title: Brett Eldredge

text: Eldredge co-wrote the track "I Think I've Had Enough" for Gary Allan, who recorded it for his eighth studio album, "Get Off on the Pain". By late 2010 he had signed to Atlantic Records and released his debut single, "Raymond" on September 27, 2010. It debuted at number 52 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart dated for the week ending October 16, 2010 and reached a peak of number 23. "It Ain't Gotta Be Love" was released as his second single and reached number 46. Eldredge performed on the Grand Ole Opry on October 29, 2010.


title: Brett Eldredge

text: A third single, "Don't Ya", was released to country radio in October 2012. It became his first single to reach the top 20 of the Hot Country Songs chart and his first to appear on the "Billboard" Hot 100. His debut studio album, "Bring You Back", was released on August 6, 2013. "Don't Ya" reached number one on the Country Airplay chart the same month. The album's second single, "Beat of the Music", also reached number one on the same chart. The album's third single, "Mean to Me", was released to country radio on July 14, 2014. It reached number one on the Country Airplay chart in March 2015.


title: Brett Eldredge

text: Eldredge's sixth single overall, "Lose My Mind", was released in 2015. It is the lead single to his second studio album, "Illinois". It reached number one on the Country Airplay chart in October 2015. The album's second single, "Drunk on Your Love" released to country radio on November 9, 2015. It reached at number two on the Country Airplay chart in April 2016. The album's third single, "Wanna Be That Song" released to country radio on May 23, 2016. It reached at number one on the Country Airplay in January 2017. He was one of the opening acts on Taylor Swift's Red Tour. On Memorial Day 2015, he sang "Take Me Out to The Ballgame" during the seventh Inning Stretch at Wrigley Field while the Cubs played host to the Washington Nationals.


title: Brett Eldredge

text: In 2016, Eldredge was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on ""Forever Country"", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads; On the Road Again; and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards.


title: Brett Eldredge

text: In March 2017, he released "Somethin' I'm Good At", the lead single to his self titled fourth studio album. The album's second single, "The Long Way" released to country radio on August 21, 2017, and peaked at #3. The album's third single was "Love Someone."


title: Brett Eldredge

text: On April 17, 2020, Eldredge released the single "Gabrielle", the lead single off his fifth studio album "Sunday Drive", released on July 10, 2020.


title: Brett Eldredge

text: On April 22, 2022, Eldredge released the single "Songs About You", the lead single from the album of the same name; the album was released on June 17, 2022.


title: Moros

text: In Greek mythology, Moros or Morus (Ancient Greek: Μόρος means 'doom, fate') is the 'hateful' personified spirit of impending doom, who drives mortals to their deadly fate. It was also said that Moros gave people the ability to foresee their death. His Roman equivalent was Fatum.


title: Moros

text: Moros is the offspring of Nyx, the primordial goddess of the night. It is suggested by Roman authors that Moros was sired by Erebus, primordial god of darkness. However, in Hesiod's Theogony it is suggested that Nyx bore him by herself, along with several of her other children.


title: Moros

text: Regardless of the presence or absence of Moros' father, this would make him the brother of the Moirai, or the Fates. Among his other siblings are Thanatos and the Keres, death spirits who represented the physical aspects of death—Keres being the bringers of violent death and terminal sickness, while Thanatos represents a more peaceful passing.


title: Moros

text: And Nyx (Night) bore hateful Moros (Doom) and black Ker (Violent Death) and Thanatos (Death), and she bore Hypnos (Sleep) and the tribe of Oneiroi (Dreams). And again the goddess murky Night, though she lay with none, bare Momos (Blame) and painful Oizys (Misery) and the Hesperides who guard the rich, golden apples and the trees bearing fruit beyond glorious Ocean. Also she bore the Moirai (Destinies) and ruthless avenging Keres (Death Fates), Clotho and Lachesis and Atropos, who give men at their birth both evil and good to have, and they pursue the transgressions of men and of gods: and these goddesses never cease from their dread anger until they punish the sinner with a sore penalty. Also deadly Night bore Nemesis (Indignation) to afflict mortal men, and after her, Apate (Deceit) and Philotes (Friendship) and hateful Geras (98) and hard-hearted Eris (Strife).


title: Moros

text: From Nox/ Nyx (Night) and Erebus [were born]: Fatum/ Moros (Fate), Senectus/ Geras (Old Age), Mors/ Thanatos (Death), Letum (Dissolution), Continentia/ Sophrosyne (Moderation), Somnus/ Hypnos (Sleep), Somnia/ Oneiroi (Dreams), Amor (Love)--that is Lysimeles, Epiphron (Prudence), Porphyrion, Epaphus, Discordia/ Eris (Discord), Miseria/ Oizys (Misery), Petulantia/ Hybris (Wantonness), Nemesis (Envy), Euphrosyne (Good Cheer), Amicitia/ Philotes (Friendship), Misericordia/ Eleos (Compassion), Styx (Hatred); the three Parcae/ Moirai (Fates), namely Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos; the Hesperides.


title: Moros

text: Their [Aether and Hemera's] brothers and sisters, whom the ancient genealogists name Amor/ Eros (Love), Dolus (Guile), Metus/ Deimos (Fear), Labor/ Ponus (Toil), Invidentia/ Nemesis (Envy), Fatum/ Moros (Fate), Senectus/ Geras (Old Age), Mors/ Thanatos (Death), Tenebrae/ Keres (Darkness), Miseria/ Oizys (Misery), Querella/ Momus (Complaint), Gratia/ Philotes (Favour), Fraus/ Apate (Fraud), Pertinacia (Obstinacy), the Parcae/ Moirai (Fates), the Hesperides, the Somnia/ Oneiroi (Dreams): all of these are fabled to be the children of Erebus (Darkness) and Nox/ Nyx (Night).


title: Moros

text: In "Prometheus Bound", the titular Titan suggests that he gave humanity the spirit Elpis, meaning hope, in order to help them ignore the inevitability of Moros. He is also referred to as "the all-destroying god, who, even in the realm of Death, does not set his victim free," further supporting his image as representative of the inevitability of death and suffering.


title: Moros

text: "A man dies not for the many wounds that pierce his breast, unless it be that life's end keep pace with death, nor by sitting on his hearth at home doth he the more escape his appointed doom ("peprômenon moros")."


title: Moros

text: Moros will be a character in the upcoming game "Hades II" published by Supergiant Games. His role in the game is currently unknown.


title: John Cullum

text: John Cullum is an American actor and singer. He has appeared in many stage musicals and dramas, including "Shenandoah" (1975) and "On the Twentieth Century" (1978), winning the Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for each. In 1966 he gained his first Tony nomination as the lead in "On a Clear Day You Can See Forever", in which he introduced the title song, and more recently received Tony nominations for "Urinetown The Musical" (2002) (Best Actor in a Musical) and as Best Featured Actor in the revival of "110 in the Shade" (2007).


title: John Cullum

text: Some of his other notable roles included tavern owner Holling Vincoeur in the television drama series "Northern Exposure", gaining an Emmy Award nomination (Best Supporting Actor in a Drama). He was featured in fifteen episodes of the NBC television series "ER" as Mark Greene's father. He also played the farmer, Jim Dahlberg, in the landmark television drama "The Day After". He has made multiple guest appearances on "Law & Order" and "" as attorney, now judge, Barry Moredock, and appeared as Big Mike in several episodes of "The Middle". He also appeared as Senator Beau Carpenter on the CBS series, "Madam Secretary".


title: John Cullum

text: Cullum was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of a banker. He attended Knoxville High School and the University of Tennessee. He played on the university's Southeastern Conference championship tennis team and was a member of Phi Gamma Delta. He starred in "Chucky Jack", an outdoor drama about Tennessee Governor John Sevier, at the old Hunter Hills Theater in Gatlinburg.


title: John Cullum

text: Cullum has been married to Emily Frankel since 1959. They have one son, JD Cullum (John David Cullum), who is also an actor.


title: John Cullum

text: He made his Broadway debut as Sir Dinadan in Alan Jay Lerner's and Frederick Loewe's "Camelot" in 1960. He also understudied Richard Burton (King Arthur) and Roddy McDowall (Arthur's son Mordred), going on four times when Burton became ill and succeeding McDowall. He went on to play Laertes opposite Burton's 1964 Broadway performance as Hamlet (and in the film version of the production) and in Burton's final Broadway appearance in Noël Coward's "Private Lives" in 1983.


title: John Cullum

text: In 1965, he was called in to replace Louis Jourdan during the Boston tryout of the musical "On a Clear Day You Can See Forever." It was his first starring role on Broadway, netting him a Theatre World Award and his first Tony Award nomination. The original cast album received a Grammy Award (presented to lyricist Alan Jay Lerner and composer Burton Lane).


title: John Cullum

text: He portrayed Edward Rutledge of South Carolina in the Broadway musical "1776", providing a dramatic highlight with his performance of "Molasses to Rum," a tirade against the hypocrisy of some Northerners over the slave trade ("They don't keep slaves, but they are willing to be considerable carriers of slaves to others. They're willing – for the shilling.") Cullum had been the third Rutledge on Broadway, but played the role the longest and repeated it for the 1972 film.


title: John Cullum

text: He is well known for premiering the role of Charlie Anderson in the musical "Shenandoah," which began at Goodspeed Opera House, Connecticut in 1974. Cullum won the Tony, Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards when the show was produced on Broadway in 1975. He also played the role at Wolf Trap, Virginia, in June 1976, opened the national tour for 3 weeks in Fall 1977 in Chicago, and starred in the limited run Broadway revival in 1989.


