title: Dhamaal

text: Dhamaal () is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Indra Kumar and produced by Ashok Thakeria. The film stars Sanjay Dutt, Ritesh Deshmukh, Arshad Warsi, Aashish Chaudhary and Javed Jaffrey in the lead roles while Asrani, Sanjay Mishra, Murli Sharma, Vijay Raaz, Manoj Pahwa, Tiku Talsania and Prem Chopra are featured in supporting roles. It is heavily inspired from the 2001 American comedy film "Rat Race" directed by Jerry Zucker (which in turn was inspired by Stanley Kramer's 1963 classic It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World). It is the first installment of the "Dhamaal film series".


title: Dhamaal

text: In 2011, the film spawned a sequel, under the title of "Double Dhamaal", with the lead cast reprising their roles.


title: Dhamaal

text: A third reboot sequel, under the name "Total Dhamaal" was released in February 2019, with only Deshmukh, Warsi and Jaffrey returning with an entirely new cast and a fresh story, having no connections to "Dhamaal" and "Double Dhamaal."


title: Dhamaal

text: Roy (Riteish Deshmukh) is kicked out of his job for not guarding a certain building. Adi (Arshad Warsi) is using a mixtape to play a saxophone. After his audience finds out, they thrash him. Adi's autistic brother Manav (Javed Jaffrey) tries to get a Rs.50 Banknote back from a guy by reaching his wallet, only for his hand to be stuck in the guy's back pocket, while putting the wallet back after getting the money.The guy soon finds out and thrashes Manav. Boman contractor (Ashish Chaudhary) accidentally damages his father Nari's (Asrani) car's window, he is then kicked out of his house by Nari. All four of them wind up together in a woman's (Suhasini Mulay) house, where they go partying at nightclubs. In the house however, they're useless, as they don't do anything around and haven't paid their rent yet, after they play pranks on the woman, she kicks them out of the house for not paying their rents and tells them to get a decent job.


title: Dhamaal

text: Desperate to earn money, they devise up a plan. Adi tells Manav to steal a painting from the house. They decide to sell it to the son of the late Businessman Dwiwedi. However, Manav accidentally picks up a blank painting not knowing the reality. They humorously sell the painting for Rs.20,000 to Dwiwedi. They then pick up the original painting with the intention to sell it to Mr. Aggarwal, not knowing that he has been murdered. The case is handled by Inspector Gadha Kulkarni (Murli Sharma). He learns that before Mr. Aggrawal was murdered, he was speaking on the phone to somebody and he mentioned the words "horse" and "grass." He interprets these words to be some code language. The four arrive at Agrawal's residence. Kulkarni demands to see the painting. Seeing the horse and grass on the painting, he immediately arrests them.


title: Dhamaal

text: While driving on the highway, Kulkarni frees the foursomes upon being informed that they are innocent. The four are overjoyed until they suddenly witness a car accident and encounter the dying driver, Don Bose (Prem Chopra). He tells them that he has hidden a treasure of 10 crore in the St. Sebastian garden in Goa under a big 'W'. He tells them to divide the money equally among themselves and then dies. They come across Inspector Kabir Nayak (Sanjay Dutt) who has been trying to arrest Bose for the past ten years. He tries to extract information from the four but in vain, and they escape from there and decide to travel to Goa. Desperate for his promotion, Kabir is determined to capture the four. All four friends steal Boman's car which belongs to Nari still. The friends manage to steal the car but not before hitting Nari on the head and making him unconscious. Roy loses control of the car in a forest and hits it against a tree, breaking both headlights. They decide to spend the night in the car. The next day Kabir is transferred to Yavatmal for failing to capture Bose. Furious, he walks towards his table where Nari is waiting for him to file a complaint against his son for stealing his car. He gives Kabir the photos of Boman and his car. Meanwhile, all four come across a broken bridge which is the only way through the forest. They decide to jump the car but Boman is reluctant to do so. They manage to jump the car to the other side but it crashes and explodes.


title: Dhamaal

text: Kabir tracks the four down after discovering the destroyed car. He is able to learn the location of the treasure due to Manav's dumbness. He ties all four of them to a tree and sets off. However, they manage to escape and it is revealed that Roy had actually cut the engine wires of Kabir's car so he must have not gone too far. They reach a dhaba and pretend to be detectives. They make the villagers and the dhaba owner believe that Kabir is Pasha, a dangerous gang leader and lures them to capture him for the reward would be Rs. 15 lakhs. Kabir defeats the villagers and he and the four arrive at a settlement - 60% would belong to the four and 40% would belong to Kabir. But Adi insists on having his and Manav's money in separate shares when they were planning to pay Boman as one share for damaging his car. Consequently, a fight ensues and is decided that whoever reaches the treasure first would take all the money.


title: Dhamaal

text: All four part ways and try to reach Goa as soon as possible. Roy encounters a dacoit Babu Bhai (Sanjay Mishra) and agree to divide the money among themselves provided they reach Goa as soon as possible. Boman also encounters his father. Though Nari initially wants to kill his son, he changes his mind after he learns about the ten crores. Adi and Manav travel together. Kabir nearly escapes death as he hangs off a cliff and is pushed to deal with some school children who were supposed to visit and perform at a charity event. Adi and Manav fail to hitch a ride to take them to Goa until they bump into Iyer, who irritates them throughout the journey by continuously extending his patronymic name while introducing himself. This particular idea was loosely inspired from Arturo Cartoffoli helping Tintin to chase down the Sildavian kidnappers of Professor Calculus in "The Calculus Affair".


title: Dhamaal

text: Nari and Boman find a private pilot but hilarious conditions cause the duo to fly in utter despair when the pilot abandons the steer and collapses into alcoholism while airline customer service provider D.K. Malik pushes them to near madness, failing to save himself, but they manage to reach Goa. Finally, as they together reach the garden, they mutually agree to find the treasure together before dividing it. Manav is able to locate four palm trees which make the shape of a 'W' when a crow defecates on Adi. But Kabir arrives there and tells them to divide the money against them to which all agree. They dig there and are able to find the money. But again a fight ensues over the payment for the damage of the car. All are enraged when Adi and Manav decide to pay the money as one unit but are separate units while taking money. The fight goes on during which Kabir takes all the money and runs. He tries to escape in a hot air balloon on a beach but finds it tied to a pole. He dives in an effort to cut the rope but is beaten up by the rest who pursue him. The balloon blows off shore and all are disheartened.


title: Dhamaal

text: Conditions change when the wind changes direction and the balloon again blows onshore. Night falls and they follow the balloon in a towing van. The balloon clashes against a pole and the bag falls down. All of them try to collect as much money as they can when suddenly some spot lights focus on them and a crowd cheers loudly behind them. Realizing that they are on a stage and the occasion is the charity event to be attended by the performing children who were with Kabir, they further learn about the pathetic condition of the orphaned kids who were to be honored through charity, and decide to donate the money to the orphans. At the end, the chief guest of the event - Commissioner M.I Chaturvedi, who is Kabir's boss, praises all of them, while also telling Kabir that he will receive his promotion and that there is no better of use of this money than giving it for a charitable cause.


title: Dhamaal

text: The film ends on a happy note conveying that the fate of the money was already decided. It never belonged to the four friends. They were just a medium which helped the money reach its true destination.


title: Dhamaal

text: The film's soundtrack is composed by Adnan Sami with lyrics penned by Sameer. The songs, "Dekho Dekho" and "Miss India Marthi Mujhpe", were both known as the title song, since the main chorus of both the songs included the title "Dhamaal".


title: Dhamaal

text: A sequel named "Double Dhamaal" was released in 2011. The third film of the franchise was named "Total Dhamaal" and released in 2019.


title: Congo Basin

text: The Congo Basin () is the sedimentary basin of the Congo River. The Congo Basin is located in Central Africa, in a region known as west equatorial Africa. The Congo Basin region is sometimes known simply as the Congo. It contains some of the largest tropical rainforests in the world and is an important source of water used in agriculture and energy generation.


title: Congo Basin

text: The rainforest in the Congo Basin is the largest rainforest in Africa and second only to the Amazon rainforest in size, with 300 million hectares compared to the 800 million hectares in the Amazon. Because of its size and diversity, many experts have characterized the basin's forest as important for mitigating climate change because of its role as a carbon sink. However, deforestation and degradation of the ecology by the impacts of climate change may increase stress on the forest ecosystem, in turn making the hydrology of the basin more variable. A 2012 study found that the variability in precipitation caused by climate change will negatively affect economic activity in the basin.


title: Congo Basin

text: Eight sites of the Congo Basin are inscribed on the World Heritage List, five being also on the list of World Heritage in Danger (all five located in Democratic Republic of the Congo). Fourteen percent of the humid forest is designated as protected.


title: Congo Basin

text: Congo is a traditional name for the equatorial Middle Africa that lies between the Gulf of Guinea and the African Great Lakes. The basin begins in the highlands of the East African Rift system with input from the Chambeshi, the Uele and Ubangi rivers in the upper reaches and the Lualaba River draining wetlands in the middle reaches. Because of the young age and active uplift of the East African Rift at the headwaters, the river's yearly sediment load is very large, but the drainage basin occupies large areas of low relief throughout much of its area. It is delineated largely by swells including the Bie, Mayumbe, Adamlia, Nil-Congo, East African, and Zambian Swells.


title: Congo Basin

text: The basin ends where the river empties into the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The basin is a total of 3.7 million square kilometers and is home to some of the largest undisturbed stands of tropical rainforest on the planet, in addition to large wetlands.


title: Congo Basin

text: The first inhabitants of the Congo Basin area were believed to be pygmies, and at that time, the dense forests and wet climate kept the population of the region low, with the prevention of hunter-gatherer society, whose remnants of their culture survive to the present day. Eventually Bantu peoples migrated there and founded the Kingdom of Kongo.


title: Congo Basin

text: Belgium, France, and Portugal later established colonial control over the entire region by the late 19th century. The General Act of the Berlin Conference of 1885 gave a precise definition to the "conventional basin" of the Congo, which included the entire actual basin plus some other areas. The General Act bound its signatories to neutrality within the conventional basin, but this was not respected during the First World War.


