title: Belleville, Ontario

text: In 1858 the iron bridge was completed over the Moira River at Bridge Street; it was the first iron bridge in Hastings County. By 1865, the population reached 6,000. Telephone service to 29 subscribers was in place by 1883; electricity became available in 1885 and in 1886, the town began to offer municipal water service. In 1870, Ontario's first school for the deaf was established in Belleville. Under Dr. Charles B. Coughlin, the school was recognized as making a significant contribution to special education. Originally called the Ontario Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, the facility was renamed as Ontario School for the Deaf. In 1974, it was renamed as the Sir James Whitney School.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville's town hall operates in a building first constructed in 1873 to house the public market and administrative offices. It was designed in the High Victorian Gothic style and retains much of its original appearance. In 1877, Belleville was legally incorporated as a city.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: In 1998, the city was amalgamated with the surrounding Township of Thurlow to form an expanded City of Belleville as part of Ontario-wide municipal restructuring. The city also annexed portions of Quinte West to the west.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Late-20th-century franchises founded here include the Dixie Lee Fried Chicken chain in 1964 and, in 1978, Journey's End Corporation's economy, limited-service hotel chain.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville is located at the mouth of the Moira River on the Bay of Quinte in southeastern Ontario between the cities of Quinte West to the west and Napanee to the east. These cities are connected by both Ontario's Highway 2 and the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway (Highway 401); The city is also served by Highway 37, running north–south from Belleville towards Tweed to the east of the Moira River; and Highway 62 (once Highway 14 south of 401), northwards towards Madoc, and southward to Prince Edward County over the Bay Bridge.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville is located in a transitional zone which may be considered part of either the Central Ontario or Eastern Ontario regions by different sources. Officially, Belleville is properly considered part of the Central Ontario region as it is located west of the St. Lawrence River's starting point, but the city is popularly considered part of Eastern Ontario as it shares the eastern region's area code 613 and K postal code.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: In addition to the Belleville city centre, the city of Belleville also comprises a number of villages and hamlets, including the following communities: Bayshore, Cannifton, Corbyville, Foxboro, Frink Centre, Gilead, Halloway, Honeywell Corners, Latta, Loyalist, Philipston, Plainfield, Pointe Anne, Roslin (partially), Thrasher's Corners, Thurlow, Thurlow South and Zion Hill.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville's climate has four distinct seasons. The city's traditional humid continental climate (Dfb)(hot summers, cold winters) is moderated by its location near Lake Ontario. The lake moderates temperature extremes, cooling hot summer days and warming cold days during the fall and winter. Because of this, winter snowfall is somewhat limited due to the increased frequency of precipitation falling as rain during the winter months. In the summer months, severe thunderstorm activity is usually limited because of the non-favourable lake breeze conditions. The city, being located on the north shore of Lake Ontario, is also in an unfavourable location for lake effect snow. One notable exception, however, was in December 2010 when 14 cm of snow occurred in one day as a result of a snow band from Lake Ontario. The summer months do not typically experience exceedingly hot temperatures, however, humidity levels can make daytime highs uncomfortable. Summer rainfall is usually modest and delivered by passing thunderstorms or warm fronts. Remnants of tropical systems do pass through on occasion towards summer's end, resulting in one or two days of consistently wet weather. The winter season is highly variable, with the record setting winter of 2007–08 experiencing near 270 cm of snow. Four years later, the winter of 2011–12 experienced only 60 cm of snow. Winter temperatures are also highly variable, even in one season. Air masses change frequently, and while a few days may see above freezing temperatures at a time in January, the next week may bring cold and snowfall. Autumn is usually mild, with an increase in precipitation starting in late September as conditions for fall storms develop. The highest temperature ever recorded in Belleville was on 9 July 1936. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 9 February 1934.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Belleville had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Belleville - Quinte West CMA had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville's population is mostly of European descent. The racial make up of Belleville is 87.0% White, 7.4% Aboriginal and 5.6% visible minorities. The largest visible minority groups in Belleville are South Asian (1.5%), Black (1.0%), Chinese (0.6%) and Filipino (0.5%). Most of Belleville is either a Christian (67.1%), or affiliates with no religion (30.3%). The remaining 2.6% affiliate with another religion.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Procter & Gamble, Kellogg's, Bardon Supplies Limited, Redpath, W.T. Hawkins Ltd, Sigma Stretch Film Canada, Hexo Cannabis, Autosystems Manufacturing (Magna International), Amer Sports Canada, and Avaya (formerly Nortel) are corporations operating in Belleville. Many other manufacturing sector companies operate within the City of Belleville, including Bioniche Life Sciences, Sprague Foods, Airborne Systems Canada Ltd, Berry Plastics Canada, CPK Interior Products, Hanon (formerly Halla) Climate Control Canada, Reid's Dairy, Parmalat Canada – Black Diamond Cheese Division and Norampac Inc.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville is home to two shopping malls: The Bay View Mall in east-end Belleville and the Quinte Mall along Bell Boulevard (south of Highway 401) in North Belleville. In January 2017 a Shorelines Casino opened on Bell Boulevard.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: The Belleville Senators play in the American Hockey League (AHL) and began play in the 2017–18 season as the top minor league affiliate of the National Hockey League's Ottawa Senators. They play at the CAA Arena, formally Yardmen Arena, located on 265 Cannifton Road.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville Bulls played in the Ontario Hockey League from 1981 to 2015. The team was then sold and relocated to Hamilton, Ontario. Belleville was also previously home to two senior hockey teams, the Belleville Macs and the Belleville McFarlands. Belleville is also home the Bay of Quinte Yacht Club, which challenged for the America's Cup in 1881. Belleville also sports minor hockey league teams such as the Belleville Bearcats (female) and the Belleville Jr. Bulls (male).


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: The Belleville McFarlands were a men's senior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association Senior division from 1956 to 1961. The McFarlands were Allan Cup champions in 1958, defeating the Kelowna Packers four games to three, and the World Championship in 1959. The team name was revived by a later team in the Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League from 2003 to 2006, known as the Belleville Macs


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Shannonville Motorsport Park has hosted rounds of the Canadian Touring Car Championship, the Canadian Superbike Championship and the CASC Ontario Region championships.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Local government is represented by Belleville City Council with a mayor and eight councillors. There are two city wards with Ward 1 (Belleville) represented by six councillors and Ward 2 (Thurlow) by two councillors. Ward 1 consists of the historic city and Ward 2 was created in 1998 with the amalgamation of Township of Thurlow. City Council sits at Belleville City Hall.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: The city has had its own police force since 1834, and constables since 1790. The force has about 100 sworn members headed by a Chief of Police and a Deputy Chief. The service is stationed out of one location only. Policing on provincial highways (37, 62 and 401) are provided by the Ontario Provincial Police from the Centre Hastings detachment.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville is serviced by the 401 highway system, and bus service to and from Toronto Pearson International Airport is provided by Megabus. Deseronto Transit provides public transportation services to destinations including Deseronto, Napanee, and Prince Edward County.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville is located on the Toronto-Montreal main rail lines for both Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway; both companies provide freight access. VIA Rail also operates five daily passenger services each way along its Quebec City–Windsor Corridor.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Belleville General Hospital is located near Highway 2 and is Belleville's main healthcare facility. The hospital is one of the four hospitals in the region under Quinte Health Care. The corporate headquarters of Quinte Health Care is located in the Belleville location.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: Loyalist College is a local public community college located on the border of Belleville and Quinte West on Wallbridge Loyalist Road.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: The public school system is served by the Hastings & Prince Edward District School Board. The Catholic School system is served by the Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: The following are Belleville area schools managed by the Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board.


title: Belleville, Ontario

text: The City of Belleville has three sister city arrangements with communities outside of Canada which include:


title: Doomsday plane

text: Doomsday plane is an unofficial denomination of a class of aircraft which is used as an airborne command post in an event of nuclear war, disaster or other large scale conflict that threatens key military and government infrastructure.


title: Doomsday plane

text: The only countries known to have designed and manufactured such aircraft are the United States and the Russian Federation.


title: Doomsday plane

text: Known officially to the United States as National Airborne Operations Centers (NAOC), these planes allow leaders to issue commands and wage war from the sky. They also feature a vast array of defense mechanisms, including the ability to withstand electromagnetic pulses. The jet's crews also use traditional analog flight instruments to navigate as they are less susceptible to cyberattack. The planes, while not technically secret, are rarely mentioned; the United States Air Force, for example, will not even publicly acknowledge owning some of them. In operation since the 1970s, these airborne command posts were long considered the best chance for a Cold War president to survive a nuclear attack. Unlike the ceremonial and comfort-focused Air Force One, the doomsday planes are flying war rooms staffed by dozens of military analysts, strategists and communication aides who would guide the president through the first days of a nuclear war.


title: Doomsday plane

text: The Boeing E-4 is an Advanced Airborne Command Post, with the project name "Nightwatch", and is a strategic command and control military aircraft operated by the United States Air Force. The E-4 series was specially modified from the Boeing 747-200B for the National Emergency Airborne Command Post (NEACP) program. The E-4 serves as a survivable mobile command post for the National Command Authority, namely the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, and successors.


title: Doomsday plane

text: The Boeing E-6 Mercury (formerly E-6 Hermes) is an airborne command post and communications relay based on the Boeing 707-320. The original E-6A manufactured by Boeing's defense division entered service with the United States Navy in July 1989, replacing the EC-130Q. This platform, now modified to the E-6B standard, conveys instructions from the National Command Authority to fleet ballistic missile submarines, a mission known as TACAMO (Take Charge And Move Out). The E-6B model deployed in October 1998 can also remotely control Minuteman ICBMs using the Airborne Launch Control System. With production lasting until 1991, the E-6 was the final new derivative of the Boeing 707 to be built.