title: John Cullum

text: He followed "Shenandoah" by playing the maniacal Broadway producer Oscar Jaffee in the 1978 musical "On the Twentieth Century", opposite Madeline Kahn and later Judy Kaye, earning his second Tony Award. He received his fourth Tony nomination in 2002 for originating the role of evil moneygrubber corporate president Caldwell B. Cladwell in "Urinetown The Musical". He earned his fifth Tony nomination in the 2007 revival of "110 in the Shade", playing H.C. Curry, father to Audra McDonald's Lizzie.


title: John Cullum

text: In 2003, Cullum co-starred with Northern Exposure castmate Barry Corbin in "Blackwater Elegy", an award-winning short film written by Matthew Porter and co-directed by Porter and Joe O'Brien.


title: John Cullum

text: Later Broadway appearances include the title role of William Shakespeare's seldom-performed "Cymbeline," at Lincoln Center in 2007 and "", by Tracy Letts for the week of September 16, 2008, and then since November 11, 2008.


title: John Cullum

text: In addition to enjoying a long stage career, he is well known to television audiences for his regular role as Holling Vincoeur on the quirky CBS series "Northern Exposure", his extended appearances on the NBC medical drama "ER" as Mark Greene's father, and on "" as constitutional lawyer and later judge, Barry Moredock. Cullum has also appeared as Lucky Strike executive Lee Garner, Sr. on AMC's "Mad Men". He appeared as Leap Day William, the embodiment of the fictional Leap Day national holiday, in the "Leap Day" episode of the sixth season of NBC's "30 Rock".


title: John Cullum

text: John Cullum appeared on Broadway in "The Scottsboro Boys" (2010), a musical by Kander and Ebb about a notorious miscarriage of justice in the American South in the 1930s. "The Scottsboro Boys" was directed by Susan Stroman.


title: John Cullum

text: In 2015 Cullum appeared and sang in the satirical B&W period movie-musical footage of "Daddy's Boy" on "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt". The "forgotten footage" features comically incestuous lyrics set in an innocent context that apes classic 1930's films.


title: Baricitinib

text: Baricitinib, sold under the brand name Olumiant among others, is a medication used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, alopecia areata, and COVID-19. It acts as an inhibitor of janus kinase (JAK), blocking the subtypes JAK1 and JAK2.


title: Baricitinib

text: An important side effect of JAK inhibitors is serious bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal and viral infections.


title: Baricitinib

text: In February 2017, baricitinib was approved for use in the European Union as a second-line therapy for moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in adults, either alone or in combination with methotrexate.


title: Baricitinib

text: In May 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved baricitinib for the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonist therapies.


title: Baricitinib

text: In May 2022, the FDA approved baricitinib for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adults requiring supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). baricitinib is the first immunomodulatory treatment for COVID-19 to receive FDA approval.


title: Baricitinib

text: In the United States, baricitinib is authorized under an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized people aged 2 to less than 18 years of age who require supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.


title: Baricitinib

text: In studies, upper respiratory tract infections and high blood cholesterol levels (hypercholesterolemia) occurred in more than 10% of patients. Less common side effects included other infections such as herpes zoster, herpes simplex, urinary tract infections, and gastroenteritis.


title: Baricitinib

text: Being metabolized only to a small extent, the substance has a low potential for interactions. In studies, inhibitors of the liver enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9, as well as the CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin, had no relevant influence on baricitinib concentrations in the bloodstream. While baricitinib blocks a number of transporter proteins "in vitro", clinically relevant interactions via this mechanism are considered very unlikely, except perhaps for the cation transporter SLC22A1 (OCT1).


title: Baricitinib

text: Baricitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that reversibly inhibits Janus kinase 1 with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC) of 5.9 nM and Janus kinase 2 with an IC of 5.7 nM. Tyrosine kinase 2, which belongs to the same enzyme family, is affected less (IC = 53 nM), and Janus kinase 3 far less (IC > 400 nM). Via a signal transduction pathway involving STAT proteins, this ultimately modulates gene expression in immunological cells.


title: Baricitinib

text: Other JAK inhibitors include tofacitinib, which is indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis; fedratinib, and ruxolitinib.


title: Baricitinib

text: The substance is quickly absorbed from the gut with an absolute bioavailability of 79%. It reaches highest blood plasma levels after about an hour; in different individuals the time to reach this level ranges from 0.5 to 3 hours. Food intake has no relevant influence on the drug's pharmacokinetics. 50% of the circulating baricitinib are bound to blood plasma proteins.


title: Baricitinib

text: Less than 10% of the substance is metabolized to four different oxidation products by CYP3A4; the rest is left unchanged. Elimination half-life is 12.5 hours on average. About 75% is eliminated via the urine, and 20% via the faeces.


title: Baricitinib

text: In January 2016, Eli Lilly submitted a new drug application to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the approval of baricitinib to treat moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis.


title: Baricitinib

text: In December 2016, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended the approval of baricitinib as a therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. European Union approval was granted in February 2017.


title: Baricitinib

text: Despite widespread expectations that the FDA would approve baricitinib for rheumatoid arthritis, in April 2017, the FDA issued a rejection, citing concerns about dosing and safety.


title: Baricitinib

text: In May 2018, baricitinib was approved in the United States for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.


title: Baricitinib

text: In March 2020, the US FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation to baricitinib for the treatment of alopecia areata and granted approval in June 2022.


title: Baricitinib

text: The efficacy and safety of baricitinib in alopecia areata was studied in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Trial AA-1 and Trial AA-2) with participants who had at least 50% scalp hair loss as measured by the Severity of Alopecia Tool for more than six months. Participants in these trials received either a placebo, 2 milligrams of Olumiant, or 4 milligrams of Olumiant every day. The primary measurement of efficacy for both trials was the proportion of patients who achieved at least 80% scalp hair coverage at week 36.


title: Baricitinib

text: , 31 clinical trials had been registered for baricitinib of which 24 had completed, and 4 of 6 phase 3 trials had completed.


title: Baricitinib

text: In April 2020, Lilly announced they were investigating the use of baricitinib for treating people with COVID-19. The drug's anti-inflammatory activity was expected to act on the inflammatory cascade associated with COVID-19.


title: Baricitinib

text: In April and June 2020, the first two studies of baricitinib prescribed for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were published online. Then in November 2020, published research showed barcitinib was beneficial in treating people with COVID-19. According to the paper "mechanistic actions of a Janus kinase-1/2 inhibitor targeting viral entry, replication and the cytokine storm, and is associated with beneficial outcomes including in severely ill elderly people".


title: Baricitinib

text: In a clinical trial of hospitalized people with COVID-19, baricitinib, in combination with remdesivir, was shown to reduce time to recovery within 29 days after initiating treatment compared to participants who received a placebo with remdesivir.


title: Baricitinib

text: The data supporting the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization (EUA) for baricitinib combined with remdesivir was based on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (ACTT-2), which was conducted by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). This clinical trial evaluated whether baricitinib impacted how long it took for subjects who were also taking remdesivir to recover from COVID-19. The trial followed participants for 29 days and included 1,033 participants with moderate or severe COVID-19; 515 participants received baricitinib plus remdesivir, and 518 participants received placebo plus remdesivir. Recovery was defined as either being discharged from the hospital or being hospitalized but not requiring supplemental oxygen and no longer requiring ongoing medical care. The median time to recovery from COVID-19 was seven days for baricitinib plus remdesivir and eight days for placebo plus remdesivir. The odds of a patient's condition progressing to death or being ventilated at day 29 was 31% lower in the baricitinib plus remdesivir group versus the placebo plus remdesivir group. The odds of clinical improvement at day 15 was 30% higher in the baricitinib plus remdesivir group versus the placebo plus remdesivir group. For all of these endpoints, the effects were statistically significant. The EUA was issued to Eli Lilly and Company.


title: Baricitinib

text: In November 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its guideline on therapeutics for COVID-19 to include a conditional recommendation against the use of remdesivir, triggered by results from the WHO Solidarity trial.


title: Baricitinib

text: In November 2020, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the combination of baricitinib with remdesivir, for the treatment of suspected or laboratory confirmed COVID-19 in hospitalized people aged two years of age or older requiring supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).


title: Baricitinib

text: Then in September 2021, the largest randomized, placebo-controlled trial of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 to date, COV-BARRIER, was published. This trial randomized 1525 participants to either baricitinib or placebo. Nearly 80% of participants were receiving systemic corticosteroids at enrollment. There was an absolute risk reduction of 2.7 percent in the primary endpoint of progression to high-flow oxygen, non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, or death by day 28. The 38.2% statistically significant reduction in all-cause 28-day mortality for participants receiving baricitinib compared to placebo was the largest mortality reduction to date and maintained at 60 days. This translates into one additional death prevented for every 20 patients treated with baricitinib. The frequencies of serious adverse events were lower for participants receiving baricitinib compared to those receiving placebo.


title: Baricitinib

text: , the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) is evaluating the use of baricitinib to include treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients from ten years of age who require supplemental oxygen.


title: Baricitinib

text: In July 2021, the FDA revised the EUA for baricitinib now authorizing it alone for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized people aged two years of age or older requiring supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Under the revised EUA, baricitinib is not required to be administered with remdesivir.


title: Baricitinib

text: As of January 2022, the World Health Organization strongly recommended baricitinib for patients with severe or critical COVID-19. Thereafter in February 2022, an exploratory randomized, placebo-controlled trial of patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were randomly to baricitinib or placebo. There was a 46% statistically significant relative reduction in all-cause mortality for participants receiving baricitinib compared to those receiving placebo at 28 days which was sustained at 60 days.


title: Baricitinib

text: Then in May 2022, the FDA approved use of baricitinib for the treatment of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who require supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with a recommended dose of 4 mg once daily for 14 days or until hospital discharge, whichever happens first.


