title: Wilfrid Hyde-White

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1976 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at Goodwood Racecourse.


title: Wilfrid Hyde-White

text: On 17 December 1927, he married Blanche Hope Aitken, a Glamorganshire-born British actress known professionally as Blanche Glynne (1893–1946), who was a decade his senior. The couple had one son. Blanche Glynne died in 1946, aged 53, and in 1957 Hyde-White married actress Ethel Drew. He and Drew remained married until his death in 1991. The couple had two children, including actor Alex Hyde-White.


title: Wilfrid Hyde-White

text: Hyde-White had a reputation as a "bon viveur," and in 1979 he was declared bankrupt by the Inland Revenue.


title: Wilfrid Hyde-White

text: Hyde-White died from heart failure on 6 May 1991, six days before his 88th birthday, at the Motion Picture Country Home in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, having lived in the United States for 25 years as a tax exile. His body was returned to the United Kingdom and buried in the family grave at The Cemetery, Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire.


title: Wilfrid Hyde-White

text: Hyde-White appeared in numerous plays, such as "The Jockey Club Stakes", at first in London's West End in 1970, starring alongside Viviane Ventura, then on Broadway in 1973; he received a Tony award for "Best Actor in a Play" for the Broadway run.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Gale Weathers is a fictional character of the "Scream" film series, created by Kevin Williamson and portrayed by Courteney Cox. The character first appeared in "Scream" (1996), followed by five sequels: "Scream 2" (1997), "Scream 3" (2000), "Scream 4" (2011), "Scream" (2022) and "Scream VI" (2023). She is the only character who has appeared in every movie of the series.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Gale Weathers appears in the "Scream" films as an ambitious, strong-willed journalist and writer who is initially built up as an antagonist, but ultimately joins forces with Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell) and Dewey Riley (David Arquette), the latter of whom she eventually falls in love with and marries, in order to investigate and stop the Ghostface murders.


title: Gale Weathers

text: In the movie-within-a-movie "Stab" universe, Gale Weathers is originally portrayed by actress Judy Jurgenstern under the stage name Jennifer Jolie (portrayed by Parker Posey in real-life) in the first two "Stab" films. During the production of the original "Stab 3" known as "Stab 3: Return to Woodsboro", Jurgenstern is murdered by Roman Bridger (Scott Foley), Sidney (Campbell)'s half-brother. "Scream 4" reveals "Stab 3" was eventually re-made based on the events of the studio murders, implying Jurgenstern was recast for the third movie-within-a-movie.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Gale Weathers' first cinematic appearance was in "Scream" (1996) as the fame-seeking reporter who has written a novel on Maureen Prescott's death, explaining how she thinks Cotton Weary has been falsely identified as the murderer. When she arrives in Woodsboro with her cameraman, she is rude, bossy and goes to great lengths to get a good story (such as videotaping unsuspecting teens at a house party). Gale has chemistry throughout the film with Deputy Dewey Riley as they investigate the murders. When she finds her cameraman dead near Stu's house, she enters the house and helps Sidney Prescott by shooting one of the serial killers, Billy Loomis.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Gale Weathers' second appearance was in "Scream 2". She has written a successful book on the events that took place in the first film called "The Woodsboro Murders" that has turned into a film called "Stab". Sidney, although grateful she saved her life, refuses to do an interview with Cotton Weary, who is also seeking fame at the campus. Gale and Dewey's relationship, although strained at first, eventually turns heated. The killer pursues Gale after repeatedly stabbing Dewey, who is left for dead. In the climax, Gale is brought in by Mrs. Loomis, known as Debbie Salt throughout the movie, to the school theater. Mickey shoots Gale after Mrs. Loomis shoots him and she falls off the stage. However, the bullet bounces off Gale's ribs, allowing her to survive. Once the whole ordeal is over, Mickey suddenly springs to life and is shot to death by Sidney and Gale. During the end of the film, Gale finds out that Dewey is not dead and goes with him to the hospital to recover.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Gale's third appearance occurred in "Scream 3". Unlike the first two films, Gale has no intention of getting a good story or seeking fame. Instead, she merely wants conclusion over the mysterious past of Maureen Prescott, whom she wrote a successful book about. After writing another book on the copycat killings that took place in Windsor College, she is informed that Cotton Weary has been murdered and immediately visits the set of "Stab 3: Return to Woodsboro", based on Sidney and her experiences. Gale is reunited with Dewey after meeting the actress who portrays her, Jennifer Jolie. Gale and Dewey's relationship has been broken since the events of the second film, and they often argue. However, near the film's end, they reconcile their relationship. Gale is attacked by Ghostface, but is saved by Dewey. She survives the climax in the Hollywood home of John Milton. At the end, Dewey asks Gale to marry him, which she accepts.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Gale's fourth appearance is in "Scream 4". Now married for ten years and having taken on her husband's name, Gale tries to reinvent herself by writing fiction but struggles with writer's block. The murders reoccurring in Woodsboro are a major opportunity for her as a writer. Dewey, however, doesn't agree with her being a part of the investigation. Gale decides to work alone and goes undercover at a Stab-a-thon party, where she believes the killer will strike next. Gale's plan to catch the killer fails when she is attacked. Although Dewey arrives in time to save her, the killer manages to stab Gale in the shoulder before escaping. Having been in a critical condition, she recovers at the hospital and manages to put the pieces together that Jill Roberts is the true killer. Gale distracts Jill in the final confrontation long enough for Sidney to shock Jill with a defibrillator before shooting her in the heart.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Gale's fifth appearance is in "Scream (2022)". She and Dewey are revealed to have gotten a divorce following a move to New York City. Gale's successful career put a strain on their marriage causing Dewey to return to Woodsboro where he found solace in the mornings watching Gale cover the news. Following the resurfacing of Ghostface, Dewey calls Sidney Prescott warning her to stay away from Woodsboro but alerts Gale via a text message. Unfortunately, the news station sends Gale to Woodsboro to cover the news where she meets Sam Carpenter, the illegitimate daughter of Billy Loomis. Deputy Judy Hale and her son Wes have been murdered and Gale meets with Sam and, when learning that she knew Wes and used to get in trouble a lot with Judy, Gale consoles her. When seeing that she is with Dewey, she approaches him to demand to know why he chose to cover this alone. She is shocked to learn that Dewey, following his inability to properly protect the citizens of Woodsboro, had been asked to resign from his position as Sheriff. Gale and Dewey have an emotional heart-to-heart where she admits that she came back out of concern for him. Dewey, still skeptical of Gale's intentions, suspects she is doing this for publicity but their argument comes to a peaceful resolve when they acknowledge why they didn't work out. When Sam's half-sister Tara is revealed to have been left alone at the hospital, Dewey takes Sam there where they manage to save Tara but Dewey, while trying to finish off Ghostface, is killed. Gale is devastated and informs Sidney, who returns to Woodsboro after being filled in on the issue. Sidney and Gale both try to convince Sam to help them take down Ghostface but Sam decides to take Tara and leave Woodsboro with Richie. Sidney reveals that she put a tracker on Richie's car before they left. While following the trio, Gale laments writing the book on original Woodsboro killings, claiming that if she hadn't, Dewey would still be alive. Sidney advises Gale not to blame herself. The two are shocked when they discover that the trio have stopped at Amber's house to get an extra inhaler for Tara. Amber had actually moved into Stu Macher's old house. They warn Sam to leave as soon as possible. When they arrive, Amber is revealed to be the killer when she feigns an injury. When her ruse doesn't sell, she shoots Gale in the abdomen, with Gale telling Sidney to finish her off for Dewey. Richie is revealed to be the mastermind behind the killings, being a huge fan of the "Stab" franchise, yet disappointed with the trajectory of the films, initiating the killings to provide source material for the new "Stab" movies. Gale and Sidney help Sam and Tara fight back against Amber and Richie. Gale and Amber fight with Gale shooting Amber, causing her to fall onto the kitchen stove and get lit aflame. Sam kills Richie and shoots him in the head. A badly-burnt Amber tries to attack Sidney, Gale, and Sam but is shot dead by Tara. When paramedics, police, and news reporters arrive, Sam thanks Sidney and Gale before heading to the hospital with Tara. Gale decides to let Amber and Richie die in anonymity and instead write a book about Dewey and what a good man he was.


title: Gale Weathers

text: The production wanted a recognizable face for the role of news reporter Gale Weathers, offering it to both Brooke Shields and Janeane Garofalo. Cox, who was starring in the highly successful NBC sitcom "Friends" at the time, was not considered due to her history of playing softer, kinder characters. Cox however lobbied hard for the role for that reason, wishing to play a "bitch" character that contrasted her role in "Friends", her efforts ultimately succeeding when she was cast.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Cox's casting in the film series marked a new trend in casting established and popular actors and actresses in horror films. Craven opined that her presence, like Neve Campbell's, helped raise the profile of "Scream" and attract a large female audience.


title: Gale Weathers

text: Cox's performance in the series earned critical acclaim and wide recognition. The character became well known for her "snappy remarks and being brilliantly bossy".


