title: Lebanese Forces

text: Bachir led his troops in the infamous "Hundred Days War" in Lebanon in 1978, in which the Lebanese Forces successfully resisted the Syrian shelling and attacking of Eastern Beirut for about three months before an Arab-brokered agreement forced the Syrians to end the siege. Syrians took high buildings such as Burj Rizk Achrafieh and Burj El Murr using snipers and heavy weapons against civilians. The soldiers stayed for 90 days. Another major clash took place near the Sodeco area in Achrafieh where the Lebanese Forces fought ferociously and led the Syrian army out of the Rizk Building. At this time, Israel was the primary backer of the Lebanese Front's militia.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: In July 1980, following months of intra-Christian clashes between the Tigers, the militia of Dany, and the Phalangists, who by now were under the complete leadership of Bachir Gemayel, the Phalangists launched an operation in an attempt to stop the clashes within the Christian areas, and to unite all the Christian militias under Gemayel's command. This operation resulted in a massacre of tens of Tigers' members at the Marine beach resort in Safra, 25 km north of Beirut. Camille Chamoun's silence was interpreted as acceptance of Gemayel's controls, because he felt that the Tigers led by his son were getting out of his control.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: In 1981 at Zahlé in the Beqaa, the largest Christian town in the East, confronted one of the biggest battles – both military and political – between the Lebanese Forces and the Syrian occupying forces. The Lebanese Forces was able to confront them even though there was a big mismatch in military capabilities and was able to reverse the result of the battle of 1981. This victory was due to the bravery of the inhabitants and 92 Lebanese Forces soldiers (L.F Special Forces: The Maghaweer) sent from Beirut. The Syrian occupying forces used all kind of weapons (heavy artillery, tanks, war planes...) against a peaceful town, and they cut all kind of backup that may come from the Mountain. Regardless of the very bad weather and heavy bombing, convoys were sent in the snow to Zahle. Two Lebanese Forces soldiers died on a hill due to bad weather, they were found later holding each other... till they died. The battle of Zahle gave the Lebanese Cause a new perspective in the International Communities, and the victory was both military and diplomatic. It made the Leadership of President Bashir Gemayel much stronger because of his leadership and important role in this battle. The battle started in 2 April 1981, and finished with a cease fire and Lebanese Police were sent to Zahle. The 92 Lebanese Forces heroes returned to Beirut on 1 July 1981.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Christian East Beirut was ringed by heavily fortified Palestinian camps from which kidnappings and sniping against Lebanese civilians became a daily routine. Christian East Beirut became besieged by the PLO camps, with severe shortages of food and fuel. This unbearable situation was remedied by the Kataeb Regulatory Forces (most notably the BG Squad that was led by Bachir) and their allied Christian militias as they besieged the Palestinian camps embedded in Christian East Beirut one at a time and brought them down. The first was on 18 January 1976 when the heavily fortified Karantina camp, located near the strategic Beirut Harbor, was invaded: About 1,000 PLO fighters and civilians were killed. The Palestinian PLO and al-Saiqa forces retaliated by attacking the isolated defenseless Christian town of Damour about 20 miles south of Beirut on the coast, during the Damour massacre in which 1,000 Christian civilians were killed and 5,000 were sent fleeing north by boat, since all roads were blocked off. The Maronites retaliated with the invasion of the largest and strongest Palestinian refugee camp, Tel al-Zaatar that same year. Bachir, with his KRF militia units, also fought against the PLO and LNM militias at the Battle of the Hotels in central Beirut. The most important battle won by the Phalange for the control of the hotel district was the fighting over the possession of the Holiday Inn, due to its important strategic location. Before that battle, the Holiday Inn had been occupied by the PLO. Eventually the PLO ended up occupying the Holliday Inn once again, while the Kataeb forces retreated to the facing Hilton Hotel in what was known as the "Hotel War".


title: Lebanese Forces

text: The Lebanese Forces was soon after established with an agreement that the direct military commander would be a Kataeb member and the vice-commander an Ahrar member.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Bashir led his troops in the infamous "Hundred Days War" in Lebanon in 1978, in which the Lebanese Forces successfully resisted the Syrian shelling and attacking of Eastern Beirut for about three months before an Arab-brokered agreement forced the Syrians to end the siege. Syrians took high buildings such as Burj Rizk Achrafieh and Burj El Murr using snipers and heavy weapons against civilians. The soldiers stayed for 90 days. Another major clash took place near the Sodeco area in Achrafieh where the Lebanese Forces fought ferociously and led the Syrian army out of the Rizk Building. At this time, Israel was the primary backer of the Lebanese Front's militia.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: In July 1980, following months of intra-Christian clashes between the Tigers, the militia of Dany, and the Phalangists, who by now were under the complete leadership of Bachir Gemayel, the Phalangists launched an operation in an attempt to stop the clashes within the Christian areas, and to unite all the Christian militias under Gemayel's command. This operation resulted in a massacre of tens of Tigers' members at the Marine beach resort in Safra, 25 km north of Beirut. Camille Chamoun's silence was interpreted as acceptance of Gemayel's controls.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: In 1981 at Zahlé in the Beqaa, the largest Christian town in the East, confronted one of the biggest battles – both military and political – between the Lebanese Forces and the Syrian occupying forces. The Lebanese Forces was able to confront them even though there was a big mismatch in military capabilities and was able to reverse the result of the battle of 1981. This victory was due to the bravery of the inhabitants and 92 Lebanese Forces soldiers (L.F Special Forces: The Maghaweer) sent from Beirut. The Syrian occupying forces used all kind of weapons (heavy artillery, tanks, war planes...) against a peaceful town, and they cut all kind of backup that may come from the Mountain. Regardless of the very bad weather and heavy bombing, convoys were sent in the snow to Zahle. Two Lebanese Forces soldiers died on a hill due to bad weather and were found later holding each other. The battle of Zahle gave the Lebanese Cause a new perspective in the International Communities, and the victory was both military and diplomatic. It made the Leadership of President Bashir Gemayel much stronger because of his leadership and important role in this battle. The battle started in 2 April 1981, and finished with a cease fire and Lebanese Police were sent to Zahle. The 92 Lebanese Forces heroes returned to Beirut on 1 July 1981.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: In 1982, Bachir met with Hani Al-Hassan (representative of the PLO) and told him that Israel would enter and wipe them out. Bachir told him to leave Lebanon peacefully before it was too late. Hani left and no reply was given to Bachir.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Israel invaded Lebanon, arguing that a military intervention was necessary to root out PLO guerrillas from the southern part of the country. Israeli forces eventually moved towards Beirut and laid siege to the city, aiming to reshape the Lebanese political landscape and force the PLO out of Lebanon. By 1982, Israel had been the main supplier to the Lebanese Forces, giving them assistance in weapons, clothing, and training.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: An official Israeli inquiry into events in Beirut estimated that when fully mobilized the Phalange had 5000 fighters of whom 2000 were full-time.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: After the PLO had been expelled from the country to Tunisia, in a negotiated agreement, Bachir Gemayel became the youngest man to ever be elected as president of Lebanon. He was elected by the parliament in August; most Muslim members of parliament boycotted the vote.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: On 3 September 1982, during the meeting, Begin demanded that Bachir sign a peace treaty with Israel as soon as he took office in return of Israel's earlier support of Lebanese Forces and he also told Bachir that the IDF will stay in South Lebanon if the Peace Treaty was not directly signed. Bachir was furious at Begin. The meeting ended in rage and both sides were not happy with each other.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Begin was reportedly angry at Bachir for his public denial of Israel's support. Bachir refused the immediate peace arguing that time is needed to reach consensus with Lebanese Muslims and the Arab nations. Bachir was quoted telling David Kimche, the director general of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, few days earlier, "Please tell your people to be patient. I am committed to make peace with Israel, and I shall do it. But I need time – nine months, maximum one year. I need to mend my fences with the Arab countries, especially with Saudi Arabia, so that Lebanon can once again play its central role in the economy of the Middle East."