title: Congo Basin

text: The climate is consistent, with two rainy seasons including very high rainfalls, and high temperature throughout the year.


title: Congo Basin

text: The forests of the Congo Basin affect rainfall across the North Atlantic. In other words, these forests are crucial to the future of climate stability, a bulwark against runaway climate change.


title: Congo Basin

text: The Congo forest is home to the okapi, African forest elephant, pygmy hippopotamus, bongo (antelope), chimpanzee, bonobo and the Congo peafowl. The basin is home to the endangered western lowland gorilla. In 2010, the United Nations Environment Programme warned that gorillas could be extinct from the greater Congo Basin in a matter of 15 years.The Congo Basin is the largest forest in Africa. More than 10,000 plant species can be found in and around the forest. The humid forests cover 1.6 million km². The Congo Basin is an important source of African teak, used for building furniture and flooring. An estimated 40 million people depend on these woodlands, surviving on traditional livelihoods.


title: Congo Basin

text: At a global level, Congo's forests act as the planet's second lung, counterpart to the rapidly dwindling Amazon. They are a huge "carbon sink", trapping carbon that could otherwise remain carbon dioxide. The Congo Basin holds roughly 8% of the world's forest-based carbon. If these woodlands are deforested, the carbon they trap will be released into the atmosphere. Predictions for future unabated deforestation estimate that by 2050 activities in the DRC will release roughly the same amount of carbon dioxide as the United Kingdom has emitted over the last 60 years. A 2013 study by British scientists showed that deforestation in the Congo Basin rainforest was slowing down. In 2017, British scientists discovered that peatlands in the Cuvette Centrale, which cover a total of 145,500 sq km, contain 30 billion tonnes of carbon, or 20 years of U.S. fossil fuel emissions.


title: Congo Basin

text: The Global Forest Atlas estimated that the logging industry covers from 44 to 66 million hectares of forest. A study published in 2019 in "Nature Sustainability" showed that 54,000 miles of roads for forest concessions were built between 2003 and 2018, reaching a total of 143,500 miles. A moratorium on logging in the Congo forest was agreed between the World Bank and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 2002. The World Bank agreed to provide $90 million of development aid to Democratic Republic of the Congo with the provision that the government did not issue any new concessions granting logging companies rights to exploit the forest. The deal also prohibited the renewal of existing concessions.


title: Congo Basin

text: The government has written a new forestry code that requires companies to invest in local development and follow a sustainable, 25-year cycle of rotational logging. When a company is granted a concession from the central government to log in Congo, it must sign an agreement with the local chiefs and hereditary land owners, who give permission for it to extract the trees in return for development packages. In theory, the companies must pay the government nearly $18 million rent per year for these concessions, of which 40% should be returned to provincial governments for investment in social development of the local population in the logged areas.


title: Congo Basin

text: In its current form, the Kyoto Protocol does not reward so-called "avoided deforestation"—initiatives that protect forest from being cut down. But many climate scientists and policymakers hope that negotiations for Kyoto's successor will include such measures. If this were the case, there could be a financial incentive for protecting forests. L’Île Mbiye, an island in the Lualaba River in Kisangani, is part of a project about forest ecosystem conservation, conducted by Stellenbosch University. Democratic Republic of the Congo is also looking to expand the area of forest under protection, for which it hopes to secure compensation through emerging markets for forest carbon. The main Congolese environmental organization working to save the forests is an NGO called OCEAN, which serves as the link between international outfits like Greenpeace and local community groups in the concessions.


title: Theme (narrative)

text: In contemporary literary studies, a theme is a central topic, subject, or message within a narrative. Themes can be divided into two categories: a work's "thematic concept" is what readers "think the work is about" and its "thematic statement" being "what the work says about the subject". Themes are often distinguished from premises.


title: Theme (narrative)

text: The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story, which can often be summed in a single word (for example, love, death, betrayal). Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society; coming of age; humans in conflict with technology; nostalgia; and the dangers of unchecked ambition. A theme may be exemplified by the actions, utterances, or thoughts of a character in a novel. An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men", wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely. It may differ from the thesis—the text's or author's implied worldview.


title: Theme (narrative)

text: A story may have several themes. Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas, such as ethical questions, and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly. An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life, at the price of giving up parts of one's humanity, which is a theme in Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World". Along with plot, character, setting, and style, theme is considered one of the components of fiction.


title: Theme (narrative)

text: "Leitwortstil," which means "leading word style" in German, is the repetition of a wording, often with a theme, in a narrative to make sure it catches the reader's attention. An example of a leitwortstil is the recurring phrase, "So it goes", in Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Slaughterhouse-Five". Its seeming message is that the world is deterministic: that things only could have happened in one way, and that the future already is predetermined. But given the anti-war tone of the story, the message perhaps is on the contrary, that "things could have been different". Its use in Scheherazade's "Arabian Nights" demonstrates how the technique can result to the unification of the constituent members of story cycles. In the Bible, various forms of the verb "to see" also recur and underscore the idea of Abraham as a seer. There is also the repeated use of the root "kbd" in Samuel I, to indicate "weightiness, honor, glory".


title: Theme (narrative)

text: In New Testament studies, a leitwortstil is called a verbal thread. David Rhoads, Joanna Dewey, and Donald Michie identify several verbal threads in their seminal narrative-critical study of the Gospel of Mark. For example, Mark ties together two disparate narratives with a verbal thread that forces the reader to search for connections between the narratives. The word for ripping or tearing (Greek: σχίζω, "schizō") is found at the baptism of Jesus in Mark 1:10 and at the rending of the temple veil in Mark 15:38.


title: Theme (narrative)

text: "Thematic patterning" means the insertion of a recurring motif in a narrative. For example, various scenes in John Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men" are about loneliness. Thematic patterning is evident in "One Thousand and One Nights", an example being the story of "The City of Brass". According to David Pinault, the overarching theme of that tale, in which a group of travelers roam the desert in search of ancient brass artifacts, is that "riches and pomp tempt one away from God". The narrative is interrupted several times by stories within the story. These include a tale recorded in an inscription found in the palace of Kush ibh Shaddad; a story told by a prisoner about Solomon; and an episode involving Queen Tadmur's corpse. According to Pinault, "each of these minor narratives introduces a character who confesses that he once proudly enjoyed worldly prosperity: subsequently, we learn, the given character has been brought low by God ... These minor tales ultimately reinforce the theme of the major narrative".


title: Theme (narrative)

text: Some common themes in literature are "love," "war," "revenge," "betrayal," "patriotism," "grace," "isolation," "motherhood," "forgiveness," "wartime loss," "treachery," "rich versus poor," "appearance versus reality," and "help from other-worldly powers."