title: Baricitinib

text: On 3 March 2022, the RECOVERY trial reported that the use of baricitinib cut the risk of death by about a fifth in about 12,000 participants.


title: Metalworking

text: Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on every scale: from huge ships, buildings, and bridges down to precise engine parts and delicate jewelry.


title: Metalworking

text: The historical roots of metalworking predate recorded history; its use spans cultures, civilizations and millennia. It has evolved from shaping soft, native metals like gold with simple hand tools, through the smelting of ores and hot forging of harder metals like iron, up to highly technical modern processes such as machining and welding. It has been used as an industry, a driver of trade, individual hobbies, and in the creation of art; it can be regarded as both a science and a craft.


title: Metalworking

text: Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized into one of three broad areas known as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Modern metalworking workshops, typically known as machine shops, hold a wide variety of specialized or general-use machine tools capable of creating highly precise, useful products. Many simpler metalworking techniques, such as blacksmithing, are no longer economically competitive on a large scale in developed countries; some of them are still in use in less developed countries, for artisanal or hobby work, or for historical reenactment.


title: Metalworking

text: The oldest archaeological evidence of copper mining and working was the discovery of a copper pendant in northern Iraq from 8,700 BCE. The earliest substantiated and dated evidence of metalworking in the Americas was the processing of copper in Wisconsin, near Lake Michigan. Copper was hammered until it became brittle, then heated so it could be worked further. In America, this technology is dated to about 4000–5000 BCE. The oldest gold artifacts in the world come from the Bulgarian Varna Necropolis and date from 4450 BCE.


title: Metalworking

text: Not all metal required fire to obtain it or work it. Isaac Asimov speculated that gold was the "first metal". His reasoning being, that, by its chemistry, it is found in nature as nuggets of pure gold. In other words, gold, as rare as it is, is sometimes found in nature as a native metal. Some metals can also be found in meteors. Almost all other metals are found in ores, a mineral-bearing rock, that require heat or some other process to liberate the metal. Another feature of gold is that it is workable as it is found, meaning that no technology beyond a stone hammer and anvil is needed to work the metal. This is a result of gold's properties of malleability and ductility. The earliest tools were stone, bone, wood, and sinew, all of which sufficed to work gold.


title: Metalworking

text: At some unknown time, the process of liberating metals from rock by heat became known, and rocks rich in copper, tin, and lead came into demand. These ores were mined wherever they were recognized. Remnants of such ancient mines have been found all over Southwestern Asia. Metalworking was being carried out by the South Asian inhabitants of Mehrgarh between 7000 and 3300 BCE. The end of the beginning of metalworking occurs sometime around 6000 BCE when copper smelting became common in Southwestern Asia.


title: Metalworking

text: Ancient civilisations knew of seven metals. Here they are arranged in order of their oxidation potential (in volts):


title: Metalworking

text: The oxidation potential is important because it is one indicator of how tightly bound to the ore the metal is likely to be. As can be seen, iron is significantly higher than the other six metals while gold is dramatically lower than the six above it. Gold's low oxidation is one of the main reasons that gold is found in nuggets. These nuggets are relatively pure gold and are workable as they are found.


title: Metalworking

text: Copper ore, being relatively abundant, and tin ore became the next important substances in the story of metalworking. Using heat to smelt copper from ore, a great deal of copper was produced. It was used for both jewelry and simple tools. However, copper by itself was too soft for tools requiring edges and stiffness. At some point tin was added into the molten copper and bronze was developed thereby. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Bronze was an important advance because it had the edge-durability and stiffness that pure copper lacked. Until the advent of iron, bronze was the most advanced metal for tools and weapons in common use (see Bronze Age for more detail).


title: Metalworking

text: Outside Southwestern Asia, these same advances and materials were being discovered and used around the world. People in China and Great Britain began using bronze with little time being devoted to copper. Japanese began the use of bronze and iron almost simultaneously. In the Americas it was different. Although the peoples of the Americas knew of metals, it was not until the European colonisation that metalworking for tools and weapons became common. Jewelry and art were the principal uses of metals in the Americas prior to European influence.


title: Metalworking

text: About 2700 BCE, production of bronze was common in locales where the necessary materials could be assembled for smelting, heating, and working the metal. Iron was beginning to be smelted and began its emergence as an important metal for tools and weapons. The period that followed became known as the Iron Age.


title: Metalworking

text: By the historical periods of the Pharaohs in Egypt, the Vedic Kings in India, the Tribes of Israel, and the Maya civilization in North America, among other ancient populations, precious metals began to have value attached to them. In some cases rules for ownership, distribution, and trade were created, enforced, and agreed upon by the respective peoples. By the above periods metalworkers were very skilled at creating objects of adornment, religious artifacts, and trade instruments of precious metals (non-ferrous), as well as weaponry usually of ferrous metals and/or alloys. These skills were well executed. The techniques were practiced by artisans, blacksmiths, atharvavedic practitioners, alchemists, and other categories of metalworkers around the globe. For example, the granulation technique was employed by numerous ancient cultures before the historic record shows people traveled to far regions to share this process. Metalsmiths today still use this and many other ancient techniques.


title: Metalworking

text: As time progressed, metal objects became more common, and ever more complex. The need to further acquire and work metals grew in importance. Skills related to extracting metal ores from the earth began to evolve, and metalsmiths became more knowledgeable. Metalsmiths became important members of society. Fates and economies of entire civilizations were greatly affected by the availability of metals and metalsmiths. The metalworker depends on the extraction of precious metals to make jewelry, build more efficient electronics, and for industrial and technological applications from construction to shipping containers to rail, and air transport. Without metals, goods and services would cease to move around the globe on the scale we know today.


title: Metalworking

text: Metalworking generally is divided into three categories: "forming", "cutting", and "joining". Most metal cutting is done by high speed steel tools or carbide tools. Each of these categories contains various processes.


title: Metalworking

text: Prior to most operations, the metal must be marked out and/or measured, depending on the desired finished product.


title: Metalworking

text: "Marking out" (also known as layout) is the process of transferring a design or pattern to a workpiece and is the first step in the handcraft of metalworking. It is performed in many industries or hobbies, although in industry, the repetition eliminates the need to mark out every individual piece. In the metal trades area, marking out consists of transferring the engineer's plan to the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture.


title: Metalworking

text: "Calipers" are hand tools designed to precisely measure the distance between two points. Most calipers have two sets of flat, parallel edges used for inner or outer diameter measurements. These calipers can be accurate to within one-thousandth of an inch (25.4 μm). Different types of calipers have different mechanisms for displaying the distance measured. Where larger objects need to be measured with less precision, a tape measure is often used.


title: Metalworking

text: Casting achieves a specific form by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool, with no mechanical force. Forms of casting include:


title: Metalworking

text: These "forming" processes modify metal or workpiece by deforming the object, that is, without removing any material. Forming is done with a system of mechanical forces and, especially for bulk metal forming, with heat.


title: Metalworking

text: Plastic deformation involves using heat or pressure to make a workpiece more conductive to mechanical force. Historically, this and casting were done by blacksmiths, though today the process has been industrialized. In bulk metal forming, the workpiece is generally heated up.


title: Metalworking

text: These types of forming process involve the application of mechanical force at room temperature. However, some recent developments involve the heating of dies and/or parts. Advancements in automated metalworking technology have made progressive die stamping possible which is a method that can encompass punching, coining, bending and several other ways below that modify metal at less cost while resulting in less scrap.


title: Metalworking

text: "Cutting" is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished part that meets specifications. The net result of cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the finished part. In woodworking, the waste would be sawdust and excess wood. In cutting metals the waste is chips or swarf and excess metal.


title: Metalworking

text: Drilling a hole in a metal part is the most common example of a chip producing process. Using an oxy-fuel cutting torch to separate a plate of steel into smaller pieces is an example of burning. Chemical milling is an example of a specialty process that removes excess material by the use of etching chemicals and masking chemicals.


title: Metalworking

text: Cutting fluid or coolant is used where there is significant friction and heat at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and the workpiece. Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are many methods of delivering coolant.


title: Metalworking

text: Milling is the complex shaping of metal or other materials by removing material to form the final shape. It is generally done on a milling machine, a power-driven machine that in its basic form consists of a milling cutter that rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple directions (usually two dimensions [x and y axis] relative to the workpiece). The spindle usually moves in the z axis. It is possible to raise the table (where the workpiece rests). Milling machines may be operated manually or under computer numerical control (CNC), and can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling and threading, rabbeting, routing, etc. Two common types of mills are the horizontal mill and vertical mill.


title: Metalworking

text: The pieces produced are usually complex 3D objects that are converted into x, y, and z coordinates that are then fed into the CNC machine and allow it to complete the tasks required. The milling machine can produce most parts in 3D, but some require the objects to be rotated around the x, y, or z coordinate axis (depending on the need). Tolerances come in a variety of standards, depending on the locale. In countries still using the imperial system, this is usually in the thousandths of an inch (unit known as "thou"), depending on the specific machine. In many other European countries, standards following the ISO are used instead.


title: Metalworking

text: In order to keep both the bit and material cool, a high temperature coolant is used. In most cases the coolant is sprayed from a hose directly onto the bit and material. This coolant can either be machine or user controlled, depending on the machine.


title: Metalworking

text: Materials that can be milled range from aluminum to stainless steel and almost everything in between. Each material requires a different speed on the milling tool and varies in the amount of material that can be removed in one pass of the tool. Harder materials are usually milled at slower speeds with small amounts of material removed. Softer materials vary, but usually are milled with a high bit speed.


title: Metalworking

text: The use of a milling machine adds costs that are factored into the manufacturing process. Each time the machine is used coolant is also used, which must be periodically added in order to prevent breaking bits. A milling bit must also be changed as needed in order to prevent damage to the material. Time is the biggest factor for costs. Complex parts can require hours to complete, while very simple parts take only minutes. This in turn varies the production time as well, as each part will require different amounts of time.