title: Lebanese Forces

text: In an attempt to fix the relations between Bachir and Begin, Ariel Sharon met secretly with Bachir in Bikfaya. In this meeting, they both agreed that, after 48 hours, the IDF will cooperate with the Lebanese Army to force the Syrian Army out of Lebanon. After that is done, the IDF would peacefully leave the Lebanese territory. Concerning the Peace Negotiation, Sharon agreed to give Bachir time to fix the internal conflicts before signing the negotiation. The next day, Begin's office issued a statement saying that the issues agreed upon between Bachir and Sharon were accepted.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Nine days before he was to take office, on 14 September 1982, Bachir was killed along with 25 others in a bomb explosion in the Kataeb headquarters in Achrafieh. The attack was carried out by Habib Shartouni, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), believed by many to have acted on instructions of the Syrian government of President Hafez al-Assad. The next day, Israel moved to occupy the city, allowing Phalangist members under Elie Hobeika's command to enter the centrally located Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp; a massacre followed, in which Phalangists killed between 762 and 3,500 (number is disputed) civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites, causing great international uproar.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: After the Israeli invasion, the IDF troops settled in the Chouf and Aley from party militias, the Lebanese Forces returned to the villages which had been occupied by the PSP for seven years. However, soon after, clashes broke out between the Lebanese Forces and the Druze militias who had now taken over the districts. The main Druze militiamen came from the Progressive Socialist Party, led by Walid Jumblatt, in alliance with the Syrian Army and Palestinian militants. For months, the two fought what would later be known as the "Mountain War", resulting in a large PSP victory.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: At the same time, the Lebanese Forces troops also fought battles against the Palestinian and Druze militias and the Syrian troop east of the southern city of Sidon. The outcome was also a Progressive Socialist Party victory and a contiguous Druze Chouf district with access to Lebanese sea ports.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Later in 1984, the PSP won decisive battles against the Lebanese Army in the Chahar region in the Aley District.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: The PSP then attacked further into Souk El Gharb, a village held by the Lebanese Army's 8th Mechanised Infantry Brigade commanded by then Colonel Michel Aoun. The attackers were fiercely pushed back as the American helped Aoun by bombing the PSP from their navy.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: After the death of Bachir, his brother Amine Gemayel replaced him as president, and his cousin, Fadi Frem as commander of the Lebanese Forces. The two had a frosty relationship, and in 1984, pressure from Amine led to Frem's replacement by Fouad Abou Nader.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: On 12 March 1985, Samir Geagea, Elie Hobeika and Karim Pakradouni rebelled against Abou Nader's command, ostensibly to take the Lebanese Forces back to its original path. The relationship between Geagea and Hobeika soon broke down, however, and Hobeika began secret negotiations with the Syrians. On 28 December 1985, he signed the Tripartite Accord, against the wishes of Geagea and most of the other leading Christian figures. Claiming that the Tripartite Accord gave Syria unlimited power in Lebanon, Geagea mobilized factions inside the Lebanese Forces and on 15 January 1986, attacked Hobeika's headquarters in Karantina. Hobeika surrendered and fled, first to Paris and subsequently to Damascus, Syria. He then moved to Zahlé with tens of his fighters where he prepared for an attack against East Beirut. On 27 September 1986, Hobeika's forces tried to take over the Achrafieh neighborhood of Beirut but the Lebanese Forces of Geagea's command held them back.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: In May 1985, during the period of Hobeika’s leadership, the Lebanese Forces closed their office in Jerusalem. The office was headed by Pierre Yazbeck.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: This failed attempt by Hobeika was the last episode of internal struggles in East Beirut during Amine Gemayel's mandate. As a result, the Lebanese Forces led by Geagea were the only major force on ground. During two years of frail peace, Geagea launched a drive to re-equip and reorganize the Lebanese Forces. He also instituted a social welfare program in areas controlled by Geagea's party. The Lebanese Forces also cut its relations with Israel and emphasized relations with the Arab states, mainly Iraq but also Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Two rival governments contended for recognition following Amine Gemayel's departure from the Presidency in September 1988, one a mainly Christian government and the other a government of Muslims and Lebanese Leftists. The Lebanese Forces initially supported the military Christian government led by General Michel Aoun, the commander of the Lebanese Army. However, clashes erupted between the Lebanese Forces and the Lebanese Army under the control of Michel Aoun on 14 February 1989. These clashes were stopped, and after a meeting in Bkerké, the Lebanese Forces handed the national ports which it controlled to Aoun's government under pressure from the Lebanese National army.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: The Lebanese Forces initially supported Aoun's "Liberation War" against the Syrian army, but then agreed to the Taif Agreement, which was signed by the Lebanese deputies on 24 October 1989 in Saudi Arabia and demanded an immediate ceasefire. Aoun's main objection to the Taif Agreement was its vagueness as to Syrian withdrawal from the country. He rejected it vowing that he "would not sign over the country". Fierce fighting in East Beirut broke out between the Lebanese Forces and the Lebanese Army under Michel Aoun after the Lebanese Army, under orders of Michel Aoun, began stopping and arresting members of the Lebanese Forces. These events led to the "Elimination War" on 31 January 1990. The war continued until the defeat and exile of Aoun to France in August 1990. During the war, the Lebanese Forces made major strides and victories including the capture of many of the army's encampments, barracks, and units.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: After Aoun surrendered on 13 October 1990 to the rival Syrian-backed President Hrawi, Geagea was offered ministerial posts in the new government. He refused several times, because he was opposed to Syrian interference in Lebanese affairs, and his relationship with the new government deteriorated.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: On 23 March 1994, the Lebanese government headed by Rafic Hariri ordered the dissolution of the Lebanese Forces. On 21 April 1994, Geagea was arrested on charges of setting a bomb in the church in Zouk which killed eleven people, of instigating acts of violence, and of committing assassinations during the Lebanese Civil War. Although he was acquitted of the first charge, Geagea was subsequently arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment on several different counts, including the assassination of former Prime Minister Rashid Karami in 1987. He was incarcerated in solitary confinement, with his access to the outside world severely restricted. Amnesty International criticized the conduct of the trials and demanded Geagea's release, and Geagea's supporters argued that the Syrian-controlled Lebanese government had used the alleged crimes as a pretext for jailing Geagea and banning an anti-Syrian party.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Many members of the Lebanese Forces were arrested and brutally tortured in the period of 1993–1994. At least one died in Syrian custody and many others were severely injured.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: In 1998, a group of ex-military persons in the Lebanese Forces, was alleged to have conducted military operation against the Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon. The group was mainly formed of elites Lebanese Forces called SADEM, On 19 June 1998, a failed operation revealed the identity of some persons of this group, one of which was a Lebanese Army Captain, Camille Yared. Some other names published in the newspapers then were:


title: Lebanese Forces

text: The Lebanese Forces was an active participant in the Cedar Revolution of 2005, when popular protests and international pressure following the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri combined to force Syria out of Lebanon. In the subsequent parliamentary election held in May and June, the Lebanese Forces formed part of the Rafik Hariri Martyr List, which also included the Future Movement, Popular Socialist Party, the reformed Phalange party, and other anti-Syrian political groups, as well as a brief tactical alliance with Amal and Hezbollah. The tactical alliance with Hizbollah and Amal would soon end; these majority parties and movements would subsequently form the anti-Syrian March 14 Alliance, which stood opposed to the March 8 Coalition backed by Hizbullah, Amal and the Free Patriotic Movement led by General Michel Aoun who had returned to Lebanon. The Lebanese Forces were able to win 6 out of the 8 MPs that were nominated throughout the various regions of the country. Nevertheless, the elections proved to be very significant because for the first time, supporters of the party were freely able to participate in the election process.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Following the party's new political gains, Samir Geagea was freed on 18 July 2005, after parliament decided to amend all the charges he formerly faced. Since Geagea's release from prison, the Lebanese Forces have been rebuilding much of their former image. Some of these works include reorganizing its members and their families, reopening political facilities, and reestablishing their main presence among the Christians of Lebanon. In addition to rebuilding their image, the Lebanese Forces have also been attempting to reclaim former privately funded facilities, which were seized by the Syrian backed government. Currently, the Lebanese Forces have also been striving to reclaim their rights to the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation, which was initiated by the party in the mid-1980s.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: Since the emancipation of the party's main leader, Samir Geagea, the party has gained new popularity among the Christian population throughout all of Lebanon. In addition, the Lebanese Forces have also been able to attain a great deal of popularity amongst the younger generation, as evidenced by the annual student elections in Lebanese colleges. The Lebanese Forces, along with their other 14 March allies, made additional gains in the elections geared towards the professional bodies of engineers, doctors, lawyers, and even teachers.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: The Lebanese Forces held 8 out of the 128 seats of the Lebanese Parliament after the general elections of 2009, and were represented in the Siniora government, formed in July 2005, by the minister of tourism Joseph Sarkis, and then in the second Siniora government, formed in July 2008, by the minister of justice Ibrahim Najjar and the minister of environment Antoine Karam. They are a Christian party within the 14 March Bloc, an anti-Syrian movement.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: The Lebanese Forces and its main political representatives strive to re-establish the many Christian rights, which were significantly lessened during Syria's occupation of Lebanon, specifically from 1990 to 2005. Some of the Lebanese Force's other main objectives include formulating a just electoral law, which would enable the Christian population to be represented fairly in local and parliamentary elections. The party has also stressed the idea of reaffirming the powers formerly endowed to the Lebanese president before being lessened in the Taef Agreement.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: The Lebanese Forces presented 18 direct members along with many other allies in every electoral district, with the exception South III, during the elections with a large anti-Hezbollah sentiment. The Lebanese Forces saw many withdrawal of candidates specifically in Shia dominated areas which was blamed at Hezbollah and the Amal Movement for placing pressure on Shia March 14 candidates. Lebanese Forces secured 19 seats, making the LF the largest Christian-based party in parliament, with an additional 3 from Rifi's Bloc and Chamoun.


title: Lebanese Forces

text: After securing the most seats in parliament, Samir Geagea also emphasized his pledge not to vote for 30-year incumbent speaker Nabih Berri, citing corruption in the Bloc.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: The fictional character and the main antagonist on the American ABC television series "Lost" is most frequently referred to as The Man in Black (but also referred to as "The Smoke Monster" or simply "The Monster" by the main characters). He appeared primarily as a cloud of black smoke until the final episode of season five where he appeared as a middle-aged man dressed in black. In season six, he primarily appeared in the physical form of John Locke (Terry O'Quinn). He exhibited the ability to "scan" the minds and memories of others, allowing him to confront characters such as Mr. Eko (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje) and Ben Linus (Michael Emerson), with "judgment" (a replay of their pasts), and to assume the forms and memories of the deceased, starting with the original Man in Black himself, his brother Jacob (Mark Pellegrino), or Christian Shephard (John Terry), Yemi (Adetokumboh M'Cormack), Alex Rousseau (Tania Raymonde), and Locke. According to Jacob, who explains this to Richard Alpert (Néstor Carbonell), it is the incarnation of evil, and its primary goal—to escape from the island—would be the "end of everything good".