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled is a 2019 kart racing video game developed by Beenox and published by Activision. The game is a remastered version of "Crash Team Racing", which was originally developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation in 1999, and focuses on players using one of several characters from the "Crash Bandicoot" series to tackle races, each of which includes power-ups to help with combatting opponents. The game includes additional content from "Crash Nitro Kart" and "Crash Tag Team Racing", alongside adjustments to the original gameplay, including kart customization, two variations of adventure modes, and an in-game shop.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: "Nitro–Fueled" was released worldwide for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on June 21, 2019. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the gameplay, controls, graphics, abundance of content, and faithfulness to the original game, though its high difficulty curve and post-release addition of microtransactions were criticized. The game also won several awards.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: Like the original "Crash Team Racing", "Nitro-Fueled" is a racing game featuring characters from the "Crash Bandicoot" series. Players must avoid obstacles and navigate the various tracks to reach the finish line, performing boosts via power sliding and jumping to gain speed, and using power-ups scattered across the track to give themselves a boost or hinder their opponents. The game supports local quick races and grand prix circuits, multiple battle modes, and online multiplayer, as well as featuring a full adventure mode with new areas, characters and boss battles being unlocked as the player progresses.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: "Nitro-Fueled" includes all of the content from "Crash Team Racing", along with several new features not present in the original game, including online multiplayer and the ability to choose different karts, which can be customized by the player. The adventure mode has also been tweaked: in addition to new cinematic cutscenes being added, players can choose between "Classic" and "Nitro-Fueled" adventure modes, the latter of which allows players to change their character and kart between races, as well as choose between three difficulty levels. An additional "Ring Rally" mode was added as part of a post-launch update, in which players must pass through rings on a track to gain time extensions and prevent a timer from expiring. "Nitro-Fueled" also adds a substantial amount of content from "Crash Nitro Kart", including all of its characters, race tracks, battle arenas, karts and battle modes. Additional characters, karts and character skins from "Crash Tag Team Racing" are included as well. This and other new content is accessible via the Pit Stop, an in-game shop that allows players to purchase unlockables using Wumpa Coins earned through gameplay or obtained via microtransactions.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: "Nitro-Fueled" featured limited-time Grand Prix events that took place monthly following the game's launch. Each event was accompanied by a free update that added a new race track to the game. Players could compete in special challenges on these new tracks during the event period to earn Nitro Points; by acquiring a certain number of points, they would be able to unlock new characters, karts, and customization items. If players were unable to obtain enough points before the event concluded, the content was made available for purchase in the Pit Stop three months after the event's conclusion. A total of eight Grand Prix events were held between July 2019 and March 2020, though one final wave of new content was released after their conclusion.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: "Nitro-Fueled" features 56 playable characters, including every racer from the prior "Crash" racing games. This includes characters who previously only appeared as boss opponents and as console-exclusive characters like Spyro. Only the eight base characters from the original "Crash Team Racing" are initially available to players. The other "Crash Team Racing" characters can be unlocked by progressing through the game's adventure mode and completing challenges, while all other characters are unlocked via purchase from the Pit Stop.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: The game featured 26 playable characters at launch, consisting of all the racers featured in "Team Racing" and "Nitro Kart". Several additional characters have been added as part of free post-launch game updates, and can be unlocked through progression in Grand Prix events or via the Pit Stop. This includes all the playable racers from "Tag Team Racing" and "Nitro Kart 2", along with several characters making their first playable appearance in a "Crash" racing game. New racers include Tawna, N. Brio, Koala Kong and the Lab Assistant from the original "Crash Bandicoot"; Komodo Moe from ""; Baby T. and the Iron Checkpoint Crate from ""; Ami, Isabella, Megumi and Liz, who appeared as non-playable characters in "Team Racing"; two versions of Rilla Roo from "Bash"; Megamix from ""; Chick and Stew, who appeared as non-playable characters in "Tag Team Racing"; baby versions of Crash, Coco, Cortex and N. Tropy; guest characters Hunter and Gnasty Gnorc from the "Spyro" series; and two original characters, King Chicken and Hasty.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: After the release of "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy", a collection of remasters of the first three "Crash Bandicoot" titles, it was speculated that "Crash Team Racing" would be remastered. In an interview, Vicarious Visions producer Kara Massie did not rule out the possibility of a remaster of "Crash Team Racing" for the PlayStation 4. She also acknowledged that she was repeatedly asked about it by fans.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: The game was revealed at The Game Awards on December 6, 2018, and was announced to be released on June 21, 2019 for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Development was handled by Activision subsidiary Beenox. Much like "N. Sane Trilogy", the game was recreated from the ground up with new assets, online play, and added new content including all characters, tracks, battle arenas, kart customizations and battle modes from "Crash Nitro Kart", which was developed by Vicarious Visions, who also developed the "N. Sane Trilogy". Several karts, character skins, and later characters were also added from "Crash Tag Team Racing", which was originally developed by Radical Entertainment. The game features an option to choose between the original and remastered soundtracks.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: Players who pre-ordered the game received a set of "Electron" character skins for Crash, Coco and Cortex. A premium "Nitros Oxide Edition" of "Nitro-Fueled" was announced alongside the game in December 2018, while its contents were detailed in April 2019. The Nitros Oxide Edition provides immediate access to the unlockable Hovercraft kart and the characters Nitros Oxide, Crunch, Zem and Zam, along with the pre-order skins and additional character skins and kart customization options not available in the base game.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: The PlayStation 4 version of "Nitro-Fueled" includes exclusive skins for Crash, Coco and Cortex based on their polygonal appearances in the original "Crash Team Racing", along with additional low-poly karts and a retro-themed bonus track, Retro Stadium. Players who pre-ordered this version also received a set of PlayStation-themed stickers for kart customization.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: On July 30, 2019, Activision announced the addition of in-game purchases to the game, allowing players to purchase the in-game Wumpa Coin currency used to unlock new characters, karts and other customization items. The feature was implemented on August 8.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: In August 2019, as part of a co-promotion with Mondelez International, codes for candy-themed kart customization items were included with specially-marked packages of Sour Patch Kids and Trident Vibes. An additional vehicle, the "Firehawk", was released as paid downloadable content in October 2019 to support the Call of Duty Endowment. A special Xfinity branded kart was released as a limited-time promotional item for Xfinity customers in February 2020.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: "Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics praised the graphics, tight controls, massive amount of content and faithfulness to the original racing games, though it was criticized for its high difficulty curve, lack of difficulty options, very long loading times, and issues with online play on the PlayStation 4 version of the game. The inclusion of microtransactions which were added a month after the game's release was also criticized, particularly as early interviews stated no such feature would be present in the game. Another common criticism within the player base is the lack of a PC port for the game, despite ports being made for "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Triology" and "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time".


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: During its release week, "Nitro-Fueled" opened at number one in the UK for the week ending June 30, 2019.


title: Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

text: The game won the award for "Best Racing Game" at the 2019 Game Critics Awards, and for "Best Sports/Racing Game" at The Game Awards 2019. IGN named "Nitro-Fueled" the best racing game of 2019. The game was also nominated for "Racing Game of the Year" at the 23rd Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and for "Game, Classic Revival" at the NAVGTR Awards.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Azzedine Alaïa (; , ; 26 February 1935 – 18 November 2017) was a Tunisian couturier and shoe designer, particularly successful beginning in the 1980s.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Alaïa was born in Tunis, Tunisia, on 26 February 1935. His parents were wheat farmers, but his glamorous twin sister, Hafida, inspired his love for couture. A French friend of his mother, Mrs. Pineau, fed Alaïa's instinctive creativity with copies of "Vogue". He lied about his age to get into the Tunis Institute of Fine Arts, a local school of fine arts in Tunis, where he gained valuable insights into the human form and began studying sculpture. He worked as a dressmaker with his sister to pay for school supplies.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: After his graduation, Alaïa began working as a dressmaker's assistant. He soon began dressing private clients, and in 1957 he moved to Paris to work in fashion design.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: In Paris, he started to work at Christian Dior as a tailleur, but had to leave five days later as the Algerian war broke out, soon moved to work for Guy Laroche for two seasons, then for Thierry Mugler until he opened his first atelier in his little rue de Bellechasse apartment in the late 1970s. It is in this tiny atelier that for almost 20 years he privately dressed members of the world's jet set, from Marie-Hélène de Rothschild to Louise de Vilmorin (who would become a close friend) to Greta Garbo, who used to come incognito for her fittings. He took apart old garments designed by Madeleine Vionnet and Cristóbal Balenciaga to study how they were made up, and then, he put them back together. He maintained a friendship with former employer Thierry Mugler and also befriended Claude Montana. All would influence each other and would often be mentioned in the same breath during the 1980s.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: He produced his first ready-to-wear collection in 1980 and moved to larger premises on rue du Parc-Royal in the Marais district. His career skyrocketed when two of the most powerful fashion editors of the time, Melka Tréanton of "Dépèche Mode" and Nicole Crassat of French "Elle", supported him in their editorials following that collection, with both fashion writers and the public particularly embracing a pair of his grommeted black leather gauntlet gloves, gloves being a particular love of the designer.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Later in 1980, while interior designer Andrée Putman was walking down Madison Avenue with one of the first Alaïa leather coats, she was stopped by a Bergdorf Goodman buyer who asked her what she was wearing, which began a turn of events that lead to his designs being sold in New York City and in Beverly Hills. When his clothes finally arrived in New York, first at Bergdorf Goodman in 1982, it was considered so momentous that "The New York Times" later listed it as among the landmark events that altered the cultural landscape of the city. Three years later, 10,000 fans vied for 1,500 tickets to his first US showing in the city at the recently opened Palladium, for whom Alaïa had provided the wait staff's uniforms.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Bucking a trend of the time and very unlike his close friend Thierry Mugler, Alaïa normally eschewed huge arenas, circus tents, and spectacles for his presentations, keeping instead to traditional, sedate salon showings of strictly limited attendance and a handful of garments, which he showed on his own schedule, not conforming to the "fashion week" blitzkrieg of shows other designers put on twice a year. If he was tired out from a particularly successful season of high sales and consequent heavy workload, he might not show at all the following season.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Alaïa's designs were known for their very tight fit, deft tailoring, curve-accenting seaming, leather work, and inventive use of knits. The colors he favored tended to the somber, mostly neutrals and earthtones, his masterful cut and blatant body promotion carrying the impact. In his early years on his own, he favored the broad shoulders that were part of the revival of 1940s styles begun on an industry-wide scale in 1978 and famously exaggerated by his friends Thierry Mugler and Claude Montana. His body emphasis outdid that of his colleagues, though, becoming his signature. Though he mostly relied on fit, cut, and seaming to reveal the body, by the early nineties he was incorporating corselets and bust wiring.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: He was very influential during the 1980s, with many designers copying his voluptuous silhouette, particularly his brilliantly executed undulating peplums of 1985, an almost direct lift from styles shown in 1935 by Alix, who had in turn been interpreting traditional Balinese ceremonial dress. Another of his mid-1980s contributions, the bandage dress, was adopted in the 1990s with great success by designer Hervé Léger as that designer's own signature style.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Alaïa was voted Best Designer of the Year and Best Collection of the Year at the "Oscars de la Mode" by the French Ministry of Culture in 1984 in a memorable event where Jamaican singer Grace Jones carried him in her arms on stage.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: By 1988, he had opened his own boutiques in New York City and Beverly Hills and in Paris. His seductive, clinging clothes were a massive success and he was named by the media 'The King of Cling'. Devotees included both fashion-inclined celebrities and fashionistas: Grace Jones (wearing several of his creations in "A View to a Kill"), Tina Turner, Raquel Welch, Madonna, Janet Jackson, Brigitte Nielsen, Naomi Campbell, Stephanie Seymour, Tatiana Sorokko, Shakira, Franca Sozzani, Isabelle Aubin, Carine Roitfeld, and Carla Sozzani.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: While his style and craftsmanship were praised by many, he did not escape criticism. He was part of a cohort of designers who began in 1978 to revive the revealing, man-focused styles of the 1940s and 1950s, after a period during the late 1960s and '70s when women's clothes had become less constricting, less focused on flirtatious coquetry, more natural, comfortable, and practical. Some saw the tight skirts, molded busts, cinched waists, and ultra-high heels of Mugler, Montana, Alaïa, and a number of others as regressive, a mockery of women's recently won liberation from male dictates. Others saw Alaïa's clothes in particular as wearable only by those with perfect bodies, and even then not necessarily the most flattering. Alaïa and his supporters of course differed, the designer himself stating that even full-figured women looked good in his clothes and others noting that fitted clothes had renewed appeal after a decade when loose, flowing clothes had been the norm.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: During the mid-1990s, following the death of his sister, Alaïa virtually vanished from the fashion scene; however, he continued to cater to a private clientele and enjoyed commercial success with his ready-to-wear lines. He presented his collections in his own space, in the heart of the Marais, where he brought his creative workshop, boutique and showroom together under one roof.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: In 1996 he participated at the Biennale della Moda in Florence, where along with paintings by longtime friend Julian Schnabel, he exhibited an outstanding dress created for the event. Schnabel-designed furniture, as well as his large-scale canvases, still decorate Alaïa's boutique in Paris.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: He then signed a partnership with the Prada group in 2000. Working with Prada saw him through a second impressive renaissance, and in July 2007, he successfully bought back his house and brand name from the Prada group, though his footwear and leather goods division continues to be developed and produced by the group. In 2007, the Richemont group, which owns Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels, took a stake in his fashion house but he still does not show during the collections.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: However, Alaïa still refused the marketing-driven logic of luxury conglomerates, continuing to focus on clothes rather than "it-bags". Alaïa is revered for his independence and passion for discreet luxury. Catherine Lardeur, the former editor-in-chief of French "Marie Claire" in the 1980s, who also helped to launch Jean-Paul Gaultier's career, stated in an interview to "Crowd Magazine" that "Fashion is dead. Designers nowadays do not create anything, they only make clothes so people and the press would talk about them. The real money for designers lie within perfumes and handbags. It is all about image. Alaïa remains the king. He is smart enough to not only care about having people talk about him. He only holds fashion shows when he has something to show, on his own time frame. Even when Prada owned him he remained free and did what he wanted to do."


