title: Enter the Matrix

text: Two critics from "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave it "bad" scores; another later admitted that his "average" score for the game was more positive than the game actually deserved. Mark MacDonald was especially scathing, writing "In more than 20 years of playing games, I have never seen a console game as obviously unfinished and rushed to market as "Enter the Matrix"... This game is a complete mess, and that's the only thing complete about it."


title: Enter the Matrix

text: GameSpot listed "Enter the Matrix" in several of their "Dubious Honors" lists at the end of 2003, including their five most disappointing titles of the year. One common complaint was that players wanted to play as trilogy protagonist Neo rather than secondary characters Ghost and Niobe, an issue Shiny Entertainment addressed with their later Matrix game "".


title: Enter the Matrix

text: Steven Poole, in his column in "Edge", described the PS2 version of "Enter the Matrix" as ""Max Payne" with celebrity scriptwriters", and said that the films' fluid fight choreography could not be matched by the game's control system, and that the game's centred view, while practical, was not as interesting as the "kinetic montage" of camera angles used in the movies' action scenes. He also expressed other concerns:


title: Enter the Matrix

text: The most worrying new precedent that "Enter the Matrix" sets, though, with its massively hyped synergy and narrative overlap with "Reloaded", is that it seems the film itself has been deliberately made to suffer, to donate some of its lifeblood so that its vampiric brood can feed on it. In "Reloaded", Niobe and her crew go to blow up the nuclear power plant, a feat of security bypassing which would presumably require something like a lobby scene squared. Instead, we see nothing until they are already in the control room. Why? Because that's what you get to do in the game instead. The film's sense of rhythm and victory over threat is compromised just so we can bash buttons on our consoles at home. It's as though James Cameron had cut footage out of "Aliens" so that it could be rendered in blocky 2D graphics in the 1987 Spectrum/C64 tie-in game released by Electric Dreams — which remains, actually, a superior film-to-game conversion.


title: Enter the Matrix

text: Positive comments came from IGN, "Game Informer", and "Nintendo Power", with NP stating, "its game play suffers from repetition, but this two-disc technomelange has tons of great stuff for "Matrix" fans." IGN's review, while mixed, praised its presentation and sound, stating that "you can't get much better than having the [Wachowskis] filming your cutscenes," and "Kudos to the sound team for bringing the movie audio to life in the game. Excellent sound design, and a great score." The IGN review also said, "Things could have been much better with a few more months in development. That said, the story elements and the way the [Wachowskis] tie together the "Matrix" movies, the "Animatrix" shorts, and the game is exceptional. Not being able to slip into the black robes of the movie's principal characters is a bummer, but there's no denying that playing through Enter the Matrix will actually increase your appreciation of the "Matrix" universe as a whole." They also praised the GameCube version, specifically: "A big 'thank you' to Atari and Shiny for making sure that Nintendo's little cube didn't get shafted. The GameCube version actually ships on two disks to accommodate all the video and audio content. DPLII, progressive scan, DIVX compression — it's all used to full effect to make sure the GameCube version is as good as it can be."


title: Enter the Matrix

text: Even non-video game publications gave the game some positive acclaim. "Maxim" gave it a score of eight out of ten and said it was "by no means a weak attempt to cash in on a franchise...Gamers not only get tons of extra movie action but also get to run, kick, and shoot in a fully realized Matrix universe." "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a B and said that it "wants to be so many different games that it doesn't excel at any one of them." "The Cincinnati Enquirer" gave it three-and-a-half stars out of five and said that the game "isn't a perfect slice of interactive entertainment, but it does provide at least a dozen hours of action-packed fun and serves as a clever vehicle to expand on the events in "The Matrix Reloaded"." "The Village Voice", however, gave it six out of ten and stated: "Nerds may activate two-player mode using the DOS-throwback 'hacking gameplay element.' If any of you figure out how to boff Trinity during a rave, please e-mail me."


title: McLintock!

text: McLintock! is a 1963 American Western comedy film, starring John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara, directed by Andrew V. McLaglen. The film co-stars Wayne's son Patrick Wayne, Stefanie Powers, Jack Kruschen, Chill Wills, and Yvonne DeCarlo (billed as special guest star). Loosely based on William Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew", the project was filmed in Technicolor and Panavision, and produced by Wayne's company, Batjac Productions.


title: McLintock!

text: In 1991, the film entered the public domain in the United States because the claimants did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.


title: McLintock!

text: Tough cattle baron and town namesake George Washington "G.W." McLintock lives as a bachelor on his ranch. His wife, Katherine "Kate" McLintock, abandoned him with no explanation and become a socialite out East two years prior; his daughter, Rebecca "Becky" McLintock, is away finishing her college degree. In the town, G.W. is disliked by local bureaucrat Matt Douglas, and territorial Governor Cuthbert H. Humphrey. However, he is a friend to many, including Sheriff Lord, General Store owner Jake Birnbaum, and the local populations of beggars and Comanche Indians.


title: McLintock!

text: G.W. addresses a group of homesteaders, warning them that the land is likely unsuitable for farming. Devlin "Dev" Warren, a young man with a mother and sister to support, asks G.W. for a job. G.W. initially refuses; egged on by aged drifter Bunny, Dev resorts to begging, then lashes out in frustration when G.W. relents. However, G.W. still hires him. He also hires Dev's widowed mother Mrs. Warren, after tasting her cooking. G.W. then learns Kate is in town; she tells him she wants a divorce, so she can take Becky back East with her, but G.W. refuses. Kate then decides to move back into the ranch, and starts bossing everyone around, immediately targeting Mrs. Warren.


title: McLintock!

text: The Comanche come into town to meet a train, and Sheriff Lord settles them near the homesteaders. When a homesteader's daughter wanders off with her lover, Douglas and the homesteaders assume the Comanche took her. G.W. and his men arrive to try to defuse the situation, and a huge and muddy brawl ensues, with Kate unexpectedly joining in on G.W.'s side. Later, Becky arrives home from college with a suitor, Douglas' son "Junior". G.W. disapproves of Junior, so Kate makes a show of approving. In the back of Becky's train are four Comanche chiefs, who have arrived for a hearing to determine whether or not their people will be sent to a reservation in Fort Sill, Oklahoma. G.W. agrees to speak at the hearing on their behalf.


title: McLintock!

text: While getting ready for Becky's welcome-home party, Dev and Becky get into an argument when he accuses Junior of being a "Dude". At the party, Dev gets into a fistfight to protect Birnbaum's young assistant Davy, and impresses everyone with his boxing skills. Some time later, after being deliberately taunted by Becky and Junior, Dev accuses Becky of being a "trollop" for kissing Junior before they were properly engaged. Becky demands G.W. shoot Dev for insulting her; G.W. "shoots" him with a starter's pistol to teach Becky a lesson, and allows Dev to spank Becky with a coal shovel, angering Kate.


title: McLintock!

text: At the hearing, G.W. delivers a passionate plea from the Comanche to Governor Humphrey, but is ignored. The Comanche are ordered to be imprisoned until they can be sent to Fort Sill. Getting drunk that night, G.W. suggests to Bunny that, if the Comanche were to go out fighting as they requested, the Government might realize Humphrey's mismanagement of the territory and intervene. G.W. returns home and pressures Mrs. Warren into drinking with him; both of them fall down the stairs, and Kate assumes the worst when she sees Mrs. Warren on G.W.'s lap, until Mrs. Warren explains she is quitting because Sheriff Lord has asked her to marry him.


title: McLintock!

text: At the Fourth of July celebrations the next day, Kate sternly refuses Humphrey's advances, but continues to treat her husband harshly. Bunny, who took G.W. seriously, helps set the Comanches free; they charge through town on their way to fight the U.S Army, causing everyone to scatter and hide. While hiding in a haystack, Dev and Becky reconcile, and become engaged. Encouraged by this, and advice from Birnbaum, G.W. confronts Kate, getting her to admit that she left because she found lipstick on his shirt and incorrectly assumed he was having an affair. After pursuing her through town and spanking her, G.W. tells Kate she is free to divorce him, and leaves for home. However, she follows him, and the two finally reconcile.


title: McLintock!

text: The script was developed by John Wayne as a way for him to express his disapproval for how Westerns negatively represent Native Americans, his opinions on marital abuse, and discontent for political corruption from either party; intentionally contrasting previous films in which Wayne starred but had little creative-control, such as John Ford's "The Searchers". Another sharp contrast from previous films of Wayne is the emphasis on comedy, and using the Western setting for slapstick possibilities. He offered the job of directing to Andrew McLaglen, son to Wayne's longtime co-star Victor McLaglen, who had directed a number of low-budget features and had worked widely in television. It was the first movie fully produced by Wayne's son, Michael, although Michael Wayne had worked on a number of other films in various capacities. The male juvenile lead was John Wayne's younger son, Patrick.


title: McLintock!

text: The film was shot at Old Tucson Studios, west of Tucson, Arizona, and at San Rafael Ranch House - San Rafael State Natural Area, south of Patagonia, Arizona, and Nogales. Although the name of the territory is never mentioned, and the Mesa Verde region where the film is set is located predominantly in Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, in the court scene, the flag of Arizona is seen alongside the U.S. flag, although the flag of Arizona was not created until 1917.


title: McLintock!

text: Many of the cast and crew, notably Andrew McLaglen, William H. Clothier, Bruce Cabot, Chill Wills, Edward Faulkner, Hank Worden, Strother Martin, and Maureen O'Hara, had worked with Wayne on other productions. Wayne insisted a supporting role be given to Yvonne de Carlo, whose husband had been injured making "How the West Was Won". Michael Wayne estimated the budget as being $3.5 to $4.0 million.


title: McLintock!

text: As in many other John Wayne films, Wayne is wearing his favorite "Red River D" belt buckle. It can be best seen in the scene where G.W. addresses the homesteaders about 10 minutes into the film, and at the end of the scene where the Comanche ride through town on the way to "the last fight of the Comanche," around 10 minutes from the end of the movie.


title: McLintock!

text: In the DVD Special Feature "Maureen O'Hara and Stefanie Powers Remember "McLintock!"", O'Hara reported that when Wayne and she filmed the famous scene in which he spanked her with a coal scuttle shovel, he did not pull his strokes. "He really spanked me! My bottom was black and blue for weeks!"