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: Various other characters have implied that his escape would be catastrophic and could even cause the destruction of reality. A longtime resident of the island that serves as the main setting of "Lost", the true nature of The Man in Black was long shrouded in mystery. It had been described by "Lost" producer Damon Lindelof as "one of the biggest secrets" of the mythology of "Lost" while the producers have often hinted that the black cloud of smoke was not a monster in the traditional sense." TV Guide" included the character in their "The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time" list in 2013.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: Prior to the twentieth century, The Man in Black's earliest chronological appearance occurs in the sixth-season episode "Across the Sea", which depicts his birth on the island to a woman named Claudia (Lela Loren), whose ship breaks apart offshore. An unnamed woman (Allison Janney) delivers him and his twin brother Jacob (Mark Pellegrino) but kills their mother and raises the boys herself. Jacob is swaddled in light cloth while The Man in Black is wrapped in dark. The woman raises the twins to be ignorant of a world beyond the island and of death itself. She also raises them to be distrustful of humanity, whom she regards as corrupt and dangerous. At age thirteen, the twins discover the other survivors of Claudia's ship on the island, and their adoptive mother takes them to a mysterious cave filled with light with a stream running into it. She tells them it is "The Heart of the Island" and one day they will be its caretakers. Soon after, Claudia's ghost appears to the young Man in Black and tells him the truth about his "mother." After he confronts his adoptive mother with this information, he leaves to join Claudia's crew. Jacob visits his brother at the survivors' camp at various points over the course of the next thirty years, during which time The Man in Black comes to believe his mother was right in calling humanity inherently corrupt. Despite this, he stays with the crew because they are a means to his finding a way off the island, which involves their use of the island's strange electromagnetic properties. When the woman learns this, she appoints Jacob as the new caretaker of "The Heart of the Island." She then visits The Man in Black at the bottom of a well where he is planning to install a wheel to enable his use of the energy to leave the island. She knocks him unconscious, and then apparently massacres the people in the camp and destroys the well; enraged, The Man in Black kills her with a dagger. Jacob retaliates by beating his brother and throwing him in the stream leading into the tunnel of light. A cloud of black smoke then emerges from the cave, suggesting it is The Man in Black's consciousness. After a while, Jacob finds The Man in Black's body in a pool nearby and places it in a cave with his adoptive mother's corpse, along with a pouch containing the black and white stones they used in their game as children. It is consequently suggested that the black smoke's ability to take shape of dead people on the island led it to adopt The Man in Black's shape.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: In "The Incident", The Man in Black (in his real form) and Jacob converse on the beach as the "Black Rock" ship approaches in 1867. The Man in Black states that he knows the ship was brought by Jacob, expressing his disapproval of Jacob bringing people to the island, and stating that all they bring is corruption and destruction. He then tells Jacob that he wishes to kill him, but their adoptive mother has prevented The Man in Black from hurting Jacob, so The Man in Black constantly looks for a "loophole" to kill Jacob. Soon after, the "Black Rock" crashes onto the island and The Man in Black, in the form of the monster, appears and kills everyone on board except Richard Alpert (Néstor Carbonell). He then returns in the form of Isabella (Mirelly Taylor), Richard's dead wife, telling him that they are in hell and tricking him into thinking that Jacob has taken her, The Man in Black reveals that he is the "smoke monster" but tells Richard that he is unable to save Isabella from Jacob. Later, in The Man in Black's form, he frees Richard and gives him a knife to kill Jacob, whom The Man in Black refers to as "the devil"; however, Jacob convinces Richard otherwise. Shortly thereafter, Jacob visits The Man in Black and avows that as long as he (Jacob) is alive, The Man in Black will never leave the island. The Man in Black then vows to kill Jacob and his subsequent replacements.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: In February 1988, The Man in Black, as the monster, attacks the six-person crew of a French research vessel. This crew includes Danielle Rousseau (Melissa Farman), who is joined by a time-traveling Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim). The monster drags the crew's leader, Montand (Marc Menard), under the Temple wall and, after the remaining crew attempts to rescue him, The Man in Black infects them with "the sickness", causing them to "change."