title: Doomsday plane

text: The Northrop Grumman E-10 MC2A was planned as a multi-role military aircraft to replace the Boeing 707-based E-3 Sentry and E-8 Joint STARS, the Boeing 747-based E-4B, and the RC-135 Rivet Joint aircraft in US service. The E-10 was based on the Boeing 767-400ER commercial airplane. In 2003, the Northrop Grumman, Boeing, and Raytheon MC2A team was awarded a $215 million contract for pre-System Development and Demonstration for the aircraft. It would have been the central command authority for all air, land, and sea forces in a combat theater. The E-10 was also considered for use as a command center for unmanned combat air vehicles.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: The Informers is a 2009 American drama film written by Bret Easton Ellis and Nicholas Jarecki and directed by Gregor Jordan. The film is based on Ellis's 1994 collection of short stories of the same name. The film, which is set amidst the decadence of the early 1980s, depicts an assortment of socially alienated, mainly well-off characters who numb their sense of emptiness with casual sex, alcohol, and drugs. Filming took place in Los Angeles, Uruguay, and Buenos Aires in 2007.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: It was the last feature film for actor Brad Renfro before his death on January 15, 2008, at the age of 25. The film was dedicated to his memory.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: An article published by Reuters described the story as "seven stories taking course during a week in the life of movie executives, rock stars, a vampire and other morally challenged characters", set in 1980s Los Angeles. The supernatural content was not to be included in the final film, however.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: In 1983, at an elegant Los Angeles party at a mansion, Bruce (Fernando Consagra) wanders away from the party and is killed by a speeding car. After the funeral, his friends Graham, Martin and Tim sit drinking with Raymond on a fancy hotel patio. Only Raymond is truly devastated and cries bitterly. The friends dismiss Raymond's tears. When Raymond leaves, Graham follows him.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Graham Sloan is the son of a rich, estranged couple and drives a Porsche, stays in glamorous hotel rooms, and is a drug dealer. His father William is a film producer with a pill-addled wife. William is having an affair with a local television anchorwoman, Cheryl Moore. His wife, meanwhile, is having sex with her son's friend Martin. Graham is aware that his girlfriend Christie is cheating on him with a number of men, including his best friend Martin, a bisexual rock video producer. Since Graham and Martin are also sleeping together, Graham appears to be trying to accept the open relationship.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: A new wave rock singer named Bryan Metro flies into Los Angeles. He stumbles through his fancy hotel room and has sex with young groupies. Getting out of the bath, he slips on the wet floor and slashes open his hand. Upon answering the phone, he is berated by his manager for sleeping with underage groupies, and he mumbles that he needs a doctor. Later, he is taken to meet a film producer who hopes to make a profitable B-movie starring the singer. The singer appears to be barely coherent, and his attention is only caught when he sees a young girl wearing braces watching television in an adjoining room. Bryan staggers towards her and takes her into a bedroom. Later, he stumbles into a hotel room and finds a groupie in his bed. Slurring his words, he asks her to come closer, and he kisses her, and then punches her in the face.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Jack, a hotel doorman in Christie's place, has come to seek his fortune in Los Angeles as an actor. He is making a humble living working as a doorman and lives in a small, run-down house. He is alarmed when he receives a phone call from his grizzled uncle Peter, a drifter ex-con who claims he needs a place to stay. Jack angrily refuses the request, because he wants to leave the immoral, criminal side of his family background behind him. However, when Jack returns home, his uncle is waiting for him in a beaten-up van. To Jack's horror, his uncle is involved in a gangland kidnapping-for-hire plot, and the uncle has brought a kidnapped child to Jack's house. When a cleanly dressed, yet menacing gangster calls on Jack when the uncle is out, and asks to collect the "package", Jack feigns ignorance. When the uncle returns he tells Jack that the boy has to be killed, on the grounds that it will be more humane than what the gangsters will do to him, Jack offers to kill the boy. Instead of slitting the boy's throat, Jack pretends to kill the boy but actually releases him. Jack hides his failure to kill the boy by cutting open his hand and smearing blood on his hands and face, and he joins his uncle in the van and flees the scene.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Tim Price is pressured to go with his father, Les, on a trip to Hawaii, ostensibly for the two to share father–son bonding time. They go to a bar, where Les starts a chat with two young women, who may be willing to have sex with them. However, Tim is not interested, and he is disgusted by his father's drunken, leering passes at the women. Tim does later find a girl he likes at the beach, but when the three of them have dinner together, Les begins to make passes at her and then both the father and the young woman make fun of Tim by suggesting that gay men were making passes at him on the beach. Tim leaves the dinner and goes out to be alone. When his father finds him, Tim refuses to talk, saying he has nothing to say.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Graham confronts Martin about Christie and asks Martin if he has been sleeping with her, apart from group sex. Martin denies betraying Graham and is shocked to realize that his friend has developed feelings for her; in their social scene, most interactions are fleeting couplings based on desire, not relationships based on caring. Graham then tells Martin that he feels adrift in his life, as if he does not have anyone who can tell him what is right or wrong. His whole life has become a series of casual encounters and light banter, which is covered over by a pharmaceutical haze. Graham seems to be making the first steps to moving away from his alienated, narcissistic lifestyle. When one of Martin's lovers calls Graham to tell him that Christie has become ill and is lying out on the sand, he drives over to the house to see her. Even though he sees that she has developed lesions, presumably AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, all over her dying body, he seems unable to take care of her and take her to a hospital. Instead, he kisses her once, and leaves her lying on a towel on the beach dying, alone on an empty stretch of sand.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Brandon Routh was originally cast as Bruce, but is absent from the finished movie after a decision to excise all the "vampire scenes" from the film adaptation. Ashley Olsen was originally cast as Christie, but withdrew and was replaced by Heard. There may be one vampire in the film, albeit undeclared. Dirk, who claims that he has paid Rourke's character for "something" confronts Renfro to ask for the kidnapped boy. The pale-skinned Dirk has come for the young boy whom Rourke has kidnapped for $6,000.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Filming began on October 12, 2007, in Los Angeles, and later moved to Uruguay and Buenos Aires before wrapping on December 6, 2007.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: According to Fox News, Ellis and Jarecki had spent three years working on a script and prepping the film for release, and Jarecki was set to direct. The film was supposed to be "an absurdist, lighthearted, and expansive satire." When producers replaced Jarecki with Australian director Gregor Jordan, the tone of the film strayed away from Ellis and Jarecki's original premise to become something that the cast and writers were embarrassed by. Amid concerns about the budget and about sex and violence (much like that of Ellis' earlier adaptation, "American Psycho"), the vampire subplot was excised from the movie entirely along with actor Brandon Routh, who played a vampire. Jordan's final version, which has received negative reviews from some critics, became "some terrible, dark meditation" under his interpretation of the script, according to an insider involved with the production. Jordan also reportedly cut the script down from Ellis' original 150 pages to only 94.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2009. It received a limited release on April 24, 2009, in 482 theatres in the United States, where it earned approximately US$300,000 on its opening weekend. The film was only in release for three days and the final gross for the film was $382,174, against a $18 million budget. The film was then released on DVD & Blu-ray on August 25, 2009. It was granted a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) and was released under four different versions.


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: "The Informers" was panned by film critics and has a "rotten" score of 12% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 106 reviews with an average rating of 3.5 out of 10. The critical consensus states: "As miserable and insipid as its protagonists, "The Informers" fails to provide anything to think about after the sheen of fake blond is gone." The film also has a score of 20 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews."


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Sonny Bunch from the "Washington Times" stated that to understand the film, a viewer should "[i]magine "American Psycho" with less violence but more nudity, transplanted from New York City to California and stripped of all self-awareness". John Anderson from the "Washington Post" called it a "... nihilistic, narcissistic, knuckleheaded movie about nihilistic, narcissistic knuckleheads"; he states that it "...might have been an interesting exercise in satire, if it only had a sense of humor. Which it doesn't".


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Paul Chambers from CNNRadio referred to the film as "bleak, boring and bloated". Owen Gleiberman from "Entertainment Weekly" stated that the film is "...by far the most slack, ho-hum movie ever made from Ellis' material". Cosmo Landesman from "The Sunday Times" commented, "It has a good cast and a terrific 1980s soundtrack (Devo, Simple Minds)". At the same time, Landesman stated that the film "...also has the superficiality of a TV soap", which means that while the film "...is not so bad that you can't sit back and enjoy it, but nor is it good enough to go and see. Several critics attacked the film for its prurient elements. James Berardinelli from ReelViews called it "... the kind of movie that, upon leaving the theater, provokes the urge to take a shower". In a similar vein, Lou Lumenick from the "New York Post" quipped that the film is "... so seamy it makes you want to take a bath afterward", and he stated that "[r]arely has so much sin seemed so boring".


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Several critics pinned the blame for the problems on the director. Critic Nigel Andrews from the "Financial Times" acknowledges that "Bret Easton Ellis pens a mean tale, in all adjectival senses. His prose is artfully maleficent; he is a laid-back Severus Snape of the sex-and-drugs generation." However, he argues that "[y]ou need a smarter directing hand, though, than Gregor Jordan's" to make the film work. Reviewer Anthony Quinn from "The Independent" argues that Jordan "...seems to have gone into reverse since his 2001 "Buffalo Soldiers", aiming for the LA rondeau of Altman's "Short Cuts" but missing all the vital ingredients – wit, humanity, charm, nuance and meaning."


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Some of the few positive reviewers interpreted the aimless, emptiness of the film as an intentional way of bringing out the themes of Ellis' short stories. Rob Nelson from "Variety" stated that "[r]ating less than zero on the sophistication scale, The Informers is thus a totally faithful adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis' novel — and an accurate look at early '80s-era Los Angeles".


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Another positive review came from Derek Malcolm from "This is London", who stated that "Jordan gives all this an entirely appropriate sheen and the cast play well through glazed eyes." Malcolm claims that the "...film will fascinate those who love to see the tormented lives of those who seem luckier than the rest of us". Erica Abeel from "Film Journal International" stated that "Gregor Jordan and Bret Easton Ellis take no prisoners in this uncompromising, expertly crafted shocker about hedonism in early-'80s L.A."