title: McLintock!

text: The film was a box-office success, and a timely one, since "The Alamo" had cost Wayne in both financial and "box-office capital" terms. "McLintock!" grossed $14,500,000 in North America, earning $7.25 million in US theatrical rentals.


title: McLintock!

text: Andrew McLaglen said the film "put me in the big time." He made four more films with Wayne: "Hellfighters" (1968), "The Undefeated" (1969), "Chisum" (1970), and "Cahill, U.S. Marshal" (1973).


title: McLintock!

text: According to Bosley Crowther, "the broadly comic Western ... sounded like a promising idea"; "the scenery is opulent and the action out-of-doors, the color lush, and the cast made up almost entirely of recruits from John Ford's long cinematic cycle commemorating the tradition of the American frontier." Since "the direction was entrusted to a relative newcomer, Victor McLaglen's television-trained son, Andrew V. McLaglen ... good intentions, when the task at hand is as difficult as lusty farce, are not enough." Emanuel Levy, in a review years after the film's release, said the film is "significant because it marks the beginning of Wayne's attempt to impose his general views, not just political ones, on his pictures. Most of Wayne's screen work after "McLintock!" would express his opinions about education, family, economics, and even friendship."


title: McLintock!

text: The film was produced by John Wayne's Batjac Productions and released through United Artists. Batjac failed to renew the copyright, which expired in 1991. In 1994, a legal case determined the film was in the public domain in the United States, but the music score remained under copyright.


title: McLintock!

text: Batjac Productions, a company now owned by John Wayne's estate, retains distribution rights for "officially restored" versions of the film and holds the original film negatives, as well as rights to the film's musical score.


title: McLintock!

text: Despite being available in the public domain by various distributors for the past decade (including GoodTimes Home Video and Simitar Entertainment), the first official home video issue of the film was released in the mid-1990s by MPI Home Video. In 2005, Paramount Home Media Distribution struck a distribution deal with Batjac (which owns the original film negatives) and was granted exclusive distribution rights for an official remastered release debuting on DVD in 2005. This "official" DVD release uses a restoration made from the original camera negative, under license from Batjac, with a newly created 5.1 surround mix and the original monoaural. Bonus features include a new extensive documentary, a "2 Minute Fight School" featurette, photo and trailer galleries, and an audio commentary with Leonard Maltin, Frank Thompson, Maureen O’Hara, Stefanie Powers, Michael Pate, Michael Wayne, and Andrew McLaglen. In spite of this licensed release, numerous versions of the film are still being released by other companies, with most using old TV prints and film elements outside of Batjac's official restoration.


title: McLintock!

text: Olive Films released a bare-bones Blu-Ray in March 2013, using a 2012 2K scan of a 35-mm Technicolor element with the original monoaural track. Olive's release had no involvement from Batjac Productions, as the 2K restoration was provided by the Library of Congress and is classified as public domain, whereas the "official" restoration is copyrighted to Batjac with Paramount handling exclusive distribution.


title: McLintock!

text: Paramount followed up in May 2014 with their Blu-Ray release, under license from Batjac Productions. This release uses a brand new 4K remaster from the original camera negative with Dolby TrueHD 5.1 surround and original mono. It also carries over all the bonus features from the previous Paramount DVD, with the only new addition of the original theatrical trailer scanned in 2K from a 35-mm element.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: Airbus Corporate Jets, a business unit of Airbus SAS and part of Airbus, markets and completes corporate jet variants from the parent's airliner range. Types include the A318 Elite to the double/triple-decked Airbus A380 Prestige. Following the entry of the 737 based Boeing Business Jet, Airbus joined the business jet market with the A319 Corporate Jet in 1997. Although the term Airbus Corporate jet was initially used only for the A319CJ, it is now often used for all models, including the VIP widebodies. As of June 2019, 213 corporate and private jets are operating; 222 aircraft have been ordered, including 128 A320 family jets.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: An Airbus Corporate Jet Centre is based at Toulouse, France, and specialises in single-aisle aircraft.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The ACJ family is based on the successful A320 family of aircraft, beginning with the A319CJ. Today any version of the A320 is available as corporate jet with 180 minute ETOPS rating. Changes over the passenger versions include an increase in service ceiling to and the use of a variable number of removable additional fuel tanks.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The smallest of the ACJ family, based on the passenger A318, was offered in passenger configurations between 14 and 18 passengers.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: This model is the corporate jet version of the A319. It incorporates removable extra fuel tanks which are installed in the cargo compartment, and an increased service ceiling of . Upon resale the aircraft can be reconfigured as a standard A319 by removing its extra tanks, thus maximizing its resale value. Certificated both European JAA and American FAA, the A319LR and ACJ are the only business jets approved for public transport on both sides of the Atlantic.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The aircraft seats between 19 and 50 passengers but may be outfitted by the customers into any configuration. DC Aviation, UB Group, and Reliance Industries are among its users. The A319CJ competes with the Boeing BBJ1, Gulfstream G550, and Bombardier Global Express. Because of its wider fuselage diameter, it offers a roomier interior than its competitors. It is powered by the same engine types as the A320, either the CFM International CFM56-5 or the V2527.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The A319CJ was used by the "Escadron de transport, d'entrainement et de calibration" which is in charge of transportation for France's officials, and was also ordered by the Flugbereitschaft of the Luftwaffe for transportation of Germany's officials. Since 2003, an ACJ is a presidential aircraft of Armenia, Brazil, Czech Republic, Italy, Malaysia, Slovakia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine and Venezuela.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The A320 Prestige is offered as a variant for passengers who want more interior space than the A319 offers. It has a passenger capacity of 30 with two removable fuel tanks. In 2018, its unit cost was $115M.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: Two A320neo family variants are offered: the ACJ319neo, carrying eight passengers up to , and the ACJ320neo, carrying 25 up to .


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The CFM LEAP or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G lower fuel-burn provides additional range along with lower engine noise while the cabin altitude does not exceed .


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: To increase its fuel capacity, the ACJ319neo is offered with up to five additional centre tanks (ACT).


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The ACJ320neo first flight was on 16 November 2018, starting a short test-programme for the extra fuel tanks and greater cabin pressurisation.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: On 25 April 2019, the ACJ319neo completed its first flight, before a short test campaign and delivery to German K5 Aviation, outfitted with five ACTs.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: In October 2020, Airbus announced an ACJ variant of the A220-100, to be known as the ACJ TwoTwenty, with a range of and cabin space of for 18 passengers. To increase its range the ACJ Two twenty is offered with up to five removable auxiliary centre tanks (ACT).


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The ACJ TwoTwenty made its first flight on 14 December 2021, before delivery to Comlux to be outfitted with a VIP cabin in Indianapolis.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The VIP widebodies are based on the A330/A340/A350/A380 aircraft. Additional fuel tanks extend the range, with most increase for the A330 Prestige.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The ACJ330neo is based on the new A330neo with the "Harmony" cabin concept. It has a capacity of 25 passengers and a range of 10400 nmi (19260 km).


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: Based on Airbus' first four engine design, the ETOPS immune A340-300 Prestige offers a range for 75 passengers. It is powered by four CFM56-5C4/P engines, each rated at thrust.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The ACJ340-500 is a longer range complement to the A340-300 Prestige with a range as a result of having a higher fuel capacity and an updated wing with increased span and area. It carries 75 passengers and can link almost any imaginable city pair on the globe. It is powered by four Rolls-Royce Trent 556 engines, each rated at .


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: The A330 and A340 successor A350 XWB is also offered as the ACJ350 corporate jet by Airbus Corporate Jets, offering a range for 25 passengers for the -900 derivative and of cabin space. This range is the distance between two antipodes, allowing to connect any suitable airport.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: One executive variant of the Airbus A380 was ordered in 2012, with two full decks and a third deck in the cargo compartment, but the aircraft was sold as a regular aircraft before modifications were made. Range was to be increased to . The undelivered plane, ordered by Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, was to be called "Prestige". "The Guardian" reported the plane was sold amid disputes between "Forbes" and Talal relating to the size of his fortune and his efforts to affect his ranking in Forbes billionaires list.


title: Airbus Corporate Jets

text: , plans to retrofit one of the first A380s to be retired from service with Singapore Airlines as a business jet were reported to be "at a very advanced stage". Refitting a retired A380 would cost less than buying a new A330 or Boeing 777 business jet.


title: Narayan Rane

text: Narayan Tatu Rane (born 10 April 1952) is an Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He currently serves as Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Second Modi ministry. He has previously held Cabinet Ministry positions for Industry, Port, Employment and Self-employment; Revenue; and Industry in the Government of Maharashtra.


title: Narayan Rane

text: He was a member of Shiv Sena and opposition leader of Vidhan Sabha until July 2005, when he joined Indian National Congress party. He quit Congress in September 2017 and launched the Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha. In 2018, he declared support for Bharatiya Janta Party and was elected to the Rajya Sabha on a BJP nomination. On 15 October 2019, he joined Bhartiya Janta Party and merged his party, Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha, into the BJP.


title: Narayan Rane

text: Narayan Rane was born to Tatu Sitaram Rane and Laxmibai Rane in Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra. He dropped out from 11th grade. He has two sons: Nilesh and Nitesh Rane. Nitesh is a politician and member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.


title: Narayan Rane

text: Shakha Pramukh at Chembur, Mumbai. He then became the Councillor of Kopargaon. Under the BJP-Shiv Sena coalition government, Rane first received the Revenue Ministry portfolio. He succeeded Manohar Joshi as Chief Minister in 1999, when Joshi was forced to resign due to a land use controversy. Later that year, the BJP-Sena alliance led by Rane lost the October 1999 Maharashtra elections to an INC-NCP coalition. The election campaign opened a breach between Rane and Uddhav Thackeray, the president of Shiv Sena. Relations between Thackeray and Rane finally ruptured completely in 2005, when Rane submitted his resignation from the party. In response Thackeray expelled Rane from the party on 3 July 2005, accusing Rane of "gangsterism" and "betrayal of the party."


