title: Izhevsk

text: On October 27, 1917, Soviet government was officially announced, with the council officially dissolved soon thereafter. The former leaders of the council were arrested in June 1918, contributing to an uprising against Bolshevik rule. The struggle for control of the city continued until the arrival of the Red Army, which took Izhevsk on November 7. On April 13, 1919, the city was occupied by units of Admiral Kolchak's White Army, only to fall again, this time decisively, to another assault by the Red Army in June 8 of the same year.


title: Izhevsk

text: The Soviet period saw significant growth in the size and importance of Izhevsk. In 1921, the city became the administrative center of Votsk Autonomous Oblast, a precursor to the Udmurt Republic. On December 28, 1934, Izhevsk received status of capital of the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The first tramline was opened in 1935. It was 5 km long.


title: Izhevsk

text: On March 14, 1937, the Republic's constitution was adopted. It consolidated the capital status of Izhevsk. In the autumn of 1941 several defense-related plants evacuated to Izhevsk. In June, 1943, Izhevsk Mechanical Plant was founded. During World War II, Izhevsk plants produced 12 and a half million small arms.


title: Izhevsk

text: World War II had a profound effect on the city; much of the industrial infrastructure evacuated from the western regions of the Soviet Union was relocated to the city. Elements of the evacuated enterprises were used to create the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, which remains an important manufacturer of military components.


title: Izhevsk

text: Military industry remained the core of the local economy after the war, so Izhvesk was designated a closed city, inaccessible to foreigners. The city's Izhmash factory began manufacturing the AK-47 automatic rifle in 1948, and continues to produce modern variants of the design to this day. The rifle's designer, Mikhail Kalashnikov lived in Izhevsk until his death in 2013. In 1966, Izhmash began manufacturing the Izh brand of automobiles.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 1984, the city was renamed Ustinov; in honor of former minister of defense Dmitry Ustinov. Three years later, despite vocal protests by a significant number of citizens, Izhevsk regained its historical name.


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhevsk weathered the post-Soviet years reasonably well, carried through by the continued demand for its military products. The city remains an important industrial and military center of the country, referred to as the "Armory of Russia", a title it shares with the city of Tula.


title: Izhevsk

text: On 26 September 2022, Artem Kazantsev, a former pupil, committed a mass shooting at School No. 88 in the city. Seventeen people, including eleven children, were killed, and 24 others were injured. The school has about 1,000 pupils. Kazantsev later killed himself at the scene.


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhevsk is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of republic significance of Izhevsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Izhevsk is incorporated as Izhevsk Urban Okrug.


title: Izhevsk

text: According to the 2010 census, the capital of Udmurtia is home to more than 100 ethnicities. More than two-thirds of residents are Russians (68.8%). Other groups include Udmurts (14.8%), Tatars (8.9%), Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mari, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Armenians, Jews and Germans.


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhevsk is the most important economic center of the Udmurt Republic, with the majority of financial and industrial activity concentrated in the city. Military industry remains the backbone of the local economy, with a number of enterprises operating in the city. By far the most important of these is Izhmash, which produces small arms and assault rifles popular both in Russia and abroad. The plant also produces motorcycles and automobiles under IZH brandname.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 2006, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez visited Izhevsk to tour the Izhmash manufacturing center where he announced his government's intention to purchase a large number of Izhevsk-produced rifles.


title: Izhevsk

text: City public transport included buses, trolleybuses and trams. The main railway station is located in the southern part of the city.


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhevsk has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfb") with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Summers are quite a bit warmer than at corresponding latitudes in Western Europe, courtesy of the city's far inland location. Winters are a lot colder than said areas, also due to the distance from the North Atlantic, which results in limited temperature moderation. Even so, winters are a lot less severe than those in Russian cities east of the Ural Mountains.


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhevsk is the scientific and cultural center of the Udmurt Republic. Early on, the state took a leading role in childcare and education. 320 Public kindergartens/ preschools provide affordable childcare for 32,000 children. 100 public schools provide free general education to over 100,000 Izhevsk students. A wide variety of technical colleges and two-year professional schools award associate degrees, most notably in medical assistance, performing arts and teaching.


title: Izhevsk

text: The Ural department of the Russian Scientific Academy is represented in Izhevsk by several institutions, specializing in physics, applied mechanics and technical sciences, and economics, and the Institute of History, Language and Literature of Udmurtia does the same.


title: Izhevsk

text: Four out of five higher education institutes in the Udmurt Republic are located in Izhevsk: Udmurt State University, Izhevsk State Technical University, Agricultural Academy, and . Each of these educational institutions admits foreign students.


title: Izhevsk

text: Udmurt State University celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2006. It is the oldest educational institution in the Udmurt Republic. Some 28,000 students are currently studying at the university, which offers 86 different majors. The university has thirteen departments and seven institutes. Out of 1,000 faculty members 130 hold Doctor of Science (Dr.Sc.) degrees, and 460 are Candidates of Sciences (Cand.Sc., equivalent to first year of Ph.D.). UdSU graduate school offers 11 attestation committees qualified to award Cand.Sc. and Dr.Sc. degrees in ecology, economics, law, psychology, pedagogics, ethnology, history, culture, linguistics of the Ural region, and Udmurt linguistics.


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhevsk is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and European Commission Intercultural cities programme.


title: Izhevsk

text: The Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms, or the Kalashnikov Museum, opened in 2004. Its expositions tell about Izhevsk as one of the most important centers of Russian arms production. The main person of the museum narration is Mikhail Kalashnikov. The museum and exhibition complex holds the permanent exposition devoted to this legendary Russian armourer. There are temporary expositions in addition to the permanent exposition launched in 2004. The Museum has a demonstration hall, including the shooting gallery where different models of historical and contemporary arms are presented, and the pneumatic shooting gallery.


title: Izhevsk

text: 17 kilometers from Izhevsk is the Ludorvay Architectural and Ethnographic Open-air Museum. It was founded in 1990 on the premises of the former Russian settlement Ilyinka. Total area of the culture preserve is about 40 hectares. It divided into five exhibition parts: the Sector of Central Udmurts, the Sector of Southern Udmurts, Russian sector, the Windmill, and the Mushtor Apiary Complex.


title: Izhevsk

text: One of the integral parts of Izhevsk cultural life is the State Circus of the Udmurt Republic. Residents of Izhevsk have liked circus throughout the history of the city. In olden days the settlement was visited by vagrant performers — skomorokhs with mountain bears, strongmen and fakirs. Since the turn of the 19th century, shows took places in booths — temporary structures with benches for the rich and standing room for the poor.


title: Izhevsk

text: The first Izhevsk circus was built by Aleksandr Koromyslov in 1895. It had existed until the Civil War began.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 1943, at the height of The Great Patriotic War, the stone circus building was erected in the Kolart's place. It was designed by P.M. Popov after the pattern of Ciniselli Circus in Saint Petersburg. On 29 November 1943, wounded soldiers saw the first show there. The Circus seated 1,800 spectators and was considered one of the best in the Soviet Union.


title: Izhevsk

text: On January 14, 1990, the Circus was closed because of dilapidation. On 29 December 1999, the building was razed.


title: Izhevsk

text: On January 17, 2000, a cornerstone of new circus was laid. The project was designed by Moscow architect Mikhail Vesnin. In the judgment of specialists, the contemporary building of the Circus is one of the best in Russia. It seats 1,800 spectators like the predecessor and has current technologies and high-performance audio and light equipment.


title: Izhevsk

text: The International Circus Art Festival has been held at the State Circus of the Udmurt Republic yearly in March since 2008. Circus stars come to Izhevsk from every corner of the globe. Some of the world's leading circus art festivals and circus managers and producers join the festival jury.


title: Izhevsk

text: The Izhvesk ice hockey team HC Izhstal plays in the Supreme Hockey League. In the season 2013-14 the team finished the regular season 19th and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


title: Izhevsk

text: The football club Zenit-Izhevsk plays in the Russian Professional Football League. In the season 2013-14 the team finished fifth in the zone Ural-Povolzhye.


title: Izhevsk

text: In the post-Soviet period, Izhevsk became known as home to a vibrant art and music scene. Izhevsk is sometimes referred to as "the capital of Russian electronic music". The most well-known Izhevsk electronic act was Стук Бамбука в XI Часов ("Stuk Bambuka v XI Chasov"), whose only album "Лёгкое дело холод" (1991) is now considered classic.


title: Izhevsk

text: Currently the music scene continues to evolve creating new talents such as Anna Krab calling herself the Electronic Queen of Udmurtia and Distract-a-bee with a dick-logo tending to release an album every week.


title: Izhevsk

text: Izhvesk City Pond's area is over 22 km, yet it was artificially constructed (in parts dug by hand) in the 1760s for industrial needs. Empress Elizabeth of Russia granted Count Peter Shuvalov official permission to create three factories in the Kama River region September 15, 1757.


title: Izhevsk

text: Construction of the three-step industrial dam at the critical point where the two rivers (Izh and Yagul/Podborenka) join started both the pond and the city in April 1760.


title: Izhevsk

text: The dam was reconstructed in 1809–1815 when Andrey Fedorovich Deryabin converted the original metalworking factory into the new arms producing facility. It was subsequently modernized again in 1983–1984 in order to extend the dam. Today a number of major Izhevsk industrial plants are still located along the pond.


title: Izhevsk

text: In 1972, the Izhevsk Pond Embankment, a three-mile-long walkway and a system of boulevards and squares, was extended along the pond. The "Friendship of Nations" Square, with its central monument celebrating 400 years of Udmurtia's union with Russia, is a focal point of the esplanade and a hip place for youth recreation. During the summer months excursion boats operate from Izhevsk to the village of Volozhka.


