title: Gaylord Perry

text: Like most pitchers, Perry was not renowned for his hitting ability, and in his sophomore season of 1963, his manager Alvin Dark is said to have joked, "There would be a man on the moon before Gaylord Perry would hit a home run." There are other variants on the story, but either way, on July 20, 1969, just an hour after the Apollo 11 spacecraft carrying Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon, Perry hit the first home run of his career.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: In 1969, Perry led the league in innings pitched, but the Giants finished second in the pennant race for the fifth straight season. Perry took over as the Giants' ace in 1970, and led the league both in wins (23) and innings pitched (328). Perry's strong 1970 performance salvaged the Giants' season, helping them finish above .500 but in third place. In 1971, the Giants finally won their division, with Perry posting a 2.76 ERA. In what would be his only two postseason appearances, Perry won one game and lost the other against the Pittsburgh Pirates.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Before the 1972 season, the Giants traded the then 33-year-old Perry and shortstop Frank Duffy to the Cleveland Indians for 29-year-old flamethrower Sam McDowell, the ace of the Indians' staff. Perry went 24–16 in 1972 with a 1.92 ERA and one save, winning his first Cy Young Award. He stood as the only Cy Young winner for Cleveland until CC Sabathia in 2007.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: By the 1973 season, Perry was widely suspected of throwing a spitball. That season, Bobby Murcer of the New York Yankees publicly criticized Bowie Kuhn, the Commissioner of Baseball, and Joe Cronin, the president of the American League, for lacking the "guts" to enforce Rule 8.02, which banned the spitball; in response, Kuhn fined Murcer $250 (equivalent to $ today). After losing a game to Perry, Billy Martin, the manager of the Detroit Tigers, told reporters that he instructed his pitchers to throw a spitball, leading to Cronin suspending Martin for three games. Publicly, Perry insisted that the pitch was a "hard slider".


title: Gaylord Perry

text: After the 1973 season, Perry approached Bob Sudyk, sportswriter for the "Cleveland Press", about co-authoring an autobiography. Sudyk said that Perry would have to be willing to discuss the rumors that he threw a spitball, and Perry agreed. Phil Seghi, the general manager of the Indians, tried to dissuade Perry from sharing his secrets, but was unsuccessful. Perry showed Sudyk how he threw spitballs with substances like Vaseline and K-Y Jelly, and a "puffball" using rosin dust. Perry also showed Sudyk how he hid additives on his uniform and body. The book, titled "Me and the Spitter", was released in 1974.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Before the 1974 season, MLB added to Rule 8.02; now nicknamed "Gaylord's Rule", allowing umpires to call an automatic ball if they suspected a spitball, and eject the pitcher on the second offense. Perry was named AL Player of the Month in June 1974, after winning six complete games. In July 1974, Perry started for the AL in the 1974 MLB All-Star Game. Perry won 21 games in 1974, and was Cleveland's last 20-game winner until Cliff Lee in 2008.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Perry feuded with player-manager Frank Robinson after Robinson was acquired during the 1974 season. Perry told the press that he wanted to earn "one dollar more" than Robinson's $173,000 salary. They also feuded over Robinson's training regimen during spring training in 1975. Perry began the 1975 season with a 6–9 record and a 3.55 ERA through mid-June.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: On June 13, 1975, at the start of a three-game series with the Texas Rangers, the Indians traded Perry to the Rangers in exchange for pitchers Jim Bibby, Jackie Brown, and Rick Waits. Perry won 12 games for the Rangers with a 3.03 ERA during the remainder of 1975.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: In 1976, Perry had a 15–14 record and a 3.24 ERA. The Rangers protected Perry in the expansion draft after the season. In 1977, the Rangers surged to second place in the AL West. Perry again won 15 games, this time against only 12 defeats, in a rotation that included Doyle Alexander, Bert Blyleven, and Dock Ellis.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Before the 1978 season, the Rangers traded Perry to the San Diego Padres in exchange for middle reliever Dave Tomlin and $125,000. In the final game of the 1978 season, Perry recorded his 3,000th strikeout, becoming the third pitcher to do so after Walter Johnson and Bob Gibson. Perry won the Cy Young Award, after going 21–6 for San Diego, becoming the first pitcher to win the Cy Young Award in both leagues.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: In 1979, Perry posted a 3.05 ERA and a 12–11 record before quitting the team on September 5, saying he would retire unless the club traded him back to Texas. The Padres traded Perry to the Texas Rangers on February 15, 1980, with minor leaguers Tucker Ashford and Joe Carroll for first baseman Willie Montañez.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: In 1980, Perry posted a 6–9 record and 3.43 ERA in 24 games with Texas before being traded to the Yankees on August 13, 1980, for minor leaguers Ken Clay and a player to be named later (Marvin Thompson). Many Yankees players had complained about Perry during his stints with the Rangers, and the club even used a special camera team to monitor his movements during one of his starts at Yankee Stadium. Perry finished the season with a 4–4 record for the Yankees.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Perry's contract was up after the 1980 season and he signed a one-year, $300,000 contract with the Atlanta Braves for the 1981 season. During the strike-shortened 1981 season, Perry, the oldest player at the time in Major League baseball, started 23 games ( innings) and had an 8–9 record. The Braves released Perry after the season, leaving him three victories short of 300.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: After being released by the Braves, Perry was unable to find interest from any clubs during the offseason, and missed his first spring training in 23 years. He eventually signed with the Seattle Mariners, where he acquired the nickname "Ancient Mariner." Perry won his 300th game on May 6, 1982, becoming the first pitcher to win 300 games since Early Wynn did so in 1963. On August 23, he was ejected from a game against the Boston Red Sox for doctoring the ball, and given a ten-day suspension. It was the second time Perry had been ejected in his entire career, and it was his first ejection for ball doctoring.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: After starting the 1983 season 3–10, Perry was designated for assignment by Seattle on June 26 and the Kansas City Royals picked him on a waiver claim ten days later. In August, Perry became the third pitcher in history to record 3,500 strikeouts. In the final months of the season, Perry experimented with a submarine delivery for the first time in his career and took a no-hitter into the eighth inning against the first-place Baltimore Orioles on August 19.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: In August 1983, Perry became the third pitcher in the same year to surpass longtime strikeout king Walter Johnson's record of 3,509 strikeouts. Steve Carlton and Nolan Ryan were the others. Also in 1983, Perry was involved in the Pine Tar Game against the New York Yankees. The game originally ended when the umpires called George Brett out for too much pine tar on his bat, negating his home run and drawing a vehement protest from him and the Royals. Perry absconded with Brett's bat and gave it to a bat boy so he could hide it in the clubhouse, only to be caught by Joe Brinkman. When the Royals won the protest, Perry was retroactively ejected for doing this.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Perry announced his retirement on September 23, 1983. He finished his MLB career with 314 wins, a 3.11 ERA, and 3,534 strikeouts. He threw 303 complete games.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Perry retired to his farm in Martin County, North Carolina, where he grew tobacco and peanuts, but had to file for bankruptcy in 1986. He briefly worked for Fiesta Foods as a sales manager, and later in the year Limestone College in Gaffney, South Carolina, chose Perry to be the college's first baseball coach. Perry was there until 1991 when he retired. In 1998, Perry was inducted into the Limestone College Athletics Hall of Fame (Class of 1998). He later moved to Spruce Pine, North Carolina.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Perry supported the Republican Party. He campaigned for Jesse Helms and contemplated a bid for Congress himself in 1986.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: In 1991, his third year of eligibility, Perry was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. In 1999, he was a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In 1998, "The Sporting News" ranked him 97th on their list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. Bill James lists Perry as having the tenth best career of any right-handed starting pitcher, and the 50th greatest player at any position.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: On July 23, 2005, the Giants retired Perry's uniform number 36. Perry was inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame on March 9, 2009. Perry was honored on April 9, 2011, at AT&T Park with a 2010 World Series ring along with other San Francisco Giants greats Willie McCovey, Orlando Cepeda, and Willie Mays. He was honored again on April 7, 2013, with Mays and Juan Marichal receiving a 2012 World Series ring, and on April 18, 2015, with a 2014 World Series ring along with Mays, McCovey, Cepeda, and Marichal. The Indians invited Perry to throw the ceremonial first pitch before their Opening Day game for the 2015 season. On August 13, 2016, the Giants unveiled a bronze statue of Perry at the corner of Second and King streets outside of AT&T Park.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Perry's wife, Blanche Manning Perry, died on September 11, 1987, when a car ran a stop sign and hit her car broadside on U.S. Route 27 in Lake Wales, Florida. Perry and Blanche had three daughters and one son. Their son, Jack, died of leukemia on June 18, 2005. In 1988, Perry launched the baseball program at Limestone College (now Limestone University) in Gaffney, South Carolina, and his son Jack was an inaugural team member. Jack was an accomplished pitcher and was posthumously inducted into the Limestone University Athletics Hall of Fame in 2017. Jack pitched three seasons at Limestone under his father's coaching and is the only player in team history to throw a no-hitter achieving a no-hitter twice within two weeks during the 1990 season. Perry's nephew, Chris, is a professional golfer on the PGA Tour.


title: Gaylord Perry

text: Perry contracted COVID-19 in 2021 and never fully recovered. He died at home on December 1, 2022, at age 84.


title: Kiku Sharda

text: Kiku Sharda (born Raghavendra Sharda; 14 February 1976) is an Indian comedian as well as film and television actor. He was born on 14 February 1976 in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Kiku completed his schooling in Mumbai where he also completed his post-graduation with an MBA degree in Marketing.


title: Kiku Sharda

text: He played the character of Hobo in Hatim, Constable Mulayam Singh Gulgule in "F.I.R.", and Akbar in the comedy show "Akbar Birbal". He had worked in "Comedy Nights with Kapil" where he played various characters, notably of Palak. He is married to Priyanka. He participated in "Nach Baliye 6" in 2013 and "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7" in 2014.


title: Kiku Sharda

text: In 2016, Kiku Sharda was arrested for mimicking Dera Sacha Sauda head, Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Insan on a television channel in which Kiku dressed as a baba was shown serving liquor and doing lewd dance with girls which insulted the sect chief.