title: Metalworking

text: Safety is key with these machines. The bits are traveling at high speeds and removing pieces of usually scalding hot metal. The advantage of having a CNC milling machine is that it protects the machine operator.


title: Metalworking

text: Turning is a metal cutting process for producing a cylindrical surface with a single point tool. The workpiece is rotated on a spindle and the cutting tool is fed into it radially, axially or both. Producing surfaces perpendicular to the workpiece axis is called facing. Producing surfaces using both radial and axial feeds is called profiling.


title: Metalworking

text: A "lathe" is a machine tool which spins a block or cylinder of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, crankshafts, camshafts, and bearing mounts.


title: Metalworking

text: Lathes have four main components: the bed, the headstock, the carriage, and the tailstock. The bed is a precise & very strong base which all of the other components rest upon for alignment. The headstock's spindle secures the workpiece with a chuck, whose jaws (usually three or four) are tightened around the piece. The spindle rotates at high speed, providing the energy to cut the material. While historically lathes were powered by belts from a line shaft, modern examples uses electric motors. The workpiece extends out of the spindle along the axis of rotation above the flat bed. The carriage is a platform that can be moved, precisely and independently parallel and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. A hardened cutting tool is held at the desired height (usually the middle of the workpiece) by the toolpost. The carriage is then moved around the rotating workpiece, and the cutting tool gradually removes material from the workpiece. The tailstock can be slid along the axis of rotation and then locked in place as necessary. It may hold centers to further secure the workpiece, or cutting tools driven into the end of the workpiece.


title: Metalworking

text: Threading: A tool is fed along and across the outside or inside surface of rotating parts to produce external or internal threads.


title: Metalworking

text: Boring: A single-point tool is fed linearly and parallel to the axis of rotation to create a round hole.


title: Metalworking

text: Knurling: Uses a tool to produce a rough surface texture on the work piece. Frequently used to allow grip by hand on a metal part.


title: Metalworking

text: Modern computer numerical control (CNC) lathes and (CNC) machining centres can do secondary operations like milling by using driven tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. The CNC machines use x, y, and z coordinates in order to control the turning tools and produce the product. Most modern day CNC lathes are able to produce most turned objects in 3D.


title: Metalworking

text: Nearly all types of metal can be turned, although more time & specialist cutting tools are needed for harder workpieces.


title: Metalworking

text: There are many threading processes including: cutting threads with a tap or die, thread milling, single-point thread cutting, thread rolling, cold root rolling and forming, and thread grinding. A "tap" is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a pre-drilled hole, while a "die" cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod.


title: Metalworking

text: "Grinding" uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or inorganic materials.


title: Metalworking

text: The simplest grinder is a bench grinder or a hand-held angle grinder, for deburring parts or cutting metal with a zip-disc.


title: Metalworking

text: Grinders have increased in size and complexity with advances in time and technology. From the old days of a manual toolroom grinder sharpening endmills for a production shop, to today's 30000 RPM CNC auto-loading manufacturing cell producing jet turbines, grinding processes vary greatly.


title: Metalworking

text: Grinders need to be very rigid machines to produce the required finish. Some grinders are even used to produce glass scales for positioning CNC machine axis. The common rule is the machines used to produce scales be 10 times more accurate than the machines the parts are produced for.


title: Metalworking

text: In the past grinders were used for finishing operations only because of limitations of tooling. Modern grinding wheel materials and the use of industrial diamonds or other man-made coatings (cubic boron nitride) on wheel forms have allowed grinders to achieve excellent results in production environments instead of being relegated to the back of the shop.


title: Metalworking

text: Modern technology has advanced grinding operations to include CNC controls, high material removal rates with high precision, lending itself well to aerospace applications and high volume production runs of precision components.


title: Metalworking

text: "Filing" is combination of grinding and saw tooth cutting using a file. Prior to the development of modern machining equipment it provided a relatively accurate means for the production of small parts, especially those with flat surfaces. The skilled use of a file allowed a machinist to work to fine tolerances and was the hallmark of the craft. Today filing is rarely used as a production technique in industry, though it remains as a common method of deburring.


title: Metalworking

text: Broaching is a machining operation used to cut keyways into shafts. Electron beam machining (EBM) is a machining process where high-velocity electrons are directed toward a work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. Ultrasonic machining uses ultrasonic vibrations to machine very hard or brittle materials.


title: Metalworking

text: "Welding" is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld.


title: Metalworking

text: Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.


title: Metalworking

text: "Brazing" is a joining process in which a filler metal is melted and drawn into a capillary formed by the assembly of two or more work pieces. The filler metal reacts metallurgically with the workpieces and solidifies in the capillary, forming a strong joint. Unlike welding, the work piece is not melted. Brazing is similar to soldering, but occurs at temperatures in excess of . Brazing has the advantage of producing less thermal stresses than welding, and brazed assemblies tend to be more ductile than weldments because alloying elements can not segregate and precipitate.


title: Metalworking

text: Brazing techniques include, flame brazing, resistance brazing, furnace brazing, diffusion brazing, inductive brazing and vacuum brazing.


title: Metalworking

text: "Soldering" is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below . It is similar to brazing in the way that a filler is melted and drawn into a capillary to form a joint, although at a lower temperature. Because of this lower temperature and different alloys used as fillers, the metallurgical reaction between filler and work piece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint.


title: Metalworking

text: "Riveting" is one of the most ancient metalwork joining processes. Its use declined markedly during the second half of the 20th century, but it still retains important uses in industry and construction, and in artisan crafts such as jewellery, medieval armouring and metal couture in the early 21st century. The earlier use of rivets is being superseded by improvements in welding and component fabrication techniques.


title: Metalworking

text: A rivet is essentially a two-headed and unthreaded bolt which holds two other pieces of metal together. Holes are drilled or punched through the two pieces of metal to be joined. The holes being aligned, a rivet is passed through the holes and permanent heads are formed onto the ends of the rivet utilizing hammers and forming dies (by either cold working or hotworking).


title: Metalworking

text: When it is necessary to remove rivets, one of the rivet's heads is sheared off with a cold chisel. The rivet is then driven out with a hammer and punch.


title: Metalworking

text: This includes screws, as well as bolts. This is often used as it requires relatively little specialist equipment, and are therefore often used in flat-pack furniture. It can also be used when a metal is joined to another material (such as wood) or a particular metal does not weld well (such as aluminum). This can be done to directly join metals, or with an intermediate material such as nylon. While often weaker than other methods such as welding or brazing, the metal can easily be removed and therefore reused or recycled. It can also be done in conjunction with an epoxy or glue, reverting it's ecological benefits.


title: Metalworking

text: While these processes are not primary metalworking processes, they are often performed before or after metalworking processes.


title: Metalworking

text: Metals can be heat treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness or resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, precipitation hardening, quenching, and tempering:


title: Metalworking

text: Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what is known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high alloy special steels, super alloys and titanium alloys.


title: Metalworking

text: Electroplating is a common surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as gold, silver, chromium or zinc to the surface of the product by hydrolysis. It is used to reduce corrosion, create abrasion resistance and improve the product's aesthetic appearance. Plating can even change the properties of the original part including conductivity, heat dissipation or structural integrity. There are four main electroplating methods to ensure proper coating and cost effectiveness per product: mass plating, rack plating, continuous plating and line plating.


title: Metalworking

text: Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings due to the thicker coating. The four main thermal spray processes include electric wire arc spray, flame (oxy acetylene combustion) spray, plasma spray and high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) spray.


title: DMARC

text: Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC) is an email authentication protocol. It is designed to give email domain owners the ability to protect their domain from unauthorized use, commonly known as email spoofing. The purpose and primary outcome of implementing DMARC is to protect a domain from being used in business email compromise attacks, phishing email, email scams and other cyber threat activities.


title: DMARC

text: Once the DMARC DNS entry is published, any receiving email server can authenticate the incoming email based on the instructions published by the domain owner within the DNS entry. If the email passes the authentication, it will be delivered and can be trusted. If the email fails the check, depending on the instructions held within the DMARC record the email could be delivered, quarantined or rejected. For example, one email forwarding service delivers the mail, but as "From: no-reply@<forwarding service>".


title: DMARC

text: DMARC extends two existing email authentication mechanisms, Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM). It allows the administrative owner of a domain to publish a policy in their DNS records to specify which mechanism (DKIM, SPF or both) is employed when sending email from that domain; how to check the codice_1 field presented to end users; how the receiver should deal with failures – and a reporting mechanism for actions performed under those policies.


title: DMARC

text: DMARC is defined in the Internet Engineering Task Force's published document , dated March 2015, as "Informational".


title: DMARC

text: A DMARC policy allows a sender's domain to indicate that their email messages are protected by SPF and/or DKIM, and tells a receiver what to do if neither of those authentication methods passes – such as to reject the message or quarantine it. The policy can also specify how an email receiver can report back to the sender's domain about messages that pass and/or fail.


title: DMARC

text: DMARC does not directly address whether or not an email is spam or otherwise fraudulent. Instead, DMARC can require that a message not only pass DKIM or SPF validation, but that it also pass alignment. Under DMARC a message can fail even if it passes SPF or DKIM, but fails alignment.


title: DMARC

text: DMARC operates by checking that the domain in the message's codice_1 field (also called "RFC5322.From") is "aligned" with other authenticated domain names. If either SPF or DKIM alignment checks pass, then the DMARC alignment test passes.


