded fewer than 50 master's degrees (2013–14-degree conferrals)."


text: "Associates Colleges" are institutions whose highest degree is the associate degree, or bachelor's degrees account for fewer than 10 percent of all undergraduate degrees (2013–14-degree conferrals).


text: "Special Focus Institutions" were classified "based on the concentration of degrees in a single field or set of related fields, at both undergraduate and graduate levels. Institutions were determined to have a special focus with concentrations of at least 80 percent of undergraduate and graduate degrees. In some cases this percentage criterion was relaxed if an institution identified a special focus on the College Board's Annual Survey of Colleges, or if an institution's only accreditation was from a body related to the special focus categories".


text: The "Undergraduate Instructional Program" classification combines (a) the ratio of Arts and sciences and professional fields (as defined in the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP)) and (b) the coexistence of programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels (again using the CIP).


text: The framework categorizes institutions based on the proportion of undergraduate majors in arts and sciences or professional fields, based on their two-digit CIP.


text: The framework categorizes institutions based on the proportion of undergraduate and graduate programs (defined by their 4-digit CIP) that coexist.


text: The "Graduate Instructional Program" classification indicates (a) if the institution awards just master's degrees or master's degrees and doctoral degrees, and (b) in what general categories they predominantly award graduate degrees. Institutions that do not award graduate degrees are not classified by this scheme.


text: Institutions that offer graduate and professional programs (such as law schools) but do not award the doctorate are classified as having "Postbaccalaureate" graduate programs. These programs are classified by the fields in which the degrees are awarded.


text: Institutions that offer doctoral degrees, including medical and veterinary degrees, are classified by the field in which they award degrees.


text: The Enrollment Profile of institutions are classified according to (a) the level of the highest degree awarded and (b) the ratio of undergraduate to graduate students.


text: The framework classifies institutions' "Undergraduate Profile" according to (a) the proportion of part-time undergraduate students to full-time students, (b) the institutions selectivity in admitting undergraduate students, and (c) the percentage of students who transfer into the university.


text: The framework classifies "Enrollment Status" according to the ratio of part-time to full-time students (degree seeking students in four-year institutions).


text: "Selectivity" is classified according to the SAT and ACT scores of first-time first-year students. This classification only applies to four-year or higher institutions. As of the 2010 edition the criteria were as follows (http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/methodology/ugrad_profile.php)


text: "Transfer origin" characterizes the percentage of students who transfer to the institution, and only applies to four-year or higher institutions.


text: "Size and Setting" classifies institutions according to (a) size of their student body and (b) percentage of student who reside on campus. This does not apply to exclusively graduate and professional institutions and special-focus institutions.


text: The "size" of institutions is based on their "full-time equivalent (FTE)" enrollment. FTEs are calculated by adding the number of full-time students to one-third the number of part-time students. Two-year colleges are classified using a different scale than four-year and higher institutions.


text: "Setting" is based on the percentage of full-time undergraduates who live in institutionally-managed housing. Two-year institutions are not classified by setting.


text: In contrast to previous classifications, the 2005 classification scheme provides a "...set of multiple, parallel classifications." According to Alexander C. McCormick, Senior Scholar at The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and director of the classifications project, "The five new classifications are organized around three central questions: 1) What is taught, 2) to whom, and 3) in what setting?" In addition to the new classification categories, the previously used classification scheme ("Basic classification") has been revised.


text: The Carnegie Foundation is also developing one or more voluntary classification schemes that rely on data submitted by institutions. The first focuses on outreach and community engagement, and the second on "...how institutions seek to analyze, understand, and improve undergraduate education."


text: The Carnegie Foundation has no plans to issue printed editions of the classifications. Their website has several tools that let researchers and administrators view classifications.


text: The "basic classification" is an update of the original classification scheme. In addition to changing names of some categories, the 2005 revision differs from previous editions in that it:


text: Prior to the 2000 edition, the Carnegie Foundation categorized doctorate-granting institutions according to the amount of federal funding they received. The 2005 edition categorizes doctoral-institutions according to their research support but uses a more complex formula than used in previous editions. Despite the fact that it is no longer used by the Carnegie Foundation, the descriptor "Research I" is still commonly used in reference to universities with the largest research budgets, often by the institutions themselves in their promotional materials.