title: Izhevsk

text: It was twinned with Będzin, Poland, until the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, for which Będzin cut ties.


title: First pass effect

text: The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the fraction of drug lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. Notable drugs that experience a significant first-pass effect are buprenorphine, chlorpromazine, cimetidine, diazepam, ethanol (drinking alcohol), imipramine, insulin, lidocaine, midazolam, morphine, pethidine, propranolol, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).


title: First pass effect

text: First pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol, lidocaine, clomethiazole, and NTG) or in the gut (for benzylpenicillin and insulin).


title: First pass effect

text: After a drug is swallowed, it is absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic portal system. It is carried through the portal vein into the liver before it reaches the rest of the body. The liver metabolizes many drugs, sometimes to such an extent that only a small amount of active drug emerges from the liver to the rest of the circulatory system. This "first pass" through the liver thus may greatly reduce the bioavailability of the drug.


title: First pass effect

text: An example of a drug where first pass metabolism is a complication and disadvantage is the antiviral drug, Remdesivir. Remdesivir cannot be orally administered because the entire dose would be trapped in the liver with little reaching the systemic circulation and reaching organs and cells affected by, for example, SARS-CoV-2. For this reason, Remdesivir is administered by IV infusion, bypassing the portal vein. However, significant hepatic extraction still occurs because of second pass metabolism, whereby a fraction of venous blood travels through the hepatic portal vein and hepatocytes.


title: First pass effect

text: The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, gut wall enzymes, bacterial enzymes, and hepatic enzymes.


title: First pass effect

text: In drug design, drug candidates may have good druglikeness but fail on first-pass metabolism because it is biochemically selective.


title: First pass effect

text: Alternative routes of administration, such as insufflation, suppository, intravenous, intramuscular, inhalational aerosol, transdermal, or sublingual, avoid the first-pass effect because they allow drugs to be absorbed directly into the systemic circulation.


title: First pass effect

text: Drugs with high first pass effect typically have a considerably higher oral dose than sublingual or parenteral dose. There is marked individual variation in the oral dose due to differences in the extent of first pass metabolism, frequently among several other factors. Oral bioavailability of many vulnerable drugs appears to be increased in patients with compromised liver function. Bioavailability is also increased if another drug competing for first pass metabolism enzymes is given concurrently (e.g., propranolol and chlorpromazine).


title: Koode

text: Koode () is a 2018 Indian Malayalam-language psychological drama film written and directed by Anjali Menon, starring Prithviraj Sukumaran, Nazriya Nazim and Parvathy Thiruvothu. The music was released by Muzik 247. The film marks the 100th film of Prithviraj, Parvathy's third collaboration with Prithviraj and second collaboration with both Menon and Nazriya who made her comeback to movies after 4 Years. It was an adaptation of 2014 Marathi film "Happy Journey".


title: Koode

text: The film opens showing Joshua working in a factory in Dubai. He gets an urgent phone call informing him about his sister Jenny's death. The movie then shifts to his landing in his hometown. He attends Jenny's funeral; Josh seems unperturbed even after being shown Jenny's body.<br>


title: Koode

text: Flashback is shown of how Josh - a 15-year-old, his father a mechanic, and his mother pregnant with his sister are preparing for Christmas festivities at home. At midnight mass, labor pains start and a baby girl is delivered. Josh names his sister Jennifer. The flashback shows how he adores and takes care of his baby sister. Jenny is diagnosed with congenital disease and is expected not to live long, depending on medicines all her life.


title: Koode

text: The hospital expense takes a toll on the not-so-well-off family and they struggle to keep food on the table. With so much happening in the house, Josh is dismissed from his school as he hasn't been performing well. His father who is aware of his love for machines takes him to a train yard to cheer him up.


title: Koode

text: Josh's maternal uncle offers help to take Josh to Gulf and put him on some kind of vocation bringing some money to the household. The parents reluctantly agree. The film gently implies, without saying it, that this uncle then raped Josh, and Josh’s early years overseas involved sexual labor.<br>


title: Koode

text: Josh discovers many creative expressions of Jenny in terms of drawing, poetry in her room. He is introduced to Brownie-Jenny's dog who seems to have taken a liking to Josh. To take a drive down the town, Josh asks his father to lend him a vehicle. Father shows him Jenny's ambulance van which was used for her hospital trips. He drives the van to a lakeside where he spends some time; he discovers that somebody is sleeping in the van's back seat. He finds out that it is his sister Jenny. He comes out of his dream at that point and goes to the van parked outside his house. To his surprise, he does indeed find Jenny alive inside the van talking to him. The girl convinces that she is indeed Jenny and he is the only person who can see/hear/talk to her.<br>


title: Koode

text: The story now introduces Sophie, the childhood sweetheart of Josh who went on to marry an alcoholic and suffered domestic violence and ended up divorcing him. She is staying with her father and his family. The family members are not happy that she divorced her husband and bad mouth her. Josh and Jenny visit the old dilapidated house that he used to visit back in his childhood. Josh finds Sophie there and they enquire about each other and depart. Sophie back in her house is molested by a younger cousin. She tells this to another relative who interferes. But he advises her that it is not the cousin who is at fault-maybe she herself is an easy target and hence the consequence; depicting his mal intentions as well. She is left aghast at her situation. The next day, Jenny and Josh while roaming about in the van discover Sophie contemplating suicide. Josh comes in the nick of the time and saves her.<br>


title: Koode

text: Josh tracks down Coach Ashraf who is shown to suffer some memory loss due to old age living in a neglected situation. Josh and Sophie bring him to an old age home and start taking care of him.


title: Koode

text: Jenny shows Josh her college and tells him about her life there. She tells him about how she liked a boy, Krish who played in a band. Due to her poetic skills, she participates with the band but collapses on one such performance. Krish discovers her disease and deserts her. Josh finds Jenny's diary filled with love poems. He gives it to Krish. Josh finds his father always tinkering toys that village children bring to him. He discovers that his dad has been taking care of his childhood toys in his attic. He becomes emotional. He realizes the love he missed from his father and buries the grudge he has against his father for sending him away at such a young age.


title: Koode

text: Things seem to take a good turn for a coach. On one such day Coach gives Josh his field whistle seeing how Josh still seemed interested in football.<br>


title: Koode

text: One day, Sophie and Josh spend time in the old house discussing a book, when her family members come and take her away forcibly. Jenny tells Josh to help Sophie as he knows well how much of a difference someone's support makes when one is alone. Josh all instigated reaches Sophie's house and calls her to come with him. Sophie taken aback by the suddenness refuses to go with him. It starts to rain and Josh drives back and locks him up in his room, angry on why he listened to Jenny. He then sees Sophie walking to his house all drenched. He runs and opens the door and takes her to his room and shuts the door leaving his family shocked about the turn of events. Sophie's family members come to Josh's house enquiring and make them open the room door only to find that both of them have eloped through the window. They both drive through the place living out of their van. Krish catches up with them and invites Josh to the college where they are holding a memorial for Jenny. He then tells Josh that he is ashamed about the way he reacted to Jenny's illness. He discloses that he too liked Jenny. Josh attends the memorial with Sophie. Sophie's relatives come there and attack Josh. Krish and his friends save them from the gang and they escape.


title: Koode

text: Jenny is happy having seen Krish save her brother. Josh and Sophie are spending the night at the lakeside. Jenny talks to Josh and tells him that he would make an amazing dad. Next morning, Josh discovers that Jenny is nowhere to be found. He then breaks down sensing her absence for the first time after her death and realises how much he will miss her. The film ends with Josh shown to be coaching local lads in football and becoming father to a baby girl.


title: Koode

text: The film began principal photography on 1 November 2017, coinciding with Kerala Piravi. Film's title was announced on 11 June 2018.


title: Koode

text: The soundtrack consists four songs written by Rafeeq Ahammed and Shruthy Namboothiri (Koode title track), two each composed by M. Jayachandran and Raghu Dixit. It was released on 15 June 2018 by the label Muzik 247. The background score was composed by Raghu Dixit.


title: Koode

text: The film was both commercial and critical success and collected ₹40 crore from box office. The film collected ₹92 lakhs from the Bangalore box office.


title: Vacutainer

text: A vacutainer blood collection tube is a sterile glass or plastic test tube with a colored rubber stopper creating a vacuum seal inside of the tube, facilitating the drawing of a predetermined volume of liquid. Vacutainer tubes may contain additives designed to stabilize and preserve the specimen prior to analytical testing. Tubes are available with a safety-engineered stopper, with a variety of labeling options and draw volumes. The color of the top indicates the additives in the vial.


title: Vacutainer

text: Vacutainer tubes were invented by Joseph Kleiner in 1949. "Vacutainer" is a registered trademark of Becton Dickinson, which manufactures and sells the tubes today.


title: Vacutainer

text: The Vacutainer needle is double-ended: the inner end is encased in a thin rubber coating that prevents blood from leaking out if the Vacutainer tubes are changed during a multi-draw, and the outer end which is inserted into the vein. When the needle is screwed into the translucent plastic needle holder, the coated end is inside the holder.


title: Vacutainer

text: When a tube is inserted into the holder, its rubber cap is punctured by this inner needle and the vacuum in the tube pulls blood through the needle and into the tube. The filled tube is then removed and another can be inserted and filled the same way. The amount of air evacuated from the tube predetermines how much blood will fill the tube before blood stops flowing.


title: Vacutainer

text: Each tube is topped with a color-coded plastic or rubber cap. Tubes often include additives that mix with the blood when collected, and the color of each tube's plastic cap indicates which additives it contains.


title: Vacutainer

text: Blood collection tubes expire because over time the vacuum is lost and blood will not be drawn into the tube when the needle punctures the cap.