title: DMARC

text: Alignment may be specified as strict or relaxed. For strict alignment, the domain names must be identical. For relaxed alignment, the top-level "Organizational Domain" must match. The Organizational Domain is found by checking a list of public DNS suffixes, and adding the next DNS label. So, for example, "a.b.c.d.example.com.au" and "example.com.au" have the same Organizational Domain, because there is a registrar that offers names in ".com.au" to customers. Although at the time of DMARC spec there was an IETF working group on domain boundaries, nowadays the organizational domain can only be derived from the Public Suffix List.


title: DMARC

text: Like SPF and DKIM, DMARC uses the concept of a domain owner, the entity or entities that are authorized to make changes to a given DNS domain.


title: DMARC

text: SPF checks that the IP address of the sending server is authorized by the owner of the domain that appears in the SMTP codice_3 command. (The email address in MAIL FROM is also called the bounce address, envelope-from or RFC5321.MailFrom.) In addition to requiring that the SPF check passes, DMARC checks that RFC5321.MailFrom aligns with 5322.From.


title: DMARC

text: DKIM allows parts of an email message to be cryptographically signed, and the signature must cover the From field. Within the DKIM-Signature mail header, the codice_4 (domain) and codice_5 (selector) tags specify where in DNS to retrieve the public key for the signature. A valid signature proves that the signer is a domain owner, and that the From field hasn't been modified since the signature was applied. There may be several DKIM signatures on an email message; DMARC requires one valid signature where the domain in the codice_4 tag aligns with the sender's domain stated in the codice_1 header field.


title: DMARC

text: DMARC records are published in DNS with a subdomain label codice_8, for example codice_9. Compare this to SPF at codice_10, and DKIM at codice_11.


title: DMARC

text: The content of the TXT resource record consists of codice_12 tags, separated by semicolons, similar to SPF and DKIM. For example:


title: DMARC

text: Here, codice_13 is the version, codice_14 is the policy (see below), codice_15 the subdomain policy, codice_16 is the percent of "bad" email on which to apply the policy, and codice_17 is the URI to send aggregate reports to. In this example, the entity controlling the example.com DNS domain intends to monitor SPF and/or DKIM failure rates and doesn't expect email to be sent from subdomains of example.com. Note that a subdomain can publish its own DMARC record; receivers must check it out before falling back to the organizational domain record.


title: DMARC

text: The protocol provides for various ratchets, or transitional states, to allow mail admins to gradually transition from not implementing DMARC at all all the way through to an unyielding setup. The concept of stepwise adoption assumes that the goal of DMARC is the strongest setting, which is not the case for all domains. Regardless of intent, these mechanisms allow for greater flexibility.


title: DMARC

text: The policy published can be mitigated by applying it to only a percentage of the messages that fail DMARC check. Receivers are asked to select the given percentage of messages by a simple Bernoulli sampling algorithm. The rest of the messages should undergo the lower policy; that is, none if codice_18, quarantine if codice_19. If not specified, pct defaults to 100% of messages. The case codice_20 is being used to force mailing list managers to rewrite the From: field, as some don't do so when codice_21.


title: DMARC

text: Finally, the subdomain policy, codice_22 and the newly added no-domain policy allow tweaking the policy for specific subdomains.


title: DMARC

text: DMARC is capable of producing two separate types of reports. Aggregate reports are sent to the address specified following the codice_17. Forensic reports are emailed to the address following the codice_24 tag. These mail addresses must be specified in URI mailto format (e.g. <nowiki>mailto:worker@example.net</nowiki> ). Multiple reporting addresses are valid and must each be in full URI format, separated by a comma.


title: DMARC

text: Target email addresses can belong to external domains. In that case, the target domain has to set up a DMARC record to say it agrees to receive them, otherwise it would be possible to exploit reporting for spam amplification. For example, say codice_25 receives a mail message codice_26 and wishes to report it. If it finds codice_27, it looks for a confirming DNS record in the namespace administered by the target, like this:


title: DMARC

text: Aggregate Reports are sent as XML files, typically once per day. The subject mentions the "Report Domain", which indicates the DNS domain name about which the report was generated, and the "Submitter", which is the entity issuing the report. The payload is in an attachment with a long filename consisting of bang-separated elements such as the report-issuing receiver, the begin and end epochs of the reported period as Unix-style time stamps, an optional unique identifier and an extension which depends on the possible compression (used to be codice_28).


title: DMARC

text: The XML content consists of a header, containing the policy on which the report is based and report metadata, followed by a number of records. Records can be put in a database as a relation and viewed in a tabular form. The XML schema is defined in Appendix C of specifications and a raw record is exemplified in dmarc.org. Here we stick with a relational example, which better conveys the nature of the data. DMARC records can also be directly transformed in HTML by applying an XSL stylesheet.


title: DMARC

text: Rows are grouped by source IP and authentication results, passing just the count of each group. The leftmost result columns, labelled SPF and DKIM show DMARC-wise results, either pass or fail, taking alignment into account. The rightmost ones, with similar labels, show the name of the domain which claims to participate in the sending of the message and (in parentheses) the authentication status of that claim according to the original protocol, SPF or DKIM, regardless of Identifier Alignment. On the right side, SPF can appear at most twice, once for the codice_30 test and once for the codice_31 test; DKIM can appear once for each signature present in the message. In the example, the first row represents the main mail flow from example.org, and the second row is a DKIM glitch, such as signature breakage due to a minor alteration in transit. The third and fourth rows show typical failures modes of a forwarder and a mailing list, respectively. DMARC authentication failed for the last row only; it could have affected the message disposition if example.org had specified a strict policy.


title: DMARC

text: The disposition reflects the policy published actually applied to the messages, "none", "quarantine", or "reject". Along with it, not shown in the table, DMARC provides for a policy override. Some reasons why a receiver can apply a policy different from the one requested are already provided for by the specification:


title: DMARC

text: Forensic Reports, also known as Failure Reports, are generated in real time and consist of redacted copies of individual messages that failed SPF, DKIM or both based upon what value is specified in the codice_32 tag. Their format, an extension of Abuse Reporting Format, resembles that of regular bounces in that they contain either a "message/rfc822" or a "text/rfc822-headers".


title: DMARC

text: Mailing lists are a frequent cause of legitimate breakage of the original author's domain DKIM signature, for example by adding a prefix to the subject header. A number of workarounds are possible, and mailing list software packages are working on solutions.


title: DMARC

text: This workaround keeps the standard mailing list workflow, and is adopted by several large mailing list operators, but precludes the list adding footers and subject prefixes. This requires careful configuration of mailing software to make sure signed headers are not reordered or modified. A misconfigured email server may put List-id in its DKIM of messages sent to a mailing list, and then the list operator is forced to reject it or do From: rewriting.


title: DMARC

text: One of the most popular and least intrusive workarounds consists of rewriting the codice_1 header field. The original author's address can then be added to the codice_35 field. Rewriting can range from just appending codice_36 to the domain name, to allocating a temporary user ID where an opaque ID is used, which keeps the user's "real" email address private from the list. In addition, the display name can be changed so as to show both the author and the list (or list operator). Those examples would result, respectively, in one of the following:


title: DMARC

text: The last line, codice_35, has to be designed in order to accommodate reply-to-author functionality, in which case reply-to-list functionality is covered by the preceding change in the codice_1 header field. That way, the original meaning of those fields is reversed.


title: DMARC

text: Altering the author is not fair in general, and can break the expected relationship between meaning and appearance of that datum. It also breaks automated use of it. There are communities which use mailing lists to coordinate their work, and deploy tools which use the codice_1 field to attribute authorship to attachments.


title: DMARC

text: Wrapping the message works nicely, for those who use an email client which understands wrapped messages. Not doing any change is perhaps the most obvious solution, except that they seem to be legally required in some countries, and that routinely losing SPF authentication may render overall authentication more fragile.


title: DMARC

text: Making changes to the codice_1 header field to pass DKIM alignment may bring the message out of compliance with RFC 5322 section 3.6.2: "The 'From:' field specifies the author(s) of the message, that is, the mailbox(es) of the person(s) or system(s) responsible for the writing of the message." Mailbox refers to the author's email address. The codice_41 header is available to indicate that an email was sent on behalf of another party, but DMARC only checks policy for the From domain and ignores the Sender domain.


title: DMARC

text: Both ADSP and DMARC reject using the Sender field on the non-technical basis that many user agents do not display this to the recipient.


title: DMARC

text: In October 2013, GNU Mailman 2.1.16 was released with options to handle posters from a domain with the DMARC policy of codice_19. The change tried to anticipate the interoperability issues expected in case restrictive policies were applied to domains with human users (as opposed to purely transactional mail domains).


title: DMARC

text: In April 2014, Yahoo changed its DMARC policy to codice_19, thereby causing misbehavior in several mailing lists. A few days later, AOL also changed its DMARC policy to codice_19. Those moves resulted in a significant amount of disruption, and those mailbox providers have been accused of forcing the costs of their own security failures onto third parties. As of 2020, the FAQ in the official DMARC wiki contains several suggestions for mailing lists to handle messages from a domain with a strict DMARC policy, of which the most widely implemented is the mailing list changing the “From” header to an address in its own domain.


title: DMARC

text: An IETF working group was formed in August 2014 in order to address DMARC issues, starting from interoperability concerns and possibly continuing with a revised standard specification and documentation. Meanwhile, the existing DMARC specification had reached an editorial state agreed upon and implemented by many. It was published in March 2015 on the Independent Submission stream in the "Informational" (non-standard) category as RFC 7489.


title: DMARC

text: In March 2017, the Federal Trade Commission published a study on DMARC usage by businesses. Out of 569 businesses, the study found about a third implemented any DMARC configuration, fewer than 10% used DMARC to instruct servers to reject unauthenticated messages, and a majority had implemented SPF.


title: Word game

text: Word games (also called word game puzzles or word search games) are spoken, board, or video games often designed to test ability with language or to explore its properties.


