title: William H. Pitsenbarger

text: The Air Force Association awards a $750 Pitsenbarger scholarship to the top USAF enlisted personnel graduating from the Community College of the Air Force (CCAF) who plan to pursue a baccalaureate degree and submits a competitive award nomination package.


title: William H. Pitsenbarger

text: The 2019 film "The Last Full Measure" depicting Pitsenbarger's life stars Jeremy Irvine as Pitsenbarger.


title: Blood as food

text: Many cultures consume blood, often in combination with meat. The blood may be in the form of blood sausage, as a thickener for sauces, a cured salted form for times of food scarcity, or in a blood soup. This is a product from domesticated animals, obtained at a place and time where the blood can run into a container and be swiftly consumed or processed. In many cultures, the animal is slaughtered. In some cultures, blood is a taboo food.


title: Blood as food

text: Blood is the most important byproduct of slaughtering. It consists predominantly of protein and water, and is sometimes called "liquid meat" because its composition is similar to that of lean meat. Blood collected hygienically can be used for human consumption, otherwise it is converted to blood meal. Special fractions of animal blood are used in human medicine.


title: Blood as food

text: Blood sausage is any sausage made by cooking animal blood with a filler until it is thick enough to congeal when cooled. Pig or cattle blood is most often used. Typical fillers include meat, fat, suet, bread, rice, barley and oatmeal. Varieties include biroldo, black pudding, blood tongue, blutwurst, drisheen, kishka (kaszanka), morcilla, moronga, mustamakkara, sundae, verivorst, and many types of boudin.


title: Blood as food

text: Blood pancakes are encountered in Galicia (filloas), Scandinavia, and the Baltic; for example, Swedish blodplättar, Finnish veriohukainen, and Estonian veripannkoogid.


title: Blood as food

text: Blood soups and stews, which use blood as part of the broth, include czernina, dinuguan, haejangguk, mykyrokka, pig's organ soup, tiet canh and svartsoppa.


title: Blood as food

text: Blood is also used as a thickener in sauces, such as coq au vin or pressed duck, and puddings, such as tiết canh. It can provide flavor or color for meat, as in cabidela.


title: Blood as food

text: Blood can also be used as a solid ingredient, either by allowing it to congeal before use, or by cooking it to accelerate the process. Blood curd is a dish typically found in Asia that consists of cooled and hardened animal blood.


title: Blood as food

text: In China, "blood tofu" () is most often made with pig's or duck's blood, although chicken's or cow's blood may also be used. The blood is allowed to congeal and simply cut into rectangular pieces and cooked. This dish is also known in Java as "saren", made with chicken's or pig's blood. Blood tofu is found in curry mee as well as the Sichuan dish, Mao Xue Wang. Chinese people use pig blood, tofu, and vegetables to make a healthy soup. Pig blood is rich in vitamin B2, vitamin C, protein, iron, phosphorus, calcium, niacin and other nutrients, while tofu is good for the liver and stomach, and therefore this soup has a reputation as a healthy and tasty meal in China.


title: Blood as food

text: In Hungary when a pig is slaughtered in the morning, the blood is fried with onions and served for breakfast. In Peru they use chicken blood.


title: Blood as food

text: In Korea, blood curd is typically made of cattle blood and is often used as an ingredient for different kinds of soups and stews, such as hangover soup.


title: Blood as food

text: In Vietnamese cuisine pig blood curd is used in soup based noodles dishes such as Bún bò Huế or Bánh canh.


title: Blood as food

text: In some cases, blood is used as an ingredient without any additional preparation. Raw blood is not commonly consumed by itself, but may be used as an addition to drinks or other dishes. One example is the drinking of seal blood which is traditionally believed by the Inuit to bring health benefits.


title: Blood as food

text: Russia and ex-USSR countries produce sweet nutrition bars containing cattle blood, known under the generic name Hematogen; originally created for treating anemia, they are also used like regular sweets nowadays.


title: Blood as food

text: The Catholic Church, as well as the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and some Anglican churches, believe that in the sacrament of the Eucharist, the participants consume the real blood and body of Jesus Christ. The post-communion prayer of the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer describes the meal as "spiritual food". Many other Christian denominations symbolically consume the Eucharist.


title: Blood as food

text: The medieval cult of saint Thomas Becket in England included the drinking of "water of Saint Thomas", a mix of water and the remains of the martyr's blood miraculously multiplied.


title: Blood as food

text: Some cultures consider blood to be a taboo form of food. In Abrahamic religions, Jewish and Muslim cultures forbid the consumption of blood. Blood and its by-products are forbidden in Islam, in the Qurʼan, surah 5, al-Maʼidah, verse 3. In the New Testament, blood was forbidden by the Apostolic Decree due to banning sacrifice of animals before idols, () and is still forbidden among Eastern Orthodox Churches. Catholic doctrine has been updated. See also Biblical law in Christianity and Communion (Christian).


title: Blood as food

text: The Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria has no explicit prohibitions against eating blood, but most regard it with disgust and refuse to eat any meat perceived as "bloody" or undercooked (such as raw meat in sushi or steak prepared raw, rare, or medium). Goats, cattle, and other animals slaughtered in the traditional Igbo manner are dispatched with a single cut across the neck and then most or all of the blood is allowed to slowly drain from the wound. This practice may have been influenced by the Igbo Jewish community that apparently predates contact with Europe. Many Igbos who buy butchered, packaged meat from groceries and supermarkets are in the habit of washing the blood from the meat with water before preparing it.


title: Blood as food

text: The taboos may be rooted in the fact that consuming greater quantities of blood is actually poisonous.


title: Blood as food

text: Among the Maasai people, drinking blood from cattle is a part of the traditional diet, especially after special occasions such as ritual circumcision or the birth of a child.


title: Blood as food

text: As in Europe, several varieties of blood sausage are also popular in Mexico, Newfoundland and Labrador and the southwest United States (moronga), Chile (prietas, ñache), Argentina, Uruguay, Cuba, and Puerto Rico (morcilla).


title: Blood as food

text: In Brazil, the traditional Portuguese dish known as cabidela (see above) is also eaten, as well a stew made of pork blood and offal called sarapatel. Chouriço is a blood sausage also eaten in Brazil, known as morcilla in Spanish.


title: Blood as food

text: In the western region of Santander Colombia, a dish called pepitoria is made from rice cooked in goat blood.


title: Blood as food

text: Mexicans from certain regions eat goat's stomach stuffed with pork blood and vegetables as a delicacy.


title: Blood as food

text: In Perú, clotted chicken blood is fried with chili peppers and Welsh onion. This dish is called sangrecita.


title: Blood as food

text: In China and some regions of Southeast Asia, coagulated chicken, duck, goose or pig blood, known in Chinese as "blood tofu" () is used in soups. In Taiwan, "pig's blood cake" () is made of pork blood and sticky rice. It is fried or steamed as a snack or cooked in a hot pot.


title: Blood as food

text: In the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, stir-fried lamb blood is a common dish had for breakfast and lunch. When prepared alone it is called (). More commonly it is stir-fried with lamb stomach and intestines with spices like ginger, garlic, cloves, cinnamon, red chili powder, green chilies, coriander powder, cumin, shallots and grated coconut. This dish is very common in the Madurai and Kongu Nadu region of Tamil Nadu.


title: Blood as food

text: In the coastal Konkan region of India, Sorpotel, a dish of Portuguese origin is commonly cooked that includes parboiled meat and offal which is cooked in a spicy and vinegary sauce. Some people also use the animals' blood for boiling the curry. Sorpotel is primarily made by Catholics of Goa, Mangalore and East Indians of Mumbai.


title: Blood as food

text: In Indonesia, especially the Batak tribe in North Sumatara, pig's blood is used as an ingredient and sauce mixed with andaliman ("Zanthoxylum acantophodium") for a cuisine named Sangsang (read saksang).


title: Blood as food

text: In Joshua Oppenheimer's film "The Look of Silence", several of the anti-Communist militias active in the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 claim that drinking blood from their victims is what prevented them going mad.


title: Blood as food

text: In Korea, blood as food is known as "seonji" ( ; derived from the Manchu word "senggi" () meaning "blood"). Coagulated cattle "seonji" and dried radish greens are added to the beef legbone broth in order to make "seonji-guk" (blood curd soup). "Sundae", a blood sausage made generally by boiling or steaming cow or pig's intestines that are stuffed with various ingredients, such as pig's blood, cellophane noodles, kimchi, scallions, etc.


title: Blood as food

text: In northern region of Nepal, "Gyuma" a blood sausage is a popular dish commonly eaten by locals. It is made of yak's blood and meat. The fillings also include buck wheat flour and other spices. The sausage is also used in lentils or prepared in stir fry dishes.


title: Blood as food

text: People of Newari community also consume popular dish called “hee,” which means blood that is prepared by steaming the blood with some local spices. It is consumed by most of the locals in Patan, kathmandu area of Nepal.


title: Blood as food

text: In the Philippines, a popular dish called "dinuguan" is made from pig's blood and offal seasoned with chili and is traditionally eaten with white rice or steamed rice cakes ("puto"). Numerous variants exist throughout the islands. Dinuguan can also be served without using any offal, using only choice cuts of pork. In Batangas, this version is known as "sinungaok". It can also be made from beef and chicken meat, the latter being known as "dinuguang manok" ('chicken dinuguan'). The Northern Luzon versions of the dish namely the Ilocano "dinardaraan" and the Ibanag "zinagan" are often drier with toppings of deep-fried pork intestine cracklings. These versions are sometimes known as "crispy dinuguan" elsewhere. The Itawis of Cagayan also have a pork-based version that has larger meat chunks and more fat, which they call .


title: Blood as food

text: Aside from "dinuguan", a native blood sausage known as "pinuneg" also exists among the Kankanaey people of the highlands of Luzon. Cubes of pork blood grilled on skewers is also a common street food throughout the Philippines. These are known colloquially as "betamax" (after its resemblance to Betamax tapes).


title: Blood as food

text: The Ilocano crispy pork dish "bagnet" may also sometimes be dipped in raw pig's blood. Though this is rare. In Western Visayas, the meat-and-liver stew "bas-uy" can also be enriched with blood.


