title: PIC microcontrollers

text: Some devices do not have on-chip debug support, due to cost or lack of pins. Some larger chips also have no debug module. To debug these devices, a special -ICD version of the chip mounted on a daughter board which provides dedicated ports is required. Some of these debug chips are able to operate as more than one type of chip by the use of selectable jumpers on the daughter board. This allows broadly identical architectures that do not feature all the on chip peripheral devices to be replaced by a single -ICD chip. For example: the 12F690-ICD will function as one of six different parts each of which features one, some or all of five on chip peripherals.


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: Microchip offers three full in-circuit emulators: the MPLAB ICE2000 (parallel interface, a USB converter is available); the newer MPLAB ICE4000 (USB 2.0 connection); and most recently, the REAL ICE (USB 2.0 connection). All such tools are typically used in conjunction with MPLAB IDE for source-level interactive debugging of code running on the target.


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: PIC projects may utilize real-time operating systems such as FreeRTOS, AVIX RTOS, uRTOS, Salvo RTOS or other similar libraries for task scheduling and prioritization.


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: An open source project by Serge Vakulenko adapts 2.11BSD to the PIC32 architecture, under the name RetroBSD. This brings a familiar Unix-like operating system, including an onboard development environment, to the microcontroller, within the constraints of the onboard hardware.


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: Parallax produced a series of PICmicro-like microcontrollers known as the Parallax SX. It is currently discontinued. Designed to be architecturally similar to the PIC microcontrollers used in the original versions of the BASIC Stamp, SX microcontrollers replaced the PIC in several subsequent versions of that product.


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: Parallax's SX are 8-bit RISC microcontrollers, using a 12-bit instruction word, which run fast at 75 MHz (75 MIPS). They include up to 4096 12-bit words of flash memory and up to 262 bytes of random access memory, an eight bit counter and other support logic. There are software library modules to emulate I²C and SPI interfaces, UARTs, frequency generators, measurement counters and PWM and sigma-delta A/D converters. Other interfaces are relatively easy to write, and existing modules can be modified to get new features.


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: Program memory consists of up to 64kB Flash memory in the 1886VE2U () or 8kB EEPROM in the 1886VE5U ("1886ВЕ5У"). The 1886VE5U ("1886ВЕ5У") through 1886VE7U ("1886ВЕ7У") are specified for the military temperature range of -60 °C to +125 °C. Hardware interfaces in the various parts include USB, CAN, I2C, SPI, as well as A/D and D/A converters. The 1886VE3U ("1886ВЕ3У") contains a hardware accelerator for cryptographic functions according to GOST 28147-89. There are even radiation-hardened chips with the designations 1886VE8U ("1886ВЕ8У") and 1886VE10U ("1886ВЕ10У").


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: ELAN Microelectronics Corp. in Taiwan make a line of microcontrollers based on the PIC16 architecture, with 13-bit instructions and a smaller (6-bit) RAM address space.


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: Holtek Semiconductor make a large number of very cheap microcontrollers (as low as 8.5 "cents" in quantity) with a 14-bit instruction set strikingly similar to the PIC16.


title: PIC microcontrollers

text: Many ultra-low-cost OTP microcontrollers from Asian manufacturers, found in low-cost consumer electronics are based on the PIC architecture or modified form. Most clones only target the baseline parts (PIC16C5x/PIC12C50x). Microchip has attempted to sue some manufacturers when the copying is particularly egregious,


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: L'Arc-en-Ciel (French: 'The Rainbow', stylized as L'Arc~en~Ciel), also known as Laruku, is a Japanese rock band, formed in Osaka in 1991 by bassist tetsuya and vocalist hyde. Following the departure of original members hiro and pero, guitarist ken and drummer sakura were recruited to replace them in 1992 and 1993, respectively. While they first got their start as a visual kei band, L'Arc-en-Ciel have not had any association with the movement since their major label debut in 1994. sakura left the band in 1997 and was replaced by yukihiro in January 1998, completing the current line-up.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: With a reported 40 million records sold, L'Arc-en-Ciel were the first Japanese act to headline at Madison Square Garden. In 2003, they were ranked 58 on a list of the top 100 Japanese pop musicians by HMV Japan.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: In February 1991, bassist tetsuya (then known as TETSU) recruited vocalist hyde (then known as HIDE), guitarist hiro and drummer pero. Together, they formed a band and named themselves L'Arc-en-Ciel. A year later, after gaining popularity in their hometown of Osaka, hiro left the band on June 12, 1992. Tetsuya then convinced his friend ken to quit his university studies and join the band as guitarist. However, pero then left the group on December 30, 1992. The following year, sakura joined as L'Arc-en-Ciel's new drummer.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On April 1, 1993, the band released their debut album "Dune" on the independent, but well-known, record label Danger Crue. The album was a success and ranked number one on the Oricon indies charts. This caught the attention of some major labels. In 1994, L'Arc-en-Ciel signed a contract with Sony Music Entertainment Japan's Ki/oon division. They released their major debut album "Tierra" that same year. Their third album "Heavenly" followed in 1995. In 1996, their fourth album, "True", became their first to sell over a million copies.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On February 24, 1997, drummer sakura was arrested for violating the Stimulants Control Law. In May, he received a two year prison sentence suspended for three years. When news of the arrest became public, the group's CDs were removed from the shelves in record shops. Their song "The Fourth Avenue Cafe" was replaced as the fourth ending theme of the "Rurouni Kenshin" anime after only four episodes and its single release was halted. (It was eventually released in 2006.)


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: Over the next few months, the group continued to be featured in magazines as a trio. On October 17, the single "Niji" was released without sakura. Instead, it features former and Die in Cries drummer yukihiro as a support member. sakura officially announced his departure from L'Arc-en-Ciel on November 4. The remaining members formed "The Zombies", which was advertised as a "copy band" singing L'Arc-en-Ciel songs. The end of their hiatus was marked by a concert at the Tokyo Dome on December 23, 1997 entitled Reincarnation. It was the band's first performance at the venue and had an attendance of 56,000 people, with the tickets sold out in a record-breaking four minutes.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: yukihiro officially joined L'Arc-en-Ciel as their drummer on January 1, 1998. The single "Winter Fall", which was released at the end of the month, became the group's first number one on the Oricon Singles Chart. They subsequently released their album "Heart" on February 25, 1998. The band was also included in the Japanese and Philippine releases of the official movie soundtrack of Godzilla. It was released on May 19, 1998, through Epic Records and mainly consists of alternative rock songs. They provided the track titled "Lose Control."


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On July 1, 1999, the group released two albums, "Ark" and "Ray", simultaneously. These two albums became the first Japanese albums to be released simultaneously in other Asian countries outside Japan. Both albums topped the Oricon music charts, with "Ark" occupying number one and "Ray" number two and each selling over two million copies. This, along with the 1999 Grand Cross Tour which united over 650,000 people in 12 concerts, marked the commercial high point of the group's career.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: In 2000, two of the band's songs were included in the soundtrack for "". Their next album "Real", released on August 30, 2000, was their last studio album for some time. Its song "Stay Away" was featured in the arcade game "DrumMania 4th Mix". The compilation album "Clicked Singles Best 13" was released on March 14, 2001. It includes twelve songs chosen online by the group's fans. It also includes an additional thirteenth song, "Anemone". Their album "Real" was re-released as a Super Audio CD on July 4, 2001. "Spirit Dreams Inside (Another Dream)", released on September 5, 2001, was L'Arc-en-Ciel's last single before a long period of inactivity. The English-language version of the single's title track was adopted as ""'s ending theme song.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: During this period of inactivity, the members began working on solo careers and side projects. In 2001, tetsuya started his solo career under the name Tetsu69 and yukihiro formed the band Acid Android. The following year, ken founded Sons of All Pussys with L'Arc-en-Ciel's former drummer sakura. hyde released two solo albums, "Roentgen" (2002) and "666" (2003), and co-starred in the 2003 movie "Moon Child". He also played the part of Adam in the film "Kagen no Tsuki" (2004).


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: Three compilation albums; "The Best of L'Arc-en-Ciel 1994–1998", "The Best of L'Arc-en-Ciel 1998–2000" and "The Best of L'Arc-en-Ciel C/W", were released on March 19, 2003. The album series included all of their previous singles, with the exception of "Spirit Dreams Inside (Another Dream)".


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: After two and a half years, L'Arc-en-Ciel performed a series of seven concerts, entitled Shibuya Seven Days, in Tokyo in June 2003. During this event, the group announced that a new album would be released the following year. "Ready Steady Go", the group's first single in more than three years, was released in February 2004. This song was used as an opening theme song for the "Fullmetal Alchemist" anime. The single topped the Oricon weekly singles charts. Additionally, a sample of this song was also used in a Nintendo DS game called "Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan". The group subsequently released another single, "Hitomi no Juunin", in early March 2004. This was followed by the group's album, "Smile", on March 31. Shortly after, on June 2, the single "Jiyuu e no Shoutai" was the first to feature a song by P'unk-en-Ciel.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On July 31, 2004, L'Arc-en-Ciel made their North American debut at the anime convention Otakon. Approximately 12,000 people attended the concert, which was held at the 1st Mariner Arena. They were the first Japanese band to perform at the arena. On May 31, 2005, Tofu Records, Sony Music Japan's U.S. label, released a DVD of their 2004 Otakon concert. On June 25, 2007, L'Arc-en-Ciel signed a record deal with HMV America.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: In 2005, the band released various singles, including "Killing Me", "New World" and "Jojoushi". These were later complied onto the album "Awake", which was released on June 22, 2005. It features twelve tracks, including "Lost Heaven", the ending theme song of "". Another of the band's single, "Link", was released on July 20, 2005. This song was also featured in the movie as the opening theme song, and was included on their next album, entitled "Kiss".


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: In August 2005, the band went on a nationwide tour for their album "Awake". It was followed by another tour titled Asia Live 2005, which had the band performing in Seoul and Shanghai and ended at the Tokyo Dome. Following these two tours, L'Arc-en-Ciel's members turned their attention back to their own solo projects. tetsuya began recording with Morrie for his solo project Creature Creature. yukihiro regrouped his band Acid Android and released the single "Let's Dance" on April 5, 2006. Acid Android joined Mucc to perform two concerts in Shanghai in April 2006. hyde composed "Glamorous Sky", the theme song of the film adaption of the manga "Nana". The song was sung by pop singer Mika Nakashima, the first time hyde composed music for another vocalist. In addition, his own solo album, "Faith", was released on April 26, 2006. hyde also went on a five-month tour throughout Japan to publicize his album. After signing with Tofu Records, he held four small concerts in the United States in July 2006, making his US debut. This was the first of L'Arc-en-Ciel's solo projects to be held outside Japan. On August 23, 2006, ken released a solo single entitled "Speed".