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars, concluding that the film is "repulsively fascinating and has been directed by Gregor Jordan as a soap opera from hell, with good sets and costumes."


title: The Informers (2008 film)

text: Ellis has said, "That movie doesn't work for a lot of reasons but I don't think any of those reasons are my fault."


title: David Guetta discography

text: French house DJ and producer David Guetta has released seven studio albums, eleven compilation albums, three extended plays, ninety-two singles (including seven as a featured artist), eleven promotional singles, and forty-two music videos.


title: David Guetta discography

text: Guetta released his debut single "Nation Rap", a collaboration with French rapper Sidney, in 1990. His debut studio album, "Just a Little More Love", was released in June 2002. It peaked at number six in France and was certified two times gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). Three of the album's singles attained commercial success in several European territories, including France and Belgium: "Just a Little More Love", "Love Don't Let Me Go" and "People Come People Go". "Guetta Blaster", his second studio album, peaked at number 11 in France and produced four singles: "Money", "Stay", "The World Is Mine" and "In Love with Myself".


title: David Guetta discography

text: In 2006, a mash-up of "Love Don't Let Me Go" and "Walking Away" by British electronic music band The Egg was released, entitled "Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)". It performed well in Europe, peaking at number three in the United Kingdom and becoming a top forty hit in several other European countries. June 2007 saw the release of Guetta's third studio album, "Pop Life", which peaked at number two in France and was certified platinum by the SNEP. The album's lead single, "Love Is Gone", became a top ten hit in countries such as France, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It also gave Guetta his first chart entry on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100, where it peaked at number 98. "Pop Life" produced an additional four singles: "Baby When the Light", "Delirious "featuring UK singer/songwriter Tara McDonald, "Tomorrow Can Wait" and "Everytime We Touch".


title: David Guetta discography

text: Guetta attained international success with his 2009 hit single "When Love Takes Over", which topped the charts in countries such as Belgium, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It was followed by the single "Sexy Bitch", which topped the charts in eight different countries and gave Guetta his first top five hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Both singles were included on Guetta's fourth studio album, "One Love", released in August 2009. Fueled by the success of the singles, "One Love" peaked at number one in France and reached the top ten in several other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom.


title: David Guetta discography

text: Five more singles were released from the album, including the hit singles "One Love", "Memories", "Gettin' Over You" and "Who's That Chick?". In 2011, Guetta collaborated with American rapper Snoop Dogg for a remix of the latter's single "Wet", newly titled "Sweat". It topped the charts in countries such as France, Australia and Austria. Guetta released his fifth studio album, "Nothing but the Beat", in August 2011. The album was a commercial success, topping the charts in France and numerous other countries. The album's first five singles—"Where Them Girls At", "Little Bad Girl", "Without You", "Titanium" and "Turn Me On"—all became top ten hits worldwide. The latter three singles also became top ten hits on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The follow-up singles "I Can Only Imagine", "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" and "Just One Last Time" also experienced commercial success.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: Carlos Armando Ponce Freyre Jr. (born September 4, 1972) is a Puerto Rican actor, musician, model, and television personality. Ponce began his acting career by participating in Spanish language soap operas for Televisa and Telemundo. Ponce continued to expand his acting career by participating in various American television series. He did not limit himself solely to a career in television. Ponce, who is also a singer, is also active in the American movie industry as a character actor. In film, he played Salvadore in "Couples Retreat", Matthew Wright in "Spy" and Rodrigo in "". In television, he played Felix Gonzalez in "Cristela", Max Duran in "Hollywood Heights", as well as voicing Santiago Santos in "Maya & Miguel".


title: Carlos Ponce

text: Ponce was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico. His parents, Carlos Ponce Sr. and Esther Freyre, emigrated from Cuba after the Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro. After his birth, the family moved to Humacao, where Ponce was raised. As a child, he actively participated in his school's plays and at home he would often put on a show for the family where he would sing the latest tunes. "Carlitos", as he is known in Puerto Rico, started to appear in television commercials at the age of six. He attended high school in Humacao and was a member of the school's drama club.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 1986, the Ponce family moved to Miami, Florida, and Ponce continued to participate in his school's productions at South Miami Senior High. He was named the best student actor of the southern region of the United States .


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 1990, Ponce participated in the Southeastern Theatre Conference and competed for the chance to win a scholarship. He won and enrolled in the New World School of the Arts conservatory. However, the Spanish-language television station Univision offered Ponce the opportunity to host a show called "Hablando" ("Talking"). This was his first serious television debut and after his debut he gave up his university studies.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: After "Hablando" came to its end, Ponce went to Mexico to visit a friend. While there he visited the Televisa television station. The talent director of the station met Ponce and offered Ponce his first role in a soap opera: "Guadalupe", starring Adela Noriega and Eduardo Yáñez. He participated in another soap opera for Televisa, "Sentimientos Ajenos", in which he played the main character. Ponce also sang the theme song for the production. He received the "Actor Revelation of 1997 Award" by "Eres" magazine and named "Best Actor" by "TV y Novelas" magazine (both are Mexican publications).


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In between productions, Ponce returned to Miami and Univision hired him as the host of a new show, "Control". He hosted the show for three years and won an "ACE Award".


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 2003, Ponce joined "Entertainment Tonight" as a correspondent. He also hosted "An Entertainment Tonight Event — Celebrity Weddings Unveiled", a CBS primetime special. Ponce hosted the 2006 Miss Universe pageant in Los Angeles, with Shandi Finnessey, Nancy O'Dell and Carson Kressley. In 2007, he starred in the Telemundo NBC Universal telenovela "Dame Chocolate" ("Give Me Chocolate") alongside Génesis Rodríguez and Karla Monroig. Ponce also starred in "Perro Amor" in 2010 on the same network. In 2012, Ponce began hosting the hit Puerto Rican singing competition for kids on Wapa Television called "Idol Kids Puerto Rico". In 2013, Ponce appeared on Telemundo's "Santa Diabla" as Humberto Cano.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 1998, he made his debut in American television with his participation in the TV series "Beverly Hills, 90210" and "7th Heaven" where he played the husband of Jessica Biel's character Mary Camden. He also made guest appearances in "Live with Regis and Kathie Lee" and in "Donny & Marie".


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 2003, Ponce played himself in the movie "Chasing Papi" alongside fellow Latinos: Puerto Ricans Roselyn Sánchez, Lisa Vidal, Walter Mercado, Colombian actress Sofía Vergara, and Latin pop singer Jaci Velásquez. After this experience, he went to New Zealand to film "Meet Me in Miami".


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 2006, Ponce participated in the controversial recording of the Spanish-language version of the Star-Spangled Banner, called "Nuestro Himno", alongside Wyclef Jean, Gloria Trevi, and Olga Tañón. He hosted the Miss Universe 2006 pageant in Los Angeles, along with Nancy O'Dell and Carson Kressley. He also appeared in the movie "Just My Luck", with Lindsay Lohan, Chris Pine, and McFly.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 2008, Ponce starred as a celebrity judge alongside actress and singer María Conchita Alonso on VH1's reality series "¡Viva Hollywood!", which featured twelve Latino actors competing for the title of "America's Numero Uno Telenovela Star".


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 2009, Ponce starred in the second season of "Lipstick Jungle", where he played a character named Rodrigo. He later stated that he accepted the role because it could "benefit" his career. Also that year, he appeared in "Couples Retreat" as a yoga instructor.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: From 2014 to 2015, Ponce co-starred in the ABC comedy "Cristela" as Felix, the male lead on the show.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 1998, Emilio Estefan Jr. and Kike Santander signed Ponce to a record contract. His first album was entitled "Carlos Ponce", and included three of his own compositions. The album reached the #1 spot in the Latin Billboards for nine weeks in the Hispanic community of the United States. It also reached the #1 spot in Central America and South America. He was awarded a Double Platinum Award for the sales which his album generated.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: On the "Billboard" Hot Latin Tracks Carlos Ponce reached the number-one spot three times with "Rezo" ("I Pray"), "Decir Adiós" ("Say Good-Bye") and "Escúchame" ("Listen to Me").


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 1999, Ponce recorded his second studio album, "Todo lo que Soy" ("Everything that I Am"). The World Athletic Games held in Seville, Spain, adopted the song "Amelia" from Ponce's second album as its official theme. That same year, he was contracted by the Walt Disney Studios to sing "Bella Notte" for the animated film "Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure". He also appeared in ABC's drama series "Once and Again".


title: Carlos Ponce

text: After the tragedy of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Ponce joined a group of 100 Latin American singers, who united to pay tribute to the victims by recording ""Último Adiós"" (""Last Good-Bye""). The proceeds of the recording were donated to families of the victims. That same year Ponce participated in the Televisa production "Sin Pecado Concebido", along with Mexican actress Angélica Rivera. In 2002, he recorded his third studio album, "Ponce"; later that year he signed a contract with Telemundo to host a reality show called "Protagonista de la Musica", which became one of the most popular Hispanic programs in the U.S. and Puerto Rico.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: Ponce married his high school sweetheart, photographer Verónica Rubio, the sister of current U.S. Senator Marco Rubio. They resided in Miami, Florida, with their four children: Giancarlo (born 1999), Sebastián (born 2001), and twins Savannah and Sienna (born 2002). In 2010, the couple divorced.


title: Carlos Ponce

text: In 2018, he began a relationship with Mexican television host Karina Banda. They married in December 2020.


title: The Donnas

text: The Donnas were an American rock band formed in Palo Alto, California, in 1993. The band consisted of Brett Anderson (lead vocals), Allison Robertson (guitar, backing vocals), Maya Ford (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Torry Castellano (drums, percussion, backing vocals). Amy Cesari replaced Castellano, who left the band in 2009 due to tendonitis. They drew inspiration from the Ramones, The Runaways, Girlschool, AC/DC, Bachman–Turner Overdrive and Kiss. "Rolling Stone" has stated that "the Donnas offer a guileless take on adolescent alienation; they traffic in kicks, not catharsis, fun rather than rage". MTV has stated that the band offers "a good old-fashioned rock & roll party".


title: The Donnas

text: After gathering a cult following in the punk scene since their 1997 debut, the band achieved major label commercial success in the early 2000s and afterward as their music mixed punk, metal and classic rock sounds.