title: Narayan Rane

text: Rane joined the Indian National Congress in 2005, receiving his old post as Revenue Minister under the Second Desmukh Ministry. In a 2005 by-election, he won re-election from his old Malvan seat in the Konkan region on a Congress ticket. In the wake of 2008 Mumbai attacks, Vilasrao Deshmukh, then Chief Minister of Maharashtra resigned, and Sonia Gandhi elevated Ashok Chavan as Chief Minister. Rane accused Congress leadership of breaching its promises to make him Chief Minister, and was suspended by the party. After Rane apologized, the INC revoked this suspension. Prithviraj Chavan appointed Rane as Minister of Industry in his first ministry, elevating Balasheb Thorat to Rane's old Revenue portfolio. Rane resigned from the Cabinet in July 2014 over differences with the party's leadership on the INC's campaign effort. The BJP and SHS went on to claim victory in the 2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election, in which Rane lost his bid for re-election to a Shiv Sena candidate.


title: Narayan Rane

text: In 2016, the INC appointed Rane as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council. The appointment did not suppress the increasingly public feud between Rane and Congress leadership, however, prompting speculation about Rane's future in the party. On 21 September 2017, Rane resigned both from the INC and from his membership on the Maharashtra Legislative Council.


title: Narayan Rane

text: Through press at the time expected Rane's resignation to result in an appointment to Devendra Fadnavis's cabinet, Shiv Sena, still led by Rane's longtime rival Uddhav Thackeray, threatened to withdraw from the BJP-led coalition if Rane was admitted. Temporarily without a party, Rane formed a new political party in October 2017 called the Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha and indicated it would ally with Bharatiya Janata Party. However, when Rane ran for Rajya Sabha in 2018, he did so under a BJP party line.


title: Narayan Rane

text: Rane merged his party, Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha, with the Bharatiya Janata Party on October 15, 2019. Following that year's legislative assembly elections in Maharashtra, the BJP-Sena alliance broke down completely. During the July 2021 Cabinet reshuffle, Modi elevated Rane to Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Political writer Aditi Phadnis interpreted this as a BJP attempt to make inroads in the Marathi strongholds of their former allies, Shiv Sena.


title: Narayan Rane

text: Rane launched the Marathi daily "Prahaar" on 8 October 2008, under the ownership of Rane Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. While he serves as the Consulting Editor, journalist Madhukar Bhave is the editor of the newspaper.


title: Narayan Rane

text: In August 2011, Urban Development Deputy Secretary BK Gahart claimed in a deposition before the inquiry committee investigating the Adarsh Housing Society scam that while Rane was Chief Minister in the 1999 Shiv Sena-BJP ministry, he expedited a land allocation at the behest of Adarsh Housing Society. The BJP-Sena opposition unsuccessfully campaigned for Rane's resignation as Industry Minister, but when the inquiry committee completed its report in April 2013, indicting four former Chief Ministers of Maharashtra, Rane was not included.


title: Narayan Rane

text: In August 2021, while traveling under the BJP Jan Ashirwad Yatra initiative (a program under which Modi ministers traveled their home constituencies and regions), Rane claimed Uddhav Thackeray, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra following the 2019 Maharashtra political crisis, forgot the year of India's independence during an Independence Day speech, requiring prompting by an aide. Rane went on to declare that, "Had I been there, I would have given him a slap." Maharashtra Police arrested Rane in Ratnagiri on 24 August. A court conditionally granted him bail the following day.


title: Narayan Rane

text: In February 2022, an F.I.R. was registered against Rane for allegedly making defamatory and false statements about Disha Salian's death.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: Stefano Domenicali (born 11 May 1965) is an Italian manager and the current CEO of Formula One Group, replacing Chase Carey. He was the CEO of Italian sports car manufacturer Lamborghini from 2016 to 2020. He was the team principal of the Scuderia Ferrari Formula One team. Under his leadership Ferrari won their last Formula One World Championship to date.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: Domenicali was born in Imola, the son of a banker. As a child, he used to go to the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari race track at weekends to help out in the paddock and in the media centre – an experience that piqued his interest in motor racing.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: Domenicali studied business administration at University of Bologna, graduating in 1991. Upon graduation he joined Ferrari where he worked in the finance department. Between 1992 and 1994, he was race director at Mugello and was involved in DTM and other racing series. In 1995 he was appointed head of personnel in Ferrari's sporting department and was involved with sponsorship liaison, before being promoted to Team Manager in December 1996.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: He remained there until January 2001. After a brief stint as Logistics Manager, he became the team's Sporting Director in 2002.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: On 12 November 2007 Ferrari announced Domenicali would take on the role of Director of the Ferrari Formula One team, a position previously held by Jean Todt, and became team principal in 2008. Under his leadership, Ferrari won the 2008 Constructors' Championship, before enduring a less competitive season in which the team won only a single race. In , the team won five races and finished third in the Constructors' Championship, behind Red Bull Racing and McLaren. Domenicali led the team into , which saw Fernando Alonso finish fourth in the championship table, two places ahead of Felipe Massa in sixth. Then came the 2012 season, which saw Fernando Alonso just missing out on the title; a result masked by his outstanding performance, since his teammate was 156 points behind him.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: He and Ferrari claimed three Grand Prix victories and placed second in both the Drivers' and Constructors' Championships. He was named one of "The Men of the Year 2012" by "Top Gear" magazine for keeping Ferrari at sharp end of F1, against the odds. Domenicali resigned as Ferrari team principal in April 2014.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: In October 2014, Domenicali was hired by Audi. He was also appointed as head of the FIA's Single-Seater Commission. On 15 March 2016 he was appointed CEO at Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. He was replaced by Stephan Winkelmann on 1 December 2020.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: In September 2020, it was announced that Domenicali would replace Chase Carey as CEO of Formula One Group from the 2021 season.


title: Stefano Domenicali

text: Domenicali has also defended F1 using Qatar and Saudi Arabia for F1 races, after he was criticised. There has been widespread criticisim over the use of slave labour in the Gulf countries.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: João Teixeira de Faria (born 24 June 1942), known also as João de Deus (John of God), is a Brazilian convicted sex offender who rose to fame as a self-proclaimed medium and psychic surgeon. He was based in Abadiânia, where he ran a "spiritual healing center" called the Casa de Dom Inácio de Loyola. He has received media coverage on CNN, ABC News, and "The Oprah Winfrey Show", amongst others. James Randi and Joe Nickell exposed his healing procedures as nothing more than carnival tricks, and there is no evidence that the benefits that have been reported by patients are anything more than placebo effects.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: In 2018, after over 600 accusations of sexual abuse, Faria turned himself in to police. In December 2019, he was sentenced to 19 years and four months for the rapes of four women. On 20 January 2020, 40 years were added to his prison time for the rape of five additional women. The sentences add up to 63 years and 4 months.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: João Teixeira de Faria was born in Cachoeira de Goiás on 24 June 1942. He has no medical training and describes himself as a "simple farmer". He completed two years of education and spent a number of years travelling from village to village in the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais as a "garrafeiro", a sort of travelling medicine man.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Faria says he was told by his spirit guides that he must expand his work to reach more people and spiritist medium Chico Xavier told him he should go to the small Goiás town of Abadiânia to fulfill his healing mission. Around 1978, when João first performed healings there, he just sat outdoors in a chair near the main road where people began to arrive seeking cures for their illnesses and conditions. Gradually the numbers increased to thousands per day and he developed his centre, Casa de Dom Inácio de Loyola. The Casa de Dom Inácio de Loyola has since been visited by millions of people seeking healing. He also owns a nearby cattle ranch, which covers about 1,000 acres and is valued at over 2 million reais.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Much of his income comes from selling passionflower preparations, the single herb prescribed by Faria to cure a variety of ailments. The company which bears João Teixeira Faria's initials, JTF Ltda., markets the drug and is registered in the name of his wife, Ana Keyla Teixeira, and his driver and employee Abadio da Cruz.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Faria regularly prescribes meditation and walks to a nearby waterfall as part of treatment. The Casa also sells herbs, blessed items and artefacts such as magic triangles. It was estimated by 60 Minutes Australia in 2014 that these sales earn Faria over $10 million per year.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: When called for a spiritual surgery by Faria, patients are offered the choice of "visible" or "invisible" operations. If they select an "invisible" operation (or are younger than 18 or older than 52) they are directed to sit in a room and meditate. Faria says that spiritual physicians can perform surgery on the actual patient via a surrogate when the actual patient is unable to make the trip.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: A very small percentage of people choose a "visible" operation where Faria operates without traditional anesthetic. Instead he says he uses "energized" mineral water and the spiritual energies present, the latter of which are provided by groups of volunteers who meditate in a separate room called the "current room". These practices, such as inserting scissors or forceps deep into a nose and scraping an eye without an anesthetic or antiseptics, have been scrutinised by medical authorities and skeptical investigators such as James Randi, who has called for Faria to stop victimizing people with stunts and trickery.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Faria tells people not to stop taking their medicine and says not everyone he serves will be cured. Often the treatment includes capsules containing pure passion flower that he says carry special blessed spiritual energy to support the individual's healing process. Faria has undergone trials and scrutiny of his work. He has been arrested several times for practicing medicine without a licence and has been jailed once.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Faria has travelled to other countries to perform healing ceremonies called Live Events. Gail Thackray, Casa Medium, said in her book "Spiritual Journeys: Visiting John of God" that the main entities that incorporate in Brazil are the same ones at Live Events, along with thousands of other entities doing healing work.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Because of the medical laws around the world, blessed water is prescribed instead of herbs. It is available for about $3 a bottle and everyone who receives a spiritual intervention must drink this blessed water.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: On 14 July 2005, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) ran a news report about Faria on "Primetime Live". The programme featured five people with various medical conditions, including chronic fatigue syndrome, Lou Gehrig's disease and an inoperable brain tumour. Each patient saw Faria and ABC claimed that in three of the cases there had been an improvement. A young female athlete who had been paraplegic was shown beginning to move her legs.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: ABC's update on the five subjects, while not mentioning subject Mary Hendrickson, indicated that one subject is making either slow progress or none at all, two are worse, and one shows improvement. Subject David Ames died from complications on 16 July 2008. Despite undergoing Faria's psychic surgery and being declared cured, Lisa Melman's breast cancer got progressively worse. She stated the tumor had grown and became painful. She continued to suffer and died in 2012.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Skeptic James Randi spent about an hour in New York being interviewed and taped for the report. Randi later criticised ABC for having cherry-picked his comments to show more credibility for Faria than was justified. Randi gave scientific explanations for all the activities observed. Randi revealed the natural explanations for activities ranging from putting forceps in the nose, random cutting of the flesh, 'scraping' of the eyeball, the subsequent absence of infection, and other activities one by one as age old parlor tricks. However, he was dismayed that none of his critical comments were shown in the final segment. This was cut down to under 20 seconds of screen time.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: On 17 November 2010, Susan Casey wrote in "" about her trip to see Faria in Brazil and was subsequently covered on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". The article was entitled "Leap of Faith: Meet John of God". The show was entitled "Do You Believe in Miracles?". In both, she discusses her need to deal with the traumatic loss of her father. After he suddenly died in 2008, Casey experienced a "tsunami of grief" that she says she couldn't escape from. She wondered if Faria could help heal her grief. She met him twice and later stated, "Three hours went by like 20 minutes, and it was blissfulit was like I was floating." Casey claims she was able to speak with her dead father. "It was very real," she says. "More of a vision than I had ever had before. ... I got this feeling like I shouldn't be sad, that everything was okay."