title: Blood as food

text: Coagulated chicken, duck, goose or pig blood is used in soups, such as the classic Thai dish "Tom Lued Moo" (pork blood soup). Thailand also has a dish known as "Nam Tok", which is a spicy soup stock enriched with raw cow or pig's blood. It is often used to enrich regular noodle dishes, as well as in Khao soi.


title: Blood as food

text: In Laos and Northeast Thailand), a raw version of "laap", a meat salad, is made with minced raw meat, seasoned in spices, and covered with blood. The spicy noodle soup Nam ngiao and certain variants of Khao soi of the cuisine of Shan State and Northern Thailand contain diced curdled blood.


title: Blood as food

text: In Vietnam, congealed pork blood is used in Bun bo Hue (a spicy noodle soup), as well as congee (a type of rice porridge). It is simply solidified, then put into the broth to absorb the flavor.


title: Blood as food

text: Blood is also consumed raw in Vietnam although it is not so popular nowadays due to health concern and a better understanding of how raw blood may contain parasites and other organisms that are harmful to human.


title: Blood as food

text: This type of raw blood dish is called "tiet canh", literally translated as "blood soup". As its name suggests, the soup is prepared with raw and uncooked animal blood.


title: Blood as food

text: Firstly, blood is collected when the animal is slaughtered, then it is mixed with a little bit of fish sauce or salt water to prevent it from congealing (this step varies a lot from person to person and from region to region), this is to have time to prepare the other part of the dish, usually a mixture of the slaughtered animal's heart, liver, stomach, some time, its kidney, being diced and cooked.


title: Blood as food

text: Then, the cooked mixture is divided into serving portions. The blood is now mixed with regular drinking water (there is specific ratio between the blood and the water), then it will be poured onto the cooked mixture. After 10–15 minutes, the blood will start to congeal and the final product will have a consistency similar to jelly. Various herbs, roasted and smashed peanut are topped on the congealed blood to enhance its flavor.


title: Blood as food

text: This dish is usually made with pig's blood and duck's blood but it can also be made from any type of animal's blood.


title: Blood as food

text: In China and Vietnam certain types of snake blood are considered to be an aphrodisiac, and are drunk with rice wine.


title: Blood as food

text: In Finland, pig's blood is used, with milk, flour and molasses, to make blood pancakes veriohukainen, usually served with lingonberry jam. Also different style of sausages are common, mustamakkara and ryynimakkara. In Åland and Bothnia region is also mustaleipä or verileipä that are bread where liquid of the batter either totally or partially blood. Blackpudding veripalttu is available is some parts of the country.


title: Blood as food

text: In Northern Germany pig's blood used to be traditionally mixed with vinegar, scraps, spices and sugar to make schwarzsauer. It is eaten warm or preserved in jars. Changes in taste and lifestyle have made this an uncommon dish.


title: Blood as food

text: In ancient Lakedaimon, the Greek city-state of Sparta, the black broth was common: a soup with pork meat and blood.


title: Blood as food

text: In Hungary, "hagymás vér" (pan-fried pig's blood with onions) and "véres hurka" (a kind of blood sausage made with pig's blood, bacon, pork, rice, onion, salt and various herbs and spices) are common winter foods.


title: Blood as food

text: In Italy, the sanguinaccio dolce is a pudding made with pig blood, chocolate, sugar, pine nuts, raisins and milk.


title: Blood as food

text: Biroldo is a blood sausage traditionally made with parts of pigs offal like heart, lungs and tongues.


title: Blood as food

text: Balkenbrij is a Dutch food made by combining pig's blood with a variety of ingredients, principally flour or oatmeal, and pig organs, such as intestines. Black pudding, in Dutch "," is also consumed. In the Limburg province bloedworst, in Limburgish "" or "trip," is consumed with apples baked in a thick syrup called stroop.


title: Blood as food

text: Czernina (black soup) is a Polish soup made of duck blood and clear poultry broth, sometimes known as "duck soup". Hen, rabbit or pig blood can also be used.


title: Blood as food

text: In Portugal, the northern region known as Minho has a traditional blood soup named papas de sarrabulho. "Papas" translates as "mash" and "sarrabulho" is a popular expression for coagulated blood, so the literal translation would be "mashed blood". The soup is made with pig's blood, chicken meat, pork, ham, salami, lemon and bread, and is typically sprinkled with cumin, which provides the dish with its distinctive odor. It is usually served in the winter because it is a rather heavy dish. The dish is seldom eaten in southern Portugal. Also very popular, is "morcela" sausage, a type of black pudding. Another traditional Portuguese dish known as cabidela is also made by cooking chicken or rabbit in its own blood, sometimes diluted with vinegar. The same cabidela dish is done with lamprey eel's blood and flesh along with rice, during the months of March and April following the migration of these fishes throughout Portugal's rivers.


title: Blood as food

text: There's also a candy called Papas de moado, which is prepared from pig's blood, flour, sugar, nuts and spices, mainly in the Mondego River region.


title: Blood as food

text: In Romania there is a traditional sausage prepared with blood named "sângerete", literally meaning "a thing from hemoragy" (it came from "sângera" – "hemoragy" from "sânge" – "blood")), and it is prepared especially during the Ignat (the pig carving holiday).


title: Blood as food

text: In Spain, the "morcilla" sausage is a kind of black pudding mainly made with pig blood, with spices, fat, and sometimes vegetables. In Andalusia "sangre encebollada" and Valencian "sang amb ceba "are popular dishes made with chicken or pork solidified blood and onion.


title: Blood as food

text: In Sweden, the blood soup svartsoppa, made with goose blood, is traditionally eaten on the eve of Saint Martin, especially in the southern region of Skåne. Other popular dishes, with blood as one of the ingredients include blodpudding (blood pudding), blodplättar (blood pancakes), blodpalt (potato dumplings flavoured with reindeer or pig blood) and paltbröd (bread with blood in it, which is dried and boiled and eaten together with fried pork and bèchamel or onion sauce).


title: Blood as food

text: In Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, "black pudding" or "blood pudding" is made from blood and some filler grains and spices, often oatmeal.


title: Blood as food

text: In Ireland, there is ample evidence of the persistence of the practice of bleeding live cattle until well into the 19th century. It was considered to be a preventative measure against cattle diseases, and the blood drawn, when mixed with butter, herbs, oats or meal, provided a nutritious emergency food.


title: Magic Leap

text: Magic Leap, Inc. is an American technology company that released a head-mounted virtual retinal display, called "Magic Leap One", which superimposes 3D computer-generated imagery over real world objects, by "projecting a digital light field into the user's eye", involving technologies potentially suited to applications in augmented reality and computer vision. It is attempting to construct a light-field chip using silicon photonics.


title: Magic Leap

text: Magic Leap was founded by Rony Abovitz in 2010 and has raised $2.6 billion from a list of investors including Google and Alibaba Group. In December 2016, "Forbes" estimated that Magic Leap was worth $4.5 billion. On July 11, 2018, AT&T invested in the company and became its exclusive partner. On August 8, 2018, the Magic Leap One was made available in the United States through AT&T.


title: Magic Leap

text: On May 28, 2020, Rony Abovitz announced that Magic Leap had raised $350 million in new funding and that he would be stepping down as CEO. On July 7, 2020, the company announced their new CEO would be former Microsoft executive, Peggy Johnson.


title: Magic Leap

text: Magic Leap was founded by Rony Abovitz in 2010. According to past versions of its website, the startup evolved from a company named "Magic Leap Studios" which around 2010 was working on a graphic novel and a feature film series, and in 2011 became a corporation, releasing an augmented reality app at Comic-Con that year. In October 2014, when the company was still operating in stealth mode (but already reported to be working on projects relating to augmented reality and computer vision), it raised more than $540 million of venture funding from Google, Qualcomm, Andreessen Horowitz and Kleiner Perkins, among other investors.


title: Magic Leap

text: A November 2014 analysis by Gizmodo, based on job listings, trademark registrations and patent applications from Magic Leap, concluded that the company appeared to be building a competitor to the Google Glass and Oculus Rift that would "blend computer-generated graphics with the real world". It had also been compared to Microsoft HoloLens.


title: Magic Leap

text: Before Magic Leap, a head-mounted display using light field had been demonstrated by Nvidia in 2013, and the MIT Media Lab has also constructed a 3D display using "compressed light fields"; however, Magic Leap asserts that it achieves better resolution with a new proprietary technique that projects an image directly onto the user's retina. According to a researcher who studied the company's patents, Magic Leap is likely to use stacked silicon waveguides.


title: Magic Leap

text: Richard Taylor of special effects company Weta Workshop is involved in Magic Leap alongside Abovitz. Science fiction author Neal Stephenson joined the company in December 2014. Graeme Devine is their Chief Creative Officer & Senior VP Games, Apps and Creative Experiences.


title: Magic Leap

text: On March 19, 2015, Magic Leap released a demo video titled "Just another day in the office at Magic Leap". The video includes augmented reality gaming and productivity applications but it was unclear if the video was actual footage using their technology or a simulated experience.


title: Magic Leap

text: On October 20, 2015, Magic Leap released actual footage of their product. While still not showing any hardware, the footage claims that it was filmed through a Magic Leap device without the use of special effects or compositing. The video suggests that virtual 3D objects can be occluded by real objects, which may be predefined geometry in the scene but led to speculation about 3D spatial mapping being used. It also shows virtual lights reflecting from a real table, which seem to be incorrectly placed in space, and therefore may suggest that the reflections are part of the virtual scene without interacting with the real world (similarly to "fake" shadows in early video games). The video showcases only quite bright objects superimposed over dark areas of the real world. This suggests that the hardware can only add new light without blocking incoming light from the real world. This would allow it to render only fully transparent objects which emit or reflect light, and may not allow virtual objects to occlude real objects.


title: Magic Leap

text: On December 9, 2015, "Forbes" reported on documents filed in the state of Delaware, indicating a Series C funding round of $827m. This funding round could bring the company's total funding to $1.4 billion, and its post-money valuation to $3.7 billion. On February 2, 2016, "Financial Times" reported that Magic Leap further raised another funding round of close to $800m, valuing the startup at $4.5 billion.