title: The Donnas

text: All four founding band members were born in 1979; Brett Anderson (vocals) on May 30; Allison Robertson (guitar and vocals) on August 26; and Maya Ford (bass guitar and vocals) and Torry Castellano (drums, percussion, vocals), both on January 8. They all became friends by eighth grade and formed as a band in May 1993 to play for their school's "Day on the Green." One of two all-female bands in their town Palo Alto, California, they were relatively unknown until they were out of high school. They are all self-taught musicians and practiced in Castellano's garage nearly every day during their years at Palo Alto High School. They called themselves "Ragady Anne" in their early days and shortly thereafter changed their name to "The Electrocutes".


title: The Donnas

text: Towards the end of their high school days, while they were still known as The Electrocutes, they decided to create another band (with the same members) that would play softer tunes without distorting the metal queen image of The Electrocutes. To help their fans distinguish between the two bands, they all took matching "Donna" monikers, where all of their names were Donna and their last names were the first initial of their last name (Brett Anderson became Donna A, etc.), which they used only when performing as "The Donnas."


title: The Donnas

text: They worked with producer Darin Raffaelli for their first two albums, the first of which, simply called "The Donnas", was released on Raffaelli's Super*teem! record label. (It was later released again on Lookout! Records.) They took a week off their senior year of high school to tour Japan as The Donnas, and were promoted and organized by a.k.a. The Phantomgift. Afterwards, they signed with Lookout! Records. As the band grew, they were urged to sign with a major label company. In December 2001, they signed with Atlantic Records.


title: The Donnas

text: In 2002, The Donnas released "Spend the Night" as their Atlantic debut. The album represented their first attempt at mainstream success. With their single "Take it Off" they were booked for appearances on "Total Request Live", "Saturday Night Live", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", and the "Late Show with David Letterman". In the summer of 2003, they played the main stage at Lollapalooza. In 2004, they released their sixth album "Gold Medal". In February 2005, they toured Australia with the Big Day Out music festival, playing from Sydney to Perth. While in Australia they performed "Take It Off" live on national prime-time show "Rove Live" with Rove McManus.


title: The Donnas

text: Atlantic repeatedly placed the Donnas' music in video game soundtracks. "You've Got a Crush On Me" can be heard in the PlayStation 2 game "Splashdown". "Who Invited You" can be found on the soundtracks for "" and "MVP Baseball 2003" as well as . "I Don't Want to Know" is in the "Gran Turismo 4" soundtrack also and a cover of the song was also used for "Donkey Konga 2" for the Nintendo GameCube. "I Don't Want to Know" was also used as the theme song for the first season of The-N's hit series, "South of Nowhere". A cover of "Take it Off" is featured in "Guitar Hero" and added as a downloadable track in "Guitar Hero 2" on the Xbox 360 (released in 2006) and "Downhill Domination" (released in 2004). "Rock Band 2" (for the PS3, Xbox 360 & Wii), released by Harmonix in 2008, features the track "New Kid In School" which was released exclusively on Apples iTunes service. "Fall Behind Me" was also used in a national television commercial advertising the Nissan Xterra while Take It Off was used in a Budweiser commercial.


title: The Donnas

text: Atlantic also energetically marketed the Donnas through placements in numerous film soundtracks. The band appeared in the movie "Drive Me Crazy" in 1999 (as The Electrocutes), and later on the TV show "Charmed" performing the single "Fall Behind Me" at P3. They also appeared in the 1999 teen comedy "Jawbreaker" as the prom band, contributing two songs to the soundtrack ("Rock 'N' Roll Machine" and "Checkin' It Out"). A cover of "Roll On Down The Highway" was used in the Disney comedy film "" and Backstage was used in "Freaky Friday". The Donnas can also be heard on "Mean Girls" during the end credits playing a cover of the Billy Idol song "Dancing With Myself", and they also contributed to the soundtrack of the movie "Grind". The video "Too Bad About Your Girl" also features the cast of that film. The song "Take It Off" features in the movie "". The song "Take Me To The Backseat" can be heard in the action comedy film 2004 "D.E.B.S.". A cover version of the Kiss song "Strutter" was used in the soundtrack to the 1999 movie "Detroit Rock City (film)". "Please Don't Tease" was used in "New York Minute" and "Everyone Is Wrong " was featured in the movie "Elektra". Then Guitar Hero used "Take It Off" for 2009 Guitar Hero Smash Hits. "Take It Off" was also used in the 2009 hit movie "The Hangover". "Play My Game" was featured in a Season 1 episode of "What's New, Scooby Doo?". "Who Invited You" is featured on the soundtrack of the 2003 movie "What a Girl Wants".


title: The Donnas

text: On May 19, 2006, The Donnas announced on their public message board that they had "parted ways with Atlantic Records," claiming "[t]he decision was entirely mutual and completely amicable and will not impact the band, nor will it impact upon the writing, recording or touring for the next Donnas album."


title: The Donnas

text: In March 2007, the Donnas released a single, "Don't Wait Up For Me," and had a new band logo designed.


title: The Donnas

text: The Donnas independently released their seventh studio album titled "Bitchin'" on September 18, 2007 Purple Feather Records label. "Bitchin"' was produced by Jay Ruston and The Donnas and contained the single "Don't Wait Up For Me".


title: The Donnas

text: In 2008 The Donnas toured with the Melbourne-based, Australian band Kisschasy as part of their Skin and Bones tour. They also toured the U.S. and Canada with The Hives.


title: The Donnas

text: In July 2009, the band released a retrospective collection entitled "Greatest Hits Vol. 16" to celebrate the band's 16th year together. The album contains new songs, re-recorded older songs as well as some unreleased material. The band toured that summer with Pat Benatar and Blondie on the two's joint Call Me Invincible Tour. Drummer Torry Castellano was unable to play on any of these tour dates as she was suffering from tendonitis of the shoulder, which was accredited to the fact that as a self-taught drummer she had held the drumsticks incorrectly (even though it felt right to her) and sustained long term damage over time. Long-time friend Amy Cesari of the band The Demonics has been chosen to fill in for Castellano.


title: The Donnas

text: On July 9, 2010, Castellano announced via the band's website that due to her continued shoulder problems she would have to retire from drumming and performing with The Donnas. She returned to school at Santa Monica College and then Stanford University, where she graduated in 2013 and went on to Harvard Law School.


title: The Donnas

text: In August 2012, the band was reported to be recording their eighth studio album and also premiered a new song called "Tramp" at a private show.


title: The Donnas

text: In November 2016 Cherry Red Records re-released the band's fifth album, "Spend the Night", to include six bonus tracks which consist of B-sides and songs from previous albums.


title: The Donnas

text: In an interview from 2017, the band's lead vocalist, Brett Anderson, discussed "the end of the band" and turning down offers to "reunite," implicitly confirming the band is no more. In the same interview, she also mentions that there are no plans to release previously-unreleased studio-recorded songs.


title: Vidarbha

text: Vidarbha (Pronunciation: ]) is a geographical region in the east of the Indian state of Maharashtra and a proposed state of central India, comprising the state's Amravati and Nagpur divisions. Amravati Division's former name is Berar (Varhad in Marathi). It occupies 31.6% of the total area and holds 21.3% of the total population of Maharashtra. It borders the state of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the south and Marathwada and North Maharashtra regions of Maharashtra to the west. Situated in central India. The largest city in Vidarbha is Nagpur followed by Amravati, Akola, and Chandrapur. A majority of Vidarbhians speak Varhadi and Zadi dialects of Marathi.


title: Vidarbha

text: The Nagpur region is known for growing oranges and cotton. Vidarbha holds two-thirds of Maharashtra's mineral resources and three-quarters of its forest resources, and is a net producer of power.


title: Vidarbha

text: Throughout its history, Vidarbha has remained much calmer than the rest of India, especially during the communal troubles. However, there is considerable poverty and malnutrition. It is less economically prosperous compared to the rest of Maharashtra. The living conditions of farmers in this region are poor compared to India as a whole. There have been more than 200,000 farmers' suicides in Maharashtra in a decade, of which 70% being in the 11 districts of the Vidarbha region.


title: Vidarbha

text: There have been recent calls for a separate state of Vidarbha, due to perceived neglect from the Government of Maharashtra and incompetent political leadership in Vidarbha. Being politically and financially distinct from the rest of Maharashtra, the calls for a separate state rose to prominence only when the leaders from this region were sidelined by other political leaders in recent years. Statehood demands have not been fulfilled mainly due to the opposition from the Shiv Sena, a major state political party.


title: Vidarbha

text: Vidarbha was part of the Satavahana Empire/Andhra Empire (1st century BCE - 2nd century CE), as suggested by Satavahana coin finds in Pauni.


title: Vidarbha

text: Nagpur was the capital of the Berar Subah, known as the Gulshan-e-Berar in the Medieval period, from the rule of the Khaljis to the Mughals, according to the "Ain-i-Akbari" and Alamgir Namah. In 1724, when Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah declared independence, the existence of Berar as a Mughal Subah came to an end. It became (though nominally) a part of Hyderabad State ruled by Nizams based in the present-day city of Hyderabad, through the right of collecting chauth were held by Maratha Empire.


title: Vidarbha

text: The Vidarbha region is in central India and is currently a part of the Maharashtra state. The Central Provinces legislature unanimously passed a resolution for the creation of the 'Mahavidarbha' state on 1 October 1938 at Nagpur.


title: Vidarbha

text: Vidarbha lies on the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. Unlike the Western Ghats, there are no major hilly areas. The Satpura Range lies to the north of Vidarbha region in Madhya Pradesh. The Melghat area of Amravati district is on the southern offshoot of the Satpura Range. Large basaltic rock formations exists throughout Vidarbha, part of the 66-million-year-old volcanic Deccan Traps. Bhandara and Gondia district are entirely occupied by metamorphic rock and alluvium, making their geology unique in Maharashtra.


title: Vidarbha

text: The Poorna basin lies in Western Vidarbha, and gets its name from Poorna river which flows through it. It comprises Akola, Amarawati and Buldhana districts of Vidarbha. The region has extremely high innate soil and water salinity, because of which it is often referred to as ""kharpan patta"" in Marathi. It means a high soil and water salinity.