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: While Casey stated that the whole experience sounds unusual, she said that she is "not a woo-woo person" and that Faria helped her find healing. Casey stated that she was a neutral observer. Jeff Rediger, a psychiatrist from Harvard Medical School in Boston, was provided as a "skeptic". Rediger was astonished to discover bleeding from his torso after "invisible" surgery. The show did not provide scientific or medical explanations for the procedures performed. In depth critical investigative reports followed the broadcast.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: On 17 March 2013, "Oprah's Next Chapter", Season 2, Episode 116, aired a televised show titled "John of God". Oprah traveled to Brazil to meet and talk with Faria. She also interviewed Magnus Kemppii, from Sweden, about his "surgery", and five Americans who hope to be cured from their ailments.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: In December 2018, Faria was accused of sexual abuse, rape and pedophilia by more than 200 women. After the allegations became public, Oprah deleted the interviews from her site and released a note stating that she hopes justice will be served.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: On the 22 December 2010, episode of CNN's "AC360", Sanjay Gupta interviewed two of the commentators Oprah Winfrey had sent to meet Faria. Critical investigative reports followed the broadcast.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Faria's first visit to Australia and a 'Live Event' scheduled 22–24 November 2014 at the Sydney Showground in Sydney Olympic Park garnered much media attention.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: After visiting Faria at his "Casa" in Abadiânia, Brazil, the Australian 60 Minutes television program aired a critical investigative report on 25 October 2014, examining Faria's healing treatment practices, the amount of money being made and raising questions about sexual assault allegations against him. The two-part program hosted by reporter Michael Usher was a follow-up to Liz Hayes' 1998 investigation of Faria.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: In Part 1 of the follow-up, reporter Michael Usher revealed that a woman declared as cured of breast cancer by a spirit entity channeled by Faria died in 2003. A woman in a wheelchair with multiple sclerosis, who in the 1998 report said she visited Faria with the expectation of walking again, didn't feel any effect, is still in a wheelchair, and suffered a deterioration in her condition. Her trip to the Casa cost $5,000. Usher reported that none of the other people (forty Australians) who made the pilgrimage that Hayes joined for investigation improved.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Usher's report said that some of the thousands in Faria's audience hope to receive "spiritual surgery" from him. In an extended interview, emergency medicine specialist Dr. David Rosengren personally examined and reported these practices as horrendous and barbaric, saying: "… the modern medical world could not condone this behavior in any way whatsoever". The possibility of Faria coming to Australia had also concerned the Australian Medical Association.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: In Part 2 of his report, Usher stated that there were two deaths in recent years at the Casa that warranted investigations, but no one was charged. He also reported that in 2010, when Faria visited Sedona, Arizona, the police department investigated him because a woman said he took her hands and placed them on his genitals. The case never went to court; one of his associates encouraged the woman to drop the allegations.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: The Catholic Church, through its representative Rev. Brian Lucas, issued a televised verbal warning, stating "John of God doesn't have any official affiliation with the Catholic Church". He cautioned all to be very skeptical of people seeking publicity with claims of miracles and faith healing, more so when there is a lot of money involved.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: On 22 July 2016, the "Montreal Gazette" published a report on John of God, "Brazilian 'healer' John of God leads cancer patients by the nose", by columnist Joe Schwarcz, accompanied by a video report from 'Dr Joe's' The Right Chemistry series. Schwarcz is an author and a professor at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. He is the director of McGill's Office for Science & Society, which aims to demystify science for the public. The report starts by detailing Faria's life history as a medium and psychic surgeon. It then examines his practice and supposed treatments, such as the 'Up Your Nose' surgery to treat cancers. Schwarcz also criticised Faria's choices of treatment for his own health problems.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Faria was married several times and has had an unknown number of children from his different wives and affairs.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: In 2015, Faria was diagnosed with aggressive stomach cancer. A doctor of conventional medicine, Raul Cutait, extracted a 6 cm gastric adenocarcinoma from his stomach. The surgery and follow-up of five months of chemotherapy took place at the Hospital Sírio-Libanês in São Paulo. Faria did not report these facts to the public, originally saying he was being hospitalised for a stomach hernia.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: In December 2018, allegations of abuse by Faria were put forward by 12 women. The case was reported in media outlets in Brazil and around the world. The number of claims led to the Prosecution Office of the State of Goiás creating an email address and phone line to receive all accusations towards him. In 30 hours, over 200 complaints were received from nine different Brazilian states and two claims from abroad. Claims were reported by the prosecution's office as having potential to be the biggest sexual scandal in the history of Brazil, overwhelming the Roger Abdelmassih case. Claims included the alleged abuse of victims as young as 14 years old, as well as a woman who revealed having been abused for three days. In 11 December, four days after the "Conversa com Bial" show, the number of sexual abuse complaints against Faria had reached 206, prompting him to limit his appointments at Casa Dom Inácio de Loyola. Questioned by reporters, he simply said "I'm innocent" and walked away. On 12 December, the public prosecutor of Goiás called for the arrest of Faria. On 16 December, Faria surrendered himself to the police. The number of sexual abuse accusations gradually reached 600.


title: João Teixeira de Faria

text: Faria's daughter Dalva supported the accusers, calling her father a "monster" and alleging that she was beaten and raped by him until she ran away when she was 14 years old. Faria was transferred to a hospital from prison in March 2019. On 19 December, he was sentenced to 19 years and four months for the rapes of four women. He is facing additional cases related to 10 sex crimes. He was released from prison on house arrest when the COVID-19 pandemic struck in early 2020, due to his age and poor health. Those rapes occurred from 1986 to 2017.


title: Catarrh

text: Catarrh is an exudate of inflamed mucous membranes in one of the airways or cavities of the body, usually with reference to the throat and paranasal sinuses. It can result in a thick exudate of mucus and white blood cells caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head in response to an infection. It is a symptom usually associated with the common cold, pharyngitis, and chesty coughs, but it can also be found in patients with adenoiditis, otitis media, sinusitis or tonsillitis. The phlegm produced by catarrh may either discharge or cause a blockage that may become chronic.


title: Catarrh

text: The word "catarrh" was widely used in medicine since before the era of medical science, which explains why it has various senses and in older texts may be synonymous with, or vaguely indistinguishable from, common cold, nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, or sinusitis. The word is no longer as widely used in American medical practice, mostly because more precise words are available for any particular disease. Indeed, to the extent that it is still used, it is no longer viewed nosologically as a disease entity but instead as a symptom, a sign, or a syndrome of both. The term "catarrh" is found in medical sources from the United Kingdom. The word has also been common in the folk medicine of Appalachia, where medicinal plants have been used to treat the inflammation and drainage associated with the condition.


title: Catarrh

text: Because of the human ear's function of regulating the pressure within the head region, catarrh blockage may also cause discomfort during changes in atmospheric pressure.


title: Catarrh

text: The word "catarrh" comes from 15th-century French "catarrhe", Latin catarrhus, and Greek ("katarrhein"): "kata-" meaning "down" and "rhein" meaning "to flow." The "Oxford English Dictionary" quotes Thomas Bowes' translation of Pierre de la Primaudaye's "The [second part of the] French academie" (1594): "Sodainely choked by catarrhes, which like to floods of waters, runne downewards."


title: Wadi

text: Wadi (), alternatively "wād" (), North African Arabic Oued, is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a valley. In some instances, it may refer to a wet (ephemeral) riverbed that contains water only when heavy rain occurs.


title: Wadi

text: The term ' is very widely found in Arabic toponyms. Some Spanish toponyms are derived from Andalusian Arabic where ' was used to mean a permanent river, for example: Guadalcanal from "wādī al-qanāl" (, "river of refreshment stalls"), Guadalajara from "wādī al-ḥijārah" (, "river of stones"), or Guadalquivir, from "al-wādī al-kabīr" (, "the great river").


title: Wadi

text: Wadis are located on gently sloping, nearly flat parts of deserts; commonly they begin on the distal portions of alluvial fans and extend to inland sabkhas or dry lakes. In basin and range topography, wadis trend along basin axes at the terminus of fans. Permanent channels do not exist, due to lack of continual water flow. They have braided stream patterns because of the deficiency of water and the abundance of sediments. Water percolates down into the stream bed, causing an abrupt loss of energy and resulting in vast deposition. Wadis may develop dams of sediment that change the stream patterns in the next flash flood.


title: Wadi

text: Wind also causes sediment deposition. When wadi sediments are underwater or moist, wind sediments are deposited over them. Thus, wadi sediments contain both wind and water sediments.


title: Wadi

text: Wadi sediments may contain a range of material, from gravel to mud, and the sedimentary structures vary widely. Thus, wadi sediments are the most diverse of all desert environments.