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On November 25 and 26, 2006, L'Arc-en-Ciel played two shows at the Tokyo Dome to celebrate their 15th anniversary. The tickets for these concerts sold out in two minutes, breaking the previous record, which was also set by them. A poll was created on their official website, during the weeks before the concert, which allowed fans to pick the songs they would like to hear at the show. The concert was later broadcast on the WOWOW channel on December 23, 2006, and was subsequently broadcast on Korean MTV on February 8, 2007.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: L'Arc-en-Ciel recorded the song "Shine", which was to be used as the opening song for the NHK anime "". In the spring of 2007, the group kicked off their Mata Heart ni hi wo Tsukero 2007 tour in Japan. They also released the single "Seventh Heaven" on May 30, 2007, which topped the Oricon charts. Their song "My Heart Draws a Dream", which was used in a Subaru commercial, was also released as a single on August 29, 2007. This single also topped the Oricon charts.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: L'Arc-en-Ciel subsequently recorded the song "Daybreak's Bell", which was used as the first opening theme for the anime "Mobile Suit Gundam 00". This song was released as a single on October 10, 2007, later topping the Oricon weekly charts. From November 14 to December 25, 2007, they released a limited edition single titled "Hurry Xmas", along with two new DVDs, titled "15th L'Anniversary Live" and "Chronicle 3". Their studio album "Kiss" was released on November 21, 2007, and debuted at number one on the Oricon charts.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: L'Arc-en-Ciel then performed the Theater of Kiss tour, which was held from December 22, 2007, to February 17, 2008. The song "Drink It Down" was used as the Japanese opening song for the PS3/Xbox 360 game "Devil May Cry 4". It was released as a single on April 2, 2008, and topped the Oricon weekly charts. The band went on a tour, entitled Tour 2008 L'7: Trans Asia via Paris, which covered several major Asian cities, as well as Paris, France. On this tour, a live show hiatus until 2011 was announced, although new material would still continue to be released.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: Their double A-side single "Nexus 4/Shine" and the DVD "Tour 2007-2008 Theater of Kiss" were released together on August 27, 2008. On May 20, 2009, L'Arc-en-Ciel released the DVD of their live concert in Paris, titled "Live in Paris". hyde and K.A.Z formed the hard rock group Vamps and released their self-titled first album, "Vamps", on June 10, 2009. On December 1, 2009, L'Arc-en-Ciel announced the release of a new single named "Bless" on January 27, 2010. This was used as the theme song for NHK's broadcast of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. Also, tetsu announced that he had changed his stage name to "tetsuya" and released his first artist book. The book, which ranked number six amongst the Talent Book Charts, featured early live pictures and a 30,000 character interview with the bassist.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On March 10, 2010, L'Arc-en-Ciel released their fifth "best of" album, entitled "Quadrinity: Member's Best Selections". It contains 4 CDs with 7 tracks per band member, chosen and remastered by each of them. The first press edition of this compilation also came with a DVD that includes a variety quiz show with the band titled "The L'Arquiz".


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: Ending their live show hiatus on January 1, 2011, L'Arc-en-Ciel celebrated both their 20th anniversary and the New Year with the midnight concert L'A Happy New Year! at Makuhari Messe. On February 16, they released the compilation album "Twenity", which consists of three parts: "Twenity 1991-1996", "Twenity 1997-1999", and "Twenity 2000-2010". The albums are an all-around "best of" collection of the band, covering everything from the formation of the group, including their hit singles up to their newest works. A box set entitled "Twenity Box" was later released on March 9 and contains all three of the albums. It also came with a special digest DVD that covered the 20-year history of the band, a deluxe booklet, and a special music box that contained either "Flower", "Anata", "New World", or "My Heart Draws a Dream" at random.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: Later, it was announced that L'Arc-en-Ciel would provide the theme song for "", entitled "Good Luck My Way". This is their fourth contribution to the "Fullmetal Alchemist" franchise. The song was released as their first 20th L'Anniversary single on June 29, 2011. To further celebrate their 20 years together, L'Arc-en-Ciel put on a 20th L'Anniversary Concert at Ajinomoto Stadium in Tokyo on May 28–29, 2011, with each day dedicated to one half of their career. All of the proceeds from the concerts were donated to the Great East Japan earthquake relief efforts. Additionally, at the end of the concert, it was announced that there would be a L'Anniversary Japan Tour in 2011, as well as a world tour in 2012. On October 12, 2011 the second 20th L'Anniversary single was released, entitled "XXX" . L'Arc-en-Ciel was subsequently approached by the producers of the "Wild 7" live-action film to perform the movie's theme song. Entitled "Chase", the song was released as the group's third L'Anniversary single on December 21.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: L'Arc-en-Ciel then announced that they would be releasing their twelfth studio album, and gave fans who bought "Chase" a sneak peek with a live internet broadcast of the band mastering the album on December 26 on Ustream. They also announced that their alter ego band P'unk-en-Ciel would be releasing their first album, titled "P'unk is Not Dead", the same day. The band's twelfth album, "Butterfly", was released on February 8, 2012. It includes all their singles from the single "Drink it Down" onwards and four new songs.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: The band's 2012 world tour took them to Hong Kong on March 3, Bangkok on March 7, Shanghai on March 10, Taipei on March 17, New York on March 25, London on April 11, Paris on April 14, Singapore on April 28, Jakarta on May 2, Seoul on May 5, Yokohama on May 12–13, Osaka on May 19–20, Tokyo on May 26–27, and Honolulu on May 31. Their show in New York was originally scheduled to be at The Theater at Madison Square Garden on March 23, but was later moved to the main arena, making L'Arc-en-Ciel the first Japanese artist to be the headlining act at the legendary venue. They ended the tour by returning to the US for two nights in Honolulu, Hawaii on May 31 and June 1, the latter being for the group's fan club members only. At the first day, the mayor of Honolulu Peter Carlisle made a surprise appearance and declared May 31 "L’Arc~en~Ciel Day", saying he felt the band "made a great contribution to cultural activities, and built a bridge of friendship between Hawaii and Japan".


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On March 21 and 22, 2014, the band played a two-day concert at the Japan National Stadium in Tokyo, where they also played and announced the future release of their new single "Everlasting". In June 2015, the band announced a two-day concert under the name of L'ArCasino, held at Umeshima Outdoor Special Stage, Osaka, on September 21 and 22. As they did with the previous live performances in Tokyo, they played a single for a Christmas release, "Wing's Flap". In December 2016, the single "Don't be Afraid" was released. The song was used as the theme song for the film "", and the video game "". To promote their release, the band recorded a VR music video for the PlayStation 4, which features the band members fighting zombies in the franchise's fictional Racoon City.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: In 2017, L'Arc-en-Ciel celebrated their 25th anniversary with two shows at the Tokyo Dome on April 9 and 10. Only 110,000 seats were available for the almost 600,000 fans who signed up for the ticket lotteries. In December 2018, L'Arc-en-Ciel's first Christmas live was held at the Tokyo Dome. In late 2019 the band reinforced their presence on social media, opening an official account on Instagram, as well as an official channel in YouTube. They also released most of their music albums across different music streaming services, including Apple Music and Spotify.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On January 9, 2020, the band started a new arena tour, the first one in eight years. A total of twelve live shows were to be held across five cities between January and March, starting with their home town at the Osaka-jō Hall. However, the last four concerts were cancelled due to coronavirus outbreak-related concerns.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: For the band's 30th anniversary in 2021, a partnership with Japanese TV-broadcasting station WOWOW was made. Starting in February 2021, the station broadcast most of L'Arc-en-Ciel's past concerts for several months. On May 29 and 30, the band played two concerts named L'Appy Birthday at Chiba's Makuhari Messe. On May 31, the band digitally released "Mirai", their first new song in almost five years. The single was used as the theme of the Bandai Namco video game "Blue Protocol". A second single, "Forever", was announced as the second opening theme of the anime adaptation of "Edens Zero" on the day of its broadcast on July 3. The song was digitally released on August 8, 2021. while the physical version was released on September 21, 2021.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: The national 30th L'Anniversary Tour saw the band play 19 concerts across Japan from September 5 to December 26. The tour's two final concerts were held at the Tokyo Dome on May 21 and 22, 2022.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: On May 18th, 2022, the band released "L'Album Complete Box -Remastered Edition", a compilation box containing remastered versions of all their albums from 1994 to 2012.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: P'unk-en-Ciel (stylized as P'UNK~EN~CIEL) is an alter ego of L'Arc-en-Ciel. Introduced in 2004, hyde takes over the guitar, ken the drums, yukihiro plays the bass, while tetsuya performs the vocals. P'unk-en-Ciel's songs have a more punk sound and their music is usually heavier and faster with a different tone due to tetsuya's vocals. hyde wears a pirate patch over his left eye in P'unk-en-Ciel performances. yukihiro is known to wear a gas mask; however, this has only been seen once at a live concert during their "Smile" tour in 2004.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: Each member is called in capital letters; T.E.Z P'UNK (formerly TETSU P'UNK), KEN P'UNK, HYDE P'UNK and YUKI P'UNK. Each member produces one song of their choice, and they alternate their productions.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: P'unk-en-Ciel is the re-visitation of D'ark-en-Ciel (stylized as D'ARK~EN~CIEL), a special event that took place during concerts in the years when sakura was their drummer. The only material released from D'ark-en-Ciel is the 18-minute self-titled B-side found on the (then) unreleased "The Fourth Avenue Cafe" single. Each member was called; DARK TETSU, HYDE DARK, Suck・D'ark・La and Kën D'Ark.


title: L'Arc-en-Ciel

text: P'unk-en-Ciel songs have been recorded and used as B-sides on singles since 2004 and their performances can be found on live DVDs. They also featured television personality Sayaka Aoki (called P'UNK ) in the song "Round and Round 2005". On February 8, 2012 P'unk-en-Ciel released their first album "P'unk is Not Dead", which contains all twelve songs they released up to that point.