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Throughout his life he worked in collaboration with various artists and creators, among them the German photographer Peter Lindbergh with whom he formed a surprising pair: Alaïa was tiny and Lindbergh was huge. The two shared a close friendship with Vogue Italia director Franca Sozzani. Also a way of conceiving beauty and aesthetics: the favorite color of the two was black, they also had Naomi Campbell and Tatjana Patitz as their favorite models, and they both wanted a free woman. About this Alaïa said: "I have always wanted women to be free. I hope my dresses give them that lightness. The greatest compliment is when they look at themselves and say to me: 'I feel free".


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: British "Vogue" editor, Edward Enninful, stated that "Azzedine Alaïa was a true visionary, and a remarkable man. He will be deeply missed by all of those who knew and loved him, as well as by the women around the world who wore his clothes." He was considered a father figure to Naomi Campbell since she was 16 years old.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Alaïa was honored with a solo exhibition at the Groninger Museum in the Netherlands in 1998, which debuted at the Guggenheim Museum in New York in 2000 and curated by Mark Wilson and Jim Cook. In the United States, his clothes are available at Barneys New York alongside Lanvin, Balenciaga, and Dolce & Gabbana, and his shoes are sold at Bergdorf Goodman. Carine Roitfeld was photographed during February 2007 Fashion Week in one of his coats, with "The New York Times" declaring that she was the only woman at any of the fall 2007 shows who "looked like the future." Victoria Beckham stated that Alaïa is her favourite designer and wore the designer's work, a gift from husband David Beckham, to two Academy Award parties in February 2007.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Alaïa was referenced in the mid-'90s teen hit "Clueless" starring Alicia Silverstone. Silverstone's character, mugged at gunpoint in the film, protests kneeling in a parking lot in a famously clingy dress by the "totally important designer" by exclaiming, "This is an Alaïa!"


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Marion Cotillard wore an Alaïa gown in a photoshoot for the French issue of "Elle" magazine in May 2005. In June 2009, she wore an Alaïa black dress for a photoshoot for the French magazine "Madame Figaro". In March 2010, she wore a black Alaïa dress in a photoshoot for "Jalouse" magazine. On 27 November 2012, she wore an Alaïa black and white pleated dress while attending a luncheon for her film "Rust and Bone" at Brasserie Ruhlmann in New York City. Cotillard also attended a screen talk at the BFI Southbank wearing the same dress.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Michelle Obama is a regular Alaïa client. The First Lady wore a formal black knit sleeveless dress with a ruffled skirt designed by Alaïa to the NATO dinner with heads of state in Strasbourg, France, on 3 April 2009. Also in 2009, Michelle Obama wore an Alaïa dress to the American Ballet Theatre's opening-night Spring Gala in New York. Her choice of fashion by the Tunisian couturier broke with the tradition of American First Ladies who had worn only the clothes of American designers to such events.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: The former First Lady of France, Carla Bruni, also wore an Alaïa jacket during the state visit to Spain in 2009.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Madonna also honored him in her 1993 "Bad Girl" video. She rips the plastic off her dry cleaned suit, the tag of which reads "Alaïa."


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Alaïa was named a Knight in France's Legion of Honour by the French government in 2008. He notedly refused the honour stating "I refused because I don’t like decorations — except on women.” He turned down many other similar awards stating that the best honour was the citizenship that France had given him.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: Lady Gaga has also worn several of his creations, notably in her Thanksgiving special, when she wore a long fall 2011 dress.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: His creations have also been worn by Beyoncé, Nicki Minaj, Victoria Beckham, Kim Kardashian, Gwyneth Paltrow, Solange Knowles, Behati Prinsloo and more.


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: During an interview with "The Ground Social & Magazine" (formerly known as "Virgine"), Alaïa slammed both Anna Wintour and Karl Lagerfeld. Alaïa, then 71 and based in Paris, said of Chanel creative director Lagerfeld, "I don't like his fashion, his spirit, his attitude. It's too much caricature. Karl Lagerfeld never touched a pair of scissors in his life." Alaïa also lashed out at the "Vogue" editor-in-chief: "She runs the business very well, but not the fashion part. When I see how she is dressed, I don't believe in her tastes one second... Anyway, who will remember Anna Wintour in the history of fashion? No one."


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: In 2018, Alaia was mentioned by Mariah Carey in her song "A No No" from the album "Caution": "Got a pink gown custom by Alaia".


title: Azzedine Alaïa

text: On 10 May 2018, a dedicated retrospective exhibition in celebration of Alaïa took place at the Design Museum in London.


title: Pākehā

text: Pākehā (or Pakeha; ; ) is a Māori term for New Zealanders primarily of European descent. Pākehā is not a legal concept and has no definition under New Zealand law. The term can apply to fair-skinned persons, or to any non-Māori New Zealander. Papa'a has a similar meaning in Cook Islands Māori.


title: Pākehā

text: Historically before the arrival of other ethnic groups the word Māori meant 'ordinary' or 'normal'. The arrival of Europeans led to the formation of a new term to distinguish the self-regarded 'ordinary' or 'normal' Māori from the new arrivals. The etymology of the word "Pākehā" remains unclear, but the term was in use by the late-18th century. In December 1814 the Māori children at Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands were "no less eager to see the "packaha" than the grown folks".


title: Pākehā

text: In Māori, plural noun-phrases of the term include (the definite article) and (the indefinite article). When the word was first adopted into English, the usual plural was 'Pakehas'. However, speakers of New Zealand English are increasingly removing the terminal 's' and treating the term as a collective noun.


title: Pākehā

text: Opinions of the term vary amongst European New Zealanders. A survey of 6,507 New Zealanders in 2009 showed no support for the claim that the term Pākehā is associated with a negative evaluation; however, some reject it on the ground that they claim it is offensive, or they object to being named in a language other than their own. In 2013 the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study carried out by the University of Auckland found no evidence that the word was widely considered to be derogatory; however, only 12 per cent of New Zealanders of European descent actively chose to be identified by the term, with the remainder preferring 'New Zealander' (53 per cent), 'New Zealand European' (25 per cent) and/or 'Kiwi' (17 per cent) which is another Māori word.


title: Pākehā

text: The Oxford general English language dictionary defines Pākehā as 'a white New Zealander', "The Oxford Dictionary of New Zealandisms" (2010) defines Pākehā as a noun 'a light-skinned non-Polynesian New Zealander, especially one of British birth or ancestry as distinct from a Māori; a European or white person'; and as an adjective 'of or relating to Pākehā; non-Māori; European, white'.


title: Pākehā

text: Māori in the Bay of Islands and surrounding districts had no doubts about the meaning of the word in the 19th century. In 1831, thirteen from the Far North met at Kerikeri to compose a letter to King William IV, seeking protection from the French, "the tribe of Marion". Written in Māori, the letter used the word "" to mean 'British European', and the words to mean 'strangers (non-British)'—as shown in the translation that year of the letter from Māori to English by the missionary William Yate. To this day, the Māori term for the English language is . Māori also used other terms such as (supernatural, or object of fear, strange being), (ghosts), and (metal or referring to persons 'foreign') to refer to some of the earliest visitors.


title: Pākehā

text: However, "The Concise Māori Dictionary" (Kāretu, 1990) defines the word as 'foreign, foreigner (usually applied to white person)', while the "English–Māori, Māori–English Dictionary" (Biggs, 1990) defines "Pākehā" as 'white (person)'. Sometimes the term applies more widely to include all non-Māori. No Māori dictionary cites as derogatory. Some early Pākehā settlers who lived among Māori and adopted aspects of Māoritanga became known as 'Pākehā Māori'.


title: Pākehā

text: The etymology of is unknown, although the most likely sources are the words or , which refer to an oral tale of a "mythical, human like being, with fair skin and hair who possessed canoes made of reeds which changed magically into sailing vessels". When Europeans first arrived they rowed to shore in longboats, facing backwards. In traditional Māori canoes or , paddlers face the direction of travel. This is supposed to have led to the belief that the sailors were supernatural beings.


title: Pākehā

text: In her book "The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: The Remarkable Story of Captain Cook's Encounters in the South Seas", the anthropologist Anne Salmond recorded that tribal traditions held that Toiroa, a tohunga from Mahia, had predicted the coming of the Europeans. He said "", meaning "it is the pakerewhā", red and white strangers.


title: Pākehā

text: There have been several dubious interpretations given to the word. One claims that it derives from , the Māori word for pig, and , one of the Māori words for flea, and therefore expresses derogatory implications. There is no etymological support for this notion—like all Polynesian languages, Māori is generally very conservative in terms of vowels; it would be extremely unusual for "pā-" to derive from "". The word itself may come from the proto-Polynesian root "puaka", known in every Polynesian language ( in Tongan, Uvean, Futunian, Rapa, Marquisian, Niuean, Rarotongan, Tokelauan, and Tuvaluan; it evolved to the later form in Samoan, Tahitian, some Rapa dialects, and Hawaiian); or it might be borrowed or mixed with the English 'porker'. It is hard to say, since Polynesian peoples populated their islands bringing pigs with them from East Asia, but no pigs were brought to Aotearoa by them. The more common Māori word for flea is . It is also sometimes claimed that means 'white pig' or 'unwelcome white stranger'. However, no part of the word signifies 'pig', 'white', 'unwelcome', or 'stranger'.