title: Wadi

text: Flash floods result from severe energy conditions and can result in a wide range of sedimentary structures, including ripples and common plane beds. Gravels commonly display imbrications, and mud drapes show desiccation cracks. Wind activity also generates sedimentary structures, including large-scale cross-stratification and wedge-shaped cross-sets. A typical wadi sequence consists of alternating units of wind and water sediments; each unit ranging from about . Sediment laid by water shows complete fining upward sequence. Gravels show imbrication. Wind deposits are cross-stratified and covered with mud-cracked deposits. Some horizontal loess may also be present.


title: Wadi

text: Modern English usage differentiates wadis from canyons or washes by the action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water, but are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis are generally dry year round, except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by sudden but infrequent heavy rainfall, often resulting in flash floods. Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous as a result.


title: Wadi

text: Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the Sahara, as they travel in complex transhumance routes.


title: Wadi

text: The centrality of wadis to water – and human life – in desert environments gave birth to the distinct sub-field of wadi hydrology in the 1990s.


title: Wadi

text: Deposition in a wadi is rapid because of the sudden loss of stream velocity and seepage of water into the porous sediment. Wadi deposits are thus usually mixed gravels and sands. These sediments are often altered by eolian processes.


title: Wadi

text: Over time, wadi deposits may become "inverted wadis," where former underground water caused vegetation and sediment to fill in the eroded channel, turning previous washes into ridges running through desert regions.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: Moonbug Entertainment (also known as just Moonbug, stylised as all-lowercase moonbug) is a British children's media company and multi-channel network headquartered in London, with an overseas office in Los Angeles, United States which creates, produces, and distributes children's video and audio content. It is currently owned by Candle Media, an American media company led by Kevin Mayer and Tom Staggs. Moonbug distributes children's entertainment intellectual property, including the YouTube channels Cocomelon and Little Baby Bum and YouTube series such as "Mia's Magic Playground", "Blippi", and "My Magic Pet Morphle".


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: Since being founded in 2018, the company has distributed many series and franchises across animation, live-action and puppet shows. Moonbug shows can also be found on many streaming services. Moonbug programming is distributed on more than 100 platforms and is available in 26 languages around the world.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: Moonbug Entertainment was co-founded in 2018 by René Rechtman, the former president of international at Maker Studios (now Rogue Rocket and formerly known as Disney Digital Network), and John Robson, the former managing director of WildBrain (now WildBrain Spark). The company was incorporated on 9 February 2018, under the name Project ABC Holdings Limited.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: In December 2020, Moonbug appointed former vice president of children’s programming for Disney Channels in Europe and Africa/UK & Ireland, David Levine, to head the studio. On 19 October 2021, a company backed by The Blackstone Group is said to be interested on buying Moonbug. Later, on 5 November 2021, Moonbug acquired by an unnamed company led by Kevin Mayer and Tom Staggs which also backed by Blackstone. Later, in January 2022, it is revealed that the current holding company of Moonbug was named Candle Media.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: In September 2018, YouTube channel Little Baby Bum was acquired by Moonbug for an estimated US$9 million. "My Magic Pet Morphle" (formerly by Morphle TV) was acquired on 11 February 2019, while "Supa Strikas" on 6 August 2019. On 31 July 2020, Cocomelon and "Blippi" were purchased together for US$120 million.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: In February 2020, South Korean animated series "Arpo: The Robot for All Kids" created by Toonzip, which first aired on 2012 by MBC TV, was bought by Moonbug. As of 2021 Canary Islands-based studio 3Doubles Producciones produces the show for Moonbug on YouTube.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: On 24 May 2022, Moonbug acquired Singapore-based media company "One Animation," producer of "Oddbods".


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: On 13 October 2019, Moonbug signed a content deal with Nordic Entertainment Group to create an animated series entitled "Mia's Magic Playground". On 24 August 2020, Moonbug announced a partnership with HBO Max to release Moonbug's original series "Mia's Magic Playground", which consists of 24 episodes. On the same day, Moonbug also announced another partnership with MGA Entertainment to create an animated series based on the Cozy Coupe toy line, titled "Let's Go Cozy Coupe".


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: In April 2020, Moonbug partnered with Chinese video platform Xigua Video to bring "Little Baby Bum" to a Chinese audience. Later that year, in September, the company signed another distribution deal with Tencent Video, a streaming platform owned by the Chinese internet company Tencent, to host four of Moonbug's programs: "Go Buster", "Playtime with Twinkle", "KiiYii", and "The Sharksons".


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: On 18 August 2020, it was confirmed that Moonbug had signed a deal with Cloudco Entertainment to operate the "Care Bears" YouTube channel and to co-produce a web series based on the franchise, titled "Care Bears: Unlock the Music". Three days later, Moonbug launched Little Baby Bum channel on Pluto TV.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: On 23 September 2020, Moonbug announced an agreement with Virgin Media to distribute its shows. On 7 January 2021, Moonbug Entertainment and licensing company The Point. 1888 secured six companies for Blippi-branded merchandise. On 3 February 2021, Moonbug Entertainment partnered with children's TV channel Spacetoon to distribute its shows via Spacetoon Go.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: A partnership with global talent and entertainment company United Talent Agency was formed in September 2020 to expand domestic publishing and video game rights of kids' products in North America.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: In January 2021 "Future Today," a publishing platform, expanded its partnership with Moonbug when it launched five omni-platform streaming channels to host Moonbug's most-watched children's series, including "Blippi", "Cocomelon", "Little Baby Bum", "My Magic Pet Morphle" and "Supa Strikas". Moonbug also partnered with Jazwares, Creative Kids, Texco, Round Room and DJ Murphy to create Blippi branded products.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: Also in January 2021, Moonbug also launched a partnership with Poetic Brands to create branded children's clothing based on Moonbug's program "Blippi". Other licenses acquired by The Point.1888 for Blippi are: Scholastic Publishers, as a master publisher; Misirli, an underwear company, to manufacture Blippi branded socks; TDP Textiles and Aykroyds & Sons, manufacturers of swimwear and nightwear, to make Blippi bathing suits and pajamas; RMS International, to create puzzles; and Zak to make branded lunch boxes. Wow! Stuff launched a partnership with Moonbug to create electronic toys based on the Cocomelon brand. Later that month, the company appointed Redibra, a brand licensing company, to be the licensing agent for its properties in Brazil.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: On 8 April 2021, Moonbug announced partnership with Israeli company Noga Communications to launch the Moonbug Kids channel on their on-demand platform BIGI. In June 2021, Moonbug partners with Jazwares to release YouTube animated series "Squishville" which is based on the Squishmallows toy franchise. On 13 July 2021, the toy producer WowWee announced partnership with Moonbug to release "Arpo: The Robot for All Kids"-branded toys. On 19 August 2021, Universal Music Group (UMG) declared global partnership with Moonbug Entertainment to bring the Moonbug's library.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: On 28 October 2021, Moonbug secured a partnership with the costume manufacturing company Rubies, and the costumes will available as of 2022 across EMEA.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: Moonbug Kids is a multi-channel network owned by Moonbug Entertainment. Moonbug Kids channels can be found on YouTube, Netflix, Hulu, Roku, Amazon Prime Video, Sky UK, Joyn (Germany), Mediaset (Italy), Cignal (Philippines), Astro (Malaysia), and OSN (Middle East). On YouTube, this consists of 22 main channels branded as Moonbug Kids (e.g. "Moonbug Kids – After School Club – Kids Cartoons"), while 12 other channels are in other languages. Moonbug also owns a YouTube channel named MyGo! of which aims on the Moonbug library in sign language.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: El Bebe Productions is a Moonbug subsidiary founded in August 2011 which owns the Little Baby Bum YouTube channel.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: Many of Moonbug’s shows were aired on YouTube and other streaming media services. However, Moonbug’s version of "Arpo: The Robot for All Kids" was also aired on the Pakistani-based children's interest channel Champion TV, and "Cocomelon" was also aired by Cartoonito in UK since April 2021, and Super RTL in Germany.


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: Moonbug also showcases several shows on channels they operate, such as "BoBoiBoy Galaxy", "", "Care Bears & Cousins", "Thomas & Friends", "" and "Real Wheels".


title: Moonbug Entertainment

text: On mid-March 2022, The Ivors Academy and Musicians' Union in the UK criticised the "letters of direction" used by Moonbug to get composers to assign the company their performing rights royalties.


title: Emily Estefan

text: Emily Marie Consuelo Estefan (born December 5, 1994) is an American singer. She is the daughter of producer Emilio Estefan and the Cuban singer Gloria Estefan. She has produced and directed her own debut album, "Take Whatever You Want".


title: Emily Estefan

text: Emily Estefan was born to Emilio Estefan and Gloria Estefan on December 5, 1994, in Miami Beach, Florida. Her mother Gloria was involved in a tour bus accident in 1990, and she had been told that she would never have another child. She has a brother, Nayib, who is 14 years her senior. Through her father, Estefan has Lebanese heritage. Her maternal grandmother Gloria Fajardo (née Perez) was a Cuban nightclub performer who fled the Cuban Revolution to Dade County, Florida. Her paternal cousin is model Lili Estefan.


title: Emily Estefan

text: Estefan attended Miami Country Day School, where she excelled in basketball and music. In 2016, Estefan graduated from the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts.


title: Emily Estefan

text: Her public singing debut came in a 2014 performance of "Where The Boys Are" at the Hollywood Bowl. She performed in front of a 100,000-person audience at the "Miami Beach 100 Centennial Concert" on March 26, 2015, and performed on national television for "The Today Show" with her mother on April 27, 2015.


title: Emily Estefan

text: At the time of her debut single release on December 2, 2015, she was already regarded as an accomplished drummer, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist and singer. She has a songwriting credit for "If I Never Got to Tell You" from the musical "On Your Feet!".


title: Emily Estefan

text: Estefan wrote, recorded, produced and performed her debut album "Take Whatever You Want" at her very own Fairy Light Studios (Boston, Massachusetts). Her mother, Gloria, directed the debut single "F#ck to Be" from the album. Estefan officially released music videos for "Reigns (Every Night)," "F#ck to Be" (two versions—clean and explicit) and "Purple Money." She founded her own music label Alien Shrimp Records—to not only launch her own music but to also serve as a home base for new and emerging artists. In 2016, she entered into a three-year partnership with RED Distribution via Alien Shrimp Records for the physical and digital distribution (U.S. and international) of the label's entire roster.