title: Quantity surveyor

text: A quantity surveyor (QS) is a construction industry professional with expert knowledge on construction costs and contracts. Qualified professional quantity surveyors are known as Chartered Surveyors (Members and Fellows of RICS) in the UK and Certified Quantity Surveyors (a designation of AIQS) in Australia and other countries. In some countries such as Canada, South Africa, Kenya and Mauritius, qualified quantity surveyors are known as Professional Quantity Surveyors, a title protected by law.


title: Quantity surveyor

text: Quantity surveyors are responsible for managing all aspects of the contractual and financial side of construction projects. They help to ensure that the construction project is completed within its projected budget. Quantity surveyors are also hired by contractors to help with the valuation of construction work for the contractor, help with bidding and project budgeting, and the submission of bills to the client.


title: Quantity surveyor

text: A university degree or diploma alone does not allow one to register as a Quantity Surveyor. Usually, anyone looking to qualify as a Chartered Quantity Surveyor, Certified Quantity Surveyor or Professional Quantity Surveyor must hold appropriate educational qualifications and work experience, and must pass a professional competence assessment.


title: Quantity surveyor

text: The RICS requires an RICS approved degree, several years of practical experience, and passing the Assessment of Professional Competence (APC) to qualify as a Chartered Quantity Surveyor. Some candidates may be entitled to qualify through extensive experience and reciprocity agreements.


title: Draya Michele

text: Andraya Michele Howard (born January 23, 1985) is an American media personality, model, actress, and fashion designer.


title: Draya Michele

text: Andraya Michele was born and raised in Reading, Pennsylvania. She has two children, one with her ex fiancé and Orlando Scandrick. She is of African-American and Italian descent.


title: Draya Michele

text: Michele first came to the attention of the public as the girlfriend of entertainer Chris Brown. She was part of the freshman cast of the VH1 series "Basketball Wives LA" in 2011, and in the same year made her first scripted acting debut in TV One's "Will to Love" opposite Keshia Knight-Pulliam and Marques Houston. She remained as part of the cast of "Basketball Wives LA" until her departure at the end of the show's fourth season in 2015. She had a supporting role in the 2016 film "The Perfect Match".


title: Draya Michele

text: She owns a number of fashion lines: her swimwear line "Mint Swim" launched in 2011, and her lifestyle clothing line "Fine Ass Girls" launched in 2013. In November 2016 she launched another clothing line, "Beige & Coco".


title: Regulate (song)

text: "Regulate" is a song performed by American rapper Warren G featuring American singer Nate Dogg. It was released in the spring of 1994 as the first single on the soundtrack to the film "Above the Rim" and later Warren G's debut album, "Regulate... G Funk Era" (1994). It became an MTV staple and the song reached No. 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 8 on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart.


title: Regulate (song)

text: The West Coast hip hop track employs a four-bar sample of the rhythm of Michael McDonald's song "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)". It also samples "Sign of the Times" by Bob James and "Let Me Ride" by Dr. Dre. One mix of the song, called the Jamming Mix, includes full vocal samples from "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)". "Regulate" also starts with a read introduction referencing dialogue from the film "Young Guns". The music video featured scenes from "Above the Rim", including an appearance by Tupac Shakur.


title: Regulate (song)

text: "Regulate" was number 98 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop and number 108 on "Pitchfork Media"'s "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s".


title: Regulate (song)

text: In an interview with "NME", Warren G explained the thought process behind the song. "That record was things that I went through, and friends of ours went through. We'd witnessed that and we'd been a part of it. We just told the story, and then on the hook we just let everybody's imagination flow. After hearing that you're going: 'Wow, he went through this' and then: [sings] 'I laid all them busters down, I let my gat explode' and you roll right back into it. It's on again!"


title: Regulate (song)

text: Warren G is driving alone through Eastside, Long Beach, California at night, looking for women. He finds a group of men playing dice and tries to join them, but they pull out their guns and rob him instead. Thinking he's about to die, Warren G sings out, "if I had wings I would fly"; one critic describes this moment as "the hook" of the song.


title: Regulate (song)

text: Meanwhile, Nate Dogg is looking for Warren G. He passes a car full of women, who are so fixated on him that they crash their car. He finds Warren G and shoots at the robbers, dispersing them. The two friends then return to the women and ride away with them, with the intent of taking them to the "Eastside motel".


title: Regulate (song)

text: In the third verse, Warren and Nate explain their G-funk musical style; the song "constructs itself as inaugurating a new era".


title: Regulate (song)

text: Bill Speed and John Martinucci from the "Gavin Report" noted that here, the hip hop artists "tap blue-eyed soulman Michael McDonald's "I Keep Forgettin'" for the music bed and the familiar groove fuels the duo's narrative raps as they "Regulate"." A reviewer from "Music & Media" commented, "Sung in a Bill Withers meets pioneer rapper Kurtis Blow timbre, there's something lovely old-fashioned about this soul number off the "Above The Rim" soundtrack." The magazine's Maria Jimenez viewed it as a "laidback lyric-flowing hip hop jam". Alan Jones from "Music Week" described it as a "mellow" song/rap sung over a sample of the 1986 remake. He added, "Sterling support from 2 Pac, Lord G and Treach/Riddler make this an excellent single." James Hamilton from the magazine's "RM" Dance Update deemed it a "lovely languid 0-95.3bpm US smash gangsta rap with catchy whistling".


title: Regulate (song)

text: "Regulate" was released as a maxi single by Interscope, catalog number 6544-95917-0 (12-inch vinyl) and 6544-95917-2 (CD), along with three other tracks.


title: Regulate (song)

text: During much of the summer of 1994, the video stayed number one on the MTV charts. In the video as played on MTV, the lyrics are censored with the word "cold" being blanked from the line "Nate Dogg is about to make some bodies turn cold"; an action that "Spin" equated with racism because more explicit songs by white artists like Johnny Cash were not being censored. The video contained "everyday footage" from the film "Above the Rim", as well as new footage, although guest vocalist Nate Dogg did not appear due to conflict between Suge Knight and Def Jam.


title: Regulate (song)

text: The lyrics have been described as "a surreal pastiche of half-sung lyrics about fighting and fucking". Craig Marks recommended "Regulate" for its "lite rock synth lines and rippling bass" but thought that Warren G's rapping abilities were "average".


title: Regulate (song)

text: The mockumentary series "Yacht Rock" featured Regulate in its episode No. 7, where Michael McDonald and Kenny Loggins make a bet about the popularity of the song, "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)". Ten years later, the Long Beach-based rappers accidentally hit McDonald with their car and kidnap him back to their house, where they sample McDonald's smooth keyboard groove.


title: Bookends (album)

text: Bookends is the fourth studio album by American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel. Produced by Paul Simon, Art Garfunkel and Roy Halee, the album was released on April 3, 1968, in the United States by Columbia Records. The duo had risen to fame two years prior with the albums "Sounds of Silence" and "Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme" and the soundtrack album for the 1967 film "The Graduate".


title: Bookends (album)

text: "Bookends" is a concept album that explores a life journey from childhood to old age. Side one of the album marks successive stages in life, the theme serving as bookends to the life cycle. Side two largely consists of previously-released singles and of unused material for "The Graduate" soundtrack. Simon's lyrics concern youth, disillusionment, relationships, old age, and mortality. Much of the material was crafted alongside producer John Simon (no relation), who joined the recording when Paul Simon suffered from writer's block. The album was recorded gradually over the period of a year, with production speeding up around the later months of 1967.


title: Bookends (album)

text: Initial sales for "Bookends" were substantial in the US, and the album produced the number-one single "Mrs. Robinson". The album sold well in the US and in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number one. "Bookends" was considered a breakthrough for the duo, placing them on the same level as artists such as Aretha Franklin, The Beatles, Bob Dylan, and The Rolling Stones at the forefront of the cultural movement in the 1960s. The album has continued to receive critical acclaim and is debated by critics as to whether it or "Bridge Over Troubled Water" is Simon & Garfunkel's best album.


title: Bookends (album)

text: Simon & Garfunkel first became prominent on American radio in 1965 with their record "The Sound of Silence", which became a hit during a period in which the duo had broken up due to the failure of their debut release, "Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M." (1964). Following another release, "Sounds of Silence" (1965), the duo recorded and released "Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme" (1966), which brought new critical and commercial success to the duo. Simon, then 25, felt he had finally "made it" into an upper echelon of rock and roll, while most importantly retaining artistic integrity ("making him spiritually closer to Bob Dylan than to, say, Bobby Darin", wrote biographer Marc Eliot). The duo chose William Morris as their booking agency after a recommendation from Wally Amos, a mutual friend through their producer, Tom Wilson.


title: Bookends (album)

text: During the sessions for "Parsley", the duo cut "A Hazy Shade of Winter" and decided to release it as a single then, where it peaked at number 13 on the national charts. Similarly, they recorded "At the Zoo" for single release in early 1967 (it charted lower, at number 16). Simon began work for "Bookends" around this time, noting to a writer at "High Fidelity" that "I'm not interested in singles anymore". He had hit a dry spell in his writing, which led to no Simon & Garfunkel album on the horizon for 1967. Artists at the time were expected to release two, perhaps three albums each year and the lack of productivity from the duo worried executives at Columbia Records. Amid concerns for Simon's idleness, Columbia Records chairman Clive Davis arranged for up-and-coming record producer John Simon to kick-start the recording. Simon was distrustful of "suits" at the label; on one occasion, he and Garfunkel brought a tape recorder into a meeting with Davis, who was giving a "fatherly talk" on speeding up production, in order to laugh at it later.


title: Bookends (album)

text: Meanwhile, director Mike Nichols, then filming "The Graduate", had become fascinated with the duo's past two efforts, listening to them nonstop before and after filming. After two weeks of this obsession, he met with Clive Davis to ask for permission to license Simon & Garfunkel music for his film. Davis viewed it as a perfect fit and envisioned a best-selling soundtrack album. Simon was not as immediately receptive, viewing movies akin to "selling out", creating a damper on his artistic integrity. However, after meeting Nichols and becoming impressed by his wit and the script, he agreed to write at least one or two new songs for the film. Leonard Hirshan, a powerful agent at William Morris, negotiated a deal that paid Simon $25,000 (US$ in dollars) to submit three songs to Nichols and producer Lawrence Turman. Several weeks later, Simon re-emerged with two new tracks, "Punky's Dilemma" and "Overs", neither of which Nichols was particularly taken with. The duo offered another new song, which later became "Mrs. Robinson", that was not as developed. Nichols loved it.