title: Pākehā

text: New Zealanders of European ancestry vary in their attitudes toward the word Pākehā when applied to themselves. Some embrace it wholeheartedly as a sign of their connection to New Zealand, in contrast to the European identity of their forebears. Others object to the word, some strongly, saying it is offensive in origin, claiming it to be derogatory or to carry implications of being an outsider, although this is often based on false information about the meaning of the term. Some believe being labelled Pākehā compromises their status and their birthright links to New Zealand. In the 1986 census, over 36,000 respondents ignored the ethnicities offered, including Pākehā, writing-in their ethnicity as 'New Zealander', or ignoring the question completely. A joint response code of 'NZ European or Pakeha' was tried in the 1996 census, but was replaced by "New Zealand European" in later censuses because it drew what Statistics New Zealand described as a "significant adverse reaction from some respondents". Sociologist Paul Spoonley criticised the new version, however, saying that many Pākehā would not identify as European.


title: Pākehā

text: The term Pākehā is also sometimes used among New Zealanders of European ancestry in distinction to the Māori term (foreigner), as an act of emphasising their claims of belonging to the space of New Zealand in contrast to more recent arrivals. Those who prefer to emphasise nationality rather than ethnicity in relating to others living in New Zealand may refer to all New Zealand citizens only as 'New Zealanders' or by the colloquial term 'Kiwis'.


title: Pākehā

text: The term is commonly used by a range of journalists and columnists from "The New Zealand Herald", the country's largest-circulation daily newspaper. Historian Judith Binney called herself a Pākehā and said, "I think it is the most simple and practical term. It is a name given to us by Māori. It has no pejorative associations like people think it does—it's a descriptive term. I think it's nice to have a name the people who live here gave you, because that's what I am."


title: Pākehā

text: New Zealand writer and historian Michael King wrote in 1985: "To say something is Pakeha in character is not to diminish its New Zealand-ness, as some people imply. It is to emphasise it."


title: Pākehā

text: New Zealand politicians from across the political spectrum use the term, including Don Brash, John Key, Helen Clark, and Te Ururoa Flavell.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Mathew Tyler Oakley (born March 22, 1989) is an American YouTuber, actor, activist and author. Much of Oakley's activism has been dedicated to LGBT youth, LGBT rights, as well as social issues including health care, education, and the prevention of suicide among LGBT youth. Oakley regularly posts material on various topics, including pop culture and humor.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Since uploading his first video in 2007 while a freshman at Michigan State University, his channel has over 683 million views, and, at his peak, over 8 million subscribers. Oakley, who is openly gay, is a former member of the successful collaboration channel "5AwesomeGays", where he produced the Friday video for over three years. He was featured in the 2014 "Frontline" investigative report "Generation Like", a follow-up on how teenagers are "directly interacting with pop culture" to the 2001 report, "The Merchants of Cool". SocialBlade, a website that rates YouTube and Instagram accounts, ranks his YouTube channel, , with a grade "B", subscriber rank of 1,434th, video view rank at 7,022nd, and a SocialBlade rating of 345,254th. he also had more than 5.6 million followers on Twitter and 5.6 million on Instagram.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: From March to October 2013, Oakley co-hosted a weekly pop-culture news update – "Top That!" – with Becca Frucht for PopSugar. From 2013 to 2014, he performed the voice of Mr. McNeely in five episodes of the comedy web series "The Most Popular Girls in School". He has hundreds of thousands of followers on Facebook and Tumblr. In 2015, he released his first collection of humorous personal essays under the title "Binge", via publishers Simon & Schuster.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley was the host of "The Tyler Oakley Show", which aired weekly on Ellen DeGeneres' ellentube platform. In 2017, he was named in "Forbes" "30 Under 30".


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Mathew Tyler Oakley was born on March 22, 1989, in Jackson, Michigan. He has twelve siblings. When he was an infant, his parents divorced. When in the sixth grade, Oakley moved to Okemos, and became involved in choir and drama. As a teenager, he had bulimia nervosa.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in communication, marketing and social media from Michigan State University. While at college, he fell into a short depression after a breakup with a long-term boyfriend. Oakley admits he considered suicide in this time. His college years were also when he first became involved with YouTube, using the video sharing website to communicate with his high school friends, who were attending different schools.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley is an active member across many social media platforms. A self-proclaimed "professional fangirl", he is a fan of Darren Criss from "Glee", along with Julie Chen of CBS's daytime talk show "The Talk". He also sang Christmas carols on stage with English-Irish boy band One Direction and television presenter Jerry Springer.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley is known for receiving attention from major celebrities and organizations, such as Liam Payne from One Direction, Chris Colfer from the television series "Glee" and the restaurant chain store Taco Bell, namely on social network Twitter after commenting on a previous tweet of theirs or tweeting about them. Due to Oakley's success with social media and prominence among many social media platforms (particularly YouTube), he was given the opportunity to meet U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House. He did a video with First Lady Michelle Obama talking about education issues.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley attributes his success only in part to his accessibility as a young gay man. "It's not all about me being gay. It's kind of like an underlying theme for me [with gay life] sprinkled throughout the videos." He sees Ellen DeGeneres as a role model: "She embodies what I want my experience to be and my influence to be, where it's a positive one, it's a happy one, it's not something about the bad parts of life or the downsides of a lot of things. She's using her influence for good, and everyone knows who she is, what she stands for, and that she is a lesbian."


title: Tyler Oakley

text: "The Advocate" in their 2014 "40 under 40: Emerging voices" say that, due to Oakley's presence on YouTube, he is the first openly gay person that many people have met. Oakley is considered one of the world's leading Celebrity influencers, having an Influencer Score of 99 from the influencer marketing software Klear.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley appeared on the YouTube Red (now YouTube Premium) show "Escape the Night with Joey Graceffa", appearing as "The Thespian" for 10 episodes (Season 2).


title: Tyler Oakley

text: In 2014, Oakley premiered a live show tour, "Tyler Oakley's Slumber Party", featuring him in pajamas and doing skits, and interactive segments with the audience. His two initial shows in Chicago and in Royal Oak, Michigan in early October both sold out in 72 hours. In December 2014, seven dates, all on the East Coast, made up the next leg of the tour, which was expected to eventually go to 40 cities. "Variety" noted that the trend of "digital-native stars hitting the road for 'in-real-life' shows" had been increasing. Oakley had been a part of DigiTour's 2014 US Summer tour of YouTube and Vine personalities.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley has a podcast called "Psychobabble" with his best friend, Korey Kuhl. It launched in 2014 and as of 2022 has had over 350 episodes.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: On screen, Oakley has done appearances on broadcasting platforms, with some airing on national TV. He was seen on "Insider Tonight", featuring co-hosts Kevin Frazier and Thea Andrews. He has interviewed live from the 2014 "Kids Choice Awards" red carpet, along with many other events that have him meeting and speaking to celebrities.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley, alongside best friend Korey Kuhl, competed in the 28th season of "The Amazing Race", which aired in 2016. They finished in 3rd place. The two also participated in the 31st season of the show, which began airing on April 17, 2019. They finished in 2nd place.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: In 2018, Oakley also appeared on the tenth episode of the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", where he was paired with Monét X Change for a makeover challenge.


title: Tyler Oakley

text: Oakley supports The Trevor Project, an organization for the prevention of suicide among LGBT youth. He interned with them in 2009, and since 2011 has co-hosted TrevorLIVE, the charity's annual red carpet event. In 2013 he raised $29,000 for his birthday in support of the Trevor Project having aimed to raise $24,000 (because it was his 24th birthday). In 2014, he raised $525,704 in a similar event, and in 2015 he raised $532,224.


title: Jack Tatum

text: John David Tatum (November 18, 1948 – July 27, 2010) was an American football safety. He played 10 seasons, from 1971 through 1980, with the Oakland Raiders and Houston Oilers in the National Football League (NFL). He was popularly known as "the Assassin" because of his playing style. Tatum was voted to three consecutive Pro Bowls (1973–1975) and was a member of one Super Bowl-winning team in his nine seasons with the Raiders. He is also known for a hit he made against New England Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley in a 1978 preseason game, that paralyzed Stingley from the chest down.


title: Jack Tatum

text: A member of the College Football Hall of Fame, Tatum was a unanimous All-American in 1969 and 1970. He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the first round of the 1971 NFL Draft, and with them earned a reputation as a fierce competitor and one of the hardest hitters ever to play the game. Tatum was also noted for his involvement in the Immaculate Reception play during a 1972 playoff game against the Pittsburgh Steelers.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum's hitting style was well recognized in the 1970s, and his "New York Times" obituary stated Tatum was a "symbol of a violent game".


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum was born in Cherryville, NC, and grew up in Passaic, New Jersey, where he had little interest in playing sports in his early years. Tatum did not begin playing football until he entered his sophomore year at Passaic High School, where he played as a running back, fullback and defensive back and was selected first-team All-State. He was selected a high school All-American as a senior. In 1999, the Newark "Star-Ledger" named Tatum as one of New Jersey's top ten defensive players of the century.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum visited a number of universities before starting his collegiate career with The Ohio State University Buckeyes. Head coach Woody Hayes recruited Tatum as a running back. However, assistant coach Lou Holtz convinced Hayes to switch Tatum to defensive back during Tatum's freshman season. Tatum was used by the Buckeyes to cover the opposing team's best wide receiver, but he also was used occasionally as a linebacker due to the nature of his hits and his innate ability to bring down even the biggest fullback or tight end. He first became known to college football observers as a sophomore when he helped limit All-American Leroy Keyes during a 13–0 upset against the Purdue Boilermakers during the early part of the 1968 season.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum was a first-team All-Big Ten in 1968, 1969 and 1970. In his final two seasons he was a unanimous All-American. In 1970, he was selected as the National Defensive Player of the Year and was among the top vote getters for the Heisman Trophy, which is awarded to the athlete considered to have been the nation's best college football player that year. Tatum helped lead the Buckeyes to a 27–2 record in his three seasons as a starter, with two national championship appearances, two Big Ten titles and two national championships in 1968 and 1970. In the storied rivalry between Ohio State and Michigan, Tatum and his fellow Buckeyes won in 1968 by the score of 50–14, lost in 1969 by 24–12, and won again in 1970 by 20–9.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum was inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame in 1981 and into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2004. In 2001, Ohio State head coach Jim Tressel instituted the "Jack Tatum Hit of the Week Award", given to the player who had the most impressive defensive hit of the game. Upon hearing of his death, Tressel said, "We have lost one of our greatest Buckeyes."