title: Magic Leap

text: On February 11, 2016, "Silicon Angle" reported that Magic Leap had joined the Entertainment Software Association.


title: Magic Leap

text: On June 16, 2016, Magic Leap announced a partnership with Disney's Lucasfilm and its ILMxLAB R&D unit. The two companies would form a joint research lab at Lucasfilm's San Francisco campus.


title: Magic Leap

text: In December 2017, UK technology news site "The Register" described Magic Leap as a vaporware company that "has received nearly $2bn in funding over four years, values itself at $6bn, and has yet to produce anything but fake technology".


title: Magic Leap

text: On March 7, 2018, Magic Leap raised $461 million in Series D funding led by the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia, the country's sovereign wealth fund.


title: Magic Leap

text: In June 2018, the company's first headset, called the Magic Leap One, was showcased for the first time online, only showcasing the device visually but performing no demonstration of its functionality.


title: Magic Leap

text: On July 1, 2018, the device was finally demoed, confirming its use of NVIDIA TX2 hardware. The general reaction was of disappointment with what was shown, based on what had been promised up to that point.


title: Magic Leap

text: On July 11, 2018, AT&T invested in the company, set to become its exclusive partner. Magic Leap One became the first product to be sold only in AT&T-owned stores across the United States. Also AT&T Communications' CEO John Donovan is set to become a board member of the company.


title: Magic Leap

text: In April 2019, it was reported that Magic Leap had raised an additional $280 million from NTT Docomo as part of a partnership announced by the two companies.


title: Magic Leap

text: In November 2019, it was reported that Magic Leap assigned all of its US patents to J.P. Morgan Chase in August 2019. The company also announced a significant financing round, which would become its series E when complete.


title: Magic Leap

text: On April 22, 2020, Magic Leap indicated a major company restructuring and that half of the company's staff would be laid off due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the job cuts, the company raised $350 million in May 2020.


title: Magic Leap

text: In September 2020, The Information reported that the company valuation was $6.4 billion in 2019 and by June 2020 it dropped to $450 million, by 93 percent in six months.


title: Magic Leap

text: In October 2021, Venture Beat reported that the company's valuation was $2 billion after raising $500 million from an unidentified source and that the company would unveil the new Magic Leap 2 AR headset in 2022 (“select customers” are already using it in 2021 as part of an early access program).


title: Magic Leap

text: In October 2021, Magic Leap's CEO announced Magic Leap 2 would be the "industry’s smallest and lightest device" for business uses, with a significantly larger field of view, and include a dimming feature to be used in brightly lit settings.


title: Quinn Shephard

text: Quinn Shephard (born February 28, 1995) is an American actress, film director, producer, screenwriter and film editor. She played the roles of Donna Malone in the Christmas comedy "Unaccompanied Minors" and Morgan Sanders in the television series "Hostages". In 2017, her feature film directorial debut, "Blame" (which she also wrote, produced, edited, and starred in), screened at several film festivals and earned critical attention.


title: Quinn Shephard

text: Shephard grew up in Metuchen, New Jersey and the surrounding New York area. She attended Metuchen High School, which was used to film scenes from her movie "Blame".


title: Quinn Shephard

text: Shephard's big screen debut was in the 2001 French film "Harrison's Flowers" at the age of five. Shephard's first starring role was in the holiday comedy feature film "Unaccompanied Minors". Shephard and her co-stars were nominated for Best Young Ensemble in a Feature Film at the 29th Young Artist Awards. She later appeared in the comedy film "Assassination of a High School President" (2008) and the horror film "Sweet, Sweet Lonely Girl" (2016).


title: Quinn Shephard

text: Shephard has also appeared on television. In 2013, she played the recurring role of Morgan Sanders in the CBS thriller series "Hostages". From 2014 to 2015, she portrayed Claire Mahoney in the fourth season of "Person of Interest". Shephard has played guest roles in several television series, including "" (2011), "Made in Jersey" (2012), "The Blacklist" (2013), and "Believe" (2014).


title: Quinn Shephard

text: In 2015, she was the recipient of the Rising Star Award at the Garden State Film Festival. In 2018, she appeared in the film "The Miseducation of Cameron Post", which had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival; it won the Grand Jury Prize for U.S. Drama, the festival's highest honor.


title: Quinn Shephard

text: Shephard developed the script for her first feature film, "Blame", for several years. In 2015, after her financier fell through during the first week of shooting, Shephard partially self-financed "Blame" using money from her college fund. The film was shot in 19 days, and Shephard produced it with her mother, Laurie Shephard. Shephard also starred in the film as Abigail Grey, alongside Chris Messina, Nadia Alexander, and Tate Donovan.


title: Quinn Shephard

text: "Blame" screened at the Tribeca Film Festival, making Shephard the youngest female director to debut a film there. It was nominated for several awards at Tribeca and won the award for Best Actress in a U.S. Narrative Feature (for Alexander's performance). The film received generally positive reviews from critics; it holds an 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, while on Metacritic it holds a 54/100 rating. IndieWire called it a "solid debut", while writing that, though it "isn't fully realized", it establishes Shephard as "someone to watch". Glenn Kenny of "The New York Times" described the film as "earnest but underdeveloped". "Filmmaker" called the film "a poignant and incisive examination of modern American adolescence." "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "a mixed bag of a directorial debut".


title: Quinn Shephard

text: Shephard identifies as queer. Since 2015, she has been in a relationship with her "Blame" co-star Nadia Alexander. In September of 2021, on the last day of shooting "Not Okay", Shephard accepted Alexander's marriage proposal.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Josie and the Pussycats (formatted as Josie and the Pussy Cats in the opening titles) is an American animated television series based upon the Archie Comics comic book series of the same name created by Dan DeCarlo. Produced for Saturday morning television by Hanna-Barbera Productions, 16 episodes of "Josie and the Pussycats" aired on CBS during the 1970–71 television season and were rerun during the 1971–72 season.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: In 1972, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space, 16 episodes of which aired on CBS during the 1972–73 season and were rerun the following season until January 1974. Reruns of the original series alternated between CBS, ABC, and NBC from 1974 through 1976. This brought its national Saturday morning TV run on three networks to six years.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: "Josie and the Pussycats" featured a young adult all-girl pop music band that toured the world with their entourage, getting mixed up in strange adventures, spy capers, and mysteries. The group consisted of level-headed lead singer, songwriter and guitarist Josie, intelligent bassist Valerie, and air-headed blonde drummer Melody. Other characters included their cowardly manager Alexander Cabot III, his conniving sister Alexandra, her cat Sebastian, and muscular roadie Alan.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The show, more similar to Hanna-Barbera's successful "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" than the original "Josie" comic book, is remembered for its music, the girls' leopard print leotards (replete with "long tails and ears for hats", as the theme song states), and for featuring Valerie as the first regularly appearing female black character in a Saturday morning cartoon show. Each episode featured a Josie and the Pussycats song played over a chase scene, which, similarly to "The Monkees", featured the group running after and away from a selection of haplessly villainous characters.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: "Josie and the Pussycats" debuted on the CBS Saturday morning lineup on September 12, 1970, with the episode "The Nemo's a No-No Affair". The animated version of "Josie" was an amalgam of plot devices, villain types, settings, moods, and tones from other Hanna-Barbera shows such as "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", "Jonny Quest", "Space Ghost", and "Shazzan".


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Like "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", "Josie and the Pussycats" was originally broadcast with a laugh track. Later home video and DVD releases omit the laugh track. Cartoon Network and Boomerang, however, have aired the show in its original broadcast format with the laugh track intact.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Each episode found the Pussycats and crew en route to perform a gig or record a song in some exotic location where, somehow, often due to something Alexandra did, they became mixed up in an adventure. The antagonist was always a diabolical mad scientist, spy, or criminal who wanted to take over the world using some high-tech device. The Pussycats usually found themselves in possession of the plans for an invention, an item of interest to the villains, a secret spy message, etc., and the villains chased them to retrieve it. Eventually, the Pussycats would ruin the villain's plans, resulting in a final chase sequence set to a Pussycats song. With the villain captured, the Pussycats would return to their gig or recording session, and the final gag was always one of Alexandra's failed attempts to interfere with the Pussycats' performance or steal Alan away from Josie.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: During the 1968-69 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, "The Archie Show", was a huge success, not only in the ratings on CBS, but also on the "Billboard" charts: The Archies' song "Sugar, Sugar" hit the #1 spot on the "Billboard" charts in September 1969, becoming the number one song of the year. Animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions wanted to duplicate the success their competitors Filmation were having with "The Archie Show". After a failed attempt at developing a teenage-music-band show of their own called "Mysteries Five" (which eventually became "Scooby-Doo, Where are You!"), they decided to go to the source and contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting one of their remaining properties into a show similar to "The Archie Show". Archie and Hanna-Barbera collaborated to adapt Archie's "Josie" comic book into a music-based property about a teenage music band, adding new characters (Alan M. and Valerie) while dismissing others.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: In preparation for the upcoming cartoon series, Hanna-Barbera began working on putting together a real-life Josie and the Pussycats girl group, who would provide the singing voices of the girls in the cartoons and also record an album of songs to be used both as radio singles and in the TV series.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The Josie and the Pussycats recordings were produced by La La Productions, run by Danny Janssen and Bobby Young (a pseudonym for Bob Engemann of The Lettermen vocal group). They held a talent search to find three girls who would match the three girls in the comic book in both looks and singing ability; early plans, which did not come to fruition, called for a live-action Pussycats segment at the end of each episode. After interviewing over 500 finalists, settled upon casting Kathleen Dougherty (Cathy Dougher) as Josie, Cherie Moor (later known as Cheryl Ladd) as Melody, and Patrice Holloway as Valerie.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: According to Janssen's recollections in his liner notes for the Rhino compilation CD, when he submitted his suggested studio singers, he was unaware that the three characters in the Archie comic book were Caucasian and all the program's production elements had been created to reflect that. He said that he could not go back to Patrice Holloway and take her out of the trio for that reason. "They were very nice about it," Janssen said, but he told them he would leave the project and happily return for another one in the future. In the meantime, Hanna-Barbera, Archie Comics and CBS replaced the long-established character of Pepper with African-American Valerie to keep Patrice Holloway and hired Barbara Pariot as the speaking voice, as Janssen later learned. While Hanna-Barbera was already producing the series, Archie Comics introduced Valerie in December, 1969. The Valerie character was the first black female character on a regular Saturday morning cartoon series. "The Hardy Boys" drummer Pete Jones had been the first black male to appear on Saturday mornings a year earlier, but Pete's voice was not spoken by an African-American. Hanna-Barbera did cast Valerie's speaking voice accordingly and Danny Janssen cast her singing voice, setting the historic precedent.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Of the songs that were broadcast, Patrice Holloway sang lead on the series' theme song, "You've Come A Long Way, Baby", "Voodoo", "It's All Right With Me", "The Handclapping Song", "Stop, Look And Listen", "Clock On The Wall" and "Every Beat Of My Heart". Holloway was the primary lead vocalist on "Roadrunner" which also features verses sung by Kathleen Dougherty and Cheryl Ladd. Ladd sang lead on "Inside, Outside, Upside-Down", "Dream Maker", "I Wanna Make You Happy", "The Time To Love", "I Love You Too Much", "Lie! Lie! Lie!" and "Dreaming". According to songwriter/vocal arranger Sue Sheridan (known as Sue Steward at the time), Dougherty felt she was stronger on harmony than lead and ceded her spotlight to Ladd. Essentially then, Josie was the group leader but Valerie and Melody provided the trio with its singing voices.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The show's theme song, titled "Josie and the Pussycats", was written by Hoyt Curtin, William Hanna (under the pseudonym "Denby Williams") and Joseph Barbera (under the pseudonym "Joseph Roland"). The theme song was based on melodies from an incidental tune that had been played on various Hanna-Barbera cartoons since "The Jetsons".