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: On September 22, 2004, immediately after the crash of Oceanic 815, The Man in Black takes the form of Christian Shephard (John Terry). In the jungle, he encounters and asks the dog Vincent to go wake up his "son" Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), saying he has "work to do". Vincent then ran until he found Jack, who had just regained consciousness. Later that day, the Man in Black, as the monster, rips the pilot (Greg Grunberg) from the cockpit of the plane and kills him, leaving his mangled body in a tree; the pilot's corpse is found by Jack, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly), and Charlie Pace (Dominic Monaghan). Three days later, The Man in Black encounters John Locke (Terry O'Quinn) in the jungle as the monster, although he leaves Locke unharmed. Locke later tells Jack: "I've looked into the eye of this Island... and what I saw was beautiful."; Locke later told Mr. Eko (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje) that he had seen a beautiful bright light when encountering the monster for the first time. In the season one finale, "Exodus", The Man in Black attacks a group of the survivors as the monster again; he attempts to drag Locke down a hole, but is stopped by Jack and Kate. The latter tosses dynamite at the black smoke, and he lets go of Locke, the smoke dissipating.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: In the following season, The Man in Black confronts Mr. Eko as the monster for his past sins. As Eko stares down The Man in Black, he sees flashing images of his past. In season three, The Man in Black takes the form of Eko's brother, Yemi (Adetokumboh M'Cormack), and demands Eko to repent for his sins. When Eko refuses, The Man in Black briefly disappears, only to return as the monster. He then kills Eko by slamming him repeatedly against nearby trees and the ground. Midway through that season, The Man in Black appears to Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) and Kate as the monster; during the encounter, the monster releases a series of bright flashes. He later reappears and it is revealed that he cannot penetrate the sonar fence that surrounds the Barracks of the Dharma Initiative.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: In season four, after becoming enraged over the death of his adoptive daughter Alex Rousseau (Tania Raymonde) by mercenary team leader Martin Keamy (Kevin Durand) hired by Charles Widmore (Alan Dale), Ben Linus (Michael Emerson) rushes to a hidden room below his home at the Barracks, which has an ancient stone door covered with hieroglyphs; there, he drains a small pool that summons The Man in Black, as the monster, to brutally assault the mercenaries. As some of the survivors are preparing to leave the island, The Man in Black keeps Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) company in the form of her father Christian Shephard, who tells her that The Others took her son Aaron. When Locke enters a cabin built by Horace Goodspeed (Doug Hutchison) from the 1970s, The Man in Black, still in the form of Christian Shephard, falsely tells Locke that he is giving instructions from Jacob and tells him that he needs to "move the island"; Ben achieves this request.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: In late December 2007, following Ajira Airways Flight 316's crash on the island, The Man in Black, as Christian Shephard, appears to Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim) and Frank Lapidus (Jeff Fahey), informing them of the time travel undergone by the rest of the Oceanic Six. He then takes the form of the deceased John Locke, whose body was on the plane, and tricks everyone into thinking Locke was brought back to life. Later, Ben tells The Man in Black, who he thinks is Locke, that he must travel to the monster's lair, which lies beneath the Temple wall, to be judged for his complicity in his daughter's death. "Locke" separates from Ben at the Temple and confronts Ben as the monster. After The Man in Black retreats back into a vent, he reappears to Ben as Alex's manifestation, warning Ben to follow every word from "Locke", to which he complies. "Locke", Ben, Sun, and Lapidus later arrive at one of The Others' camps, led by Richard Alpert. Once reunited, "Locke" tells Richard that he now has a purpose and instructs Richard to find a time-traveling John Locke so that he can tell him that he must die to bring his friends back to the island; Richard obeys. Later, they return to camp where "Locke" speaks to The Others and tells them that they are going on a trip to see Jacob, from whom they take orders but have never met; Richard reluctantly complies. The next day, "Locke" tells Ben of his plan to kill Jacob while Ben informs "Locke" of Alex's threat, to which "Locke" replies by telling Ben to kill Jacob. After arriving at Jacob's residence at the four-toed statue, the two enter and meet Jacob, who recognizes "Locke" immediately as his supernatural brother. "Locke" notes to his brother that he "found his loophole". An emotional Ben then confronts Jacob by asking him why he has been constantly ignored by him for so many years while also expressing how much he has sacrificed and suffered on the island. "What about me?" Ben asks. However, Jacob gravely looks back at Ben and quietly says: "What about you?" Ben's temper flares and he responds by stabbing Jacob brutally twice in the chest, killing him. "Locke" then kicks Jacob's corpse into a fire pit, which immediately set Jacob completely ablaze. Outside, a group from Ajira 316 sent to protect Jacob, led by Ilana Verdansky (Zuleikha Robinson), arrives and reveal the contents of a giant metal crate from the cargo of the plane: John Locke's dead body.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: Following Jacob's demise, "Locke" asks Ben to go outside and tell Richard that he needs to talk to him. Ben inquires as to what they have to discuss, but "Locke" states that it is between himself and Richard. When Ben informs Richard that "Locke" wants to speak with him, Richard becomes furious with Ben and shoves him onto the beach next to Locke's corpse, revealing to Ben for the first time that Locke is indeed dead. Face-to-face with the real, dead John Locke, Ben becomes visibly shocked. Shortly after, Ben is grabbed by one of Ilana's men, who hauls him back into the statue with him, despite Richard's protest. Inside the statue, Ben and four men enter Jacob's chamber; they encounter and point their guns at "Locke". Upon hearing the news of Jacob's death, the men become enraged and fire several shots at "Locke". Moments later, the monster enters the room and overpowers three of the four men, killing them. After the brief firefight, The Man in Black changes back to "Locke" and reveals to Ben his true identity. He explains to Ben that his intention is to "go home". After exiting the statue, "Locke" approaches Richard, who now realizes that "Locke" is actually the man who conned him 140 years ago; Richard is knocked unconscious by "Locke", who then carries him into the jungle to discuss matters. Shortly after, "Locke" releases Richard from captivity and offers him a second chance to join him, but Richard refuses. "Locke" then tracks down a drunk Sawyer (Josh Holloway), who recently lost Juliet and unaware about the true identity of "Locke", and recruits Sawyer to join him. Sawyer only agrees to follow him after "Locke" tells him that he can provide the answer to the most important question there is: "Why are you on the island?" During their walk through the jungle, "Locke" becomes distracted by a young, mysterious blond boy (Jacob in the form of his younger self) and gives chase. Suddenly, Richard appears and frantically informs Sawyer that "Locke" is not who he says he is, but leaves before "Locke" reappears. Once "Locke" returns, Sawyer is now fully aware that "Locke" is someone else entirely and pulls a gun on him, asking him what he is. However, Sawyer lets his guard down after "Locke" prods Sawyer to continue following him because he is "so close now" to learning the truth. The two eventually reach a cave near a ledge, which has writings all over its walls that consist of countless people's names with numbers beside them. "Locke" then reveals to Sawyer that these names represent all the possible "candidates" to replace Jacob as leader of the island. Intrigued, Sawyer joins "Locke" a mission to leave the island.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: Later, "Locke" encounters and recruits Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) to his side. He asks Sayid to deliver a message to The Others at the Temple, ordering them to leave by sundown or they will all be killed. "Locke" also requests that Sayid kill the Temple leader, Dogen (Hiroyuki Sanada), since him being alive keeps The Man in Black from entering the Temple. Building an incentive for Sayid, "Locke" says that he can get Sayid anything he wants, anything in the entire world. Sayid replies that the only thing he ever wanted died in his arms and that he will never see it again. "Locke" seals the deal by rhetorically asking Sayid, "What if you could?" At sundown, after Sayid kills Dogen, "Locke" enters the Temple as the monster and kills all of The Others remaining inside. After this, he gathers The Others that joined him, along with Sayid, Kate, and Claire. Soon after, "Locke" sends Sawyer on a recon mission to Hydra Island, but the latter instead makes a deal with Charles Widmore to help him destroy The Man in Black and leave the island. Sawyer eventually returns from Hydra Island and reports back to "Locke"; he tells him that all the Ajira passengers are dead, and Widmore and his team are there where they have set up a sonar fence, hiding the deal he concocted with Widmore. After Jin is taken from camp by Widmore's group so that he can assist them in the assassination of The Man in Black, the latter travels to Hydra Island with Sayid. "Locke" then confronts Widmore and declares "war"; he returns to the main island while Sayid spies on Widmore's team to learn why Jin was taken. After Sayid returns to the main island with Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick), who was recently brought back to the island against his will by Widmore, "Locke" leads Desmond to a very old well. After explaining its origins, "Locke" throws Desmond down the well. Upon returning to his camp, Jack's group—this time led by Hurley (Jorge Garcia)—arrives where they finally meet The Man in Black.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: After meeting each other for the first time, "Locke" and Jack converse privately about past events and inevitable events; "Locke" also explains to Jack that the real John Locke had to be dead before assuming his form. Later, "Locke" instructs Sawyer to retrieve a sailboat, the "Elizabeth", to ferry him and his followers to Hydra Island to board the Ajira plane parked on the island and to also dock it at a meeting point. He also instructs Sayid to kill Desmond at the bottom of the well, but Sayid instead lets him live. When Sawyer and Kate arrive at the coast on the "Elizabeth", Kate expresses her doubts about departing the island with "Locke". Sawyer then reveals his plan to secretly escape The Man in Black's command and leave the island with Jack, Hurley, Sun, and Lapidus. The seven soon meet up and sail away while "Locke" deals with other matters. However, Jack is later ordered off the "Elizabeth" by Sawyer after the former expresses that he doesn't believe that they are meant to leave the island. An angered Sawyer watches as Jack reclaims his position as a man of faith and refuses to run by jumping into the ocean. Jack swims back to the island and washes up on the beach where "Locke", now aware of Sawyer's betrayal, arrives and reunites with Jack. Suddenly, a mortar is fired on the orders of Widmore, landing on the shore, throwing Jack and others through the air. "Locke" immediately runs to Jack, who is prone in the sand, and carries him inland while another missile hits land.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: That night, Jack wakes up in a boat and discovers that he is on Hydra Island with "Locke" and Sayid to regroup with the others. Unbeknownst to them, Widmore broke his deal with Sawyer and locked the group in a cage to protect them from The Man in Black's imminent arrival. Moments after Sawyer's group is caged, "Locke" attacks Widmore's camp as the monster while Jack arrives and frees his captive friends. Shortly after, "Locke" arrives solo at the Ajira Flight 316 site and enters the plane to inspect before he can depart with the others. Inside, he examines exposed wiring leading to a pack of C-4 explosives left by Widmore; he disarms and takes them for himself. Once Jack's group arrives at the site, "Locke" explains to them that Widmore wants them all together in a confined space so that he can kill them all, showing them the C-4 he found as evidence, and then tells them that their new plan is to leave the island via Widmore's submarine because they can't be sure the plane does not have any more booby traps. The group eventually arrive at the dock where there is no sign of any defense guarding the submarine. Before boarding, "Locke" asks Jack to reconsider his decision not to leave, explaining that whoever told Jack to stay had no idea what he was talking about. Jack turns and says, "John Locke told me I needed to stay", and abruptly pushes Locke off the dock and into the water. Suddenly, Kate is shot in the shoulder by Widmore's team, who have arrived at the tree line; a shootout between the two parties ensues. In the midst of the firefight, everyone escapes except for Claire, who realizes she has been left behind again, and "Locke". Underwater, Jack discovers that "Locke" planted the C-4 in Jack's backpack with a timer attached to it to kill them all at once. Sawyer then attempts to disarm the bomb, but Jack tells him not to since he has figured out that "Locke" can't kill the candidates himself and wants them to all die together in a "nice enclosed space". A frantic Jack then pleads Sawyer to let the timer run down to zero, assuring the group that the bomb will not go off. However, Sawyer apologizes and quickly pulls the wires out, and, as a result, the timer accelerates. To save his friends' lives, Sayid grabs the bomb and runs to the back of the submarine, but is instantly killed once the bomb detonates. The bomb's explosion then causes fatal damage to the submarine, forcing the group to escape. However, the aftermath results in the deaths of Sun and Jin while Jack, Kate, Sawyer (unconscious), and Hurley wash up on the main island together (separated from a still alive Lapidus) in an emotional state, mourning the deaths of the Kwons. "Locke", still at the pier, senses that not all of them are dead and leaves Claire to "finish what [he] started".


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: The next day, "Locke" rows back to the main island. Widmore, who showed up at the Barracks shortly after the destruction of his submarine, encounters and intercepts Ben as he was preparing to leave to destroy the Ajira plane with a backpack full of C-4; Widmore explains to Ben that he already loaded the plane with explosives. When questioned further, Widmore said that he had been invited back to the island by Jacob himself, but before he could elaborate further, Widmore spots "Locke" and hides in Ben's secret room. Moments later, "Locke" reunites and once again recruits Ben, who then reveals Widmore's whereabouts after being promised to have the island "all to [himself]" by "Locke" once he leaves. In Ben's closet, "Locke", after threatening Widmore, obtains information from him: Widmore brought Desmond back to the island because of his "unique resistance to electromagnetism" and is "a measure of last resort" to be used in case "Locke" manages to kill Jacob's remaining candidates; "Locke" realizes that this fail-safe could let him accomplish his final plan. Suddenly, Ben repeatedly shoots and kills Widmore with a handgun, avenging Alex's death. That night, after discovering that Desmond escaped the well and was not killed by Sayid, "Locke" reveals his final plan to Ben: "Locke" will find Desmond, who will then help him "destroy the island".


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: Eventually, the duo find Desmond, who is forced to join "Locke". The three soon cross paths with Jack's group on their way to "The Heart of the Island". A vengeful Jack then approaches "Locke" and vows to kill him, shocking everyone with this statement; however, "Locke" is unfazed. After having Desmond remove the cork from the center of "The Heart of the Island", the island proceeds to shake and crumble. Satisfied, "Locke" leaves the cave, but Jack attacks him, drawing blood, making The Man in Black realize that he just made himself mortal. In a last attempt to leave the island for good, "Locke" knocks Jack out and runs for the cliffs where the "Elizabeth" is moored off the side of the main island near the cliffside cave. Minutes later, Jack regains consciousness and catches up to "Locke" on the cliffs now having a chance to kill him; the final battle ensues. During the intense fight, The Man in Black gains the upper hand and fatally stabs Jack in the abdomen. However, before he can finish him off, telling Jack that he will "die for nothing", Kate suddenly appears and shoots The Man in Black in the back. Despite this, the island continues to rumble, convincing The Man in Black that it will indeed sink. Finally, he tells them that they're "too late", but Jack makes him realize his defeat by kicking him off the cliff to his death.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: The monster is established in "Lost" in the first episode, "Pilot". The producers' initial plan was for the monster to represent the id, in a manner similar to the "id monster" from the 1956 film "Forbidden Planet". This idea was changed by the end of season one, when the character Danielle Rousseau describes the monster as a "security system" that protects the island. This plan was continued into season five, when Rousseau's husband, Robert, describes the monster as a security system that guards the island's Temple. It was not until season six that it was established that the monster was also The Man in Black.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: The original appearance of The Man in Black as the monster was the first major plot twist of the sixth-season premiere, "LA X", which changed how the viewers and characters perceived the island. In "Pilot", Rose comments: "I keep thinking, there was something familiar about it." The producers had difficulty finding the right sound for the monster to make and eventually settled on the receipt printer from a New York City taxicab, which is why Rose, from The Bronx, New York, finds it familiar.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: Prior to the revelation of the monster as The Man in Black, one theory suggested that the monster was a cloud of nanobots, similar to Michael Crichton's novel "Prey". In the March 21, 2008, edition of the "Official Lost Podcast", executive producer Damon Lindelof revealed that manifestations of the monster did indeed include Yemi and the medusa spider that bit Nikki and Paulo.


title: Man in Black (Lost)

text: In reference to Jacob and The Man in Black, Lindelof stated that, regarding the scene in "Pilot, Part 2" where Locke explains to Walt Lloyd the premise of backgammon using the concept of light and dark, he and fellow co-creator J. J. Abrams had planned for those two sides to eventually be personified by two individuals.