title: Wound

text: A wound is a rapid onset of injury that involves lacerated or punctured skin (an "open" wound), or a contusion (a "closed" wound) from blunt force trauma or compression. In pathology, a "wound" is an acute injury that damages the epidermis of the skin. To heal a wound, the body undertakes a series of actions collectively known as the wound healing process.


title: Wound

text: Bacterial infection of wound can impede the healing process and lead to life-threatening complications. Scientists at Sheffield University have used light to rapidly detect the presence of bacteria, by developing a portable kit in which specially designed molecules emit a light signal when bound to bacteria. Current laboratory-based detection of bacteria can take hours or days.


title: Wound

text: Wounds that are not healing should be investigated to find the causes; many microbiological agents may be responsible. The basic workup includes evaluating the wound, its extent and severity. Cultures are usually obtained both from the wound site and blood. X-rays are obtained and a tetanus shot may be administered if there is any doubt about prior vaccination.


title: Wound

text: Non-healing wounds of the diabetic foot are considered one of the most significant complications of diabetes, representing a major worldwide medical, social, and economic burden that greatly affects patient quality of life. Almost 24 million Americans—one in every twelve—are diabetic and the disease is causing widespread disability and death at an epidemic pace, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Of those with diabetes, 6.5 million are estimated to have chronic or non-healing wounds. Associated with inadequate circulation, poorly functioning veins, and immobility, non-healing wounds occur most frequently in the elderly and in people with diabetes—populations that are sharply rising as the nation ages and chronic diseases increase.


title: Wound

text: Although diabetes can ravage the body in many ways, non-healing ulcers on the feet and lower legs are common outward manifestations of the disease. Also, diabetics often experience nerve damage in their feet and legs, allowing small wounds or irritations to develop without awareness. Given the abnormalities of the microvasculature and other side effects of diabetes, these wounds take a long time to heal and require a specialized treatment approach for proper healing.


title: Wound

text: As many as 75% of diabetic patients will eventually develop foot ulcers, and recurrence within five years is 70%. If not aggressively treated, these wounds can lead to amputations. It is estimated that every 30 seconds a lower limb is amputated somewhere in the world because of a diabetic wound. Amputation often triggers a downward spiral of declining quality of life, frequently leading to disability and death. In fact, only about one third of diabetic amputees will live more than five years, a survival rate equivalent to that of many cancers.


title: Wound

text: Many of these lower extremity amputations can be prevented through an interdisciplinary approach to treatment involving a variety of advanced therapies and techniques, such as debridement, hyperbaric oxygen treatment therapy, dressing selection, special shoes, and patient education. When wounds persist, a specialized approach is required for healing.


title: Wound

text: The overall treatment depends on the type, cause, and depth of the wound, and whether other structures beyond the skin (dermis) are involved. Treatment of recent lacerations involves examining, cleaning, and closing the wound. Minor wounds, like bruises, will heal on their own, with skin discoloration usually disappearing in 1–2 weeks. Abrasions, which are wounds with intact skin (non-penetration through dermis to subcutaneous fat), usually require no active treatment except keeping the area clean, initially with soap and water. Puncture wounds may be prone to infection depending on the depth of penetration. The entry of puncture wound is left open to allow for bacteria or debris to be removed from inside.


title: Wound

text: Different types of water (such as tap water, distilled water and cooled boiled water) and other solutions (such as saline solution) are commonly used to clean wounds. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated cleaning wounds before closure. A 2022 systematic review brought together evidence from 13 randomised controlled trials (2504 total participants). These studies compared different types of water and solutions for cleaning wounds with each other or with no wound cleaning. It is not clear which, if any, types of water or solution are more effective for helping wounds to heal, reducing pain, reducing treatment costs and improving patient satisfaction.


title: Wound

text: Cleaning of a wound is also known as 'wound toilet'. It is not clear if delaying a shower following a surgery helps reduce complications related to wound healing.


title: Wound

text: Evidence is insufficient to conclude whether cleaning wounds is beneficial or whether wound cleaning solutions (polyhexamethylene biguanide, aqueous oxygen peroxide, etc.) are better than sterile water or saline solutions to help venous leg ulcers heal. It is also uncertain whether the choice of cleaning solution or method of application makes any difference to venous leg ulcer healing.


title: Wound

text: If a person presents to a healthcare center within 6 hours of a laceration they are typically closed immediately after evaluating and cleaning the wound. After this point in time, however, there is a theoretical concern of increased risks of infection if closed immediately. Thus some healthcare providers may delay closure while others may be willing to immediately close up to 24 hours after the injury. Using clean non-sterile gloves is equivalent to using sterile gloves during wound closure.


title: Wound

text: If closure of a wound is decided upon a number of techniques can be used. These include bandages, a cyanoacrylate glue, staples, and sutures. Absorbable sutures have the benefit over non absorbable sutures of not requiring removal. They are often preferred in children. Buffering the pH of lidocaine makes the injection less painful.


title: Wound

text: Adhesive glue and sutures have comparable cosmetic outcomes for minor lacerations <5 cm in adults and children. The use of adhesive glue involves considerably less time for the doctor and less pain for the person. The wound opens at a slightly higher rate but there is less redness. The risk for infections (1.1%) is the same for both. Adhesive glue should not be used in areas of high tension or repetitive movements, such as joints or the posterior trunk. Split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) is also a surgical technique that features rapid wound closure, multiple possible donor sites with minimal morbidity.


title: Wound

text: In the case of clean surgical wounds, there is no evidence that the use of topical antibiotics reduces infection rates in comparison with non-antibiotic ointment or no ointment at all. Antibiotic ointments can irritate the skin, slow healing, and greatly increase the risk of developing contact dermatitis and antibiotic resistance. Because of this, they should only be used when a person shows signs of infection and not as a preventative.


title: Wound

text: The effectiveness of dressings and creams containing silver to prevent infection or improve healing is not currently supported by evidence.


title: Wound

text: A wound may be recorded for follow-up and observing progress of healing with different techniques which include:


title: Wound

text: There is moderate evidence that honey is more effective than antiseptic followed by gauze for healing wounds infected after surgical operations. There is a lack of quality evidence relating to the use of honey on other types of wounds, such as minor acute wounds, mixed acute and chronic wounds, pressure ulcers, Fournier's gangrene, venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and Leishmaniasis.


title: Wound

text: There is no good evidence that therapeutic touch is useful in healing. More than 400 species of plants are identified as potentially useful for wound healing. Only three randomized controlled trials, however, have been done for the treatment of burns.


title: Wound

text: From the Classical Period to the Medieval Period, the body and the soul were believed to be intimately connected, based on several theories put forth by the philosopher Plato. Wounds on the body were believed to correlate with wounds to the soul and vice versa; wounds were seen as an outward sign of an inward illness. Thus, a man who was wounded physically in a serious way was said to be hindered not only physically but spiritually as well. If the soul was wounded, that wound may also eventually become physically manifest, revealing the true state of the soul. Wounds were also seen as writing on the "tablet" of the body. Wounds acquired in war, for example, told the story of a soldier in a form which all could see and understand, and the wounds of a martyr told the story of their faith.