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: A cover of "Josie and the Pussycats" performed by Juliana Hatfield and Tanya Donelly is included on the 1995 tribute album "", produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records. The theme song was also covered on the soundtrack for the 2001 live-action film based on the comic book series.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: In September 1972, a sequel spin-off series titled "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" debuted on CBS. This version of the series launched the characters into outer space; the opening credits sequence shows the group taking a promotional photo at the launch site of a new spaceship. (It is unclear whether they were the ship's assigned crew, or simply publicity guests.) A jealous Alexandra, elbowing the cast aside in order to steal the spotlight from Josie yet again, stumbles and causes a domino effect so that they are all jerked inside, accidentally triggering the launch sequence which sends all into deep space. Val knows how to pilot the vessel. Every episode centered on the Pussycats encountering a strange new world where they would encounter and often be captured by various aliens-of-the-week before escaping and attempting to return to Earth. No matter what the scenario, Alexandra remains determined to stop Josie from getting too close to Alan. A typical ending for an episode is that they meet a wise benevolent person who reprograms the ship's course for Earth, only to have a clumsy action by Alexandra (or occasionally Melody or Alex) set the ship on the wrong trajectory once again.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Musical numbers and chaotic chase sequences were set to 10 all original newly recorded songs specifically written as "featured performances" with Music & Lyrics by ASCAP songwriter Richard Moyers, who was signed for the sequel by Roger Karshner, Hanna-Barbera's new "Musical Development Director" and Produced by Hanna-Barbera's in-house Musical Director Hoyt Curtin. All recordings were done by studio professionals known as "The Wrecking Crew" at Whitney Recording Studios, Glendale, CA for this spin-off as with the original. "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" also added the character of Bleep, a pet-sized fluffy alien adopted by Melody, who was the only one who could understand the creature's language (he only says "Bleep" repeatedly) and numerous other alien animals encountered. Bleep and Sebastian fluctuate between being competitors or good friends throughout the series, with Don Messick providing the non-verbal chattering of both pets.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The series' premise in similar to "Lost in Space" (1965-1968), particularly that series' third season where the formerly marooned ship was allowed to visit a new planet each week a la . Alexandra's role parallels that of Dr. Zachary Smith - both are unpleasant characters, often at odds with the rest of the crew, whose blunders caused the initial loss in space. Bleep is similar to Debbie the Bloop, Penny Robinson's pet who was played by a chimpanzee in a costume.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The 16 episodes of "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" were re-run for the 1973–1974 season until January 26, 1974, when CBS cancelled it and ordered no more new "Josie" episodes from Hanna-Barbera. "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" contained a laugh track as well, but utilized an inferior version created by the studio.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: A VHS videocassette of "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" containing three episodes was issued by Worldvision Home Video in 1983. A second video cassette, "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space Volume 2", was released in 1985.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Two VHS volumes of "Josie and the Pussycats", each containing four episodes of the original 1970 series, minus the laugh tracks, were released by Warner Home Video (Hanna-Barbera had been sold to Turner Broadcasting in 1991, with Turner merging with Time Warner six years later) on April 10, 2001 to coincide with the release of the live-action film. A "Josie in Outer Space" episode, "Warrior Women of Amazonia", was featured in a clip/episode collection of Hanna-Barbera on VHS, released in the UK.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: A "Josie and the Pussycats: The Complete Series" two-DVD box set was released in Region 1 (the United States, Canada, and Japan) on September 18, 2007. All 16 episodes, again minus the laugh tracks, were included, as well as a half-hour documentary on the life and career of Dan DeCarlo. The first episode of the series, "The Nemo's A No No Affair", is featured on the DVD compilation "Saturday Morning Cartoons: The 1970s Volume 1" released on May 26, 2009.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: On October 19, 2010, Warner Archive released "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space: The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1 as part of their Hanna–Barbera Classics Collection of Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) releases, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Both "Josie and the Pussycats" and "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" are available on the Boomerang and HBO Max streaming services, with the latter featuring the series in remastered HD copies. Warner Archive released the HD versions of "Josie and the Pussycats" on Blu-ray on November 3, 2020, and "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" on April 13, 2021.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: "Josie and the Pussycats" was named the 100th best animated series by entertainment website IGN, which referred to "Josie" as an amusing show for the way in which it combined elements from "The Archie Show" and "Scooby-Doo".


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: "Josie and the Pussycats" made a final appearance as animated characters in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973, episode of " The New Scooby-Doo Movies", "The Haunted Showboat". Early production art for Hanna-Barbera's 1977 "all-star" "Battle of the Network Stars" spoof "Laff-A-Lympics" featured Alexandra, Sebastian, Alexander, and Melody among other Hanna-Barbera characters as members of the "Scooby Doobies" team, but legal problems prevented their inclusion in the final program.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: In 1976, Rand McNally published a children's book based on the "Josie and the Pussycats" TV show, "Hanna-Barbera's Josie and the Pussycats: The Bag Factory Detour".


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The original "Josie and the Pussycats" series was re-run on NBC Saturday morning for the 1975–1976 season and weekdays in syndication from 1977 to 1982. In the mid-1980s, both series, along with a number of other 1970s Hanna-Barbera cartoons, were on board USA Network's "Cartoon Express"; they would next appear on Cartoon Network in 1992, where all 32 episodes were run in the same time slot. Both programs, as of March 3, 2014, are in the library of Boomerang (Turner Broadcasting's archive cartoon channel).


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: In 2001, Cartoon Network began airing a "Josie and the Pussycats" short called ""Musical Evolution"" that featured the Pussycats performing their theme song through the various eras of popular music, including pop, disco, punk, Kiss-like heavy metal, country, and techno. Different animation styles are used for each era. That same year, the characters were adapted into a live action film. The film starred Rachael Leigh Cook as Josie, Tara Reid as Melody, and Rosario Dawson as Valerie.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: DiC Entertainment, which had produced cartoon adaptations of Archie properties in the 80s, 90s, and early-2000s, had originally set out to create a cartoon based on the band (mainly in the wake of the 2001 film), before it was scrapped.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The 2004–2007 Comedy Central animated TV series "Drawn Together" featured a character named Foxxy Love. An African-American mystery-solving musician, she was a direct parody of the "Josie and the Pussycats" character Valerie Brown.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Several episodes of "Speed Buggy", a later Hanna-Barbera show, had similar plots to some "Josie and the Pussycats" episodes, specifically the two "Josie and the Pussycats" episodes "A Greenthumb is Not a Goldfinger" ("Island of the Giant Plants" in "Speed Buggy") and "X Marks the Spot" ("Out of Sight" in "Speed Buggy"), and the "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" episode "Warrior Women of Amazonia" ("The Hidden Valley of Amazonia" in "Speed Buggy").


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The ship from "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space", along with other iconic ships, appears as space debris in the "Futurama" episode "Mobius Dick".


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: In 2016, "Josie and the Pussycats" was rebooted as a comic book. This update features a new version of the origin of the band, where struggling musician Josie joins up with her roommate Melody and Valerie, a veterinarian's assistant, to start the Pussycats, despite the jealousy of Josie's former best friend Alexandra.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: The 2017 live-action TV series "Riverdale" featured Josie and the Pussycats as African-American students at Riverdale High School, portrayed by Ashleigh Murray (Josie), Hayley Law (Valerie) and Asha Bromfield (Melody). Murray later co-starred in the "Riverdale" spin-off "Katy Keene" starting in 2020 as an adult Josie, with Lucien Laviscount as Alexander and Camille Hyde as Alexandra.


title: Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)

text: Bleep appears in "Jellystone!" voiced by Jim Conroy. He visits Jellystone in "Mr. Flabby Dabby Wabby Jabby" and his self-titled episode. In the latter, Bleep befriended Cindy Bear and is shown to get vicious if given something that has hot sauce on it.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: Bernard Anício Caldeira Duarte (born 8 September 1992), better known as Bernard () and Bernard Duarte, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Super League Greece club Panathinaikos. A left-sided player, he is known for his pace and energy.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: Born in Belo Horizonte, Bernard began his professional career with hometown club Atlético Mineiro, where he won the 2013 Copa Libertadores. He then moved for a reported €25 million fee to Shakhtar Donetsk, where he won three Ukrainian Premier League titles. In 2018, he joined Everton on a free transfer.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: Bernard made his international debut for Brazil in 2012 and was in the squads that won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup semi-finals on home soil.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: Bernard started his footballing career in 2006, joining Atlético Mineiro's youth system, but was released twice because of his short height. In 2010, he was loaned to Democrata FC (back then, a club which was made up entirely of Atlético Mineiro's youth players), to play in Campeonato Mineiro Segunda Divisão (third level).