title: Frybread

text: Frybread (also spelled fry bread) is a flat dough bread, fried or deep-fried in oil, shortening, or lard. Made with simple ingredients, generally wheat flour, sugar, salt, and fat, frybread can be eaten alone or with various toppings such as honey, jam, powdered sugar, venison, or beef. Frybread can also be made into taco-like meals.


title: Frybread

text: According to Navajo tradition, frybread was created in 1864 using the flour, sugar, salt and lard that was given to them by the United States government when the Navajo, who were living in Arizona, were forced to make the 300-mile journey known as the "Long Walk" and relocate to Bosque Redondo, New Mexico, onto land that could not easily support their traditional staples of vegetables and beans; New Mexican-style sopapillas also share this origin due to Pueblos and Hispanos of New Mexico having a similar subsistence at this time. Boarding schools also helped to spread frybread in Native American diets.


title: Frybread

text: For many Native Americans, "frybread links generation with generation and also connects the present to the painful narrative of Native American history". It is often served both at home and at gatherings. The way it is served varies from region to region and different tribes have different recipes. It can be found in its many ways at state fairs and pow-wows, but what is served to the paying public may be different from what is served in private homes and in the context of tribal family relations.


title: Frybread

text: Frybread's significance to Native Americans has been described as complicated and their relationship with it conflicted. Although frybread is often associated with "traditional" Native American cuisine, some Native American chefs reject it as a symbol of colonialism. Indigenous chef Sean Sherman calls it "everything that isn't Native American food", writing that it represents "perseverance and pain, ingenuity and resilience". Frybread became a symbol of resilience as it was developed out of necessity using government-provided flour, sugar, and lard. However, indigenous chefs such as Sherman consider it a symbol of colonial oppression, as the ingredients were being provided because the government had moved the people onto land that could not support growing traditional staples like corn and beans. The journalist and documentary filmmaker Patty Talahongva, who identifies as Hopi of the Corn Clan, calls frybread "Die Bread" and associates it with diseases endemic to Native Americans, including gallbladder disease, diabetes, and more. She attributes the spread of frybread to boarding schools, like the Phoenix Indian School, which she attended in the late 1970s. She also describes the movement toward indigenous food sovereignty, which promotes healthy foods like corn, beans, and squash, instead of starchy, high-fat foods like frybread.


title: Frybread

text: The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that a plate of fry bread provides of food energy and 27 grams of fat.


title: Frybread

text: A typical frybread recipe consists of flour, water, salt, a small amount of oil, and baking powder. The ingredients are mixed and worked into a simple dough, and covered with a cloth for 30 minutes to an hour, until the dough rises. It is then formed into small balls, and are either rolled or pulled into flat discs prior to frying in hot oil. Many variations of this basic recipe exist, including substituting mayonnaise for oil in the dough (which produces a crisp, crunchy texture that resists getting soggy - ideal for Navajo tacos), and leavening the dough with a small container of yogurt or soured milk instead of using baking powder or yeast (produces a rich, sourdough flavor but requires several hours to fully leaven after the dough is prepared). Most frybread recipes do not use yeast at all because it was not typically available to Native peoples when this foodstuff was developed. In many Native American households, frybread dough is mixed early in the morning and left in a large bowl covered with a cloth to leaven and is used throughout the day to prepare fresh bread when needed.


title: Frybread

text: In the Caribbean, it is called fried bake and eaten with foods such as saltfish, fried shark, tomato choka or buljol.


title: Frybread

text: Frybread, and the phrase "Frybread Power", is famously featured in the 1998 film "Smoke Signals." Characters are frequently seen eating, frying, or discussing the bread's taste and cultural importance. Most notably, after Victor forces Thomas to change his physical appearance, Thomas then appears in a shirt displaying "Frybread Power".