title: Bookends (album)

text: "Bookends" was recorded in fits and starts from 1966 to 1968. John Simon's first session with the group was for "Fakin' It" in June 1967. The duo were signed under an older contract that specified the label pay for sessions ("As a folk duo, how much could recording costs be?" said John Simon). Simon & Garfunkel took advantage of this indulgence, hiring viola and brass players, as well as percussionists. When the viola players arrived, the duo were so intrigued with the sound of the musicians tuning their instruments before recording that they spent nearly all night (at Columbia's expense) trying to find the random sound.


title: Bookends (album)

text: The record's brevity reflects its concise and perfectionistic production. The team spent over 50 studio hours recording "Punky's Dilemma", for example, and re-recorded vocal parts, sometimes note by note, until they were satisfied. Simon paid close attention to his vocal takes, and he strived to get each line perfect. He took a bigger role in all aspects of production, and harmonies for which the band was famous gradually disappeared in favor of songs sung solo by each member. Although the album had been planned long in advance, work did not begin in earnest until the late months of 1967.


title: Bookends (album)

text: John Simon's work with the duo produced several tracks that ended up on "Bookends", such as "Punky's Dilemma", "Save the Life of My Child", and "Overs". In October 1967, Morgan Ames, writer for "High Fidelity" magazine, attended a recording session with the duo, Simon, Halee and an assistant engineer at Columbia's recording studio on 52nd Street in New York City. Her observations were reported in the November edition of the magazine:


title: Bookends (album)

text: Work on "Bookends" slowed by the beginning of the new year, with John Simon's departure from Columbia. The duo and Halee completed production themselves, recording "America" on February 1, the final version of "Mrs. Robinson" on February 2, and "Old Friends" and the closing "Bookends Theme" on March 8. Simon felt the album "had the most use of the studio" of all of the duo's albums.


title: Bookends (album)

text: The "Bookends Theme" that opens and closes side one is played on the acoustic guitar, with no additional instruments. An audio sample of the band's first hit, "The Sound of Silence", softly plays during a cacophony of sounds near the end of the second track, "Save the Life of My Child". John Simon, who was credited with production assistance on the song, created the bassline by playing a Moog synthesizer with help from Robert Moog himself. James Bennighof, author of "The Words and Music of Paul Simon", finds that "textural elements are variously supported by a churning groove, percussive, and distorted electronic sounds" that complement the song's subject matter, suicide suburban youth. The song "America" explores the search of meaning in the life of a young adult. "Overs" explores a more jazz-oriented style, with a larger selection of chords and looser form than the group's previous styles.


title: Bookends (album)

text: "Voices of Old People" is a sound collage, and was recorded on tape by Garfunkel at the United Home for Aged Hebrews in New Rochelle, New York, and the California Home for the Aged at Reseda. The collection of audio recordings of the elderly find them musing on treasured photographs, illness and living conditions. In "Old Friends", the title generally conveys the introduction or ending of sections through repetition, and the song builds upon a "rather loose formal structure" that at first includes an acoustic guitar and soft mood. An additional element is introduced midway through the track: an orchestral arrangement conducted by Jimmie Haskell, dominated by strings and xylophone notes. Horns and other instruments are added when the duo cease singing, creating a turbulence that builds to a single high, sustained note on the strings. The song then segues into the final song of side one, the reprise of the "Bookends Theme".


title: Bookends (album)

text: Side two consists of miscellaneous unrelated songs unused for "The Graduate", with many possessing a more rock-based sound than the unified folk songs that precede it. Simon felt the album's second side was composed of throwaway tracks: "They didn't mean a lot. They weren't well recorded." In "Fakin' It", melodies are occasionally deleted to suit lyrics, but the song generally follows a similar chord structure and melodic outline over a "funky rock beat" that sonically references the Beatles' "Tomorrow Never Knows". "Punky's Dilemma" is breezy and minimal musically, with a soft jazz-style percussion and seemingly improvised guitar lines dominated by major and minor seventh chords. "Mrs. Robinson" opens with an "instantly recognizable" pop rock guitar hook that carries throughout the track. The first verse consists only of syllables—"dee-dee-dee" and "doo-doo-doo"—that form stable harmonic foundation. The inclusion of the meaningless syllables arises from the unfinished nature of the song when pitched to director Mike Nichols, who particularly liked the verse. "A Hazy Shade of Winter" follows a more rock-tinged sound, with a fairly straightforward verse-refrain structure. "At the Zoo" uses a rock groove that settles into the key of G major.


title: Bookends (album)

text: According to disc jockey and author Pete Fornatale, the album perhaps shares thematic qualities with another concept album, the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", released ten months prior. He equates "At the Zoo" and "Old Friends" to "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" and "When I'm Sixty-Four", respectively. Fornatale notes, however, that while "Sgt. Pepper" was notable for sonically colorful, psychedelic shapes, "Bookends" is starkly contrasted by moody, "black-and-white and gray" sounds. While concept albums were fairly common among rock groups at this time—such as The Rolling Stones' "Their Satanic Majesties Request", The Byrds' "Sweetheart of the Rodeo" and Iron Butterfly's "In-a-Gadda-Da-Vida"—"Bookends" enjoyed massive success with the format not unlike the Beatles nearly one year before. Garfunkel confirmed the influence of "Sgt. Pepper's" in a 2015 interview, commenting, "We were terribly impressed, and that shone a light on the path that led to "Bookends"." Simon often smoked hashish when writing, and he was convinced he must be high to write. He felt the drug had a negative effect and caused him to "retreat more into myself." He often found himself alone while on tour, and his thoughts grew dark during these times. He attributed "the pain that comes out in some of the songs is due to the exaggeration of being high."


title: Bookends (album)

text: "Bookends" contains many of Paul Simon's major themes, including "youth, alienation, life, love, disillusionment, relationships, old age, and mortality". Simon's work on "Bookends" is loosely autobiographical, designed to function as both a personal and artistic statement. Simon, "feeling especially auteurist in the Dylan style of the day", had planned out the album's concept before he began writing, telling Garfunkel "I'm going to start writing a whole side of an album—a cycle of songs. I want the early ones to be about youth and the last song to be about old age, and I want the feel of each song to fit." "Bookends", originally released primarily as a vinyl LP, opens and closes side one of the disc with the "Bookends Theme", a brief acoustic piece (once compared to the work of English rock band the Moody Blues) that evokes "a time of innocence". "Save the Life of My Child" is a dramatic story involving drugs, violence and a mother-and-child relationship. According to James Bennighof, the song "deals with individual crises in crowded urban settings, along with references to larger societal forces and at least a hint of some transcendent perspective". The song crossfades into "America", which follows two young lovers—"an apparently impromptu romantic traveling alliance"—as they board a Greyhound bus "to look for America". It is a protest song that "creates a cinematic vista that tells of the singer's search for a literal and physical America that seems to have disappeared, along with the country's beauty and ideals". "Overs" includes themes regarding the disintegration of love and marriage. "Old Friends" paints a portrait of two old men reminiscing on the years of their youth. The two men "sit on a park bench like bookends", and ponder how strange it feels to be nearing their lifetime. The song is joined with the "Bookends Theme", this time with vocal accompaniment from the duo. The piece closes the entire suite with the "resigned admonition" to "Preserve your memories / They're all that's left you".


title: Bookends (album)

text: "Fakin' It" opens side two and finds the protagonist mulling over his insecurities and shortcomings. It has been suggested that "Fakin' It" may be an allegory for Simon's relationship with Art Garfunkel. "Punky's Dilemma" employs breakfast-food images to lampoon Hollywood and the film industry. It improbably takes an "abrupt left turn" in its third verse, when the singer begins to fantasize himself an admired soldier. "Mrs. Robinson" collects wide-ranging images to address social milieu, with a constant reassurance that Jesus loves the eponymous character, God will bless her, and heaven will welcome her. The song includes a famous reference to athlete Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees, one of Simon's favorite baseball teams. It also features an explicit homage to the Beatles, with Simon uttering the meaningless phrase "coo-coo-ca-choo" based on the line "Goo goo g'joob," sung by John Lennon in "I Am the Walrus". "A Hazy Shade of Winter" is an older track that dates back to Simon's days in England in 1965. The song follows a hopeless poet, with "manuscripts of unpublished rhyme", unsure of his achievements in life. In sharp contrast, the whimsical, Orwellian "At the Zoo" both concludes the album and what Simon described as the "cycle of life". The song indicates that the personalities of certain zoo animals may represent particular walks of people. The song was originally intended as a possible children's book. According to rock journalist Bud Scoppa, "the record is a meditation on the passage of life and the psychological impact of life's irreversible, ever-accumulating losses". The song cycle also describes the life and death of the romantic ideal of the American Dream.


title: Bookends (album)

text: Prior to the release of the album, the band helped put together, and performed at, the Monterey Pop Festival. "Fakin' It" was issued as a single that summer, but the duo was much more focused on the rising FM format, which played album cuts. On the label of the original 45 RPM single, the 3:14-long "Fakin' It" was shown as having a run time of "2:74", to try to get past radio programmers who were still strictly applying the "under 3 minutes" pop single formula. "Fakin' It" had only modest success on AM radio. In January 1968, the duo appeared on a Kraft Music Hall special, "Three for Tonight", performing ten songs largely culled from their third album. Richard Avedon, regarded then as one of the best photographers, was commissioned to shoot the album cover. When viewed closely, one can see Avedon's reflection in Simon's irises.


title: Bookends (album)

text: "Bookends" was released by Columbia Records on April 3, 1968. In a historical context, that was just 24 hours before the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., which spurred nationwide outrage and riots. Fornatale opines that the album served as "comfort food" during rather tumultuous times within the nation. The album debuted on the "Billboard" Pop Album Chart in the issue dated April 27, 1968, climbing to number one and staying at that position for seven non-consecutive weeks, remaining on the chart for a total of 66 weeks. "Bookends" received such heavy orders weeks in advance of its release that Columbia was able to apply for award certification before copies had left the warehouse, a fact that was touted in magazine ads. The record became the duo's best-selling album to date. It fed off the buzz created by the release of "The Graduate" soundtrack album ten weeks earlier, creating an initial combined sales figure of over five million units. In the United Kingdom, "Bookends" was a number one hit. The album charted highly in both Australia and France, peaking in both countries at number three.