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum was drafted by the Oakland Raiders as the 19th pick in the first round of the 1971 NFL Draft to replace former Oakland safety Dave Grayson, who retired after the 1970 season, and for "defensive stability". A few weeks later, Tatum signed a three-year, six-figure contract with a $50,000 signing bonus. Tatum was nicknamed "The Assassin," a name he embraced and relished. However, according to his former head coach John Madden, Tatum was never called by that nickname during his playing career. Tatum played his first professional game against the Baltimore Colts, in which he tackled and knocked out Colts tight ends John Mackey and Tom Mitchell. Soon after the game, sportswriters started to compare him to Chicago Bears linebacker Dick Butkus because of his hard-hitting skills, and he became the starting free safety in his rookie year.


title: Jack Tatum

text: In 1974, Tatum had six interceptions and in Super Bowl XI on January 9, 1977, Tatum knocked the helmet off Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Sammy White. This is often regarded as one of the biggest hits in Super Bowl history. The Raiders crushed the Vikings, 32–14.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum was involved in one of the more significant plays in National Football League history, the Immaculate Reception, during the AFC against the Pittsburgh Steelers on December 23, 1972. With 22 seconds left in the game, Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw threw a pass to running back John "Frenchy" Fuqua. Tatum collided with Fuqua, knocking the ball into the air. The ball fell into the hands of Steelers running back Franco Harris, who ran it 42 yards for the game-winning touchdown. The play is famous because NFL rules at the time prohibited a receiver from batting the ball to another player of the same team. The referees ruled that Tatum had touched the ball and therefore Harris's touchdown was permitted, allowing the Steelers to win the game.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum's most infamous hit came in an exhibition game against the New England Patriots on August 12, 1978, a play that Tatum later stated he did "thousands of times" in practice and in regular game coverage. Tatum and Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley collided as Stingley was leaping for a pass on an inside slant route, a play the Patriots had run earlier in the game with some success that put him in the path of Tatum. There was an awkward collision as Stingley lowered his helmet to protect himself and hit Tatum's shoulder pad. The impact severely damaged Stingley's spinal cord and left him with incomplete quadriplegia for the rest of his life. The National Football League took no disciplinary action for the tackle; however, the NFL would later tighten its rules on violent hits.


title: Jack Tatum

text: The incident affected Tatum personally and for several years, according to close friend John Hicks, made him "somewhat of a recluse". According to Madden, "It was something that ate on him for his whole life." According to Stingley in his 1983 autobiography, "Happy To Be Alive", Tatum never made any effort to apologize or to see him after the incident. Gene Upshaw, a teammate and future executive, described the hit as "one of those things that happens that everyone regrets". Tatum had said he attempted to visit Stingley in the hospital, but was rebuffed by Stingley's family. They were supposed to meet once in a television interview, but Stingley backed out when he found out Tatum was promoting his new autobiography during the interview. The two never spoke with one another after that day, although Stingley related in a 2003 "Boston Globe" interview that he had forgiven Tatum. "It's hard to articulate," he said. "It was a test of my faith, the entire story. In who, and how much, do you believe, Darryl? In my heart and mind, I forgave Jack Tatum a long time ago." Tatum never apologized for the style he played, stating that, "It's unrealistic. If you want to play football for a living, you're going to get injured."


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum was traded to the Houston Oilers for running back Kenny King and seventh round draft choices in the 1980 and 1981 NFL drafts. He finished his pro career with them, playing all 16 games that year, and recorded a career-high seven interceptions to finish with a career total of 37 interceptions with 736 return yards. He also recovered nine fumbles in his career, returning them for 164 yards.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum retired after being released by the Oilers following the 1980 season. He first worked for the Raiders organization, and soon became a land developer and moved into the real-estate business. Tatum became part owner of a restaurant in Pittsburg, California. He married and had three children, and wrote three best-selling books: "They Call Me Assassin" (1980); "They Still Call Me Assassin" (1989); and "Final Confessions of NFL Assassin Jack Tatum" (1996).


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum eventually faced his own disability challenges, as all five toes on his left foot were amputated in 2003 due to a staph infection caused by diabetes. He soon lost the entire leg below the knee because of the illness. He also suffered from an arterial blockage that cost him his right leg; he used a prosthetic limb thereafter. Tatum worked on increasing awareness of diabetes. To facilitate this goal, he created the Ohio-based Jack Tatum Fund for Youthful Diabetes, which finances diabetes research. His kidneys started to fail in his final years, and he was awaiting a kidney transplant at the time of his death.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum died in Oakland on July 27, 2010, after a heart attack. The Oakland Raiders released a statement that: "Jack was the standard bearer and an inspiration for the position of safety throughout college and professional football," while Ronnie Lott stated that Tatum was one of his "football heroes". Sportswriters John Clayton and Peter Richmond both wrote on Tatum's NFL legacy. Clayton wrote that Tatum was part of the reason why the Steelers-Raiders matchup was his most anticipated game of the season while starting his sports-writing career in Pittsburgh, and that Tatum hit like "no other safety in football". Richmond, an Oakland journalist and insider, wrote about Tatum's quiet demeanor off the field, which was contrary to most journalistic reports about Tatum. Steve Grogan, Stingley's teammate who never played with Tatum nor knew Tatum personally, when asked to make a comment about Tatum's death, stated: "I have a hard time trying to find something nice to say... I just can't do it."


title: Jack Tatum

text: The Oakland Raiders were one of the more resilient teams of the 1970s, and Tatum's leadership was a major contributor. Along with future Pro Football Hall of Famer Willie Brown, safety George Atkinson and cornerback Skip Thomas, Tatum was part of the "Soul Patrol" secondary. He was ranked as the sixth hardest hitter in NFL history by NFL Films and was elected to three Pro Bowls.


title: Jack Tatum

text: He holds the record for the longest fumble return in NFL history. In a game against the Green Bay Packers on September 24, 1972, he returned a fumble 104 yards for a touchdown. The record was tied 28 years later by Aeneas Williams.


title: Jack Tatum

text: Tatum was honored by Passaic High School during their 2008 season. The final game of the football season, Passaic's annual Thanksgiving matchup with rival Clifton High School, was regarded as "Jack Tatum Day" and the school honored him with a ceremony at halftime where his number 32 was officially retired.


title: SAP HANA

text: SAP HANA (HochleistungsANalyseAnwendung or High-performance ANalytic Application) is an in-memory, column-oriented, relational database management system developed and marketed by SAP SE. Its primary function as the software running a database server is to store and retrieve data as requested by the applications. In addition, it performs advanced analytics (predictive analytics, spatial data processing, text analytics, text search, streaming analytics, graph data processing) and includes extract, transform, load (ETL) capabilities as well as an application server.


title: SAP HANA

text: During the early development of SAP HANA, a number of technologies were developed or acquired by SAP SE. These included TREX search engine (in-memory column-oriented search engine), P*TIME (in-memory online transaction processing (OLTP) Platform acquired by SAP in 2005), and MaxDB with its in-memory liveCache engine.


title: SAP HANA

text: The first major demonstration of the platform was in 2008: teams from SAP SE, the Hasso Plattner Institute and Stanford University demonstrated an application architecture for real-time analytics and aggregation called HYRISE. Former SAP SE executive, Vishal Sikka, mentioned this architecture as "Hasso's New Architecture". Before the name "HANA" stabilized, people referred to this product as "New Database". The software was previously called "SAP High-Performance Analytic Appliance".


title: SAP HANA

text: A first research paper on HYRISE was published in November 2010. The research engine is later released open source in 2013, and was reengineered in 2016 to become HYRISE2 in 2017.


title: SAP HANA

text: By mid-2011, the technology had attracted interest but more experienced business customers considered it to be "in early days".


title: SAP HANA

text: HANA support for SAP NetWeaver Business Warehouse (BW) was announced in September 2011 for availability by November.


title: SAP HANA

text: In 2012, SAP promoted aspects of cloud computing. In October 2012, SAP announced a platform as a service offering called the SAP HANA Cloud Platform and a variant called SAP HANA One that used a smaller amount of memory.


title: SAP HANA

text: In May 2013, a managed private cloud offering called the HANA Enterprise Cloud service was announced.


title: SAP HANA

text: In May 2013, Business Suite on HANA became available, enabling customers to run SAP Enterprise Resource Planning functions on the HANA platform.


title: SAP HANA

text: S/4HANA, released in 2015, written specifically for the HANA platform, combines functionality for ERP, CRM, SRM and others into a single HANA system.


title: SAP HANA

text: S/4HANA is intended to be a simplified business suite, replacing earlier generation ERP systems. While it is likely that SAP will focus its innovations on S/4HANA, some customers using non-HANA systems have raised concerns of being locked into SAP products. Since S/4HANA requires an SAP HANA system to run, customers running SAP business suite applications on hardware not certified by SAP would need to migrate to a SAP-certified HANA database should they choose the features offered by S/4HANA.


title: SAP HANA

text: Rather than versioning, the software utilizes service packs, referred to as Support Package Stacks (SPS), for updates. Support Package Stacks are released every 6 months.