title: Religion in Nepal

text: Religion in Nepal encompasses a wide diversity of groups and beliefs. Nepal is a secular nation and Secularism in Nepal under interim constitution (Part 1, Article 4) is defined as 'religious, cultural freedom, along with the protection of religion, culture handed down from time immemorial that is "the state government is bound for protecting and fostering Hindu religion" while maintaining "religious" and "cultural" freedom throughout the nation as fundamental rights. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal's most popular practiced religions are Hinduism along with Buddhism which accounts for 81.3% & 9.04% of the overwhelming population of the nation as of 2011 respectively. According to a survey, Nepal is the most religious Hindu-majority country throughout the world, with most of the important Hindu pilgrimage centers concentrated in this country. Nepal is also the birthplace of Gautama Buddha because of which Buddhism has a very special place in the country and is often intertwined with Hinduism among some communities. It is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religious nation through democracy. Shiva is widely regarded as the guardian deity of Nepal. Nepal is home to the world-famous Pashupatinath Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, where Hindus throughout the world come for pilgrimage purposes. According to Hindu mythology, the goddess Sita of the epic Ramayana was born in the Mithila Kingdom of King Janaka Raja. The national animal of Nepal is the cow, which is considered a sacred animal in Hinduism. Because of this, the slaughter of cows is illegal in Nepal.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: Freedom of religion is also guaranteed by the Nepali constitution. Forced conversion from Hinduism to other religions is prohibited by law, especially when money is used as a direct or indirect inducement to convert, but anyone can convert from one religion to another as an exercise of their own volition. Nationalists have sometimes protested against secularism – they want Nepal to be reinstated as a Hindu Democratic state. Prior to the movement for democracy in early 2006 and the sacking of King Gyanendra in 2008, the country was officially a Hindu kingdom, and the constitution still protects and fosters the Hindu religion. Recently, Nepal's senior minister have advocated in support to declare this nation as Hindu state constitutionally. Hinduism is the majority religion in Nepal, and profoundly influences its social structure and politics, while Buddhism (Tibetan Buddhism) is practiced by some ethnic groups (such as the Newar people) in forms which are strongly influenced by Hinduism; Kiratism is the grassroots native religion of the population belonging to the Kirati ethnicity. Small populations, especially in eastern Nepal, adhere to Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism, Bön, and the Bahá’í Faith.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: Nepal has had Hindu dharma and Buddhist dharma from the beginning of recorded history in the area. Islam was introduced to the nation around the 11th century with the arrival of Muslim invaders. Sikhism came to Nepal during the 18th century and spread throughout Nepal, and Jainism came to Nepal during the 19th century but spread only to Kathmandu and some districts of Nepal.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: Religious tolerance can be found in royal orders dated Falgun Sudi 12, 1884 V.S. issued by the Hindu Shah monarch Rajendra Bikram Shah under the premiership of Bhimsen Thapa to Buddhist monks in the Kingdom of Nepal:


title: Religion in Nepal

text: According to the 2011 census, 81.3% of the Nepalese population is Hindu, 9.0% are Buddhist, 4.4% are Muslim, 3.0% are Kiratist (indigenous ethnic religion), 1.4% are Christian, 0.1% are Sikhs, 0.1% are Jains and 0.7% follow other religions or no religion. This varies from the 2001 census, where 80.62% percent of Nepalese were Hindu, 10.74% were Buddhist, 4.20% Muslim, 3.60% Kirant (an indigenous religion), 0.45% Christian, and 0.4% were classified as other groups such as Bön. In 1971 Hindus were 89.4% of the population, Buddhists 7.5%, and Kirants statistically 0%. However, statistics on religious groups are complicated by the ubiquity of dual-faith practices, particularly among Hindus and Buddhists.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: The geographical distribution of religious groups in the early 1990s revealed a preponderance of Hindus, accounting for at least 87% of the population in every region. The largest concentrations of Buddhists were found in the eastern hills, the Kathmandu Valley, and the central Tarai; in each area about 10% of the people were Buddhist. Buddhism was more common among the Newar and Tibeto-Nepalese groups. Among the Tibeto-Nepalese, those most influenced by Hinduism were the Magar, Sunuwar, and Rai peoples. Hindu influence was less prominent among the Gurung, Limbu, Bhote, Tamang, and Thakali groups, who continued to employ Buddhist monks for their religious ceremonies. Since both Hinduism, as well as Buddhism, are Dharmic religions, they usually accept each other's practices and many people practice a combination of both. In 2015, a new constitution was adopted and granted equal rights to all religions in Nepal. However, influencing others to change their religion is prohibited.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: Nepal's constitution does not give anyone the right to evangelise or convert any person to another religion. Nepal also passed a more stringent anti-conversion law in 2017.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: Nepal was declared as a 'secular state' in 2008 after the success of the people's movement of 2006 that saw the abolition of monarchy and formation of democracy as a criterion for running the nation on the path of equality, fraternity, freedom, justice and liberty.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: 1) A clause stating that "Religious and cultural freedom, with the protection of religion and culture practiced since ancient times". This has been questioned by some people who say's that it indirectly favours; "Hinduism" as state sponsored religion.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: 3) The critics says that the constitution discriminates against women in terms of passing on citizenship rights and the citizenship policy were hotly debated during the drafting of constitution.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: 4) The state and the judiciary are prohibited from discriminating against sexual and gender minorities. The constitution is the first in Asia to specifically protect the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: 5) The rhododendron is the national flower, and the cow, which is a holy animal in Hinduism, is the national animal.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: King Muni used to perform religious ceremonies at Teku, the confluence of the Bagmati and Bishnumati rivers. He selected Bhuktaman to be the first king in the line of the Gopal ("Cowherd") Dynasty. The Gopal dynasty ruled for 300 years. Yakshya Yadav was the last king of this dynasty. The Kirat Dynasty ruled for 550–800 years. The first king of Kirat Yalambar and Gasti was the last king of this dynasty. The Licchavi dynasty ruled for 200–350 years. The Malla dynasty ruled for 400–600 years. The Shah dynasty ruled for 300 years.