title: Gale Weathers

text: Cox was nominated for numerous accolades for her performances as Gale Weathers. For "Scream 2", she received the Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actress and earned a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. For "Scream 3", Cox and Arquette received the Teen Choice Award for Film – Choice Chemistry.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Siva (also spelt Shiva) is a 1989 Indian Telugu-language crime action film written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma in his directorial debut. Produced by Akkineni Venkat and Yarlagadda Surendra under their banners of Annapurna Studios and SS Creations, "Siva" stars Nagarjuna, Amala, and Raghuvaran. The film's basic plot, adapted from "The Way of the Dragon" (1972), revolves around the conflict between college student-turned-gangster Siva and Bhavani, a reputed crime boss mentored by the politician Machiraju. "Siva" explores the concepts of student exploitation by anti-social elements and the impact of crowd psychology.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Varma's script was based on his experiences as a student at Siddhartha Engineering College in Vijayawada. Tanikella Bharani wrote the dialogue. Ilaiyaraaja composed "Siva" soundtrack and score, and S. Gopala Reddy was its cinematographer. Thota Tharani and Sattibabu were the film's art director and editor, respectively. It's principal photography began on 16 February 1989, and was completed in 55 working days. Except for three days of shooting in Madras (now Chennai), "Siva" was filmed in Andhra Pradesh.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Produced on a budget of 75 lakh, "Siva" was released on 5 October 1989 to critical acclaim, primarily for its technology and sound design. Although Venkat and Surendra expected the film to have average earnings, it was commercially successful and went on to become the highest-grossing film of Telugu film industry; Siva completed a 100-day run in 22 centres and a 175-day run in five centres. It was featured in the "Indian Panorama" mainstream section of the 13th IFFI, held on 19 January 1990. In addition to the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu, "Siva" won three Nandi Awards: Best Director (Varma), Best First Film of a Director, and Best Dialogue Writer (Bharani). A documentary titled "Exploring Shiva after 25 Years" was released on the film's silver anniversary; it is the first documentary about a Telugu film.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: "Siva", which attained cult status, is considered Nagarjuna's breakthrough film. It is credited with the introduction of steadicam and new sound recording techniques in Telugu cinema, encouraging filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental films. For the April 2013 centennial of Indian cinema, News18 included "Siva" on its list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time. Its Tamil-dubbed version, "Udhayam", was also successful. Varma remade the film twice in Hindi with the same title. The first, featuring Nagarjuna and Amala reprising their roles, performed well at the box office, but the second did not.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Siva is a student, who arrives at Vijayawada from a nearby town to pursue his education. He lives with his brother Sarath's family and enrolls in the "VAS College of Arts and Sciences". Although Sarath and his daughter Keerthi get along well with Siva, his wife considers him a financial burden. Siva befriends a group of students and falls in love with Asha, the sister of the honest Inspector Venkat.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: The college's (unopposed) students' union president, J. Durga Rao (known as J. D), is the lowest rung on a gang ladder reaching from the gangster Ganesh to a crime boss named Bhavani. Bhavani uses the network to support his mentor Machiraju, a politician. Although J. D. is arrested many times, Bhavani continues to bail him out. When J.D teases Asha on campus, Siva attacks him with a bicycle chain, which develops a rivalry between him and Ganesh. The incident encourages Siva's friends to ask him to stand for the students' union presidency, but he wants them to nominate Naresh (one of the group members) instead.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Ganesh's attempts to pacify Siva fail and Bhavani learns about him. He considers Siva as a potential replacement for J. D, whose weakness annoys him. Naresh is fatally assaulted by J. D. and Bhavani's henchmen and is taken to hospital. Siva retaliates, infuriating Bhavani. When Siva's friends attend a wedding, they are attacked by Ganesh and others. One of Siva's friends, Malli, is murdered, and Siva swears vengeance. Sensing a risk to Sarath's family after an attempt on Keerthi's life, Siva leaves their house and moves into his friend Chinna's hostel. He agrees to contest the students' union presidential election.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Bhavani cheats labour union leader Krishna Reddy, who changes his allegiance to Siva. Around this time, Asha and Siva marry. Bhavani begins attacking and murdering Siva's close aides, and Siva ensures that Sarath relocates to Visakhapatnam as a part of his job. Siva attacks Bhavani's henchmen and helps Venkat arrest Ganesh. Machiraju sees Siva as a potential replacement for Bhavani and stops supporting the latter. Bhavani learns about Siva's relationship with Sarath and kidnaps Keerthi. Ganesh appears in court, and an arrest warrant is issued for Bhavani.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Insulted and humiliated, Bhavani kills Keerthi and Machiraju. Siva hears about Keerthi's death and sets to avenge her. While Bhavani comes out of Machiraju's house after killing him, Siva spots him, and a chase ensues. Siva and Bhavani duel at a shopping complex terrace. After Bhavani gets heavily injured by Siva, he decides to commit suicide. Siva tries to stop him, but is unsuccessful. Venkat and Asha reach the mall and witness Bhavani's corpse among the crowd. Siva walks down the stairs and meets them up in dismay.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: After he graduated with a degree in civil engineering from Siddhartha Engineering College in Vijayawada, Ram Gopal Varma opened a video-rental shop in Ameerpet. Noting his son's interest in films, Penmatsa Krishnamraju (a former sound recordist for Annapurna Studios) helped Varma join the teams of "Collector Gari Abbai" (1987) and "Rao Gari Illu" (1988) as an assistant director. Varma befriended actor Nagarjuna, and filmmakers Akkineni Venkat and Yarlagadda Surendra. He presented his script for "Raathri" to them. When Nagarjuna rejected it, Varma presented another script based on his life as a student in Vijayawada. He earlier narrated this script to filmmaker K. Raghavendra Rao who suggested few changes because of its serious tone. Varma watched Rao's "Kaliyuga Pandavulu" (1986) and backed out after understanding Rao's point of view.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: When "Rao Gari Illu" was nearly completed, Varma asked co-director Siva Nageswara Rao to join him. He approached Tanikella Bharani to write the dialogues after observing his work in "Ladies Tailor" (1985) and "Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe" (1987). Bharani found the plot (as described by Varma) similar to those of K. S. R. Das' films. Varma rejected Bharani's comic version, and asked to rewrite it as a crime drama. Although Bharani's usual fee was 25,000, he received 35,000 for "Siva". Gunasekhar and Teja, who later pursued career as filmmakers, joined the film's crew as assistant directors.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Venkat and Surendra produced "Siva" under their banners of Annapurna Studios and SS Creations, respectively. The production began in February 1989. Varma wanted M. M. Keeravani to compose the film's soundtrack and score, since Keeravani had assisted K. Chakravarthy on "Rao Gari Illu". As both were inexperienced, Keeravani suggested that Varma choose a more seasoned technician and Ilaiyaraaja was signed instead. S. Gopala Reddy, Thota Tharani and Sattibabu were the film's director of photography, art director and editor, respectively. Gopala Reddy was inspired by Gordon Willis' work in the crime film, "The Godfather" (1972).


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: "Siva" is Nagarjuna's 17th film as an actor. Varma found him the only actor who could understand his perspective. Nagarjuna and Varma had discussed astronomy and realised that they shared similar sensibilities. That, and Varma's passion for and dedication to films, prompted Nagarjuna to work with him. Amala, who worked with Nagarjuna in "Prema Yuddham" (1990), was chosen as the female lead. "Siva" was the first film in her career where the script was explained shot by shot. When Varma approached Rohini to dub Amala's portions, she agreed to dub for Amala only after watching about three reels of footage.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Varma chose Raghuvaran to play the local crime boss, Bhavani. Varma wanted him to underplay the character, which was based on real life. Before accepting the role, Raghuvaran studied the mannerisms and lifestyles of mob leaders and criminals in Mumbai for 20 days. Varma wanted to name the characters played by Nagarjuna and Raghuvaran as Bhavani and Siva respectively. At Nagarjuna's request, he reversed the names. Varma chose newcomers Chakravarthy, Jithendra, and Ramjagan to play J. D., Chinna, and Naresh after auditioning them at Annapurna Studios. Uttej, one of Varma's assistant directors, played a comic role of a server in the college canteen. He recommended Varma to cast Sushma for Keerthi's role.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: P. Sai Kumar was initially supposed to play J. D., but the role went to Chakravarthy. Varma met the latter on the film's sets and asked him to perform a scene of his choice. Despite an unsuccessful screen test, Varma selected Chakravarthy after a meeting on the next day after observing the depth in his expression. Seasoned actors such as Murali Mohan, Gollapudi Maruti Rao, Kota Srinivasa Rao, Subhalekha Sudhakar, and Saichand played supporting roles. Bharani agreed to play Bhavani's assistant, Nanaji, at Varma's insistence. Producer Akkineni Venkat made a cameo appearance as one of Bhavani's clients, and Siva Nageswara Rao dubbed his portion. Brahmaji was cast as Bhavani's henchman.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Varma read about steadicam in "American Cinematographer", and enquired about the possibility of a similar camera in India. After learning that steadicam was available in Chennai for four years and was already obsolete, Varma decided to use it despite Gopala Reddy's apprehension. Varma chose Rasool Ellore over Rajiv Menon and Deenpal to assist Gopala Reddy with the steadicam. Principal photography began on 16 February 1989, and wrapped in 55 working days. Except for three days in Chennai, the film was shot in Andhra Pradesh.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: The scenes of the protagonist's college life were filmed at Keyes High school, near Secunderabad Junction railway station. A school wall was demolished, and a gate was repaired for the film's opening scene. Raghuvaran was carried away during the shoot of few action sequences and slapped Brahmaji for nearly six times in a row. To avoid such issues in the case of murder scenes, Varma decided to complete a few of them by using plain close-ups of the victims.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Sudhakar's murder scene was filmed near Keesara in Ranga Reddy district. Gopala Reddy and Ellore placed a camera in a bag and ran behind him for a shaky effect. In the cycle-chain scene in which Siva uses a cycle chain to fight with J. D., the hand pulling the chain was Ellore's; in the next shot, Nagarjuna is shown holding the chain. The scene in which Naresh is killed near his home was filmed in the streets of Vengala Rao Nagar. The cycle chase scenes were filmed in Somajiguda and the slums behind Yashoda Hospitals. The bus chase scene was shot in Yusufguda. The film's climax was filmed at the Swapnalok complex in Secunderabad, and Bhavani's suicide was filmed on a set at Venus Studios in Chennai.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Several romantic scenes with Nagarjuna and Amala were initially filmed at Ushakiron Movies in Secunderabad. Dissatisfied with the results, Varma reshot them at the Osman Ali House. Mugur Sundar choreographed the songs, and "Anando Brahma" was filmed at the Borra Caves in Visakhapatnam. The film crew had to crawl into the caves, making "Siva" the first Telugu film shot in its interiors. The remaining songs were filmed on sets at Annapurna Studios. Srinivasa Rao filmed his scenes in one day. The fights, choreographed by Varma, featured hand-to-hand combat and attacks with hooks as he was trained in kickboxing.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: "Siva" explores the exploitation of students by anti-social elements against a mafia backdrop and the impact on them of crowd psychology. It also focuses on politics and betrayal in the scene where Bhavani murders Machiraju and his enemy Viswanadham. As a student, Varma observed and participated in gang wars and student politics besides analysing the impact of a gangster's lifestyle and body language on students. Those experiences inspired him to begin writing "Siva".