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: "Pajama Day" is the twenty-fifth season premiere of the American animated television series "South Park". The 312th episode overall of the series, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on February 2, 2022, and was simulcast on Logo, MTV, MTV2, Paramount Network, Pop, and TV Land. It is the first "South Park" episode to air in its regular time slot since "Christmas Snow", which premiered December 11, 2019.


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: At South Park Elementary, Mr. Garrison introduces the class to his new boyfriend, Rick. However, when he gets a phone call from another boyfriend, Marcus, and the students fail to cover for him, an angered Garrison excoriates the students, and tells PC Principal, who has overheard the commotion, that the children are unresponsive and unfocused. Admonishing the students for not appreciating their teacher, PC Principal forbids them from wearing pajamas on Pajama Day, which is described as the "Met Gala for kids." When the students complain, he furthermore admonishes them not to invoke Nazi Germany when they fail to get what they want, which serves as a recurring gag in the episode. He also tells counselor Mr. Mackey that if he changes his mind, he will look weak.


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: The punishment results in a backlash on the part of the townsfolk, who protest PC Principal's actions by wearing pajamas throughout the day, including in the workplace. Seeing that his decision has backfired, PC Principal tells fourth grader Wendy Testaburger her class must resolve this problem, resulting in a schism among the local workforce, and arrests of people who refuse to wear pajamas, as well as those who engage in criminal behavior in their attempts to shame them. As riots and arrests escalate, Police Sergeant Harrison Yates observes that the town is turning into a powder keg.


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: At an afterschool meeting, Wendy suggests that they apologize to Garrison. The next day an elated Garrison tells the class he has decided to be with Rick, but when he sees Butters Stotch is not paying attention to his anecdote, it results in another angry tirade by him and PC Principal. As town-wide conflict and allusions to Nazism continue, however, PC Principal tells Wendy that her class can wear pajamas, and that he will resign. However, when Wendy mentions that they still have Opposite Day to look forward to, this gives PC Principal an idea. He announces to the school that due to a calendar error, it is actually not Pajama Day, but Opposite Day, when students are allowed to wear what they want, which means the fourth graders can wear pajamas. With the conflict resolved, the jailed citizens are released.


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: The season premiere ranked number one on cable that evening among the 18-to-49 demographic with a 0.44 rating, beating out NBA telecasts on ESPN, All Elite Wrestling on TBS, and a FIFA World Cup qualifying match on Fox Sports 1 featuring the United States men's national soccer team. ViacomCBS' simulcast of the episode across multiple other ViacomCBS networks added to those figures.


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: Don Caffrey with "The A.V. Club" gave it a C+ rating, criticizing it as a "tired COVID joke", saying "It feels uninspired and just plain odd to see South Park symbolizing pandemic hysteria when the show tackled it in a much more literal fashion less than two months ago." Caffrey also observed that the pajamas in the episode were being used as a metaphor for objections to wearing masks during the COVID pandemic, stating "about halfway through, it becomes clear that the pajamas are a stand-in for masks during COVID-19—a joke that immediately deflates."


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: Charles Bramesco with "The Guardian" was critical of the episode, stating in his review "Parker and Stone continue to thrive on the non-commentary that their strategy of partial metaphor affords them, hiding behind the joke once it comes time to make a statement beyond the broadly agreeable. The divisiveness of pajama-wearing allows them to get a few good blows in, as in the scene that sees an anti-pajama-er declaring that he'll never be cozy again, a succinct summation of the self-defeating 'own the libs' philosophy currently dominating conservative thought."


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: Liz Shannon Miller with "Consequence" enjoyed the simplicity of the episode. In her review she commented "What makes this such an effective season opener, though, is the fact that those touches of old-school "South Park" are accompanied by the usual sorts of evidence that this episode was written extremely recently...Hearts have been broken and lives ruined in the quest to do what's achieved here so easily: A funny story, well told."


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

text: Justin Epps of Bubbleblabber enjoyed the episode, giving it an 8.0 out of 10 and praising it for a smooth return to the normal episode format after two years of specials. During his review, he writes that "the show was extremely satisfying", and that "With a new crop of episodes and a few more specials heading to Paramount+, "South Park" fans should hold their head high with confidence that the 25th season shows no signs of declining quality."


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: The demographics of North Korea are determined through national censuses and international estimates. The Central Bureau of Statistics of North Korea conducted the most recent census in 2008, where the population reached 24 million inhabitants. The population density is 199.54 inhabitants per square kilometre, and the 2014 estimated life expectancy is 69.81 years. In 1980, the population rose at a near consistent, but low, rate (0.84% from the two censuses). Since 2000, North Korea's birth rate has exceeded its death rate; the natural growth is positive. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated by the 15–64-year-old segment (68.09%). The median age of the population is 32.9 years, and the gender ratio is 0.95 males to 1.00 female. Since the early 1990s, the birth rate has been fairly stable, with an average of 2 children per woman, down from an average of 3 in the early 1980s.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: According to "The World Factbook", North Korea is racially homogeneous and contains a small Chinese community and a few ethnic Japanese. The 2008 census listed two nationalities: Korean (%) and Other (%). Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910, in which the Korean Peninsula was occupied by Japanese. In 1945, when Japan was defeated in World War II, Korea was divided into two occupied zones: North occupied by the Soviet Union and the South by the United States. Negotiations on unification failed, and in 1948 two separate countries were formed: North and South Korea.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Korean is the official language of North Korea. "The World Factbook" states "traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo" in regards to religion, but also states "autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom". , 8.86% of the population older than 5 years old have attained academic degrees. In 2000, North Korea spent 38.2% of its expenditures on education, social insurance, and social security. Estimates show that, in 2012, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was $1,800. The most significant sources of employment were machine building and manufacturing of metallurgical products, military products, and textiles. In 2006, the unemployment rate was between 14.7% and 36.5%. The 2008 census enumerated 5,887,471 households, averaging 3.9 persons per house. Average urbanization rate was 60.3% in 2011.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: During the North Korean famine of 1994–1998 somewhere between 240,000 and 3,500,000 North Koreans died from starvation or hunger-related illnesses, with the deaths peaking in 1997. A 2011 U.S. Census Bureau report put the likely number of excess deaths during 1993 to 2000 at from 500,000 to 600,000.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Until the release of official data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population. They either totaled the number of delegates elected to the Supreme People's Assembly (each delegate representing 50,000 people before 1962 and 30,000 people afterward) or relied on official statements that a certain number of persons, or percentage of the population, was engaged in a particular activity. Thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il-sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were gradually made available to the outside world.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: In 1989 the Central Bureau of Statistics released demographic data to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) to secure the UNFPA's assistance in holding North Korea's first nationwide census since the establishment of the DPRK in 1946. Although the figures given to the United Nations (UN) might have been purposely distorted, it appears that in line with other attempts to open itself to the outside world, the North Korean regime has also opened somewhat in the demographic realm. Although the country lacks trained demographers, accurate data on household registration, migration, and births and deaths are available to North Korean authorities.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: According to the United States scholar Nicholas Eberstadt and demographer Judith Banister, vital statistics and personal information on residents are kept by agencies on the ri, or ni (, : village, the local administrative unit) level in rural areas and the dong (, : district or block) level in urban areas.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: In their 1992 monograph, "The Population of North Korea", Eberstadt and Banister use the data given to the UNFPA and make their own assessments. They place the total population at 21.4 million persons in mid-1990, consisting of 10.6 million males and 10.8 million females. This figure is close to an estimate of 21.9 million persons for mid-1988 cited in the 1990 edition of the "Demographic Yearbook" published by the UN. "Korean Review", a book by Pang Hwan-ju published by the Foreign Languages Publishing House in 1987, gives a figure of 19.1 million persons for 1986.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: The figures disclosed by the government reveal an unusually low proportion of males to females: in 1980 and 1987, the male-to-female ratios were 86.2 to 100, and 84.2 to 100, respectively. Low male-to-female ratios are usually the result of a war, but these figures were lower than the sex ratio of 88.3 males per 100 females recorded for 1953, the last year of the Korean War. The male-to-female ratio would be expected to rise to a normal level with the passage of years, as happened between 1953 and 1970, when the figure was 95.1 males per 100 females. After 1970, however, the ratio declined. Eberstadt and Banister suggest that before 1970 male and female population figures included the whole population, yielding ratios in the ninetieth percentile, but that after that time the male military population was excluded from population figures.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Based on the figures provided by the Central Statistics Bureau, Eberstadt and Banister estimate that the actual size of the "hidden" male North Korean military had reached 1.2 million by 1986 and that the actual male-to-female ratio was 97.1 males to 100 females in 1990. If their estimates are correct, 6.1 percent of North Korea's total population was in the military, numerically the world's fourth largest active military force as of 2021.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: A survey in 2017 found that the famine had skewed North Korea's demography, impacting particularly on male infants. Women aged 20–24 made up 4% of the population, while men in the same age group made up only 2.5%.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: The annual population growth rate in 1960 was 2.7 percent, rising to a high of 3.6 percent in 1970, and falling to 1.9 percent in 1975. This fall reflected a dramatic decline in the fertility rate: the average number of children born to women decreased from 6.5 in 1966 to 2.5 in 1988. Assuming the data is reliable, reasons for falling growth rates and fertility rates probably include late marriage, urbanization, limited housing space, and the expectation that women would participate equally in work hours in the labor force. The experience of other socialist countries suggests that widespread labor force participation by women often goes hand-in-hand with more traditional role expectations; in other words, they are still responsible for housework and childrearing. The high percentage of males age 17 to 26 may have contributed to the low fertility rate.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: According to Eberstadt and Banister's data, the annual population growth rate in 1991 was 1.9 percent. However, the CIA "World Factbook" estimated that North Korea's annual population growth rate was 1.0% in 1991 and that it has since declined to 0.4% by 2009.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: The North Korean government seems to perceive its population as too small in relation to that of South Korea. In its public pronouncements, Pyongyang has called for accelerated population growth and encouraged large families. According to one Korean American scholar who visited North Korea in the early 1980s, the country has no birth control policies; parents are encouraged to have as many as six children. The state provides "tagaso" (nurseries) to lessen the burden of childrearing for parents and offers a 77-day paid leave after childbirth.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Eberstadt and Banister suggest, however, that authorities at the local level make contraceptive information readily available to parents and that intrauterine devices are the most commonly adopted birth control method. An interview with a former North Korean resident in the early 1990s revealed that such devices are distributed free at clinics.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Demographers determine the age structure of a given population by dividing it into five-year age-groups and arranging them chronologically in a pyramid-like structure that "bulges" or recedes in relation to the number of persons in a given age cohort. Many poor, developing countries have a broad base and steadily tapering higher levels, which reflects a large number of births and young children but much smaller age cohorts in later years as a result of relatively short life expectancies. North Korea does not entirely fit this pattern; data reveal a "bulge" in the lower ranges of adulthood. In 1991, life expectancy at birth was approximately 66 years for males, almost 73 for females.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: It is likely that annual population growth rates will increase, as well as difficulties in employing the many young men and women entering the labor force in a socialist economy already suffering from stagnant growth. Eberstadt and Banister project that the population will stabilize (that is, cease to grow) at 34 million persons in 2045 and will then experience a gradual decline.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: North Korea's population is concentrated in the plains and lowlands. The least populated regions are the mountainous Chagang and Yanggang provinces adjacent to the Chinese border. The largest concentrations of population are in North Pyongan and South Pyongan provinces, in the municipal district of Pyongyang, and in South Hamgyong Province, which includes the Hamhung-Hungnam urban area. Eberstadt and Banister calculate the average population density at 167 persons per square kilometer, ranging from 1,178 persons per square kilometer in Pyongyang Municipality to 44 persons per square kilometer in Yanggang Province. By contrast, South Korea had an average population density of 425 persons per square kilometer in 1989.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Like South Korea, North Korea has experienced significant urban migration since the end of the Korean War. Official statistics reveal that 59.6 percent of the total population was classified as urban in 1987. This figures compares with only 17.7 percent in 1953. It is not entirely clear, however, what standards are used to define urban populations. Eberstadt and Banister suggest that although South Korean statisticians do not classify settlements of under 50,000 as urban, their North Korean counterparts include settlements as small as 20,000 in this category. And, in North Korea, people who engage in agricultural pursuits inside municipalities sometimes are not counted as urban.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Urbanization in North Korea seems to have proceeded most rapidly between 1953 and 1960, when the urban population grew between 12 and 20 percent annually. Subsequently, the increase slowed to about 6 percent annually in the 1960s and between 1 and 3 percent from 1970 to 1987.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: In 1987, North Korea's largest cities were Pyongyang, with approximately 2.3 million inhabitants; Hamhung, 701,000; Chongjin, 520,000; Nampo, 370,000; Sunchon, 356,000; and Sinuiju, 289,000. In 1987, the total national population living in Pyongyang was 11.5 percent. The government restricts and monitors migration to cities and ensures a relatively balanced distribution of population in provincial centers in relation to Pyongyang.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Large-scale emigration from Korea began around 1904 and continued until the end of World War II. During the Japanese colonial occupation (1910–1945), many Koreans emigrated to: China (particularly Northeast China), the Soviet Union, Hawaii, and the contiguous United States. People from Korea's northern provinces went primarily to Manchuria, China, and Siberia; many of those from the southern provinces went to Japan. Most emigrants left for economic reasons because employment opportunities were scarce; many Korean farmers had lost their land after the Japanese colonial government introduced a system of private land tenure, imposed higher land taxes, and promoted the growth of an absentee landlord class charging exorbitant rents.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: In the 1980s, more than 4 million ethnic Koreans lived outside the peninsula. The largest group, about 1.7 million people, lived in China ("see Koreans in China"); most had assumed Chinese citizenship. Approximately 1 million Koreans, almost exclusively from South Korea, lived in North America ("see Korean Americans"). About 389,000 ethnic Koreans resided in the former Soviet Union ("see Koryosaram and Sakhalin Koreans"). One observer noted that Koreans have been so successful in running collective farms in Soviet Central Asia that being Korean is often associated by other citizens with being rich. As a result, there is growing antagonism against Koreans. Smaller groups of Koreans are found in Central America and South America (85,000), the Middle East (62,000), Europe (40,000), Asia (27,000), and Africa (25,000).