title: Vacutainer

text: Vacutainer tubes may contain additional substances that preserve blood for processing in a medical laboratory. Using the wrong tube may make the blood sample unusable for the intended purpose. These additives are typically thin film coatings applied using an ultrasonic nozzle.


title: Vacutainer

text: The additives may include anticoagulants (EDTA, sodium citrate, heparin) or a gel with density between those of blood cells and blood plasma. Additionally, some tubes contain additives that preserve certain components of or substances within the blood, such as glucose. When a tube is centrifuged, the materials within are separated by density, with the blood cells sinking to the bottom and the plasma or serum accumulating at the top. Tubes containing gel can be easily handled and transported after centrifugation without the blood cells and serum mixing.


title: Vacutainer

text: The term "order of draw" refers to the sequence in which tubes should be filled. The needle which pierces the tubes can carry additives from one tube into the next, so the sequence is standardized so that any cross-contamination of additives will not affect laboratory results.


title: Vacutainer

text: Vacutainer technology was developed in 1947 by Joseph Kleiner, and is currently marketed by Becton Dickinson (B-D). The Vacutainer was preceded by other vacuum-based phlebotomy technology such as the Keidel vacuum.


title: Vacutainer

text: The plastic tube version, known as Vacutainer PLUS, was developed at B-D in the early 1990s by E. Vogler, D. Montgomery and G. Harper amongst others of the Surface Science Group as US patents 5344611, 5326535, 5320812, 5257633 and 5246666.


title: Vacutainer

text: Vacutainers are widely used in phlebotomy in developed countries due to safety and ease of use. Vacutainers have the advantage of being prepared with additives, allowing easy multi-tube draws, and having a lower chance of hemolysis. In developing countries, it is still common to draw blood using a syringe or syringes.


title: Emir of Kuwait

text: The Emir of the State of Kuwait is the monarch and head of state of Kuwait, the country's most powerful office. The emirs of Kuwait are members of the Al Sabah dynasty.


title: Emir of Kuwait

text: Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah became the emir of Kuwait on 30 September 2020, following the death of Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. He ascended the throne on 30 September 2020.


title: Emir of Kuwait

text: Succession to the throne of Kuwait is limited to the descendants of Mubarak Al-Sabah. The position of emir is also traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family, the Al-Ahmed and Al-Salem branches. The reigning emir must appoint an heir apparent within one year of his accession to the throne; the nominee for consideration as crown prince has to be a senior member of the Al Sabah family.


title: Emir of Kuwait

text: Annual compensation for the Emir is defined. The annual compensation is currently set to 50 million KWD.


title: Teri Shields

text: Theresia Anna Lilian Maria Shields (née Schmon; August 1, 1933 – October 31, 2012) was an American actress, film producer, socialite, and model.


title: Teri Shields

text: Shields was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey. She was the daughter of Theresa (née Dollinger), a house cleaner, and John Schmon, a chemist. She was of German, English, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. In 1964, she married Francis Alexander Shields. Several months later, they filed for divorce. The couple's only child, Brooke (born 1965), became a well-known model and actress.


title: Teri Shields

text: In 2009, Brooke announced that her mother was suffering from dementia. On October 31, 2012, Shields died at age 79 following a long illness related to dementia.


title: The Message (Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five song)

text: "The Message" is a song by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. It was released as a single by Sugar Hill Records on July 1, 1982, and was later featured on the group's debut studio album of the same name.


text: "The Message" was an early prominent hip hop song to provide a social commentary. The song's lyrics describe the stress of inner-city poverty. In the final verses it is described how a child born in the ghetto without perspective in life is lured away into crime, for which he is jailed until he commits suicide in his cell. The song ends with a brief skit in which the band members are arrested for no clear reason.


text: "The Message" took rap music from the house parties of its origin to the social platforms later developed by groups like Public Enemy and KRS-One. Melle Mel said in an interview with NPR: "Our group, like Flash and the Furious Five, we didn't actually want to do 'The Message' because we was used to doing party raps and boasting how good we are and all that."


text: The song was first written in 1980 by Duke Bootee and Melle Mel, in response to the 1980 New York City transit strike, which is mentioned in the song's lyrics. The line "A child is born with no state of mind, blind to the ways of mankind" was taken from the early Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five track "Superrappin'" from 1979 on the Enjoy label.


text: The rhythm track has been sampled in various hip hop songs, including Sinbad's 1990 comedy album "Brain Damaged", the remix for the 1993 song "Check Yo Self" by Ice Cube and the 1997 song "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" by Puff Daddy.


text: A line from the song was sampled in "Movement in Still Life" by BT, the title track from his 1999 album "Movement in Still Life".


text: This song was featured in the 2002 video game ", " and the sitcom television series "Everybody Hates Chris".


text: The second and last verses of "The Message" are sung by Mushroomhead in the song "Born of Desire" off their "XX" album. American singer-songwriter Willy Mason also covered this song for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on February 25, 2005. Canadian band Crystal Castles sampled parts of this song for their track titled "Magic Spells".


text: Genesis drummer and lead singer Phil Collins, along with Grammy Award-winning producer Hugh Padgham, described in the 2001 release "The Genesis Songbook" how "The Message" helped shape the hook of the band's 1983 hit single "Mama". Padgham said that "At the time "The Message" was one of my favorite records". Collins thought "The laugh thing" was "Fantastic...what a great sound" and he experimented with it and incorporated it into the song. During live shows, his version, usually using their signature Vari-Lite technology, became a highlight of the performance. Collins quipped that "Rap has influenced Genesis".


text: In the 2006 computer animated film "Happy Feet", Seymour raps the chorus line from this song to impress Miss Viola and other penguin students.


text: In 2007, the 25th anniversary of "The Message", Melle Mel changed the spelling of his first name to Mele Mel and released "M3 - The New Message" as the first single to his first ever solo album, "Muscles". 2007 was also the year that Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five became the first hip-hop act ever to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.


text: In 2010, Melle Mel and Scorpio appeared in an Australian commercial for the Kia Sportage in which they perform "The Message".


text: On November 30, 2011, Melle Mel, Scorpio, and Grandmaster Flash joined Common, Lupe Fiasco, and LL Cool J as they performed a tribute of this song at the 54th Grammy nominations.


text: A Swedish translation/adaption of the song, "Budskapet", was released by Timbuktu in May 2013, following the riots in Husby and other suburbs of Stockholm.


text: The chorus is referenced in the hip-hop musical "Hamilton" by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison as "Such a blunder, sometimes it makes me wonder why I even bring the thunder."


text: Dave Gahan raps a verse of the song during every live performance of "Barrel of a Gun" as part of Depeche Mode's Global Spirit Tour.


text: Bodhi, Aliyah, Brooklyn and Apollo sing part of the chorus while dancing at the forbidden Archive in episode 5 of "Utopia Falls".


text: "Rolling Stone" ranked "The Message" #51 in its List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, (9 December 2004). It had the highest position for any 1980s release and was the highest ranking hip-hop song on the list. In 2012 it was named the greatest hip-hop song of all time.


text: It was voted #3 on About.com's Top 100 Rap Songs, after Common's "I Used to Love H.E.R." and The Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight".


text: In 2002, its first year of archival, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, the first hip hop recording ever to receive this honor.


text: It was used, with altered lyrics, in a 1983 British Government commissioned public information film on road safety.


text: Dan Carins of "The Sunday Times" has described "The Message"'s musical innovation: "Where it was inarguably innovative, was in slowing the beat right down, and opening up space in the instrumentation—the music isn't so much hip-hop as noirish, nightmarish slow-funk, stifling and claustrophobic, with electro, dub and disco also jostling for room in the genre mix—and thereby letting the lyrics speak loud and clear". Not only does the song utilize an ingenious mix of musical genres to great effect, but it also allows the slow and pulsating beat to take a backseat to the stark and haunting lyrical content.


text: In addition to being widely regarded as an all-time rap anthem, "The Message" has been credited by many critics as the song that catapulted emcees from the background to the forefront of hip hop. Thus, shifting the focus from the mixing and scratching of the grandmaster as the star, to the thoughts and lyrics of the emcee playing the star role. David Hickley wrote in 2004 that "The Message" also crystallized a critical shift within rap itself. It confirmed that emcees, or rappers, had vaulted past the deejays as the stars of the music". In 2022, it was included in the list "The story of "NME" in 70 (mostly) seminal songs", at number 20: Mark Beaumont wrote that with this song, "the invigorating grooves of this early breakout rap hit laid the foundations for the [...] hip-hop wars to come".