title: Wound

text: In humans and mice it has been shown that estrogen might positively affect the speed and quality of wound healing.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The Qutb Minar complex are monuments and buildings from the Delhi Sultanate at Mehrauli in Delhi, India. Construction of the Qutub Minar "victory tower" in the complex, named after the religious figure Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, was begun by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who later became the first Sultan of Delhi of the Mamluk dynasty (Gulam Vansh). It was continued by his successor Iltutmish (a.k.a. Altamash), and finally completed much later by Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a Sultan of Delhi from the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1412) in 1368 AD. The Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque (Dome of Islam), later corrupted into Quwwat-ul Islam, stands next to the Qutb Minar.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Many subsequent rulers, including the Tughlaqs, Alauddin Khalji and the British added structures to the complex. Apart from the Qutb Minar and the Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, other structures in the complex include the Alai Darwaza gate, the Alai Minar and the Iron pillar. The Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque was originally built from the remains of 27 older Hindu and Jain temples. The pillars of the temples were reused and the original images plastered over. Inside the complex lie the tombs of Iltutmish, Alauddin Khalji and Imam Zamin.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Today, the adjoining area spread over with a host of old monuments, including Balban's tomb, has been developed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as the Mehrauli Archaeological Park, and INTACH has restored some 40 monuments in the Park. It is also the venue of the annual 'Qutub Festival', held in November–December, where artists, musicians and dancers perform over three days.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The Alai Darwaza is a main gateway from southern side of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque. It was built by the second Khalji Sultan of Delhi, Ala-ud-din Khalji in 1311 AD, who also added a court to the pillared to the eastern side. The domed gateway is decorated with red sandstone and inlaid white marble decorations, inscriptions in Naskh script, latticed stone screens and showcases the remarkable craftsmanship of the Turkish artisans who worked on it. This is the first building in India to employ Islamic architecture principles in its construction and ornamentation.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The Slave dynasty did not employ true Islamic architecture styles and used false domes and false arches. This makes the Alai Darwaza, the earliest example of first true arches and true domes in India. It is considered to be one of the most important buildings built in the Delhi sultanate period. With its pointed arches and spearhead of fringes, identified as lotus buds, it adds grace to the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque to which it served as an entrance.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The Qutb Minar is inspired by the Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan, it is an important example of early Afghan architecture, which later evolved into Indo-Islamic Architecture. The Qutb Minar is 72.5 metres (239 ft) high, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks. It has five distinct storeys, each marked by a projecting balcony carried on muqarnas corbel and tapers from a diameter 14.3 metres at the base to 2.7 metres at the top, which is 379 steps away. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with surrounding buildings and monuments.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Built as a Victory Tower, to celebrate the victory of Muhammad Ghori over the Rajput king, Prithviraj Chauhan, in 1192 AD, by his then viceroy, Qutb-ud-din Aibak, later the first Sultan of Mamluk dynasty. Its construction also marked the beginning of Muslim rule in India. It was built using red sandstone and marble. Inscriptions record that 27 Hindu and Jain temples were torn down and used for its creation. Even today the Qutb remains one of the most important "Towers of Victory" in the Islamic world. Aibak however, could only build the first storey, for this reason the lower storey is replete with eulogies to Muhammad Ghori. The next three floors were added by his son-in-law and successor, Iltutmish. The minar was first struck by lightning in 1368 AD, which knocked off its top storey, after that it was replaced by the existing two floors by Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a later Sultan of Delhi from 1351 to 1388, and faced with white marble and sandstone enhancing the distinctive variegated look of the minar, as seen in lower three storeys. Thus the structure displays a marked variation in architectural styles from Aibak to that of Tughlaq dynasty. The inside has intricate carvings of the verses from the Quran.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The minar made with numerous superimposed flanged and cylindrical shafts in the interior, and fluted columns on the exterior, which have a 40 cm thick veneer of red and buff coloured sandstone; all surrounded by bands of intricate carving in Kufic style of Islamic calligraphy, giving the minar the appearance of bundled reeds. It stands just outside the Quwwatul mosque, and an Arabic inscription suggests that it might have been built to serve as a place for the muezzin, to call the faithfuls for "namaz". Also marking a progression in era, is the appearance of inscriptions in a bold and cursive Thuluth script of calligraphy on the Qutb Minar, distinguished by strokes that thicken on the top, as compared to Kufic in earlier part of the construction.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Inscriptions also indicate further repairs by Sultan Sikander Lodi in 1503, when it was struck by lightning once again. In 1802, the cupola on the top was thrown down and the whole pillar was damaged by an earthquake. It was repaired by Major R. Smith of the Royal Engineers who restored the Qutub Minar in 1823 replacing the cupola with a Bengali-style "chhatri" which was later removed by Governor General, Lord Hardinge in 1848, as it looked out of place, and now stands in the outer lawns of the complex, popularly known as Smith's Folly.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: After an accident involving school children, entry to the Qutub Minar is closed to public since 1981, while Qutub archaeological area remains open for public. In 2004, Seismic monitors were installed on the minar, which revealed in 2005 Delhi earthquake, no damage or substantial record of shakes. The reason for this has been cited as the use of lime mortar and rubble masonry which absorbs the tremors; it is also built on rocky soil, which further protects it during earthquakes.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The Quwwat-ul-Islam () mosque, also known as the "Qutub Mosque" or the "Great Mosque of Delhi," was commissioned by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, founder of the Mamluk or Slave dynasty and built using spolia from 27 temples. It was built over the site of a large temple located in the centre of a citadel.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: It was the first mosque built in Delhi after the Islamic conquest of India and the oldest surviving example of Ghurids architecture in Indian subcontinent. The construction of this Jami Masjid (congregational mosque), started in the year 1193 AD, when Aibak was the commander of Muhammad Ghori's garrison that occupied Delhi. To leave the imprint of his religion to the new territory, Aibak decided to erect a mosque epitomising the might of Islam and chose his site, the heart of the captured Rajput citadel of Qila Rai Pithora. The Qutub Minar was built simultaneously with the mosque but appears to be a stand-alone structure, built as the 'Minar of Jami Masjid', for the muezzin to perform adhan, call for prayer, and also as a "qutub", an Axis or Pole of Islam. It is reminiscent in style and design of the "Adhai-din-ka Jhonpra" or Ajmer mosque at Ajmer, Rajasthan, also built by Aibak during the same time, also constructed by demolishing earlier temples and a Sanskrit school, at the site.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Of the site selected by Aibak for the construction of a mosque, Ibn Battuta, the 14th century Arab traveller, says, before the taking of Delhi it had been a Hindu temple, which the Hindus called "elbut-khana", but after that event it was used as a mosque'. Archaeological Survey of India states that the mosque was raised over the remains of a temple and, in addition, it was also constructed from materials taken from other demolished temples, a fact recorded on the main eastern entrance. According to a Persian inscription still on the inner eastern gateway, the mosque was built by the parts taken by destruction of twenty-seven Hindu temples built previously during the reigns of the Tomaras and Prithviraj Chauhan, and leaving certain parts of the temple outside the mosque proper. Historical records compiled by Muslim historian Maulana Hakim Saiyid Abdul Hai attest to the iconoclasm of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. This pattern of iconoclasm was common during his reign. Some medieval Muslim historians and travellers often ascribed the construction of the complex to Mamluk Sultan Iltutmish, rather than to Qutb ud-Din Aibak as is commonly accepted. Ibn Batuta also states that near the eastern gate of the mosque were two very big idols of copper connected together by stones. Every one who left the mosque treaded over them.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The mosque is one of the earliest extant mosques in India. The original dimensions of the mosque had a courtyard measuring by . The prayer hall, located on the west measures by . The mosque has grey colonnades made of greystone with three bays in east and two bays deep on the north and the south. Extensions were made to the mosque during 1296 when its dimensions in north and south were extended by . The famous iron pillar is located on the stone pavement in front of it, while Qutub Minar is located west of the main entrance. The central arch of the mosque is ogee in shape and is wide and tall. The side arches are smaller in size. The screen is sculpted with religious texts and floral patterns. Desai believes that the mosque was not constructed in scientific style but in Corbel style as indicated by the variations in the pattern of the arches.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The mosque is built on a raised and paved courtyard, measuring . X , surrounded by pillared cloisters added by Iltutmish between 1210 and 1220 AD. The stone screen between prayer hall and the courtyard, stood 16 mt at its highest was added in 1196 AD, the corbelled arches had Arabic inscriptions and motifs. Entrances to the courtyard, also uses ornate "mandap" dome from temples, whose pillars are used extensively throughout the edifice, and in the sanctuary beyond the tall arched screens. What survives today of the sanctuary on the western side are the arched screens in between, which once led to a series of aisles with low-domed ceilings for worshippers. Expansion of the mosque continued after the death of Qutb. Qutbuddin's successor Iltutmish, extended the original prayer hall screen by three more arches. By the time of Iltutmish, the Mamluk empire had stabilised enough that the Sultan could replace most of his conscripted Hindu masons with Muslims. This explains why the arches added under Iltutmish are stylistically more Islamic than the ones erected under Qutb's rule, also because the material used wasn't from demolished temples. Some additions to the mosque were also done by Alauddin Khalji, including the Alai Darwaza, the formal entrance to the mosque in red sandstone and white marble, and a court to the east of the mosque in 1300 AD.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The mosque is in ruins today but indigenous corbelled arches, floral motifs, and geometric patterns can be seen among the Islamic architectural structures. To the west of the Quwwat ul-Islam mosque is the tomb of Iltutmish which was built by the monarch in 1235.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The iron pillar is one of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities. The pillar, 7.21-metre high and weighing more than six tonnes, was originally erected by Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375–414 AD) in front of a Vishnu Temple complex at Udayagiri around 402 AD, and later shifted by Anangpal in the 10th century CE from Udaygiri to its present location. Anangpal built a Vishnu Temple here and wanted this pillar to be a part of that temple.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The estimated weight of the decorative bell of the pillar is 646 kg while the main body weighs 5,865 kg, thus making the entire pillar weigh 6,511 kg. The pillar bears an inscription in Sanskrit in Brahmi script dating 4th century AD, which indicates that the pillar was set up as a "Vishnudhvaja", standard of god, on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra, believed to Chandragupta II. A deep socket on the top of this ornate capital suggests that probably an image of Garuda was fixed into it, as common in such flagpoles.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The tomb of the Delhi Sultanate ruler, Iltutmish, a second Sultan of Delhi (r. 1211–1236 AD), built 1235 CE, is also part of the Qutb Minar Complex in Mehrauli, New Delhi. The central chamber is a 9 mt. sq. and has squinches, suggesting the existence of a dome, which has since collapsed. The main cenotaph, in white marble, is placed on a raised platform in the centre of the chamber. The facade is known for its ornate carving, both at the entrance and the interior walls. The interior west wall has a prayer niche ("mihrab") decorated with marble, and a rich amalgamation of Hindu motifs into Islamic architecture, such as bell-and-chain, tassel, lotus, diamond emblems.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: In 1914, during excavations by Archaeological Survey of India's (ASI) Gordon Sanderson, the grave chamber was discovered. From the north of the tomb 20 steps lead down to the actual burial vault.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The Tomb of Imam Zamin is a 16th-century tomb located in the Qutb Minar complex, Mehrauli, Delhi in India. It houses the tomb of Mohammad Ali (popularly known as Imam Zamin), an Islamic cleric who migrated from Turkestan to India during the reign of Sikandar Lodi. The tomb was built by Ali himself during the reign of Mughal emperor Humayun. This tomb has no relation with the other monuments of the complex.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: At the back of the complex, southwest of the mosque, stands an L-shaped construction, consisting of Alauddin Khilji's tomb dating ca 1316 AD, and a "madrasa", an Islamic seminary built by him. Khalji was the second Sultan of Delhi from Khalji dynasty, who ruled from 1296 to 1316 AD.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The central room of the building, which has his tomb, has now lost its dome, though many rooms of the seminary or college are intact, and since been restored. There were two small chambers connected to the tomb by passages on either side. Fergusson in his book suggested the existence, to the west of the tomb, of seven rooms, two of which had domes and windows. The remains of the tomb building suggest that there was an open courtyard on the south and west sides of the tomb building, and that one room in the north served as an entrance.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: It was the first example in India, of a tomb standing alongside a "madrasa". Nearby stands the Alai Minar, an ambitious tower, he started constructing to rival the Qutb Minar, though he died when only its first storey was built and its construction abandoned thereafter. It now stands, north of the mosque.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: The tomb is in a very dilapidated condition. It is believed that Ala-ud-din's body was brought to the complex from Siri and buried in front of the mosque, which formed part of the madrasa adjoining the tomb. Firoz Shah Tughluq, who undertook repairs of the tomb complex, mentioned a mosque within the madrasa.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Alauddin Khalji started building the Alai Minar, after he had doubled the size of Quwwat ul-Islam mosque built before 1300AD. He conceived this tower to be two times higher than Qutb Minar in proportion with the enlarged mosque. The construction was however abandoned, just after the completion of the first-story core; soon after the death of Alauddin in 1316, and never taken up by his successors of Khalji Dynasty. The first storey of the Alai Minar, a giant rubble masonry core, still stands today, which was evidently intended to be covered with dressed stone later on. Noted Sufi poet and saint of his times, Amir Khusro in his work, "Tarikh-i-Alai", mentions Ala-ud-din's intentions to extend the mosque and also constructing another minar.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: A short distance west of the enclosure, in Mehrauli village, is the Tomb of Adham Khan who, according to legend drove the beautiful Hindu singer Roopmati to suicide following the capture of Mandu in Madhya Pradesh. When Akbar became displeased with him he ended up being heaved off a terrace in the Agra Fort. Several archaeological monuments dot the Mehrauli Archaeological Park, including the Balban's tomb, Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb.