title: SAP HANA

text: In November 2016 SAP announced SAP HANA 2, which offers enhancements to multiple areas such as database management and application management and includes two new cloud services: Text Analysis and Earth Observation Analysis.


title: SAP HANA

text: HANA customers can upgrade to HANA 2 from SPS10 and above. Customers running SPS9 and below must first upgrade to SPS12 before upgrading to HANA 2 SPS01.


title: SAP HANA

text: The key distinctions between HANA and previous generation SAP systems are that it is a column-oriented, in-memory database, that combines OLAP and OLTP operations into a single system; thus in general SAP HANA is an "online transaction and analytical processing" (OLTAP) system, also known as a hybrid transactional/analytical processing (HTAP). Storing data in main memory rather than on disk provides faster data access and, by extension, faster querying and processing. While storing data in-memory confers performance advantages, it is a more costly form of data storage. Observing data access patterns, up to 85% of data in an enterprise system may be infrequently accessed therefore it can be cost-effective to store frequently accessed, or "hot", data in-memory while the less frequently accessed "warm" data is stored on disk, an approach SAP have termed "Dynamic tiering".


title: SAP HANA

text: Column-oriented systems store all data for a single column in the same location, rather than storing all data for a single row in the same location (row-oriented systems). This can enable performance improvements for OLAP queries on large datasets and allows greater vertical compression of similar types of data in a single column. If the read times for column-stored data is fast enough, consolidated views of the data can be performed on the fly, removing the need for maintaining aggregate views and its associated data redundancy.


title: SAP HANA

text: Although row-oriented systems have traditionally been favored for OLTP, in-memory storage opens techniques to develop hybrid systems suitable for both OLAP and OLTP capabilities, removing the need to maintain separate systems for OLTP and OLAP operations.


title: SAP HANA

text: SAP HANA Information Modeling (also known as SAP HANA Data Modeling) is a part of HANA application development. Modeling is the methodology to expose operational data to the end user. Reusable virtual objects (named calculation views) are used in the modelling process.


title: SAP HANA

text: SAP HANA manages concurrency through the use of multiversion concurrency control (MVCC), which gives every transaction a snapshot of the database at a point in time. When an MVCC database needs to update an item of data, it will not overwrite the old data with new data, but will instead mark the old data as obsolete and add the newer version.


title: SAP HANA

text: In a scale-out environment, HANA can keep volumes of up to a petabyte of data in memory while returning query results in under a second. However, RAM is still much more expensive than disk space, so the scale-out approach is only feasible for certain time critical use cases.


title: SAP HANA

text: SAP HANA includes a number of analytic engines for various kinds of data processing. The Business Function Library includes a number of algorithms made available to address common business data processing algorithms such as asset depreciation, rolling forecast and moving average.


title: SAP HANA

text: The Predictive Analytics Library includes native algorithms for calculating common statistical measures in areas such as clustering, classification and time series analysis.


title: SAP HANA

text: HANA incorporates the open source statistical programming language R as a supported language within stored procedures.


title: SAP HANA

text: The column-store database offers graph database capabilities. The graph engine processes the Cypher Query Language and also has a visual graph manipulation via a tool called Graph Viewer. Graph data structures are stored directly in relational tables in HANA's column store. Pre-built algorithms in the graph engine include pattern matching, neighborhood search, single shortest path, and strongly connected components. Typical usage situations for the Graph Engine include examples like supply chain traceability, fraud detection, and logistics and route planning.


title: SAP HANA

text: HANA also includes a spatial database engine which implements spatial data types and SQL extensions for CRUD operations on spatial data. HANA is certified by the Open Geospatial Consortium, and it integrates with ESRI's ArcGIS geographic information system.


title: SAP HANA

text: In addition to numerical and statistical algorithms, HANA can perform text analytics and enterprise text search. HANA's search capability is based on “fuzzy” fault-tolerant search, much like modern web-based search engines. Results include a statistical measure for how relevant search results are, and search criteria can include a threshold of accuracy for results. Analyses available include identifying entities such as people, dates, places, organizations, requests, problems, and more. Such entity extraction can be catered to specific use cases such as Voice of the Customer (customer's preferences and expectations), Enterprise (i.e. mergers and acquisitions, products, organizations), and Public Sector (public persons, events, organizations). Custom extraction and dictionaries can also be implemented.


title: SAP HANA

text: Besides the database and data analytics capabilities, SAP HANA is a web-based application server, hosting user-facing applications tightly integrated with the database and analytics engines of HANA. The "XS Advanced Engine" (XSA) natively works with Node.js and JavaEE languages and runtimes. XSA is based on Cloud Foundry architecture and thus supports the notion of “Bring Your Own Language”, allowing developers to develop and deploy applications written in languages and in runtimes other than those XSA implements natively, as well as deploying applications as microservices. XSA also allows server-side JavaScript (XSJS).


title: SAP HANA

text: Supporting the application server is a suite of application lifecycle management tools allowing development deployment and monitoring of user-facing applications.


title: SAP HANA

text: Alternatively, existing hardware components such as storage and network can be used as part of the implementation, an approach which SAP calls "Tailored Data Center Integration (TDI)".


title: SAP HANA

text: Used to run both SAP and non-SAP applications. This licensing can be used to create custom applications.


title: SAP HANA

text: As of March 9, 2017, SAP HANA is available in an Express edition; a streamlined version which can run on laptops and other resource-limited environments. The license for SAP HANA, express edition is free of charge, even for productive use up to 32 GB of RAM. Additional capacity increases can be purchased up to 128 GB of RAM.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: The irresistible force paradox (also unstoppable force paradox or shield and spear paradox), is a classic paradox formulated as "What happens when an unstoppable force meets an immovable object?" The immovable object and the unstoppable force are both implicitly assumed to be indestructible, or else the question would have a trivial resolution. Furthermore, it is assumed that they are two entities.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: The paradox arises because it rests on two incompatible premises—that there can exist simultaneously such things as "unstoppable forces" and "immovable objects".


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: An example of this paradox in eastern thought can be found in the origin of the Chinese word for contradiction (). This term originates from a story (see ) in the 3rd century BC philosophical book "Han Feizi". In the story, a man was trying to sell a spear and a shield. When asked how good his spear was, he said that his spear could pierce any shield. Then, when asked how good his shield was, he said that it could defend from all spear attacks. Then one person asked him what would happen if he were to take his spear to strike his shield; the seller could not answer. This led to the idiom of ""zìxīang máodùn"" (自相矛盾, "from each-other spear shield"), or "self-contradictory".


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: Another ancient and mythological example illustrating this theme can be found in the story of the Teumessian fox, which can never be caught, and the hound Laelaps, which never misses what it hunts. Realizing the paradox, Zeus, Lord of the Sky, turns both creatures into static constellations.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: The problems associated with this paradox can be applied to any other conflict between two abstractly defined extremes that are opposite.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: One of the answers generated by seeming paradoxes like these is that there is no contradiction – that there is not a false dilemma. Christopher Kaczor suggested that the need to change indicates a lack of power rather than the possession thereof, and as such a person who was omniscient would never need to change their mind – not changing the future would be consistent with omniscience rather than contradicting it.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: The 2005 video game "" retells the story of the spear and shield from "Han Feizi" during its fifth case. A "King of Prosecutors" trophy that homages the story, depicting a cracked shield and a broken halberd, becomes an important piece of evidence during the case's events.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: In the 2008 superhero film "The Dark Knight", the Joker makes the statement on Batman's daring and finally successful attempt at capturing him, by saying "This is what happens when an unstoppable force meets an immovable object". The quote has become iconic amongst fans of the film series.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: In the Johnny Mercer song "Something's Gotta Give" the opening line paraphrases the paradox by saying "When an irresistible force such as you meets an old immovable object like me".


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: In the MOBA game "League of Legends", the champion Xin Zhao wields a spear and has the line "Find me an immovable object, and I'll put this question to rest." His ultimate move, Crescent Guard, creates a circle around him and makes him impervious to damage dealt by champions outside that circle, implying he is an unstoppable force.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: In "Pokémon Sword and Shield", Zacian and Zamazenta, two Pokemon, are hinted to be an unstoppable sword and impenetrable shield. The two have the same total base stats, one having a higher attack stat and the other having a better defense stat.


title: Irresistible force paradox

text: Pro wrestling commentator Gorilla Monsoon referred to the WrestleMania III match between Hulk Hogan and André the Giant as "The irresistible force meets the immovable object".


title: Ken Patera

text: Kenneth Wayne Patera (born November 6, 1943) is an American retired professional wrestler, Olympic weightlifter, and strongman competitor from the United States.


title: Ken Patera

text: Ken Patera, from a Czech-American family, was strong and extraordinarily athletic, with many people in his family also successful in athletics. His brother, Jack Patera, played football for the Baltimore Colts and was the head coach for the Seattle Seahawks from 1976 until 1982. His brother, Dennis Patera, played for the San Francisco 49ers. Ken played football at Cleveland High School in Portland, Oregon, and wrestled at 193 pounds. Track and field was his first love, however, and he competed in the high hurdles and high jump, but a serious ankle injury forced him to switch to the shot put and discus in high school. Ken grew to become one of the nation's premier track and field weight throwers, competing at Brigham Young University. After his disappointing sixth-place finish in the shot-put at the 1968 Olympic trials, he turned his full and complete attention towards Olympic weightlifting.


title: Ken Patera

text: Before becoming a professional wrestler, Patera was a highly decorated Olympic weightlifter. He won several medals at the 1971 Pan American Games (including gold in the weightlifting total), and finished second in the 1971 World Weightlifting Championships just behind Vasily Alekseyev. On his native soil, Patera won four consecutive U.S. Weightlifting Championships in the super heavyweight class from 1969 to 1972. He was the first American to clean and jerk over 500 lbs (227 kg), which he accomplished at the 1972 Senior Nationals in Detroit. He is also the only American to clean and press 500 lbs (227 kg), and was the last American super heavyweight for years to excel at weightlifting at an international level. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, Patera was expected to be a serious competitor to Vasily Alekseyev, but he failed to total and was not among the medal recipients. Vasily Alekseyev even stated to the media that Patera was even stronger than him, illustrated by a 550-pound overhead push press (off the racks) that Patera had allegedly done in practice. Nevertheless, when it came to competing, Alekseyev was always the winner. After the clean and press (a lift in which Patera was disproportionately talented) was eliminated from competition, Patera retired from weightlifting.