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Celtic Thunder is an Irish singing group and stage show known for its eclectic, theatrical style show. The group is backed by the Celtic Thunder Band on their concert tours, and their live shows are known for the use of dramatic set pieces (often invoking symbols of ancient Celtic mythology), visual effects, and highly choreographed staging.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Since the original group's formation in 2007, Celtic Thunder has released twelve albums as well as ten live performances on DVD, three of which were split into two releases.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Celtic Thunder was conceived in the mind of producer Sharon Browne (Celtic Collections) who started the group in 2007.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Celtic Thunder debuted in August 2007 at The Helix in Dublin, Ireland. They are accompanied by the Celtic Concert Orchestra under the direction of Phil Coulter, the musical director of the group.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: In December 2008, 2009 and 2011, "Billboard" magazine named Celtic Thunder Top World Album Artist. Their first three albums also placed in the top 10 for World Albums.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 28 November 2010, Celtic Thunder member Paul Byrom announced his resignation from the group to begin a solo career. He left the group when the 2010 concert tour was over.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: In 2011, Damian McGinty (the group's youngest member) entered and won the Oxygen reality show "The Glee Project". On 21 August 2011, McGinty announced on "The Glee Project"s Live Viewing Party, that he would be stepping down from Celtic Thunder due to his new role on "Glee".


title: Celtic Thunder

text: During their 2012 tour, Colm Keegan joined the group in May after winning Auditions for a 6th member for the Mythology taping in August and the 2013 tour. After Ryan Kelly was injured in a fall June 3, Keegan was asked to start immediately for the Atlantic City 2 week residency. Ryan recovered in time for the taping and the tour, Colm was asked to do the fall tour because Ryan was originally not going to be able to go on fall tour until October, was decided to keep Colm in the fall lineup.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: In December 2012, Celtic Thunder performed an unplugged concert at the Sullivan Hall, New York, in front of an audience of just over 300 people. The concert was in aid of the victims of Hurricane Sandy and resulted in approximately $50,000 being raised.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 13 January 2014, after three years with Celtic Thunder, Emmet Cahill announced his decision to take a break from Celtic Thunder.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 12 March 2014, Sharon Browne announced that George Donaldson, one of the five original Celtic Thunder principal singers since the Celtic Thunder auditions in August 2007, died of a heart attack. He was preparing for the Celtic Thunder Australian tour in May. He is survived by his wife Carrie and daughter Sarah.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 3 April 2014, Emmet Cahill announced that he would once again be joining Celtic Thunder on the Australian tour.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 5 April 2014, it was unofficially announced that Emmett O'Hanlon would be filling the place of Emmet Cahill after his departure following the Celtic Thunder Cruise II in November 2014.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 24 November 2014, it was announced that Damian McGinty would be rejoining Celtic Thunder as a temporary guest artist for their 2015 Very Best of Celtic Thunder Tour.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 16 December 2015, Colm Keegan announced that he would be taking a break from touring with Celtic Thunder for a year to record a new solo album. Emmet Cahill rejoined Celtic Thunder to replace Keegan.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 26 April 2016, Keith Harkin announced his departure from the group to focus on his solo career. On that same day, it was announced that Michael O'Dwyer would be replacing him.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Oct 2018 Michael O'Dwyer was unable to do the fall tour do to illness and forced to rest his voice until December.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Neil Byrne, (born 16 November 1977) is from County Wicklow, Ireland. After playing guitar and singing backup on the previous albums, he became a featured soloist beginning with the show and album "It's Entertainment!". He and fellow Celtic Thunder member Ryan Kelly collaborated on a solo album entitled "Acoustically Irish" in 2013, inspired by the success of the duo's "Acoustic By Candlelight" shows outside of Celtic Thunder.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Emmet Cahill (born 18 October 1990) is from Mullingar, County Westmeath, Ireland. He received a university degree in Music Performance from the Royal Irish Academy of Music. Emmet auditioned for Celtic Thunder in June 2010 and was asked to join after Paul Byrom announced his resignation. After 3 years with Celtic Thunder, on 13 January 2014, via his Facebook fan page, Emmet announced his decision to leave Celtic Thunder. He then announced on 3 April 2014, that he would be coming back for the Australian tour to pay homage to George. His solo album was released in 2015 along with a US tour. He rejoined Celtic Thunder in 2015 after Colm announced his departure from the group.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Ryan Kelly (born 6 November 1978), is from The Moy, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. He holds two degrees from the Queen's University Belfast, having earned a Bachelor of Science in Accounting and also a Graduate Diploma in Advanced Accounting, qualifying Ryan to be a chartered accountant. In the fall of 2010, Ryan released his first solo album "In Time". His second solo CD, "Life", was released in late 2013. He and fellow Celtic Thunder member Neil Byrne also collaborated on an album entitled "Acoustically Irish" in 2013, inspired by the success of the duo's "Acoustic By Candlelight" shows outside of Celtic Thunder.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Damian McGinty (born 9 September 1992), is from Derry, Northern Ireland. He has been the youngest "longterm" member of the band, joining in August 2007, just a couple of weeks before turning 15. McGinty won his first singing contest at the age of five. He recorded the first Celtic Thunder album when he was fourteen years old. McGinty lists Michael Buble, Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra among his inspirations. On 29 April 2011, it was announced that Damian was chosen as one of 12 contenders for "The Glee Project", a reality series on the Oxygen Network. He tied for first and had a guest starring role in the third season of the Fox hit TV show "Glee". He debuted on "Glee" season 3 episode 4 Pot o' Gold. Though originally awarded a seven-episode arc, his run-time was later extended to 18 episodes including a guest appearance in season 4's Glee Actually. In the summer of 2013, Damian joined Paul Byrom for "The Me and My Shadow" Tour. McGinty also performed as a special guest on Ethan Bortnick's "The Power of Music" PBS special and tour. On 24 November 2014, it was announced that Damian McGinty would rejoin Celtic Thunder as a guest artist for their 2015 "The Very Best of Celtic Thunder" Tour and their new show, "Legacy".


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Paul Byrom (born 11 April 1979) is from Dublin, Ireland. In addition to Celtic Thunder, he has also performed at major sporting events in Ireland and abroad, including singing at the All Ireland Finals in Dublin's Croke Park and at Heinz Field for a Pittsburgh Steelers game in the USA. He has also performed for Ireland's President, Mary McAleese, and for Emperor Akihito of Japan. Byrom has released two albums: "Velvet" and "I'll Be Home For Christmas". Byrom resigned to pursue a solo career in the US and left the group after the 2010 Celtic Thunder tour was over. He was replaced by Emmet Cahill. In December 2011, he released a CD, "This Is The Moment". He released the DVD two years later with a PBS Special. Paul and long-time girlfriend Dominique Coulter (daughter of former CT Musical Director Phil Coulter) were married 30 August 2013, in his hometown of Blackrock, Ireland. He performed with two original Celtic Woman members Chloë Agnew and Lisa Kelly in the concert called "Lisa Kelly: The Voice of Ireland". In October 2014, after living in New York for three years Paul returned to Ireland to live. He still actively tours the United States. In 2017, Paul played the role of Gaston, in The Helix Panto, ten years on from his first performance in Celtic Thunder in the same venue.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: George Donaldson (1 February 1968 – 12 March 2014), was the oldest member of the group and was a well-known balladeer, guitarist and flautist from Glasgow, Scotland. Donaldson was a bus builder by trade and was self-taught as a musician. At Scotland's Celtic Park, Donaldson played to 65,000 fans at the opening match of the 2000–2001 season. He released his new solo album "The World in My Mind" in April/May 2013. Big George, as he was affectionately known, died on 12 March 2014 in his home town of Glasgow after suffering a heart attack while he was sleeping. He was survived by his wife Carolyn and daughter Sarah. In January 2015, Carolyn announced that George's secret album "The Road" would be released February 2015.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Daniel Furlong (born 3 January 1998). Daniel Furlong joined Celtic Thunder shortly after Damian McGinty's departure. He appeared as a guest artist on the Voyage tour.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Colm Keegan (born 2 August 1989) is from Dublin, Ireland. He attended University College Dublin on a music scholarship, graduating in 2011 with an honours degree in Music and Irish. Keegan auditioned for and was selected for Celtic Thunder in May 2012 as a new vocalist, becoming a sixth member of the previously five-man group. He was selected when Ryan had an accident and had to temporarily leave the group. He was formerly a member of the Aontas Choral Ensemble, who are known for their work with Celtic Woman. Colm appeared in the Celtic Woman DVDs 'Songs From The Heart' (2010) and 'Believe' (2012). In 2016 he announced that he would take a year's departure from the group to finish university. He released a solo album in 2016 called "I'll never be alone". On 26 August 2016, Colm married Laura Durrant, who was the cello player in the band, in Scotland. They both decided not to tour with Celtic Thunder in 2017. On 2 February that year Colm and Laura welcomed their first child, a boy named Oisin James Keegan. The Keegans now have their second child, a daughter.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Michael O'Dwyer (born 9 March 1992), was the newest member of Celtic Thunder. He joined Celtic Thunder in April 2016 when Keith Harkin announced his departure from the group. In 2019 Michael O'Dwyer left Celtic Thunder to complete his degree and to work on solo projects.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Emmett O'Hanlon (born 9 July 1990) is considered Irish-American. O'Hanlon joined CT in April 2014 to fill the position left open upon Emmet Cahill's departure. O'Hanlon first met Celtic Thunder producer Sharon Browne in New York City, where she invited him to audition for the show. He is a natural fit with the rest of the soloists in Celtic Thunder. He took part in the USA Fall Tour November 2014. In April 2016, O'Hanlon announced he would be leaving the group to join the highly acclaimed Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Opera Center, at the Lyric Opera of Chicago for the 2016-2017 season as a resident artist.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: On 17 December 2008, Celtic Thunder completed their 2008 US tour of fifty cities. They also toured the United States extensively in fall 2009. For spring 2009 they focused on touring Canada, while also playing some concerts in the northeastern US.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: During their 2008 fall tour, Celtic Thunder sold over 125,000 tickets in 49 shows and placed twentieth in the "Star Tour Poll".


title: Celtic Thunder

text: Celtic Thunder's first studio album and first concert special DVD were released on 18 March 2008. The album was titled "Celtic Thunder" and the concert special was titled "The Show." It was filmed at The Helix in Dublin, Ireland, on 18 August 2007.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The second studio album was released on 16 September 2008, titled "Act Two." It included the rest of the songs from "The Show".


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The third studio album and second concert special DVD, both titled "Take Me Home", were released 14 July 2009. "Take Me Home" was filmed at Casino Rama, Orillia (north of Toronto), while the group was on tour in 2009. It is considered a live concert DVD rather than a studio production.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The fourth studio album and third concert special DVD, both titled "It's Entertainment!," were released on 9 February 2010. It was filmed alongside "Storm" at the Toronto International Centre Hall 5 (a.k.a. Arrow Hall), Toronto, Ontario, on 1 October 2009, and 2 October 2009.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: After "It's Entertainment!," Celtic Thunder fans sent many requests to Sharon Browne for a Christmas-themed album and an album containing more Irish music. Through these efforts, "Christmas" and "Heritage" came to be, postponing the release of "".