title: Emily Estefan

text: In February 2017, Estefan was selected as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month and performed her hit "Reigns (Every Night)" on the 4th hour of NBC's "Today" (hosted by Hoda Kotb and Kathie Lee Gifford and broadcast nationally).


title: Emily Estefan

text: Estefan performed her first major concert on February 2, 2017, at Gusman Concert Hall during the University of Miami Frost School of Music’s Festival Miami. She played drums, guitar, and keyboard, in various music styles. Following the concert, her album "Take Whatever You Want" was released at 12:01 AM. Later the same year, Estefan paid tribute to her mother (who was being honored for her distinguished music career) at the Kennedy Center Honors by performing the song "Reach."


title: Emily Estefan

text: In 2020, Estefan became a co-host of "Red Table Talk: The Estefans", a spin-off of the Facebook Watch talk show "Red Table Talk" alongside her mother Gloria and paternal cousin Lili Estefan.


title: Emily Estefan

text: Estefan is openly lesbian and her parents are LGBTQ advocates. She has been in a relationship with Gemeny Hernandez since December 2016.


title: Emily Estefan

text: In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, "Queerty" named her among the fifty heroes “leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people”.


title: John Charles

text: Charles began his career at Leeds United, having moved there in 1949 from his hometown club, Swansea Town. He was equally adept as a defender or a forward, due to his strength, pace, technique, vision, ability in the air and eye for goal. After returning from his National Service in 1952, Charles began to be used more often as a forward, and he was the Second Division's top scorer in 1954. The following year, he was named club captain; in his first season as captain, he led the club to second place and promotion. Charles ended the 1956–57 season as the First Division's top scorer and an eighth-place finish for Leeds. In the summer of 1957, Charles joined Juventus, where he partnered Giampiero Boniperti and Omar Sívori, with the trio becoming known as "The Holy Trident". In his five seasons with the club, he won the "scudetto" three times and the Coppa Italia twice; he was also the "capocannoniere" winner for the 1957–58 season. In 1962, Charles returned to Leeds, but his time there proved unsuccessful as he was accustomed to the style of play in Italy, and by the end of the year, he had joined Roma. Charles moved back to his native country to play for Cardiff City, and ended his career in non-league football in player-manager roles at Hereford United and Merthyr Tydfil. He was never cautioned nor sent off during his entire career, owing to his philosophy of never kicking nor intentionally hurting opposing players. This led to the nickname he acquired while playing for Juventus, "Il Gigante Buono" (The Gentle Giant). In 1998, he was included in the Football League 100 Legends, and in 2002, he was one of the inaugural inductees to the Football Hall of Fame.


title: John Charles

text: He represented the Welsh national team over fifteen years, from 1950 to 1965. Alongside his brother, Mel Charles, he was a member of the Welsh squad at the 1958 FIFA World Cup. At the tournament, he scored in a 1–1 draw with Hungary, but he got injured in a play-off match against the same opposition. Ruled out of the quarter-final against Brazil, Wales lost the match 1–0, with Pelé scoring the winner. Wales manager Jimmy Murphy opined that had Charles been fit, Wales might have won the match.


title: John Charles

text: For its 50th anniversary in 2004, UEFA asked each of its then 52 member associations to nominate one player as the single most outstanding player of the period 1954–2003, and Charles was chosen as the Golden Player of Wales by its national association in November 2003.


title: John Charles

text: Charles was born in the Cwmbwrla district of Swansea during late 1931. Charles would play football as a child, with younger brother Mel Charles who also went on to become a professional, later playing alongside each other for the Welsh national team.


title: John Charles

text: While still at school, Charles joined the boys section of the local team Swansea Town, who later became Swansea City. When he left school at age 14 he was taken onto the groundstaff at Vetch Field, yet because of his young age Third Division Swansea never gave him a first-team call up. His only senior appearances came for the reserve side in the Welsh Football League.


title: John Charles

text: While playing for Gendros, a local youth club, he was scouted by Leeds United and given a trial in September 1948. At his trial he impressed and duly signed for them at the age of 17, relocating to Yorkshire.


title: John Charles

text: Then manager of Leeds United, Major Buckley, selected Charles in a variety of positions including right-back, centre-half and left-half for Leeds Reserves. Charles made his first team debut as a centre back for Leeds in a friendly versus Dumfries club Queen of the South on 19 April 1949. Charles was tasked with marking the incumbent Scotland centre forward Billy Houliston, who ten days previously at Wembley, had run the England defence ragged as the Scots won 3–1. The score at Elland Road was 0–0. After the game, Houliston said 17-year-old Charles was "the best centre half I've ever played against". Charles made his league debut against Blackburn Rovers also in April 1949, playing at centre-half. From 1950 until 1952, Charles was away on National Service with the 12th Royal Lancers at Carlisle. The army allowed him to turn out for Leeds, but also saw to it that he played for them, and in 1952, Charles skippered his side to the Army Cup. It was during this period that he had operations to repair cartilages in both knees.


title: John Charles

text: After his return to the Leeds side in November 1951, Charles played at centre-forward and centre half. This prompted a debate as to where Charles should play in the team, but he remained at centre-half until the 1952–53 season. In October 1952, he was switched to centre forward and immediately started to score, with 11 goals in 6 games. In 1955, he was appointed club captain and during the 1955–56 season, Leeds won promotion to the First Division. Charles was in sparkling form, scoring 29 goals in 42 appearances. In the following season, Charles scored a new club top flight record tally of 38 goals in 40 league appearances as Leeds secured an 8th-place finish in the first division, before finally moving away from the club. His influence on Leeds' success during his final season was so strong, reporters nicknamed the club "John Charles United". In total, he scored 150 league goals in eight years for Leeds, including a club record 42 goals in 39 appearances during the 1953–54 season. He remains the second highest all time goal scorer for Leeds after Peter Lorimer.


title: John Charles

text: In August 1957, he joined the Italian club Juventus for a then British record £65,000 transfer fee, almost doubling the previous record. The transfer was notable as Charles became one of the first British professional players to be signed for an overseas team after John Fox Watson led the way moving from Fulham to Real Madrid in 1948.


title: John Charles

text: His debut came on 8 September 1957 against Hellas Verona. Goals from Giampiero Boniperti and Omar Sívori had made the score 2–2, when up popped Charles to score the winner. The following week, he scored the only goal in the victory over Udinese, and he then hit the decisive strike in a 3–2 victory over Genoa. He had been the match-winner in his first three games.


title: John Charles

text: In his first season in Italy, Charles was Serie A's top scorer with 28 goals, and was voted player of the season as Juventus won the "scudetto". He played in Turin for five years, scoring 108 goals in 155 matches, winning the "scudetto" (Italian league championship) three times, and the Coppa Italia twice. He placed third in the Ballon d'Or in 1959, the highest position for a Welsh footballer. His prolific partnership with Sívori and Boniperti in Juventus's front-line earned the trio the nicknames "The Holy Trident" and "The Magical Trio"; Charles was also dubbed "Il Gigante Buono" (The Gentle Giant) during his five seasons with the club, due to his size and fair play. The respect Charles earned from Juventus fans was shown when, on the occasion of the club's centenary in 1997, they voted him the club's best-ever foreign player.


title: John Charles

text: Following his time at Juventus, Don Revie paid a club record £53,000 to secure the return of Charles to Yorkshire. As a result of the excitement this created, Leeds United raised admission prices for the start of the 1962–63 season. Charles second spell at Elland Road was less successful. After five years in Italy, he found it difficult to adjust to life and football back in Britain.


title: John Charles

text: After 11 games and three goals – a shadow of his former strike rate – Charles was sold for £70,000 to Roma. Initially, the move was a success and Charles scored within fifteen minutes of his first game for Roma, in a match against Bologna. The early promise was never fulfilled, however, and Charles was on the move again a year later.


title: John Charles

text: He left to join Cardiff City where he stayed until 1966, which marked the end of his league career. He later became manager of Hereford United, Merthyr Tydfil and the Swansea City youth team, and technical director of the Canadian team Hamilton Steelers, who he became coach of midway through the 1987 season.


title: John Charles

text: He played for Wales at the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden – the first time the nation qualified for the competition. It was also the only time all four of the Home Nations qualified for the same World Cup, though only Wales and Northern Ireland made it past the group stage. Wales remained undefeated in the group stage, battling to draws with Hungary (thanks to a Charles goal), Mexico, and eventual runners-up Sweden. As Hungary also recorded three points, a play-off match ensued, and Wales came from behind at the Råsunda Stadium to advance with a 2–1 win; however, Charles was injured in the match and missed out on the rest of the tournament. The Welsh were eventually knocked out by Brazil in the quarter-finals thanks to a goal by Pelé in the 66th minute: the Brazilians went on to win the competition. Wales manager Jimmy Murphy said that "with John Charles in the side we might have won".


title: John Charles

text: Regarded as one of the greatest British footballers of all-time, Charles was a versatile footballer who was capable of playing both as a centre-forward and as a centre-back. As a striker, he was renowned for being a prolific goalscorer, as he was capable of scoring with either foot, courtesy of his powerful and accurate shot; due to his height, physique, and strength, as well as his heading power and accuracy, he also excelled in the air, which made him an aerial goal threat. Despite his size, he was also a fast player, with good technical skills and passing ability, which allowed him both to score and create goals. In addition to his ability, he was also known for his correct behaviour on the pitch, which along with his stature, earned him the nickname "Il Gigante Buono" (The Gentle Giant).


title: John Charles

text: In the foreword for Charles' autobiography, Sir Bobby Robson described him as "incomparable" and classed him among the all-time footballing greats such as Pelé, Diego Maradona and George Best, saying "Incomparable. John wasn't only one of the greatest footballers who ever lived. He was one of the greatest men ever to play the game." He also noted that Charles is the only footballing great to be world class in two very different positions. Giampiero Boniperti, the captain of Juventus when Charles had joined the "Bianconeri", spoke of the Welshman's nature as a person: "I would say he was from another world because of his human qualities. John was one of the most loyal and honest people I have ever met, a very special person. He managed to keep the whole team united, and any quarrels or arguments quietened down as soon as he appeared on the pitch or in the dressing room." Jack Charlton said of his former teammate, "John Charles was a team unto himself. People often say to me, 'Who was the best player you ever saw?', and I answer that it was probably Eusébio, Di Stéfano, Cruyff, Pelé or our Bob. But the most effective player I ever saw, the one that made the most difference to the performance of the whole team, was without question John Charles." Charles' sporting behaviour led international referee Clive Thomas to say "If you had 22 players of John's calibre, there would be no need for referees – only time-keepers."