title: Vidarbha

text: Each district has a collector's office which is responsible for day-to-day administration. The District Collector is a Central Indian Government IAS appointee who is in charge of the governance of a district in a state.


title: Vidarbha

text: Religion in Vidarbha is characterized by the diversity of religious beliefs and practices. Vidarbha possesses six of the world's major religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Jainism, Christianity, and Sikhism.


title: Vidarbha

text: According to the 2011 census, Hinduism was the principal religion in the state at 76.91% of the total population, while Buddhists constituted 13.08 of the total population. Vidarbha accounts for 45.91% of total Buddhists in Maharashtra.


title: Vidarbha

text: As per the 2011 census, 73.72% of the population speaks Marathi, 8.30% Hindi, 6.23% Urdu, 2.58% Lambadi, 1.83% Gondi, 1.10% Korku and 1.02% Telugu as their first language.


title: Vidarbha

text: Nagpur is a hub for business and healthcare. Amravati is known for film distributors and cloth markets. Yavatmal is a cotton city and is an exporter of cotton. Raymond UCO Denim Pvt. Ltd. is situated in Yavatmal. Chandrapur has a thermal power station which is one of the biggest in India and some other heavy industries such as paper (BILT Ballarpur), steel (MEL from Steel Authority of India), cement industries (UltraTech Cement, Ambuja Cements, ACC Limited, Manikgarh Cement, Murli Cement) and numerous coal mines.


title: Vidarbha

text: MIHAN (Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur) is an international cargo hub. MIHAN is for handling heavy cargo coming from South-East Asia and the Middle-East. The project also includes a Special Economic Zone (SEZ)<ref name="Nagpur container depot fastest growing in India, Nagpur ATR busiest in India, Trains going through Nagpur, National Highways through Nagpur, Nagpur SEZ stats, Land prices in Ramdaspeth etc./"> </ref> for information-technology companies.


title: Vidarbha

text: On 1 July 2006 the Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh announced a -crore (37.5 billion rupee) relief package for Vidarbha. The package is intended to help farmers in six districts of the region. However the package was not welcomed by most financial pundits and journalist P Sainath wrote in "The Hindu" that the package was destined to fail. Corruption was found amongst most of the officials involved with the packages and the government considered suspension of more that 400 officials in the scam.


title: Vidarbha

text: Nagpur, Amravati, Yavatmal, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Bhandara form the main mineral belt, with coal and manganese as the major minerals. Chandrapur district contributes 29% of all mineral output of Maharashtra. Iron ore and limestone are identified as potential mining resources.


title: Vidarbha

text: Nagpur, Amravati, Akola, Yavatmal, Wardha and Chandrapur are Large Industrial center in Vidarbha resp.


title: Vidarbha

text: Ballarpur Industries, India's largest manufacturer and exporter of paper is located in Chandrapur district.


title: Vidarbha

text: Cricket is the most popular sport in the region and Nagpur's Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground (VCA) has hosted international cricket matches. It has been superseded by the Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, built in 2008 in Jamtha.


title: Vidarbha

text: The eastern region of Vidarbha contains Maharashtra's oldest National Park, the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, one of India's 39 Project Tiger Reserves.


title: Vidarbha

text: Shegaon is a well known place of pilgrimage attributed to the Hindu Saint Gajanan Maharaj who lived in Shegaon and is worshipped across Maharashtra.


title: Vidarbha

text: Vidarbha is represented at the national level by 10 Lok Sabha seats. Nagpur district, which has the highest population density, is split into 2 Lok Sabha seats, Nagpur and Ramtek, while districts with lower population density like Chimur and Gadchiroli are clubbed together. Yavatmal-Washim is one of the most important seats in Vidharbha, as it includes 2 district headquarters. Ramtek and Amravati seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste candidates, while Gadchiroli-Chimur is reserved for Scheduled Tribes.


title: Vidarbha

text: Vidarbha is represented at the state level by 62 Vidhan Sabha seats. Nagpur has the densest concentration of assembly seats with the city divided into 6 areas. Amravati, Akola and Yavatmal are some of the most important seats in Maharashtra. Certain seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribe candidates, while others are open to all. Pusad seat in Yavatmal District is also important as it has given 2 Chief Ministers to Maharashtra.


title: Vidarbha

text: Politician and economist Dr. Shrikant Jichkar opposed separation of Vidarbha from Maharashtra, believing that it was not sustainable: "If Vidarbha is hived off, we will have no funds from day one to run the new State. The region's share is burdened by a deficit and Monopoly Cotton Purchase Scheme, Employment Guarantee Scheme and such activity will immediately cease since we would not have money to pay salaries." He noted that income from available natural resources could not balance Mumbai's subsidies, and that Mumbai's cooperation was vital to any development—in addition to the societal risks of dividing the Marathi-speaking state.


title: Toto (album)

text: Toto is the debut studio album by the American band Toto. It was released in 1978 and includes the hit singles "Hold the Line", "I'll Supply the Love" and "Georgy Porgy", all three of which made it into the Top 50 in the USA. "Hold the Line" spent six weeks in the Top 10, and reached Number 14 in the UK as well. Although not initially very well received by critics, the band quickly gained a following, and the album gained a reputation for its characteristic sound, mixing soft pop with both synth- and hard-rock elements. The band would venture deeper into hard rock territory on their next album.


title: Toto (album)

text: "Rolling Stone" found Toto's attempt to transition from career session players to a band in their own right a failure, calling David Paich's songs "excuses for back-to-back instrumental solos" and saying that none of the four lead vocalists are better than passable.


title: Toto (album)

text: In a retrospective review, AllMusic argued that the album received a strongly negative critical reaction only because critics felt threatened by Toto's demonstrated ability to create outstanding songs in any genre, which was a contradiction to popular critical assumptions about genre delineations and inspiration's supremacy over craft. They commented on the irony of the critics' reaction, in that it was this ability that made the album so well-liked by listeners of the time.


title: Toto (album)

text: Philip Garris, well known for painting many Grateful Dead album covers, created the album's emblem after listening to a lyric from the song "Manuela Run" ("You better watch that sword that's hanging over you") which referred to the Sword of Damocles. The sword also represented the band's powerful, hard-edge sound, and, due to their ability to play many types of music, Garris made the sword double-edged to show their versatility. The iron ring represented a piece of work being constructed (the record itself), and the ribbons represented the Year of the Child.


title: Paul Ready

text: Paul John Ready (born 1977) is a British actor. In 2013–2014, he played Lee in "Utopia". In 2016, he played Kevin in "Motherland". In 2018, he played the role of Rob MacDonald in the BBC television series "Bodyguard", and Harry Goodsir in AMC's "The Terror". In 2019, Paul played journalist Nick Caplan in the BBC television series "MotherFatherSon". His film credits include "The Death of Stalin". He received a commendation at the 2003 Ian Charleson Awards.


title: Paul Ready

text: Ready was born in Birmingham and grew up in the town of Harborne. He attended King Edward VI Five Ways school in Bartley Green, after which he trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.


title: Paul Ready

text: At the age of 17 Ready played Romeo in the National Youth Theatre production of "Romeo and Juliet" at London's Bloomsbury Theatre, opposite Rosamund Pike as Juliet.


title: Paul Ready

text: He is a regular at the National and Royal Court theatres. Recent appearances have included leading parts in "Major Barbara" and "Saint Joan" (both plays by George Bernard Shaw) and "Time and the Conways" by J.B. Priestley. His West End credits include "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", which starred Christian Slater. His most recent theatre role was Macbeth at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse (2018), opposite his wife Michelle Terry as Lady Macbeth. Of his role as Macbeth the "Financial Times" said: "Ready is a rare bird in that he has an actorly way with oratory, but instead of keeping us at a distance from his character, it clarifies nuances and levels and paradoxically allows us in deeper."


title: Paul Ready

text: Also appearing on television, Ready received notability in 2013 for his role in the television show "Utopia". He is best known for his role as the special adviser to Keeley Hawes’ Home Secretary in the BBC series "Bodyguard" and Kevin in the BBC series "Motherland".


title: Paul Ready

text: In 2018 he featured as Harry Goodsir, one of the lead roles in "The Terror", a 10-part series based on Dan Simmons' best-selling novel. "Vanity Fair" said of his performance: "Ready’s character is the heart of the show: despite the various calamities that have befallen him and his comrades, he still sees hope."


title: Surface-to-surface missile

text: A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) or ground-to-ground missile (GGM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship. They are often powered by a rocket engine or sometimes fired by an explosive charge, since the launching platform is typically stationary or moving slowly. They usually have fins and/or wings for lift and stability, although hyper-velocity or short-ranged missiles may use body lift or fly a ballistic trajectory. The V-1 flying bomb was the first operational surface-to-surface missile.


title: Surface-to-surface missile

text: Contemporary surface-to-surface missiles are usually guided. An unguided surface-to-surface missile is usually referred to as a rocket (for example, an RPG-7 or M72 LAW is an anti-tank rocket whereas a BGM-71 TOW or AT-2 Swatter is an anti-tank guided missile).


title: Surface-to-surface missile

text: Examples of surface-to-surface missile include the MGM-140 ATACMS, the Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB) and the Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF).


title: Surface-to-surface missile

text: Different parties break down missile type by the range differently. For example, the United States Department of Defense has no definition for LRBM, and thus defines an ICBM as those missiles with ranges greater than 5,500 km (3500 mi). The International Institute for Strategic Studies also does not define a range for LRBMs, and defines SRBMs as having somewhat shorter ranges than the definition used by the Department of Defense.


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: SVKM's NMIMS is a private deemed university located in Mumbai. The University also has campuses at Shirpur, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Indore and Navi Mumbai and two upcoming campuses in Dhule and Chandigarh. It has 17 constituent schools that offer both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in management, engineering, commerce, pharmacy, architecture, economics, mathematical sciences, hospitality, science, law, aviation, liberal arts, performing arts, architecture & design. It is accredited by NAAC with 3.59 CGPA and Grade A+. NMIMS was also awarded Category I University status


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: NMIMS was established in 1981, by Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal with the help of a donation from Narsee Monjee Educational Trust, as a Management Institute affiliated to University of Mumbai. NMIMS began its journey by offering a Masters in Management Studies with an intake of only 40 students and 4 full time faculty.It became a deemed university established under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956 by notification of UGC in 2003.