title: Ken Patera

text: Patera also competed in the inaugural World's Strongest Man contest in 1977, finishing third behind Bruce Wilhelm and Bob Young.


title: Ken Patera

text: Being a legitimate weightlifter and strongman, Patera also performed feats of strength during his wrestling career. On an episode of "Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling", in 1978, Patera and Tony Atlas performed various feats of strength, including driving nails through boards, blowing up a hot water bottle until it popped, bending spikes wrapped in a towel and bending bars over their necks.


title: Ken Patera

text: Patera became a "strongman" in professional wrestling in 1973, following his weightlifting career. After a stint in the AWA, his first major feud was in the Mid-Atlantic territory against then United States Heavyweight Champion Johnny Valentine, with Patera as the babyface. The Patera-Valentine house show runs were set up by a TV angle in which Valentine would draw a name out of a fishbowl every week, and the next week wrestle the man whose name he drew. For the first few weeks, Valentine drew the names of one jobber after another, all the time voicing his opposition to wrestling Patera. Finally, Valentine drew a name – and it was Patera's. Patera then appeared on screen and revealed that he had replaced every slip of paper with one that said "Ken Patera". The next week, the two men met in a 10-minute time limit match on TV, with Patera putting Valentine under with a headlock/chinlock when the bell rang to signify the time limit had expired. Officially, the match ended in a draw, but with Patera on the verge of defeating Valentine (who had been portrayed as nearly unbeatable) on television. The two were matched in a series of house show main events, with Valentine always coming out on top and retaining the U.S. championship.


title: Ken Patera

text: Patera wrestled mainly as a heel for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), and American Wrestling Association (AWA) during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1977, he challenged Bruno Sammartino for the WWWF Heavyweight Championship. This was a huge draw around the northeastern part of the United States and at Madison Square Garden, and was one of Sammartino's last great challengers before losing the title to Superstar Billy Graham, which ended his second, shorter WWF title reign. When Bob Backlund later won the title, Patera also unsuccessfully challenged him. At the height of his career, in 1980, he simultaneously held the WWF's Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship, and the NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship, two very prestigious titles of that era. He was one of the most hated heels in wrestling (winning "Pro Wrestling Illustrated"'s Most Hated Wrestler Award in 1977), and often used his swinging full nelson to "injure" babyface opponents during matches (most notably Billy White Wolf in August 1977). Patera returned to the Mid-Atlantic territory as a heel, defeating area legend Chief Wahoo McDaniel for the Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship in April 1978. Patera held that title, off and on, for over a year, losing it to, and regaining it from, Tony Atlas. Patera then lost the title to fellow AWA alumnus Jim Brunzell, in Richmond, Virginia.


title: Ken Patera

text: Patera was an integral part of the Heenan Family in the AWA (1982–1983), and later in the WWF (1984–1985). While in the AWA, he feuded with Hulk Hogan, Greg Gagne and Jim Brunzell. During Heenan's absence in 1983, caused by a back injury, Patera joined forces with manager Sheik Adnan El-Kaissie and formed a tag team with Jerry Blackwell known as "the Sheiks" (with Patera calling himself "Sheik Lawrence of Arabia"); both men wore Arabian-style garments and feuded with the High Flyers (Greg Gagne and Jim Brunzell) over the AWA World Tag Team Championship, winning the belts in June 1983. Patera and Blackwell later lost the titles to Baron von Raschke and the Crusher. In the WWF, Patera resumed his feud with Hogan, challenging him for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship on May 25, 1985 at the Spectrum and also assisted Big John Studd in his feud with André the Giant, helping Studd cut Andre's hair after both had attacked him. The WWF brought Patera back to the company in the spring of 1987 after he had spent the previous year in prison (see below), airing vignettes on WWF TV and releasing a Coliseum Video cassette entitled "The Ken Patera Story", which chronicled his career and his return. He was in top physical condition at this point, and his appearance had changed, as he wore natural brown hair, rather than his previous bleached blonde look. On the "Right After Wrestling" program on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 98, Patera told hosts Arda Ocal and Jimmy Korderas that his natural hair color was brown and he had decided to wrestle in his natural hair color later in his career. To ensure he would be accepted as a babyface, he claimed that former manager Bobby Heenan had abandoned him and "sold him down the river" while he was in prison. Patera and Heenan held a debate to air their differences, which turned into a physical confrontation between the two that culminated in Patera swinging Heenan with a belt around his neck, causing Heenan to appear on television with a neck brace for months. Patera then began feuding with the Heenan Family (at the time composed of Paul Orndorff, Harley Race, King Kong Bundy and Hercules). In his first match back at Madison Square Garden, the final match of the night, he defeated the Honky Tonk Man via submission with a bearhug, to a huge ovation.


title: Ken Patera

text: Shortly after his return, Patera ruptured the bicep tendon in his right arm, which led him to miss some time and re-emerge afterward with a stiff and bulky full-length brace for protection. Within six months, Patera was being defeated by newer, younger talent and found himself floundering in a mid-card tag team with fellow Oregonian Billy Jack Haynes. The pair would later feud with Demolition after a televised match where Demolition left Haynes, Patera, and Brady Boone (who played Haynes' cousin) beaten and lying in the ring. In his final televised WWF matches in late 1988 (losses to Bad News Brown, Dino Bravo, "Outlaw" Ron Bass, One Man Gang, "Ravishing" Rick Rude, Curt Hennig, Ted Dibiase, "Dangerous" Danny Davis, Haku (wrestler), Boris Zhukov, The Honky Tonk Man, Greg Valentine, and "Red Rooster" Terry Taylor), commentators Gorilla Monsoon and Lord Alfred Hayes remarked on-air that Patera's skills were in decline and that he should consider retirement. His final appearance for the WWF was at the 1988 Survivor Series on November 24, where he was the first member of his team to be eliminated when "Ravishing" Rick Rude pinned him with the Rude Awakening. Patera returned to the AWA in early 1989 and unsuccessfully challenged the new AWA world champion Larry Zbyszko for the title. He then teamed with Brad Rheingans as "the Olympians." The team defeated Badd Company for the AWA World Tag Team Championship shortly thereafter, but their reign was brief. Fellow weightlifter-turned-wrestler Wayne Bloom challenged Patera to a "car-lifting challenge" in order to get a title shot for him and his partner, Mike Enos. When it was Patera's turn to lift, Enos and manager Johnny Valiant attacked and (kayfabe) injured Patera and Rheingans. This led to the AWA stripping Patera and Rheingans of the title. Rheingans left wrestling for several months in order to have a legitimate knee operation. Patera continued to feud with Bloom and Enos until he left the AWA. Upon his return to the AWA in early 1990, Rheingans resumed the feud until the AWA's demise.


title: Ken Patera

text: Patera went on to wrestle for Herb Abrams' UWF, as well as PWA and on independent cards primarily in the Minnesota area well into the 1990s, sometimes even promoting his own events. On August 12, 2011, Patera made a special in-ring appearance at Juggalo Championship Wrestling's "Legends & Icons" event, facing Bob Backlund in a losing effort.


title: Ken Patera

text: Patera is the younger brother of Jack Patera, who coached the NFL's Seattle Seahawks from 1976 to 1982. He is also the brother of former San Francisco 49ers player Dennis Patera.


title: Ken Patera

text: On April 6, 1984, Patera was denied service after hours at a McDonald's restaurant in Waukesha, Wisconsin, prompting the angry wrestler to throw a rock through a window of the building (Patera claims that a former employee threw the rock, but he received the blame). He and fellow AWA heel Masa Saito later assaulted the police officers sent to arrest Patera at the hotel where they were sharing a room. Sixteen months later, at which point Patera was in the WWF, he was sentenced to two years in prison.


title: Ken Patera

text: In July 2016, Patera was named part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit was litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. In September 2018, US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant dismissed the lawsuit. In September 2020, an appeal for the lawsuit was dismissed by a federal appeals court.


title: Boreal forest of Canada

text: Canada's boreal forest is a vast region comprising about one third of the circumpolar boreal forest that rings the Northern Hemisphere, mostly north of the 50th parallel. Other countries with boreal forest include Russia, which contains the majority; the United States in its northernmost state of Alaska; and the Scandinavian or Northern European countries (e.g. Sweden, Finland, Norway and small regions of Scotland). In Europe, the entire boreal forest is referred to as taiga, not just the northern fringe where it thins out near the tree line. The boreal region in Canada covers almost 60% of the country's land area. The Canadian boreal region spans the landscape from the most easterly part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the border between the far northern Yukon and Alaska. The area is dominated by coniferous forests, particularly spruce, interspersed with vast wetlands, mostly bogs and fens. The boreal region of Canada includes eight ecozones. While the biodiversity of regions varies, each ecozone has a characteristic native flora and fauna.


title: Boreal forest of Canada

text: The boreal forest zone consists of closed-crown conifer forests with a conspicuous deciduous element (Ritchie 1987). The proportions of the dominant conifers (white and black spruces, jack pine ("Pinus banksiana" Lamb.), tamarack, and balsam fir) vary greatly in response to interactions among climate, topography, soil, fire, pests, and perhaps other factors.


title: Boreal forest of Canada

text: The boreal region contains about 13% of Canada's population. With its sheer vastness and forest cover, the boreal makes an important contribution to the rural and aboriginal economies of Canada, primarily through resource industries, recreation, hunting, fishing and eco-tourism. Hundreds of cities and towns within its territory derive at least 20% of their economic activity from the forest, mainly from industries like forest products, mining, oil and gas and tourism. The boreal forest also plays an iconic role in Canada's history, economic and social development and the arts.