title: Religion in Nepal

text: The current flag was established in 1962 and depicts a white moon and crescent shape emitting eight rays above a white sun emitting 12 rays.


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: The screenplay was co-written by Schnabel, Lázaro Gómez Carriles and Cunningham O'Keefe. The film stars Javier Bardem (his international film debut, and who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor), Johnny Depp, Olivier Martinez, Andrea Di Stefano, Santiago Magill and Michael Wincott. The film had its world premiere at the 2000 Venice International Film Festival.


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: In the film, Arenas is born in Oriente in 1943 and raised by his single mother and her parents, who soon move the entire family to Holguín. After moving to Havana in the 1960s to continue his studies, Reinaldo begins to explore his ambitions, as well as his sexuality. After receiving an honorary mention in a writing contest, Arenas is offered the chance to publish his first work. Through his work and friendships with other openly gay men (such as Pepe Malas and Tomas Diego), Arenas manages to find himself.


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: The political climate in Cuba becomes increasingly dangerous, and in the early 1970s Arenas is arrested for allegedly sexually assaulting minors, and for publishing abroad without official consent. In the next decade, he is in and out of prison, attempting and failing to leave the country several times.


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: In 1980, Arenas finally leaves Cuba for the United States, starting a new life with his close friend Lazaro Gomez Carriles. A few years later, Arenas is diagnosed with AIDS, and after spending several years suffering he dies in 1990.


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: Julian Schnabel got the idea of making "Before Night Falls" immediately after making "Basquiat"; however, it took four years to actually produce the film.


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: Bardem spent one-and-a-half months in New York City with Arenas's best friend, Lazaro Gomez Carriles, taking two hours a day to study how Arenas walked and talked.


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% approval rating based on 98 reviews and an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's consensus states: "An impressionistic, fragmented look at Reinaldo Arenas, "Before Night Falls" imagery manages to evoke a sense of the writer's artistry, and Bardem's strong performance holds the film together. Finally, a biopic done well." Metacritic reports an 85 out of 100 rating based on 26 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, stating, "One is reminded a little of the Marquis de Sade, as portrayed in "Quills". It was never simply what they wrote, but that, standing outside convention, taunting the authorities, inhabiting impossible lives, they wrote at all." Peter Travers from "Rolling Stone" awarded the film a full five out of five stars, writing, "In uniting to honor Arenas, Bardem and Schnabel create something extraordinary."