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies has over the years grown and expand into a multi campus deemed university.


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: Started in 1981, the Mumbai campus is the oldest and currently has 17 schools & 9 centres of excellence.


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: Anil Surendra Modi School of Commerce (ASMSOC), established in 2007, provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in business administration, finance, as well as commerce. It was ranked as the best undergraduate B-School in India for its Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) programme by India Today in 2018 and 2019. Admission to various courses is granted based on merit achieved in NPAT (Undergraduate) and NMAT (Postgraduate) entrance exams conducted by the university. The school was established in 2007 offering two courses BBA and B.Com. (Hons.) and shared its campus with MPSTME. In the year 2013, the school moved to its present campus which occupies the 7th & some parts of the 8th floor of Mithibai College. B.Sc Finance, a niche program focused on Investment Analysis, Portfolio Management and Corporate Finance was introduced in 2014. The school started offering masters programs in the year 2017 with its M.Sc. Finance program and the MMS program was introduced in 2018.


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: Amongst other programmes, it offers a Masters in Management Studies (Dual degree program for BBA students of NMIMS)


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: NMIMS' second campus at Shirpur, situated on the bank of Tapi river, was established in 2007. Department of Mechanical Engineering, MPSTME, Shirpur campus conducted international Conference with title ICEMEM 2019. The schools in Shirpur Campus include:


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: The Bengaluru campus was established in 2008. Bangalore campus of NMIMS is the youngest B-School to be accredited with AMBA. The schools in Bengaluru Campus include:


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: The campus in Indore was established in 2017 and is spread over an area of 25 acres. The schools include:


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: NMIMS was ranked 55th among universities in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2021 and 94th overall. It also ranked 14 in the pharmacy ranking and 22 in the management ranking.


title: SVKM's NMIMS

text: The School of Business Management was ranked ninth in India by "Business Today"s "India's best B-schools 2019" fourth among private management schools in India by "Outlook India" in 2020 and first in India by "India Today"s "Top 120 colleges | BBA" in 2019.


title: Dolby

text: Dolby Laboratories, Inc. (often shortened to Dolby Labs and known simply as Dolby) is an American company specializing in audio noise reduction, audio encoding/compression, spatial audio, and HDR imaging. Dolby licenses its technologies to consumer electronics manufacturers.


title: Dolby

text: Dolby Labs was founded by Ray Dolby (1933–2013) in London, England, in 1965. In the same year, he invented the Dolby Noise Reduction system, a form of audio signal processing for reducing the background hissing sound on audio tape recordings. His first U.S. patent on the technology was filed in 1969, four years later. The method was first used by Decca Records in the UK.


title: Dolby

text: He moved the company headquarters to the United States (San Francisco, California) in 1976. The first product Dolby Labs produced was the Dolby 301 unit which incorporated Type A Dolby Noise Reduction, a compander-based noise reduction system. These units were intended for use in professional recording studios.


title: Dolby

text: Dolby was persuaded by Henry Kloss of KLH to manufacture a consumer version of his noise reduction. Dolby worked more on companding systems and introduced Type B in 1968.


title: Dolby

text: The first film with Dolby sound was "A Clockwork Orange" (1971), which used Dolby noise reduction on all pre-mixes and masters, but a conventional optical soundtrack on release prints. "Callan" (1974) was the first film with a Dolby-encoded optical soundtrack. In 1975, Dolby released Dolby Stereo, which included a noise reduction system in addition to more audio channels (Dolby Stereo could actually contain additional center and surround channels matrixed from the left and right). The first film with a Dolby-encoded stereo optical soundtrack was "Lisztomania" (1975), although this only used an LCR (Left-Center-Right) encoding technique. The first true LCRS (Left-Center-Right-Surround) soundtrack was encoded on the movie "A Star Is Born" in 1976. In less than ten years, 6,000 cinemas worldwide were equipped to use Dolby Stereo sound. Dolby reworked the system slightly for home use and introduced Dolby Surround, which only extracted a surround channel, and the more impressive Dolby Pro Logic, which was the domestic equivalent of the theatrical Dolby Stereo.


title: Dolby

text: Dolby developed a digital surround sound compression scheme for the cinema. Dolby Stereo Digital (now simply called Dolby Digital) was first featured on the 1992 film "Batman Returns". Introduced to the home theater market as Dolby AC-3 with the 1995 laserdisc release of "Clear and Present Danger", the format did not become widespread in the consumer market, partly because of extra hardware that was necessary to make use of it, until it was adopted as part of the DVD specification. Dolby Digital is now found in the HDTV (ATSC) standard of the United States, DVD players, and many satellite-TV and cable-TV receivers.


title: Dolby

text: On February 17, 2005, the company became public, offering its shares on the New York Stock Exchange, under the symbol DLB. On March 15, 2005, Dolby celebrated its fortieth anniversary at the ShoWest 2005 Festival in San Francisco.


title: Dolby

text: On January 8, 2007, Dolby announced the arrival of Dolby Volume at the International Consumer Electronics Show.


title: Dolby

text: On June 18, 2010, Dolby introduced Dolby Surround 7.1, and set up theaters worldwide with 7.1 surround speaker setups to deliver theatrical 7.1 surround sound. The first film to be released with this format was Pixar's "Toy Story 3" which was later followed by fifty releases using the format. About 80% of films released are now mixed in Dolby Surround 7.1 by default.


title: Dolby

text: In April 2012, Dolby introduced its Dolby Atmos, a new cinematic technology adding overhead sound, first applied in Pixar's motion picture "Brave". In July 2014, Dolby Laboratories announced plans to bring Atmos to home theater. The first television show to use the technology on disc was "Game of Thrones".


title: Dolby

text: On February 24, 2014, Dolby acquired Doremi Labs for $92.5 million in cash plus an additional $20 million in contingent consideration that may be earned over a four-year period.


title: Dolby

text: In May 2020, Dolby launched a developer platform, Dolby.io, aimed at providing developers self-service access to Dolby technologies through public APIs. It allows any person, organization, small and big, to integrate in their websites, apps, games, etc. features such as media enhancements and transcoding, spatial audio, high-quality video communication and low-latency streaming.


title: Dolby

text: Over the years Dolby has introduced several surround sound systems. Their differences are explained below.


title: BBC Four

text: BBC Four is a British free-to-air public broadcast television channel owned and operated by the BBC. It was launched on 2 March 2002 and shows a wide variety of programmes including arts, documentaries, music, international film and drama, and current affairs. It is required by its licence to air at least 100 hours of new arts and music programmes, 110 hours of new factual programmes, and to premiere twenty foreign films each year. The channel broadcasts daily from 7:00 pm to 4:00 am, timesharing with CBeebies (which starts at 6:00 am).


title: BBC Four

text: BBC Four launched on 2 March 2002 at 7:00 pm GMT, having been delayed from the original planned 2001 launch. BBC Four began originally as a late schedule to BBC Two, before it received its own channel, along with BBC Three. Curiously, BBC Four had to launch before BBC Three as a result of the government delaying approval plans. The channel replaced BBC Knowledge, an educational and cultural channel which had undergone many changes throughout its lifetime; in its final format it carried a schedule of documentaries and art programming, essentially a test of the new BBC Four schedule. BBC Four would rebrand this channel, and bring it into line with the well recognised BBC One and Two brands at the same time. Planning for the new channel, along with the new BBC Three, had been in progress since October 2000; however, the incumbent government delayed approving the new BBC digital plans. The BBC Four plans were approved earlier, and as a result launched before BBC Three.


title: BBC Four

text: BBC Four was different from the old BBC Knowledge: the channel would be more heavily promoted with more new and original programming and the channel would not be broadcast 24 hours a day. This was because on the Freeview digital terrestrial platform, BBC Four is broadcast in a statistically multiplexed stream in Multiplex B that timeshares with the CBeebies channel (which is on air from 06:00 until 19:00). As a result, BBC Four broadcasts from 19:00 to around 04:00 each night, with an hour's down-time and promotions for CBeebies before the start of that channel's schedule.


title: BBC Four

text: On 12 May 2011, BBC Four was added to the Sky EPG in the Republic of Ireland on channel 230. It later moved to EPG 211 to free up space for new channels. It later moved to channel 143 on 1 May 2018 to sit beside the Northern Irish versions of BBC One and BBC Two there, and the 200s being used for +1 channels.


title: BBC Four

text: On 17 August 2018, BBC Four announced BBC 4.1, a special two nights of programming which would revolve around artificial intelligence (AI) selecting the programmes broadcast on the channel, based on "what BBC Four audiences might like, based on the channel's previous schedules and programme attributes." It would then "[rank] programmes it thought were most relevant [to what BBC Four viewers would like]." The programming was aired on the nights of 4 and 5 September 2018. This included a few special programmes about AI, such as "Made by Machine: When AI Met The Archive", which documented how the AI works, and "The Joy of AI", where "the emergence of machine learning" is discussed, as well as "why [AI] shouldn't spook us".


title: BBC Four

text: Due to the launch of BBC Scotland on 24 February 2019, BBC Four has been on a higher Freeview EPG number in Scotland than elsewhere, moving to 82 to make room for BBC Scotland. Following eventual closures, it moved to channel 75 there, and later to channel 68, and eventually channel 55. On 4 November 2020, due to Ofcom proposals regarding certain PSB channels requiring greater prominence on each UK TV provider's channel listing, BBC Four moved to channel 24 in Scotland, while every channel from that number (ITV4) to channel 54 (5SELECT) moved up one place.


title: BBC Four

text: In May 2020, the BBC submitted its annual general plan for 2020–21, which included a proposal for BBC Two to supplant BBC Four as its main outlet for specialist programmes. Under the plan, BBC Four would cease originating new programmes, and become a service showcasing the BBC's "rich archive". The plan also included the possibility of the BBC expanding BBC Four into a global brand, to "[take] our strengths in specialist factual to the world stage."


title: BBC Four

text: On 9 April 2021, the day that Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh died, BBC Four was suspended for a whole day so the BBC could continue coverage of the Duke's death across its television, radio and online services. The next day (10 April) BBC Four resumed airing at the normal time of 7:00 pm.