title: Word game

text: Word games are generally used as a source of entertainment, but can additionally serve an educational purpose. Young children can enjoy playing games such as Hangman, while naturally developing important language skills like spelling. Researchers have found that adults who regularly solved crossword puzzles, which require familiarity with a larger vocabulary, had better brain function later in life.


title: Word game

text: Popular word-based game shows have been a part of television and radio throughout broadcast history, including "Spelling Bee", the first televised game show, and "Wheel of Fortune", the longest-running syndicated game show in the United States.


title: Word game

text: In a letter arrangement game, the goal is to form words out of given letters. These games generally test vocabulary skills as well as lateral thinking skills. Some examples of letter arrangement games include "Scrabble", "Upwords", "Bananagrams", "Countdown" and "Paperback".


title: Word game

text: In a paper and pencil game, players write their own words, often under specific constraints. For example, a crossword requires players to use clues to fill out a grid, with words intersecting at specific letters. Other examples of paper and pencil games include hangman, categories, "Boggle", and word searches.


title: Word game

text: Semantic games focus on the semantics of words, utilising their meanings and the shared knowledge of players as a mechanic. Mad Libs, "Blankety Blank", and Codenames are all semantic games.


title: Word game

text: As part of the modern "Golden Age" of board games, designers have created a variety of newer, non-traditional word games, often with more complex rules. Games like "Codenames", "Decrypto", and "Anomia" were all designed after 2010, and have earned widespread acclaim. Mobile games like "Words with Friends" and "Word Connect" have also brought word games to modern audiences.


title: Word game

text: Many popular word games have been adapted to television and radio game shows. As well as the examples given above, shows like "Lingo", "Says You!", "Catchphrase," and "Only Connect" either revolve around or include elements of word games. Word games have also been launched on the Internet and featured in major publications, such as "The New York Times "Spelling Bee.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: Iddarammayilatho () is a 2013 Indian Telugu-language romantic action film written and directed by Puri Jagannadh. It stars Allu Arjun, Amala Paul, and Catherine Tresa while Brahmanandam, Ali, Shawar Ali, Nassar, Pragathi, Tanikella Bharani, Tulasi, Subbaraju, and Rao Ramesh play supporting roles. The film was entirely shot in Spain and Paris. Bandla Ganesh has produced the film under Parameswara Art Productions. The film was simultaneously dubbed and released in Malayalam as "Romeo & Juliets". Iddarammayilatho was released in 1,600 theaters worldwide on 31 May 2013. The film was above average grosser at box office.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: The Central Minister is facing accusations over possessing black money of and money laundering it into Europe through his unsuspecting daughter Akanksha, a psychology student who goes to Barcelona to pursue higher education. Akanksha finds a diary in her flat in Barcelona, and out of curiosity, she starts reading the book, which unfolds the romantic drama between Sanju Reddy and Komali Sankaraabharanam. Akanksha gets engaged in Paris with her father's henchman Shawar Ali. Incidentally, she runs into Sanju and gets to know him.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: Sanju is an engineer-turned-lead guitarist of a music band, and makes his living through the stage and street performances. As narrated in the diary, Komali comes from an orthodox Telugu Brahmin family. She is interested in classical music and ends up learning the violin at a musical school in Barcelona under fiddle professor, Brahma. In a twist of fate, she falls in love with Sanju and gets approval for their inter-caste marriage, from their parents in India. Komali unknowingly gets caught after video footage that she accidentally shot while Shawar Ali kills the Spanish ambassador, in the process of money laundering.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: Sanju saves Komali from these henchmen, on a couple of occasions; this is where the story in the diary ends abruptly. Out of curiosity, Akanksha starts questioning Sanju about their love story and, in the process, ends up with disturbing facts. On continuous asking by Akanksha, Sanju tells her that Komali is dead. It is then shown in a flashback that for fixing the marriage of Sanju and Komali, their parents had come to Spain. It was at that time that Komali is kidnapped by Shawar Ali's brother, and when Sanju comes to save her, Komali is murdered by Shawar Ali's brother. In a fit of rage, Sanju bashes up the whole gang, and Shawar Ali's brother goes into a coma.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: On hearing this, Akanksha feels sorry for Sanju and falls in love with him. She also tries to bring him out of the memory of Komali but in vain. Meanwhile, Akanksha spots Komali crossing a street. Akanksha runs to Sanju to tell him about Komali, and at that time, Sanju gets surrounded by Shawar Ali's men. Sanju, while bashing up Shawar Ali's men, tells Akanksha that it was his plan to trap her in his love to avenge the death of his and Komali's parents at the hands of Shawar Ali. It is then shown in a flashback that after beating up Shawar's brother, Sanju had taken Komali's body to the hospital, from where Sanju's father calls up the Central Minister to arrest Shawar Ali in Spain after watching the video footage.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: The Central minister then calls up Shawar Ali to finish off this trouble in order to save himself. Shawar Ali then goes to the hospital and kills Sanju's and Komali's parents and shoots Sanju and Komali, and they are presumed dead. However, Sanju and Komali didn't die. It is then revealed that Sanju has been waiting all this time to get his revenge and has made Akanksha the pawn in this game, and it was he who faxed their photo in order to make Shawar Ali jealous so that Shawar Ali will come himself to kill Sanju. Later, it is revealed that Komali is not dead and that they both wanted to avenge their parents' death. Sanju and Shawar engage in a battle in the forest where Sanju kills Shawar Ali with Akanksha's help. Sanju and Komali live happily, while Akanksha lives alone.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: In September, Amala Paul was selected to play one of the female leads. First the makers chose Tapsee Pannu for another role, which was later received by Richa Gangopadhyay. But Richa was officially replaced and Tapsee Pannu was selected as the second female lead in the movie. Later, Catherine Tresa replaced her. Chakri was the initial choice for music director but Devi Sri Prasad was hired later. The film was officially launched on 18 October 2012 at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad. Filming took place in Spain in February 2013. First Look of the movie was launched on 10 March 2013. The director winded up films and went to shot digitally using Arri Alexa cameras with ultra primelenses. A theatrical trailer was released on the occasion of Allu Arjun's birthday on 8 April 2013.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: Devi Sri Prasad, composed the music, collaborating for the sixth time with Allu Arjun and for the first time with Suraj Jagan. Pop and reggae singer Apache Indian has teamed up for Devi Sri Prasad to sing a song in this film, which is the first time Apache Indian has sung a Telugu song in his career. The audio launch took place on 29 April 2013 at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: The audio got positive response. APHerald.com gave a review stating "Refreshing tracks from Devi Sri Prasad and this time stylish star Allu Arjun got stylish songs too from DSP." Cineoutlook.com gave a review stating "Very good musical scores. Going to rock in the coming days…"


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: The film's overseas rights are owned by Blue Sky for approximately It released worldwide on 31 May 2013 with a U/A Certificate from the Censor Board. The movie released in a record no. of 175+ screens in overseas by Bluesky with Digital Quality on 30 May 2013.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: "Jeevi" of "idlebrain.com" gave a rating of 3 on a scale of 5 and opined that the first half is entertaining. "It's a stylish film though emotions didn't work." "Mahesh S Koneru" of "123telugu.com" gave a review stating "'Iddarammayilatho' is a very stylish offering from Puri Jagan. Allu Arjun's performance, Catherine's glamour and the action sequences are assets for the film. The slow pace in the second half and the absence of traditional Puri Jagan elements like heroism and punch dialogues might hamper the overall experience." "Girija Narayan" of "Oneindia Entertainment" gave a review stating "Iddarammayilatho is definitely a good movie to watch. The movie gets a lot more interesting in the second half. The climax definitely lets the viewers go home happy." "Sasidhar AS" of "The Times of India" gave a review stating, "Iddarammayilatho hits you like fresh air, and you instantly fall for the lead characters, refreshingly flesh-and-blood with their set of quirks, flaws and strengths. The first half does ramble a bit and takes time to build up into a riveting second half." "APHerald.com" gave a review stating "Iddarammayilatho is one time watcher and entire credit goes to Puri Jagannadh." "SuperGoodMovies" gave a review stating "'Iddarammayilatho' is a beautiful and stylish movie of Allu Arjun and Puri Jagannath. Definitely, it is a worthy watch."


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: The film had a good start in A, B and C Centres in its first weekend. The film collected on its opening day at worldwide circuits which is a record for Allu Arjun. It showed improvement irrespective of mixed reviews, ending up with a collection of in 3 Days at the Indian box office. The movie collected a total of at the box office at the end of its opening week. The film continued to gross steady revenues at all areas, receiving much better response at A Centres, when compared to B and C Centres. The film completed 50 Days in 19 Direct Centers on 19 July 2013.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: The movie collected a total of 9174,000 in just 3 days of release. At its opening weekend, the movie collected a total of 17.1 million at the USA Box office.


title: Iddarammayilatho

text: "Iddaramyilatho" was a good grosser at overseas. It collected $1 million in its full run. "Iddaramyilatho" earned through premier shows in the U.S. even before its release. Despite of mixed reviews movie collected total worldwide .


title: R.O.B.

text: R.O.B. (Robotic Operating Buddy) is a toy robot accessory for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It was launched in July 1985 as the in Japan, and October 1985 as R.O.B. in North America. Its short lifespan yielded only two games in the "Robot Series": "Gyromite" and "Stack-Up".


title: R.O.B.

text: Following the video game crash of 1983, Nintendo alleviated the fearful retail market by rebranding its Japanese Famicom video game console as the Nintendo Entertainment System—a new platform focused on R.O.B. to further reclassify the system as a uniquely sophisticated toy experience instead of simply as a video game console. "Computer Entertainer" magazine in June 1985 called R.O.B. "the world's only interactive robot".