title: Qutb Minar complex

text: There are some Mughal summer palaces in the area: the Zafar Mahal, the Jahaz Mahal next to Hauz-i-Shamsi lake, and the tombs of the later Mughal emperors of India, inside a royal enclosure near the dargah shrine of Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. Here an empty space between two of the tombs, "sargah", was intended for the last Mughal emperor of India, Bahadur Shah Zafar who died in exile in Rangoon, Burma, in 1862, following his implication in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Also standing nearby is the Moti Masjid mosque in white marble.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Kaamnaa () is an Indian Hindi-language television series that premeried on 15 November 2021 on Sony Entertainment Television. Produced by Cockcrow and Shaika Entertainment, it starred Abhishek Rawat, Manav Gohil, Chandni Sharma and Ramnitu Chaudhary. The series ended on 29 July 2022.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Manav, a hardworking and straightforward Government Officer, follows his principles and rules of life with complete honesty. In contrast, his wife Akanksha desires to lead a luxurious life with everything she wants. Despite not getting everything, they wish for, the two are happy with their son, Yatharth. All goes well until a businessman, Vaibhav Kapoor, who believes anything can be bought by money, falls in love at first sight with Akanksha, his Kaamnaa (translation: wish or desire) as he likes to call her, without knowing her real identity.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Manav transfers from Bhopal to Indore and patches things up between Akanksha and her family. Akanksha shares her past with Manav and reveals that she was once Miss Indore, but only because her father bribed the judges. Vaibhav gets closer to Akanksha by buying her old bungalow and even offering her a job to model his company with extra perks. Still, Manav disapproves of this as he suspects Vaibhav's intentions. After some time, Akanksha falls in love with Vaibhav, leaving Manav shattered.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Akanksha's leave worsens Yatharth's mental health, where Sakshi, his school counselor, helps him. Sakshi's husband, Prateek, and son, Parth, died in a car accident and has affected her since. Sakshi sees Parth in Yatharth, forcing her to leave the school after interfering with Manav and Akanksha's sole guardianship of Yatharth. After losing everything, Manav feels guilty and lets Sakshi and her mother-in-law, Malti stay with them for the sake of Yatharth.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Manav wins legal guardianship of his son after Mr. Holkar shows sympathy for him and realizes his past mistakes. Akanksha gets paranoid when she can't find any way to get Yatharth to be with her, even after asking Vaibhav for help which he denies since he hates kids. Things get chaotic after she kidnaps Yatharth at school and eventually makes way to the court. Vaibhav hates Akanksha for ruining his image when he left for America while Akanksha pretends to still love Vaibhav but actually wants to get 50% of his property and wealth. They make a mutual agreement to stay together only for the sake of getting revenge on Manav. After facing many false accusations, with the help of a retired and blind lawyer, Mr. Shenoy, Manav wins the case.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Manav moves into a new house and becomes the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Holkar Industries to get revenge on Vaibhav for ruining Mr. Holkar and Ayesha's lives after Niharika's dismay. Manav finds out about Prateek and Parth from Malti aunty and tells him how they lost Prateek and Parth during an auto accident. Manav is shocked to hear Sakshi went through so much. After a lot of convincing Sakshi moves in with Manav and Yatharth. All goes well until someone announces Sakshi as Manav's wife. Yatharth and Ayesha's plan on bringing them closer but all in vain. Manav and Sakshi find out about this, and they decide to part ways. Sakshi realizes she has feelings for Manav, but she doesn't say anything. Yatharth's mental health decreases drastically and stops attending school and breaks his friendship with Ayesha. Manav panics when he can't find a balance between work and his personal life and realizes how desperately he needs Sakshi.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Akanksha does whatever it takes to get Yatharth with her but fails desperately. Manav and Sakshi become friends after he warns her about her future groom, after having an awkward meeting with him. Things take a drastic turn when Yatharth has a bike accident and Vaibhav takes advantage and burns all of the files against him. At this point, Manav feels helpless, but a priest brings his hopes high after informing him that Niharika is alive. Manav and Mr. Holkar discovers that Vaibhav has hidden Niharika for seven years at an abandoned place for safekeeping. The day has come for Vaibhav and Akanksha's wedding where strange things occur, but this doesn't stop Akanksha from marrying Vaibhav. Everyone finally sees Niharika alive, and this was all part of Manav's plan. Vaibhav, having no choice, expels Akanksha from the house and office. Vaibhav is jailed and Akanksha visits him. At last, Vaibhav tells Akanksha his evil deeds to obtain her, but in reality, she is worthless. Despite everyone's warnings, Akanksha continues to interfere in Manav and Yatharth's lives as she has nowhere else to go. Manav and Sakshi realize their love for each other and get engaged. Akanksha, gets into a road car accident which Manav is blamed for and is arrested after Vaibhav informs the police about him trying to murder her. Vaibhav tries to strangle Niharika to death but she catches him doing so immediately. After Niharika explains to him about his obsession towards money and has left him with nothing, Vaibhav reforms himself and leaves to repent for his sins. Akanksha realizes her mistakes and leaves the house. Manav marries Sakshi.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Abhishek Rawat was cast to portray the lead Manav. Manav Gohil was cast to portray the main antagonist Vaibhav.


title: Kaamnaa

text: Chandni Sharma was cast as the female lead Akanksha, her character later turns negative. Ramnitu Chaudhary was then cast as the new female lead Sakshi.


title: Kaamnaa

text: "Kaamnaa" premeried on 21 November 2021 on Sony Entertainment Television. The promos of the show were directed by actor Gajraj Rao.


title: Cheyenne Woods

text: Woods was born in Phoenix, Arizona. She is a daughter of Susan Woods and Earl Dennison Woods Jr., who is golfer Tiger Woods' half-brother, making Cheyenne Tiger's half-niece. Her paternal grandfather Earl Woods (Tiger's father) was her first coach and inspiration.


title: Cheyenne Woods

text: In an interview with "Golf Digest", Woods stated that her mother was white and her father African American with some Native American and Asian.


title: Cheyenne Woods

text: Woods played for the Xavier College Preparatory golf team and won back-to-back Arizona 5A State Championships in 2006 and 2007. She graduated from Wake Forest University in 2012 where she played golf for the Demon Deacons. She has won more than 30 amateur tournaments.


title: Cheyenne Woods

text: In 2009, she received a sponsor's exemption to play in an LPGA tournament, the Wegmans LPGA. She missed the cut by four strokes.


title: Cheyenne Woods

text: In 2012, Woods turned professional after graduating from Wake Forest. She qualified for the 2012 U.S. Women's Open by finishing as co-medalist at her qualifier and made her professional debut at the 2012 LPGA Championship. She had her first professional win on the SunCoast Ladies Series in late August 2012.


title: Cheyenne Woods

text: In 2013, Woods became a member of the Ladies European Tour and finished 78th on the Order of Merit. In 2014, Woods had her second professional win (and first on a major tour) at the Volvik RACV Ladies Masters.


title: Cheyenne Woods

text: In December 2014, Woods finished T-11th in the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament, thereby earning Category 12 membership, which entitled her to entry in most full-field events apart from the more prestigious events. In the 2015 season, she made only eight cuts and had to go through qualifying again. By finishing T-13th in the Final Qualifying Tournament, she earned her LPGA tour card for 2016.


title: Cheyenne Woods

text: Woods is the sixth African American to play on the LPGA Tour. In an interview Woods said "An African American woman has never won on the LPGA, so in general I just feel that golf needs to be more accessible and more inclusive."


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on its Falcon 1, Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles. Merlin engines use RP-1 and liquid oxygen as rocket propellants in a gas-generator power cycle. The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse, but since 2016 the entire Falcon 9 booster is recovered for reuse by landing vertically on a landing pad using one of its nine Merlin engines.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The injector at the heart of Merlin is of the pintle type that was first used in the Apollo Lunar Module landing engine (LMDE). Propellants are fed by a single-shaft, dual-impeller turbopump. The turbopump also provides high-pressure fluid for the hydraulic actuators, which then recycles into the low-pressure inlet. This eliminates the need for a separate hydraulic drive system and means that thrust vectoring control failure by running out of hydraulic fluid is not possible.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The initial version, the Merlin 1A, used an inexpensive, expendable, ablatively cooled carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composite nozzle and produced of thrust.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The Merlin 1A flew only twice: first on March 24, 2006, when it caught fire and failed due to a fuel leak shortly after launch, and the second time on March 21, 2007, when it performed successfully. Both times the Merlin 1A was mounted on a Falcon 1 first stage.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The SpaceX turbopump was an entirely new, clean-sheet design contracted to Barber-Nichols, Inc. in 2002, who performed all design, engineering analysis, and construction; the company had previously worked on turbopumps for the RS-88 (Bantam) and NASA Fastrac engine programs. The Merlin 1A turbopump used a unique friction-welded main shaft, with Inconel 718 ends and an integral aluminum RP-1 impeller in the middle. The turbopump housing was constructed using investment castings, with Inconel at the turbine end, aluminum in the center, and 300-series stainless steel at the LOX end. The turbine was a partial-admission (i.e., working fluid is only admitted through part of the rotation of the turbine; an arc, not the whole circumference) impulse design and turned at up to 20,000 rpm, with a total weight of .


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The Merlin 1B rocket engine was an upgraded version of the Merlin 1A engine. The turbopump upgrades were handled by Barber-Nichols, Inc. for SpaceX. It was intended for Falcon 1 launch vehicles, capable of producing of thrust at sea level and in vacuum, and performing with a specific impulse of at sea level and in vacuum.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The Merlin 1B was enhanced over the 1A with a turbine upgrade, increasing power output from to . The turbine upgrade was accomplished by adding additional nozzles, turning the previously partial-admission design to full admission. Slightly enlarged impellers for both RP-1 and LOX were part of the upgrade. This model turned at a faster 22,000 rpm and developed higher discharge pressures. Turbopump weight was unchanged at .