title: John Charles

text: In 1998, the Football League, as part of its centenary season celebrations, included Charles on its list of 100 League Legends. In 2002, Charles became an inaugural inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame. On 29 November 2003, to celebrate UEFA's Jubilee, he was selected as the Golden Player of Wales by the Football Association of Wales as their most outstanding player of the past 50 years. In 2004, Charles was voted at number 19 in the "100 Welsh Heroes" poll. On 7 March 2018, Charles had one of Great Western Railway's Intercity Express Trains named after him. In August 2019, a social housing complex named "Clos John Charles" was opened on the site of a former primary school in Cwmbwrla, Swansea.


title: John Charles

text: The John Charles Lounge in Aberystwyth Town's ground is named after Charles. The John Charles Centre for Sport in Leeds is named after Charles. The West stand at Elland Road is named "The John Charles Stand" and the entrance lobby to the Banqueting Suite attached to the back of the stand contains a bust of Charles, in memory of all he did for the club. A street near Elland Road in the Lower Wortley area of Leeds is named John Charles Way.


title: John Charles

text: Charles was married twice during his life. In 1953, he married Margaret "Peggy" White; the couple had four sons together. They divorced in 1982. In 1988, Charles married Glenda Vero, who he remained married to until his death in 2004. The Charles name continued in football through nephew Jeremy Charles, who also represented Wales, and grandson Jake Charles, who has represented Wales at youth level.


title: John Charles

text: Following his retirement from football, Charles became the landlord of the New Inn public house on Elland Road, Churwell, Leeds which later was also managed by another Leeds United player and Wales international, Byron Stevenson. On 16 June 2001, as part of that year's Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire "for services to Association Football". Until shortly before his death he continued to attend every Leeds United home game. In 2002, he was made a vice-president of the Football Association of Wales, and in 2003, he was granted the freedom of the city of Swansea. There was a campaign to knight Charles, but it never came to fruition.


title: John Charles

text: In January 2004, he suffered a heart attack shortly before an interview for Italian television, and required the partial amputation of one foot for circulation reasons before he was returned to Britain. He died in Pinderfields Hospital, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, early on 21 February 2004. His widow, Glenda, bequeathed his ashes to the city of Swansea.


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins or Leks (. lezgijar) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native predominantly to southern Dagestan, a republic of Russia, and northeastern Azerbaijan. The Lezgin are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Lezgi language.


title: Lezgins

text: The land of the Lezgins has been subject to multiple invaders throughout history. Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Lezgins has contributed much to the Lezgin community ethos and helped shape its national character. Due to constant attacks from the invaders, the Lezgins have developed a national code "Lezgiwal". Lezgin society has traditionally been egalitarian and organized around many autonomous local clans, called "syhils" (сихилар).


title: Lezgins

text: There is a strong theme of representing the nation with its national animal, the eagle and term Lezgi comes from "Lek" (eagle).


title: Lezgins

text: Nevertheless, most researchers attribute the derivation of "Lezgi" to be from the ancient "Legi" and early medieval "Lakzi".


title: Lezgins

text: Ancient Greek historians, including Herodotus, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder, referred to "Legoi" (or ) people who inhabited Caucasian Albania.


title: Lezgins

text: Arab historians of the 9th and 10th centuries mentioned a kingdom called Lakz, in present-day southern Dagestan. Al Masoudi referred to inhabitants of this area as Lakzams (Lezgins), who defended Shirvan against invaders from the north.


title: Lezgins

text: Prior to the Russian Revolution, "Lezgin" was a term applied to all ethnic groups inhabiting the present-day Russian Republic of Dagestan. In the 19th century, the term was used more broadly for all ethnic groups speaking non-Nakh Northeast Caucasian languages, including Caucasian Avars, Laks, and many others (although the Vainakh peoples, who were Northeast Caucasian language speakers were referred to as "Circassians").


title: Lezgins

text: In the 4th century BC, the numerous tribes speaking Lezgic languages united in a union of 26 tribes, formed in the Eastern Caucasus state of Caucasian Albania, which itself was incorporated in the Persian Achaemenid Empire in 513 BC. Under the influence of initially Persian but also Parthian rule Caucasian Albania was divided into several areas — Lakzi, Shirvan, etc.


title: Lezgins

text: The Lezgic speaking tribes participated in the battle of Gaugamela under the Persian banner against the invading Alexander the Great.


title: Lezgins

text: Under Parthian rule, Iranian political and cultural influence increased in the whole region of their Caucasian Albanian province, therefore including where the Lezgic speaking tribes lived. Whatever the sporadic suzerainty of Rome of the region due to their wars with the Parthians, the country was now a part—together with Iberia (East Georgia) and (Caucasian) Albania, where other Arsacid branches reigned—of a pan-Arsacid family federation. Culturally, the predominance of Hellenism, as under the Artaxiads, was now followed by again a predominance of "Iranianism", and, symptomatically, instead of Greek, as before, Parthian became the language of the educated of the region. An incursion in this era was made by the Alans who between 134 and 136 attacked regions including where Lezgic tribes lived, but Vologases persuaded them to withdraw, probably by paying them.


title: Lezgins

text: In 252–253, rule over the Lezgic tribes changed from Parthian to Sassanid Persian. Caucasian Albania became a vassal state, now of the Sassanids, but retained its monarchy; the Albanian king had no real power and most civil, religious, and military authority lay with the Sassanid marzban (military governor) of the territory.


title: Lezgins

text: The Roman Empire obtained control over some of the southernmost Lezgin regions for a few years around 300 AD, but then the Sassanid Persians regained control and subsequently dominated the area for centuries until the Arab invasions.Although Lezgins were first introduced to Islam perhaps as early as the 8th century, the Lezgins remained primarily animist until the 15th century, when Muslim influence became stronger, with Persian traders coming in from the south, and the Golden Horde increasingly pressing from the north. In the early 16th century, the Persian Safavids consolidated their control over large parts of Dagestan for centuries onwards. As a result of the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590, the Ottomans managed to wrest control of the region for a short period of time, until it was regained by the Safavids under king Abbas I (r. 1588–1629).


title: Lezgins

text: A notable Lezgin from the Safavid Iranian era was Fath-Ali Khan Daghestani, who served as Safavid "grand vizier" from 1716 to 1720, during the reign of king ("shah") Sultan Husayn (1694–1722). By the early course of the 18th century, the Safavid Empire was in a state of heavy decline. In 1721, the Lezgins sacked and looted the city of Shamakhi, the provincial capital of Shirvan. The Lak Kazi Kumukh Khanate controlled a part of the Lezgins for a time in the 18th century after the disintegration of the Safavid Empire


title: Lezgins

text: In the first half of the 18th century, Persia was able to restore its full authority throughout the entire Caucasus under Nader Shah. After the death of Nader, the area divided into multiple khanates. Some Lezgins were part of the Kuba Khanate in what is now Azerbaijan, while others fell under the jurisdiction of the Derbent Khanate and Kura Khanate. The main part of Lezgins united in "free society" (Magalim) (Akhty para (now Akhtynsky District), Kure (now Kurakhsky District), Alty-para and Dokuz-para (now Dokuzparinsky District)). Some Lezgin clans were in the Rutul Federation.


title: Lezgins

text: In 1813, as a result of the Treaty of Gulistan, the Russians gained control over southern Dagestan and most of what is the contemporary Azerbaijan Republic. The 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay indefinitely consolidated Russian control over Dagestan and other area's where the Lezgins lived and removed Iran from the military equation. The Russian administration subsequently created the Kiurin Khanate, later to become the Kiurin district. Many Lezgins in Dagestan, however, participated in the Great Caucasian War that started roughly during the same time the Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century were happening, and fought against the Russians alongside the Avar Imam Shamil, who for 25 years (1834–1859) defied Russian rule. It was not until after his defeat in 1859 that the Russians consolidated their rule over Dagestan and the Lezgins.


title: Lezgins

text: In 1930, Sheikh Mohammed Effendi Shtulskim organized an uprising against Soviet rule, which was suppressed after several months. In the 20th century, attempts were made to create a republic of Lezgistan (independent or as an autonomous region).


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins culture is a unique blend of native customs (adats) and Islam like in other Northeast Caucasian people. Lezgins celebrate Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr, some also celebrate "Yaran Suvar", which is dating to pre-Islamic period. There is a strong theme of representing the nation with its national animal, the "Lek" (eagle), it's connected with a strong value on the concept of freedom. A large majority of the nation's national heroes fought for independence (Hadj-Dawud, Abrek Kiri Buba, Muhammad Shtulwi etc.). Lezgins don't like coercion, their social structure being firmly based on equality and deference to individuality. Lezgin society is structured around "djamaat ()" and about 200-300 "syhils ()." "Syhils" descended from a common ancestor who lived a long time ago and each "syhil" has its own village and mountain. "Syhils" are further subdivided into "miresar" (patronymic families).


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgiwal () an unwritten code of honor for the Lezghins. Lezgival was not written, it was formed among the people as a set of ethical rules for Lezghins. Covers all spheres of life of any member of society, starting from childhood. Lezgival is a Code of honor and conduct passed down from generation to generation by parents and society. It implies moral and ethical behaviour, generosity and the will to safeguard the honor of women. The legendary Abrek Kiri Buba before he was killed by the Russians said ""Better a knife in the chest than honor in the dirt.""