title: R.O.B.

text: The NES's extensive marketing plan, with its immediately successful centering on R.O.B., began with the October 1985 test market launch of the NES in Manhattan, New York. The launch was Nintendo's debut in the North American video game console market, which eventually revitalized the entire video game industry. R.O.B. was quietly discontinued a few years later, and is now remembered as a successful Trojan Horse of marketing. He is a cameo or playable character in many Nintendo games, most notably the "Super Smash Bros." series.


title: R.O.B.

text: The new Nintendo of America subsidiary, having already bet the company's own launch upon its conversion of its failed "Radar Scope" (1980) arcade game cabinets into the successful new "Donkey Kong" (1981) arcade game, wanted to debut in the home video game console market using the Japanese parent company's successful Famicom system. But the entire video game industry, which had been virtually abandoned following the devastating video game crash of 1983, first needed a relaunch.


title: R.O.B.

text: Following the crash, many retailers had lost confidence in the Atari-led video game market even while the toy market was strong. With a high volume of low quality products and dead-inventory shovelware, some retailers and industry critics considered video gaming to be a passing fad altogether. Therefore, Nintendo spent much of 1984 re-conceiving its Family Computer (Famicom) brand from Japan to be portrayed to America not as a traditional video game console, but as a new kind of sophisticated entertainment experience altogether.


title: R.O.B.

text: Nintendo saw the industry's overwhelming trend away from game consoles and toward home computers, but its prototype of a lavish Famicom-based home computer and multimedia package called Advanced Video System (AVS) was poorly received at the January 1985 Winter Consumer Electronics Show, so that system was canceled and redesigned into a cost-reduced toy motif. The Famicom's whimsical appearance was again rebranded with a serious naming and industrial design language similar to the AVS, called the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The NES is based on a "control deck", shaped like high-tech videophile equipment with a front-loaded and door-enclosed cartridge port in the style of the modern VCR instead of a top-loaded "video game console".


title: R.O.B.

text: The Family Computer Robot, a recent niche entry in the Famicom's aftermarket accessory lineup in Japan on July 26, 1985, is a mechanized toy robot with working arms and crude eyesight, resembling "a cross between E.T. and R2-D2". It was designed and patented by veteran Nintendo designer Gunpei Yokoi. Used as a functional companion for playing select video games within a custom playset, it was recolored for the NES and was thrust forth as essential to the NES's new identity as a futuristic, robot-powered experience. "The Milwaukee Journal" said, "The key to the NES is the interactive robot ... You no longer have to fight only the aliens on the screen; you have a robot to contend with as well." "Computer Entertainer" called it "the world's only interactive robot", as no other video game system or home computer package ever had one, greatly distinguishing the NES to retailers and consumers alike.


title: R.O.B.

text: Receiving the first R.O.B. shipment from Japan, Nintendo of America staff remembered their first impression of unboxing and using the robot, initially thrilled with anticipation. Howard Phillips said, "The technology was so cool! ... like voodoo magic ... But then his actual motion was just hysterically slow." Gail Tilden said "That thing was definitely like watching grass grow. It was so slow, and to try and stand there and sales-pitch it in person and try to make it exciting; you had to have the eyes lined up just right or it wouldn't receive the flashes. It was kind of a challenge." Product designer Don James laughed, "["Gyromite"] was hard as hell! ... So you really had to think two or three moves ahead to allow him to do what he was going to do. But it's cool to look at, right? ... It was a really neat, unusual little device. And it was fun to play! But again, like Rock 'em Sock 'em Robots, I wouldn't want to do it for 40 hours." Tasked with all of the NES's naming and branding, the sole marketing staff member Gail Tilden said the name was "originally going to be OTTO, which was a play on the word 'auto'", but she settled on Robotic Operating Buddy, or R.O.B.


title: R.O.B.

text: As the centerpiece of the new NES platform, R.O.B.'s first presentation came at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago in June 1985. Nintendo's brochure for attracting distributors shows a prototypical hybrid between AVS and NES with R.O.B., saying, "The future of home entertainment is staring you in the face. Our new video robot is the first of a long line of winners to come from Nintendo." and that R.O.B. is the "star of a new Entertainment System that's programmed to make you rich". The robotic persona reportedly "worked like a charm" to drive intrigued visitors to Nintendo's booth, but nobody signed up to be a distributor of the upcoming NES.


title: R.O.B.

text: "IGN" reflected that "[R.O.B.] might have been the key to getting the system into players' hands, and once they had players, Nintendo was convinced the rest would be easy."


title: R.O.B.

text: Nintendo anticipated that R.O.B.'s flair for futurism, personality, and physicality was to be so crucial to the success of the NES, that the toy was featured prominently in much of the advertising media of the system and its game library, even more than any particular game. The robot was portrayed as a bridge between the player and the game. The retail floor displays were each topped with a huge R.O.B. head model, and the launch party centered on a colossal robot replica with many small silver-plated robot models. The toy robot is the highlighted accessory within the first and most premium NES consumer product offering, the Deluxe Set. This is a boxed bundle containing a Control Deck, R.O.B., Zapper light gun, "Gyromite", and "Duck Hunt".


title: R.O.B.

text: The NES was launched in the Deluxe Set at its October 1985 test market in New York City, then in further test markets including Los Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco, and finally nationwide. The NES's design language with R.O.B. and the Zapper, recategorized the retailers' perception of the NES from a video game to a toy. This bypassed the crashed video game stigma and launched it more safely from the toy sections of retail stores next to established hit robot toys like Transformers, Voltron, Go-Bots, Teddy Ruxpin, and Lazer Tag.


title: R.O.B.

text: Soon in 1985 came the second and final entry in the "Robot Series", "Stack-Up", packaged separately along with its own physical game pieces. The NES was soon sold much more popularly in the form of only the Control Deck and "Super Mario Bros." — without R.O.B. Optionally, "Gyromite" was packaged separately, and R.O.B. was packaged separately for . In the following few years, R.O.B. and the two-game "Robot Series" were quietly discontinued altogether.


title: R.O.B.

text: The patent underlying the R.O.B. product was filed by Gunpei Yokoi as "photosensing video game control system", with the same optical electronics as a NES Zapper, and likewise only functions correctly when coupled with a cathode ray tube (CRT) television and not an LCD. Games can send six distinct commands to R.O.B. by flashing the screen. Both "Gyromite" and "Stack-Up" include a test feature, sending an optical flash that should make R.O.B.'s LED light up.


title: R.O.B.

text: The R.O.B. unit's height is 24 cm (9.6 in). It has a head movement range of a 45° horizontally centered tilt. The arm movement range is 240° left and right with five stopping points, 7 cm (2.75 in) up and down with six stopping points, and 7 cm (2.75 in) between hands when open. The unit has five accessory slots around the hexagonal base, numbered clockwise, starting at the rear-left from the robot's point of view; and notches on the hands allow for specialized parts to be attached for each game. The tinted filter can be optionally attached over the eyes like sunglasses, to compensate for bright televisions or sunlight. The unit is powered by four AA batteries.


title: R.O.B.

text: Only two officially licensed games were published for R.O.B., which comprise Nintendo's "Robot Series": "Gyromite" and "Stack-Up". "Computer Entertainer" reported Nintendo's supposed plans as stated prior to CES June 1985, for four more nondescript "Robot Series" games, but they were never released.


title: R.O.B.

text: The "Gyromite" retail package consists of the following items: two claws for R.O.B.'s hands; two heavy spinning tops called "gyros"; two red and blue trays upon which the gyros will rest, causing buttons to be pressed on the second NES controller; one spinner motor for accelerating the gyros; and two black trays upon which the gyros are placed when not in use. The "Direct" game mode is a feature used to learn how to use R.O.B. or to play with R.O.B. without playing the game. "Gyromite" is a puzzle-platformer in which Professor Hector, the main character of the game, has to collect dynamite before the time runs out, with several red and blue pillars, along with dinosaur-like creatures called "Smicks", blocking his way. Hector cannot jump, so the only way to collect the dynamite is for him to descend upon them. He can also collect radishes that attract the Smicks when dropped. In Game A, the commands are made by pressing START and then pushing the direction in which to move R.O.B., and using the A and B buttons to open and close his arms. If R.O.B. places a gyro on the red or blue button, it pushes the A or B button on the second NES controller, moving the pillar of the corresponding color. If both buttons need to be pressed at the same time, the gyros are placed in a spinner so that they will stay balanced on the button without R.O.B. holding it. Game B has the same controls, except that START does not need to be pressed to make R.O.B. accept a command.


title: R.O.B.

text: "Stack-Up" comes with five trays, five different colored circular blocks, and two claws worn by R.O.B. for grabbing the blocks. Again, the player controls Professor Hector. In the "Direct" game mode, the player makes their block stack match with the one shown on screen by moving Hector to the button that corresponds to the desired movement. In "Memory", the player has to make a list of commands to recreate the displayed block setup, and then R.O.B. follows the list afterward. In "Bingo", the player makes the shown block stack, where the color of the block does not matter. There are two enemies: one causes the player to lose a life, and the other makes R.O.B. perform undesired actions.


title: R.O.B.

text: In 2014, independent game developer Retrozone produced a limited release NES cartridge titled "8-Bit X-Mas 2014". The title screen features R.O.B. character graphics, and interacts with the toy by making it dance to Christmas music.


title: R.O.B.

text: In January 1986, an independent research firm commissioned by Nintendo delivered a survey of 200 NES owners, showing that the most popular given reason for buying an NES was because children wanted the robot—followed by good graphics, variety of games, and the uniqueness and newness of the NES package. The creation and marketing of R.O.B. as a "Trojan Horse" after the video game crash of 1983 was placed fifth in GameSpy's twenty-five smartest moves in gaming history. Yahoo! ranked R.O.B. as one of the craziest video game controllers and noted the unfortunate fact that the peripheral only worked with two games.