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: Another notable change over the 1A was the move to TEA–TEB (pyrophoric) ignition over torch ignition.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: Initial use of the Merlin 1B was to be on the Falcon 9 launch vehicle, on whose first stage there would have been a cluster of nine of these engines. Due to experience from the Falcon 1's first flight, SpaceX moved its Merlin development to the Merlin 1C, which is regeneratively cooled. Therefore, the Merlin 1B was never used on a launch vehicle.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: Three versions of the Merlin 1C engine were produced. The Merlin engine for Falcon 1 had a movable turbopump exhaust assembly, which was used to provide roll control by vectoring the exhaust. The Merlin 1C engine for the Falcon 9 first stage is nearly identical to the variant used for the Falcon 1, although the turbopump exhaust assembly is not movable. Finally, a Merlin 1C vacuum variant is used on the Falcon 9 second stage. This engine differs from the Falcon 9 first-stage variant in that it uses a larger exhaust nozzle optimized for vacuum operation and can be throttled between 60% and 100%.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The Merlin 1C uses a regeneratively cooled nozzle and combustion chamber. The turbopump used is a Merlin 1B model with only slight alterations. It was fired with a full mission duty firing of 170 seconds in November 2007, first flew on a mission in August 2008, powered the "first developed liquid-fueled rocket to successfully reach orbit", Falcon 1 Flight 4, in September 2008, and powered the Falcon 9 on its maiden flight in June 2010.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: As configured for use on Falcon 1 vehicles, the Merlin 1C had a sea-level thrust of , a vacuum thrust of and a vacuum specific impulse of . In this configuration, the engine consumed of propellant per second. Tests have been conducted with a single Merlin 1C engine successfully running a total of 27 minutes (counting together the duration of the various tests), which equals ten complete Falcon 1 flights. The Merlin 1C chamber and nozzle are cooled regeneratively by per second of kerosene flow and are able to absorb of heat energy.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: A Merlin 1C was first used as part of the unsuccessful third attempt to launch a Falcon 1. In discussing the failure, Elon Musk noted: "The flight of our first stage, with the new Merlin 1C engine that will be used in Falcon 9, was picture perfect." The Merlin 1C was used in the successful fourth flight of Falcon 1 on September 28, 2008.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: On October 7, 2012, a Merlin 1C (Engine No. 1) of the CRS-1 mission experienced an anomaly at T+00:01:20, which appears on CRS-1 launch video as a flash. The failure occurred just as the vehicle achieved max-Q (maximum aerodynamic pressure). SpaceX's internal review found that the engine was shut down after a sudden pressure loss and that only the aerodynamic shell was destroyed, generating the debris seen in the video; the engine did not explode, as SpaceX ground control continued to receive data from it throughout the flight. The primary mission was unaffected by the anomaly due to the nominal operation of the remaining eight engines and an onboard readjustment of the flight trajectory, but the secondary-mission payload failed to reach its target orbit due to safety protocols in place to prevent collisions with the ISS. These protocols prevented a second firing of the upper stage for the secondary payload.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: SpaceX was planning to develop a version of Merlin 1C to be used in Falcon 9 Block II and Falcon 1E boosters. This engine and these booster models were dropped in favor of the more advanced Merlin 1D engine and longer Falcon 9 v1.1 booster.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: On March 10, 2009, a SpaceX press release announced successful testing of the Merlin Vacuum engine. A variant of the 1C engine, Merlin Vacuum features a larger exhaust section and a significantly larger expansion nozzle to maximize the engine's efficiency in the vacuum of space. Its combustion chamber is regeneratively cooled, while the niobium alloy expansion nozzle is radiatively cooled. The engine delivers a vacuum thrust of and a vacuum specific impulse of . The first production Merlin Vacuum engine underwent a full-duration orbital-insertion firing (329 seconds) of the integrated Falcon 9 second stage on January 2, 2010. It was flown on the second stage for the inaugural Falcon 9 flight on June 4, 2010. At full power and as of March 10, 2009, the Merlin Vacuum engine operates with the greatest efficiency of any American-made hydrocarbon-fueled rocket engine.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: An unplanned test of a modified Merlin Vacuum engine was made in December 2010. Shortly before the scheduled second flight of the Falcon 9, two cracks were discovered in the niobium-alloy-sheet nozzle of the Merlin Vacuum engine. The engineering solution was to cut off the lower of the nozzle and launch two days later, as the extra performance that would have been gained from the longer nozzle was not necessary to meet the objectives of the mission. The modified engine successfully placed the second stage into an orbit of altitude.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The Merlin 1D engine was developed by SpaceX between 2011 and 2012, with first flight in 2013. The design goals for the new engine included increased reliability, improved performance, and improved manufacturability. In 2011, performance goals for the engine were a vacuum thrust of , a vacuum specific impulse ("I") of , an expansion ratio of 16 (as opposed to the previous 14.5 of the Merlin 1C) and chamber pressure in the "sweet spot" of . Merlin 1D was originally designed to throttle between 100% and 70% of maximal thrust; however, further refinements since 2013 now allow the engine to throttle to 40%.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The basic Merlin fuel/oxidizer mixture ratio is controlled by the sizing of the propellant supply tubes to each engine, with only a small amount of the total flow trimmed out by a "servo-motor-controlled butterfly valve" to provide fine control of the mixture ratio.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: On November 24, 2013, Elon Musk stated that the engine was actually operating at 85% of its potential, and they anticipated to be able to increase the sea-level thrust to about and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 180. This version of the Merlin 1D was used on Falcon 9 Full Thrust and first flew on Flight 20.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: In May 2016, SpaceX announced plans to further upgrade the Merlin 1D by increasing vacuum thrust to and sea-level thrust to ; according to SpaceX, the additional thrust will increase the Falcon 9 LEO payload capability to about 22 metric tons on a fully expendable mission. SpaceX also noted that unlike the previous Full Thrust iteration of the Falcon 9 vehicle, the increase in performance is solely due to upgraded engines, and no other significant changes to the vehicle are publicly planned.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: In May 2018, ahead of the first flight of Falcon 9 Block 5, SpaceX announced that the goal had been achieved. The Merlin 1D is now close to the sea-level thrust of the retired Rocketdyne H-1 / RS-27 engines used on Saturn I, Saturn IB, and Delta II.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The March 18, 2020, launch of Starlink satellites on board a Falcon 9 experienced an early engine shutdown on ascent. The shutdown occurred 2 minutes 22 seconds into the flight and was accompanied with an "event" seen on camera. The rest of the Falcon 9 engines burned longer and did deliver the payload to orbit. However, the first stage was not successfully recovered. In a subsequent investigation SpaceX found that isopropyl alcohol, used as cleaning fluid, was trapped and ignited, causing the engine to be shut down. To address the issue, in a following launch SpaceX indicated that the cleaning process was not done.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: On October 2, 2020, the launch of a GPS-III satellite was aborted at T-2 seconds due to a detected early startup on 2 of the 9 engines on the first stage. The engines were removed for further testing and it was found that a port in the gas generator was blocked. After removing the blockage the engines started as intended. After this, SpaceX inspected other engines across its fleet and found that two of the engines on the Falcon 9 rocket intended for the Crew-1 launch also had this problem. Those engines were replaced with new M1D engines.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: On February 16, 2021, on Falcon 9 flight 108 launching Starlink satellites, an engine shut down early due to hot exhaust gasses passing through a damaged heat-shielding cover. The mission was a success, but the booster could not be recovered.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: A vacuum version of the Merlin 1D engine was developed for the Falcon 9 v1.1 and the Falcon Heavy second stage. As of 2020, the thrust of the Merlin 1D Vacuum is with a specific impulse of 348 seconds, the highest specific impulse ever for a U.S. hydrocarbon rocket engine. The increase is due to the greater expansion ratio afforded by operating in vacuum, now 165:1 using an updated nozzle extension.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: SpaceX uses a triple-redundant design in the Merlin engine computers. The system uses three computers in each processing unit, each constantly checking on the others, to instantiate a fault-tolerant design. One processing unit is part of each of the ten Merlin engines (nine on the first stage, one on the second stage) used on the Falcon 9 launch vehicle.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The Merlin LOX/RP-1 turbopump used on Merlin engines 1A–1C was designed and developed by Barber-Nichols. It spins at 36,000 revolutions per minute, delivering .


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: The LOX/RP-1 turbopump on each Merlin engine is powered by a fuel-rich open-cycle gas generator similar to that used in the Apollo-era Rocketdyne F-1 engine.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: , SpaceX was producing Merlin engines at the rate of eight per month, planning eventually to raise production to about 33 engines per month (or 400 per year).