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The fifth studio album, titled "Christmas", was released on 12 October 2010, and the concert special DVD, also titled "Christmas", was released on 22 November 2010. "Christmas" was filmed alongside "Heritage" at the Mid-Hudson Civic Center in Poughkeepsie, New York, on 17 September 2010.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The sixth studio album and fifth concert special DVD titled "Heritage" was released on 22 February 2011. "Heritage" was filmed alongside "Christmas" at the Mid-Hudson Civic Center in Poughkeepsie, New York, on 17 September 2010.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The seventh studio album and sixth DVD, titled "", was released on 20 September 2011 (originally recorded in 2009). "Storm", unlike Celtic Thunder's other DVDs, is not just a filmed concert but has a storyline, an elaborate set establishing a location, and costumes which help to define the singers' and dancers' characters within the story. It makes use of the "It's Entertainment" cast which is Celtic Thunder's largest to date (25) and features singer Deirdre Shannon, a former member of Celtic Woman.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The eighth studio album and seventh concert special DVD, titled "Voyage", was released on 28 February 2012. It was originally set to be filmed on 27 September 2011, but due to changes, this filming was cancelled. The search for a new venue began on 3 October 2011, and resulted in a filming date of 18 October 2011, in Kansas City, Missouri, at the Midland Theater.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The eighth concert special DVD, companion DVD to "Voyage" for online purchase only, is titled "Voyage II" and was released on 25 June 2012. The CD of the same name was released on 1 September 2012, not available in stores.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The ninth concert DVD special is called "Mythology". It was filmed in early 2013 at the Helix Theater in Dublin, Ireland. Featuring a Celtic Cross, the stage setting is one of the most ambitious. The tour began in August 2013, with stops in Canada and the United States and to finish in Australia June 2014.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The tenth DVD, entitled "Live and Unplugged" features a live more personal show at Sullivan Hall in New York. The concert was a benefit concert for the victims effected by Hurricane Sandy.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: The eleventh DVD put out by Celtic Thunder was titled "Home". The DVD has many fan favourites and pre-recorded CT songs in the background of the beautiful Irish scenery.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: In November and December 2014 Celtic Thunder toured the Eastern United States with songs from their Christmas CD "Christmas Voices". This was the first Celtic Thunder symphony tour with symphonies such as the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra and The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra.


title: Celtic Thunder

text: In 2015 Legacy re-released the whole Celtic Thunder back-catalogue, including re-releases of "Celtic Thunder", "Celtic Thunder: Act Two", "Take Me Home", "It's Entertainment!", "Christmas" (with new art work), "Heritage", "Storm", "Voyage", "New Voyage" (originally entitled "Voyage II"), "Mythology" and "The Classic Christmas Album" (originally entitled "Holiday Symphony"). Some of the songs originally sung by Paul Byrom got re-recorded by Emmett O'Hanlon or Colm Keegan. All tracklists were revised.


title: Mari people

text: The Mari (; ) are a Finnic people, who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. Almost half of Maris today live in the Mari El republic, with significant populations in the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan republics. In the past, the Mari have also been known as the Cheremisa or the Cheremis people in Russian and the Çirmeş in Tatar.


title: Mari people

text: The ethnic name "mari" derives from the Proto-Indo-Iranian root *"márya"-, meaning 'human', literally 'mortal, one who has to die', which indicates early contacts between Finno-Ugric and Indo-Iranian languages.


title: Mari people

text: Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer Jordanes in his "Getica" among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king Ermanaric in the fourth century CE can be equated with the Mari people. However, the identification of the "Imniscaris" (or "Sremniscans") with "Cheremis", and "Merens" with "Mari" is controversial. The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from Khazar sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym "tsarmis" (= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under the influence sphere of the Golden Horde, and in 1443 became subjects of the Kazan khanate. During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling Tatars and the Volga Bulgars, which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the Mari language.


title: Mari people

text: In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the Russian conquest of Kazan under Ivan the Terrible. While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest, the majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called "Cheremis Wars". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day Bashkortostan. In the following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their traditional pre-Christian religion.


title: Mari people

text: During the Soviet Era, the Mari Section was set up under the auspices of Narkomnats, the Peoples Commissariat for nationalities. Its task was to facilitate the close union of the Mari people with other people, to abolish anti-Russian mistrust and to raise the "class consciousness" of Mari workers. In practice this involved facilitating grain requisitions by the Soviet state, the recruitment of soldiers for the Red Army and the implementation of Bolshevik control of the society.


title: Mari people

text: During the Soviet Era, large numbers of ethnic Russians were moved into traditionally Mari lands, significantly changing the demographics of the region, and making the Mari a minority in many parts of their homeland. Mari people were generally disempowered by these changes. Furthermore, Bolshevik policies officially aimed at combating undue influence of nationalism in a multi-nation union, resulted in the murder of leading Mari figures, such as Sergei Čavajn and Olyk Ipai and other teachers, scientists, artists, as well as religious and community leaders.


title: Mari people

text: Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly created republic of Mari El saw a revival of Mari culture and language. However, following the appointment of Leonid Markelov as Head of the republic in 2001, the government of Mari El has pursued a policy of intense Russification in the region. According to Vasily Pekteyev of the Mari National Theater in Yoshkar-Ola, "[Markelov] hated the Mari people". He noted that the Mari language is no longer taught in villages or schools and that the republic of Mari El "has already ceased to be an ethnic republic in anything but name. We are just another oblast." In 2005, the European Commission expressed its concern over reports of repression against ethnic Mari opposition figures, journalists, and government officials that promoted Mari culture and opposed Markelov's reappointment as head of the republic that year.


title: Mari people

text: The Mari people consists of four different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Hill (Mountain) Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, the Northwestern Mari, who live in Southern part of Kirov Oblast and Eastern part of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia republics and Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari," with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas.


title: Mari people

text: The Mari have their own language, also called Mari, which is a member of the Uralic language family. It is written with a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible: Hill Mari (мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank; Meadow Mari (марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the Kokshaga and Volga rivers, which includes the city of Yoshkar-Ola; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the Vyatka River; and Northwestern Mari (маре йӹлмӹ) in the South-West of Kirov Oblast and North-East of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.


title: Mari people

text: Maris have traditionally practiced a shamanistic faith that closely connected the individual with nature. According to those beliefs, nature exerts an influence over people. Nature is seen as a sacred, powerful, and living being with which people are fully intertwined. Nature also serves as a source of absolute good who always helps humans as long as they refrain from harming or opposing it.


title: Mari people

text: The Mari native religion also possesses a pantheon of gods who reside in the heavens, the most important of whom is known as the Great White God (Ош Кугу Юмо, "Osh Kugu Yumo"). Other lesser gods include the god of fire (Тул Юмо, "Tul Yumo") and the god of wind (Мардеж Юмо, "Mardezh Yumo"). The Mari also believe in a number of half-men, half-gods (керемет, "keremet") who live on earth. The most revered of these is Chumbulat (Чумбулат), or Chumbylat (Чумбылат), a renowned leader and warrior.


title: Mari people

text: Attempts to convert the Maris to Christianity began in the 16th century after their territory was incorporated into the Russian Empire during the reign of Ivan IV "the Terrible". Pressure to convert to Christianity and adopt Russian culture by the tsarist authorities in the 17th and 18th century led to backlash by the Maris as they faced persecution to conform. Adoption of Christianity was not universal, however, and many Mari today still practice paganism in syncretic forms, While most Mari today are members of the Russian Orthodox Church, pagans still comprise a significant minority of 25 to 40% of the population.