title: BBC Four

text: On 26 May 2022, the BBC announced plans to discontinue BBC Four as a broadcast channel within "the next few years", as part of plans to streamline and modify services to create a "digital-first" BBC.


title: BBC Four

text: On 8 September 2022, BBC Four, BBC Three and BBC RB1 suspended broadcasting for the entire night, following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, in order to preserve the bandwidth for BBC News' rolling coverage. BBC One and BBC Two simulcasted BBC News' coverage of the monarch's death for the rest of the night until a revised schedule appeared on BBC Two at 6am. Unlike their other channels, the BBC decided that no amendments were needed to BBC Four's schedule on Friday 9 September 2022, with the music programming going ahead as advertised in the "Radio Times", with repeats of "Top of the Pops 1993" appearing at 7pm, followed by Nicola Benedetti playing Wynton Marsalis's Violin Concerto at the "BBC Proms" and programmes devoted to 1970s rock acts like The Pretenders.


title: BBC Four

text: The channel direction is determined by the channel's remit, set by royal charter and the corporation's governing body (the BBC Board), and by the channel controller. In October 2013, following the departure of Richard Klein from the controllership, the management of the channel changed, with the role of Controller of BBC Four scrapped: from this point the Controller of BBC Two would have ultimate oversight of BBC Four as part of their role, absorbing some of the former duties of the Controller of BBC Four, but a new 'Channel Editor' post, reporting up to this controller, would be created to take day-to-day charge of Four. The controllers of BBC Four from 2002 to 2016 have been:


title: BBC Four

text: On 20 January 2016, Kim Shillinglaw announced that she had decided to leave the BBC as the Controller of BBC Two & BBC Four. As a result of the reorganisation, the post of BBC Two and Four control had closed after her departure later that year.


title: BBC Four

text: On 16 July 2013, the BBC announced that a high-definition (HD) simulcast of BBC Four would be launched by early 2014. The channel launched on 10 December 2013 at 18:58 GMT, and rolled out nationwide up to June 2014 (as did BBC News HD and CBeebies HD). The channel broadcasts on the BBC's new HD multiplex on Freeview and shares its stream with CBeebies HD as they both air at different times. Prior to launch, the majority of BBC Four's HD output was broadcast on the BBC HD channel before its closure on 26 March 2013. In 2017 BBC Four HD along with CBBC HD and CBeebies HD launched in Ireland.


title: BBC Four

text: The first evening's BBC Four programmes were simulcast on BBC Two, with the first programme being "The Man Who Destroyed Everything", a documentary about conceptual artist Michael Landy and his installation Break Down. BBC Four was also notable for first showing Larry David's "Seinfeld" follow-up, "Curb Your Enthusiasm", Armando Iannucci's cutting political satire, "The Thick of It", "The Chaser's War on Everything", "Flight of the Conchords", "Mad Men" and Danish thriller "The Killing".


title: BBC Four

text: The channel broadcasts a mixture of art and science documentaries, vintage drama (including many rare black-and-white programmes), and non-English-language productions such as films from the Artificial Eye catalogue, the French thriller "Spiral" and the Swedish detective series "Wallander". BBC Four further supports foreign-language films with its annual World Cinema Award which has been running since 2004.


title: BBC Four

text: Until the middle of 2020, BBC Four broadcast a global news bulletin on weekdays at 19:00 which most recently was a simulcast of "Beyond 100 Days" Monday–Thursday and an edition of "World News Today" on Fridays which was produced by BBC World News. This replaced "The World" and "BBC Four News" which aired in the slot from the launch of the channel. As of autumn 2020, BBC Four no longer broadcasts a news bulletin.


title: BBC Four

text: It screens a number of documentaries such as "The Century of the Self" and "The Trials of Henry Kissinger". The channel is also home to many political travel shows such as "Holidays in the Axis of Evil" which features investigative journalism.


title: BBC Four

text: Drama has given the channel some of its most popular programmes, with "The Alan Clark Diaries" (2003) and "" (2006) being among the highest rated, with over 800,000 viewers. The highly acclaimed Hattie, broadcast in 2011, holds the record for BBC4's best ever consolidated ratings of 2m / 8%. Before that "The Curse of Steptoe" brought the channel its highest audience figures, estimated as 1.41 million viewers, a 7% share of multichannel audiences between 21:00 and 22:05, based on overnight returns. The official audience figures for the broadcast, including time-shifting, were later published as 1,625,000. Another notable production was a live re-make of the 1953 science-fiction serial "The Quatermass Experiment", adapted from the original scripts into a single, two-hour version (though on the night it, in fact, underran considerably, lasting less than 1 hour 40 minutes), broadcast on the evening of Saturday 2 April 2005. Discounting BBC Four's previous live relays of theatrical William Shakespeare productions, this was the first live made-for-television drama to be broadcast by the BBC for twenty years.


title: BBC Four

text: Another notable programme broadcast on BBC Four is "Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe" which contains reviews of current shows, as well as stories and commentary on how television is produced. The show is presented by broadcaster Charlie Brooker.


title: BBC Four

text: The channel is also curator and leader of the BBC Archive project whose aim is that the BBC's television archive is re-broadcast as much as appropriate so that the Archive can be enjoyed again and not isolated.


title: BBC Four

text: Some output from BBC Four (documentaries rather than foreign films) was for a time repeated on BBC Two in a 'BBC Four on Two' branded area, although this was often in a late night broadcast slot after "Newsnight" and has since been discontinued.


title: BBC Four

text: At the Edinburgh International Television Festival, BBC Four won the Non-Terrestrial Channel of the Year award in 2004, 2006 and 2012.


title: BBC Four

text: Since the initial closure of BBC Three as a linear TV channel, BBC Four is occasionally used to show live sports coverage. The channel aired games from the UEFA Euro 2016 and 2018 FIFA World Cup football tournaments when the final round of matches in the group stages took place (when matches in each group kick-off simultaneously). It has also been used to broadcast England women's football matches, as well as some matches from 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. It also temporarily extended its broadcast hours to show live action from the 2016 Summer Olympics.


title: BBC Four

text: As of 2022, BBC Four schedules still feature music programming (such as "Top of the Pops" and Neil Brand's documentaries) on a Friday night, with drama imports on a Saturday (but not always foreign-language productions like Italian crime drama "Inspector Montalbano") and usually an hour of 'archive' programmes (such as those by Bob Ross and Fred Dibnah) starting off the weekday schedule at 7pm. As well as programmes from the 1980s and 1990s, this early evening slot gives a chance for regional programmes to get a national airing with Cy Chadwick's "Walking with..." productions and "Gareth Edwards’s Great Welsh Adventure" (from BBC Wales) getting a repeat here and then again late night. In addition to these programmes, many hour long regional documentaries such as BBC Scotland's "Rigs of Nigg", about the 1970s North Sea oil drilling platform construction industry based around the Cromarty Firth, also received their national debut on the channel.


title: BBC Four

text: The following is a list of the ten most watched broadcasts on BBC Four since launch, based on Live +7 data supplied by BARB. Number of viewers does not include repeats.


title: BBC Four

text: BBC Four is widely available on cable, IPTV and digital satellite television in the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. The channel is registered to broadcast within the European Union/EEA through the Luxembourg Broadcasting Regulator - ALIA.


title: BBC Four

text: The channel's initial series of idents were generated dynamically reflecting the frequencies of the continuity announcers' voice or of backing music and were designed by Lambie-Nairn. As a result, no two idents were ever the same. The first continuity announcer was Zeb Soanes.


title: BBC Four

text: When the channel first started airing, it used the slogan "Everybody Needs A Place To Think", but the BBC stopped using this several months after the launch. However the BBC Four logo and above slogan can be found, engraved on benches along the South Bank in London, between the London Eye and Waterloo Bridge.


title: BBC Four

text: On 10 September 2005, the channel began showing new idents comprising a central BBC Four logo surrounded by four quadrants which show different stages of the same footage thus making for a sort of optical illusion; for example, a swimming pool where a person on an inflatable ring appears in the bottom-left corner, though ripples don't enter the remaining quarters. Although the image appears as one at the start of the ident, by the end it is clearly four separate images.


title: BBC Four

text: In March 2019, BBC Four added several new idents inspired by "oddly satisfying videos" in tandem with the quadrants theme, originally premiering for a programme season honouring the 30th anniversary of the World Wide Web.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Mönchengladbach (, ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located west of the Rhine, halfway between Düsseldorf and the Dutch border.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Since 2009, the territory of Mönchengladbach has comprised four (previously ten) boroughs which are subdivided into 44 districts.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The original name of the city was Gladbach, by which it is still often known today. To distinguish it from another town of the same name (the present Bergisch Gladbach), it took the name München-Gladbach in 1888. Between 1933 and 1950, it was written München Gladbach (short: M. Gladbach), without a hyphen. This spelling was seen as potentially misleading, as it could imply that Gladbach was a borough of Munich ("München" in German), so consequently the name was changed to Mönchen-Gladbach in 1950 (and subsequently Mönchengladbach in 1960) to avoid confusion.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The town was founded around Gladbach Abbey in 974. It was named after the Gladbach, a narrow brook which mostly runs underground today. The abbey and adjoining villages became a town in the 14th century. The town of Rheydt is located nearby and is incorporated into Mönchengladbach today.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The first settlements in the area of Mönchengladbach are approximately 300,000–400,000 years old and show remains of Homo erectus and Neanderthal. There are numerous cairns from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The history of Mönchengladbach began with the construction of the Gladbach Minster and the founding of an abbey in the year 974 by Gero, Archbishop of Cologne, and his companion, the monk Sandrad of Trier.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: To improve the settlement, the monks created a market north of the church in the 12th century. Craftsmen settled near the market. Gladbach received its town charter in 1364–1366. The "town" erected a town wall made of stone, which had to be maintained by the citizens. Remains of the wall can be found at the Geroweiher, as can remains of the "Thick Tower", an old fortified tower at the Waldhausener hill. Until the end of the 18th century, the city belonged to the department of Grevenbroich within the duchy of Jülich.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: On 4 October 1794, the armed forces of the French revolution marched into the town, one day before the fortress Jülich had been handed over. When the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II ceded the left bank of the river Rhine to France with the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, Gladbach fell under French laws suppressing religion. This was the end for the abbey, and the monastery was closed. On 31 October 1802, the last 31 monks left the monastery. The contents of the tremendous abbey library, well known outside Germany, were scattered or destroyed.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: From 1798 until 1814, the "Mairie" Gladbach was part of "Canton" Odenkirchen, of the "Arrondissement" Krefeld, of the Roer "Département".