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Most of the characters, including Bhavani, were inspired by real life. Bhavani was based on Radha, an actual crime boss with a reputation for violence in Vijayawada; Bhavani, like Radha, is also a woman's name. Siva's character was comparatively fictitious whom Varma considered an "ideal person" making the society "too dramatic". Siva was partially based on Varma's friend, Golla Ravi, who lived in Punjagutta. Assistant director Krishna Vamsi found the film's story similar to "Arjun" (1985). Varma said that "Arjun" was an inspiration for "Siva", since Sunny Deol title character in "Arjun" was a hero who "does not bend to forces larger than himself". Apart from "Arjun", Varma was also inspired by "Ardh Satya" (1983) and "Kaal Chakra" (1988).


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: The basic plot of "The Way of the Dragon" (1972) was adapted by Varma for "Siva". In "The Way of the Dragon", Tang Lung (Bruce Lee) comes from Hong Kong to work in a Chinese restaurant in Rome and fights local gangsters who try to intimidate the owners; this leads to a rivalry with a crime boss (Chuck Norris). In "Siva", Nagarjuna comes from a nearby town to Vijayawada to further his education, fights gangsters and develops a rivalry with Raghuvaran. While Lee and Norris fight at the Colosseum at the climax of "The Way of the Dragon", Nagarjuna and Raghuvaran duel on a building terrace in "Siva".


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: In addition to "The Way of the Dragon", Varma adapted scenes from a number of other films. Malli's mother slapping a police inspector for failing to save him was inspired by Steven Spielberg's "Jaws" (1975), and the cycle chase scene was based on a similar scene in "Arjun". A scene in which goons demand donations to build a temple for Ganesha was from "Kaal Chakra". Although Varma wanted to film a fight between Nagarjuna and Chakravarthy during a football match (based on a similar scene in 1978's ""), Venkat was indifferent to the idea.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: The five-song soundtrack album and background score of "Siva" were composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with Veturi Sundararama Murthy writing the lyrics of "Anando Brahma", "Enniyallo", and "Kiss Me Hello". Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry wrote the lyrics for the remaining two songs: "Botany" and "Sarasalu". S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki, K. S. Chithra, and Mano were the singers. Due to a strike in Madras, Ilaiyaraaja and Varma completed the background score in Mumbai. The producers suggested Varma to use stock tunes instead for the score. Nagarjuna noticed this and asked them to provide what Varma asked for, and offered to pay the additional expenses incurred if any. For an action scene, Ilaiyaraaja used moving string music; when Varma asked why, he answered: "They have come here to study and they are fighting. So I just felt sad for them".


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Varma was impressed with Deepan Chatterjee's work in "Sindhoora Puvvu" (1988) and recruited him as "Siva" sound designer. Ismail Darbar, who later composed the music for "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam" (1999) and "Devdas" (2002), worked with Ilaiyaraaja on "Siva" as a violinist. The soundtrack was successful, and Chatterjee's sound design was critically acclaimed. Varma dedicated the background score of his "Rowdy" (2014), composed by Sai Karthik, to Ilaiyaraaja. Adapting the background score of the cycle-chase scene in "Rowdy", Varma said that his main interest was "to bring back this composition to express the great idea of the genius [Ilaiyaraaja's] 1989 soundtrack (of "Siva") to 2014".


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: "Siva" was produced on a budget of 75 lakh. Venkat and Surendra retained the distribution rights for Nizam, Vishakhapatnam and the East and West Godavari regions. The film was released on 5 October 1989, It was featured in the "Indian Panorama" mainstream section of the 13th International Film Festival of India, held on 19 January 1990 at the Empire Theatre in Kolkata. The Tamil remake rights to "Siva" were initially sold for 100,000. After the film's release, Venkat and Surendra dubbed it into Tamil as "Udhayam" and sold its distribution rights for 85 lakh. It was released on 12 January 1990 in 24 centres.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: The film received was praised for its usage of technology and sound design. The distributors were concerned about the film's violence, saying that it would alienate women and families, whom the film industry believed were the majority of the audience. Although Venkat and Surendra expected that the film would have average earnings, "Siva" was a commercial success and earned 1 crore in the Nizam region alone (a first in Telugu cinema). In addition to 50,000, Varma received five percent of "Siva" profits. The film had a 100-day run in 22 centres and a 175-day run in five centres. The Tamil version "Udhayam" was commercially successful and earned more than 2 crore. Nagarjuna's father Akkineni Nageswara Rao advised Varma to place an advertisement thanking the audience for the film's success. Varma opposed it, believing that a film's success should be credited to the production team and its failure attributed to the director. When Varma's second film, "Kshana Kshanam" (1991) under-performed at the box office, "Siva" success was considered accidental. For the April 2013 centennial of Indian cinema News18 included "Siva" on its list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time, calling it a "completely new take on student politics and the ideologies driving it" and saying that the film's ideas "found a reflection in many university elections during a later stage".


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: "Siva" was remade by Varma in Hindi as "Shiva" in 1990, and was Nagarjuna's acting debut in Hindi cinema. It was the last Hindi film with Amala in a lead role. Minor changes were made to the remake's cast and crew. All the songs in the Telugu version were used unchanged except for "Botany", which was reshot at Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in Rajendranagar. Telugu filmmaker Puri Jagannadh was cast as one of Nagarjuna's friends in the remake. Jagannadh wanted to assist Varma and approached him for an opportunity. Varma insisted Jagannadh to act and he obliged, feeling that this experience would teach him something. Produced in association with Atluri Purnachandra Rao on a budget of 1.15 crore, "Shiva" was released on 7 December 1990 and was successful in Mumbai and Kolkata.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: During the production of "James" (2005), Varma planned to remake "Siva". The second remake, also entitled "Shiva", featured Mohit Ahlawat and Priyanka Kothari as the characters played by Nagarjuna and Amala in the original. Unlike "Siva", the protagonist in the second remake is an honest man who joins the Mumbai Police as a new recruit; the cycle-chain scene and Raghuvaran's character were omitted. "Shiva" received negative reviews; Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote that the film "dare[d] to ridiculously rest on the incapable shoulders of a non-acting cast", and nastiness was "defined as a scowling ogre". Director Riingo Banerjee acknowledged "Siva" as a source of inspiration for his 2006 Bengali film "Kranti".


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: In September 2020 Nagarjuna said that a sequel to "Siva" would be a viable alternative to a digitised version, and proposed a film about Siva, Asha, and their two sons. Advising Varma to develop a script, he asked the director to cast Amala, Naga Chaitanya and Akhil Akkineni. The sequel would reportedly be produced by Annapurna Studios.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: In September 2014, "Siva" was digitally remastered for theatrical release. Supriya Yarlagadda of Annapurna Studios said that the decision to remaster and digitise was made after observing the challenges in storing and preserving old film prints. The process (carried out in Mumbai) took a year, and the film's colour and sound quality were enhanced to meet current standards. A silver jubilee event was held on 7 October 2014 in Hyderabad, where Nagarjuna announced that "Siva" digitised version would be released on 17 October 2014 on nearly 100 screens. In April 2015, Varma told Indo-Asian News Service that the digitised release was postponed until 15 May because of restoration delays.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: During the digitisation of "Shiva", Varma said that he would release a documentary on the making of the film entitled "Exploring Shiva after 25 Years". The first documentary based on a Telugu film, it provided a "holistic view of the film" and featured interviews with the cast and crew and segments on its sound and filming locations. The documentary was released on 5 October 2014, coinciding with "Siva" silver anniversary.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: "Siva", which attained cult status in Telugu cinema, is one of the first Telugu films produced after the migration of Telugu film industry from Madras to Hyderabad to feature characters speaking the Telangana dialect. The film made Nagarjuna a superstar in Telugu cinema; it changed his career, and earned him a reputation for encouraging new directors. Nagarjuna considered "Siva" a milestone in his personal life as well since he and Amala, who were in a relationship during the film's shoot, decided to marry after its completion.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: According to filmmaker V. V. Vinayak and writer Pulagam Chinnarayana, "Siva" divided Telugu cinema into two eras: before and after the film. With "Siva", Varma was credited with the introduction of steadicams and new sound recording techniques in Telugu films. Within a year of the film's release, more than ten steadicams were imported into India. "Siva" attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental Telugu films.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Bharani broke through as an actor and dialogue writer with the film. Chakravarthy, Jithendra and Ramjagan achieved success with "Siva", and the former two adapted J. D. and Chinna as screen names. Kannada actor and filmmaker Upendra reworked the narrative of "Om" (1995) when he found the previous version similar to "Siva". Telugu filmmaker S. S. Rajamouli understood the importance of heightening tension in action sequences, and the impact created by proper use of sound after watching "Siva". Srinu Vaitla, Sudheer Varma, and Praveen Sri were inspired by "Siva" to pursue careers as directors; Sri assisted Ram Gopal Varma before he made his directorial debut with "Gaayam 2" (2010). Music director Munna Kasi was inspired by Ilaiyaraaja's work in "Siva", and wanted to work with Varma after he graduated. On the rise of antisocial-element-based scripts in Tamil cinema, trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai said in May 2002 that "Siva" Tamil-dubbed version ("Udhayam") was the "forerunner" of city-based crime films.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Tamil actor Ganesh Venkatraman was "mesmerised" as a child by "Siva", admiring Nagarjuna and carrying a cycle chain in his schoolbag. About the impact of "" (2015) on Indian cinema, Rana Daggubati said that regional films can gain national acceptance for their content and cited the success of "Siva" and "Roja" (1992) as examples. In March 2016, Karthi said that he admired Nagarjuna after seeing "Udhayam" it’s Tamil dubbed version and "Idhayathai Thirudathe" (1989) and found working with him in "Oopiri" (2016) "a great chance to know him."