title: Mari people

text: Osteopetrosis affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000 worldwide, but the odds are much higher in the Russian region of Mari El with 1 of every 14,000 newborns affected.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was a private cricket league funded by Zee Entertainment Enterprises that operated between 2007 and 2009 in India. Its two seasons included tournaments between four international teams (World XI, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and separate tournaments between nine domestic teams notionally located in major Indian cities as well as Lahore, Pakistan and Dhaka, Bangladesh.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The matches were played in the Twenty20 format, and was the first domestic Twenty20 league in India. There was also a planned domestic 50-over tournament, but this did not happen. The ICL lacked the support of the Board of Control for Cricket in India and International Cricket Council, which placed it at a major disadvantage when compared to other cricket competitions.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: In 2008 the Board of Control for Cricket in India launched the their own Indian Premier League. ICL was an unsanctioned league. It is dubbed as "rebel league" by Indian media due to its fights with BCCI.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: BCCI banned those who involved in ICL by the BCCI and other cricket authorities, led to the league's folding in 2009.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: 'Rebel' cricket leagues and fixtures played without backing from international boards and the International Cricket Council had been attempted before. Most notably, World Series Cricket, introduced in 1977 by broadcasting tycoon Kerry Packer, had proved the viability of cricket as a commercial product despite the league's short lifespan. In the 1980s, many international cricketers toured South Africa whilst the country was under a sporting boycott due to apartheid, often sponsored by private companies. Both these attempts resulted in pushback from international cricket authorities. World Series Cricket were the subject of litigation, and were not perimitted to use recognised cricket stadiums or language like 'Test Match', so had to instead use stadiums intended for other sports and invent new terminology such as 'Supertest'. In the case of the latter, many cricketers received bans from their respective national teams for participating in these tours. As a result, the tours eventually came to an end, a few years before apartheid ended in South Africa and the sporting boycott was lifted.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: In the early 2000s, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) were looking for a way to market the game to a younger audience. Their solution was a new twenty-over competition to be played between counties. The resulting Twenty20 Cup, later renamed the T20 Blast, was a success and drew large crowds during its first season in 2003. Similar competitions sprung up in Pakistan, Australia and the West Indies. Eventually, the ICC sanctioned the first official Men's T20 World Cup in 2007.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The Board of Control for Cricket in India sent a young side to participate in the World Cup, due to their skepticism over the format's viability. Despite their inexperience, the Indian side won the tournament. Two months later, the inaugural season of the Indian Cricket League began without backing from the BCCI, who deemed the participants 'rebels' and excluded them from the Indian side.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Each team was coached by a former international cricketer and composed of four international, two Indian and eight budding domestic players. Essel Group also planned to set up cricket academies all over the country. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) was assured that it was free to draw from ICL's talent pool. The league became active in November 2007 with matches in the Twenty20 format.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Former international cricketers including Anjingsora Risora, Tony Greig, Dean Jones and Kiran More were hired as board members of the Indian Cricket League. The board positions were to be paid positions.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The ICL World teams participated in an additional competition, the ICL World Series. They did not play against the city teams.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: There was a wide disparity between the facilities enjoyed by the national team and the regional ones. This made the regional players far from finished products when they are called to represent their country, preventing a huge country like India from having adequate reserve strength in the national squad when key players are injured or retire. Also, the regional cricket boards depend on the BCCI for hand-outs of funds for infrastructure and grassroots development. The players who are entrenched at the top have strong backing from sports management firms and also can afford the best in personal trainers, physiotherapists and technical consultants, which are well beyond the scope of the average player.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Cricket played in India generates Rs. 10 billion in advertising and subscription revenue and Essel Group chairman Subhash Chandra had been acutely aware of his company missing out on this money. The Essel group had expressed a keen desire to help India develop cricketing talent, as well as provide lucrative sports programming for Zee Telefilms, which lost out on the rights to broadcast all BCCI-sanctioned cricket matches in India until 2011.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Essel Group had originally launched Zee Sports earlier with the anticipation of securing at least some of the BCCI telecast rights in 2006. This was followed by Zee acquiring 50 percent in TEN Sports in November 2006 for Rs. 2.57 billion. This gave the company a few international cricket rights – West Indies, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: During his battle with BCCI and ESPN Star Sports for the five-year telecast rights in August–September 2004 in the Bombay High Court, Chandra was present every day for the hearings. Despite Zee bidding the highest at $307 million, BCCI and its then president Jagmohan Dalmiya denied him the rights.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The pain of denial had been with Chandra since 2000 when the ICC World Cup rights were sold to NewsCorp's Global Cricket Corporation (GCC) for $550 million despite Zee bidding the highest at $650 million citing Zee's insufficient sports marketing experience.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: In August 2005, Zee again emerged as a forerunner with a pitch of over $340 million while ESPN Star Sports, the other principal contender, was believed to have offered around $325 million. BCCI took the stance that Zee was not qualified as a specialist broadcaster and refused to consider Zee's proposal. The matter expectedly went to court and Doordarshan emerged the beneficiary.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Chandra then tried the political route too and supported Sharad Pawar's candidature as BCCI president against Dalmiya. Pawar emerged victorious but not Chandra. In the last round of bidding in February 2006, it was Nimbus who bagged BCCI's telecast rights till 2011 for $613 million with Zee trailing at $513 million.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Since there was a Zee-Nimbus alliance before the bidding, media pundits thought Nimbus' bid was a Zee front. But Nimbus chose to go its own way and launched its own sports network – NEO Sports. In 2012, Star Sports bought broadcasting rights for international and domestic matches in India for more than $550 million.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The ICL received some support from unexpected quarters. There was a fear that lack of access to infrastructure, like the premier cricket stadiums, would limit the success of the operation of the league, but support from various government bodies boosted the league. Camps were held at Mayajaal in Chennai, a private resort with adequate cricket facilities. The then head of Indian Railways Lalu Prasad Yadav showed his backing by opening all the cricket stadiums controlled by the Indian Railways to the league. Describing the ICL as a "good initiative", Prasad issued a statement saying that the BCCI and ICL should each come up with a cricket team and play against each other to show who's the best. The state government of West Bengal also agreed to rent its cricket grounds, notably Eden Gardens, to the league. In Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation provided its Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium for matches.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The BCCI refused to recognise the ICL as a cricket league, and criticised Kiran More and Kapil Dev for joining the ICL. Kapil Dev's association with ICL was seen by the establishment as a conflict of interest as he was also the chairman of National Cricket Academy, a BCCI owned cricket facility. On 21 August 2007 Kapil Dev was sacked from his NCA post. Subhash Chandra had earlier stated that the ICL will go ahead regardless of the BCCI's stance. The International Cricket Council gave a statement through its chief executive, Malcolm Speed, that the ICC would not recognize the ICL unless the BCCI chooses to recognise it. The ICC looks at the ICL as an issue to be sorted out by the BCCI. On 25 July 2012 Kapil Dev informed BCCI that he had resigned from the ICL.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Faced with the threat of young players joining the ICL, the BCCI jacked up prize money for winners, runners-up and losing semi-finalists across all tournaments. An average domestic cricketer can hope to make around Rs 35,000 per match day from the season of 2007–08: more than double the Rs 16,000 they got in 2005–06. The BCCI has also planned to do away with honorary selectors, who will be paid professionals from September 2008 onwards.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The BCCI started its own international Twenty20 league. The official league, which launched in April 2008, is called the Indian Premier League. The league model is based on the franchise model of the National Football League and Major League Baseball in the US.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: In August 2007, the ICL filed a petition against the BCCI in the Delhi High Court accusing the BCCI of threatening and intimidating them and other state organisations, and asked the court to stop BCCI from interfering with its attempts to sign up players for its tournaments. It also petitioned that the BCCI stop trying to "out-hire" cricket stadiums in India that are owned by the state governments, in anti-competitive attempts to stop the ICL from using them to play matches.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: On 27 August 2007, the Delhi High Court ruled in favour of the ICL. In its ruling, the Delhi High Court said that players should not suffer in the battle between corporate giants. The court has issued notices to all corporate sponsors, the state cricket associations & the BCCI against terminating valid contracts of players joining the ICL.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (MRTPC) of India had asked its Director-General of Investigation to do an initial investigation into the BCCI's action against players who had joined the ICL. The investigation was based on media reports of the BCCI giving an open statement that it would ban players who join ICL. It was also reported in the media that all state associations, under direction from the BCCI, have cancelled contracts with players.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: In considering rejoining the ICL former England wicketkeeper Paul Nixon was said to have put his career in jeopardy because any player that signs up with the ICL, which does not have official status from the International Cricket Council, risks losing their registration.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The addition of a new team from Dhaka in Bangladesh, consisting largely of Bangladesh internationals caused more controversy as the cricket board of that country banned the players for 10 years for joining the 'rebel' ICL. Faced with the departure of so many players the board appealed to other Bangladeshi players to reject the new ICL team, stay loyal to the board and embrace the opportunity to play for their country.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: The future of ICL became uncertain when BCCI banned ICL players from playing international matches. Since then many ICL players have returned to their national team including famous players like Shane Bond (retired) and Abdul Razzaq (also retired).


title: Indian Cricket League

text: BCCI after seeing the success of ICL wanted to start their own league called IPL. Due to this, the BCCI began to ban players and stadiums associated with the ICL.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Shortly before the conclusion of the inaugural tournament, the ICL announced its plans for expansion, which include a fifty over tournament in February 2008, and the expansion of the ICL Indian Championship to eight teams for the second tournament, due to be held in September and October 2008. However, the ICL eventually came to an end after all its players dropped out. This was because of the offer of amnesty given by BCCI to players choosing to leave the ICL.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Independent analysts have had difficulty gauging the financial viability of the ICL due to the lack of transparency of the league's operations. Terms of contracts are hidden and advertising revenue from match telecasts – considered to be a major contributor to revenues – have never been disclosed. Because they are unsanctioned by the ICC, the teams do not have access to the best facilities across the whole country or access to the best players, limiting their ability to generate high gate revenues. This lack of transparency leads to questions regarding the overall viability of the ICL's business model.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: Since the ICL was conducted by Zee Telefilms, the ICL was broadcast in most domains on the Zee network.


title: Indian Cricket League

text: In November 2008, the Bangladeshi government set a ban on the broadcasting of live matches of the ICL on the privately held Diganta TV channel in the country. This would extend to the ICL World Series featuring the country's national team.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum () and also known as great millet, broomcorn, guinea corn, durra, imphee, jowar, or milo, is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethanol production. Sorghum originated in Africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Sorghum is the world's fifth-most important cereal crop after rice, wheat, maize, and barley, with 59.34 million metric tons of annual global production in 2018. "S. bicolor" is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 m high. The grain is small, ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter. Sweet sorghums are sorghum cultivars that are primarily grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol; they are taller than those grown for grain.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: "Sorghum bicolor" is the cultivated species of sorghum; its wild relatives make up the botanical genus "Sorghum".