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: By September 2013, SpaceX total manufacturing space had increased to nearly , and the factory had been configured to achieve a maximum production rate of up to 40 rocket cores per year, enough to use the 400 annual engines envisioned by the earlier engine plan. By October 2014, SpaceX announced that it had manufactured the 100th Merlin 1D engine and that engines were now being produced at a rate of four per week, soon to be increased to five.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: In February 2016, SpaceX indicated that the company will need to build hundreds of engines a year in order to support a Falcon 9/Falcon Heavy build rate of 30 rocket cores per year by the end of 2016.


title: SpaceX Merlin

text: Each Falcon 9 booster uses nine Merlin engines, and the second stage uses one Merlin vacuum engine. The second stage is expended, so each launch consumes one Merlin Vacuum engine. SpaceX designed the booster with its engines to be recovered for reuse by propulsive landing, and the first recovered booster was reused in March 2017. By 2020, only five of the 26 Falcon 9 launches used new boosters. These 26 launches used 25 new Merlin Vacuum engines and 45 new sea-level Merlin engines. By 2021, only two of the 31 Falcon 9 launches used new boosters. In the first half of 2022, there were 27 Falcon 9 launches, two of which used a new booster.


title: Sublime (album)

text: Sublime is the third and final studio album by American ska punk band Sublime. Produced by Paul Leary and David Kahne, the album was released on July 30, 1996, in the United States by MCA Records. Sublime formed in 1988 in Long Beach, California by vocalist/guitarist Bradley Nowell, bassist Eric Wilson, and drummer Bud Gaugh. The trio toured heavily from their inception while developing their sound. Their first studio release—"40 Oz. to Freedom" (1992)—featured the single "Date Rape", which attracted heavy airplay in Southern California. MCA signed the band and distributed their second independent album, "Robbin' the Hood", in 1994.


title: Sublime (album)

text: By the time it came to record their major label debut, Nowell had been struggling with a heroin addiction. "Sublime" was recorded over a period of three months in Austin, Texas, in sessions characterized by heavy drug use and raucous partying. The album's musical style contains elements of punk rock, reggae, and ska, as well as dancehall, hip hop, and dub music, with tempos ranging wildly. Nowell's lyrical subject matter relates to relationships, prostitution, riots, and addiction. Nowell had been ejected from the recording near its completion. Nowell passed away due to a heroin overdose in May 1996, just two months prior to the bands major album release, which led to the band's dissolution.


title: Sublime (album)

text: Bolstered by numerous hit singles, among them "What I Got", "Santeria", and "Wrong Way", the record proved to be enormously successful, despite the band being defunct and thus not promoting the album through touring anymore. It sold over five million copies in the United States by the end of the decade, and it continues to be a popular catalog album. The album was released during the third wave ska peak, and etched Sublime into a permanent place among the stars of the 1990s. Critical reviews were positive, praising Nowell's songwriting ability and the album's musical variety. "Sublime" has since been listed as one of the most well-regarded albums of the 1990s by "Spin" and "Rolling Stone".


title: Sublime (album)

text: Sublime formed in Long Beach, California in 1988 by vocalist/guitarist Nowell, bassist Eric Wilson, and drummer Bud Gaugh. The group originated as a garage punk band, and they eventually began to infuse elements of reggae and ska over the course of their existence. The group formed playing backyard parties, attracting crowds of 300–400 people. The band toured heavily over the ensuing years, leading to a major following among the beach-oriented surfing/skateboarding subcultures. By 1990, the band had become a mainstay along the Southern California coast scene, and Nowell dropped out of California State University Long Beach one semester shy of graduating. The trio recorded their debut album, "40 Oz. to Freedom", in 1992, selling the independent release at live performances. Local radio station KROQ began spinning the single "Date Rape" two years following its release, and Sublime rose to fame. By this point, the band had dropped "Date Rape" from their setlists, but the ensuing success of the single led "40 Oz." to place on Soundscan's alternative chart for 70 straight weeks.


title: Sublime (album)

text: MCA signed the group shortly thereafter, releasing their second album "Robbin' the Hood" in 1994. The record was nevertheless carried by various independent distributors, which placed it in independent record shops, surf/skate shops, and "head shops", in a marketing effort designed to appeal to the band's fan base. The band also adopted the Internet as a viable promotional tool, distributing their albums through early online music retailers. Despite this, Nowell had developed an addiction to heroin; at live performances, he would often be unable to make it through sets. On several occasions, he would steal the band's equipment for a night's performance to pawn for drug money, knowing band manager Michael "Miguel" Happoldt would find a way to re-acquire the equipment. He used clonidine patches in an attempt to quit, determined to do so both before signing to MCA and before the birth of his son the following year.


title: Sublime (album)

text: "Robbin' the Hood" performed well on college radio, and Sublime continued to grow in popularity, largely "on the back of the California punk explosion engendered by Green Day and the Offspring." Nowell's addiction worsened over the course of 1995–96; on May 25, 1996, Nowell died at age 28 in a San Francisco hotel room of a heroin overdose. According to one report, Gaugh had raided Nowell's stash and shot up while he was away; he awoke hours later beside the deceased Nowell in bed. Gaugh later told a reporter that "I thought, 'That was probably supposed to be me.'"


title: Sublime (album)

text: "Sublime" was largely recorded at Willie Nelson's Pedernales Studio in Austin, Texas between February and May 1996. Although he had previously attempted to stay clean, Nowell returned to using heroin, "more vigorously than ever." According to Leary, on some days, the band would arrive at 9am "with margaritas in one hand and instruments in the other," ready to record; on others, "they nearly burned the place down."


title: Sublime (album)

text: Nowell was so addled with the drug that he was sent home by Leary before the recording process was complete. "There were times where someone had to go into the bathroom to see if Brad was still alive," he remarked. According to Nowell's father, it took his son three days to recover, commenting, "It was the worst I'd ever seen him."


title: Sublime (album)

text: The album was originally intended to open with a cover of Bob Marley's "Trenchtown Rock", followed by "Doin' Time" - a loose cover of "Summertime" by George Gershwin. However, Sublime were initially unable to get the rights for "Summertime", so Nowell discarded "Doin' Time" as well as "Trenchtown Rock" entirely and re-sequenced the album.


title: Sublime (album)

text: However, the band managed to gain the rights to the song before the album was released, and "Doin' Time" was added to the end of the tracklist at the 11th hour. In order to release the song using the Gershwin sample, the band had to agree to use the line "summertime" instead of "doin' time". However, the song was already recorded with the "doin' time" lyric, and lead singer Bradley Nowell had recently died of a heroin overdose. The lyric was re-recorded by Sublime's friend/producer Michael Happoldt singing "summertime". It is this version of the song that appears on the album. The album's original sequence, along with the original mix of "Doin' Time", was restored for the album's 10th Anniversary reissue.


title: Sublime (album)

text: "Sublime" features elements of punk rock, dub, hardcore punk, hip hop, reggae, blues, folk, ska and surf music.


title: Sublime (album)

text: "Sublime" was released in the United States on July 30, 1996, with releases in Europe following that October and in Australia and Japan in December. MCA drafted the band's former promotional team at Gasoline Alley (renaming the team Sublime Marketing) to promote "Sublime" through methods that played to the band's fan base. This marketing included posters and advance copies at independent shops, and advertisements in board-sport and alternative magazines. Promoting the album proved to be challenging due to Nowell's death, with no band to provide touring support or broadcast appearances.


title: Sublime (album)

text: The album soon began to expand upon the band's surf/skate fan base, appealing to consumers not associated with that community. At least one retailer attributed this to Nowell's death, remarking to "Billboard" that "death sells," comparing a similar situation in which Roy Orbison's discography rose in sales following his passing. Eric Weissbard, in a "Spin" column, compared Nowell's posthumous success to that of Jonathan Larson, the composer of the Broadway musical "Rent", who died the day before the musical's scheduled premiere earlier in the year. "Billboard" deemed the band's posthumous success "a tale of tragic irony."


title: Sublime (album)

text: By October 1996, the disc had moved 145,000 units; its success led to renewed interest in the band's back catalog, which experienced marked growth. By April 1997, the album cracked the top 20 of the "Billboard" 200, and it eventually peaked at position 13. Sixteen months following the album's release, it still sold 40,000 albums per week. It eventually spent 179 weeks on the chart.


title: Sublime (album)

text: David Fricke of "Rolling Stone" complimented the band's "bright, wired bounce and the shell-game shuffle of funk beats, snappy Jamaican rhythms and mosh-pit, shout-it-out choruses in Nowell's writing," deeming it "the stuff of a band with great promise and the confidence to make good on it. If only that were still possible." RJ Smith of "Spin" praised Nowell's songwriting craft, writing, "It might seem a daring experiment if it hadn't so effortlessly sprung from a Long Beach surf scene that featured acoustic jams on the beach that naturally flowed from Wailers to Descendents classics [...] "Sublime" succeeds not just on vibe but on songcraft." Nisid Hajari of "Entertainment Weekly" called the album a "respectable testament" to Nowell's memory, ultimately noting that the record "coheres more on an intellectual rather than emotional level, its sound too diffuse to be dramatic." Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" gave the record an A−, commenting, "Junkies who retain enough soul to create music at all are generally driven to put their brilliance and stupidity in your face. Nowell is altogether more loving, unassuming, good-humored, and down-to-earth — or so he pretends, which when you're good is all it takes."


title: Sublime (album)

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic reports that Nowell's death allowed the album to be "slightly overrated in some critical quarters". His critical review deems the album engaging and a demonstration of their potential, but also at times meandering: "The low moments don't arrive that often — by and large, the album is quite engaging — but they happen frequently enough to make the record a demonstration of the band's blossoming ability, but not the fulfillment of their full potential."


title: Sublime (album)

text: "Spin" included the album on its list of the best albums of the decade, opining that it "redeemed" modern rock radio in the post-grunge era. It deems "Sublime" "a tragic contradiction: a confident, clearheaded work by an artist coming into his own and at the same time losing control."


title: Directional derivative

text: In mathematics, the directional derivative of a multivariable differentiable (scalar) function along a given vector v at a given point x intuitively represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function, moving through x with a velocity specified by v.


title: Directional derivative

text: The directional derivative of a scalar function "f" with respect to a vector v at a point (e.g., position) x may be denoted by any of the following:


title: Directional derivative

text: It therefore generalizes the notion of a partial derivative, in which the rate of change is taken along one of the curvilinear coordinate curves, all other coordinates being constant.


title: Directional derivative

text: This definition is valid in a broad range of contexts, for example where the norm of a vector (and hence a unit vector) is undefined.


title: Directional derivative

text: where the formula_7 on the right denotes the "gradient", formula_8 is the dot product and v is a unit vector. This follows from defining a path formula_9 and using the definition of the derivative as a limit which can be calculated along this path to get:


title: Directional derivative

text: Intuitively, the directional derivative of "f" at a point x represents the rate of change of "f", in the direction of v with respect to time, when moving past x.


title: Directional derivative

text: In a Euclidean space, some authors define the directional derivative to be with respect to an arbitrary nonzero vector v after normalization, thus being independent of its magnitude and depending only on its direction.


title: Directional derivative

text: This definition gives the rate of increase of "f" per unit of distance moved in the direction given by v. In this case, one has


title: Directional derivative

text: In the context of a function on a Euclidean space, some texts restrict the vector v to being a unit vector. With this restriction, both the above definitions are equivalent.