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: The cycle-chain scene became popular, with people telling Varma that they broke a cycle chain after seeing "Siva"; the director called them the "ultimate example of how imagination can take over and become a reality in time". As of 2014, the chain used in the film is owned by Chakravarthy. Film-poster designers Anil and Bhanu said that posters should be designed to make a subconscious impact on the viewer, citing the title logo of "Siva" (with Nagarjuna and the cycle chain) as an example. Inspired by Varma's work in "Siva", Rajamouli composed the action sequence during the intermission of his directorial debut "Student No. 1" (2002), and followed the shot division of the cycle-chain scene for the same.


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Chakravarthy agreed to play the antagonist in Naga Chaitanya's acting debut, "Josh" (2009), and said that its makers are "trying to get JD of "Shiva" who actually ran away mid way from college". "Bangalore Mirror" and other reviewers noted similarities between "Josh" and "Siva", which Chaitanya called a "coincidence". Chaitanya's films, "Bezawada" (2011)—produced by Varma—and "Autonagar Surya" (2014), were noted for similarities to "Siva". "Siva" was parodied in several films such as "Lakshmi" (2006), "Oosaravelli" (2011), "Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju" (2011) (also directed by Varma), and "Sudigadu" (2012).


title: Siva (1989 Telugu film)

text: Amala listed "Siva" with "Pushpaka Vimana" (1987), "Vedham Pudhithu" (1987), "Agni Natchathiram" (1988), and "Karpoora Mullai" (1991) as her most memorable films. Geethika Chandrahasan Sudip of "The Hindu" listed "Siva" for the letter S in the July 2015 "ABCD of Telugu cinema". In August 2015, Pooja Darade of "The Times of India" included the film on her list of "Telugu movies one must watch before dying". Fahad Usmani of "The Hindu" compared "Siva" to "Mother India" (1957), "Sholay" (1975), "Mr. India" (1987), "Agneepath" (1990), and "Ghayal" (1990), noting that their antagonists became more popular than their heroes.


title: Ambala

text: Ambala () is a city and a municipal corporation in Ambala district in the state of Haryana, India, located on the border with the Indian state of Punjab and in proximity to both states capital Chandigarh. Politically, Ambala has two sub-areas: Ambala Cantonment (also known as Ambala Cantt) and Ambala City, eight kilometres apart, therefore it is also known as "Twin City". It has a large Indian Army and Indian Air Force presence within its cantonment area. It is located 200 km (124 mi) to the north of New Delhi, India's capital, and has been identified as a counter-magnet city for the National Capital Region to develop as an alternative center of growth to Delhi.


title: Ambala

text: Ambala separates the Ganges river network from the Indus river network and is surrounded by two rivers – Ghaggar and Tangri – to the north and to the south. Due to its geographical location, the Ambala district plays an important role in local tourism, being located south of Chandigarh, north of Kurukshetra, southwest of Shimla, north of New Delhi and southeast of Amritsar.


title: Ambala

text: The town is said to derive its name from Amba Rajput who supposedly founded it during the 14th century CE. According to another version, it is named after the goddess "Bhawani Amba" whose Temple still exists in Ambala city. The English spelling Umballa has sometimes been used; this spelling was used by Rudyard Kipling in his 1901 novel "Kim".


title: Ambala

text: Archaeological Surveyor C.J Rodgers found Indo-Parthian Kingdom coins as well as coins of Hunas, Mihirakula and Toramana which indicated that after the disintegration of the Mauryan empire, the area was taken over by Indo-Parthians and later was incorporated in the domain of the Hunas.


title: Ambala

text: In 1709, Battle of Ambala was fought and Sikhs captured Ambala from Mughals. It was under the rule of Gill Jats in the later medieval era (Sikh Empire).


title: Ambala

text: Ambala Army Cantonment was established in 1843 after the British were forced to leave its Karnal Cantonment following the malaria epidemic of 1841–42 in as there were not any known effective means to control malaria epidemic in those days. The cantonment houses the '2 Corps', one of the three Strike Corps of the Indian Army.


title: Ambala

text: Ambala Air Force Base is one of the oldest and largest airbases that were inherited from the British by the IAF. It was from this airbase that Spitfires and Harvards flown by Instructors of the Advanced Flying Training School took part in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. Subsequently, Ambala was the front line airfield for many years. It was home to various aircraft that were inducted into the Indian Air Force. Vampires, Ouragans, Hunters, etc. all flew from this base. The airbase was briefly attacked in 1965 by B-57 bombers of the Pakistan Air Force. Today, the Airbase houses the '7 Wing' with squadrons of Jaguars and MiG-21 Bisons. A unit of the French-made Dassault Rafale will also be based at Ambala airbase.


title: Ambala

text: Ambala was given the status of a district in 1847, formed by the merging of the jagir estates of hitherto independent chieftains whose territories had lapsed or had been confiscated by the British Indian Government. In its 160 years of existence as a district, Ambala has witnessed many changes in its boundaries. Previously, it extended across tehsils of Ambala, Chandigarh, Jagadhri, Pipli, Kharar, Ropar and Nalagarh. Kalka-cum-Kurari State, Pinjore, Mani Majra, Kasauli & Sanawar were also merged later into the district at different times.


title: Ambala

text: For their participation in first war of independence, the Chaudharys and Lambardars of villages who participated in rebellion were also deprived of their land and property, including 368 people of Hisar and Gurugram were hanged or transported for life, and fine was imposed on the people of Thanesar (Rs 235,000), Ambala (Rs. 253,541) and Rohtak (Rs. 63,000 mostly on Ranghars, Shaikhs and Muslim Kasai).


title: Ambala

text: In November 1949, Mahatma Gandhi's assassin Nathuram Godse was hanged at Ambala Central Jail along with Narayan Apte, a co-conspirator.


title: Ambala

text: India census, Ambala UA had a population of 207,934 consisting of 112,840 males and 95,094 females, a ratio of 843. there were 20,687 children 0–6 and Ambala had an average literacy rate of 89.31%, with 91.76% of males and 86.41% of females literate.


title: Ambala

text: The Cloth Market is considered to be the largest textile market in this region. It is located in sector 7, the central part of the city of Ambala. The market is known for catering to wedding related shopping. The most commonly bought items are sarees and silk clothing.


title: Ambala

text: Ambala is connected to all of the other major cities of north India. It is a big interchange for various commuters for all neighbouring states.


title: Ambala

text: National Highway NH 44 popularly known as GT road earlier known as NH 1 passes through Ambala and connects it to National capital Delhi, Panipat, Ludhiana and Amritsar. NH 152 connects it to state capital Chandigarh, Kaithal.


title: Ambala

text: Apart from the Interstate service, Ambala also houses one of the oldest local bus services in Haryana, which is run by both Haryana roadways and private companies. Other means of local transportation include auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws.


title: Ambala

text: Bus service is the major means of public transport in this district. Ambala depot came into being on 1 August 1950. The office of the General Manager has situated on the premises of the depot workshop at Ambala City. Ambala depot has a sub depot at Naraingarh.


title: Ambala

text: Presently, Haryana Roadways, Ambala has 200 buses, which carry about 34.88 Lac's passengers daily and cover a distance of about 19000 km daily. Out of these, total distance covered on interstate routes is and are operated within Haryana every day.


title: Ambala

text: New Bus Stand at Ambala Cantt was inaugurated on 12 July 1999 and the total land of bus stand is . Bus stands in this district exist at Ambala City, Naraingarh and Barara as well. A sub-depot-level workshop has also been provided at Naraingarh. 'Yatri Niwas' exists on the campus of Ambala Cantt. bus stand for the convenience of the commuters who wish to stay for the night.


title: Ambala

text: Besides, the Haryana Roadways buses, the government has issued permits to private operators on local routes. Presently 60 such buses are plying in Ambala district.


title: Ambala

text: The bus stand is very near to Ambala Cantt Jn. (Railway station). Most of the buses plying on GT road (NH1) stop in front of the Railway station.


title: Ambala

text: Ambala is a divisional headquarters of the Northern Railway Zone and is an important railway junction. Ambala Cantt station is among the top 100 booking stations in India. The city is served by three railway stations:


title: Ambala

text: The Ambala Cantonment railway station was founded on the junction of the Delhi-Kalka and Ludhiana-Saharanpur lines. The historic Delhi-Panipat-Ambala-Kalka railway line dates back to 1889 while the Ludhiana-Saharanpur line was built in 1870. Situated north of Delhi, this town is well connected by the rail and road network.


title: Ambala

text: Ambala cantt railway station is main station of the city and is well connected with major cities of India.


title: Ambala

text: Ambala railway station was mentioned in the famous story 'The Woman on Platform 8' by Ruskin Bond, although in reality there is no platform 8 in Ambala Cantt.


title: Doppler radar

text: A Doppler radar is a specialized radar that uses the Doppler effect to produce velocity data about objects at a distance. It does this by bouncing a microwave signal off a desired target and analyzing how the object's motion has altered the frequency of the returned signal. This variation gives direct and highly accurate measurements of the radial component of a target's velocity relative to the radar.


title: Doppler radar

text: The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842, is the difference between the observed frequency and the emitted frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the waves. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren approaches, passes and recedes from an observer. The received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession. This variation of frequency also depends on the direction the wave source is moving with respect to the observer; it is maximum when the source is moving directly toward or away from the observer and diminishes with increasing angle between the direction of motion and the direction of the waves, until when the source is moving at right angles to the observer, there is no shift.


title: Doppler radar

text: Imagine a baseball pitcher throwing one ball every second to a catcher (a frequency of 1 ball per second). Assuming the balls travel at a constant velocity and the pitcher is stationary, the catcher catches one ball every second. However, if the pitcher is jogging towards the catcher, the catcher catches balls more frequently because the balls are less spaced out (the frequency increases). The inverse is true if the pitcher is moving away from the catcher. The catcher catches balls less frequently because of the pitcher's backward motion (the frequency decreases). If the pitcher moves at an angle, but at the same speed, the frequency variation at which the receiver catches balls is less, as the distance between the two changes more slowly.