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins like other Northeast Caucasian majority are Sunni Muslims, overwhelmingly adherents to the Shafi'i Madhhab, but some clans in village Miskindja are Jaʽfari Shia. Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi schools of jurisprudence, fiqh. The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Lezgins and thus it remains the most practiced. Some adhere to the mystical Sufi tradition of muridism, while about half of Lezgins belong to Sufi brotherhoods, or tariqah. Muridism among Lezghins was founded by Shaikh Muhammad as a means of struggle against Russia, his most famous student is Imam Shamil. The main type of settlement in Lezghins - the village ("hur"). With regard to social groups Lezgin village, it is divided into quarters. Distributed large geographically related settlement (one quarter - one syhil). Each village had a mosque, rural area - Kim, a gathering of residents (male part) at the village assembly to address the most important issues of public life of the village.


title: Lezgins

text: The Lezgian language belongs to the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family (with Aghul, Rutul, Tsakhur, Tabasaran, Budukh, Khinalug, Jek, Khaput, Kryts, and Udi).


title: Lezgins

text: The Lezgin language has three closely related (mutually intelligible) dialects: Kurin (also referred to as Gunei or Kurakh), Akhti, and Kuba. The Kurin dialect is the most widespread of the three and is spoken throughout most of the Lezgin territories in Daghestan, including the town of Kurakh, which, historically, was the most important cultural, political, and economic center in the Lezgin territory in Daghestan and is the former seat of the khanate of Kurin. The Akhti dialect is spoken in southeastern Daghestan. The Kuba dialect, the most Turkicized of the three, is widespread among the Lezgins of northern Azerbaijan (named for the town of Kuba, the cultural and economical focus of the region).


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgin dance, including the Lezgin solo male and pair dance, are common among many peoples of the Caucasus. The dance uses a 2 image. The man moves in the way "eagle", alternates between a slow and rapid pace. The most spectacular movements are dance movements of men, when he is on his toes, throwing his hands in different directions. The woman moves in the form of "Swan", bewitching graceful posture and smooth hand movements. The woman increases the tempo of her dance after the man. Not surprisingly, the dance, common among all the Caucasian peoples, was named in accordance with the ancient totem of the Lezgins: the word "Lek" () means eagle.Epic-historical songs about wars are popular among Lezghins, Best-known are the ballads "Shamil atana"(about Imam Shamil) and "Kiri Buba." (about a Lezgin abrek). In the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Lezgin culture and literature underwent a culture significantly influence Azerbaijan. First Lezgin theater originated in 1906 in the village of Akhty. In 1935, based on the semi-professional team was created Lezgin State Music and Drama Theatre named after S. Stalsky. In 1998, the State Lezgin theater was opened in Azerbaijan, located in Qusar.


title: Lezgins

text: The Lezgins inhabit a compact territory that straddles the border area of southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan. It lies, for the most part, in the southeastern portion of Daghestan in (Akhtynsky District, Dokuzparinsky District, Suleyman-Stalsky District, Kurakhsky District, Magaramkentsky District, Khivsky District, Derbentsky District and Rutulsky District) and contiguous northeastern Azerbaijan (in Kuba, Qusar, Qakh, Khachmaz, Oguz, Qabala, Nukha, and Ismailli districts).


title: Lezgins

text: The Lezgin territories are divided into two physiographic zones: a region of high, rugged mountains and the piedmont (foothills). Most of the Lezgin territory is in the mountainous zone, where a number of peaks (like Baba Dagh) reach over 3,500 meters in elevation. There are deep and isolated canyons and gorges formed by the tributaries of the Samur and Gulgeri Chai rivers. In the mountainous zones the summers are very hot and dry, with drought conditions a constant threat. There are few trees in this region aside from those in the deep canyons and along the streams themselves. Drought-resistant shrubs and weeds dominate the natural flora. The winters here are frequently windy and brutally cold. In this zone the Lezgins engaged primarily in animal husbandry (mostly sheep and goats) and in craft industries.


title: Lezgins

text: In the extreme east of the Lezgin territory, where the mountains give way to the narrow coastal plain of the Caspian Sea, and to the far south, in Azerbaijan, are the foothills. This region has relatively mild, very dry winters and hot, dry summers. Trees are few here also. In this region animal husbandry and artisanry were supplemented by some agriculture (along the alluvial deposits near the rivers).


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins live mainly in Azerbaijan and Russia (Dagestan). The total population is believed to be around 700,000, with 474,000 living in Russia. In Azerbaijan, the government census counts 180,300. However, Lezgin national organizations mention 600,000 to 900,000, the disparity being that many Lezgins claim Azeri nationality to escape job and education discrimination in Azerbaijan. Despite the assimilationist policy of the Azeri government, the Lezgin population is undoubtedly greater than it appears.


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins are, "generally speaking", well integrated into the society of Azerbaijan. Mixed marriages are furthermore common. Lastly, Lezgins in Azerbaijan have a better level of education compared to their kin in Dagestan.


title: Lezgins

text: In 1992 a Lezgin organization named Sadval was established to promote Lezgin rights. Sadval campaigned for the redrawing of the Russian–Azerbaijani border to allow for the creation of a single Lezgin state encompassing areas in Russia and Azerbaijan where Lezgins were compactly settled. In Azerbaijan, a more moderate organization called Samur was formed, advocating more cultural autonomy for Lezgins in Azerbaijan.


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins traditionally suffered from unemployment and a shortage of land. A major consequence of the outbreak of the war in Chechnya in 1994 was the closure of the border between Russia and Azerbaijan: as a result, the Lezgins were for the first time in their history separated by an international border restricting their movement.


title: Lezgins

text: The high tide of Lezgin mobilization in Azerbaijan appeared to have passed towards the end of the 1990s. Sadval was banned by the Azerbaijani authorities after official allegations that it was involved in a bombing of the Baku underground. The end of the Karabakh war, and Lezgin resistance to forced conscription, deprived the movement of a key issue on which to mobilize. In 1998 Sadval split into ‘moderate’ and ‘radical’ wings, following which it appeared to lose much of its popularity on both sides of the Russian–Azerbaijani border.


title: Lezgins

text: However, Azerbaijani–Lezgin relations continued to be complicated by claims that Islamic fundamentalism enjoyed disproportionate popularity among Lezgins. In July 2000 Azerbaijani security forces arrested members of Lezgin and Avar ethnicity of a group named the Warriors of Islam, which allegedly was planning an insurgency against the Azerbaijani state.


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins expressed concern over underrepresentation in the Azerbaijani Parliament (Milli Meclis) after a shift away from proportional representation in the parliamentary elections of November 2005. Lezgins had been represented by two members of parliament in the previous parliament, but are now represented by only one.


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins state that they face discrimination and that they feel forced to assimilate into Azeri identity to avoid economic and education discrimination. Therefore, the real number of Lezgins may be significantly higher than presented in censuses.


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgin is taught as a foreign language in areas where many Lezgins are settled, but teaching resources are scarce. Lezgin textbooks come from Russia and are not adapted to local conditions. Although Lezgin newspapers are available, Lezgins have also expressed concern over the disappearance of their rich oral tradition. The only Lezgin television broadcasting available in Azerbaijan is that received over the border from Russia.


title: Lezgins

text: In March 2006 Azerbaijani media reported that Sadval had formed an 'underground' terrorist unit carrying out operations in Dagestan. Security forces across the border in Dagestan in Russia, responded skeptically to these reports.


title: Lezgins

text: According to reports Lezgins in Dagestan suffer disproportionately from unemployment, with unemployment rates in Lezgin-populated areas of southern Dagestan twice the republic average of 32 percent. This may be one contributory factor to renewed calls from within the Sadval movement in January 2006 for a redrawing of the Russian-Azerbaijani border to incorporate Lezgin-populated areas of southern Dagestan within Azerbaijan.


title: Lezgins

text: In March 1999 another organization, the Federal Lezgin National Cultural Autonomy, was established as an extraterritorial movement advocating cultural autonomy for Lezgins.


title: Lezgins

text: Modern-day Lezgins speak Northeast Caucasian languages that have been spoken in the region before the introduction of Indo-European languages. They are closely related, both culturally and linguistically, to the Aghuls of southern Dagestan and, somewhat more distantly, to the Tsakhurs, Rutuls, and Tabasarans (the northern neighbors of the Lezgins). Also related, albeit more distantly, are the numerically small Jek, Kryts, Laks, Shahdagh, Budukh, and Khinalug peoples of northern Azerbaijan. These groups, together with the Lezgins, form the Samur branch of the indigenous Lezgic peoples.


title: Lezgins

text: Lezgins are believed to descend partly from people who inhabited the region of southern Dagestan in the Bronze Age. However, there is some DNA evidence of significant admixture during the last 4,000 years with a Central Asian population, as shown by genetic links to populations throughout Europe and Asia, with notable similarities to the Burusho people of Pakistan.


title: Lezgins

text: The most prominent figures in Lezgin history were Gazi Muhammad Xuluxwi, Sheikh Muhammad Kurawi Abrek Alikhan Hiliwi, Hadji-Dawud and Suleyman Stal


title: Prison rape in the United States

text: Prison rape commonly refers to the rape of inmates in prison by other inmates or prison staff. In 2001, Human Rights Watch estimated that at least 4.3 million inmates had been raped while incarcerated in the United States. A United States Department of Justice report, "Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates", states that "In 2011–12, an estimated 4.0% of state and federal prison inmates and 3.2% of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of sexual victimization by another inmate or facility staff in the past 12 months or since admission to the facility, if less than 12 months." However, advocates dispute the accuracy of the numbers, saying they seem to under-report the real numbers of sexual assaults in prison, especially among juveniles.


title: Prison rape in the United States

text: A meta-analysis published in 2004 found a prevalence of 1.91% with a 95% confidence interval between 1.37 and 2.46%. In a survey of 1,788 male inmates in Midwestern prisons by "Prison Journal", about 21% claimed they had been coerced or pressured into sexual activity during their incarceration, and 7% claimed that they had been raped in their current facility. According to the study conducted by the United States Department of Justice for the year 2006, there were 2,205 allegations of inmate-on-inmate non-consensual sexual acts reported in the U.S. prison system, 262 of which were substantiated.


title: Prison rape in the United States

text: Research has shown that juveniles incarcerated with adults are five times more likely to report being victims of sexual assault than youth in juvenile facilities, and the suicide rate of juveniles in adult jails is 7.7 times higher than that of juvenile detention centers.