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: After being the top goalscorer at Democrata (14 goals in only 16 games), Bernard returned to Atlético. Despite being young enough to play in Copa São Paulo de Juniores, he was called up by the manager Dorival Júnior to play for first team.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: He made his debut with the club in the match against Uberaba, on 23 March 2011, playing in the right back position due to the squad's injury crisis at the time. He then returned to youth squads, scoring the winning goal of the Taça Belo Horizonte de Juniores.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: After Dorival's dismissal and the appointment of Cuca, Bernard returned to the first team squad. On 21 May, he made his Série A debut, against Atlético Paranaense. In his first season, Bernard appeared 23 times for Galo (19 starts, 1794 minutes overall). On 14 September, Atlético's president Alexandre Kalil rejected a £3.4 million bid from Al Ahli Doha.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: He scored his first professional goal on 29 January 2012, against Boa Esporte. He then scored again against Caldense on 11 February, and twice against América-MG on 13 May, Campeonato Mineiro's final. His first Série A goal came on 23 June, in a 5–1 routing against Náutico. He finished the season with 36 appearances (all starts, 3100 minutes overall), scoring eleven times, leading the club (along with Ronaldinho and Jô) to a second-place finish in the league. Bernard also won Brasileirão's Best Newcomer.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: On 30 July 2013 Atletico Mineiro President Alexandre Kalil accepted an offer of £22 million from Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk. However, the player's agent and father revealed his son had his heart set on joining FC Porto, although, Kalil revealed Shakhtar were the only club to submit an offer for the player.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: On 8 August 2013 Shakhtar Donetsk announced the signing of Bernard on a five-year deal for a reported €25 million. He made his debut for the Ukrainian side on 31 August, coming on as a substitute for Douglas Costa, in the 1–1 draw with FC Metalist Kharkiv.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: Bernard was chosen as one of the top 11 South American players 2013 by the Spanish newspaper "El País".


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: Commenting on the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Bernard stated that he was willing to leave Shakhtar if the situation intensified, and had made arrangements for a potential emergency exit. His contract expired at the end of the 2017–18 season, and he became a free agent.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: Bernard joined English club Everton on 9 August 2018, signing a four-year deal with the Premier League side. Manager Marco Silva ignored concerns over Bernard's height and physicality, instead signing him for his technical ability. He made his debut on 25 August in a 2–2 draw at AFC Bournemouth, replacing Theo Walcott for the final five minutes.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: He scored his first goal for Everton on 5 January 2019 in a 2–1 FA Cup win over Lincoln City in the 3rd round. He then scored his first Premier League goal on 30 March 2019 in a 0–2 victory against West Ham United. On 10 February 2021, he scored the winning goal in a 5–4 win over Tottenham Hotspur after extra-time in the 2020–21 FA Cup 5th round tie.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: On 22 July 2021, Bernard signed a two-year deal with UAE Pro League club Sharjah for a reported fee of €1 million.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: On 21 August 2022, Super League Greece club Panathinaikos announced the signing of Bernard. He made his debut on 11 September in a league match against AEK Athens, coming on as a second half substitution in a 2–1 win.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: Bernard was first called up for Brazil on 11 September 2012, to the Superclásico de las Américas, by coach Mano Menezes. He made his debut for Brazil as a 74th-minute substitute for Lucas Marques on 21 November 2012, in the 2nd leg of the 2012 Superclásico de las Américas against Argentina, where the "Seleção" won the title on penalties.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: He was selected in Brazil's squad for their hosting of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, making his first appearance in the final group game against Italy for the last 20 minutes in place of Neymar. He also came on as a substitute in the semi-final victory over Uruguay, as Brazil went on to win the trophy.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: After being regularly called up by manager Luiz Felipe Scolari, Bernard was named among the final 23-man squad ahead of 2014 FIFA World Cup on 7 May 2014. He played in the opening game against Croatia as a substitute for Hulk, and came on at half-time in Brazil's second group game against Mexico, a 0–0 draw. He was then unused until his first start in a major tournament, playing all 90 minutes of the 7–1 defeat to Germany in his hometown of Belo Horizonte.


title: Bernard (footballer)

text: He remained an unused substitute in the third place play-off match against Netherlands, which Brazil lost 3–0.


title: Kornbread Jeté

text: Kornbread Jeté, also known as Kornbread "The Snack" Jeté or simply Kornbread, is the stage name of Demoria Elise Williams (born January 14, 1992), an American drag queen. She is known for competing on season 14 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2022.


title: Kornbread Jeté

text: Williams was born and raised in Columbia, South Carolina. She later moved to Los Angeles to study musical theatre.


title: Kornbread Jeté

text: As of 2022, Kornbread works at The Abbey in Los Angeles, and hosts weekly "Drag Race" watch parties at West Hollywood's Abbey Food & Bar.


title: Kornbread Jeté

text: In 2022, she competed on season 14 of "RuPaul's Drag Race". She performed an original song routine for the opening episode's talent show and won the challenge, which came with a cash prize of $5,000. In her routine, she used a milk carton with former "Drag Race" judge Merle Ginsberg depicted as a missing person. In the fifth episode, it was announced that Kornbread had to withdraw from the competition after rolling her ankle the week prior, ultimately coming in 11th Place. At the finale, she was announced as Season 14's Miss Congeniality, having been chosen by her fellow contestants, and won a $10,000 cash prize. Kornbread makes an appearance in "Hocus Pocus 2" as the character Drag Queen Mary of the year 2022.


title: Kornbread Jeté

text: She has appeared in videos with Brandon Rogers and Fine Brothers Entertainment, and has been featured in Thrillist.


title: Kornbread Jeté

text: Kornbread is a transgender woman. She is close friends with Kerri Colby, a fellow "Drag Race" contestant and trans woman. Kornbread has said of Colby, "She's literally walked me through so much of my transition that no one understands how much she's done for me personally. She's not my drag mom, but I tell her she's definitely partly my trans mom."


title: Kornbread Jeté

text: Kornbread is the drag daughter of Calypso Jeté Balmain who won the first season of "Legendary" with the House of Balmain.


title: Kornbread Jeté

text: On September 26, 2022, Kornbread announced via an Instagram post that she had been diagnosed with an early stage adenocarcinoma, a type of intestinal cancer, and used her experience to raise awareness of the disease.


title: Dulwich College

text: Dulwich College is a 2–19 independent, day and boarding school for boys in Dulwich, London, England. As a public school, it began as the College of God's Gift, founded in 1619 by Elizabethan actor Edward Alleyn, with the original purpose of educating 12 poor scholars. It began to grow into a large school from 1857, and took its current form in 1870 when it moved into its current premises.


title: Dulwich College

text: Admission by examination is mainly into years 3, 7, 9, and 12 (i.e. ages 7, 11, 13, and 16 years old) to the Junior, Lower, Middle and Upper Schools into which the college is divided. It is a member of both the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the Eton Group.


title: Dulwich College

text: On 21 June 1619 the College of God's Gift was established in Dulwich by Edward Alleyn with the signing letters patent by James I. The term "Dulwich College" was used colloquially from that date, such as in 1675 when John Evelyn described his visit to Dulwich College in his "Diary". However, for at least 263 years this colloquialism was incorrect as the school was part of the overall charitable Foundation. Edward Alleyn, as well as being a famous Elizabethan actor, for whom Christopher Marlowe wrote his title roles, performed at the Rose Theatre, was also a man of great property and wealth, derived mainly from places of entertainment including theatres and bear-gardens. There is no documentary evidence for the legend that he owned brothels. He was "Chief Maister, Ruler and Overseer of [the King's] games of Beares, Bulls, Mastiff Dogs and Mastiff Bitches". Allegations that Alleyn turned his attention towards charitable pursuits out of have been traced to the 19th-century journalist George Sala and questioned, though never firmly answered in the negative.


title: Dulwich College

text: Since 1605, Alleyn had owned the manorial estate of Dulwich, and it may have been around this time that he first had the idea of establishing a college or hospital for poor people and the education of poor boys. The building on Dulwich Green of a chapel, a schoolhouse and twelve almshouses, began in 1613 and was completed in the autumn of 1616. On 1 September 1616 the chapel was consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury who became the official Visitor. However, Edward Alleyn faced objections from Francis Bacon, the Lord Chancellor, in getting the patent of incorporation that was necessary to secure the Foundation's status as a college. It was Alleyn's persistence that led to the foundation being endowed by James I's signing of the letters patent.


title: Dulwich College

text: The charity originally consisted of a Master, Warden, four fellows, six poor brothers, six poor sisters and twelve poor scholars (orphans admitted from the age of six years), who became the joint legal owners of Alleyn's endowment of the manor and lands of Dulwich, collectively known as the Members of the College. The poor brothers and sisters and scholars were to be drawn from the four parishes that were most closely tied to Alleyn (being St Botolph's Bishopsgate where he was born, St Giles, Middlesex where he had built his Fortune Theatre, St Saviour's Southwark where he had the Paris Bear Garden and had managed the Rose Theatre, and St Giles Camberwell where the college was founded). The business of the charity was conducted in the name of these 30 members by the Master, Warden and four Fellows (Chaplain, Schoolmaster, Usher and Organist).


title: Dulwich College

text: Alleyn drew upon the experience of other similar establishments in order to formulate the statutes and ordinances of the college, including drawing on the statutes of the already ancient Winchester College and visiting the more contemporary establishments of Sutton's Hospital (now Charterhouse School) and Croydon's Hospital (now the almshouses of the Whitgift Foundation). Among the many statutes and ordinances signed by Alleyn that pertained to the charitable scheme were provisions that the scholars "w"ere "entitled to stay until they were eighteen". And "to be taught in good and sound learning ... that they might be prepared for university or for good and sweet trades and occupations". Another stipulation was that the Master and Warden should always be unmarried and of Alleyn's blood, and surname, and if the former was impossible then at least of Alleyn's surname. Alleyn also made provision that the people of Dulwich should be able to have their "men children" instructed at the school for a fee as well as children from outside Dulwich for a separate fee.