title: Doppler radar

text: From the point of view of the pitcher, the frequency remains constant (whether he's throwing balls or transmitting microwaves). Since with electromagnetic radiation like microwaves or with sound, frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, the wavelength of the waves is also affected. Thus, the relative difference in velocity between a source and an observer is what gives rise to the Doppler effect.


title: Doppler radar

text: The formula for radar Doppler shift is the same as that for reflection of light by a moving mirror. There is no need to invoke Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity, because all observations are made in the same frame of reference. The result derived with "c" as the speed of light and "v" as the target velocity gives the shifted frequency (formula_1) as a function of the original frequency (formula_2) :


title: Doppler radar

text: Doppler allows the use of narrow band receiver filters that reduce or eliminate signals from slow moving and stationary objects. This effectively eliminates false signals produced by trees, clouds, insects, birds, wind, and other environmental influences but various inexpensive hand held Doppler radar devices not using this may produce erroneous measurements.


title: Doppler radar

text: CW Doppler radar only provides a velocity output as the received signal from the target is compared in frequency with the original signal. Early Doppler radars included CW, but these quickly led to the development of frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar, which sweeps the transmitter frequency to encode and determine range.


title: Doppler radar

text: With the advent of digital techniques, Pulse-Doppler radars (PD) became light enough for aircraft use, and Doppler processors for coherent pulse radars became more common. That provides Look-down/shoot-down capability. The advantage of combining Doppler processing with pulse radars is to provide accurate velocity information. This velocity is called range-rate. It describes the rate that a target moves toward or away from the radar. A target with no range-rate reflects a frequency near the transmitter frequency and cannot be detected. The classic zero doppler target is one which is on a heading that is tangential to the radar antenna beam. Basically, any target that is heading 90 degrees in relation to the antenna beam cannot be detected by its velocity (only by its conventional reflectivity).


title: Doppler radar

text: Ultra-wideband waveforms have been investigated by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) as a potential approach to Doppler processing due to its low average power, high resolution, and object-penetrating ability. While investigating the feasibility of whether UWB radar technology can incorporate Doppler processing to estimate the velocity of a moving target when the platform is stationary, a 2013 ARL report highlighted issues related to target range migration. However, researchers have suggested that these issues can be alleviated if the correct matched filter is used.


title: Doppler radar

text: In military airborne applications, the Doppler effect has 2 main advantages. Firstly, the radar is more robust against counter-measure. Return signals from weather, terrain, and countermeasures like chaff are filtered out before detection, which reduces computer and operator loading in hostile environments. Secondly, against a low altitude target, filtering on the radial speed is a very effective way to eliminate the ground clutter that always has a null speed. Low-flying military plane with countermeasure alert for hostile radar track acquisition can turn perpendicular to the hostile radar to nullify its Doppler frequency, which usually breaks the lock and drives the radar off by hiding against the ground return which is much larger.


title: Doppler radar

text: Doppler radar tends to be lightweight because it eliminates heavy pulse hardware. The associated filtering removes stationary reflections while integrating signals over a longer time span, which improves range performance while reducing power. The military applied these advantages during the 1940s.


title: Doppler radar

text: Continuous-broadcast, or FM, radar was developed during World War II for United States Navy aircraft, to support night combat operation. Most used the UHF spectrum and had a transmit Yagi antenna on the port wing and a receiver Yagi antenna on the starboard wing. This enabled bombers to fly an optimum speed when approaching ship targets, and let escort fighter aircraft train guns on enemy aircraft during night operation. These strategies were adapted to semi-active radar homing.


title: Doppler radar

text: In 1951, Carl A. Wiley invented synthetic-aperture radar, which, though distinct from mainstream Doppler radar, was based on Doppler principles, and originally patented as "Pulsed Doppler Radar Methods and Means," #3,196,436.


title: Doppler radar

text: Modern Doppler systems are light enough for mobile ground surveillance associated with infantry and surface ships. These detect motion from vehicles and personnel for night and all weather combat operation. Modern police radar are a smaller, more portable version of these systems.


title: Doppler radar

text: Early Doppler radar sets relied on large analog filters to achieve acceptable performance. Analog filters, waveguide, and amplifiers pick up vibration like microphones, so bulky vibration damping is required. That extra weight imposed unacceptable kinematic performance limitations that restricted aircraft use to night operation, heavy weather, and heavy jamming environments until the 1970s.


title: Doppler radar

text: Digital fast Fourier transform (FFT) filtering became practical when modern microprocessors became available during the 1970s. This was immediately connected to coherent pulsed radars, where velocity information was extracted. This proved useful in both weather and air traffic control radars. The velocity information provided another input to the software tracker, and improved computer tracking. Because of the low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of most coherent pulsed radars, which maximizes the coverage in range, the amount of Doppler processing is limited. The Doppler processor can only process velocities up to ±1/2 the PRF of the radar. This is not a problem for weather radars. Velocity information for aircraft cannot be extracted directly from low-PRF radar because sampling restricts measurements to about 75 miles per hour.


title: Doppler radar

text: Specialized radars quickly were developed when digital techniques became lightweight and more affordable. Pulse-Doppler radars combine all the benefits of long range and high velocity capability. Pulse-Doppler radars use a medium to high PRF (on the order of 3 to 30 kHz), which allows for the detection of either high-speed targets or high-resolution velocity measurements. Normally it is one or the other; a radar designed for detecting targets from zero to Mach 2 does not have a high resolution in speed, while a radar designed for high-resolution velocity measurements does not have a wide range of speeds. Weather radars are high-resolution velocity radars, while air defense radars have a large range of velocity detection, but the accuracy in velocity is in the tens of knots.


title: Doppler radar

text: Antenna designs for the CW and FM-CW started out as separate transmit and receive antennas before the advent of affordable microwave designs. In the late 1960s, traffic radars began being produced which used a single antenna. This was made possible by the use of circular polarization and a multi-port waveguide section operating at X band. By the late 1970s this changed to linear polarization and the use of ferrite circulators at both X and K bands. PD radars operate at too high a PRF to use a transmit-receive gas filled switch, and most use solid-state devices to protect the receiver low-noise amplifier when the transmitter is fired.


title: Doppler radar

text: Doppler radars are used in aviation, sounding satellites, Major League Baseball's StatCast system, meteorology, radar guns, radiology and healthcare (fall detection and risk assessment, nursing or clinic purpose), and bistatic radar (surface-to-air missiles).


title: Doppler radar

text: Partly because of its common use by television meteorologists in on-air weather reporting, the specific term ""Doppler Radar"" has erroneously become popularly synonymous with the type of radar used in meteorology. Most modern weather radars use the pulse-Doppler technique to examine the motion of precipitation, but it is only a part of the processing of their data. So, while these radars use a highly specialized form of "Doppler radar", this type of radar is much broader in its meaning and its applications.


title: Doppler radar

text: The work on the Doppler function for weather radar has a long history in many countries. In June 1958, American researchers David Holmes and Robert Smith were able to detect the rotation of a tornado using the mobile continuous-wave radar (photo to the right). Norman's laboratory, which later became the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), modified this radar to make it a pulsed Doppler radar allowing more easily to know the position of the echoes and having a greater power


title: Doppler radar

text: The work was accelerated after such event in the United States as the 1974 Super Outbreak when 148 tornadoes roared through thirteen states. The reflectivity only radar of the time could only locate the precipitation structure of the thunderclouds but not the mesocyclonic rotation and divergence of winds leading to the development of tornadoes or downbursts. The NSSL Doppler became operational in 1971 and led to the NEXRAD network being deployed at the end of the 1980s.


title: Doppler radar

text: Doppler radars were used as a navigation aid for aircraft and spacecraft. By directly measuring the movement of the ground with the radar, and then comparing this to the airspeed returned from the aircraft instruments, the wind speed could be accurately determined for the first time. This value was then used for highly accurate dead reckoning. One early example of such a system was the Green Satin radar used in the English Electric Canberra. This system sent a pulsed signal at a very low repetition rate so it could use a single antenna to transmit and receive. An oscillator held the reference frequency for comparison to the received signal. In practice, the initial "fix" was taken using a radio navigation system, normally Gee, and the Green Satin then provided accurate long-distance navigation beyond Gee's 350-mile range. Similar systems were used in a number of aircraft of the era, and were combined with the main search radars of fighter designs by the 1960s.


title: Doppler radar

text: Doppler navigation was in common commercial aviation use in the 1960s until it was largely superseded by inertial navigation systems. The equipment consisted of a transmitter/receiver unit, a processing unit and a gyro stabilised antenna platform. The antenna generated four beams and was rotated by a servo mechanism to align with the aircraft's track by equalising the Doppler shift from the left and right hand antennas. A synchro transmitted the platform angle to the flight deck, thus providing a measure of 'drift angle'. The ground speed was determined from the Doppler shift between the forward and aft facing beams. These were displayed on the flight deck on single instrument.


title: Doppler radar

text: Some aircraft had an additional 'Doppler Computer'. This was a mechanical device containing a steel ball rotated by a motor whose speed was controlled by the Doppler determined ground speed. The angle of this motor was controlled by the 'drift angle'. Two fixed wheels, one 'fore and aft' the other 'left to right' drove counters to output distance along track and across track difference. The aircraft's compass was integrated into the computer so that a desired track could be set between two waypoints on an over water great circle route. It may seem surprising to 21st. century readers, but it actually worked rather well and was great improvement over other 'dead reckoning' methods available at the time. It was generally backed up with position fixes from Loran, or as a last resort sextant and chronometer. It was possible to cross the Atlantic with an error of a couple of miles when in range of a couple of VORs or NDBs.


title: Doppler radar

text: Its major shortcoming in practice was the sea state, as a calm sea gave poor radar returns and hence unreliable Doppler measurements. But this was infrequent on the North Atlantic


title: Doppler radar

text: Location-based Doppler techniques were also used in the U.S. Navy's historical Transit satellite navigation system, with satellite transmitters and ground-based receivers, and are currently used in the civilian Argos system, which uses satellite receivers and ground-based transmitters. In these cases, the ground stations are either stationary or slow-moving, and the Doppler offset being measured is caused by the relative motion between the ground station and the fast-moving satellite. The combination of Doppler offset and reception time can be used to generate a locus of locations that would have the measured offset at that intersects the Earth's surface at that moment: by combining this with other loci from measurements at other times, the true location of the ground station can be determined accurately.