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Many of Japan's approximately 680,000 Koreans have below average standards of living. This is partly because of discrimination by the Japanese. Many resident Koreans, loyal to North Korea, remain separate from, and often hostile to, the Japanese social mainstream. The pro-North Korean Chongryon (General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) initially was more successful than the pro-South Korean Mindan (Association for Korean Residents in Japan) in attracting adherents. However, the widening disparity between the political and economic conditions of the two Koreas has since made Mindan the larger and certainly the less politically controversial faction. In addition, third- and fourth-generation Zainichi Chosenjin have largely given up active participation or loyalty to the Chongryon ideology. Reasons stated for this increased disassociation include widespread mainstream tolerance of Koreans by Japanese in recent years, greatly reducing the need to rely on Chongryon and the increasing unpopularity of Kim Jong-il even among loyal members of Chongryon.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: Between 1959 and 1982, Chongryon encouraged the repatriation of Korean residents in Japan to North Korea. More than 93,000 Koreans left Japan, the majority (80,000 persons) in 1960 and 1961. Thereafter, the number of repatriates declined, apparently because of reports of hardships suffered by their compatriots. Approximately 6,637 Japanese wives accompanied their husbands to North Korea, of whom about 1,828 retained Japanese citizenship in the early 1990s. Pyongyang had originally promised that the wives could return home every two or three years to visit their relatives. In fact, however, they are not allowed to do so, and few have had contact with their families in Japan. In normalization talks between North Korean and Japanese officials in the early 1990s, the latter urged unsuccessfully that the wives be allowed to make home visits. According to a defector, himself a former returnee, many petitioned to be returned to Japan and in response were sent to political prison camps. Japanese research puts the number of Zainichi Korean returnees condemned to prison camps at around 10,000.


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: racially homogeneous: Koreans; small Chinese community, a few ethnic Russians, Japanese, Singaporeans, ethnic Thai, ethnic Indian, ethnic African, Americans and ethnic Vietnamese


title: Demographics of North Korea

text: no statistics available; predominantly Buddhism, Shamanism, Confucianism, and Cheondoism (see "religion in North Korea")


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: A drama CD series was released in 2005–2006 and a 25-episode anime adaptation aired in 2008. In an interview, the author's widower, Shigeru Nishikawa, revealed that the manga's intended finale was to be conceptualized in the anime for the first time. Scripts regarding the plot of the anime closely followed the author's planned ending.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: On January 27, 2009, Digital Manga Publishing issued a press release announcing the acquisition of the license to publish "Itazura na Kiss" in English. They published the series in 12 omnibus editions; the first two were scheduled for November 2009 and March 2010, respectively. The last two volumes were available in their Akadot Retail store. The manga is also available through Amazon Kindle and BookWalker.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: In this romantic comedy story, a dim witted high school girl named Kotoko Aihara finally confesses her romantic feelings to a fellow senior named Naoki that she has been infatuated with from afar since she saw him on their first day of high school. However, Naoki, a hottie "super-"ikemen"" (handsome male) who is smart and good at sports, rejects her offhand. Fate intervenes when a mild earthquake ruins Kotoko's family house. While the house is rebuilt, Kotoko and her father stay at the home of her father's childhood best friend, whose son is revealed to be Naoki. Naoki eventually falls for Kotoko despite her clingy ways and childish behavior and starts to have romantic, protective feelings for her.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: In 1996, "Itazura na Kiss" was first adapted into a Japanese television drama of the same title, which ran from October 14 to December 16, 1996, for 9 episodes every Monday at 20:00 until 21:00 JST. This version did not cover Kotoko's and Naoki's married life.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: In 2005, it was adapted into two Taiwanese dramas, "It Started with a Kiss" and its sequel "They Kiss Again", both starring Ariel Lin as not-so-bright Yuan Xiang-qin and Joe Cheng as the genius Jiang Zhi-shu.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: In 2010, it was adapted into a South Korean drama series, "Playful Kiss", starring Kim Hyun-joong of SS501 as the perfectionist Baek Seung-jo and Jung So-min as the clumsy Oh Ha-ni. The series consisted of 16 TV episodes and 7 webisodes.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: In 2013, a second Japanese live-action adaptation aired on Fuji TV under the title "". It starred Miki Honoka as Kotoko Aihara and Yuki Furukawa as Naoki Irie.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: At the end of 2014, the sequel "Mischievous Kiss 2: Love in Okinawa" was aired, with both lead actors reprising their roles. The second season ended in March 2015.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: In 2015, it was adapted into a Thai drama series, "Kiss Me" (รักล้นใจนายแกล้งจุ๊บ). It starred Pirath Nitipaisankul and Sushar Manaying, and it aired on True4U.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: In 2016, it was adapted into a second Taiwanese drama, "Miss in Kiss", starring Esther Wu as Xiang Yue-qin and Dino Lee as Jiang Zhi-shu. 39 episodes (20–30 minutes each) were broadcast from December 8, 2016 to March 24, 2017. The Japanese-dubbed version of the drama was released in mid-2017.