title: Dulwich College

text: The next two centuries were beset by both external difficulties such as diminishing financial fortunes and failing buildings as well as internal strife between the various Members of the College. The Official Visitor, the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose function was to ensure that the statutes were obeyed, was called in many times. The lack of a disinterested body of governors and of any official connection to the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge contributed significantly to the school failing to fulfill Alleyn's vision in its first two centuries. Some notable Masters did preside over the college during this time, including James Allen (the first Master to drop the 'y' from his surname), who in 1741 made over to the college six houses in Kensington, the rents of which were to be used in the establishment of two small schools in Dulwich, one for boys from the village, the other for girls to read and sew, out of which James Allen's Girls' School (JAGS) arose. Dr John Allen (1771–1843) of Holland House was a most learned and influential man, but neglected the education of the Poor Scholars.


title: Dulwich College

text: Having already obtained an Act in 1805 allowing them to enclose and develop of common land within the manor, the college was granted the power by the 1808 Dulwich College Building Act to extend the period over which leases ran, from 21 years as laid down by Alleyn, to 84 years, thus attracting richer tenants and bringing in large sums of money. The increased wealth of the college eventually resulted in the Charity Commission establishment of an enquiry into the advisability of widening the application of the funds to those extra beneficiaries Alleyn had specified in later amended clauses to the foundation's original statutes. Although the Master of the Rolls, Lord Langdale rejected the appeal in 1841 on the grounds that Alleyn had no right to alter the original statutes, he did express dissatisfaction with the college's educational provision.


title: Dulwich College

text: Immediately after this criticism, the Dulwich College Grammar School was established in 1842 for the education of poor boys from Dulwich and Camberwell. To this school were transferred the boys of the James Allen Foundation, leaving James Allen's school for girls only. The Old Grammar School, as it became known, was erected in 1841 opposite the Old College, designed by Sir Charles Barry, the architect of the Palace of Westminster. It still exists today. The foundation scholars of the college continued to receive an education far short of Alleyn's vision, despite further attempts at reform by the Visitor. In 1854, the college was investigated by a new Commission set up by the 1853 Charitable Trusts Act which led to the 1857 Dulwich College Act.


title: Dulwich College

text: The "College of God's Gift" became "Alleyn's College of God's Gift" when, on 25 August 1857, the Dulwich College Act dissolved the existing corporation and the charity was reconstituted with the new name. It was split into two parts with a joint Board of Governors: the "educational" (for the college) and the "eleemosynary" (for the charity). The Master, Warden, four fellows and 12 servants were pensioned off, although Alleyn's wishes were, and continue to be, respected, as sixteen pensioners (being the equivalent of 12 poor brothers and sisters plus four fellows) still live in flats in the Old College, looked after by a Warden. As for the Master, he was still to be appointed as the head of the new school.


title: Dulwich College

text: In its new form, the Master of the College was Reverend Alfred Carver (Master from April 1857 to April 1883). Carver successfully fought with the Chairman of the Governors, the Rev William Rogers, to create a public school with high academic standards. He was the first Master not to share the name of the school's founder "Alleyn" (or latterly "Allen"). The educational college was split into an ""Upper"" and ""Lower"" school. The "Upper school" was for boys between 8 and 18, to be taught a wide and detailed syllabus, and continued to be colloquially referred to as ""Dulwich College"". The "Lower school" for boys between 8 and 16, had lower fees and a syllabus and was aimed at children of the industrial and poorer classes. The Lower School was the incorporation of the boys from the grammar school established in the previous decade and was referred to as ""Alleyn's College of God's Gift"", although this was the name of the complete charitable foundation.


title: Dulwich College

text: Dulwich College was included in Howard Staunton's 1865 book, "The Great Schools of England", who wrote of the "unusually comprehensive [scheme of instruction]" and by the mid-1860s such was the enhanced reputation of the school that the pressure for places led to the introduction of a competitive examination. In 1869 the upper school took possession of the current site, referred to as the ""New College"", but it was not until Founder's Day (21 June) 1870 that the new college was officially opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The new college buildings, sited in the 24 hectares (60 acres) of Dulwich Common, were designed by Charles Barry Jr. (the eldest son of Sir Charles Barry). The lower school alone continued to occupy the Old College in Dulwich Village from 1870 until it was moved to its new (and current) premises in East Dulwich in 1887.


title: Dulwich College

text: The present school colours and school magazine ("The Alleynian") were established in the 1860s and 1870s, as were school societies such as "Debating" and "Natural Science". By the time Canon Carver retired from the position of Master in 1882, Dulwich College was said to have expanded more rapidly in the previous 25 years than any other establishment and to be "holding its own at universities", to have "won a large number of places of honour in the Indian and Home Civil Service" and "at the Royal Military College of Woolwich" and to be well represented among "the public schools medals of the Royal Geographic Society and the prizes of the Art Schools of the Royal Academy".


title: Dulwich College

text: Despite its excellent reputation, the college was the focus of pressure by the Charity Commissioners and other parties (including the Board of Governors and the outlying parishes named in Edward Alleyn's will) to reorganise it and divert much of its endowment to other schemes. The Master, Canon Carver, resisted these pressures for many years, finally winning an appeal in 1876 at the highest possible level (the Privy Council) where Lord Selborne ruled in his favour. In 1882, the Charity Commissioners finally issued a scheme that Canon Carver found acceptable. This passed into law by Act of Parliament and resulted in the Upper and Lower schools being officially split into separate institutions.


title: Dulwich College

text: The Upper School became Dulwich College ("officially" for the first time) and the Lower became Alleyn's School. Both schools remained within the College of God's Gift charitable foundation (along with James Allen's Girls' School, St Olave's and St Saviour's Grammar School, and the three Central Foundation schools in Finsbury and Bishopsgate).


title: Dulwich College

text: Two Boards of Governors came into being. Both Dulwich College and Alleyn's School were to be managed by the college Governors who also administered the Chapel and Picture Gallery. The Estates and Almshouses were placed in the hands of the Estates Governors. The foundation and the college are still governed under the same arrangement. The Archbishop of Canterbury's position as Visitor was also changed to that of Honorary Visitor of Alleyn's College of God's Gift, his powers being vested in the Charity Commissioners. Dulwich College's income is derived from the contributions by the Estates Governors, among whom the College Governors are well represented (having eight of the twenty five places) Canon Carver retired at this point, being the first headmaster to be both appointed and retired by Act of Parliament.


title: Dulwich College

text: Canon Carver was said to have given the college a body, but Arthur Herman Gilkes (Master from 1885–1914) to have given it a soul, with his noble ideals of scholarship and public service. He founded the College Mission in a poverty-stricken part of Camberwell.


title: Dulwich College

text: London County Council scholars were admitted to Dulwich College from 1903. The college was saved from bankruptcy by the "Dulwich College Experiment" or "Gilkes Experiment", the work of A. H .Gilkes's son Christopher Gilkes (Master from 1941–1953), the forerunner of the state "Assisted Places Scheme", by which the majority of boys selected to attend the college had their fees paid by local councils. This resulted in an academic "Renaissance" of the college which came to a climax from the late 1950s when the college was at the forefront of the schools winning awards on entry to Oxford and Cambridge.


title: Dulwich College

text: When Edward Alleyn founded the school he was awarded a coat of arms and crest. This was used by the school until, in 1935, it was decreed by the College of Arms that it was the exclusive property of Edward Alleyn and his family. The new arms granted by the College of Arms were very similar to the old ones retaining most of the features. Deism and learning are represented by the flames in the crest. From the ring of flames an arm with a hand holding a heart protrudes. This probably symbolises charity and has a twofold meaning. First, it represents Alleyn's charitable intentions, and second it recalls Alleyn's famous speech, written by Ben Jonson, when he presented King James I with the flaming heart of London during "The Magnificent Entertainment", involving a procession through the streets and through triumphal arches by which the City of London welcomed King James I from Scotland in 1604. The lower portion of the shield incorporates the original shield being an argent (silver) background on which are placed a chevron (bent bar) dividing three cinquefoils gules (red five pointed stars).


title: Dulwich College

text: Boarders now belong to one of three boarding houses, although the number of boarding houses has fluctuated over time. Those up to age 16 (Year 11) live in The Orchard, while boys of the Upper School (Year 12 and Year 13) live in either Ivyholme or Blew House.


title: Dulwich College

text: After the college was reconstituted in 1857 most of the boys were day-boys but provision was made for boarders, and the Governors licensed three boarding houses to be kept by respectable ladies in the village (hence they were then known as "dames' houses"). A fourth was added soon afterwards. The number of functioning boarding houses has fluctuated between one and five since that point and in total there have been six different houses:


title: Dulwich College

text: The colour system (for more detail see "School uniform and colours" below) also extended to the boarding houses due to their particular impact on college life. At one time, Bell, Ivyholme and Blew had their own sports teams and their own distinct colours. Those awarded colours could wear ties and caps and for outstanding contribution the house blazer was awarded. Boarders with no colours could wear black ties to distinguish them from day boys.


title: Dulwich College

text: Today, senior boys can still become members of the Zodiac and Caerulean Clubs for Ivyholme and Blew respectively. The house captain, who is automatically a member of the club, controls membership of clubs, and such membership confers the right to wear a special tie. When, across the school, the uniform was standardised in 1970, the tradition of the house blazers disappeared save for the House Captain who, if he has earned full school colours, may wear the house blazer.


title: Dulwich College

text: This trophy was presented to the college prior to the Second World War. It was a trophy competed for by boarders only presented by an Old Alleynian, A. G. Gordon. It was originally competed for by the four boarding houses (when there was no junior/senior distinction), but after the Second World War only by the senior houses Blew House and Ivyholme until 2017, the year which Orchard were readded to the competition. It is still played for today.


title: Dulwich College

text: All boys are members of one of eight day houses or "Athletic Houses" as they were originally known. The Houses were the brainchild of W.D. ('Scottie') Gibbon, an assistant master and rugby coach. The idea was decided upon in 1919 and in the school magazine, "The Alleynian", of March 1920 the process was described. The division would be into six houses to be named after "distinguished Englishmen of the Elizabethan period" (see table below). The name of Shakespeare was omitted as being considered pre-eminent. Upon their original creation Boarders and Day Boys were divided thus: "Grenville" included "Blew House", "Marlowe" included "The Orchard", Spenser included "Elm Lawn", "Sidney" included "Ivyholme" and two entirely Day-boy houses were created: "Drake" and "Raleigh". In 1982 two more Houses (Jonson and Howard) were added due to an increased College roll.