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: D.E.B.S. is a 2004 American action-comedy film written and directed by Angela Robinson. A feature-length version of Robinson's 2003 short film of the same name, "D.E.B.S." follows the relationship between spy-in-training Amy Bradshaw and supervillain Lucy Diamond. "D.E.B.S." was a critically mixed box office bomb upon its initial release but went on to become a cult film in the following years.


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: Embedded in the SAT is a secret test that determines aptitude for espionage. Women who score highly on the test are recruited into D.E.B.S. (Discipline, Energy, Beauty, Strength), a clandestine paramilitary academy. Four D.E.B.S.—squad leader Max, naïve Janet, promiscuous Dominique, and Amy, who dreams of attending art school despite being the academy's top recruit—are tasked by Ms. Petrie and Mr. Phipps, the heads of D.E.B.S., to surveil Lucy Diamond. Diamond is an infamous supercriminal, known for her operations, thefts, an alleged attempt to sink Australia, as well as supposedly killing every agent that goes up against her. Amy in particular is interested in Lucy due to writing a senior thesis about her. It is believed that Lucy is meeting Russian assassin Ninotchka Kaprova. Unbeknownst to them, Lucy is a rather neurotic woman, who has trouble opening up to people. Her meeting with Ninotchka is, in fact, a blind date.


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: In the meantime, Amy has recently broken up with her pushy and controlling boyfriend, Bobby, a fellow agent. The D.E.B.S. observe Lucy's date with Ninotchka, and are interrupted by Bobby, who is on his own stakeout, with several intelligence agencies also observing Lucy. Lucy has trouble connecting with Ninotchka, and tries to call off the date. Amy gets into an argument with Bobby, demanding answers on their breakup, which catches Lucy's attention. A shootout ensues, and Lucy flees while being chased by the D.E.B.S. Lucy is caught in a standoff with Amy, but they end up having a friendly conversation. Lucy escapes when Amy's attention wavers, and the D.E.B.S. praise Amy for being the only person to have ever faced Lucy and lived.


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: Lucy quickly takes a liking to Amy, and against the advice of her friend and henchman, Scud, sneaks into Amy's dorm. Lucy initially says she wants to help Amy on her thesis, but ends up coercing her into joining her at a nightclub, along with Janet, who witnesses Lucy speaking with Amy. During this trip, Lucy and Amy grow closer and have a conversation about their lives and relationships. Lucy even clarifies that the deaths of the agents sent after her were happenstance. Janet and Scud also befriend each other. When the two open up to each other, Lucy and Amy are about to kiss, but are interrupted by Janet.


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: Later, Amy is promoted to squad leader, replacing Max, much to Max's jealousy. Ms. Petrie plans on using Amy's encounter with Lucy to boost the D.E.B.S. image and reputation. Amy is hesitant to talk about her encounter due to her growing feelings for Lucy. The D.E.B.S. respond to a bank heist orchestrated by Lucy, which she has committed in order to see Amy again. When Lucy and Amy are alone, the two kiss, and Lucy talks Amy into running off with her. The D.E.B.S. assume Amy has been kidnapped and organize a nationwide manhunt to find her. In the meantime, Lucy and Amy enjoy having an actual relationship with one another, while Janet covers for them (and also develops feelings for Scud, whom she has a secret correspondence with).


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: On the basis of a tip from a jealous Ninotchka, the D.E.B.S. and Bobby discover Amy and Lucy while they are having sex. When Amy returns to the academy, Ms. Petrie prepares to exile Amy, but Max convinces her to claim that Amy was kidnapped and brainwashed in order to protect their reputation. Amy becomes depressive when forced to go along with the story, and Bobby tries to coerce Amy into getting back together with him. When Lucy tries to see Amy again, Amy is forced to reject her. In the meantime, Lucy comes to realize she is not happy with her life of crime. In an attempt to win Amy back, Lucy returns everything she has ever stolen, and publicly turns over a new leaf.


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: At the time of the D.E.B.S. year-end dance, Amy is to be made D.E.B. of the year and deliver a speech where she is to denounce Lucy. Janet talks with Dominique and Max, who start to realize how unhappy Amy actually is. Lucy infiltrates the academy during the dance. When Bobby discovers this, he plans to track her down and kill her. Lucy evades Bobby only to hear Amy's speech about her experience as Lucy's captive. When Amy and Lucy meet eyes, Amy retracts her entire speech, and runs off-stage to be with Lucy. Petrie, Bobby and the rest of the academy try to track them down, when Lucy and Amy are cornered by Max, Janet, and Dominique. At Amy's insistence, they give their blessings to Lucy and Amy, and allow them to make their escape. Lucy and Amy ride off into the night, heads on one another's shoulders.


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: Director, writer, and editor Angela Robinson began to draw comics about the D.E.B.S. in college as a sideline to her writing. She received a $20,000 grant from Power Up to make an 11-minute short based on the concept, which toured a number of film festivals, including the Sundance Film Festival. Clint Culpepper, then president of Screen Gems, liked the short and gave the green light to develop it into a feature film.


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: "D.E.B.S." received a 42% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 64 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads: "Lacking enough material for a full-length movie, "D.E.B.S." is short on both plot and laughs." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 42% based on reviews from 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: In a positive review, Stephen Hunter of "The Washington Post" praised the film for poking fun at various tropes in spy films and not taking itself too seriously, saying “much of the fun of the innocent little thing is the riffs that [Angela] Robinson plays on familiar genre strokes. A gunfight in a nightclub, with sparks flying, guns blasting, glasses busting, shooters diving, has all the hallmarks of John Woo-style mayhem in full bloom.” He added the film “arrives with sparkly production values and extreme confidence in every scene. It's so spoofy it's difficult to call it ‘good’ or even ‘bad’; just say it's smooth.”


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: Hunter further discussed how the film presents queerness in a normalized way, saying the film is “not gay in that in-your-face, zealous manner of so many films more interested in advocacy than art or commerce. It's gay in what might be called a homo-normative way. That is, it accepts same-sex attraction as a norm, something not at all ‘unusual’ or strange but something so a part of the landscape it doesn't require comment.”


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: A positive reaction from a producer at a film festival screening led to Robinson making a deal to direct the 2005 Disney remake "".


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave a one-star rating and said, “You might think there's no downside to a movie that peeks up the skirts of babes in micro-minis, but writer-director Angela Robinson's dimwitted satire is libido-killing proof to the contrary.”


title: D.E.B.S. (2004 film)

text: The film has since gained a cult following in the LGBT community and continues to be screened at specialty theaters.


title: Peter and Gordon

text: Peter and Gordon were a British pop duo, composed of Peter Asher (b. 1944) and Gordon Waller (1945–2009), who achieved international fame in 1964 with their first single, the million-selling single "A World Without Love". The duo had several subsequent hits in America in the British Invasion era including "I Go to Pieces", "Lady Godiva", "Woman", "True Love Ways" and "Nobody I Know".


title: Peter and Gordon

text: Peter Asher and his sister Jane were child actors in the 1950s. They played siblings in a 1955 episode of the television series "The Adventures of Robin Hood". Jane Asher and Paul McCartney dated each other between 1963 and 1968, and Peter and Gordon recorded several songs written by McCartney but credited to Lennon–McCartney. Those hits included "A World Without Love" (US & UK #1), "Nobody I Know" (US #12; UK #10), "I Don't Want To See You Again" (US #16, but not a hit in the UK), and "Woman".


title: Peter and Gordon

text: With "Woman", McCartney used the pseudonym Bernard Webb to see whether he could have a hit song without his name attached. First pressings of the US Capitol single listed the composer as "A. Smith". The song reached #14 in the US and #28 on the UK Singles Chart in 1966. Peter and Gordon also recorded the John Lennon-penned Lennon–McCartney song, "If I Fell", which was previously recorded by The Beatles and released on their 1964 album, "A Hard Day's Night".


title: Peter and Gordon

text: Other hits for the duo included "I Go to Pieces" (US #9), written by Del Shannon and given to Peter and Gordon after the two acts toured together. The duo also recorded remakes of Buddy Holly's "True Love Ways" (US #14 and UK #2 in 1965), and The Teddy Bears' "To Know Him Is To Love Him", retitled "To Know You Is To Love You" (US #24 and UK #5 in 1965).


title: Peter and Gordon

text: Peter and Gordon had their last hit in the UK in late 1966 with "Lady Godiva", which reached #16 there (and #6 in the US), whilst their success lasted into 1967 in the US, with "Knight in Rusty Armour" and "Sunday for Tea" both registering in the upper reaches of the "Billboard" Hot 100 that year.


title: Peter and Gordon

text: Peter Asher subsequently became head of A&R for Apple Records. He continued his career as a recording executive in California, where he managed and produced Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Asher also produced recordings for Cher, 10,000 Maniacs, and Diana Ross. His daughter, Victoria Asher, is a member of the alternative group Cobra Starship.


title: Peter and Gordon

text: In August 2005, Peter and Gordon reunited onstage for the first time in more than 30 years, as part of two tribute concerts for Mike Smith of The Dave Clark Five in New York City. This was followed by full concerts at The Fest for Beatles Fans (formerly Beatlefest) conventions that began the following year. Paul McCartney heard about the reunion shows and sent a message to congratulate them on reuniting. Peter and Gordon told Palmiere at the Las Vegas Festival for Beatles Fans that they were to perform at the 2006 Adopt-A-Minefield show with Paul McCartney but the show was subsequently cancelled by McCartney, due to his impending divorce from Heather Mills.


title: Peter and Gordon

text: In the spring of 2007 and 2008, Peter and Gordon were featured performers in the EPCOT "Flower Power" concert series at Walt Disney World. Also in 2007, they performed as part of "Love-In: A Musical Celebration", a tribute to the music of the 1960s, which was filmed at the Birch North Park Theatre in San Diego, California, and released on DVD in March 2009. On 21 August 2008, they performed a free concert on the pier in Santa Monica, California.


title: Peter and Gordon

text: The pair played numerous times at the "50 Winters Later" celebration, in February 2009, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the death of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper. This was held in Clear Lake, Iowa, at the Surf Ballroom.


title: Peter and Gordon

text: They subsequently performed in Chicago, New Jersey and at the Festival for Beatles Fans convention in Las Vegas, 1 and 2 July 2009, where, according to a report by journalist Peter Palmiere for "Beatlefan" magazine, the pair were the performing highlight of the convention.


title: Peter and Gordon

text: "World Without Love", "Nobody I Know", "True Love Ways", and "Lady Godiva" each sold over one million copies, and were awarded gold discs.