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: The first archaeological remnants of sorghum are at Nabta Playa on the Upper Nile, c. 8000 BC. However, these are wild sorghum, with small grains and a brittle rachis. Sorghum is believed to have been domesticated from the wild "Sorghum arundinaceum" in perhaps 7000–5000 BC in the Niger River valley. Botanists divide it into five "races":


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Sorghum grain cannot be consumed unless the indigestible husk is removed. During the transatlantic slave trade, "the only way to remove the husk was by hand, with mortar and pestle." In the United States enslaved women did most of the work in preparing the sorghum and were tasked with cleaning the grain and turning it into flour. Sorghum in the United States was first recorded by Ben Franklin in 1757.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Some varieties of sorghum were important to the sugar trade. In 1857 James F.C. Hyde wrote, "Few subjects are of greater importance to us, as a people, than the producing of sugar; for no country in the world consumes so much as the United States, in proportion to its population." The price of sugar was rising because of decreased production in the British West Indies and more demand for confectionery and fruit preserves, and the United States was actively searching for a sugar plant that could be produced in northern states. The "Chinese sugar-cane" as it was called was viewed as a plant that would be productive and high-yielding in that region.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Richard Pankhurst reports (citing Augustus B. Wylde) that in 19th-century Ethiopia, "durra" was "often the first crop sown on newly cultivated land", explaining that this cereal did not require the thorough ploughing other crops did, and its roots not only decomposed into a good fertilizer, but they also helped to break up the soil while not exhausting the subsoil.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In 19th century European accounts, many would use the term "millet" to refer to both pearl millet and sorghum. "Milho", in Portuguese references was used to refer to both maize and sorghum, and researchers suspect this is because their vegetative cycle is so similar. Although, when sorghum matures it produces a tassel of exposed grains, which differs from maize which produces a husk. In European accounts, it is hard to tell if they are referring to maize, millet, or sorghum. All of these crops were grown in Africa and sold on slave ships.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: The leading producers of "S. bicolor" in 2022 were Nigeria (12%), USA (10%), Sudan (8%), and Mexico (8%). It is also successfully cultivated in Europe: The most important producer in terms of cultivated area is France, followed by Italy, Spain and some south-eastern European countries with cultivation areas of several thousand hectares. Sorghum grows in a wide range of temperatures, high altitudes, and toxic soils, and can recover growth after some drought. Optimum growth temperature range is 12-34 °C, and the growing season lasts for ~ 115-140 days. It can grow on a wide range of soils, such as heavy clay to sandy soils with the pH tolerance ranging from 5.0 to 8.5. It requires an arable field that has been left fallow for at least two years or where crop rotation with legumes has taken place in the previous year. Diversified 2- or 4-year crop rotation can improve sorghum yield, additionally making it more resilient to inconsistent growth conditions. In terms of nutrient requirements, sorghum is comparable to other cereal grain crops with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium required for growth. It has five features that make it one of the most drought-resistant crops:


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: "S. bicolor" is rich in minerals like phosphorus, potassium and zinc. The nutritional values of "S. bicolor" are comparable to those of rice, corn and wheat. The energy value of 100 g "S. bicolor" grains ranges from 296.1 to 356.0 kcal. The grains contain 60 – 75% carbohydrates, 8 – 13% protein and 4 – 6 % fat. The saccharose and glucose content in the stalk is 10 – 16%. In comparasion sugar cane has a sugar content of 10 - 20%. Thus "S. Bicolor" can be used as an alternative to sugar cane. The low starch digestibility of sorghum is caused by the association between the starch granules with the proteins and tannins. The digestibility of the proteins is lower than those of wheat and corn. In contrast to the prolamins of wheat, rye and barley, the kafirins of sorghum do not provoke allergic reactions or autoimmune response in humans. Furthermore, the properties of sorghum inhibit the expression of toxic peptides related to gliadin, making "S. bicolor" a safe grain for consumption by people with celiac disease.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Jowar is the finest substitute for wheat and rice when it comes to nutrition because it has high levels of thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, and folate.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: With only 49 calories, 1.5 grammes of protein, and 1.4 grammes of fibre per serving of roti, jowar becomes an essential food to include in your diet. While wheat is a more well-known crop, jowar may soon overtake it because to its high nutrient content and low calorie content.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: The successful regulation of weeds is a big challenge in the cultivation of sorghum due to its slow juvenile growth. Control can be executed mechanically but needs to be done with caution as sorghum has a fine and shallow root system.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Insect damage is a big threat. Over 150 species have been reported to damage Sorghum at different stages of development. This threat generates a significant biomass loss. Sorghum is a host of the parasitic plant "Striga hermonthica". This parasite is a devastating pest on the crop. The European corn borer ("Ostrinia nubilalis") was introduced to North America by transport of infested sorghum broom corn.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: "Sitophilus zeamais" (maize weevil) and "Sitotroga cerealella" (Angoumois grain moth) attack stored sorghum and maize.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Sorghum produces chitinases as defensive compounds against fungal diseases. Transgenesis of additional chitinases increases this crop's disease resistance.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Harvest is done mostly by hand in developing countries. The panicle containing the grains are cut from the stalk when appropriate moisture content of 16-20 % is reached. Seed maturity can be recognized by the appearance of a black spot at the connection between seed and plant.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Threshing can then be done either manually or mechanically. Before storing the seeds, they need to reach a moisture content of only 10 %, as higher moisture content contributes to the growth of mould as well as to the germination of the seeds.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Sorghum is cultivated in many parts of the world today. The grain finds use as human food, and for making liquor, animal feed, or bio-based ethanol. Sorghum grain is gluten free, high in resistant starch, and more abundant and diverse phenolic compounds compared to other major cereal crops


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In many parts of Asia and Africa, sorghum grain is used to make flat breads that form the staple food of many cultures. Popped grains are a popular snack in parts of Western India.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In India, where it is commonly called "jwaarie, jowar, jola", or "jondhalaa", sorghum is one of the staple sources of nutrition in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and the Deccan plateau states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana. An Indian bread called "bhakri, jowar roti", or "jolada rotti" is prepared from this grain.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In Tunisia, where it is commonly called "droô," a traditional porridge dish is prepared with ground sorghum powder, milk, and sugar. The dish is a staple breakfast meal consumed in winter months.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In Central America, tortillas are sometimes made using sorghum. Although corn is the preferred grain for making tortillas, sorghum is widely used and is well accepted in Honduras. White sorghum is preferred for making tortillas.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Sweet sorghum syrup is known as molasses in some parts of the United States, although it is not true molasses.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In Southern African countries, sorghum, along with milk, sugar and butter, is used to make Maltabella, a variation of millet porridge.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In China, sorghum is known as "gaoliang" (高粱), and is fermented and distilled to produce one form of clear spirits known as "baijiu" (白酒) of which the most famous is Maotai (or Moutai).


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In Taiwan, on the island called Kinmen, plain sorghum is made into sorghum liquor. In several countries in Africa, including Zimbabwe, Burundi, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Nigeria, sorghum of both the red and white varieties is used to make traditional opaque beer. Red sorghum imparts a pinkish-brown colour to the beer.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In Australia, South America, and the United States, sorghum grain is used primarily for livestock feed and in a growing number of ethanol plants.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In some countries, sweet sorghum stalks are used for producing biofuel by squeezing the juice and then fermenting it into ethanol. Texas A&M University in the United States is currently running trials to find the best varieties for ethanol production from sorghum leaves and stalks in the USA.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: It is used in feed and pasturage for livestock. Its use is limited, however, because the starch and protein in sorghum is more difficult for animals to digest than the starches and protein in corn. One study on cattle showed that steam-flaked sorghum was preferable to dry-rolled sorghum because it improved daily weight gain. In hogs, sorghum has been shown to be a more efficient feed choice than corn when both grains were processed in the same way.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: The introduction of improved varieties, along with improved management practices, has helped to increase sorghum productivity. In India, productivity increases are thought to have freed up six million hectares of land. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in collaboration with partners produces improved varieties of crops including sorghum. Some 194 improved cultivars of sorghum from the institute have been released.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Sorghum can be grown as an alternative to maize. For example, in a crop rotation, maize can be replaced by sorghum. Sorghum has 96% of the nutritional value of maize. In addition, it has more protein than maize. However, it is important to note that protein concentrations can vary and therefore need to be checked at harvest. Furthermore, sorghum is less digestible than maize because of the amino acids. It also contains some bitter substances which can make it not very palatable. Despite these disadvantages, Sorghum is a suitable solution for warmer regions where water is limited. Another advantage is that Sorghum has comparable yield to corn.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: It is also used for making a traditional corn broom. The reclaimed stalks of the sorghum plant are used to make a decorative millwork material marketed as Kirei board.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Weedy races of "S. bicolor" sensu lato, especially "Sorghum" × "drummondii", are known as shattercane.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Research has been conducted to develop a genetic cross that will make the plant more tolerant to colder temperatures and to unravel the drought tolerance mechanisms, since it is native to tropical climates.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: In the United States, this is important because the cost of corn was steadily increasing due to its use in ethanol production for addition to gasoline.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Sorghum silage can be used as a replacement of corn silage in the diet for dairy cattle. More research has found that sorghum has higher nutritional value compared to corn when feeding dairy cattle, and the type of processing is also essential in harvesting the grain's maximum nutrition. Feeding steam-flaked sorghum showed an increase in milk production when compared to dry-rolling.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Additional research is being done on sorghum as a potential food source to meet the increasing global food demand. Sorghum is resistant to drought- and heat-related stress. The genetic diversity between subspecies of sorghum makes it more resistant to pests and pathogens than other less diverse food sources. In addition, it is highly efficient in converting solar energy to chemical energy, and also in use of water. All of these characteristics make it a promising candidate to help meet the increasing global food demand. As such, many groups around the world are pursuing research initiatives around sorghum (specifically "Sorghum bicolor"): Purdue University, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Danforth Plant Science Center, the University of Nebraska, and the University of Queensland among others. The University of Queensland is involved with pre-breeding activities using crop wild relatives as donors along with popular varieties as recipients to make sorghum more resistant to biotic stresses.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: Another research application of sorghum is as a biofuel. Sweet sorghum has a high sugar content in its stalk, which can be turned into ethanol. The biomass can be burned and turned into charcoal, syn-gas, and bio-oil.


title: Sorghum bicolor

text: The genome of "S. bicolor" was sequenced between 2005 and 2007. It is generally considered diploid and contains 20 chromosomes, however, there is evidence to suggest a tetraploid origin for "S. bicolor". The genome size is approximately 800 Mbp.