title: Bookends (album)

text: The duo had a complicated relationship with Davis; Simon was particularly outraged when Davis suggested raising the list price of "Bookends" to $5.79 (US$ in dollars), one dollar above the standard retail price. Davis explained that including a large poster with each copy made it necessary to charge an extra dollar to cover the cost. Simon scoffed and viewed it as charging a premium on "what was sure to be that year's best-selling Columbia album". According to biographer Marc Eliot, Davis was "offended by what he perceived as their lack of gratitude for what he believed was his role in turning them into superstars". Rather than implement Davis' price increase plan, Simon & Garfunkel signed a contract extension with Columbia that guaranteed them a higher royalty rate.


title: Bookends (album)

text: Reviews of "Bookends" upon its release in 1968 were largely positive. Allen Evans of the British publication "New Musical Express" (NME) gave the record four out of five stars and called it "inspiring, descriptive music," while noting the album is "Imaginative and at times confusing to know what the composer is getting at, if anything." Rival newspaper "Melody Maker" did not use a ratings system, but called "Bookends" a "thoughtful, clever and well-produced album." Reviewer Chris Welch criticized the songs as "not particularly tuneful," but performed with "Beatles fervour and Beatles conviction," praising the lyricism, opining that "The words capture part of America today, a lot of its sickness and tragedy." In the US, "Rolling Stone" reviewer Arthur Schmidt wrote that "The music is, for me, questionable, but I've always found their music questionable. It is nice enough, and I admit to liking it, but it exudes a sense of process, and it is slick, and nothing too much happens."


title: Bookends (album)

text: Later reviews were more positive. "In just over 29 minutes, "Bookends" is stunning in its vision of a bewildered America in search of itself", said AllMusic writer Thom Jurek, who gave it five stars out of five. Pitchfork Media's Stephen M. Deusner called "Bookends" the moment in which the duo "were settling into themselves, losing their folk revival pretensions and emphasizing quirky production techniques to match their soaring vocals". "The A.V. Club" called it the group's "most musically and conceptually daring album".


title: Bookends (album)

text: "Mrs. Robinson" became the first rock and roll song to win Record of the Year at the 11th Annual Grammy Awards in 1969; it was also afforded the honor of Best Contemporary Pop Performance by a Duo or Group.


title: Bookends (album)

text: The album, alongside "The Graduate" soundtrack, propelled Simon & Garfunkel to become the biggest rock duo in the world. Simon was approached by numerous film producers who wished him to write music for their films or license a track; he turned down Franco Zeffirelli, who was preparing to film "Brother Sun, Sister Moon", and John Schlesinger, who likewise was readying to shoot "Midnight Cowboy". In addition to Hollywood proposals, producers from the Broadway show "Jimmy Shine" (starring Simon's friend Dustin Hoffman, also the lead in "Midnight Cowboy") asked for two original songs and Simon declined. He eventually paired with Leonard Bernstein, with whom he collaborated for a short time on a sacred mass (he eventually withdrew from the project, "finding it perhaps too far afield from his comfort zone").


title: Bookends (album)

text: Disc jockey and author Pete Fornatale writes that "Bookends" represents "a once-in-a-career convergence of musical, personal, and societal forces that placed Simon & Garfunkel squarely at the center of the cultural zeitgeist of the sixties". "Rolling Stone" credited the record with striking a chord among lonely, adrift young adults near the end of the decade, writing that a lyric in "A Hazy Shade of Winter"—"Time, time, time, see what’s become of me..."—"defined the moment for a generation on the edge of adulthood". Many viewed "Bookends" as the band's most accomplished work at the time, a breakthrough in production and songwriting. ""Bookends" was our first serious piece of work, I'd say", said Simon in a 1984 interview with "Playboy".


title: Bookends (album)

text: In 2010, "All gone to look for America"—a reference to a line from the song "America"—began appearing spray-painted on vacant buildings and abandoned factories in the town of Saginaw, Michigan, which is mentioned in the song. A loose group of artists, who eventually became known as "Paint Saginaw", began duplicating the phrase after the city population had dwindled vastly, noting that the song now encapsulated a sense of nostalgia for a bygone era among the city residents.


title: Bookends (album)

text: "America" was also featured in an eponymously-titled television advertisement for the presidential campaign of Bernie Sanders during the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries. The campaign sought permission to use it from Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel themselves, who both agreed. Garfunkel stated that he was a supporter of Sanders and his campaign, and that the usage of "America" did not take away from the song's original premise.


title: Bookends (album)

text: "Bookends" was the last Simon & Garfunkel album to be mixed in separate mono and stereo mixes, as manufacturing of mono LP's alongside concurrent stereo issues was in the final stages of being discontinued in 1968. The mono mix was released as a promo issue to radio stations and given a very limited run for commercial sale. It was out-of-print very soon after release, and has yet to see a digital re-release.


title: NH10 (film)

text: NH10 is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Navdeep Singh and written by Sudip Sharma. It stars Anushka Sharma, Neil Bhoopalam, Darshan Kumar, and Deepti Naval. "NH10" was jointly produced by Clean Slate Filmz, Phantom Films, Eros International and marked the production debut of Sharma. It tells the story of a young couple whose road trip goes awry after an encounter with a group of violent criminals. The title refers to the National Highway 10 that connects Delhi to the town of Fazilka in Punjab.


title: NH10 (film)

text: The film was conceived by Singh and written by Sudip Sharma, who were inspired by some real-life honour killing murder cases. The soundtrack album was composed by Sanjeev-Darshan, Bann Chakraborty, Abhiruchi Chand, Ayush Shrestha, Savera Mehta and Samira Koppikar. Arbind Kannabiran served as the film's cinematographer and Jabeen Merchant was its editor.


title: NH10 (film)

text: "NH10" was originally scheduled for release on 6 March 2015, but was postponed because it had not been cleared by the Indian Central Board of Film Certification. It was released theatrically on 13 March 2015 to high critical acclaim. The film went on to become a sleeper hit, earning over nett at the box office.


title: NH10 (film)

text: Meera and Arjun are a married couple and corporate businesspeople in Gurugram. One night, they are enjoying a party when Meera receives a telephone call from her office. She leaves for her office but is attacked by thugs who smash her car's window. Meera escapes but is shaken by the incident; Arjun buys Meera a gun. Arjun suggests a road trip for Meera's upcoming birthday; the couple start their journey the next day.


title: NH10 (film)

text: While stopping at a roadside dhaba for lunch, a young woman called Pinky arrives and pleads for help; Pinky tells the couple she and her husband are about to be murdered. Meera and Arjun see a gang of men round up Pinky and a young man, beat them and drag them into their vehicle. Arjun intervenes but Satbir, the gang leader, slaps him and tells him Pinky is his own sister.


title: NH10 (film)

text: Arjun drives after the gang; he and Meera witness the ongoing honour killing: Pinky and the young man are beaten and Pinky poisoned by Satbir. Arjun and Meera escape but the gang finds them. As the gang dig a grave for their victims, Satbir uses Meera and Arjun's gun to shoot Pinky and the man in front of them. A fight ensues and Arjun shoots a gang member named Chhote, and runs away with Meera.


title: NH10 (film)

text: At night, one of the gang members injures Arjun; Meera shoots the gangster dead. At a railway bridge, Meera leaves Arjun to get help. She finds a police station and asks the officer to help but he rejects her when she says she has witnessed an honour killing. Outside, she meets an Inspector in his SUV and they drive back to find Arjun. Meera then realises the Inspector is connected with the attackers; she kills the inspector and drives off in his car, chased by the gang.


title: NH10 (film)

text: Meera overturns the SUV and finds a hut. The hut's occupants hide Meera from a gang member who comes asking about her; they advise Meera seek help from the "sarpanch" (chief) of a nearby village. Meera tells the village's chief Ammaji her story; after telling her of the honour killing, Meera sees a pillow cover with the word Pinky stitched on it on Ammaji's lap and a pic of Pinky in the room.


title: NH10 (film)

text: Ammaji locks Meera in the room, calls the gang and hands Meera over to them. Satbir drags her out in front of Ammaji and beat her ruthlessly by slapping her repeatedly and also punches her hard in the stomach. However, Meera manages to escape with the gang's SUV by threatening to harm Satbir's son and rushes to the railway bridge where she finds Arjun has been murdered. Grief-stricken, Meera returns to the village to avenge Arjun's death; she drives the SUV at the gang members and kills them. Ammaji arrives, finds the dead men; she tells Meera Pinky was her daughter who broke rules and needed to be punished, Meera tells Ammaji that Arjun was her husband and they killed him and needed to be punished. Meera leaves the village as dawn breaks.


title: NH10 (film)

text: Director Navdeep Singh made his directorial debut with "Manorama Six Feet Under" (2007). After that, he read several scripts for his next project and began work on the zombie comedy "Rock the Shaadi" and the spy thriller "Basra", but both films were shelved. Singh said that he wanted to attempt genres that were rarely attempted in Indian cinema. He then chose to work on "NH10," a "trip gone wrong" film as it would be "fairly cheap" to make. He said the idea of the film was to "show the stark contrast between two Indias, something that has been creating a lot of economic and social problems". He chose a female character for the role of sarpanch to show the "role of women in the upholding and dissemination of patriarchy ["sic"]", and stated that the film's main theme is gender.


title: NH10 (film)

text: Some of the scenarios in "NH10" depicted such real-life events as honour killing cases; the scene in which a couple are murdered by their own families was inspired by a real-life case that Sharma and Singh came across while researching for the story. Singh drew likenesses between "NH10" love story and the story of Savitri and Satyavan, where the wife fights to save her husband. Singh avoided scenes depicting sexual assault, which he thought could become "voyeuristic" or inadvertently "titillating". His production team had "self-censored" from showing blood in the film because he thought the mainstream Indian audience does not have an "appetite for gore". The title of the film refers to National Highway 10, which connects Delhi with the town of Fazilka, Punjab.


title: NH10 (film)

text: In 2013, it was announced that Singh would be making "NH10" with Freida Pinto and Rajkummar Rao. The script was first offered to Sharma, but she declined because she was busy with other films at that time. It was then offered to several other actors. While she was filming for "Bombay Velvet" (2015), its director Anurag Kashyap told Sharma that Singh was trying to make "NH10". She read the script again and agreed to join the project, which was at that time without a producer. Sharma then decided to co-produce it. "NH10" was Sharma's first film as a producer; it was made under her label Clean Slate Filmz. She agreed to film because the story felt real to her and its story could happen to anyone; she said, "when bad people attack you, they don't see [your sex]. I liked that about the story." Sharma called the personal struggle "very relatable", as she felt this could happen to anyone. Neil Bhoopalam said he agreed to appear in the film because he liked Singh's earlier film "Manorama Six Feet Under". To prepare for the role, Sharma underwent interval training for around three months to physically suit the character. With Bhoopalam, she also took acting workshops conducted by Singh and Atul Mongia for the characters.