Security information and event management (SIEM) is a field within the field of computer security, where software products and services combine security information management (SIM) and security event management (SEM). They provide real-time analysis of security alerts generated by applications and network hardware. Vendors sell SIEM as software, as appliances, or as managed services; these products are also used to log security data and generate reports for compliance purposes. The term and the initialism SIEM was coined by Mark Nicolett and Amrit Williams of Gartner in 2005.


title: Security information and event management

text: Monitoring system logs has grown more prevalent as complex cyber-attacks force compliance and regulatory mechanisms to mandate logging security controls within a Risk Management Framework. Logging levels of a system started with the primary function of troubleshooting system errors or debugging code compiled and run. As operating systems and networks have increased in complexity, so has the event and log generation on these systems. In comparison, the logging of system, security, and application logs is not the only way to perform incident response. They do offer the capability to trace the activities of nearly any system or user-related movement throughout a given period. From the late 1970s, there was a formation of working groups to help establish the criteria for the management of auditing and monitoring programs and what and how system logs can be used for insider threat, incident response, and troubleshooting. This also established a base discussion for many of the concepts still used in modern cybersecurity. See, Basis for Audit and Evaluation of Computer Security from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 500-19 published in 1977.


text: With Risk Management Frameworks (RMF) being implemented worldwide in nearly all industry sectors, auditing and monitoring are core elements of information assurance and information security. Information assurance personnel, cybersecurity engineers, and analysts can use logging information to perform critical security functions in real-time. These items are driven by governance models that integrate or use auditing and monitoring as a basis for that analytical work. As information assurance matured in the late 1990s and moved into the 2000s, system logs needed to be centralized. This allows records to be centrally located and viewed and provides centralized management as a 'nerve center' for all machines on a given network.


text: This centralization and consolidation of system data would provide significantly more than just a holistic view. Still, now organizations could use the logging data for operational use cases and help with performance and networking-based communication troubleshooting. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) is now commonplace, and there are apparent variations of the same acronym in this article. The word SIEM is primarily a moniker forcing all logs into a single place to provide a single pane of glass for security and network operations to perform analysis.


text: The National Institute of Standards and Technology provides the following definition for Security Information Event Management (SIEM): "Application that provides the ability to gather security data from information system components and present that data as actionable information via a single interface." Information assurance has become a forcing function for system logging. System logging can enable traceability for an account on a system used to perform system actions. In combination with the operating system, the SIEM can index and parse system logs and be made available for searching.


text: On May 17, 2021, United States President Joseph Biden signed Executive Order 14028 Improving the Nations Cybersecurity. This Executive Order mandates endpoint protection, further defining logging requirements, implementing audit logging in a unified way, and enhancing the capabilities to provide further insight into system and account actions. Audit logs were identified in three separate technical areas, all relating to incident response and knowing what is happening on a system at a given time. This Executive Order responds to an increase in cyber-attacks that use ransomware to cripple critical infrastructure components related to national security and the public.  Enhancing existing information assurance security controls as part of a Risk Management Framework is a suitable mechanism to force compliance and justify funding based on these Presidential requirements.


text: Published in September 2006, NIST SP 800-92 Guide to Computer Security Log Management is the primary document used in the NIST Risk Management Framework for what should be auditable. While not definitive or exhaustive as there have been significant changes in technology since 2006, this guidance anticipated industry growth as the document is still relevant. This document pre-dates many modern SIEM technologies that are well known today, as evident by no reference to the term "SIEM. NIST is not the only guidance for a regulatory mechanism for auditing and monitoring that are encouraged to use SIEM solutions instead of de-centralized individual host-based checks. NIST identifies several public and private entities with their logging guidance that may enforce its requirements; Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA), Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001. It is not uncommon for NIST documents to be referenced in public and private organizations.


text: NIST SP 800-53 AU-2 Event Monitoring is a core security control for enabling logging functionality to support the information assurance process for all auditing throughout a system. AU-2 Event Monitoring also serves as a critical basis for continuous monitoring for information assurance and cybersecurity engineering efforts throughout a network. It is expected that the SIEM solution is used as a core tool or suite of tools to support this effort. Depending on the system categorization concerning the impact on the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) of a system are generally five specific requirements needed to satisfy the base logging requirements of a federal system (AU-2, a-e). It is essential to understand the security control requirements about the SIEM infrastructure and operation. Below are the security control requirements for AU-2.The [Assignment: organization-defined...] is left blank to determine what is appropriate for its enterprise. Executive Order 14028 seeks to unify the inputs across all federal agencies.


text: a. Identify the types of events that the system is capable of logging in support of the audit function: [Assignment: organization-defined event types that the system is capable of logging];


text: b. Coordinate the event logging function with other organizational entities requiring audit-related information to guide and inform the selection criteria for events to be logged;


text: c. Specify the following event types for logging within the system: [Assignment: organization-defined event types (subset of the event types defined in AU-2a.) along with the frequency of (or situation requiring) logging for each identified event type];


text: d. Provide a rationale for why the event types selected for logging are deemed to be adequate to support after-the-fact investigations of incidents; and


text: e. Review and update the event types selected for logging [Assignment: organization-defined frequency].Events on a system could include and are not limited to credential changes, failed access attempts, role base or attribute changes to accounts, token-based use, access attempts, and failures, etc. While logging every system action to the system is possible, it is often not advised based on the volume of logs and actionable security-relevant data. Organizations can use AU-2 a through e, as the basis to build from while adhering to other controls that may require or call out specific security auditing requirements in more granular detail.


text: NIST SP 800-53 SI-4 System Monitoring is the security control that specifies the monitoring of the system. This monitoring is focused on monitoring systems that monitor the system. This can include hardware and software in unison to detect events and anomalies, malware, connections, and any other pertinent mechanism that is used to detect attacks or indicators of potential attacks.a. Monitor the system to detect:


text: b. Identify unauthorized use of the system through the following techniques and methods: [Assignment: organization-defined techniques and methods];


text: e. Adjust the level of system monitoring activity when there is a change in risk to organizational operations and assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation;


text: g. Provide [Assignment: organization-defined system monitoring information] to [Assignment: organization-defined personnel or roles] [Selection (one or more): as needed; [Assignment: organization-defined frequency]].NIST SP 800-53 RA-10 Threat Hunting is a new base security control added to NIST 800-53 with the latest Revision 5 edit and publication. Threat hunting is the proactive defense of a network by combining all security information and actively looking for threats. To execute the operation, the analysts and engineers need a repository of information, and a SIEM solution is often used as a hub because all system logs would typically be sent to this centralized location. A threat hunting team is not limited to this approach. However, the SIEM solution should provide significant amounts of security-relevant data.a. Establish and maintain a cyber threat hunting capability to:


text: b. Employ the threat hunting capability [Assignment: organization-defined frequency].NIST SP 800-53 R5 and the brief descriptions of AU-2, SI-4, and RA-10 depict how individual controls are all used as critical elements of the event, alerting and monitoring via a SIEM. These controls, combined with other technical security controls provided by NIST, weave together an in-depth defense system. The assurance of the system security is enforced with various risk assessments and continuous monitoring - often enhanced or streamlined with a SIEM product used across entire cybersecurity teams. There are many more technical controls that outline specific items that must be monitored. The controls identified are a cursory overlook of controls directly related to the event and audit gathering functionality and use in a SIEM tool.


text: The acronyms "SEM", "SIM" and "SIEM" have sometimes been used interchangeably, but generally refer to the different primary focus of products:


text: In practice many products in this area will have a mix of these functions, so there will often be some overlap – and many commercial vendors also promote their own terminology. Oftentimes commercial vendors provide different combinations of these functionalities which tend to improve SIEM overall. Log management alone doesn't provide real-time insights on network security, SEM on its own won't provide complete data for deep threat analysis. When SEM and log management are combined, more information is available for SIEM to monitor.


text: A key focus is to monitor and help manage user and service privileges, directory services and other system-configuration changes; as well as providing log auditing and review and incident response.


text: SIEM architectures may vary by vendor; however, generally, essential components comprise the SIEM engine. The essential components of a SIEM are as follows:


text: Computer security researcher Chris Kubecka identified the following SIEM use cases, presented at the hacking conference 28C3 (Chaos Communication Congress).


text: SIEM systems can have hundreds and thousands of correlation rules. Some of these are simple, and some are more complex. Once a correlation rule is triggered the system can take appropriate steps to mitigate a cyber attack. Usually, this includes sending a notification to a user and then possibly limiting or even shutting down the system. According to UTMStack, these are some of the most important ones.


text: Brute force detection is relatively straightforward. Brute forcing relates to continually trying to guess a variable. It most commonly refers to someone trying to constantly guess your password - either manually or with a tool. However, it can refer to trying to guess URLs or important file locations on your system.