title: Directional derivative

text: Many of the familiar properties of the ordinary derivative hold for the directional derivative. These include, for any functions "f" and "g" defined in a neighborhood of, and differentiable at, p:


title: Directional derivative

text: Let be a differentiable manifold and a point of . Suppose that is a function defined in a neighborhood of , and differentiable at . If is a tangent vector to at , then the directional derivative of along , denoted variously as (see Exterior derivative), formula_17 (see Covariant derivative), formula_18 (see Lie derivative), or formula_19 (see ), can be defined as follows. Let be a differentiable curve with and . Then the directional derivative is defined by


title: Directional derivative

text: This definition can be proven independent of the choice of , provided is selected in the prescribed manner so that .


title: Directional derivative

text: The Lie derivative of a vector field formula_21 along a vector field formula_22 is given by the difference of two directional derivatives (with vanishing torsion):


title: Directional derivative

text: In particular, for a scalar field formula_24, the Lie derivative reduces to the standard directional derivative:


title: Directional derivative

text: Directional derivatives are often used in introductory derivations of the Riemann curvature tensor. Consider a curved rectangle with an infinitesimal vector formula_26 along one edge and formula_27 along the other. We translate a covector formula_28 along formula_26 then formula_27 and then subtract the translation along formula_27 and then formula_26. Instead of building the directional derivative using partial derivatives, we use the covariant derivative. The translation operator for formula_26 is thus


title: Directional derivative

text: It can be argued that the noncommutativity of the covariant derivatives measures the curvature of the manifold:


title: Directional derivative

text: where formula_39 is the Riemann curvature tensor and the sign depends on the sign convention of the author.


title: Directional derivative

text: (the "i" ensures that P is a self-adjoint operator) For a finite displacement λ, the unitary Hilbert space representation for translations is


title: Directional derivative

text: By using the above definition of the infinitesimal translation operator, we see that the finite translation operator is an exponentiated directional derivative:


title: Directional derivative

text: The rotation operator also contains a directional derivative. The rotation operator for an angle θ, i.e. by an amount "θ" = |θ| about an axis parallel to formula_44 is


title: Directional derivative

text: It may be shown geometrically that an infinitesimal right-handed rotation changes the position vector x by


title: Directional derivative

text: Following the same exponentiation procedure as above, we arrive at the rotation operator in the position basis, which is an exponentiated directional derivative:


title: Directional derivative

text: A normal derivative is a directional derivative taken in the direction normal (that is, orthogonal) to some surface in space, or more generally along a normal vector field orthogonal to some hypersurface. See for example Neumann boundary condition. If the normal direction is denoted by formula_51, then the normal derivative of a function "f" is sometimes denoted as formula_52. In other notations,


title: Directional derivative

text: Several important results in continuum mechanics require the derivatives of vectors with respect to vectors and of tensors with respect to vectors and tensors. The directional directive provides a systematic way of finding these derivatives.


title: Ericaceae

text: The Ericaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with c.4250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most species-rich family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron (including azaleas), and various common heaths and heathers ("Erica", "Cassiope", "Daboecia", and "Calluna" for example).


title: Ericaceae

text: The Ericaceae contain a morphologically diverse range of taxa, including herbs, dwarf shrubs, shrubs, and trees. Their leaves are usually evergreen, alternate or whorled, simple and without stipules. Their flowers are hermaphrodite and show considerable variability. The petals are often fused (sympetalous) with shapes ranging from narrowly tubular to funnelform or widely urn-shaped. The corollas are usually radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) and urn-shaped, but many flowers of the genus "Rhododendron" are somewhat bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic). Anthers open by pores.


title: Ericaceae

text: Michel Adanson used the term Vaccinia to describe a similar family, but first used the term Ericaceae. The name comes from the type genus "Erica", which appears to be derived from the Greek word (). The exact meaning is difficult to interpret, but some sources show it as meaning 'heather'. The name may have been used informally to refer to the plants before Linnaean times, and simply been formalised when Linnaeus described "Erica" in 1753, and then again when Jussieu described the Ericaceae in 1789.


title: Ericaceae

text: Historically, the Ericaceae included both subfamilies and tribes. In 1971, Stevens, who outlined the history from 1876 and in some instances 1839, recognised six subfamilies (Rhododendroideae, Ericoideae, Vaccinioideae, Pyroloideae, Monotropoideae, and Wittsteinioideae), and further subdivided four of the subfamilies into tribes, the Rhododendroideae having seven tribes (Bejarieae, Rhodoreae, Cladothamneae, Epigaeae, Phyllodoceae, and Diplarcheae). Within tribe Rhodoreae, five genera were described, "Rhododendron" L. (including "Azalea" L. pro parte), "Therorhodion" Small, "Ledum" L., "Tsusiophyllum" Max., "Menziesia" J. E. Smith, that were eventually transferred into "Rhododendron", along with Diplarche from the monogeneric tribe Diplarcheae.


title: Ericaceae

text: In 2002, systematic research resulted in the inclusion of the formerly recognised families Empetraceae, Epacridaceae, Monotropaceae, Prionotaceae, and Pyrolaceae into the Ericaceae based on a combination of molecular, morphological, anatomical, and embryological data, analysed within a phylogenetic framework. The move significantly increased the morphological and geographical range found within the group. One possible classification of the resulting family includes 9 subfamilies, 126 genera, and about 4000 species:


title: Ericaceae

text: The Ericaceae have a nearly worldwide distribution. They are absent from continental Antarctica, parts of the high Arctic, central Greenland, northern and central Australia, and much of the lowland tropics and neotropics.


title: Ericaceae

text: The family is largely composed of plants that can tolerate acidic, infertile conditions. Like other stress-tolerant plants, many Ericaceae have mycorrhizal fungi to assist with extracting nutrients from infertile soils, as well as evergreen foliage to conserve absorbed nutrients. This trait is not found in the Clethraceae and Cyrillaceae, the two families most closely related to the Ericaceae. Most Ericaceae (excluding the Monotropoideae, and some Epacridoideae) form a distinctive accumulation of mycorrhizae, in which fungi grow in and around the roots and provide the plant with nutrients. The Pyroloideae are mixotrophic and gain sugars from the mycorrhizae, as well as nutrients.


title: Ericaceae

text: In many parts of the world, a "heath" or "heathland" is an environment characterised by an open dwarf-shrub community found on low-quality acidic soils, generally dominated by plants in the Ericaceae. A common example is "Erica tetralix". This plant family is also typical of peat bogs and blanket bogs; examples include "Rhododendron groenlandicum" and "Kalmia polifolia". In eastern North America, members of this family often grow in association with an oak canopy, in a habitat known as an oak-heath forest.


title: Ericaceae

text: In heathland, plants in the family Ericaceae serve as hostplants to the butterfly "Plebejus argus""."


title: Ericaceae

text: Some evidence suggests eutrophic rainwater can convert ericoid heaths with species such as "Erica tetralix" to grasslands. Nitrogen is particularly suspect in this regard, and may be causing measurable changes to the distribution and abundance of some ericaceous species.


title: Froot Loops

text: Froot Loops is a brand of sweetened, fruit-flavored breakfast cereal produced by Kellogg's and sold in many countries. The cereal pieces are ring-shaped (hence "loops") and come in a variety of bright colors and fruit flavors (hence "froot").


title: Froot Loops

text: Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops in 1963. Originally, there were only red, orange and yellow loops; green, blue and purple loops were added during the 1990s, with blue being introduced last in 1996. Different production methods are used in the UK, where the company misleadingly sold the idea that each individual loop color was a different flavor. Kellogg's has acknowledged that all share the same fruit-blend flavor.


title: Froot Loops

text: Toucan Sam has been the mascot of Froot Loops since its first appearance. Toucan Sam is a blue anthropomorphic toucan; the colors of his bill correspond to the three original Froot Loop colors. While toucans have a sense of smell, as most other birds, he is portrayed as having an uncanny ability to smell Froot Loops from great distances and locates a concealed bowl of the cereal while intoning "Follow my nose! It always knows!" or "Follow my nose! For the fruity taste that shows!"


title: Froot Loops

text: Toucan Sam was first voiced by voice actor Mel Blanc, originally with an "American accent" and later changing to a "British accent".


title: Froot Loops

text: Kellogg's made several varieties of snack foods, including snack bags called Snack Ums. Snack Ums were similar to the cereal but larger. Their slogan was "Super-sized bites with deliciously intense natural fruit flavors" and "Flavor Bursting!" Froot Loops-branding by Kellogg's was also used with the Froot Loops cereal bar, and in 2021 Froot Loops Pop-Tarts.


title: Froot Loops

text: In the middle of 2012, Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops to the UK market for a limited time with only the secondary colors (orange, green, and purple), as natural color substitutes for red, yellow, and blue could not be found. The recipe also differed from the US version. Kellogg's stated that "due to European legislation we have been unable to produce Froot Loops to the same specifications as the US product. The formulations are different, including sugar and salt levels and the UK version has been produced with natural food additives and flavorings which will account for the differences in appearance and taste between the two products." The UK Froot Loops are also larger in size compared with their American counterparts, and due to the different method of formulation, are a much coarser cereal. In September 2015, Kellogg's removed Froot Loops from the UK market due to a lack of demand for the cereal, although in 2017, a special Unicorn Froot Loops limited edition was released in the UK. As of 2019, special limited edition Unicorn Froot Loops, Mermaid Froot Loops, and Baby Shark Froot Loops cereals have been made available.


title: Froot Loops

text: From around 2005 to 2007, a promotion featured Toucan Sam and his three nephews discovering a map leading to the treasure of Black Beak the pirate. Each commercial continued the storyline, either showing the crew sailing to a new island, fighting some creature that was after their Froot Loops, or learning more about Black Beak himself. Some of these commercials led to new flavors of Froot Loops being introduced as the story progressed, including \ Froot Loops Golden Berry, Colossal Froot Loops, Froot Loops Starberries, Froot Loops Smoothie, Froot Loops Darkberries, Foot Loops Double Lemony Loot, and Froot Loops Fruity Golden Bars. The promotion ended with Sam and his nephews finding Black Beak's treasure and Black Beak himself, whom they defeated and subsequently shared a bowl of Froot Loops with.


title: Ponzu

text: The term originally came into the Japanese language as as a borrowing of the now obsolete Dutch word , meaning "punch" as in a beverage made from fruit juices. The sour nature of this sauce led to the final being written with the character , meaning "vinegar".