title: NH10 (film)

text: Principal photography for "NH10" started on 17 January 2014. The film was shot in Gurgaon, Haryana and in the interior of Rajasthan in its second schedule. Singh said he chose Haryana as the backdrop because several incidents similar to those depicted in the film had happened there. A sandstorm occurred during the shoot, causing a halt. It was extensively filmed in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, for a month in its second schedule. Most of the night scenes were shot in Rajasthan because of several problems, including crowd control, fog and a sandstorm. While filming in Haryana, some local actors were hired after auditions from Hisar and Rohtak because budget constraints prevented the hiring of a language coach; the producers also thought that casting locals would make the characters more realistic.


title: NH10 (film)

text: Sharma performed all the stunts herself. She suffered some bruises and back pain while shooting, and was later hospitalised. While filming a night scene, a moon box light weighing around attached to a crane was swaying in high winds; Sharma noticed the skimmer holding the box was torn and could fall, so the team evacuated the area. Darshan Kumar did not interact with Sharma on the sets because he wanted to be in-character for the film. Sharma said hearing Kumar talk while filming the scene in which they confront each other made her fear him. To further prepare for his role, Kumar listened to Haryanvi songs and interacted with locals around National Highway 10 to observe how they behaved. He also participated in workshops to learn the local body language and dialect.


title: NH10 (film)

text: "NH10" was filmed over the course of 44 days. On one occasion, around 2,000 people had gathered at a filming location on the outskirts of Gurgaon; Singh said the crowd had gathered out of curiosity but turned hostile after they were told to stay away from the set. Some people in the crowd started performing bicycle stunts and firing bullets. The shoot was eventually cancelled. Sharma said this incident "instilled some fear and anxiety" into her, which she channelled into the film. "NH10" was jointly produced by Phantom Films, Eros International and Clean Slate Filmz and was distributed by Eros International. Sharma did not take a fee for the film; she "instead put it into the film". The film's director of photography was Arbind Kannabiran, while Jabeen Merchant served as the editor. The prosthetics in the film were made by French makeup artist Romy Angevin.


title: NH10 (film)

text: The soundtrack album of "NH10" was composed by Sanjeev-Darshan, Bann Chakraborty, Abhiruchi Chand, Ayush Shrestha, Savera Mehta and Samira Koppikar. It was released on 17 February 2015 on the label Eros International. The album has nine songs, which have vocals by artists including Kanika Kapoor, Dipanshu Pandit, Mohit Chauhan, Neeti Mohan and Shilpa Rao. The lyrics were written by Kumaar, Chakraborty, Manoj Tapadia, Neeraj Rajawat and Varun Grover.


title: NH10 (film)

text: The album received mostly positive reviews. T. Sukesh of "News18" called it "dark and gloomy" and said it complements the film's story. Joginder Tuteja wrote that the album has "consistently good music" and is "worth a listen", but felt that it lacked a commercial appeal. Surabhi Redkar of "Koimoi" wrote in her review the film's "gloom is captured well in the soundtrack". A review in "The Financial Express" said the soundtrack fits the "overall modest expectations". Rucha Sharma of "Daily News and Analysis" called it a "brilliant album" and "one of the best so far for the year 2015".


title: NH10 (film)

text: "NH10" was screened at the Beijing International Film Festival. India's Central Board of Film Certification removed some scenes and dialogues in the film; Singh expressed his disappointment over the censorship and said, "words can be violent and deleting them reduced that impact besides diluting the flavour". The film's original release date was 6 March, but its release was postponed to 13 March because it had not been cleared by the censor board. It was cleared with an "A (adult only)" certificate and had nine cuts. The first look of the film, which showed Sharma bruised and holding a rod, was released on 4 February 2015 via Sharma's twitter account. It was followed by a motion poster.


title: NH10 (film)

text: The official trailer of "NH10" was released on 5 February 2015 at a suburban multiplex in Mumbai in the presence of the cast and producers. It accrued a million views in 48 hours on its YouTube channel. Before the film's release, several film distributors and exhibitors predicted it would recover its production costs, depending on the content. "NH10" received its theatrical release on 13 March 2015. The film was premiered at television on 31 October 2015 on & Pictures. It was released on DVD on 25 April 2015 and is also available on ZEE5.


title: NH10 (film)

text: "NH10" received highly positive reviews from critics, with particular praise directed towards Sharma's performance. Anubhav Parsheera of "India Today" called "NH10" a "gripping" film that "provides a rare perspective of the female". Others called it "a non-stop, relentless, edge-of-the-seat experience"


title: NH10 (film)

text: and a "taut and riveting thriller [that was] eminently watchable". Rajeev Masand wrote that the film is a "standard genre movie on the surface" with layers of "rich subtext" that delivers "so much more than your average thriller". He also complimented Sharma's performance, saying she "sinks her teeth into the character". Saurabh Dwivedi of "India Today" labelled the film "a very important film of today's times" and a "cry of protest against patriarchy".


title: NH10 (film)

text: Srijana Mitra Das of "The Times of India" gave a positive response, saying, "It's easy to hate "NH10" while watching it because it's one of the most terrifying Hindi films ever—while simultaneously, you love its brilliance". Anupama Chopra said the film keeps you at the edge of your seat. She praised the supporting cast and Sharma, writing: ""NH10" rests on the able shoulders of Sharma, who doesn’t hit a false note". Raja Sen gave a positive response and called it a "strikingly believable horror film" and a "far scarier and more socially impactful film than anything slasher has a right to be". Mihir Fadnavis of "Firstpost" praised Sharma's performance, calling it "terrific" and the film a "gripping and entertaining thriller".


title: NH10 (film)

text: Contrasting with the highly positive reviews, Shubhra Gupta wrote that Sharma's character was not believable; "Meera, dragging a sharp bhala on the ground, with the soundtrack helpfully amplifying the sound, does not leave me cheering". Faiza S Khan of "The Guardian" called the film "a misogynistic slasher movie with a topical twist". Rohit Vats of "Hindustan Times" stated that the film's second half "lacks the same fluidity and penetration power" as the first half, saying,""NH10" displays a great potential and then fails to capitalise on it". Sukanya Verma of "Rediff.com" called the film a "compelling thriller" but said the climax is a "letdown". Deepanjana Pal wrote that the film has stereotypical rural characters, but praised Sharma's performance, writing, ""NH10" was not an easy film to make and it isn't an easy film to watch, but give it five minutes, and it will suck you into its menace-riddled story".


title: NH10 (film)

text: "NH10" was made on a production budget of with spent on prints and advertising, totalling . It earned on its opening day, followed by a collection of on the second day, making over two days. The film earned on its opening weekend. It had earned at the end of second week. "NH10" earned on the Saturday and on the Sunday of its third weekend, making a domestic total of . The film collected in its entire theatrical run, emerging as a sleeper hit.


title: NH10 (film)

text: After the film's critical and commercial success, the producers of "NH10" confirmed they would be making a sequel named "NH12", which will explore a similar theme. , "NH10" was being remade in the Tamil language with the title "Garjanai" and starring Trisha in the lead role. However, the film was never released.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Maximilian, Margrave of Baden ("Maximilian Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm"; 10 July 1867 – 6 November 1929), also known as Max von Baden, was a German prince, general, and politician. He was heir presumptive to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Baden, and in October and November 1918 briefly served as the last chancellor of the German Empire and minister-president of Prussia. He sued for peace on Germany's behalf at the end of World War I based on U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which included immediately transforming the government into a parliamentary system, by handing over the office of chancellor to SPD Chairman Friedrich Ebert and unilaterally proclaiming the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II. Both events took place on 9 November 1918, the beginning of the Weimar Republic.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Born in Baden-Baden on 10 July 1867, Maximilian was a member of the House of Baden, the son of Prince Wilhelm Max (1829–1897), third son of Grand Duke Leopold (1790–1852) and Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg (1841–1914), a granddaughter of Eugène de Beauharnais. He was named after his maternal grandfather, Maximilian de Beauharnais, and bore a resemblance to his cousin, Emperor Napoleon III.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Max received a humanistic education at a "Gymnasium" secondary school and studied law and cameralism at the Leipzig University. Upon the order of Queen Victoria, Prince Max was brought to Darmstadt in the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine as a suitor for Victoria's granddaughter, Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt. Alix was the daughter of Victoria's late daughter, Princess Alice, and Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse. Alix quickly rejected Prince Max, as she was in love with Nicholas II, the future Tsar of Russia. Max von Baden was homosexual and even listed on an according list of the Berlin criminal police as a young officer, however in 1900 he decided for dynastic reasons to marry Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland. So did the future King Gustaf V of Sweden who married Max's cousin Victoria of Baden.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: After finishing his studies, he trained as an officer of the Prussian Army. Following the death of his uncle Grand Duke Frederick I of Baden in 1907, he became heir to the grand-ducal throne of his cousin Frederick II, whose marriage remained childless. He also became president of the "Erste Badische Kammer" (the upper house of the parliament of Baden). In 1911, Max applied for a military discharge with the rank of a "Generalmajor" (Major general).