text: An automated brute force is easy to detect as someone trying to enter their password 60 times in a minute is impossible.


text: When a user logs in to a system, generally speaking, it creates a timestamp of the event. Alongside the time, the system may often record other useful information such as the device used, physical location, IP address, incorrect login attempts, etc. The more data is collected the more use can be gathered from it. For impossible travel, the system looks at the current and last login date/time and the difference between the recorded distances. If it deems it's not possible for this to happen, for example traveling hundreds of miles within a minute, then it will set off a warning.


text: Many employees and users are now using VPN services which may obscure physical location. This should be taken into consideration when setting up such a rule.


text: If you think about your day-to-day activities, you most likely don't copy or move a lot of files around on your system. Therefore any excessive file copying on a system could be attributed to someone wanting to cause harm to your company. Unfortunately, it's not as simple as stating someone has gained access to your network illegally and wants to steal confidential information. It could also be an employee looking to sell company information, or they could just want to take home some files for the weekend.


text: A DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) Attack would cause an issue for pretty much any company. A DDoS attack can not only take your web properties offline, it can also make your system weaker. With suitable correlation rules in place, your SIEM should trigger an alert right at the start of the attack so that you can take the necessary precautionary measures to protect your systems.


text: File Integrity and Change Monitoring (FIM) is the process of monitoring the files on your system. Unexpected changes in your system files will trigger an alert as it's a likely indication of a cyber attack.


text: Alongside correlation rules, it's also possible for SIEM to have models. Models differ somewhat from correlation rules but if implemented correctly can be just as useful.  Instead of using a one-to-one correlation, a model requires a number of steps to happen in order to trigger an alert. This usually means a first-time rule followed by an anomalous behavior. This can be as simple as a user logging in from a different location than usual and then carrying out a large file transfer.


text: This can be extremely useful as a single event does not necessarily mean a compromise of an organization's servers or network, it could just be a team member working from a café for a change in scenery.


text: Unfortunately, false positives appear in all walks of life, and this holds true for SIEM.  All tools and systems have the possibility to produce a false-positive result. For example, too many failed login attempts can just be an employee forgetting their password and not someone trying to break into the system. It's important that for any triggered events the steps taken are justifiable and of an appropriate measure as you wouldn't want employees getting locked out for hours in such scenarios.


text: Some examples of customized rules to alert on event conditions involve user authentication rules, attacks detected and infections detected.


title: Pocket watch

text: A pocket watch (or pocketwatch) is a watch that is made to be carried in a pocket, as opposed to a wristwatch, which is strapped to the wrist.


title: Pocket watch

text: They were the most common type of watch from their development in the 16th century until wristwatches became popular after World War I during which a transitional design, trench watches, were used by the military. Pocket watches generally have an attached chain to allow them to be secured to a waistcoat, lapel, or belt loop, and to prevent them from being dropped. Watches were also mounted on a short leather strap or fob, when a long chain would have been cumbersome or likely to catch on things. This fob could also provide a protective flap over their face and crystal. Women's watches were normally of this form, with a watch fob that was more decorative than protective. Chains were frequently decorated with a silver or enamel pendant, often carrying the arms of some club or society, which by association also became known as a fob. Ostensibly practical gadgets such as a watch winding key, vesta case, or a cigar cutter also appeared on watch chains, although usually in an overly decorated style. Also common are fasteners designed to be put through a buttonhole and worn in a jacket or waistcoat, this sort being frequently associated with and named after train conductors.


title: Pocket watch

text: An early reference to the pocket watch is in a letter in November 1462 from the Italian clockmaker Bartholomew Manfredi to the Marchese di Mantova Federico Gonzaga, where he offers him a "pocket clock" better than that belonging to the Duke of Modena. By the end of the 15th century, spring-driven clocks appeared in Italy, and in Germany. Peter Henlein, a master locksmith of Nuremberg, was regularly manufacturing pocket watches by 1526. Thereafter, pocket watch manufacture spread throughout the rest of Europe as the 16th century progressed. Early watches only had an hour hand, the minute hand appearing in the late 17th century.


title: Pocket watch

text: The first timepieces to be worn, made in 16th-century Europe, were transitional in size between clocks and watches. These 'clock-watches' were fastened to clothing or worn on a chain around the neck. They were heavy drum shaped brass cylinders several inches in diameter, engraved and ornamented. They had only an hour hand. The face was not covered with glass, but usually had a hinged brass cover, often decoratively pierced with grillwork so the time could be read without opening. The movement was made of iron or steel and held together with tapered pins and wedges, until screws began to be used after 1550. Many of the movements included striking or alarm mechanisms. The shape later evolved into a rounded form; these were later called "Nuremberg eggs". Still later in the century there was a trend for unusually shaped watches, and clock-watches shaped like books, animals, fruit, stars, flowers, insects, crosses, and even skulls (Death's head watches) were made.


title: Pocket watch

text: Styles changed in the 17th century and men began to wear watches in pockets instead of as pendants (the woman's watch remained a pendant into the 20th century). This is said to have occurred in 1675 when Charles II of England introduced waistcoats. To fit in pockets, their shape evolved into the typical pocket watch shape, rounded and flattened with no sharp edges. Glass was used to cover the face beginning around 1610. Watch fobs began to be used, the name originating from the German word "fuppe", a small pocket. The watch was wound and also set by opening the back and fitting a key to a square arbor, and turning it.


title: Pocket watch

text: Until the second half of the 18th century, watches were luxury items; as an indication of how highly they were valued, English newspapers of the 18th century often include advertisements offering rewards of between one and five guineas merely for information that might lead to the recovery of stolen watches. By the end of the 18th century, however, watches (while still largely hand-made) were becoming more common; special cheap watches were made for sale to sailors, with crude but colorful paintings of maritime scenes on the dials.


title: Pocket watch

text: Up to the 1720s, almost all watch movements were based on the verge escapement, which had been developed for large public clocks in the 14th century. This type of escapement involved a high degree of friction and did not include any kind of jewelling to protect the contacting surfaces from wear. As a result, a verge watch could rarely achieve any high standard of accuracy. (Surviving examples mostly run very fast, often gaining an hour a day or more.) The first widely used improvement was the cylinder escapement, developed by the Abbé de Hautefeuille early in the 18th century and applied by the English maker George Graham. Then, towards the end of the 18th century, the lever escapement (invented by Thomas Mudge in 1755) was put into limited production by a handful of makers including Josiah Emery (a Swiss based in London) and Abraham-Louis Breguet. With this, a domestic watch could keep time to within a minute a day. Lever watches became common after about 1820, and this type is still used in most mechanical watches today.


title: Pocket watch

text: In 1857 the American Watch Company in Waltham, Massachusetts introduced the Waltham Model 57, the first to use interchangeable parts. This cut the cost of manufacture and repair. Most Model 57 pocket watches were in a coin silver ("one nine fine"), a 90% pure silver alloy commonly used in dollar coinage, slightly less pure than the British (92.5%) sterling silver, both of which avoided the higher purity of other types of silver to make circulating coins and other utilitarian silver objects last longer with heavy use.


title: Pocket watch

text: Watch manufacture was becoming streamlined; the Japy family of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, led the way in this, and soon afterwards the newborn American watch industry developed much new machinery, so that by 1865 the American Watch Company (afterwards known as Waltham) could turn out more than 50,000 reliable watches each year. This development drove the Swiss out of their dominating position at the cheaper end of the market, compelling them to raise the quality of their products and establish themselves as the leaders in precision and accuracy instead.


title: Pocket watch

text: The rise of railroading during the last half of the 19th century led to the widespread use of pocket watches. A famous train wreck on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway in Kipton, Ohio on April 19, 1891, occurred because one of the engineers' watches had stopped for four minutes. The railroad officials commissioned Webb C. Ball as their Chief Time Inspector, in order to establish precision standards and a reliable timepiece inspection system for Railroad chronometers. This led to the adoption in 1893 of stringent standards for pocket watches used in railroading. These railroad-grade pocket watches, as they became colloquially known, had to meet the General Railroad Timepiece Standards adopted in 1893 by almost all railroads. These standards read, in part:


title: Pocket watch

text: There are two main styles of pocket watch, the hunter-case pocket watch and the open-face pocket watch.


title: Pocket watch

text: An open-faced, or Lépine, watch, is one in which the case lacks a metal cover to protect the crystal. It is typical for an open-faced watch to have the pendant located at 12:00 and the sub-second dial located at 6:00. Occasionally, a watch movement intended for a hunting case (with the winding stem at 3:00 and sub second dial at 6:00) will have an open-faced case. Such watch is known as a "sidewinder." Alternatively, such a watch movement may be fitted with a so-called conversion dial, which relocates the winding stem to 12:00 and the sub-second dial to 3:00. After 1908, watches approved for railroad service were required to be cased in open-faced cases with the winding stem at 12:00.


title: Pocket watch

text: A hunter-case pocket watch is a case with a spring-hinged circular metal lid or cover, that closes over the watch-dial and crystal, protecting them from dust, scratches and other damage or debris. The name originated from England where "fox hunting men found it convenient to be able to open their watch and read the time with one hand, while holding the reins of their 'hunter' (horse) in the other hand".


title: Pocket watch

text: It is also known as a "savonnette", after the French word for soap (savon) due to its resemblance to a round soap bar.


title: Pocket watch

text: The majority of antique and vintage hunter-case watches have the lid-hinges at the 9 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow of the watch at the 3 o'clock position. Modern hunter-case pocket watches usually have the hinges for the lid at the 6 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow at the 12 o'clock position, as with open-face watches. In both styles of watch-cases, the sub-seconds dial was always at the 6 o'clock position. A hunter-case pocket watch with a spring-ring chain is pictured at the top of this page.


title: Pocket watch

text: An intermediate type, known as the demi-hunter (or half-hunter), is a case style in which the outer lid has a glass panel or hole in the centre giving a view of the hands. The hours are marked, often in blue enamel, on the outer lid itself; thus with this type of case one can tell the time without opening the lid.