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: The film opened in eight venues on December 22, 2000, and earned $85,230 in its first weekend, ranking #34 in the North American box office. The film received a wide release on February 23, 2001.


title: Before Night Falls (film)

text: "Before Night Falls" grossed $4.2 million in the US and $4.3 million overseas for a worldwide total of $8.5 million from an estimated $20 million budget.


title: Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto

text: The story is centered around the incredibly popular Sakamoto: a flawless boy genius who is well liked by every student and the school faculty (except Kakuta) in the high school for his coolness. Despite the strange situations he may find himself in, normally consisting of pranks set up by the envious male population of the school, Sakamoto always manages to emerge in absolute perfection and as a result makes himself seem even cooler.


title: Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto

text: The series debuted in 2011, before beginning regular serialization in Enterbrain's "Fellows!" magazine (renamed as "harta" magazine in February 2013) on April 14, 2012. The series ended its serialization on December 14, 2015.


title: Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto

text: The series is licensed in North America by Seven Seas Entertainment, who released the first volume in August 2015.


title: Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto

text: It was announced in the final volume of the manga that the series will get an anime television adaptation that aired between April 8, 2016 and July 1, 2016 in Japan on TBS and later on CBC, MBS, BS-TBS and TBS Channel 1, and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. The anime was animated by Studio Deen and written and directed by Shinji Takamatsu, with music composed by Yasuhiko Fukuda, character designs by Atsuko Nakajima and art direction by Masatoshi Muto. The opening theme was "COOLEST" by CustomiZ and ending theme was by Suneohair.


title: Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto

text: Following a one-week delay due to coverage of the 2016 earthquake in Kumamoto, the thirteenth episode was not aired as part of the television broadcast. The episode was later streamed by Crunchyroll on September 27, 2016 and will be included with the series' fifth Blu-ray/DVD volume on October 26, 2016.


title: Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto

text: It won the 2013 Comic Natalie Grand Prize. Volume 1 was also number one on the Book of the Year list of Male-Oriented Comics from January to June, 2013 by "Da Vinci" magazine.


title: Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto

text: As of November 24, 2013, volume 1 has sold 930,716 copies and volume 2, 397,213. Volume 1 was the 19th best-selling manga volume in the period of November 19, 2012 to May 19, 2013 and the 27th from November 19, 2012 to November 17, 2013. Volume 2 reached the number one place on the Oricon weekly manga chart in the week of November 11 to 17, 2013. Volume 3 has sold 626,823 copies as of January 18, 2015.


title: 2021–22 Primera División RFEF

text: The 2021–22 Primera División RFEF season is the first for the Primera División RFEF, the new third highest level in the Spanish football league system. It succeeded the old Segunda División B, which renamed itself Segunda División RFEF and downgraded to the fourth level in the pyramid. Forty teams will participate, divided into two groups of twenty clubs each based on geographical proximity. In each group, the champions automatically promoted to Segunda División and the second to fifth placers will play promotion play-offs and the bottom five are relegated to the Segunda División RFEF.


title: 2021–22 Primera División RFEF

text: A total of 40 teams will join the league, including four relegated from the 2020–21 Segunda División and 36 promoted from the 2020–21 Segunda División B.


title: 2021–22 Primera División RFEF

text: The winners of the two regular season groups will face off in a single-match neutral site final to determine the champion of the 2021–22 Primera División RFEF season. The match will take place at one of the stadiums designated to host the promotion playoff.


title: 2021–22 Primera División RFEF

text: Teams ranked second through fifth in each of the two groups will qualify for the promotion playoff, which will determine the last two promotion spots. The eight qualified teams will be drawn into two fixed brackets, each containing 4 teams. All ties will consist of a single neutral-site match. In case of draws, extra time will be played; if the match is still level, the team which achieved a higher regular season finish will be proclaimed the winner.


title: Bommarillu

text: Bommarillu () () is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed and co-written by Bhaskar in his directorial debut, and produced by Dil Raju. The film stars Siddharth, Genelia, Prakash Raj and Jayasudha. The film primarily revolves around the relationship between a father and son, in which the father's excessive concern for his son, and interference in his life, leads to the latter harbouring bitterness towards his overbearing father. The cinematography was handled by Vijay C Chakravarthy and editing done by Marthand K. Venkatesh. The music for the film was composed by Devi Sri Prasad, whose soundtrack of the film received positive reviews from critics.


title: Bommarillu

text: The film opened to Indian audiences on 9 August 2006. On its way to winning state honours and rave reviews, the film went on to win several Filmfare Awards among other prominent awards and was one of the highest grossing Telugu films of that year. Following the film's box office success, it was remade in Tamil as "Santosh Subramaniam" (2008), in Bengali as "Bhalobasa Bhalobasa" (2008), in Odia as "Dream Girl" (2009), and in Hindi as "It's My Life" (2020).