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he served as a general staff officer at the XIV Corps of the German Army as the representative of the Grand Duke (XIV Corps included the troops from Baden). Shortly afterwards, however, he retired from his position ("General der Kavallerie à la suite") as he was dissatisfied with his role in the military and was suffering from ill health.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: In October 1914, he became honorary president of the Baden section of the German Red Cross, thus beginning his work for prisoners-of-war inside and outside Germany in which he made use of his family connections to the Russian and Swedish courts as well as his connections to Switzerland. In 1916, he became honorary president of the German-American support union for prisoners of war within the YMCA world alliance.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Due to his liberal stance he came into conflict with the policies of the "Oberste Heeresleitung" (OHL – Supreme Army Command) supreme command under Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff. He openly spoke against the resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, which provoked the declaration of war by the United States Congress on 6 April.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: His activity in the interests of prisoners of war, as well as his tolerant, easy-going character gave him a reputation as an urbane personality who kept his distance from the extremes of nationalism and official war enthusiasm in evidence elsewhere at the time. Since he was almost unknown to the public, it was mainly due to Kurt Hahn, who served from spring 1917 in the military office of the Foreign Ministry, that he was later considered for the position of chancellor. Hahn maintained close links with Secretary of State Wilhelm Solf and several Reichstag deputies like Eduard David (SPD) and (FVP). David pushed for Max to be appointed Chancellor in July 1917, after the fall of Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg. Max then put himself forward for the position in early September 1918, pointing out his links to the social democrats, but Emperor Wilhelm II turned him down.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: After the "Oberste Heeresleitung" (OHL) told the government in late September 1918 that the German front was about to collapse and asked for immediate negotiation of an armistice, the cabinet of Chancellor Georg von Hertling resigned on 30 September 1918. Hertling, after consulting Vice-Chancellor Friedrich von Payer (FVP), suggested Prince Max of Baden as his successor to the emperor. However, it took the additional support of Haußmann, the oberst, , and Ludendorff himself, to have Wilhelm II appoint Max as Chancellor of Germany and Minister President of Prussia.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Max was to head a new government, based on the majority parties of the Reichstag (SPD, Centre Party and FVP). When Max arrived in Berlin on 1 October, he had no idea that he would be asked to approach the Allies about an armistice. Horrified, Max fought against the plan. Moreover, he also admitted openly that he was no politician, and that he did not think additional steps towards "parliamentarisation" and democratisation feasible, as long as the war continued. Consequently, he did not favour a liberal reform of the constitution. However, Emperor Wilhelm II convinced him to take the post, and appointed him on 3 October 1918. The message asking for an armistice went out only on 4 October, not as originally planned on 1 October, hopefully to be accepted by US President Woodrow Wilson.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Although Max had serious reservations about the conditions under which the OHL was willing to conduct negotiations and tried to interpret Wilson's Fourteen Points in a way most favourable to the German position, he accepted the charge. He appointed a government that for the first time included representatives of the largest party in the Reichstag, the Social Democratic Party of Germany, as state secretaries: Philipp Scheidemann and Gustav Bauer. This was following up on an idea of Ludendorff's and former Foreign Secretary Paul von Hintze's (as the representative of the Hertling cabinet) who had agreed on 29 September that the request for an armistice must not come from the old regime, but from one based on the majority parties. The official reason for appointing a government based on a parliamentary majority was to make it harder for the American president to refuse a peace offer. The need to convince Wilson was also the driving factor behind the move towards "parliamentarisation" that was to make the Chancellor and his government answerable to the Reichstag, as they had not been under the Empire so far. Ludendorff, however, was more interested in shifting the blame for the lost war to the politicians and to the Reichstag parties.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: The Allies were cautious, distrusting Max as a member of a ruling family of Germany. These doubts were intensified by the publication of a personal letter Max had written to Prince Alexander zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst in early 1918, in which he had expressed criticism of "parliamentarisation" and his opposition to the "Friedensresolution" of the Reichstag of July 1917, when a majority had demanded a negotiated peace rather than a peace by victory. President Wilson reacted with reserve to the German initiative and took his time to agree to the request for an armistice, sending three diplomatic notes between 8 October and 23 October 1918. When Ludendorff changed his mind about the armistice and suddenly advocated continued fighting, Max opposed him in a cabinet meeting on 17 October 1918. On 24 October, Ludendorff issued an army order that called Wilson's third note "unacceptable" and called on the troops to fight on. On 25 October, Hindenburg and Ludendorff then ignored explicit instructions by the Chancellor and travelled to Berlin. Max asked for Ludendorff to be dismissed; Wilhelm II agreed. On 26 October, the emperor told Ludendorff that he had lost his trust. Ludendorff offered his resignation and Wilhelm II accepted.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: While trying to move towards an armistice, Max von Baden, advised closely by Hahn (who also wrote his speeches), Haußmann and Walter Simons, worked with the representatives of the majority parties in his cabinet (Scheidemann and Bauer for the SPD, Matthias Erzberger, and for the Centre Party, Payer and, after 14 October, Haußmann for the FVP). Although some of the initiatives were a result of the notes sent by Wilson, they were also in line with the parties' manifestos: making the Chancellor, his government and the Prussian Minister of War answerable to parliament ("Reichstag" and "Preußischer Landtag"), introducing a more democratic voting system in the place of the "Dreiklassenwahlrecht" (Three-class franchise) in Prussia, the replacement of the Governor of Alsace-Lorraine with the Mayor of Straßburg, appointing a local deputy from the Centre Party as Secretary of State for Alsace-Lorraine and some other adjustments in government personnel.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Pushed by the social democrats, the government passed a widespread amnesty, under which political prisoners like Karl Liebknecht were released. Under Max von Baden, the bureaucracy, military and political leadership of the old Empire began a cooperation with the leaders of the majority parties and with the individual states of the empire. This cooperation was to have a significant impact on later events during the revolution.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: In late October, the Imperial constitution was heavily amended to transform the empire into a British-style constitutional monarchy. However, Wilson's third note seemed to imply that negotiations for an armistice would be dependent on the abdication of Wilhelm II. Max and his government now feared that a military collapse and a socialist revolution at home were becoming likelier with every day that went by. In fact, the government's efforts to secure an armistice were interrupted by the Kiel mutiny, which began with events at Wilhelmshaven on 30 October and the outbreak of revolution in Germany in early November. On 1 November, Max wrote to all the ruling Princes of Germany, asking them whether they would approve of an abdication by the Emperor. On 6 November, the Chancellor sent Erzberger to conduct the negotiations with the Allies. Max, seriously ill with Spanish influenza, urged Wilhelm II to abdicate. The Emperor, who had fled from revolutionary Berlin to the Spa headquarters of the OHL in Belgium, despite similar advice by Hindenburg and Ludendorff's successor Wilhelm Groener of the OHL, was willing to consider abdication only as German Emperor, not as King of Prussia. This was not possible under the imperial constitution as it stood. Article 11 defined the empire as a confederation of states under the permanent presidency of the king of Prussia, meaning that the imperial crown was tied to the Prussian crown.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: On 7 November, Max met with Friedrich Ebert, leader of the SPD, and discussed his plan to go to Spa and convince Wilhelm II to abdicate. He considered installing Prince Eitel Friedrich, Wilhelm's second son, as regent; however, the outbreak of the revolution in Berlin prevented Max from implementing his plan. Ebert decided that to keep control of the socialist uprising the Emperor must abdicate quickly and a new government was required. As the masses gathered in Berlin, at noon on 9 November 1918, Maximilian went ahead and unilaterally announced Wilhelm's abdication of both the imperial and Prussian crowns, as well as the renunciation of Crown Prince Wilhelm.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Shortly thereafter, Ebert appeared in the Reichskanzlei and demanded that the government be handed over to him and the SPD, as that was the only way to keep up law and order. In an unconstitutional move, Max resigned and appointed Ebert as his successor. On the same day, Philipp Scheidemann spontaneously proclaimed Germany a republic in order to placate the masses and prevent a socialist revolution. When Maximilian later visited Ebert to say goodbye before leaving Berlin, Ebert – who urgently wanted to keep up the old order, improving it through parliamentary rule, and head a legitimate, not a revolutionary government – asked him to stay on as regent ("Reichsverweser"). Maximilian refused and, turning his back on politics for good, departed for Baden.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Although events had overtaken him during his tenure at the Reichskanzlei and he was not considered a strong Chancellor, Max is seen today as having played a vital role in enabling the transition from the old regime to a democratic government based on the majority parties and the Reichstag. This made the government of Ebert that emerged from the November revolution acceptable to some conservative forces in the bureaucracy and military, which was one of Ebert's strongest aims. They were thus willing to ally themselves with him against the more radical demands by the revolutionaries on the far-left.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Maximilian spent the rest of his life in retirement. He rejected a mandate to the 1919 Weimar National Assembly, offered to him by the German Democratic politician Max Weber. In 1920, together with Kurt Hahn, he established the Schule Schloss Salem boarding school, which was intended to help educate a new German intellectual elite.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Max also published a number of books, assisted by Hahn: "Völkerbund und Rechtsfriede" (1919), "Die moralische Offensive" (1921) and "Erinnerungen und Dokumente" (1927).


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: In 1928, following the death of Grand Duke Frederick II, who had been deposed in November 1918 when the German monarchies were abolished, Maximilian became head of the House of Zähringen, assuming the dynasty's historical title of "Margrave of Baden". He died at Salem on 6 November the following year.


title: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: Maximilian was married to Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland, eldest daughter of Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, and Thyra of Denmark, on 10 July 1900 in Gmunden, Austria-Hungary. The couple had two children:


title: Brendan Penny

text: Brendan James Penny (born November 9, 1978) is a Canadian film and television actor who first became well known to TV audiences as A.J. Varland in the first season of "Whistler" that aired in Canada from 2006 to 2008. He is perhaps best known as Detective Brian Lucas in "Motive", a Canadian crime drama centred on a team of Vancouver homicide detectives, also starring Kristin Lehman, Louis Ferreira and Lauren Holly, which aired from 2013 to 2016. Brendan currently stars as Kevin O'Brien in the Hallmark Channel family drama series "Chesapeake Shores", which premiered on August 14, 2016. He has also been the hero of a number of Hallmark originals.


title: Brendan Penny

text: Penny was born November 9, 1978, in Ottawa, Ontario, and grew up in both Ottawa and London. He attended Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, earning a BS in Accounting. He later attended the Lyric School of Acting, in Vancouver, British Columbia, where he had moved in 2002 to pursue an acting career. After several television roles, he became known to audiences for playing A.J. Varland in "Whistler".


title: Brendan Penny

text: Penny has had various roles in television series such as "Kyle XY" and "Supernatural". His first lead role was in "Whistler". His roles include shows such as "Diamonds", "Smallville", "", and "The L Word". Penny starred in "The Assistants" and appeared as Sean in "I Love You, Beth Cooper". In a main cast role, he played Detective Brian Lucas in "Motive".