title: Itazura na Kiss

text: "Itazura na Kiss" was adapted into a 25 episode Japanese animated TV series by TMS Entertainment and shown on TBS from April 4, 2008 to September 25, 2008. The opening theme was "Kimi, Meguru, Boku" by Motohiro Hata, and the primary ending themes were "Kataomoi Fighter" by GO!GO!7188 and "Jikan yo Tomare (Stop Time)" by Azu featuring Seamo. Discotek Media licensed the animated series for Northern America and released it out on DVD in late 2014.


title: John Gottman

text: John Mordechai Gottman (born April 26, 1942) is an American psychologist, professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Washington. His work focuses on divorce prediction and marital stability through relationship analyses. The lessons derived from this work represent a partial basis for the relationship counseling movement that aims to improve relationship functioning and the avoidance of those behaviors shown by Gottman and other researchers to harm human relationships. His work has also had a major impact on the development of important concepts on social sequence analysis. He and his wife, psychologist Julie Schwartz Gottman, co-founded and lead a relationship company and therapist training entity called The Gottman Institute. They have also co-founded Affective Software Inc, a program designed to make marriage and relationship counseling methods and resources available to a larger audience.


title: John Gottman

text: Gottman was recognized in 2007 as one of the 10 most influential therapists of the past twenty-five years.


title: John Gottman

text: John Gottman was born on April 26, 1942 in the Dominican Republic to Orthodox Jewish parents. His father was a rabbi in pre-World War II Vienna. Gottman was educated in a Lubavitch yeshiva elementary school in Brooklyn. He keeps kosher (the following of Jewish dietary laws) and observes Shabbat, a day dedicated to religious worship and rest.


title: John Gottman

text: Over three decades ago, he married Julie Gottman née Schwartz, a psychotherapist. His two previous marriages had ended in divorce. He has a daughter named Moriah Gottman.


title: John Gottman

text: John Gottman received his bachelor's degree in Mathematics-Physics from Fairleigh Dickinson University in 1962. In 1964, Gottman earned his master's in Mathematics-Psychology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received an M.A. in Clinical Psychology-Mathematics in 1967 and his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology in 1971 from the University of Wisconsin.


title: John Gottman

text: At Fairleigh Dickinson University, Gottman worked as an instructor for the mathematics department, a research assistant for the department of physics, and a researcher for the school of engineering. At the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, he worked as a computer programmer and mathematician. He was a program evaluator and research designer for the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. 1981, Gottman became a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois. Additionally, he was professor of psychology at the University of Washington, Seattle for 16 years. From 2002 until today, Gottman works as the Emeritus Professor of Psychology for the University of Washington and as the Executive Director for the Relationship Research Institute in Seattle. Alongside his wife, he is also the co-founder of The Gottman Institute.


title: John Gottman

text: Gottman developed multiple models, scales, and formulas to predict marital stability and divorce in couples. He has completed seven studies in this field. Some of Gottman's most popular work comes from his research regarding newlywed couples.


title: John Gottman

text: This work concludes that there are four negative behaviors that are most likely to lead to and therefore predict divorce. These are: criticism of a partner's personality; contempt, which is usually derived from a position of superiority; defensiveness; and stonewalling, which is displayed through emotional withdrawal from interactions. Typically, these are actions made as a result of feeling overwhelmed by criticism coming at them from their partner.


title: John Gottman

text: Stable couples handle conflict in gentle, positive ways and are supportive of each other. In Gottman's book "Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work" he addresses some standard tools that these couples implement to stay together, from taking the time to continue building a friendship with their spouse, to honoring and respecting their spouse.


title: John Gottman

text: He developed "The Gottman Method Couple's Therapy" based on his research findings. The form of therapy aims to increase respect, affection, and closeness; break through and resolve conflict; generate greater understandings; and keep conflict discussions calm. The goal of The Gottman Method is to help couples build happy and stable marriages. Gottman's therapy model focuses more on the "process" of conflict within the marriage, and less on the "content" of the conflict.


title: John Gottman

text: John Gottman conducted a study based on oral interviews with 95 newlywed couples. His predictions are based on perceived marital bonds. Couples were asked about their relationship, mutual history, and philosophy toward marriage. The interview measured the couple's perceptions of shared history and marriage by focusing on the positive or negative qualities of the relationship expressed in the telling of the story. To measure each spouse’s perception of the marriage and each other, the interviewer listened to the couple’s negative or positive experiences. Rather than scoring the content of their answers, interviewers used the Oral History Interview coding system, developed by Buehlman and Gottman in 1996, to measure spouses' perceptions about the marriage and each other. Therefore, the couples' perception was used to predict whether they would gain marital stability or end up divorced. The more positive their perceptions and attitudes were about their marriage and each other, the more stable the marriage.


title: John Gottman

text: John Gottman’s models partly rely on Paul Ekman's method of analyzing human emotion and microexpressions. Ekman’s research was primarily based on observing the micro-expressions to determine whether somebody was lying or telling the truth.


title: John Gottman

text: The original study was published by Gottman and Christopher Buehlman in 1992, in which they interviewed couples with children. A posteriori modeling yielded a discriminant function that could discern those who had divorced with 94% accuracy. Since Gottman believed that early married life is a period of adjustment, and perceptions are being formed, he sought to predict marital stability and divorce through couples' perceptions during the first year of marriage.


title: John Gottman

text: In 1998, Gottman developed a model to predict which newlywed couples would remain married and which would divorce four to six years later. The model fits the data with 90% accuracy. Another model from Gottman can determine with 81% accuracy which marriages survived after seven to nine years.


title: John Gottman

text: Gottman's follow-up study with newlywed couples, published in 2000, used the Oral History Interview to predict marital stability and divorce. Gottman's model fit with 87.4% accuracy for classifying couples who divorce (or not) within the couples' first five years of marriage. He used couples' perceptions about their marriages and each other to model marital stability or divorce.


title: John Gottman

text: In a 2002 paper, Gottman and Robert W. Levenson perform a regression analysis of a two-factor model where skin conductance levels and oral history narratives encodings are the only two statistically significant variables. Facial expressions using Ekman's encoding scheme were not statistically significant.


title: John Gottman

text: Gottman developed what he named "The Four Horsemen": 1. Criticism, 2. Defensiveness, 3. Contempt, and 4. Stonewalling, as ineffective communication styles that contribute to marital dissolution. Gottman claims that one of the highest predictors of divorce was the presence of contempt, which he defined a spouse viewing themselves as better than the other spouse.


title: John Gottman

text: Independent research on the impact of Gottman's marriage strengthening programs for the general public has further questioned Gottman couple education programs.


title: John Gottman

text: The largest independent evaluation of a marriage education curriculum developed by Gottman was conducted by Mathematica Policy Research at nine sites in five states. The study was titled, "Loving Couples, Loving Children," and was a federally funded, multi-year Building Strong Families Program study contracted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. The study group included low-income, unwed couples.


title: John Gottman

text: An impact report released by the Office of Planning Research and Evaluation showed that the intervention had no positive impact and, in one case, "had negative effects on couples' relationships."


title: John Gottman

text: An ongoing study by Manpower Development Research Corporation (MDRC), known as the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project (SHM), is evaluating Gottman's "Loving Couples, Loving Children" program among low-income, married couples. The multi-year, random assignment study is funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. In an early impact study on the effectiveness of "skills-based relationship education programs designed to help low-income married couples strengthen their relationships and, in turn, to support more stable and more nurturing home environments and more positive outcomes for parents and their children," MDRC reported "Overall, the program has shown some small positive effects, without clear indications (yet no clear negative proof) for improving the odds to stay together after 12 months."


title: John Gottman

text: A study published by Matthews, Wickrama and Conger, based on couples' perceptions, was done in 1996. The study showed that spousal hostility and net of warmth predicted, with 80% accuracy, which couples would divorce or not divorce within a year.


title: John Gottman

text: In multiple analyses, Gottman has shown a plethora of relations and effects in marriage and divorce, some in peer-reviewed publications, while many others appear in Gottman's own books. Among those are:


title: John Gottman

text: Gottman's Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution states that there are four major emotional reactions that are destructive and thus are the four predictors to a divorce: criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and contempt. Gottman calls these four predictors of divorce the “four horsemen” of marriage because they herald trouble for a marriage. They are a part of the Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution because they build upon each other. One behavior leads to the next, resulting in more hostility and less communication in a relationship, ultimately, leading to emotional separation and dissolution of the marriage.


title: John Gottman

text: The first indication of the cascade model is criticism. Criticism is an attack on a person's character or personality. One way to differentiate between a criticism and a complaint is in the way the statement begins. Relationships that tend to stay together begin conversations like these in what Gottman describes as a soft startup, or a tactful, respectful way of speaking, rather than in a harsh startup, which typically incorporates broad absolute statements such as “you always…” or “you never…” Couples whose relationship tends to be more negative engage in criticism of one another more frequently. Frequent critiques and attacks relating to this tier can lead to other behaviors that are set out in the cascade model.


title: John Gottman

text: Defensiveness, the second tier of the cascade model is a response to pathological criticism. A partner in this phase will attempt to make excuses or even shift blame from themselves to their partner. This phase of the cascade model can also cause their partner to feel that they are not taking their concerns seriously or that they are avoiding responsibility. This is characterized by a deflection of criticism and an avoidance of responsibility. Counter attacks and criticism of one’s partner are characteristic of defensiveness.


title: John Gottman

text: The third tier of the cascade model is contempt which is derived from a mentality of superiority. Pathological criticism of one another and responding to this criticism with defensive behaviors can lead to contempt. Contempt results from a lack of respect or acknowledgement. Contempt may include sarcasm, cynicism, name calling, eye rolling, mockery, or hostile humor. A general indignation and lack of respect characterizes interaction in this phase of the cascade.