title: Mönchengladbach

text: In 1815, Gladbach became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and seat of the Landkreis Gladbach, which was dissolved in 1929. In 1815 Gladbach became seat of the Bürgermeisterei (Office of mayor), which was split in 1859 into two parts: the City of Gladbach and Office of Mayor Obergeburth. The latter was renamed to München-Gladbach-Land in 1907.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: From 1933 through 1975, the neighborhood of Rheydt was an independent city; the split from München-Gladbach was arranged by Joseph Goebbels, who was born locally. After reuniting with Mönchengladbach, the central station (Rheydt Hauptbahnhof) kept its original name, making Mönchengladbach the only city in Germany to have two rail stations each called Hauptbahnhof.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: In response to the 10 May 1940 German invasion of Belgium, Mönchengladbach was bombed by RAF Bomber Command on the evening of 11 May. The bomber crews were attempting to interdict German troop movements on roads, intersections and rail lines in the area, especially the city's railyards. About half of the approximately 36 twin-engine Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers reportedly hit their targets, and three were shot down. Four people were killed on the ground, including a British woman living in Germany.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Eventually, the Prussian Rhine Province was dissolved after World War II, and the city became part of the new state of North Rhine-Westphalia which was formed in 1946.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Mönchengladbach's industrial ascent was mainly influenced by the development of the textile industry from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. In addition, a textile-oriented machine industry also developed.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: After the Second World War, a major structural change began, reducing the importance of the textile industry and attracting new economic sectors. At present, only 7 percent of employees work in the once dominant textile and clothing industry (for example: "Van Laack" and "gardeur").


title: Mönchengladbach

text: As part of the successful diversification of the business location, local government and representatives founded the Mönchengladbach Business Development Corporation (WFMG) in 1997. WFMG and the University of Applied Sciences Niederrhein have developed a five-pillar model for the future orientation of the business location. Thereafter textile and fashion, mechanical engineering and electrical engineering, logistics, the creative industry and the health sector are the leading sectors for the economic future of the city of Mönchengladbach. As part of an active cluster policy, the WFMG has partly initiated its own networks for these industries.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The most important employer in Mönchengladbach is the Santander Consumer Bank, which has its headquarters at Aachener Straße in Mönchengladbach's city center.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The economic structure includes: tool and spinning machines (Dörries Scharmann, Monforts, Trützschler, Schlafhorst), automatic conveyor systems, signal and system technology (Scheidt & Bachmann), transformers (SMS Meer), cables (Nexans Germany formerly Kabelwerk Rheydt), printed matter and foodstuffs.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Chocolatier Heinemann is known beyond the city limits for his cakes, pralines and baked goods, which he offers in cafés on site as well as in Düsseldorf and Munich. Furthermore, beer breweries are represented in Mönchengladbach. The Oettinger brewery produces at the site of the former Hannen brewery. The Hensen brewery has been producing a lower Rhine-type Altbier since 2015 at the former spring of the river Gladbach in the Waldhausen district.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Especially in the 1970s and 1980s nightlife was attractive to young party people from Düsseldorf. In the meantime, tourism in particular is playing a certain role. Mönchengladbach has about 40 hotels (for example: Hotel Burgund) and inns as well as a youth hostel in the district Hardter Wald. In total there are about 2000 beds. The number of overnight stays is over 200,000 annually.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Mönchengladbach Airport is dominated by general aviation. There are currently no scheduled services to and from Mönchengladbach. Additionally, there are few business-charter passenger flights. In June 2015 "Hugo Junkers Hangar" was opened as an aviation and event facility. Airplane enthusiasts can book sightseeing flights with Junkers Ju 52 from the 1940s. The next major international airport Düsseldorf Airport is only 20 kilometres (12 mi) away to the east.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The current Mayor of Mönchengladbach is Felix Heinrichs of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The Mönchengladbach city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The city has two main railway stations: Mönchengladbach Hauptbahnhof and Rheydt Hauptbahnhof, the result of the merger of the two cities, in which the deprecated name for Rheydt Hbf was never removed. Line 8 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn connects the city to Düsseldorf and Hagen; an extension further westwards is being discussed. A number of regional trains serve Mönchengladbach, including regional line RE13 to the city of Venlo which is located in the Netherlands. By the end of 2009 it was the largest city in Germany without regular long-distance services. With the new schedule for 2010, Mönchengladbach got an InterCity/Intercity-Express connection twice a week.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Local bus and rail transport is carried out by the NEW-AG under the VRR transport association regulations.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Mönchengladbach has a long football tradition. Its home club, Borussia Mönchengladbach, is one of the country's most well-known, best-supported, and successful teams. The club plays on the Borussia-Park stadium with a capacity of 54,057. The club has the fourth largest fan club in Germany, "The Foals" ("Die Fohlen"), with more than 50,000 active members.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: The city hosted three International Field Hockey world championships: the 2006 Men's World Hockey Cup, the 2008 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy, and the 2010 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy.


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Since 1892, Mönchengladbach has owned a harness racing track called "Trabrennbahn Mönchengladbach" (Trotting track Mönchengladbach).


title: Mönchengladbach

text: Until December 2013, the Rheindahlen Military Complex was located just outside Mönchengladbach, where it was home to the headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Germany.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: Raviv Chanan "Ricky" Ullman (; born 24 January 1986) is an Israeli-American actor, director, and musician. He is best known for playing Phil Diffy, the main character in the Disney Channel series "Phil of the Future".


title: Raviv Ullman

text: Ullman was born in Eilat, Israel, to American Jewish parents Laura Ullman (née Ehrenkranz), a teacher, and Brian Ullman, a printer. He has a younger sister and younger brother named Tali and Nadav, respectively. After his first birthday, his family left their kibbutz in Israel for Norwalk, Connecticut, United States, and then to Fairfield, Connecticut the following year. When Ullman was younger, his father worked as a clown. While attending summer camp, he played Peter Pan, which helped him discover his talents in acting, singing, dancing, and reading drama novels.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: Ullman was raised in the Conservative and Orthodox denominations of Judaism. His maternal grandfather, Joseph Ehrenkranz, was an Orthodox rabbi in Stamford, Connecticut. Ullman is a first cousin, twice removed, of Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman. Lieberman's mother and Ullman's matrilineal great-grandmother were sisters.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: Ullman taught himself how to play the trombone. Ullman was selected to attend the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY) youth leadership program of Connecticut in March 2002 where he was selected as the "outstanding ambassador" enabling him to attend the HOBY World Leadership Congress in the summer of 2002. He went to Hillel Academy and is a graduate of Fairfield Warde High School. He was active in National Conference of Synagogue Youth.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: Ullman's first professional role was as Louis in the national touring company of "The King and I" along with Jesse McCartney. Other productions he worked on include "Peter Pan" at the Polka Dot Playhouse, "The Music Man" with the New England Repertory Company, and "Just People" at the Long Wharf Theatre. He received a 1998–1999 Best Actor nomination from the Connecticut Critics' Awards for his character Stanley in Stamford Theater Work's "A Rosen by Any Other Name". He had small roles in film and television shows, notably portraying Christopher Knight in the 2000 movie "Growing Up Brady".


title: Raviv Ullman

text: Ullman is best known for his starring role as Phil Diffy, a teen from the year 2121 on Disney Channel's "Phil of the Future", a series that debuted June 2004. He also starred as Roscoe in Disney's made-for-television film "Pixel Perfect." During this period, Ullman appeared in other Disney Channel programming, such as a guest role on "That's So Raven", and was an identified member of the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, appearing with other members of the Circle in the music video for "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes," where he sang as well as played the drums.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: In 2004, Ullman starred as Sam in ABC Family's television film "Searching for David's Heart". He appeared in a string of independent films including "The Big Bad Swim" and "Driftwood" (2006), "Normal Adolescent Behavior" (2007), and "Prom Wars" (2008). During this period, he guest-starred in TV shows like "Big Love" and "".


title: Raviv Ullman

text: Ullman was cast as Kip in the Lifetime sitcom "Rita Rocks", which premiered in 2009. His character was the drummer in the titular character's band and her daughter's boyfriend. The show was canceled after two seasons.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: While Ullman previously went by the stage name Ricky, he started using his real name in 2006 when he guest-starred on an episode of "House" and continued to use Raviv on all projects since.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: In June 2006, Ullman and a few of his friends created parody hip-hop music videos under the name the Webee Boys. In December 2006, Ullman met actor Douglas Smith of "Big Love" fame and together they formed a band called Goodbye Ian. The group expanded to as many as seven people and later changed its name to His Orchestra. Ullman plays drums and glockenspiel in the band, which released its debut album, "Field Guide to the Wilds", on 24 February 2009.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: After completing "Rita Rocks" in 2009, Ullman had some small roles in short films, television, and film but began to focus his career on theater acting, starring in Off-Broadway and regional theater productions.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: From January 2012 to 24 March 2012, Ullman starred as the character Alex in the New Group's production of "Russian Transport" Off-Broadway in New York. On 30 April 2012, it was announced that Ullman joined the cast of Alena Smith's new Off-Broadway play "The Bad Guys". It began performances on 22 May at the McGinn/Cazale Theater on the Upper West Side in New York City. In 2014, Ullman acted opposite of Holly Hunter and Richard Chamberlain in the first revival of "Sticks and Bones. Sticks and Bones" opened 6 November 2014 and closed 14 December 2014.


title: Raviv Ullman

text: In 2018, Ullman performed in the Roundabout Theatre Company Underground's much-lauded production of "Usual Girls" by Ming Peiffer.