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhevsk (; , "Ižkar", or , "Iž") is the capital city of Udmurtia, Russia. It is situated along the Izh River, west of the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It is the 21st-largest city in Russia, and the most populous in Udmurtia, with over 600,000 inhabitants.


title: Izhevsk

text: From 1984 to 1987, the city was called Ustinov (), named after Soviet Minister of Defence Dmitry Ustinov. The city is a major hub of industry, commerce, politics, culture and education in the Volga Region. It is known for its defense, engineering and metallurgy industries. Izhevsk has the titles of the Armory Capital of Russia and the City of Labor Glory.


title: Izhevsk

text: The pioneer settlements on the territory where modern Izhevsk now stands were founded by Udmurts in the 5th century. There were two fortified settlements situated on the banks of the Karlutka River. Later this territory joined the Khanate of Kazan. In 1552, Russia conquered the Khanate and, in 1582, Ivan the Terrible conferred the lands by the Karlutka and Izh Rivers on Bagish Yaushev, a Tatar morza. The quit-rent had been imposed on the Udmurt population ever since. The Yaushevs owned the land until the reign of Peter the Great (1682–1721).


title: Izhevsk

text: On September 15, 1757, Count Pyotr Shuvalov, owner of seven factories in the Urals, bought land in the Kama Region and got permission from Empress Elizabeth to build three ironworks there. In those days, ironworks were powered with steam, and wood was the only fuel. For that reason it was decided to build one of the plants on the forest-rich land near the Izh River and make iron bands and cast iron anchors. Another ironworks was built on the Votka River.


title: Izhevsk

text: In April 10, 1760, serfs from neighboring villages and artisans from other Shuvalov's plants began dam construction under the direction of Alexey Moskvin, a mining engineer and a trustee of Shuvalov. This date is considered to be the date of Izhevsk's foundation. Construction proceeded at a slow pace. The serfs were unhappy with being taken from their villages, with arduous duties and regular physical punishment, leading to tumultuous rebellions.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 1762 Shuvalov died. His son Andrey inherited the factories. In accordance with the ukase of Catherine the Great dated November 15, 1763, all Shuvalov's ironworks, including the one at Izhevsky Zavod, lapsed to the Crown for debts. Since that time, it has been under the authority of the Collegium of Mining, an institution in charge of the Russian mining industry. The ironworks on the Izh and Votka Rivers were called Kama Plants.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 1763 construction of the dam and ironworks was completed and the first bloomery iron was smelted. As a result of the dam construction, the Izhevsk Reservoir, one of the biggest in Europe was formed. Near the ironworks, the settlement was built. This settlement was named Izhevsky Zavod, meaning "the factory on the Izh" in Russian.


title: Izhevsk

text: Initially the ironworks made palm-wide iron bands from long. These bands were supplied to Moscow for the rebuilding of the Kremlin. The iron from Izhevsky Zavod was also used for construction in Saint Petersburg.


title: Izhevsk

text: In October 1773, the news of the popular revolt against Catherine II on the Yaik and the manifestos of Yemelyan Pugachev reached Izhevsky Zavod. The Cossack passing himself off as Peter III proclaimed liberty for serfs and called for killing nobles and factory owners. This had the backing of the serfs and artisans. So Colonel Feodor Wenzel, the manager of the Goroblagodat and Kama plants, and Aleksey Alymov, the manager of Izhevsky Zavod ironworks, were forced to escape to Kazan.


title: Izhevsk

text: On January 1, 1774, a detachment of Yemelyan Pugachev's rebel army reached the town. The rebels destroyed the ironworks, burned its office buildings, and wrecked the houses of the managers. They demolished the food depot and distributed the food to the people. The ironworks money was sent to the staff of the rebel army, near Ufa. The serfs were freed. Some of them joined the detachment. Iron production stopped for a while. Around this time, Catherine realized the seriousness of the rebellion and sent and army led by General Aleksandr Bibikov to crush the insurrection. In April 1774, Pugachev's army fought losing battles everywhere and was forced to leave Izhevsky Zavod. The managers returned and cowed serfs and artisans into submission, forcing them to pledge allegiance to Catherine the Great. A list of workers who had joined the rebel army was compiled for future reprisal.


title: Izhevsk

text: In spite of opposition from the forces of Wenzel and Alymov Brothers, Pugachev's army occupied the town again on June 27, 1774. The crowds hailed Yemelyan Pugachev. He dealt with the complaints of serfs and workers for two days. Forty-two persons, including Wenzel and Alymovs, were executed. On June 29, Pugachev left Izhevsky Zavod and set out for Kazan. Many workmen of Izhevsky Zavod joined his detachments and fought selflessly in last battles of the Rebellion, which was mostly crushed by early September 1775. In spite of the defeat of the rebel army and the execution of its leader, bands of rebels continued to fight. New managers of the ironworks suppressed serfs and brought back artisans by force, cracking down on the bands of rebels.


title: Izhevsk

text: The ironworks was restored and began to function by the end of 1775. The former order was reinstated. The forced laborers weren't interested in boosting productivity and the practice fell into decay by the 19th century.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 1800, Emperor Paul I ordered an arms factory built in the Urals in view of a mounting threat from Napoleonic France. Andrew Deryabin, a mining engineer, chief of Goroblagodat, Perm, Kama and Bogoslov plants, chose the site for the new plant. He saw several places in the Perm and Vyatka governorates and concluded that the most suitable place for plant foundation was Izh Zavod. It occurred to him to turn the ironworks into the armory.


title: Izhevsk

text: Alexander I approved of Deryabin's project and construction began on the arms factory building on June 10, 1807, considered the year of Izhevsk's second birth.


title: Izhevsk

text: The new factory had a shortage of manpower. Staff vacancies were filled by serfs, workmen from Urals mining plants and recruits. Armorers were transferred from other arms factories and hired from Europe, mainly from Denmark and Sweden.


title: Izhevsk

text: The population of the settlement grew quickly so that by the end of 1808 there were more than 6,000 inhabitants. Because of housing requirements, people had to build their houses after work, at night. Houses were made from wood found in forests near the factory. At the same time, workers built new barracks for the soldiers and housing for factory employees, officers and officials, the hospital, schools and other social facilities.


title: Izhevsk

text: The settlement was built according to the master plan. Architect Feodor Dudin was an author of this plan and a director of all construction works. The principle of an urban grid was the basis of the new master plan. Wide and straight streets crossed side streets running perpendicular to them. Their accurate network formed small rectangular blocks.


title: Izhevsk

text: On May 18, 1810, a major fire burned in Izhevsky Zavod. 174 houses, the warehouse, and two wooden churches were destroyed.


title: Izhevsk

text: After the fire, implementation of Dudin's plan began. The houses were made of pinewood logs. As a rule, a house consisted of two "izbas", joined with an inner porch. Houses of the poor consisted of one "izba". Armorers and officials erected two-storied and five-wall log houses. There were 15 streets in Izh by the 1820s. In 1812, Izhevsky Zavod was divided into three administrative parts because of growth in population and territory. In 1816, there were 1,710 houses, 8 factory stone buildings, a prison, a cemetery, a stone church and a school in the settlement. The population was 8,324.


title: Izhevsk

text: In the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s, a number of large stone building was erected. St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was built between 1818 and 1823, and visited by Tsar Alexander (who considered Alexander Nevsky his patron saint) shortly after its completion. Other noteworthy large stone buildings which still remain from that era include the Arsenal (1823–25), Public Offices (1843–45) and house of contractor Egor Novikov. All improved Izhevsk's appearance.


title: Izhevsk

text: By 1850, the settlement had more than doubled, to population of 19,163. Its territory was about 6200 square miles. 3499 buildings were wooden, and 27 others, including three churches, were made of stone. The settlement had 1066 wells.


title: Izhevsk

text: On February 19, 1861, Emperor of Russia Alexander II carried out the Emancipation Reform. On October 9, 1865, Berg-kollegia, apprehending a prospective cost increase, leased the arms factory to a partnership of industrialists.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 1866, serfs of the factory obtained their liberty with the 1861 Emancipation Manifesto and gained self-government. Izhevsky Zavod was divided into two volosts: Nagornaya Volost and Zarechnaya Volost, or Zareka. Each volost had its board of administration and consisted of rural groups. Rural circles were headed by a "starosta", selected in the gathering. There were seven rural societies in Nagornaya Volost; Zarechnaya Volost consisted of four.


title: Izhevsk

text: Administrations of volosts reported to the Board of Sarapul Zemstvo. They were led by volost "starshinas", elected for three years. Volost administrations were in charge of doing duty and paying taxes. They issued passports, managed improvement of territory and other local affairs.


title: Izhevsk

text: Administrative and police oversight was carried out by the factory administration. Besides the administration delivered documents of title to land and house. The ponds, pastures and hayfields were turned over to the armorers and artisans.


title: Izhevsk

text: The abolition of serfdom aggravated wealth inequalities between the inhabitants of Izhevsky Zavod. Well-to-do sections of population included the factory management, skilled armorers and artisans, administrative professionals, officials, clergy and merchants. Such stratification had an influence on view of the settlement. Working people were driven out of Nagornaya Part and settled in boggy Zareka. At that time, Koltoma, another working-class locality, grew. In the early 1870s, there were about twenty private stone buildings in Izhevsky Zavod. In Zarechnaya Part all houses were made of wood.


title: Izhevsk

text: Civic life depended on government contract work. In the years of war or army re-equipment, the orders grew, and so did the workforce and labour earnings. After the government orders were filled and wages were cut, most workmen left the arms factory and the settlement fell into decay until the next government contract.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 1872, the steel works was founded in Izhevsky Zavod. In 1884, the arms factory and the steel works passed to the state.


title: Izhevsk

text: In the 1870s, trade blossomed in Izhevsky Zavod. The Bodalev Brothers, Mokletsov, Ogloblin, Sveshnikov and Sozykin were the most successful merchants. It was profitable to deal in spirits. There were three vodka distilleries, four wine warehouses, three wine cellars, and about fifty taverns in 1872. This year Ivan Bodalev opened his brewery on the bank of the reservoir.


title: Izhevsk

text: At the turn of the 19th century, there were four temples in Izhevsky Zavod. St. Michael's Cathedral was built between 1897 and 1915.


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhevsky Zavod was one of the residence centers of the Udmurt Jews, who spoke "Udmurtish" "Yiddish". In the workmen's settlement since 1849 under the Jewish religious needs the house of worship was allocated. A second prayer house was opened in 1917. Both synagogues were closed in 1930 by the Soviet authorities.


title: Izhevsk

text: On March 5, 1917, workers at the plant formed a worker's soviet, which included representatives of the workers, the army and of other citizens. Two days later the factory administration resigned and was replaced with elected officials. By mid-September of the same year, Bolsheviks took control of both the council and its influential newspaper.