title: John Gottman

text: Stonewalling is the final tier of the cascade model and is a response to the first three tiers. It is characterized by the building up of mental and physical barriers to avoid interaction with one's partner. An attempt to appear busy or other means of purposely avoiding contact are employed and very little communication takes place. Communication that does take place is not meaningful and can often be destructive. This often occurs when an individual feels overwhelmed, and it is strongly related to the experience of emotional flooding.


title: John Gottman

text: Emotional flooding occurs when a person feels inundated with sudden negative emotions and behaviors (often the first three predictors in this model,) and it leads them to promptly end or avoid further interaction with their partner. This experience can diminish their ability to communicate effectively, and it may compel them to stonewall or exhibit other avoidant behaviors. Although flooding is not one of the main four indicators of divorce, Gottman indicated that it was an important factor in this model. His research also noted that there are gender differences related to flooding; specifically that it is a more common experience for men. It has also been linked to an increase chance of intimate partner violence, possibly due to the decreased capacity for appropriate cognitive functioning and the inability to cope with conflict that is indicative of flooding.


title: John Gottman

text: In "The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work", his most popular book, Gottman discusses behaviors that he observed in marriages that are successful and those that are detrimental to marriage, based on research conducted at his "Love Lab" in Seattle, Washington. He outlines seven principles that will reinforce the positive aspects of a relationship and help marriages endure during the rough moments. These principles include, enhancing your love map (a term Gottman uses to describe the center of a person’s brain where they store relevant information about their partner), nurturing your fondness and admiration, turning towards each other rather than away, letting your partner influence you, solving solvable problems, overcoming gridlock, and creating a shared meaning.


title: John Gottman

text: The following is a partial list of methods and practices developed by Gottman and his wife for marriage and child-rearing:


title: John Gottman

text: The Gottman Institute certifies new therapists regularly. Three levels of professional training are generally delivered through intensive two-day seminars or through at-home or online study to train therapists in Gottman Method Couples Therapy:


title: John Gottman

text: In Gottman's book, "The Marriage Clinic: A Scientifically-Based Marital Therapy", he states that therapy should emphasize "conflict regulation, not resolution."


title: John Gottman

text: "Bringing Baby Home" is a two-day seminar to help prepare would-be parents to a new baby, using 18 exercises and other tricks.


title: John Gottman

text: In a peer-reviewed paper, Gottman shows that for a randomly controlled (but not blinded) experiment, couples attending the workshop were better off later, as follows: Without the workshop, 70% of couples had lower marital satisfaction relative to before birth (a common finding); 58% of mothers had some symptoms of depression after giving birth. For mothers who participated in the workshop, only 22% had depressive symptoms.


title: John Gottman

text: Gottman has authored or co-authored over 40 books for a general audience, with research-backed advice for improving marriages, raising emotionally intelligent children, and on how to bring a new baby home without damaging the relationship.


title: John Gottman

text: In Gottman's work, "Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child," he lists the five steps to emotion coaching. Emotion coaching is designed to "support the development of empathetic responses and thought constructions promoting better self-management and regulation." The five steps Gottman lists in his book are:


title: John Gottman

text: His most famous self-help book, "The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work: A Practical Guide from the Country's Foremost Relationship Expert", is widely regarded as both powerful and practical.


title: John Gottman

text: The Gottman Method is a therapy approach which focuses on supporting and strengthening couples by utilizing Gottman’s research and his theory which is referred to as The Sound Relationship House. This theory consists of nine components.


title: John Gottman

text: Gottman has been the recipient of four National Institute of Mental Health Research Scientist Awards; the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy Distinguished Research Scientist Award, the American Family Therapy Academy Award for Most Distinguished Contributor to Family Systems Research, the American Psychological Association Division of Family Psychology, Presidential Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Research Contribution and the National Council of Family Relations, 1994 Burgess Award for Outstanding Career in Theory and Research. In addition, Gottman takes a spot in the Psychotherapy Networker's Top 10 Most Influential Therapists of the past quarter-century.


title: John Gottman

text: In 2021, Gottman received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.


title: Complete graph

text: In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique edge. A complete digraph is a directed graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a pair of unique edges (one in each direction).


title: Complete graph

text: Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete graphs, with their vertices placed on the points of a regular polygon, had already appeared in the 13th century, in the work of Ramon Llull. Such a drawing is sometimes referred to as a mystic rose.


title: Complete graph

text: The complete graph on vertices is denoted by . Some sources claim that the letter in this notation stands for the German word , but the German name for a complete graph, , does not contain the letter , and other sources state that the notation honors the contributions of Kazimierz Kuratowski to graph theory.


title: Complete graph

text: If the edges of a complete graph are each given an orientation, the resulting directed graph is called a tournament.


title: Complete graph

text: These numbers give the largest possible value of the Hosoya index for an -vertex graph. The number of perfect matchings of the complete graph (with even) is given by the double factorial .


title: Complete graph

text: The crossing numbers up to are known, with requiring either 7233 or 7234 crossings. Further values are collected by the Rectilinear Crossing Number project. Rectilinear Crossing numbers for are


title: Complete graph

text: A complete graph with nodes represents the edges of an -simplex. Geometrically forms the edge set of a triangle, a tetrahedron, etc. The Császár polyhedron, a nonconvex polyhedron with the topology of a torus, has the complete graph as its skeleton. Every neighborly polytope in four or more dimensions also has a complete skeleton.


title: Complete graph

text: Complete graphs on formula_3 vertices, for formula_3 between 1 and 12, are shown below along with the numbers of edges:


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Hans-Joachim Marseille (; 13 December 1919 – 30 September 1942) was a German Luftwaffe fighter pilot and flying ace during World War II. He is noted for his aerial battles during the North African Campaign and his Bohemian lifestyle. One of the most successful fighter pilots, he was nicknamed the "Star of Africa". Marseille claimed all but seven of his 158 victories against the British Commonwealth's Desert Air Force over North Africa, flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter for his entire combat career. No other pilot claimed as many Western Allied aircraft as Marseille.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Marseille, of French Huguenot ancestry, joined the Luftwaffe in 1938. At the age of 20 he graduated from one of the Luftwaffe's fighter pilot schools just in time to participate in the Battle of Britain, without notable success. A charming person, he had such a busy night life that sometimes he was too tired to be allowed to fly the next morning. As a result of poor discipline, he was transferred to "Jagdgeschwader" 27 (Fighter Wing 27, JG 27), which relocated to North Africa in April 1941.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Under the guidance of his new commander, who recognised the latent potential in the young officer, Marseille quickly developed his abilities as a fighter pilot. He reached the zenith of his fighter pilot career on 1 September 1942, when during the course of three combat sorties he claimed 17 enemy fighters shot down, earning him the "Ritterkreuz mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten" (Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds). Only 29 days later, Marseille was killed in a flying accident, when he was forced to abandon his fighter due to engine failure. After he exited the smoke-filled cockpit, Marseille's chest struck the vertical stabiliser of his aircraft. The blow either killed him instantly or incapacitated him so that he was unable to open his parachute.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Hans-Joachim "Jochen" Walter Rudolf Siegfried Marseille was born to Charlotte (maiden name: Charlotte Marie Johanna Pauline Gertrud Riemer) and "Hauptmann" Siegfried Georg Martin Marseille, a family with paternal French ancestry, in Berlin-Charlottenburg on 13 December 1919. As a child, he was physically weak, and he nearly died from a serious case of influenza. His father was an Army officer during World War I, and later left the armed forces to join the Berlin police force.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: When Marseille was still a young child his parents divorced and his mother subsequently married a police official named Reuter. Marseille initially assumed the name of his stepfather at school (a matter he had a difficult time accepting) but reverted to using his father's name of Marseille in adulthood.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Marseille had a difficult relationship with his natural father, whom he refused to visit in Hamburg for some time after the divorce. Eventually he attempted a reconciliation with his father, who subsequently introduced him to the nightlife that initially hampered his military career during his early years in the Luftwaffe. However, the rapprochement with his father did not last and he did not see him again.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Hans-Joachim also had a younger sister, Ingeborg. While on sick leave in Athens at the end of December 1941, he was summoned to Berlin by a telegram from his mother. Upon arriving home, he learned his sister had been killed by a jealous lover while living in Vienna. Hans-Joachim reportedly never recovered emotionally from this blow.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Marseille attended a "Volksschule" in Berlin (1926–1930), and from the age of 10, the Prinz Heinrich Gymnasium in Berlin-Schöneberg (1930–1938). Between April and September 1938, he served in the Reich Labour Service.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Marseille joined the Luftwaffe on 7 November 1938 as an officer candidate and received his basic training in Quedlinburg in the Harz region. His lack of discipline gave him a reputation as a rebel, which plagued him early on in his Luftwaffe career. On 1 March 1939 Marseille was transferred to the Luftkriegsschule 4 (LKS 4—air war school) near Fürstenfeldbruck. Among his classmates was Werner Schröer.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Marseille completed his training at a Fighter Pilot School in Vienna to which he was posted on 1 November 1939. One of his instructors was the Austro-Hungarian World War I ace Julius Arigi. Marseille graduated with an outstanding evaluation on 18 July 1940 and was assigned to "Ergänzungsjagdgruppe" Merseburg, stationed at the airport in Merseburg-West.


title: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Marseille's unit was assigned to air defence duty over the Leuna plant from the outbreak of war until the fall of France. On 10 August 1940 he was assigned to the Instructional Squadron 2, based in Calais-Marck, to begin operations against Britain. He again received an outstanding evaluation, this time by commander Herbert Ihlefeld.