title: Bommarillu

text: Aravind is a father who strives to provide his children more than what they ask for, often overriding their choices. Aravind's youngest son, Siddharth aka Siddhu, however, does not want to be controlled as such. He is determined that two crucial aspects of his life — career and life partner — shall be chosen by him alone. One day, Aravind asks Siddhu if he would join their construction company. Siddhu, who desires to start his own company, lies that he is yet to finish a course and asks for more time. The following week, Aravind gets Siddhu engaged to Subbalakshmi without his consent. Subbalakshmi, like Siddhu, is a child whose life is micromanaged by her father. Much to Siddhu's dismay, she doesn't seem to mind it.


title: Bommarillu

text: When contemplating his options at a temple, Siddhu accidentally meets Haasini and is attracted to her energetic nature and cheerfulness. The couple begins to meet regularly. As the days go by, Siddhu grows to admire the ever-friendly Hasini as someone who does what she loves and he discovers many small things which make him happy to be in her company. Soon he realizes that he has fallen in love with her.


title: Bommarillu

text: Alongside this, Siddhu applies for a bank loan to start his own construction company. When his love for Haasini deepens, he proposes to her while also confessing that he is engaged to Subbalakshmi against his wishes. On learning this, Haasini, though dejected for a while, comes back to him a few days later. She advises Siddhu to break off his engagement, indirectly accepting his proposal. At this juncture, the ecstatic Siddhu is seen by a furious Aravind. On being admonished by Aravind back home, Siddhu expresses his disinterest in marrying Subbulakshmi. When asked for a reason to like Haasini, Siddhu replies that if they let Haasini stay with their family for a week, all their questions shall be answered. He also convinces Haasini to stay at his house after lying to her father, Kanaka Rao that she is going on a college tour.


title: Bommarillu

text: When Haasini is introduced to Siddhu's family, she gets a lukewarm welcome. As she settles down, they begin to like her. Haasini finds it difficult to adapt to the living habits of the authoritarian Aravind's household but stays for Siddhu's sake. Meanwhile, Aravind reprimands Siddhu when he finds out about his bank loan and career plan, only to further enrage Siddhu. During this phase, Siddhu and Haasini begin to grow apart owing to the tensions in the house.


title: Bommarillu

text: One day, the family attends a wedding where Haasini cheers up the ceremony with her joyous nature. Coincidentally, Kanaka Rao who happens to be around recognizes Siddhu as the drunken young man whom he encountered on an earlier occasion. Haasini realizes her father's presence and quickly exits to avoid his attention. After saving their face, Siddhu admonishes Haasini for her antics at the wedding. The sullen Haasini moves out of the house saying that she does not find Siddhu the same and that she cannot put on an act if she continues her stay in the house. After getting back to her home, she rebuilds the trust her father has in her while Siddhu is left forlorn. Siddhu's mother, Lakshmi confronts Aravind on Siddhu's choices and wants. In the process, Siddhu opens up his heart, leaving Aravind to repent on his overprotectiveness. Siddhu requests Subbulakshmi and her parents to call off the marriage. While they relent, Aravind tries to convince Kanaka Rao about Siddhu and Haasini's love. When Kanaka Rao disapproves, Aravind suggests to let Siddhu stay with them for a week. After a week's stay, Kanaka Rao is convinced, letting the couple unite.


title: Bommarillu

text: Prior to "Bommarillu", Bhaskar assisted Dil Raju in Telugu films such as "Arya" (2004) and "Bhadra" (2005). On the sets of the film "Arya", Raju offered Bhaskar a film to direct. On the sets of "Bhadra", Bhaskar narrated the story to Raju and the saga began. Thus, "Bommarillu" became the first directorial venture for Bhaskar. In an interview, he said that the story for the film began taking shape in as early as 1997 when he wrote about a father and a son's relationship. However, when the plans of making the film arose, an element of love between the protagonists was added. In the interview, he said that the script, to an extent, is autobiographical. He cites personal examples of some scenes from the film such as the choice of clothes for "Siddhu" by "Aravind", the head-bump between the lead actors and "Lakshmi" singing in the kitchen.