title: Dulwich College

text: The athletic houses were created to improve the standard of games at the college, which had deteriorated during the First World War. Before the creation of these houses, the most keenly anticipated matches were the Boarders vs Day-Boys or the Prefects vs The Rest of the School. The Athletic Houses produced, and still produce, Big Sides and Little Sides for competition. Big Sides are Houses teams that include players who also represent the school and Little are House sides that do not include school sporting representatives.


title: Dulwich College

text: A boy's house is decided randomly or through family connection where possible. The houses continue to compete in sporting and cultural competitions (such as music, drama, chess and debating). The Cock House "Shield" or "Cup" are presented to the leading House at the end of the school year taking into account all competitions.


title: Dulwich College

text: The dress code for pupils of Dulwich College depends on the boarding or day houses a boy might belong to, the sports teams represented, or whether a boy has attained school colours or become a prefect. Alleyn had prescribed the clothing of poor scholars to be "a white calico surplice, a long coat such as that worn by Christ's Hospital boys, of good cloth of sad (dark and sober) colour, a bodice lined with canvas, skirts with cotton lining, canvas shirts, white cotton drawers, knitted stockings, shoes and belt, a girdle and a black cap." This is how boys were dressed for more than two centuries, until the new foundation in 1857.


title: Dulwich College

text: In 1863, the Master, Alfred Carver, decreed the uniform should be "Short tunic buttoned to the chin, trousers of an Oxford mixture, an ordinary rifle cap with a broad band and narrow peak, and a dark coloured Inverness cape for winter." Under Carver, boys still wore waistcoats of varied hues and "the latest creations in neckties". This was suppressed in 1883 by the new Master, Welldon, whose first rule on arrival was that the boys should wear uniform, a forerunner of the subfusc jackets of today.


title: Dulwich College

text: The colours of the college, blue and black, according to tradition are based on Marlborough College although Haileybury is more likely the model. It is known that in 1864 caps were introduced, with cross ribbons of purple soon altered to blue. The college arms were added in 1875. From this time, the colour scheme arose for rewarding achievement, limited at first to sport with blazers for the 1st and 2nd team of the major sports, rugby and cricket (as well as ties, caps and squares). The minor sports also had colours, although these did not extend to a full blazer. Rather, athletics, fives, shooting, boxing, tennis, swimming, gymnastics, fencing and waterpolo had blazer badges (plus caps and ties). Additionally, the boarding houses, which historically had a disproportionate effect on the sporting life of the college, had their own boarding house colours. "(For more details see Boarding Houses)"


title: Dulwich College

text: By 1909 there were seventeen different caps plus a variety of blazers. The striped jackets for prominent sportsmen also conferred certain privileges, such as having the right to proceed first through the doors of centre block.


title: Dulwich College

text: Further emphasising status were special caps for major sports colours. Rugby had a pie-shaped porker with tassels. Likewise, prefects wearing caps quartered in blue and black, could unbutton their jackets and keep their hands in their trousers. The most exclusive items took precedence even over the striped blazers of members of the 1st teams for major sports. The very best rugby players were on rare occasions awarded the rugby honours cap, and perhaps the most fabled item of all, still displayed in the college's Wodehouse library, was the white blazer. This was only awarded on the recommendation of the Field Sports Committee (see Sport section) with the essential requirement being that a boy be a member of both the Cricket 1st XI and the Rugby 1st XV "and" display prominence in a minor sport (e.g. boxing, fives, squash, fencing, shooting).


title: Dulwich College

text: This uniform changed little till the 1960s (save for the arms change in 1935, and the addition of the house colours on sports shirts following the athletics houses foundation in 1920). By the 1960s, boys (other than prefects and those with sporting honours) had to wear a black jacket and either grey flannels or pinstripe trousers in the Autumn and Winter terms. Shortly after the start of the Summer term, an announcement would be made that henceforth, for the rest of the term, blazers (navy blue with a white embroidered DC in gothic script) and grey flannels would be worn, along with the option of boaters. The traditional cap which was balanced on the back of the head was to be worn when in uniform off school premises and (no doubt because of its precarious perch) boys would "cap" those to whom they would otherwise have raised their caps. "Capping" involved touching the College arms on the cap with the left hand. The 1960s saw the demise of caps and boaters and a reduction in the variety of blazers, as well as the end of shirts with separate collars.


title: Dulwich College

text: When Arthur Herman Gilkes became Master, he adhered to Carver's belief that the physical organisation of the school should be based on the principle that as far as possible management should be in the hands of the boys. Therefore, he continued the tradition of the general running of games being entrusted to a Field Sports Board (sometimes referred to as the Field Sports Committee), composed of the "school captain, captains of cricket, football (rugby), gymnastics, the baths (swimming), fencing, fives, athletics sports, boxing and shooting". Gilkes had it that the only masters with authorised status with regards to games were the captain of the Rifle Corps, and treasurer of the Sports Board. By 1894 there no more masters on the Field Sports Committee. The Board at the time controlled the appointment of captains and had some say in the style of blazers that could be worn as uniform. It was the Field Sports Committee, for example, that governed the award of the college's most prestigious colours, the white blazer. The system today is very different with assistant masters now being in charge of games, and acting more as coaches.


title: Dulwich College

text: Colours for sporting achievement were the first such colours to be established at the college (see School uniform and colours below). Originally colours consisted of blazers for the 1st and 2nd team of the major sports, rugby and cricket (as well as ties, caps and squares) and colours for minor sports, (not extending to a full blazer but blazer badges plus caps and ties). Caps were also available, such as for rugby, the pie shaped porker and more exclusive items such as the rare rugby honours cap, and the white blazer, only awarded on the recommendation of the Field Sports Committee with the essential requirement being that a boy be a member of both the Cricket 1st XI and the Rugby 1st XV "and" display prominence in a minor sport. Testament to the judgment of the committee are the careers of certain alumni who received this blazer such as Trevor Bailey the England cricket all-rounder, who was so awarded because he was also a distinguished squash player.


title: Dulwich College

text: The college still divides sport into Major and Minor. The major sports have always included rugby and cricket in the Michaelmas and summer terms respectively and for many decades just these two were deemed as major. In the 20th century, field hockey became a major sport in the Lent term, having been introduced in 1953. Soccer, a minor sport since it was allowed in 1970, became of equal status to hockey in 2000. A raft of minor sports have also been recognised at the college for well over a century in many cases. Minor sports have included athletics from 1864; Fives from 1894 (effectively ended by the courts being destroyed by enemy bombs in the Second World War); shooting from 1878 (less applicable due to safety regulations and the loss of the .22 range); boxing from 1879 (abandoned in the 1960s but with martial arts now filling the void), tennis from 1880 (although banned during A H Gilkes' time); swimming from 1883 with the college being one of the first schools to erect a swimming pool; gymnastics from 1891; fencing (like boxing, saw a demise in the 1960s but still has a representative team); squash and water polo. The school also has teams for golf; badminton; basketball; croquet; cycling; skiing; table tennis and rugby fives. The facilities, which include a sports centre complex, courts for most racquet sports, an athletic track, tennis courts, a swimming-pool and acres of playing fields, cater to almost all sporting requirements.


title: Dulwich College

text: The school has an active rowing club called the Dulwich College Boat Club (a recent introduction in 1991 – the school now owns a boathouse on the River Thames). The club is affiliated to British Rowing (boat code DUL) and has produced four British champion crews at the 2001 British Rowing Championships, 2008 British Rowing Championships.,2014 National Schools' Regatta, and 2016 Schools' Head of the River Race


title: Dulwich College

text: The major sport of the Michaelmas term, Dulwich College rugby has long enjoyed a powerful reputation. The school began its rugby tradition with a 1–0 victory over City of London School in 1859, 12 years before the founding of the Rugby Football Union. Since that time the school has had upwards of 30 Old Alleynians play at full international level, with more playing at schoolboy international level, national reserve and professional club rugby as well as representatives for invitational sides such as the Barbarians.


title: Dulwich College

text: Three British and Irish Lions have emerged from the college. 1909 featured an unbeaten first XV which contained five future internationals dubbed the "Famous Five". Between 2012 and 2014, Dulwich College won the Natwest Schools Cup (previously known as the Daily Mail Cup) three times in a row, then in 2017 secured an historic double, becoming the first ever team to win both the schools cup (in the years mentioned) and the Champions Trophy, the highest Tier of School Cup Rugby.


title: Dulwich College

text: Dulwich College has a well-established Combined Cadet Force contingent that has been running since the organisation was founded in 1859. The cadets can choose between three sections: Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force, with most cadets joining in year 9. Since 2018 the DCCF has accepted female cadets from JAGS (James Allen Girls School). The DCCCF regularly conducts battlecraft trips, flying days at RAF Benson and expeditions to the arctic or desert. The DCCCF are Gold medal winners in the Cambrian Patrol and have won both the Guthrie cup, London district shooting competition, 1st place regional first aid, 2nd place in National First Aid (making the first aid team the best in England and Wales) and the Air Squadron Trophy Competition. They came first both regionally and nationally in 2020. As of 2020, the RAF section is the most decorated section in Britain and the DCCF is also the most decorated contingent nationally.


title: Dulwich College

text: Dulwich College has a scout troop which has two patrols within it. It runs from year 6 to year 13 with both scouts and explorers. The troop is called the 25th Camberwell and has been running for more than 80 years.


title: Dulwich College

text: Dulwich College has a large union for clubs and societies containing over 50 societies. There is a wide range of clubs ranging from Rocketry to History and the college used to have a Chicken society in which boys tended to the college's chickens. The clubs, and Union, are run by boys in Year 12 and 13 and contribute to their The Duke of Edinburgh's Awards. Most of these clubs and societies have their own personalised ties.