title: R.O.B.

text: By 1987, the two-year-old R.O.B. and "Robot Series" had received none of Nintendo's promised updates while the rest of the NES's library had exploded with classic flagship franchise-building hits like "Super Mario Bros.", "The Legend of Zelda", and "Metroid". In 1987, Mark Seeley of "Crash!" magazine visited a toy fair in England to observe a playthrough of "Gyromite" with R.O.B., saying of the struggling demonstrator that he had "never seen anything so complicated and difficult in all my life". In July 1987, "Family Computing" magazine advocated buying the much cheaper and more entertaining setup of the Control Deck and "Super Mario Bros." instead of R.O.B., saying, "Anyone who has seen a Nintendo ad on television would think that R.O.B. is the heart of the system. Not so. R.O.B. is an ingenious idea [but] while R.O.B. is a cute little guy, there isn't much you can do with him. ... [N]either [of his two games] generates much excitement."


title: R.O.B.

text: In 2018, Owen S. Good of "Polygon" remembered his childhood experience with the vintage R.O.B. and assessed the setup as "a novel, if almost Rube Goldberg-esque way of 'playing' with its users ... that quickly got dull".


title: R.O.B.

text: Historian Chris Kohler was unimpressed with the product's long-term entertainment value. "As video game controller peripherals go, R.O.B. was a particularly gimmicky one. Once the novelty of controlling a robot's arms and spinning a glorified top had worn off, usually within days or even hours, R.O.B. got in the way of enjoyment. He required battery replacements too often, and it was immediately apparent that the maze barriers in "Gyromite" could be turned on and off just as easily by tapping the A and B buttons on a standard controller, which was all that R.O.B.'s complicated motions ended up doing."


title: R.O.B.

text: In retrospect, Kohler considered R.O.B.'s discontinuation to now be immaterial because the product's whole existence has ultimately amounted to "merely a Trojan horse to get NES systems into American homes". He said "The gambit worked like a charm, and nobody missed R.O.B. or the Zapper once players realized that games played with the standard video game controller, like "Super Mario Bros." were much more fun."


title: R.O.B.

text: After many failures, the late addition of R.O.B. gave a key product distinction to the launch of the Nintendo Entertainment System, reclassified the platform as a toy, and served as a Trojan Horse to enable the platform's successful launch. This, in turn, secured the survival of Nintendo of America and revitalized the entire video game industry. A followup promotional poster from Nintendo simply pictured R.O.B. and said, "They said reviving the video game market wasn't humanly possible. It wasn't."


title: R.O.B.

text: R.O.B. has made cameo appearances in many video games, such as "StarTropics" (1990) for NES, "F-Zero GX" (2003), the "WarioWare" series, "" (2015, 3DS), and the "Star Fox" series.


title: R.O.B.

text: R.O.B. is an unlockable character in "Mario Kart DS", "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS" and "Wii U", and "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate", each of which refers to R.O.B. as male. In "Brawl"s adventure mode, , R.O.B. plays a major role in the plot. As part of "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS" and "Wii U", R.O.B. has two Amiibo figurines, uniquely produced in both the gray and white NES color scheme and the red and white Famicom color scheme.


title: 8-bit computing

text: In computer architecture, 8-bit integers or other data units are those that are 8 bits wide (1 octet). Also, 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers or data buses of that size. Memory addresses (and thus address buses) for 8-bit CPUs are generally larger than 8-bit, usually 16-bit. 8-bit microcomputers are microcomputers that use 8-bit microprocessors.


title: 8-bit computing

text: The term '8-bit' is also applied to the character sets that could be used on computers with 8-bit bytes, the best known being various forms of extended ASCII, including the ISO/IEC 8859 series of national character sets especially Latin 1 for English and Western European languages.


title: 8-bit computing

text: The IBM System/360 introduced byte-addressable memory with 8-bit bytes, as opposed to bit-addressable or decimal digit-addressable or word-addressable memory, although its general-purpose registers were 32 bits wide, and addresses were contained in the lower 24 bits of those addresses. Different models of System/360 had different internal data path widths; the IBM System/360 Model 30 (1965) implemented the 32-bit System/360 architecture, but had an 8-bit native path width, and performed 32-bit arithmetic 8 bits at a time.


title: 8-bit computing

text: The first widely adopted 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8080, being used in many hobbyist computers of the late 1970s and early 1980s, often running the CP/M operating system; it had 8-bit data words and 16-bit addresses. The Zilog Z80 (compatible with the 8080) and the Motorola 6800 were also used in similar computers. The Z80 and the MOS Technology 6502 8-bit CPUs were widely used in home computers and second- and third-generation game consoles of the 1970s and 1980s. Many 8-bit CPUs or microcontrollers are the basis of today's ubiquitous embedded systems.


title: 8-bit computing

text: An 8-bit register can store 2 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 8 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 255 (2 − 1) for representation as an (unsigned) binary number, and −128 (−1 × 2) through 127 (2 − 1) for representation as two's complement.


title: 8-bit computing

text: 8-bit CPUs use an 8-bit data bus and can therefore access 8 bits of data in a single machine instruction. The address bus is typically a double octet (16 bits) wide, due to practical and economical considerations. This implies a direct address space of 64 KB (65,536 bytes) on most 8-bit processors.


title: 8-bit computing

text: Most home computers from the 8-bit era fully exploited the address space, such as the BBC Micro (Model B) with 32 KB of RAM plus 32 KB of ROM. Others like the very popular Commodore 64 had full 64 KB RAM, plus 20 KB ROM, meaning with 16-bit addressing you could not use all of the RAM by default (e.g. from the included BASIC language interpreter in ROM); without exploiting bank switching, which allows for breaking the 64 KB (RAM) limit in some systems. Other computers would have as low as 1 KB (plus 4 KB ROM), such as the Sinclair ZX80 (while the later very popular Sinclair ZX Spectrum had more memory), or even only 128 bytes of RAM (plus storage from a ROM cartridge), as in an early game console Atari 2600 and thus 8-bit addressing would have been enough for the RAM, if it wouldn't have needed to cover ROM too). The Commodore 128, and other 8-bit systems, meaning still with 16-bit addressing, could use more than 64 KB, i.e. 128 KB RAM, also the BBC Master with it expandable to 512 KB of RAM.


title: 8-bit computing

text: While in general 8-bit CPUs have 16-bit addressing, in some architectures you have both, such as in the MOS Technology 6502 CPU, where the zero page is used extensively, saving one byte in the instructions accessing that page, and also having 16-bit addressing instructions that take 2 bytes for the address plus 1 for the opcode. Commonly index registers are 8-bit (while other "8-bit" CPUs, such as Motorola 6800 had 16-bit index registers), such as the 6502 CPU, and then the size of the arrays addressed using indexed addressing instructions are at most 256 bytes, without needing longer code, i.e. meaning 8-bit addressing to each individual array.


title: 8-bit computing

text: The first commercial 8-bit processor was the Intel 8008 (1972) which was originally intended for the Datapoint 2200 intelligent terminal. Most competitors to Intel started off with such character oriented 8-bit microprocessors. Modernized variants of these 8-bit machines are still one of the most common types of processor in embedded systems.


title: 8-bit computing

text: Another notable 8-bit CPU is the MOS Technology 6502. It, and variants of it, were used in a number of personal computers, such as the Apple I and Apple II, the Atari 8-bit family, the BBC Micro, and the Commodore PET and VIC-20, and in a number of video game consoles, such as the Atari 2600 and the Nintendo Entertainment System.


title: 8-bit computing

text: 8-bit processors continue to be designed today for general education about computer hardware, as well as for hobbyists' interests. One such CPU was designed and implemented using 7400-series integrated circuits on a breadboard. Designing 8-bit CPU's and their respective assemblers is a common training exercise for engineering students, engineers, and hobbyists. FPGA's are used for this purpose.


title: 2016 Ballon d'Or

text: The 2016 Ballon d'Or was an award given to the best-performing football player around the world in 2016.


title: 2016 Ballon d'Or

text: In September 2016, France Football announced that their partnership with FIFA for the FIFA Ballon d'Or award had come to an end and that they would revive the Ballon d'Or award, treating the 2016 edition as the 61st award.


title: 2016 Ballon d'Or

text: France Football announced that they would publish a shortlist of 30 players across six announcements with two hour intervals on 24 October 2016. On 12 December 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo won the award by a record margin of 429 points ahead of second placed Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann, who came third.


title: 2016 Ballon d'Or

text: There were 173 voters. All were journalists, in a change from previous years, and each voter was from a different country. Each voter voted for three players who received 5 points, 3 points and one point respectively.


title: 2016 Ballon d'Or

text: Ronaldo scored 745 points out of a maximum possible of 865. It was his fourth Ballon d'Or, the most of any European player in the history of the award.


title: Markus Dupree

text: Aleksey Yurievich Maetny (Russian: Алексей Юрьевич Маетный; born 31 May 1988) known as Markus Dupree is a Russian pornographic film actor and director.


title: Markus Dupree

text: Dupree has been nominated four times and won one time for AVN Award for Male Performer of the Year at the annual AVN Awards. Dupree was also a nominee for Foreign Male Performer of the Year at the 2016 and 2017 XBIZ Awards as well as Male Performer of the Year at the XRCO Awards.


title: Markus Dupree

text: Aleksey Maetny (Russian: Алексей Юрьевич Маетный) was born May 31, 1988 in Leningrad, Russia SFSR, USSR (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). Dupree was raised alone by his mother. Dupree attended St. Petersburg Institute of International Trade, Economics and Law and graduated with a degree in economics and finance.