title: Bommarillu

text: In an interview, Vijay C Chakravarthy, the cinematographer for the film, said that Dil Raju offered him the position in November 2005. For the film, Vijay said that he made use of Arriflex 435 camera and Hawk lenses. In another interview, Bhaskar said working with Abburi Ravi, his co-writer, was unique. They used to converse in a closed room with a voice recorder, allowing the dialogues in the script to be natural. He also heaped praise on Marthand K. Venkatesh, the film's editor. After filming, the length of the film reel came to which amounted to a runtime of 3 hours and 15 minutes. The presence of Marthand brought this down to . This meant a reduction in the runtime by 25 minutes.


title: Bommarillu

text: The choice of Siddharth was because of the sheer relevance to the character in real life. However, they finalized the choice of the actor only after the script was ready. The choice of Genelia was based on her natural vivacity in real life. This and her eyes, according to Bhaskar, made her an obvious choice for her character. More so, she liked the one line story that Raju told and also a few scenes that he narrated to her. She immediately liked the character and consented for the role. The fact that her co-actor, Siddharth and she acted earlier together in "Boys" (2003), made them more comfortable to work with. The camaraderie that the lead actors shared during the filming, added to their good performances. The choice of Prakash Raj was easy as he befitted the character he portrayed while, Jayasudha was persuaded to play the role of the lead actor's mother. Savitha Reddy rendered the voice for Genelia's character in the film.


title: Bommarillu

text: The shooting of the film took about three and a half months. The palatial house where the entire family stayed in the film is part of Ramanaidu Studios at Nanakramguda, Hyderabad. Several modifications were done by the art director, Prakash. A couple of the songs were shot in a montage, another couple in Frankfurt am Main and other places in Germany and one song each in this house set and at a temple in Kakinada.


title: Bommarillu

text: For the film's music and soundtrack, Raju renewed his previous association ("Arya" and "Bhadra") with Devi Sri Prasad. Siddharth sung one of the tracks from this film. The film has seven songs composed by Devi Sri Prasad with the lyrics primarily penned by Chandrabose, Ravi Kumar Bhaskarabhatla, Kulasekhar and Sirivennela Sitaramasastri. The audio of the film released nationwide on 21 June 2006. A repository of Indian songs has recommended the feel-good soundtracks to the audiences.


title: Bommarillu

text: "Bommarillu" was released worldwide with 72 prints. Owing to the success of the film, the number of reels grew to about hundred. It collected a distributors share of 5 crore in its opening week in India. Released in six major metros in the United States, the film collected $73,200 (then approximately 0.3 crore) within the first four days of screening. A September 2006 survey done in the United States by a popular entertainment portal revealed that the film was watched by an Indian expatriate population of 65,000, which generated a revenue of 3 crore at that time. A cumulative gross revenue for the film was reported to be as 25 crore including 3.5 crore from overseas, the largest for any Telugu film at that time. This film had given Siddarth stardom in Telugu cinema.


title: Bommarillu

text: The film received critical acclaim right for the story and the performances. One entertainment portal suggests the film to the entire family. It goes on to applaud Siddharth, Genelia and Prakash Raj, the three prime actors from the film for their performances. Similar reviews were voiced out by other such portals, many of which pointing out no real flaws from the film.


title: Bommarillu

text: "Hourdose" reviewed it by stating "‘Bommarillu’ is a pure example of a director's faith in his script and his screenplay. All the wonderful performances of the lead cast and some nice talent from the crew made the film a grand success. This film is surely one of the most well-written and innovative films that Tollywood has produced in recent years."


title: Bommarillu

text: The film had its own share of controversies. A news report showcased the omnipresent piracy in the Telugu film industry by quoting the cheap prices at which the film was being sold. The film's lead actor, Siddharth even went on to request the audiences to buy the original audio CD. The film's producer, Dil Raju, ensured a special code on each distributed print to track piracy with a warning for copyright violation which would incur a fine or a jail term.


title: Bommarillu

text: In April 2007, a case of copyright infringement was filed on the film's producer and director that prompted a court to stall the screening of the film. The allegation pointed out that the film was made based on a compilation of short stories that was released in 1997.