title: Dulwich College

text: Within the Dulwich College Union debating plays a large role. The Dulwich College society runs during the school terms but competes both nationally and internationally. The society runs from year 7 to 13 and has around 50 members. It has recently enjoyed great success, winning the Oxford Union Debating Competition in 2014, 2015 and 2016, the Cambridge Union Schools Debating Competition in 2014, 2015, and 2018, and the ESU (English Speaking Union) Schools Mace Debating Competition, also in 2014 and 2015. It has also represented Team England and competed internationally against other national teams, including in Texas, Singapore and Stuttgart. Dulwich College is, therefore, ranked as one of the top debating schools in the UK and one of the best in the world.


title: Dulwich College

text: The Dulwich College school magazine is called the "Alleynian", named after the school's founder Edward Alleyn. This magazine was first published in 1873, although the school's first magazine under the name the "Dulwich College Magazine for School News and General Reading" had been published in 1864 but only lasted for fourteen issues after its editor left for Cambridge University. "The Alleynian" was edited at one point by P. G. Wodehouse in his last year at the school.


title: Dulwich College

text: Old boys of Dulwich College are called "Old Alleynians", after the founder of the school. This is often abbreviated to ""O.A."" as post-nominal letters in brackets in school publications or publications specifically concerning the school. The term should not be confused with "Alleyn's Old Boys" used for alumni of Alleyn's School. Current pupils of the school are known as Alleynians. Prior to around 1880, the terms "Alleynian" and "Old Alleynian" were not used and the pupils and ex-pupils were known as "Dulwichians."


title: Dulwich College

text: Notable Old Alleynians include Sir Ernest Shackleton, Sir P G Wodehouse, Raymond Chandler, Sir Edward George, Bob Monkhouse, Michael Ondaatje, Chiwetel Ejiofor, politician and broadcaster Nigel Farage, the cricketer Trevor Bailey, C. S. Forester, the architect C. F. A. Voysey, and the comedian Paul Sinha.


title: Dulwich College

text: The head master of Dulwich College is styled "The Master of Dulwich College", as laid out in the 1882 scheme of the charity commissioners. This continued a tradition of the head of the College of God's Gift being called the "master" since its foundation in 1619. The foundation originally had a governing body consisting of a master, warden, four fellows, and six assistants made up of the two churchwardens of each of the three parishes of St Botolph's, Bishopsgate, of St Saviour's, Southwark, and of St Giles', Cripplegate. The master was most senior, followed by the warden and on vacancy of the mastership, the warden succeeded. By the 1857 Dulwich College Act the master, warden and fellows were pensioned and the governance of the foundation switched to a body of nineteen governors. However, the position of "master" continued as the title of the headmaster of the new upper school, with an undermaster as deputy. The 1882 act (as a result of the charity commissioners scheme) abolished the office of undermaster.


title: Dulwich College

text: The school has a very extensive archive, especially of material relating to drama and the arts, much of which is from Edward Alleyn's (the founder) own library. Apart from diaries kept by Alleyn and his partner Philip Henslowe are many other documents relating to the college and foundation. There are also 12 volumes of unpublished music by John Reading; two of the three volumes of the First Folio Shakespeare; a Mercator Atlas; first editions of poetry by John Donne, Edmund Spenser and Dryden; A Book of Hours from the fifteenth century and even a copy of the first book to be printed in London in 1480.


title: Dulwich College

text: Other interesting artefacts held by the college include the "James Caird", the lifeboat in which Ernest Shackleton made his intrepid voyage for survival to South Georgia from Elephant Island in 1916, as well as other items such as sledges from the earlier "Nimrod" expedition.


title: Dulwich College

text: Above the fireplace in the Masters' Library are two panels depicting "pietas" (Duty) and "liberalitas" (Generosity) bought by Edward Alleyn in 1618 from Elizabeth I's state barge. They are reputed to have originally come from Francis Drake's "Golden Hinde".


title: Dulwich College

text: In March 2021, a former pupil published an open letter to the Master, Joseph Spence, in which it was claimed that the school was a "breeding ground for sexual predators" and had an "established rape culture". The letter referenced hundreds of anonymous allegations of harassment or assault against former and current pupils both at the college and at neighbouring schools, as well as a failure of school administration to respond to allegations, and claimed that some Dulwich College pupils had a reputation for such behaviour, particularly among female students at nearby schools.


title: Dulwich College

text: Spence said he "condemned unreservedly the alleged social and sexual misconduct" which he said was "distressing and entirely unacceptable".


title: Dulwich College

text: In 1870, the buildings of the New College were painted by the impressionist artist, Camille Pissarro. Pissarro was at the time living in Upper Norwood, having fled from France at the time of the Franco-Prussian War, and was entranced by the London landscapes.


title: Yutha Satham

text: Yutha Satham () is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by Ezhil and produced by Kallal Global Entertainment. The film stars R. Parthiban, Gautham Karthik and Saipriya Deva, with a supporting cast including Robo Shankar, Manobala, Vaiyapuri and Chaams. It is based on the novel of the same name by Rajesh Kumar. The film's music and score is composed by D. Imman, with cinematography handled by R. B. Gurudev and editing done by Gopi Krishna. The film was released on 18 March 2022 to negative reviews.


title: Yutha Satham

text: Kathirvelan (R. Parthiban) plays a cop, who has returned to the force after a break following a personal tragedy. Kathirvelan gets a sensational case, literally right on his station's doorstep. After all, the victim, Raghavi (Saipriya Deva), has been stabbed multiple times by unidentified men. Kathirvelan, for some reason, decides to go after Nagulan (Gautham Karthik), Raghavi's boyfriend and a private detective. But Nakulan claims innocence and swears to find the killer himself.


title: Yutha Satham

text: In November 2020, R. Parthiban and Gautham Karthik were cast to play the lead roles in the film directed by Ezhil. The film is adapted from the crime novel of the same name written by Rajesh Kumar.


title: Yutha Satham

text: D. Imman composed the soundtrack and background score of the film while collaborating with Gautham Karthik for the second time after "Yennamo Yedho" and Ezhil for the fifth time after "Manam Kothi Paravai", "Desingu Raja", "Vellaikaara Durai" and "Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen".The audio rights were sold to Aditya Music.The first single track "Thailaanguyil" was released on 11 March 2022.Another single track "Rock N Roll Rasaathi" was sung by Benny Dayal and Joewin Shamalina and released on 16 March 2022.The full album jukebox was released on 19 March 2022 after the film's release.The original soundtrack score was released on 8 April 2022.


title: Yutha Satham

text: The film was scheduled to be released in theatres on 26 January 2022, but got postponed to 18 March 2022.


title: Yutha Satham

text: M. Suganth of "The Times of India" who gave 1.5 out of 5 stars after reviewing the film stated that "By the time we get to the final revelation on the identity of the killer, we hardly care." Avinash Ramachandran of Cinema Express gave 1.5 out of 5 stars stating that But the biggest mystery is how a film like this lacking in entertainment was made by Ezhil. It makes one ask... Whodunit, actually!."


title: Dayo Okeniyi

text: Oladayo A. Okeniyi (; born June 14, 1988) is a Nigerian-American actor, popularly known for playing the role of Thresh in "The Hunger Games" and Danny Dyson in "Terminator Genisys".


title: Dayo Okeniyi

text: Dayo was born in Jos and grew up in Lagos, Nigeria, and has four siblings. His father is a retired customs officer from Nigeria, and his mother is a literature teacher from Kenya.


title: Dayo Okeniyi

text: In 2003, he moved with his family to Indiana, United States, from Nigeria and later moved to California. He earned a bachelor's degree in visual communications at Anderson University (Indiana) in 2009.


title: Dayo Okeniyi

text: Prior to being cast in "The Hunger Games", Okeniyi worked in local theatre and in film shorts. Okeniyi starred 2014 in the drama film "Endless Love", also portrayed Danny Dyson in the 2015 film "Terminator Genisys" and starred in the NBC series "Shades of Blue". Okeniyi is set to appear in the film "Fresh", which is scheduled to screen at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: The Northern Ireland peace process includes the events leading up to the 1994 Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) ceasefire, the end of most of the violence of the Troubles, the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, and subsequent political developments.


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: In 1994, talks between the leaders of the two main Irish nationalist parties in Northern Ireland, John Hume of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), and Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin (SF), continued. These talks led to a series of joint statements on how the violence might be brought to an end. The talks had been going on since the late 1980s and had secured the backing of the Irish Government through an intermediary, Father Alec Reid.


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: In November it was revealed that the British government had also been in talks with the Provisional IRA, although they had long denied it.


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: On Wednesday 15 December 1993, the "Joint Declaration on Peace" (more commonly known as the Downing Street Declaration) was issued by John Major, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and Albert Reynolds, then Taoiseach (Prime Minister of the Republic of Ireland), on behalf of the British and Irish governments. This included statements that:


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) opposed the Declaration, James Molyneaux of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) argued that it was not a "sell-out" of unionists, and Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin requested dialogue with the governments and clarification of the Declaration.


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: On 6 April 1994, the Provisional IRA announced a three-day "temporary cessation of hostilities" to run from Wednesday 6 April – Friday 8 April 1994.


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: Five months later, on Wednesday 31 August 1994, the Provisional IRA announced a "cessation of military operations" from midnight. Albert Reynolds, the Irish Taoiseach, said that he accepted the IRA statement as implying a permanent ceasefire. Many unionists were sceptical. UUP leader James Molyneaux, in a rare slip, declared "This (the ceasefire) is the worst thing that has ever happened to us."


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: In the following period, there were disputes about the permanence of the ceasefire, whether parties linked to paramilitaries should be included in talks, and the rate of "normalisation" in Northern Ireland. Loyalist bombings and shootings, and punishment beatings from both sides, continued.


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: The agreement, known as the Good Friday Agreement, included a devolved, inclusive government, prisoner release, troop reductions, targets for paramilitary decommissioning, provisions for polls on Irish reunification, and civil rights measures and "parity of esteem" for the two communities in Northern Ireland.


title: Northern Ireland peace process

text: The agreement was to be approved by a referendum in Northern Ireland, and a separate referendum was to be held in the Republic to approve the necessary change to Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution. The people of the Republic overwhelmingly endorsed the agreement, but the campaign in Northern Ireland was more controversial, and the result less predictable. The referendums were held on the same day, 22 May 1998.