title: Tarim mummies

text: The Tarim mummies are a series of mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin in present-day Xinjiang, China, which date from 1800 BC to the first centuries BC, with a new group of individuals recently dated to between c. 2100 and 1700 BC. The mummies, particularly the early ones, are frequently associated with the presence of the Indo-European Tocharian languages in the Tarim Basin, although the evidence is not totally conclusive and many centuries separate these mummies from the first attestation of the Tocharian languages in writing. Victor H. Mair's team concluded that the mummies are Caucasoid, likely speakers of Indo-European languages such as the Tocharians. A study published in 2021 suggests that the earliest Tarim Basin cultures appear to have had high levels of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, with smaller admixture from Northeast Asians.


title: Tarim mummies

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, European explorers such as Sven Hedin, Albert von Le Coq and Sir Aurel Stein all recounted their discoveries of desiccated bodies in their search for antiquities in Central Asia. Since then, numerous other mummies have been found and analyzed, many of them now displayed in the museums of Xinjiang. Most of these mummies were found on the eastern end of the Tarim Basin (around the area of Lopnur, Subeshi near Turpan, Loulan, Kumul), or along the southern edge of the Tarim Basin (Khotan, Niya, and Cherchen or Qiemo).


title: Tarim mummies

text: The earliest Tarim mummies, found at Qäwrighul and dated to 1800 BCE, are of a Caucasian physical type whose closest affiliation is to the Bronze Age populations of southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and the Lower Volga.


title: Tarim mummies

text: The cemetery at contained 29 mummies which dated from 1100 to 500 BCE, 21 of which are Mongoloid—the earliest Mongoloid mummies found in the Tarim Basin—and eight of which are of the same Caucasian physical type as found at Qäwrighul.


title: Tarim mummies

text: Notable mummies are the tall, red-haired "Chärchän man" or the "Ur-David" (1000 BCE); his son (1000 BCE), a small 1-year-old baby with brown hair protruding from under a red and blue felt cap, with two stones positioned over its eyes; the "Hami Mummy" ("c." 1400–800 BCE), a "red-headed beauty" found in Qizilchoqa; and the "Witches of Subeshi" (4th or 3rd century BCE), who wore black felt conical hats with a flat brim. Also found at Subeshi was a man with traces of a surgical operation on his abdomen; the incision is sewn up with sutures made of horsehair.


title: Tarim mummies

text: Many of the mummies have been found in very good condition, owing to the dryness of the desert and the desiccation it produced in the corpses. The mummies share many typical Caucasian body features (tall stature, high cheekbones, deep-set eyes), and many of them have their hair physically intact, ranging in color from blond to red to deep brown, and generally long, curly and braided. Their costumes, and especially textiles, may indicate a common origin with Indo-European neolithic clothing techniques or a common low-level textile technology. Chärchän man wore a red twill tunic and tartan leggings. Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber, who examined the tartan-style cloth, discusses similarities between it and fragments recovered from salt mines associated with the Hallstatt culture. As a result of the arid conditions and exceptional preservation, tattoos have been identified on mummies from several sites around the Tarim Basin, including Qäwrighul, Yanghai, Shengjindian, Shanpula (Sampul), Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa.


title: Tarim mummies

text: It has been asserted that the textiles found with the mummies are of an early European textile type based on close similarities to fragmentary textiles found in salt mines in Austria, dating from the second millennium BCE. Anthropologist Irene Good, a specialist in early Eurasian textiles, noted the woven diagonal twill pattern indicated the use of a rather sophisticated loom and said that the textile is "the easternmost known example of this kind of weaving technique."


title: Tarim mummies

text: In 1995, Mair claimed that "the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively Caucasoid, or Europoid" with east Asian migrants arriving in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin around 3,000 years ago while the Uyghur peoples arrived around the year 842. In trying to trace the origins of these populations, Victor Mair's team suggested that they may have arrived in the region by way of the Pamir Mountains about 5,000 years ago.


title: Tarim mummies

text: In 2007 the Chinese government allowed a National Geographic Society team headed by Spencer Wells to examine the mummies' DNA. Wells was able to extract undegraded DNA from the internal tissues. The scientists extracted enough material to suggest the Tarim Basin was continually inhabited from 2000 BCE to 300 BCE and preliminary results indicate the people, rather than having a single origin, originated from Europe, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley and other regions yet to be determined.


title: Tarim mummies

text: A 2008 study by Jilin University showed that the Yuansha population has relatively close relationships with the modern populations of South Central Asia and Indus Valley, as well as with the ancient population of Chawuhu.


title: Tarim mummies

text: Between 2009 and 2015, the remains of 92 individuals found at the Xiaohe Tomb complex were analyzed for Y-DNA and mtDNA markers. Genetic analyses of the mummies showed that the maternal lineages of the Xiaohe people originated from both East Asia and West Eurasia, whereas the paternal lineages all originated from West Eurasia.


title: Tarim mummies

text: Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that maternal lineages carried by the people at Xiaohe included mtDNA haplogroups H, K, U5, U7, U2e, T and R*, which are now most common in West Eurasia. Also found were haplogroups common in modern populations from East Asia: B5, D and G2a. Haplogroups now common in Central Asian or Siberian populations included: C4 and C5. Haplogroups later regarded as typically South Asian included M5 and M*.


title: Tarim mummies

text: A 2018 study the paternal lines of male remains surveyed nearly all – 11 out of 12, or around 92% – belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1-M17 (Z93-), which are now most common in Northern India and Eastern Europe; the other belonged to the exceptionally rare paragroup K* (M9) from Asia.


title: Tarim mummies

text: Chinese historian Ji Xianlin says China "supported and admired" research by foreign experts into the mummies. "However, within China a small group of ethnic separatists have taken advantage of this opportunity to stir up trouble and are acting like buffoons. Some of them have even styled themselves the descendants of these ancient 'white people' with the aim of dividing the motherland. But these perverse acts will not succeed." Barber addresses these claims by noting that " is scarcely closer to 'Turkic' in her anthropological type than she is to Han Chinese. The body and facial forms associated with Turks and Mongols began to appear in the Tarim cemeteries only in the first millennium BCE, fifteen hundred years after this woman lived." Due to the "fear of fuelling separatist currents", the Xinjiang museum, regardless of dating, displays all their mummies, both Tarim and Han, together.


title: Tarim mummies

text: The School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, China, analyzed in 2021 13 individuals from the Tarim basin, dated to c. 2100-1700 BC, and assigned 2 to Y-haplogroup R1b1b-PH155/PH4796 (R1b1c in ISOGG2016), 1 — to Y-haplogroup R1-PF6136 (xR1a, xR1b1a).


title: Tarim mummies

text: A 2022 genetic study on the Tarim mummies found that they were primarily descended from a population on the Ancient North Eurasian and Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer cline, showed affinity towards the ancient Central Asian Botai culture as well as many ancient and modern West-Eurasian populations. Tests on their genetic legacy found that many groups in Central Asia and Xinjiang derive varying degrees of ancestry from the Tarim mummies. The Tajik people show the relative highest affinity with the Tarim mummies, although their main ancestry is linked to Bronze Age Steppe pastoralists (Western Steppe Herders).


title: Tarim mummies

text: Mallory and Mair (2000) propose the movement of at least two Caucasian physical types into the Tarim Basin. The authors associate these types with the Tocharian and Iranian (Saka) branches of the Indo-European language family, respectively. However, archaeology and linguistics professor Elizabeth Wayland Barber cautions against assuming the mummies spoke Tocharian, noting a gap of about a thousand years between the mummies and the documented Tocharians: "people can change their language at will, without altering a single gene or freckle."


title: Tarim mummies

text: On the other hand, linguistics professor Ronald Kim argues that the amount of divergence between the attested Tocharian languages necessitates that Proto-Tocharian must have preceded their attestation by a millennium or so. This would coincide with the timeframe during which the Tarim Basin culture was in the region.


title: Tarim mummies

text: B. E. Hemphill's biodistance analysis of cranial metrics (as cited in and ) has questioned the identification of the Tarim Basin population as European, noting that the earlier population has close affinities to the Indus Valley population, and the later population with the Oxus River valley population. Because craniometry can produce results which make no sense at all (e.g. the close relationship between Neolithic populations in Ukraine and Portugal) and therefore lack any historical meaning, any putative genetic relationship must be consistent with geographical plausibility and have the support of other evidence.


title: Tarim mummies

text: Han Kangxin, who examined the skulls of 302 mummies, found the closest relatives of the earlier Tarim Basin population in the populations of the Afanasevo culture situated immediately north of the Tarim Basin and the Andronovo culture that spanned Kazakhstan and reached southwards into West Central Asia and the Altai.


title: Tarim mummies

text: It is the Afanasevo culture to which trace the earliest Bronze Age settlers of the Tarim and Turpan basins. The Afanasevo culture ("c." 3500–2500 BCE) displays cultural and genetic connections with the Indo-European-associated cultures of the Eurasian Steppe yet predates the specifically Indo-Iranian-associated Andronovo culture ("c." 2000–900 BCE) enough to isolate the Tocharian languages from Indo-Iranian linguistic innovations like satemization.


title: Tarim mummies

text: Mallory and Mair associate this later (700 BCE–200 CE) Caucasian physical type with the populations who introduced the Iranian Saka language to the western part of the Tarim basin.


title: Tess Holliday

text: Ryann Maegen Hoven, known professionally as Tess Holliday and formerly known as Tess Munster (born July 5, 1985), is an American plus-size model, blogger, and make-up artist based in Los Angeles.


title: Tess Holliday

text: Holliday was born and raised in Laurel, Mississippi. Her mother left her father when Holliday was a young child, and Holliday claims her family moved 40 times before she turned 10.