title: Bommarillu

text: Jayasudha's efforts to remake this film in Hindi with Amitabh Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan were unsuccessful. A Hindi remake of the film titled "It's My Life" was started by Boney Kapoor in 2007, and scenes were shot with Harman Baweja and Genelia. The film remained unreleased for over a decade, before having a direct-to-television premiere on 29 November 2020. The film was remade in Tamil, Bengali and Odia languages under the titles "Santosh Subramaniam", "Bhalobasa Bhalobasa" and "Dream Girl", respectively, in 2008 and 2009. Although it was remade in Bengali, the film was also dubbed in that language as "Ki Likhi Tomay."


title: Bommarillu

text: The DVD version of the film was released on 4 June 2007 and distributed by "I Dream Dvd" internationally. It is available in Anamorphic widescreen, Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround, progressive 24 FPS, widescreen and NTSC format.


title: Colin Friels

text: Colin Friels (born 25 September 1952) is a Scottish-born Australian actor of theatre, TV and film and presenter


title: Colin Friels

text: Friels was born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, Scotland. His mother was a mill worker and French polisher, and his father a carpenter. He lived in Kilbirnie until 1963, when his family moved to Australia, arriving in Darwin, Northern Territory before settling in the Melbourne suburb of Bentleigh. He worked as a bricklayer's labourer before studying at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), graduating in 1976 along with Linden Wilkinson and Michael Siberry.


title: Colin Friels

text: Friels career began with work mostly in theatre and television. In 1980 Friels was a presenter on the Australian version of "Play School", the series for young children. His first film role was in the unreleased "Prisoners" (1981), appearing with David Hemmings and Tatum O'Neal. His first appearance in a released film was in "Hoodwink" (1981), alongside his future wife, Judy Davis.


title: Colin Friels

text: In 1986, he played the title role in "Malcolm", about a shy mechanical genius, for which he was awarded the 1986 AFI Award for Best Actor. Friels was also nominated for the Best Actor award the following year, for his role in "Ground Zero", but did not win: the film received mixed reviews, with one describing him as "a proficient enough actor, but...miscast". Friels later won another AFI Award in 1995 for his starring role in the 1994 "Halifax f.p." telemovie "Hard Corps". Friels has played a wide range of other roles. He was a megalomaniac corporate executive in the 1990 feature film "Darkman".


title: Colin Friels

text: From 1996 to 1999, he played Frank Holloway on "Water Rats", a role which won him the Logie Award for Most Outstanding Actor at the 1997 awards. In his acceptance speech he said, "I'm very flattered for this and it's all rather silly, isn't it? So, thank you very much."


title: Colin Friels

text: Since 2003, Friels has appeared as the main character in the "BlackJack" series of telemovies. In 2010 he also starred in "Killing Time" where he played notorious underworld figure Lewis Moran. In 2018 he played Tony Ballantyne in the TV miniseries "Mystery Road", again opposite Judy Davis.


title: Colin Friels

text: In 2021, Friels appeared as Jack Ramsay in the second season of the ABC series "Total Control", a Coalition MP facing off against independent candidate Alex Irving.


title: Colin Friels

text: Friels has been married to actress Judy Davis since 1984; the couple have two children, Jack and Charlotte. Their relationship was briefly in the media when an argument led to a domestic violence court order against Friels: however, they remained together.


title: Colin Friels

text: In late 1997, Friels was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. However, his treatment was successful, and he is one of the very few sufferers of this disease to go into long-term remission. During his treatment he continued to work on the set of "Water Rats", until eventually the impact of the chemotherapy stopped him working, and he chose to have his character written out of the series by sending him on a sailing journey around the world. At this time, however, he also continued his stage work, and was performing in Sydney Theatre Company's "Macbeth".


title: Colin Friels

text: Friels believes that social and political awareness comes with acting, and is known for his engagement in policy debates, including industrial issues such as workplace relations and free trade. He publicly criticised Bush administration policy in the Middle East, and supported the Sydney Peace Foundation. His engagement with social issues has been evident in his acting work, with two prominent examples being his lead role in "Ground Zero", in which he played a cameraman investigating British nuclear testing in South Australia, and his appearance in the ABC television drama "Bastard Boys", in which he played union official John Coombs.


title: Colin Friels

text: The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Colin Friels won one award in that time.