title: Ponzu

text: Ponzu is made by simmering mirin, rice vinegar, flakes (from tuna), and seaweed () over medium heat. The liquid is then cooled, strained to remove the flakes, and finally the juice of one or more of the following citrus fruits is added: , , , , or lemon.


title: Ponzu

text: Commercial is generally sold in glass bottles, which may have some sediment. is traditionally used as a dressing for (lightly grilled, then chopped meat or fish) and also as a dip for (one-pot dishes) such as . It is used as a dip for sashimi. In the Kansai region, it is offered as a topping for .


title: Van cat

text: The Van cat (; ; Eastern ; ) is a distinctive landrace of the domestic cat found in the Lake Van area of the Armenian Highlands in Turkey.


title: Van cat

text: Van cats are relatively large, have a chalky white coat, sometimes with ruddy coloration on the head and hindquarters, and have blue or amber eyes or have heterochromia (one eye of each colour). The variety has been referred to as "the swimming cat", and has been observed to swim in Lake Van.


title: Van cat

text: The naturally occurring Van cat type is popularly believed to be the basis of the Turkish Van breed, as standardised and recognised by many cat fancier organizations; it has been internationally selectively bred to consistently produce the ruddy head-and-tail colouring pattern on the white coat. However, one of the breed founders' own writings indicate that the four original cats used to found the formal breed came from other parts of Turkey than the Lake Van area. The run-together term "Turkish " is confusingly used by some organisations as a name for all-white specimens of the standardised Turkish Van breed.


title: Van cat

text: Van cats have been reported living in the vicinity of the city of Van and the general Lake Van area for centuries; how long is uncertain. Genetic research has shown that the domestic cat's ancestor, the African wild cat ("Felis lybica"), was domesticated, for rodent control, about 9,000 years ago in the Near East when tribes transitioned from hunter-gathering to crop farming and settled life. In addition, the white-spotting in domestic cats appeared at the earliest stage of cat domestication, and is one of the points of evidence of early artificial selection. However, this does not necessarily mean that white cats have been in the Van area the entire time.


title: Van cat

text: The landrace is named (plural ) in Turkish, "Vana gadu" () or "Vana katu" () in Western and Eastern Armenian, respectively, and in Kurdish.


title: Van cat

text: Van cats are all-white, or sometimes mostly white with amber markings around the tail and ears. Locals to the Van area identify only the all-white type as Van cats, according to a 1991 BBC documentary, "Cats", written and presented by Roger Tabor.


title: Van cat

text: Their most notable genetic characteristic is their almond-shaped eyes that often are mismatched colours. The most valued members of the type generally have one amber-green eye and one blue eye.


title: Van cat

text: Van cats are known for swimming in Lake Van. This may be the source of the popular, but possibly false or exaggerated, belief that the formal Turkish Van breed is innately more fond of water than the average cat. Lushington wrote: "Apart from their great capacity for affection and alert intelligence, their outstanding characteristic is their liking for water, not normally regarded as a feline attribute. They not only dabble in water and play with it, but have been known to enter ponds and even horse-troughs for a swim – they soon became famous as the 'swimming cats. It is unclear if Lushington means the cats of the Lake Van area, or her own Turkish Van standardised breed. Tabor's BBC documentary states: "The reason for [its] fame is that the Van cat is known as 'the swimming cat'... [H]ere at Lake Van ... these cats do enter it, and swim."


title: Van cat

text: Van cats form a landrace (naturally occurring, free-breeding variety, often feral), not a standardized breed of cat. They can still be found in east Turkey, near Lake Van, although their numbers have diminished (a 1992 survey found only 92 pure Van cats in their native area). There is a breeding programme for the all-white variety, operated by the Van Cat Research Centre (a.k.a. the Van Cat House), established in 1995 at the campus of Yüzüncü Yıl University. the centre housed about 350 young adults and kittens, is open to the public for a nominal entrance fee, and cats can be adopted. However, reports have suggested that the living conditions for the cats held there is not optimal, and the programme seems to be ineffective in reversing Van cats' declining numbers.


title: Van cat

text: Van cats are claimed as a cultural icon by Armenians, Kurds, and Turks, who have inhabited the region at different periods in history.


title: Van cat

text: Armenians often consider the breed to be historically Armenian, as the Lake Van area had a large Armenian population and was within the Armenian homeland prior to their local extermination during the genocide of 1915. The local Armenians were said to have "revered" the cat.


title: Van cat

text: Among them was post-impressionist and surrealist artist Arshile Gorky, later an immigrant to the United States, who sculpted Van cats in the early 1910s. Armenian writer Vrtanes Papazian wrote a short novel in which the cat has been used as a symbol of the Armenian liberation movement. Armenian authors Raffi, Axel Bakunts, and Paruyr Sevak have featured Van cats in their works.


title: Van cat

text: Cat breeder Laura Lushington (co-founder of the "Turkish Van" formal breed, from cats procured from various parts of Turkey), wrote of the local Van cats, "they are much loved and prized by the Turks for their exceptional character and unique colouring."


title: Van cat

text: Turkish folklore has it that a Van cat was aboard Noah's Ark, and that as the flood waters receded, Allah (God) blessed the cat with a ruddy patch of fur on its head when it left the ark, after which it made its way to the city of Van via Mount Ararat. Many Van cats are all-white, however.


title: Van cat

text: At the end of the 19th century, Sultan Abdul Hamid II is said to have owned a Van cat, and having one is still seen as a status symbol: a Prime Minister of Turkey received one as a gift, and an ambassador from Greece put himself on a waiting list to get one. Kittens from the breeding programme could be purchased for the equivalent of US$282 in 2011, and the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (which also regulates livestock) does not control the export of these or any other cats from Turkey. The 1991 BBC documentary indicated that the all-white cats are locally prized in Van, and even coveted by visitors. While most Van cats are feral street cats, tourists have been known to steal pet Van cats from residents.


title: Van cat

text: During the late 1990s, Van cats emerged as an informal municipal symbol of the city of Van – an enormous statue of a Van cat and her kitten now stands at the entrance to the city. The cat appears in a locally published comic strip, and in the logos of bus companies, shopping centres, and various other Van businesses.


title: Van cat

text: The mascot of the 2010 FIBA World Championship of basketball, hosted by Turkey, was an anthropomorphised Van cat named Bascat. He had a white coat and odd eyes, one blue and one green, and his head was shaped with design cues from the crescent moon on the Turkish flag.


title: Van cat

text: The Van region has a large Kurdish population, and Van cats have been referred to as "Kurdish cats" or the "Kurdish Van cat", and made a symbol of Kurdistan in Kurdish nationalist circles. Some media sources reported that Turkish soldiers poisoned about 200 Van cats. These claims ultimately seem to have come from an animal rescue group called SOS Van Cats Rescue Action, a spokesperson for which stated: "The cats are Kurdish, and the Turkish authorities are unable to digest this." Van University's cat-breeding project responded: "That the Turkish army would be able to find 200 Van cats, let alone poison them, is utter nonsense".


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: Buddha's Birthday (also known as Buddha Jayanti, also known as his day of enlightenment – Buddha Purnima, Buddha Pournami) is a Buddhist festival that is celebrated in most of East Asia and South Asia commemorating the birth of the Prince Siddhartha Gautama, later the Gautama Buddha, who was the founder of Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, Gautama Buddha was born c. 563–483 BCE in Lumbini, Nepal.


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: The exact date of Buddha's birthday is based on the Asian lunisolar calendars. The date for the celebration of Buddha's birthday varies from year to year in the Western Gregorian calendar, but usually falls in April or May. In leap years it may be celebrated in June.


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: In South and Southeast Asia, the Buddha's birth is celebrated as part of "Vesak", a festival that also celebrates the Buddha's enlightenment (on the day of the full moon) and death. In East Asia, Vietnam and the Philippines, the awakening and death of the Buddha are observed as separate holidays.


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: The exact date of Buddha's Birthday is based on the Asian lunisolar calendars and is primarily celebrated in Baisakh month of the Buddhist calendar and the Bikram Sambat Hindu calendar. This is the reason behind the term Vesak. In modern-day India and Nepal, where the Historical Buddha lived, it is celebrated on the full moon day of the Vaisakha month of the Buddhist calendar. In Theravada countries following the Buddhist calendar, it falls on the full moon, Uposatha day, typically in the 5th or 6th lunar month. In China, Korea, Vietnam and the Philippines, it is celebrated on the eighth day of the fourth month in the Chinese lunar calendar. The date varies from year to year in the Western Gregorian calendar but usually falls in April or May. In leap years it may be celebrated in June. In Tibet, it falls on the 7th day of the fourth month of the Tibetan calendar.


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: In South Asian and Southeast Asian countries (except Vietnam and the Philippines) as well as Mongolia, Buddha's birthday is celebrated on the full moon day of the Vaisakha month of the Buddhist calendar and the Hindu calendar, which usually falls in April or May of the Western Gregorian calendar. The festival is known as Buddha Purnima, as Purnima means full moon day in Sanskrit. It is also called Buddha Jayanti, with Jayanti meaning birthday in Sanskrit.


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: In many East Asian countries as well as Vietnam and the Philippines, Buddha's Birth is celebrated on the 8th day of the 4th month in the Chinese lunar calendar (in Japan since 1873 on April 8 of the Gregorian calendar), and the day is an official holiday in Hong Kong, Macau and South Korea. The date falls from the end of April to the end of May according to the Gregorian calendar.


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: The primarily solar Gregorian calendar date varies from year to year, and in the year 2021, it was on May 19.


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: In 1999 the Taiwanese government set Buddha's birthday as the second Sunday of May, the same date as Mother's Day.


title: Buddha's Birthday

text: As a result of the Meiji Restoration, Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar in lieu of the Chinese lunar calendar in 1873. However, it took approximately until 1945, the end of World War II, for religious festivities to adopt the new calendar. In most Japanese temples, Buddha's birth is now celebrated on the Gregorian and buddhist calendar date April 8; only a few (mainly in Okinawa) celebrate it on the orthodox Chinese calendar date of the eighth day of the fourth lunar month.